The use of eddy flux of thickness between density surfaces has become a familiar starting point in oceanographic studies of adiabatic eddy effects on the mean density distribution. In this study, a dynamical analogy with the density thickness flux approach is explored to reexamine the theory of nonzonal wave‐mean flow interaction in two-dimensional horizontal flows. By analogy with the density thickness flux, the flux of thickness between potential vorticity (PV) surfaces is used as a starting point for a residual circulation formulation for nonzonal mean flows. Mean equations for barotropic PV dynamics are derived in which a modified mean velocity with an eddy-induced component advects a modified mean PV that also has an eddy-induced component. For smallamplitude eddies, the results are analogous to recent results of McDougall and McIntosh derived for stratified flow. The dynamical implications of this approach are then examined. The modified mean PV equation provides a decomposition of the eddy forcing of the mean flow into contributions from wave transience, wave dissipation, and wave-induced mass redistribution between PV contours. If the mean flow is along the mean PV contours, the contribution from wave-induced mass redistribution is ''workless'' in Plumb's sense that it is equivalent to an eddy-induced stress that is perpendicular to the mean flow. This contribution is also associated with the convergence along the mean streamlines of a modified PV flux that is equal to the difference between the PV flux and the rotational PV flux term identified by Illari and Marshall. The cross-stream component of the modified PV flux is related to wave transience and dissipation.


Eight of the nine pieces in The Sense of Reality are published here for the first time. The range is characteristically wide: realism in history; judgement in politics; the special right of philosophers to self-expression; the history of socialism; the nature and impact of Marxism; the radical cultural revolution instigated by romanticism; the Russian notion of artistic commitment; the origins and practice of nationalism. The title essay, starting from the impossibility of recreating a bygone epoch, provides a superb centrepiece.


An important application of nickel base superalloys is in the industrial gas turbine (IGT) industry, where the high temperature capabilities of these alloys are exploited. Extensive testing has focused on the tensile and fatigue properties of single crystal versions of these alloys. The single crystals are utilized in the hottest parts of the turbine, where a detailed knowledge of material behavior is critical to design and life assessment. However, studies on the effects of temperature on fracture toughness have largely been absent in both past and present literature. Therefore, the goal of this research is to characterize the fracture toughness properties of a second-generation single crystal nickel superalloy at elevated temperatures. The experimental methods follow ASTM guidelines, as does the analysis for the elastic (K) and plastic (J integral) deformation. The toughness values were invalid for plain strain fracture toughness, but this should be expected from a structural material. In spite of this fact, both the K- and J-based analyses reveal consistent trends. Increased plasticity at elevated temperatures results in an overall increase in toughness as temperature increases. Unusual cases with inclined pre-cracks and microstructural defects did not technically yield valid results, although they were consistent with the nominal cases. Overall, the results indicate that the toughness of single crystal nickel alloys is actually quite high. Thus, the lack of work in this subject is understandable. However, it would seem that any design and lifting work would benefit from an understanding of such a fundamental property.


This informative and beautifully illustrated book showcases projects of all types, sizes and budgets from the last decade in Japan, and includes museums, private houses, schools, shops, hospitals, airports and chapels. Both cutting-edge, emerging young practices – such as Sou Fijimoto and Junya Ishigami – and established, internationally known architects – among them Toyo Ito, Tadao Ando, Kengo Kuma and SANAA – are featured, as are international practices working in Japan (such as Rogers Stirk Harbour, Foster + Partners and Herzog & de Meuron). Stunning images by leading architectural photographer Edmund Sumner are accompanied by accessible critical texts and drawings. This illuminating survey is essential not just for architects and designers but also for anyone fascinated by Japan's unique – and increasing – influence on architecture worldwide.

Profiles more than 100 architectural projects from the last decade

A compelling reference for architects, urban planners, designers and anyone interested in contemporary Japanese architecture


We live in a visual culture, and visual evidence is increasingly central to social research. In this collection an international range of experts explain how they have used visual methods in their own research, examine their advantages and limitations, and show how they have been used alongside other research techniques. Contributors explore the following ideas: * self and identity
* visualizing domestic space
* visualizing urban landscapes
* visualizing social change. The collection showcases different methods in different contexts through the examination of a variety of topical issues. Methods covered include photo and video diaries, the use of images produced by respondents, the use of images as prompts in interviews and focus groups, documentary photography, photographic inventory and visual ethnography. The result is an exciting and original collection that will be indispensable for any student, academic or researcher interested in the use of visual methods.


Abstract. Currently, the atmospheric methane burden is rising rapidly, but the extent to which shifts in coal production contribute to this rise is not known. Coalbed methane emissions into the atmosphere are poorly characterised, and this study provides representative δ13CCH4 signatures of methane emissions from specific coalfields. Integrated methane emissions from both underground and opencast coal mines in the UK, Australia and Poland were sampled and isotopically characterised. Progression in coal rank and secondary biogenic production of methane due to incursion of water are suggested as the processes affecting the isotopic composition of coal-derived methane. An averaged value of −65 ‰ has been assigned to bituminous coal exploited in open cast mines and of −55 ‰ in deep mines, whereas values of −40 and −30 ‰ can be allocated to anthracite opencast and deep mines respectively. However, the isotopic signatures that are included in global atmospheric modelling of coal emissions should be region- or nation-specific, as greater detail is needed, given the wide global variation in coal type.


Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the digital culture on the music industry through an analysis of official and unofficial websites, media reports and discussions with musicians. Research Design A critical social theory approach is adopted to examine structures and processes related to communication between artists, fans, the media, as well as commercial and independent labels. We draw upon Habermas' theory using the concept of 'communicative action' to inform an analysis of three vignettes or short case studies. Findings At first glance it would appear that technology has brought about greater opportunities for independent musicians to communicate, network, promote and distribute, which previously could not be widely published, and to organise against the commercial power of major labels (Majors). Limitations of the study In many spheres of the music industries this "empowerment" does not appear to be realised. For example, previous studies have shown that the domination of the Majors continues to impact on local music scenes to restrict and ultimately prevent the creative ideal deliver a situation that is necessary to empower independent musicians. Current media manipulation and corporate interests restrict and alienate independent musicians who often have more of an intellectual ownership and culture within their local music communities. Practical Implications Although steps to enable improved visibility and cooperation have been made we are still a long way off musicians having a powerful enough voice to organise against the commercial power of the large labels and media conglomerates (e.g. Apple iTunes). The ideal speech situation remains elusive and the hegemonic state remains unchallenged. Social Implications Music continues to be commodified and fans are increasingly constructed as "consumers"; the ultimate power remains in mass media and broadcasting rather than independent "narrowcast" and DIY artistry. Originality/value – This paper extends debate on the impact of the developing "digital culture" focusing on independent musicians and the music industries. It raises issues for further research in this area. K I eywords Social Networking, Virtual Community, Social Media, Digital Culture, Music ndustries, Critical Social Theory, Information Systems


Advances in science and technology frequently raise new ethical, legal, and social issues, and developments in neuroscience and neuroimaging technology are no exception. Within the field of neuroethics, leading scientists, ethicists, and humanists are exploring the implications of efforts to image, study, treat, and enhance the human brain. This article focuses on one aspect of neuroethics: the confidentiality and privacy implications of advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging ("fMRI"). Following a brief orientation to fMRI and an overview of some of its current and proposed uses, this article highlights key confidentiality and privacy issues raised by fMRI in the contexts of health care, research, employment, insurance, criminal justice, litigation, and cognitive privacy.


A heterodyne interferometer has been built in order to characterize vibrations on micro- and nanostructures. The interferometer offers the possibility of both absolute phase and high resolution absolute amplitude vibrational measurements. By using two acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) in one of the interferometer arms and varying the frequency inputs of both, the setup is designed to measure vibrations in the entire frequency range 0 - 1.2GHz. The system is here demonstrated on Capacitor Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) and a PZT transducer to show measurements from 5kHz up to 35MHz. We have measured absolute amplitudes with picometer resolution.


Abstract. The transportable ground based microwave radiometer MIAWARA-C monitored the upper stratospheric and lower mesospheric (USLM) water vapor distribution over Sodankyla, Finland (67.4° N, 26.6° E) from January to June 2010. At the end of January, approximately 2 weeks after MIAWARA-C's start of operation in Finland, a stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) disturbed the circulation of the middle atmosphere. Shortly after the onset of the SSW water vapor rapidly increased at pressures between 1 and 0.01 hPa. Backward trajectory calculations show that this strong increase is due to the breakdown of the polar vortex and meridional advection of subtropical air to the Arctic USLM region. In addition, mesospheric upwelling in the course of the SSW led to an increase in observed water vapor between 0.1 and 0.03 hPa. After the SSW MIAWARA-C observed a decrease in mesospheric water vapor volume mixing ratio (VMR) due to the subsidence of H 2 O poor air masses in the polar region. Backward trajectory analysis and the zonal mean water vapor distribution from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite (Aura/MLS) indicate the occurrence of two regimes of circulation from 50° N to the North Pole: (1) regime of enhanced meridional mixing throughout February and (2) regime of an eastward circulation in the USLM region reestablished between early March and the equinox. The polar descent rate determined from MIAWARA-C's 5.2 parts per million volume (ppmv) isopleth is 350 p 40 m d −1 in the pressure range 0.6 to 0.06 hPa between early February and early March. For the same time interval the descent rate in the same pressure range was determined using Transformed Eulerian Mean (TEM) wind fields simulated by means of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with Specified Dynamics (SD-WACCM). The average value of the SD-WACCM TEM vertical wind is 325 m d −1 while the along trajectory vertical displacement is 335 m d −1 . The similar descent rates found indicate good agreement between the model and MIAWARA-C's measurements.


We present new computations of the evolution of solar metallicity stars in the mass range $9 {-} 12$ $M_{\odot}$. This first paper of a series focuses on the propagation of the carbon burning flame front and provides a detailed analysis of the structural evolution up to the formation of the neon-oxygen core. Our calculations which do not include overshooting indicate that off-center carbon ignition is restricted to a small mass range between 9.0 and 11.3 $M_{\odot}$. The chemical imprints of the first and second dredge-ups on the surface composition are analyzed and compared to "standard" less massive stars. It results that, aside from being more luminous and slightly bluer in the HR diagram, massive AGB stars are almost indistinguishable from their lower mass counterparts, as far as the chemical composition is concerned. During the second dredge-up, we note however that the envelope penetrates deeper into the He burning shell than lower mass stars. Our simulations indicate that above ~11.0 $M_{\odot}$, the depth of the second dredge up is considerably reduced, marking the transition between low and massive stars. We also investigate the effects of the nuclear uncertainties associated with $^{12}{\rm{C}}$ + $^{12}{\rm{C}}$ reactions and show that it has a little impact on the core composition. Finally we describe the nucleosynthesis and chemical structure of the newly formed neon-oxygen core.


The analysis of proteome-wide phosphorylation events is still a major analytical challenge because of the enormous complexity of protein phosphorylation networks. In this work, we evaluate the complementarity of Lys-N, Lys-C, and trypsin with regard to their ability to contribute to the global analysis of the phosphoproteome. A refined version of low-pH strong cation exchange was used to efficiently separate N-terminally acetylated, phosphorylated, and nonmodified peptides. A total of 5036 nonredundant phosphopeptides could be identified with a false discovery rate of <1% from 1 mg of protein using a combination of the three enzymes. Our data revealed that the overlap between the phosphopeptide data sets generated with different proteases was marginal, whereas the overlap between two similarly generated tryptic data sets was found to be at least 4 times higher. In this way, the parallel use of Lys-N and trypsin enabled a 72% increase in the number of detected phosphopeptides as compared to trypsin alone, whereas a trypsin replicate experiment only led to a 25% increase. Thus, when focusing solely on the trypsin and Lys-N data, we identified 4671 nonredundant phosphopeptides. Further analysis of the detected sites showed that the Lys-N and trypsin data sets were enriched in significantly different phosphorylation motifs, further evidencing that multiprotease approaches are very valuable in phosphoproteome analyses.


The history of popular music in the twentieth century has been regularly intersected by outbreaks of moral panic regarding the debilitating influence of particular genres, for which the association between 'blackness' and degradation has provide especially inflammable fuel. In Australia this has been intensified by virtue of a strain of racism and xenophobia, most recently manifested in the government's refusal of entry to Rapper Snoop Dogg in April 2007 after failing a 'character test'. One case from 1928 resulted in a generic quarantine that affected the development of popular music in Australia for decades. Throughout the 1920s there were vigorous union lobbies against jazz, and especially the importation of bands from the US and England. The complaints drew their authority from the criteria of art and morality and the two obligingly converged when the first African-American jazz band toured with the revue 'The Coloured Idea' in 1928. During its season in Melbourne, collusion between the local yellow press tabloid Truth, the intelligence organization the Commonwealth Investigation Branch, and the local police, led to members of the band being caught in drug and alcohol-fuelled frolics with local women. In a unique act of censorship, the whole band was deported, and union proscriptions introduced on black musicians made it the last African American jazz band allowed into the country for decades. This paper provides an account of this episode, and a discussion of the issues regarding popular music, race and gender on which it pivoted.


Although elite sport has provided an ideal context for exploring mental toughness (MT), currently, there is scant research examining how this construct might be equally applicable in exercise settings, where high rates of attrition have been reported. The present research, therefore, aimed to address this gap, and to understand and conceptualise exercise mental toughness (EMT) through in-depth phenomenological interviews with a range of exercise leaders and exercise participants. Seven qualified and experienced exercise leaders and seven regular and frequent exercisers from formal exercise environments (i.e. gym and fitness classes) were interviewed. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed independently by members of the interdisciplinary research team. Key themes were agreed and member checking was used to promote trustworthiness of interpretations. MT was recognisable in exercise settings, with 10 general dimensions found to be relatively consistent with conceptualisations derived from elite sport (e.g. commitment, focus, emotional control, etc.). Importantly, present findings reveal how mentally tough exercisers think and behave in exercise settings. Some negative consequences were also reported such as over-training and training with injuries. The article also discusses how components of EMT may be valuable in terms of exercise maintenance and relapse prevention during exercise behaviour change.


Forty patients were followed for an average period of 8 1/2 years after 44 consecutive suboccipital craniotomies for trigeminal neuralgia. Among these patients, 36 had microvascular decompression (MVD) of the nerve, four had repeat trigeminal rhizotomy after MVD was not successful in controlling their pain, and four had primary trigeminal rhizotomies. Of the 36 patients undergoing MVD, 17 (47%) experienced recurrent postoperative neuralgic pain: in 11 (31%) pain recurrence was major, and in six (17%) it was minor. Among the eight patients undergoing rhizotomy, four (50%) had major pain recurrences and one (13%) had a minor recurrence, for a 63% total recurrence rate. There was a strong statistical relationship between an operative finding of arterial cross-compression of the nerve and long-term complete pain relief. Patients with other compressive pathology (related to veins or bone structures) did not on the average fare as well. Despite this, there appeared to be no point in time in the postoperative interval when the patient could be considered "cured." Major recurrences averaged 3.5% annually, and minor recurrences averaged 1.5% annually. The implications of these findings for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and the current understanding of the mechanism of MVD for this disorder are discussed.


Abstract
 The historical development of bryophyte studies in Thailand is reviewed. Two historical periods are distinguished: the first period, 1899–1977, during which collections were made and studies were carried out by foreign botanists/bryologists in the framework of expeditions and the Flora of Thailand project; and the second one, 1977 to the present day, in which bryophyte work has been done mainly by Thai bryologists. In total, two species of hornworts, 20 of liverworts, and 63 of mosses have been described as new to science based on collections from Thailand. Of these, 48 are hitherto only known from Thailand and may be considered endemic to the country. Future work should focus more on taxonomic treatments of individual genera although further area-based research is also necessary.


Certain bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine) derivatives, which include ICRF-187 [(+)-1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazinyl-1-yl]propane; ADR-529) and its racemic compound ICRF 159 (Razoxane), have been investigated as antineoplastic agents. In addition, ICRF-187 is currently under intense study as an agent to ameliorate the cardiac toxicity of anthracycline therapy. These agents have recently been identified as inhibitors of topoisomerase II. We studied the effects of ICRF-187 and ICRF-159 on the progression of cultured epithelial cells through M phase. Beginning approximately 1.5 h after drug addition, chromosome condensation was significantly inhibited. Cells entered and progressed through M phase at near normal rates, but the lack of complete chromosome separation during anaphase resulted in catastrophic effects on normal chromosome distribution. Immunolabeling with Crest autoimmune sera, which recognizes centromere proteins, and with MPM-2 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes mitotic phosphoproteins, indicated that the centromeres of the chromosomes assembled a normal metaphase array in the presence of ICRF-187 and ICRF-159. Centromere separation in anaphase was initiated normally but was not completed because the chromatid arms failed to disengage from each other. Massive chromosome bridges were formed, and the chromatin mass became trapped in the cleavage furrow leading to its unequal distribution to the daughter cells. In many cases, all the chromatin was pushed into one of the two dividing cells. It is likely that previous studies, based on flow cytometry, indicating that bis(2,6-dioxypiperazine) derivatives cause an accumulation of cells with a 4N DNA content, reflect the incomplete segregation of chromosomes in mitosis rather than a block in G2 of the cell cycle as had been proposed.


To predict the light pollution of the night-time sky realistically over any location or measuring point on the ground presents quite a difficult calculation task. Light pollution of the local atmosphere is caused by stray light, light loss or reflection of artificially illuminated ground objects or surfaces such as streets, advertisement boards or building interiors. Thus it depends on the size, shape, spatial distribution, radiative pattern and spectral characteristics of many neighbouring light sources. The actual state of the atmospheric environment and the orography of the surrounding terrain are also relevant. All of these factors together influence the spectral sky radiance/luminance in a complex manner. Knowledge of the directional behaviour of light pollution is especially important for the correct interpretation of astronomical observations. From a mathematical point of view, the light noise or veil luminance of a specific sky element is given by a superposition of scattered light beams. Theoretical models that simulate light pollution typically take into account all ground-based light sources, thus imposing great requirements on CPU and MEM. As shown in this paper, a contribution of distant sources to the light pollution might be essential under specific conditions of low turbidity and/or Garstang-like radiative patterns. To evaluate the convergence of the theoretical model, numerical experiments are made for different light sources, spectral bands and atmospheric conditions. It is shown that in the worst case the integration limit is approximately 100 km, but it can be significantly shortened for light sources with cosine-like radiative patterns.


In the world of visual communication many message-making strategies are used to convey information to a defined audience. The ways in which these strategies are used can greatly impact the meaning and success of a graphic design solution. Often strong emotion is employed to intentionally influence a defined audience. In addition, the format and context in which facts are presented in a message are also greatly effective. When looking at the potential communication power that solutions can hold, it is important to assess the types of messages being communicated and related ethical responsibilities that accompany them. This thesis study focuses on single-page, printed promotional messages specifically created to have strong influences on their respective viewers. When creating promotional messages the client may have specific motives, responsibilities, content and requirements that the designer should be aware of. Both the client and designer may share the responsibility for how that content is represented. The audiences of these messages are also responsible to think critically about the messages being presented to them. This thesis aims to define clearly the ethical responsibilities of the client, designer and audience when examining promotional messages. These definitions are defined through research done within the areas of graphic design and related fields, and the analysis of the semantic and syntactic decisions made in relation to selected, relevant promotional messages. The analysis of existing promotional messages led to a design application that focuses on the development of multiple, potential symbols for a single entity in order to examine how the interpretation of a message varies when different message-making strategies are used. The strategies used in this application focus on specific syntactic decisions that relate to the diverse factual and emotional goals of each solution.


Entering text without having to pay attention to the keyboard is compelling but challenging due to the lack of visual guidance. We propose i'sFree to enable eyes-free gesture typing on a distant display from a touch-enabled remote control. i'sFree does not display the keyboard or gesture trace but decodes gestures drawn on the remote control into text according to an invisible and shifting Qwerty layout. i'sFree decodes gestures similar to a general gesture typing decoder, but learns from the instantaneous and historical input gestures to dynamically adjust the keyboard location. We designed it based on the understanding of how users perform eyes-free gesture typing. Our evaluation shows eyes-free gesture typing is feasible: reducing visual guidance on the distant display hardly affects the typing speed. Results also show that the i'sFree gesture decoding algorithm is effective, enabling an input speed of 23 WPM, 46% faster than the baseline eyes-free condition built on a general gesture decoder. Finally, i'sFree is easy to learn: participants reached 22 WPM in the first ten minutes, even though 40% of them were first-time gesture typing users.


Abstract. 3D recording is an important procedure in the conservation of heritage sites. This past decade, a myriad of 3D sensors has appeared in the market with different advantages and disadvantages. Most notably, the laser scanning and photogrammetry methods have become some of the most used techniques in 3D recording. The integration of these different sensors is an interesting topic, one which will be discussed in this paper. Integration is an activity to combine two or more data with different characteristics to produce a 3D model with the best results. The discussion in this study includes the process of acquisition, processing, and analysis of the geometric quality from the results of the 3D recording process; starting with the acquisition method, registration and georeferencing process, up to the integration of laser scanning and photogrammetry 3D point clouds. The final result of the integration of the two point clouds is the 3D point cloud model that has become a single entity. Some detailed parts of the object of interest draw both geometric and textural information from photogrammetry, while laser scanning provided a point cloud depicting the overall overview of the building. The object used as our case study is Sari Temple, located in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.


This paper presents the findings of the numerical simulation of conventional drawing, free torsion and drawing with shear, as well as the structural studies of deformed billets fabricated of low-carbon steel. The non-uniform severe deformation distribution observed in the model corresponds principally to actual physical experiments with similar parameters of structural inhomogeneity. It has been found that the diffusion processes of dissolution of the initial dispersed cementite particles and formation of new ones become essentially more active. The microhardness of Steel 10 rod surface layer therewith increases up to ~ 7000 MPa.


Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been identified as immunotoxicants causing thymic atrophy, thymocyte hypocellularity, phenotypic changes detected by CD4 and CD8 surface antigens, and progenitor T-cell targeting in the fetal mouse. We hypothesized that gestational exposure to these two compounds may lead to comparable histologic and gene expression alterations in the fetal mouse thymus and liver. Treatment of pregnant C57Bl/6 mice with doses of 5 or 10 μg/kg TCDD or 48 μg/kg DES by oral gavage on gestation days (gd) 14 and 16 severely depressed day 18 thymic cellularity. Histologic evaluation of day 18 fetal thymuses showed disruption of normal cortico-medullary architecture after TCDD or DES. Decreased thymocytes density was noted primarily in cortical zones where pyknotic cells were increased by either TCDD or DES treatment. Using day 18 thymocyte suspensions and flow cytometry, 7-AAD showed decreases in viable thymocytes from TCDDor DES-treated fetal mice, and concomitant increases in thymocytes in early apoptosis. When thymoctyes were do-identified with CD4 and CD8 cell surface antigen expression, enhanced apoptosis occurred in CD4CD8 phenotype after TCDD treatment. After DES exposure, increased apoptosis occurred in CD4CD8 and CD4CD8 thymocytes. Both TCDD and DES increased liver to body weight ratios and decreased ratios of hematopoietic cells to hepatic cells present. Cytomegaly was seen in hepatocytes of TCDD and DES treated animals, and these cells had more variable features, such as increased cytoplasmic basophilia and more prominent nucleoli. Real time quantitative PCR demonstrated that DES decreased c-jun, bcl-2, and PKCα mRNA expression. These results suggest a shift away from proliferative activity and may reflect alterations noted predominantly in the hematopoietic population. TCDD increased c-jun mRNA expression with modest decreases in PKCα, and marked decreases in p53 also noted. Decreases in p53 suggest a pro-proliferative status of hepatic cells, while decreases in PKCα may indicated decreases in phosphorylation of substrates required for normal cell cycle progression. The increased c-jun suggests that this gene may play a role in the hepatocyte hyperplasia, as well as the diminution of hematopoiesis.


Structural changes and increasing dynamics in the public sector intensify the administrations' need for cost-savings and process optimisation. To address actual drawbacks the adoption of e-Government is currently seen as opportunity to improve not only effectiveness and efficiency but also quality of public service delivery. For doing so, knowledge about internal structures and the external environment is indispensable. As transformation projects of public administrations (PA) in comparison with other industries strongly depend on the perception of responsible individuals and affected stakeholders, theories and artefacts are needed that help to depict the organisational reality of the PA. Current industry-independent models do not sufficiently account for the characteristics of PAs, hence it is the aim of this contribution to provide a design-oriented approach in order to assist this transformation. For this purpose a conceptual model with 42 design elements is presented. Two different perspectives are identified for the analysis of the domain. An inter-organisational view defines all elements needed to depict the boundaries and environment of PAs. An intra-organisational view enables analysis of the internal reality of an organisation. As not only technical but mainly inter- and intra-organisational issues are actually restricting the adoption of e-Government, the presented conceptual model therefore provides a holistic framework for the improvement of requirements analysis of transformation projects.


The oxidation of two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXene structures has been recognized as a promising method for the formation of hybrid structures of carbon supported nanotitania. Here, we studied the oxidation of Ti3C2 MXene structures using reactive force field (ReaxFF) based molecular dynamics simulations. To investigate the effect of oxidizing agent, we used three different environments including dry air (oxygen molecules), wet air (oxygen and water molecules) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 molecules). Oxidation simulations were performed at different temperatures of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 K. We found that by controlling the temperature, carbon supported titania can be formed by diffusion of Ti atoms to the surface of MXene structures during the oxidation. These results were confirmed by the increase in the average bond orders of C–C and Ti–O and decrease in the average bond orders of Ti–C. Moreover, it was revealed that by increasing the temperature, the oxidation rate increases, and the rate depends on the oxidant according to the following order: H2O2 > wet air > dry air. This was validated by heating the MXene in wet air and dry air followed by examining the products using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. To investigate the effect of the presence of the oxidant, the MXene structure was also heated under vacuum, and it was found that in this case the MXene structure was converted to cubic TiC. Furthermore, it was indicated that during the heating process of the MXene structure in a vacuum, the average bond orders for C–C, Ti–C and Ti–O do not change significantly due to the lack of oxidants in the environment, leaving room for only topotactic transformation of atoms during the heating. The formation of the TiC structure by heating the MXene in an inert environment was confirmed experimentally as well.


Fly larvae may provide an effective method to mitigate two large and growing global concerns: the use of fish meal derived from capture fisheries in aquaculture diets and manure management in livestock and poultry facilities. A 9-wk feed trial was conducted to determine whether fly larvae could be used as a partial fish meal and fish oil replacement in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, diets. A trout diet was formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 15% fat. Sixty-seven percent of the protein in the control diet was derived from fish meal, and all the fat was derived from fish oil. Two of the test diets included using the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae, which are 40% protein and 30% fat, as 25 and 50% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. The total protein derived from black soldier fly prepupae in these two test diets was 15 and 34%, respectively. A third test diet included using housefly, Musca domestica, pupae, which is 70% protein and 16% fat, as 25% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. Data suggest that a rainbow trout diet where black soldier fly prepupae or housefly pupae constitute 15% of the total protein has no adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio of fish over a 9-wk feeding period. In addition, the diet with black soldier fly prepupae permitted a 38% reduction in fish oil (i.e., from 13 to 8%); however, fish fed black soldier fly diets low in fish oil had reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their muscle fillets. The findings from this study suggest that either the black soldier fly or the housefly may be a suitable feedstuff for rainbow trout diets.


A Fala has never had a standardized orthography as it is a language of oral tradition and almost all written documents have always been produced only in Spanish. The few documents which exist in A Fala use orthographies that vary considerably, especially when indicating the phonemes which are absent in standard Spanish. However, in the past decades there have been signs of an increasing interest regarding the language and cultural identity in the three villages and there have also been attempts to establish organizations to promote the language, such as A Fala y Cultura, U Lagartu Verdi, and A Nosa Fala. This increase in language awareness leads inevitably to situations, when the speakers want to express their linguistic identity in written form and the lack of written standard makes this task rather difficult. The objective of this paper is to analyze the public inscriptions, direction signs and street names written in A Fala. The appearance of these signs expresses the willingness of the speakers of A Fala to claim their linguistic identity. At the same time, their inconsistent orthography reveals the problems that arise in the course of writing their language. There are two main causes of these difficulties: The influence of Spanish, as all the speakers are bilingual in Spanish, and variation within the language itself. Regarding the first cause, the main issues include the uncertainty how to write the phonemes that do not exist in standard Spanish, and also whether the phonemes that do exist in Spanish should be written in the same way or not. In respect of the second cause, the signposts and street names reflect the three main varieties: Valverdenu, Lagarteiru and Manegu. They also partially reflect the ideas of those who created them and testify to a certain evolution in time. In general, the linguistic data in the form of street names and direction signs provide relevant information about the options for writing those phonemes which do not have an equivalent in Spanish, as well as geographical (diatopic) variation, and the changes of ideas regarding the orthography. This paper will use this valuable linguistic material to reflect on the issues that are involved in the establishment of an orthographical standard.


The Western Australia Police Service, RoadWise and communities along the length of the Eyre Highway have joined together to improve road safety, road crash trauma management and emergency response to this, the most isolated of locations. The area represents the most remote but heavily traveled region of Australia. It is a major conduit linking the west and east coast. A vast number of freight and passenger carrying vehicles use the highway. Additionally, the location is a major international air route and shipping route, and the Indian-Pacific rail link parallels the highway. Commencing with a recently completed pilot project, it has been decided to place a series of five insulated stainless steel sea containers, known as Emergency Response Equipment Receptacles (ERER), along and immediately beside 1000 kilometres of the Eyre Highway at strategically positioned communities within WA and SA. Each container will house a trailer equipped with fundamental emergency response equipment. This basic durable equipment will support victims of emergency events and those assisting them. Emergency events will primarily be road crashes, but may involve other incidents. The containers will perform a secondary function in conveying highly visible road safety messages. The sides will carry slogans emphasising safe driving and the dangers of speed and fatigue; two factors that contribute significantly to fatal and serious road crashes on remote country roads. Thirdly, the units will be incorporated into Local Emergency Management Advisory Committee (LEMAC) plans and become central to annual multiagency emergency response exercises. These exercises, with an emphasis on crash rescue and trauma management, will practice emergency response personnel and remote communities in life saving skills, as well as overcoming somewhat their sense of isolation and the tyranny of distance.


We report the first demonstration of a solid state laser passively mode-locked through the saturable absorption of short-wavelength intersubband transitions in doped quantum wells: a continuous wave Ti:sapphire laser end-pumped Tm,Ho:YAG laser at the center wavelength of 2.091 mum utilizing intersubband transitions in narrow In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As/Al(0.53)As(0.47)Sb quantum wells. Stable passive mode-locking operation with maximum average output power of up to 160 mW for 2.9 W of the absorbed pump power could last for hours without external interruption and a mode-locked pulse with duration of 60 ps at repetition rate of 106.5 MHz was generated.


OBJECTIVES To compare the relative effects on performance of sleep deprivation and alcohol. METHODS Performance effects were studied in the same subjects over a period of 28 hours of sleep deprivation and after measured doses of alcohol up to about 0.1% blood alcohol concentration (BAC). There were 39 subjects, 30 employees from the transport industry and nine from the army. RESULTS After 17–19 hours without sleep, corresponding to 2230 and 0100, performance on some tests was equivalent or worse than that at a BAC of 0.05%. Response speeds were up to 50% slower for some tests and accuracy measures were significantly poorer than at this level of alcohol. After longer periods without sleep, performance reached levels equivalent to the maximum alcohol dose given to subjects (BAC of 0.1%). CONCLUSIONS These findings reinforce the evidence that the fatigue of sleep deprivation is an important factor likely to compromise performance of speed and accuracy of the kind needed for safety on the road and in other industrial settings.


In the multicultural student body at English-medium tertiary institutions today, teachers find that they can no longer make assumptions about student preparedness for tertiary learning. Many students do not have the academic literacy skills in English to enable them to learn effectively Thus the teaching of these skills needs to be included in discipline programmes. But who is to teach them, subject teachers or language teachers? If subject teachers, then how can they be given the additional support they need to promote language development in their teaching? If language teachers, then how can they ensure that they teach the literacy skills that the particular subject requires?

This paper focuses on the various models used at the Auckland University of Technology to cater for the English language needs of students in different faculties. It discusses structures and processes that support the teaching of academic literacy skills as central to developing students' ability to master their discipline. It presents models of language teachers delivering courses in academic literacy skills alongside the subject classes (adjunct course) and of subject teachers including academic literacy skills in mainstream programmes (integrated course). It identifies examples of good practice and formal and informal academic development events that arise in the design of courses with a dual focus on discipline content and language.


Because of the ever-increasing body of evidence in support of the health advantages of plant-based nutrition, there is a need for guidance on implementing its practice. This article provides physicians and other health care practitioners an overview of the myriad benefits of a plant-based diet as well as details on how best to achieve a well-balanced, nutrient-dense meal plan. It also defines notable nutrient sources, describes how to get started, and offers suggestions on how health care practitioners can encourage their patients to achieve goals, adhere to the plan, and experience success.


I enjoyed the first edition of this book, and the second is, again, much more than the title suggests. 'An Atlas...' often suggests lots of nice illustrations but variable scientific content. Not so here. With two high quality DVDs of operative surgery, this book represents remarkable value. There are now 21 chapters, ranging from the obvious topics (anatomy, physiology, testing of the facial nerve) to the closing chapters covering plastic surgery and reanimation of the paralysed face. The final chapter, on anaesthesia for otologic surgery, carries a generic message well beyond the topic of this book. I would pay '80 bucks' for this message alone, printed out and stuck up in our anaesthetic rooms, if only anyone would listen! Ten chapters, primarily the early ones, are by the Editor and are clearly based on a vast clinical experience. Subsequent contributors hail from a variety of locales, from New Orleans, to Turkey, to Australia. From the UK, I have to mention our own David Moffat, and Guy Kenyon of course. I cannot resist quoting the opening line of the former's chapter: 'The surgeon with good clinical acumen (Moffat et al. 1998) will be aware of...'. I must admit that his chapter supports this claim, with a remarkable personal series of cases and excellent imaging. Our own JLO Senior Editor contributes a chapter on medical management of facial palsy, and offers a good, evidence-based review of steroids and antiviral drugs in the management of various causes of facial paralysis. I like the lack of dogmatic conclusions and the vague suspicion that, whatever the evidence, most of us would still be tempted to try everything going, if we or ours were thus afflicted! There are high quality colour illustrations throughout. Some of the operative illustrations can be challenging, until compared with their origin, in the DVD recordings. The surgery demonstrated will be invaluable to surgeons of all levels of experience. Big burrs, plenty of irrigation, fast drilling and dehiscences that are truly remarkable. Narula, Swann and Flood will argue against the absolute necessity for facial nerve monitoring at any national meeting, and if you cannot spot the nerve here then consider a career with the nasendoscope. I thought there might be some overlap between sections: for example, text on facial nerve schwannoma follows Moffat's chapter on tumours. Equally chapter 8, the 'Facial Nerve in Temporal Bone Fractures' is followed by 10, 'Traumatic Facial Nerve Paralysis', but this never proves an unnecessary duplication. The DVDs alone would justify the price of this book. Be careful opening the envelopes housing them though; I managed to tear the page in the process!


During three expeditions in March 2011, March 2012 and April/May 2013 with the Norwegian coastguard vessel "KV Svalbard", two pressure ridges around Svalbard, one ridge in Fram Strait and three ridges in Olga strait have been studied with respect to ridge geometry and physical and mechanical properties. With a discrete measurement, which is of most interest here, information can be obtained on the overall size and shape of an individual ridge at one particular location, both above and below the waterline. This approach provides detailed quantitative information on both the sail and keel size and shape, of a specific ridge, as well as its porosity. It does not supply any information on ridge spacing. The results of individual profile measurements are discussed. Measurements of vertical profiles along the spine and transects perpendicular to the spine are presented for these ridges. The sail height, sail width, keel depth and keel width, consolidated layer thickness, rubble block sizes and porosities are examined for each ridge. The results presented in this paper contribute to more data in terms of geometry and morphology of the first-year ridge off Svalbard, in Fram Strait and Barents Sea. Compression and tensile strength properties are important input data for constitutive modelling. Still strength properties of ridged ice are not yet sufficiently investigated. Uniaxial compressive tests were performed with horizontal and vertical loading directions and the results from the testing of level ice and consolidated layer are summarized with consideration of total porosity.


The principal sources of information on which this chronicle is based are British Broadcasting Corporation, Monitoring Global News line – Asia-Pacific Political and British Broadcasting Corporation, Monitoring Global News line – Asia-Pacific Economic. These sources, now only available online, do not have reference numbers and are only identifiable by date of publication of material. The inclusion of each of these dates would unnecessarily clutter the text and such dates have therefore been omitted, except, at many points, for the original sources from which the BBC reports themselves are taken.


The contribution of liquid water to measure aerosol was assessed using a numerical approach for European measurement data. Aerosol mass is usually determined after conditioning of the filter under dry condition for a predefined period according to a standard procedure. However, we find that the equilibrium of aerosol is not fully established and water is not completely evaporated after the conditioning.

In order to estimate the aerosol humidity, a mass transfer coefficient was derived for evaporating from filters. DAta from actual measurements of aerosol humidity were applied with a numerical kinetic approach, using the thermodynamic equilibrium as a boundary condition. The calculated coefficient ranges from 10-5 to 10-4 with an average value of 10-4.49.

Using this average value the expected water content of aerosol was assessed for a site in Austria. In a data set covering one year with daily samples, water contributed to the total amss between 0.00 percent and 35.9 percent with an average value of 4.1 percent. Most of the samples contained between one and two percent water, according to the calculations. In winter the air is humid and the concentration of inorganic hygroscopic compunds is also high, and so the amount of water uptake from the air is high. Under such conditions more than half of unidentified components is considered to be water. In summer the amount of hygroscopic components as well as relative humidity is low, water then yields only 8.8 percent of unidentifiedcomponents. According to the model calculations, it takes about 30 hours on annula average until 95 percent of the initial amount of water uptake is evaporated on the filter and even longer in winter.

The average water content at 49 sites of EMEP in 1999 after conditioning for 48 hours ranges from 0.54 ug m-3 to 3.8 ug m-3, that is 2.6 percent to 18.2 percent to total aerosol mass, while the mass trnasfer coefficient varies from 10-4 to 10-5.


The Mediterranean landscape of Serra de Grândola, Portugal, is one of many habitats inhabited by Eurasian badgers Meles meles, and in this area, the onset of food availability is seasonally predictable, but abundance is often temporally unpredictable and ephemeral. In our study, we investigated the responses of badgers to the temporal pattern of resource availability. We predicted that they would respond both to the seasonal timing of resource availability and to occasional pulses when food items are superabundant. We hypothesised that badgers' diet would reflect the seasonal onset of specific food resources, closely tracking food abundance, and that this tracking would reflect a relationship between the energetic value and water content of each resource and badger requirements at the time. To evaluate our predictions, we assessed the availability of the primary foods of badgers in Serra de Grândola (i.e. insects and fruits) over four years, and we analysed 120 faecal samples over one year to test for any congruence that might suggest tracking. Fruits and insects showed temporal fluctuations in peaks of availability that occurred on an annual basis, suggesting a temporal pulsing dynamic. Comparison of diet results with phenology and availability of food resources showed a high degree of overlap for practically all main items consumed. Moreover, the consumption of Coleoptera, olives Olea europaea and pears Pyrus bourgaeana appeared to be associated, but only partially, with their availability (rColeoptera = 0.21, P = 0.50; rolives = 0.36, P = 0.24; rpears = 0.20, P = 0.54); whilst acorns Quercus suber were closely tracked (racorns = 0.70, P = 0.01). Orthoptera were the only exception, with a negative relation between consumption and availability (rOthoptera = -0.31, P = 0.32). This tracking by badgers of primary resources with temporally differing peaks of availability and abundance appeared to involve trade-offs with energy and water requirements. Acorns peaked simultaneously with olives which, although not as abundant, had a higher fat content. Other minor fruits (e.g. loquats Eriobotrya japonica and figs Ficus carica) also seemed to be tracked; they were important resources for badgers during summer when air temperatures were high. These results have implications for understanding badger ecology in areas with temporally unpredictable resources.


Facilities management and construction are both important disciplines for advanced study by
building professionals. Both discipline attempts to meet resolve build- asset stakeholders' need for an
effective means to meet their objectives shot or long term. Facilities management attempts to encompass a
much wider spectrum of competencies that some time may be regarded as outside the normal training of
building professionals. A popular definition for facilities management is the practice of coordinating the
physical workplace with the people and work of an organization; it integrates the principles of business
administration, architecture, and the behavioral and engineering sciences. Walker (1984) defined
construction project management as the planning, control and co- ordination of a project from conception
to completion (including commissioning) on behalf of a client. It is concerned with the identification of the
client's objective in terms of utility, function, quality, time and cost, and the establishment of relationships
between resources. This paper will study on how facilities management information system can simplified
work in construction project management. In project management, the increasing demand for cycle-time
reduction, accurate in real- time mode, and cost reduction, as well as the need to meet or exceed customer
expectations, forces companies to recognize the value- added contribution FMIS makes to the organization.
This has prompted management to invest in technology and integrate systems to give the maximum benefit
to the entire organization. FM managers realize that if corporate IT understands what is taking place in FM;
corporate is more likely to support the process and approve the budgeting needed for growth. FMIS
managers also work in union with corporate IT to provide continuity in software applications and hardware.
Facility management strives to understand the needs of its customers and provide them with information to
strengthen their ability to do their jobs faster and with more accurate data. If a stake holder's request is
easily obtainable, FM makes a point to provide it. By making information readily accessible and accurate,
FM organizations impact the organization's bottom line. Information silos are eliminated while sharing of
information flourishes. The software can be used in construction project management such as Computer
Aided Facilities Management (CAFM) and Total Infrastructure Facilities Management (TIFM)


Voltage-dependent calcium channels, which facilitate calcium influx into excitable cells and thereby influence myriad calcium-sensitive processes, contain four functionally distinct subunits: α1, α2δ, β, and γ. The calcium-selective pore is formed by the α1 subunit, whereas the β subunit modulates channel opening and plays a critical role in α1 trafficking. Sequence analysis has suggested that β subunits interact with the α1 interaction domain (AID); however, the detailed mechanisms whereby the relatively soluble intracellular β subunit affects α1 trafficking and function are poorly understood. Opatowsky et al. performed high-resolution crystallographic analyses of the β2a functional core, alone and in complex with an AID peptide, and defined β as a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK, a family of proteins that often function as molecular scaffolds), thereby confirming previous speculation based on homology modeling (see Preview by Yue). Although lacking the PDZ domain characteristic of previously defined MAGUKs, β retained SH3- and GK-like domains, interacting with the AID through its GK domain. A comparison of crystallographic data with circular dichroism spectroscopy of the AID peptide in solution indicated that association with β imposed a helical structure on the AID. The authors proposed that this imposition of helical structure propagates through this region of the α subunit so that interaction with β is critical for proper α1 folding. They further suggest that β has evolved so as to maximize interactions with other proteins, and they discuss the implications of their structural data for β-subunit regulation of calcium channel gating and for β as a potential site for colocalization of intracellular regulators of calcium channel function. Y. Opatowsky, C.-C. Chen, K. P. Campbell, J. A. Hirsch, Structural analysis of the voltage-dependent calcium channel β subunit functional core and its complex with the α1 interaction domain. Neuron 42, 387-399 (2004). [Online Journal] D. T. Yue, The dawn of high-resolution structure for the queen of ion channels. Neuron 42, 357-359 (2004). [Online Journal]


Abstract Effect of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of As30Te60Ga10 thin film was studied using various techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DSC analysis revealed that the As30Te60Ga10 glass has a single glass transition and crystallization peak while XRD results confirmed that the as-prepared and annealed films have crystalline nature. The coexistence of the crystalline phases in the investigated films could be attributed to the formation of orthorhombic As, hexagonal Ga7Te10, and monoclinic As2Te3 phases. It was found that the average crystallite size and optical parameters of the studied films depend on the annealing temperature. For example, the optical band gap decreased from 1.54 eV to 1.11 eV as the annealing temperature increased from 300 K to 433 K.


Signals derived from adipose tissue, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), might explain the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Significant amounts of IL-6 are released by adipose tissues. However, whether adipocytes within the tissue are responsible for the release, how this release is regulated and what the paracrine/autocrine effects of this adipokine might be are not known. Rodent obesity, as with human obesity, is associated with elevated plasma IL-6 concentrations. In both lean and obese animals, the epididymal fat depot released more IL-6 than did the subcutaneous, but was only significantly different in the obese [lean; 2.8 (2.5-5.9) pg/ml vs. obese; 8.6 (4.6-24.5) pg/ml, median (interquartile range), p=0.0001]. Furthermore, whereas subcutaneous adipose tissue from both lean and obese animals released comparable levels of IL-6, epididymal IL-6 production increased significantly in obesity. A large proportion (up to 50%) of adipose tissue IL-6 secretion, from both depots, was constitutive. However, following stimulation, the largest change in the rate of production of IL-6 was observed in the epididymal tissue of obese animals. Although both the basal and stimulated release was found to be through a Golgi-dependant process, this release was transcriptionally regulated and, unlike leptin, IL-6 was not stored within the adipocytes prior to release. The chronic exposure of differentiating preadipocytes to IL-6 enhanced lipid accumulation within the adipocytes. This lead to increased leptin secretion from the IL-6-treated cells, without an increase in ob expression. IL-6 did not affect the recruitment of preadipocytes to adipogenesis, nor did it increase the expression of the adipogenic modulators PPARy or C/EBP. However, in differentiated adipocytes, IL-6 treatment enhanced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and caused a reduction in adrenergically stimulated lipolysis. In conclusion, chronic hyper-secretion of IL-6 from adipocytes causes increased lipid deposition and adipocyte hypertrophy, indirectly inducing insulin resistance.


Sixty-one participants were asked (a) to recall a memory for a period lasting 15 minutes and (b), at the end of this period, to estimate retrospectively the duration of this period. They were assigned to one of four groups: the memory was either joyful or sad, and was recent (within the past two years) or old (when the participant was 7 to 10 years old). The most critical finding is the demonstration that the age of the recalled memory has an impact on the verbal estimation. More specifically, duration is underestimated in the old but not in the recent memory condition. Moreover, in this study, recalling a memory, old or recent, is shown to be an efficient way to generate a joyful or sad emotion. Finally, the results also indicate that there is a significant correlation between the uncertainty related to the duration estimated retrospectively and the score on the present-hedonistic scale of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory.


The great philosophic author and celebrity had also weighed in on these issues of loyalty and patriotism almost 20 years earlier in his 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, when he wrote, "You see my kind of loyalty was loyalty to one's country, not to its institutions or its office holders. The country is the real thing, the substantial thing, the eternal thing; it is the thing to watch over, and care for, and be loyal to; institutions are extraneous, they are its mere clothing, and clothing can wear out, become ragged, cease to be comfortable, cease to protect the body from winter, disease and death. To be loyal to rags, to shout for rags, to worship rags, to die for rags -this is loyalty to unreason, it is pure animal; it belongs to monarchy, was invented by monarchy; let monarchy keep it."


This article investigates a case of successful union organizing in one automotive assembly plant in Romania. The authors argue that in order to explain why the union succeeds in defending workers' rights there is a need to consider both structural and agency aspects that condition labor's capacity to effectively defend their interests. The findings show that the union at the Romanian plant has made use of a diverse repertoire of protest activities in order to defend its worker constituency. The authors also discuss why as of late protests are less and less used by the union in response to the shifting economic and political environment in which the plant is embedded. They argue that a closer look at the strategy of the Romanian union and the path it has taken in the past decade provides a better understanding of the conditions for union success in an economic, legal, and political environment that has become increasingly hostile toward organized labor. In this sense, the article points to the more general situation unions in Central and Eastern Europe have found themselves in recent years.


Purpose: PI3K/AKT pathway activation is an important endocrine resistance mechanism in estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer. After promising preclinical modeling of MK-2206, an allosteric pan-AKT inhibitor, with either estrogen deprivation or fulvestrant, we conducted a phase I trial in patients with metastatic ER+HER2− breast cancer to determine the recommended phase II treatment dose (RPTD) of MK-2206 when combined with either anastrozole, fulvestrant, or anastrozole/fulvestrant. Experimental Design: ER+ breast cancer cell lines were exposed in vitro to MK-2206 plus estrogen deprivation with or without fulvestrant and monitored for apoptosis. A standard 3+3 design was employed to first determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of MK-2206 plus anastrozole based on cycle 1 toxicity. Each cycle was 28 days. The RPTD was determined on the basis of toxicities observed at MTD level during the first 3 cycles. Subsequent patients received MK-2206, at the RPTD determined above, plus fulvestrant or anastrozole/fulvestrant to define RPTD for these additional regimens. Results: MK-2206 induced apoptosis in parental ER+ but not in long-term estrogen-deprived cell lines, for which fulvestrant was required for apoptosis induction. Thirty-one patients enrolled. The RPTD was defined as MK-2206 150 mg orally weekly with prednisone prophylaxis for each combination. Grade 3 rash was dose limiting. 42% (95% CI, 23%–63%) patients derived clinical benefit without progression within 6 months. Response was not associated with tumor PIK3CA mutation. Conclusions: MK-2206 plus endocrine treatments were tolerable. MK-2206 in combination with anastrozole is being further evaluated in a phase II neoadjuvant trial for newly diagnosed ER+HER2− breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2650–8. ©2016 AACR. See related commentary by Jansen et al., p. 2599


Natural conditions and location play an essential role in the determination of the agricultural production and its technical (in)efficiency . The present work analyzes by means of different model specifications and statistical techniques how location and environmental variables determine the production possibilities and how far farmers allocate from their potential production in the dairy sector in Europe.
The aim of this work is to make use of innovative statistical techniques that allows having a better understanding of the impact of the natural conditions and the location in which the production takes place. Since these conditions are not homogeneous over space and in some cases over time, this source of heterogeneity necessarily impacts the estimators of efficiency when national or transnational analyses are performed. That is, assuming that the technology of all producers in different locations is the same or ignoring the different conditions and spatial interactions in which the production takes place might be a very strong assumption that leads to incorrect conclusions and even more, mistaken policy decisions.
This work gives some clues of how regional heterogeneity can be included in the estimation of efficiency. Furthermore, this work also explores the implications of a phenomenon in economics that can be attributed to location and natural conditions.  Local agglomeration, understood as the benefit from the concentration of the dairy activity in a limited area.
Results presented in this work proved that accounting for such heterogeneity in some cases improved efficiency estimation. Models accounting for regional heterogeneity were in all cases preferred over those that ignore it. The results also show that efficiency scores were improved, which suggests a subestimation of efficiency when heterogeneity is not accounted for.
The present work has also used natural conditions (THI, altitude and LFA) and variables that might be seen as indicators of adaptation to natural conditions (cow per ha., feeding per cow, buildings per cow) to unveil different technologies in the dairy sector Europe. The cluster analysis employed suggested substantial differences in the technologies employed in different region in Europe. Measuring farms' efficiency with adequate frontier gives a more realistic measure of efficiency since farmers are now compared with those that face similar natural conditions and employ similar technologies.
Finally, it was shown how agglomeration effects have a positive impact on productivity and efficiency. The innovation presented in this work assumed that effects of agglomeration are not only limited to the region in which the farm is located.


Transforming a geometric algorithm into an effective computer program is a difficult task. This transformation is particularly made hard by the basic assumptions of most theoretical geometric algorithms concerning complexity measures and (more crucially) the handling of robustness issues, namely issues related to arithmetic precision and degenerate input. The paper starts with a discussion of the gap between the theory and practice of geometric algorithms, together with a brief review of existing solutions to some of the problems that this dichotomy brings about. We then turn to an overview of the CGAL project and library. The CGAL project is a joint effort by a number of research groups in Europe and Israel to produce a robust software library of geometric algorithms and data structures. The library is now available for use with significant functionality. We describe the main goals and results of the project. The central part of the paper is devoted to arrangements (i.e., space subdivisions induced by geometric objects) and motion planning. We concentrate on the maps and arrangements part of the CGAL library. Then we describe two packages developed on top of CGAL for constructing robust geometric primitives for motion algorithms.


The coming of charismatic renewal in the 1960s brought Pentecostal experience into the historic denominations of the church. From its beginning, there were those who perceived in the charismatic movement an ecumenical quality. Its ability to root across a wide spectrum of traditions, suggested that it might have a significant contribution to make towards the search for the visible unity of the Christian church. This thesis sets out to explore more precisely the ecumenical dimension of the charismatic movement. It largely focuses on the English Ecumenical scene, where there have been significant ecumenical developments in the last twenty years; but account is also taken of the broader canvas of the World Council of Churches and Koinonia ecclesiology. A special focus is made of the Roman Catholic Charismatic Renewal, to see how the movement impacted that church, and was critiqued by its own theologians in the early years of the 1970s. The study looks in some detail at baptism and episcopacy, to see how these traditional ecumenical sticking points could be resolved, when looked at through a charismatic lens. It then moves on to analyse a sample of leaders, who have both experienced charismatic renewal and engaged with it theologically, showing that the personal theological changes are quite significant. Finally the study takes account of where the Charismatic and Ecumenical Movements have reached in their contemporary trajectories; and suggests how the charismatic movement can still make a serious contribution to the search for visible Christian Unity. To do this, attention is still needed in the area of sacramental theology, but in particular to the nature of truth and its revelation through the Spirit. In that connection the thesis includes some samples of fresh biblical exegesis on familiar ecumenically relevant biblical passages. The study concludes that there is indeed an ecumenical dimension of charismatic renewal. However, before that dimension can forward the visible unity of the whole church, something of a largely lost earlier vision needs to be re-captured. When that has been done, there is hope that both the charismatic and ecumenical movements may discover their natural complimentarity and creative engagement.


Canadian society is facing a marked demographic shift as the baby boom generation ages. By 2031 almost 25 percent of Canadians will be over sixty-five; many of those will be north of eighty and the oldest boomers will be turning eighty-five. One person in four will be a senior. The lack of acceptable intermediate solutions between independence and institutionalization has been pointed out as one of the significant problems facing elderly persons; traditional 'institutional' care which keeps older people apart and medicalizes old age, is no longer desirable. Likewise, the 'golden ghettoes' model may be appealing to those who can afford it but does not contribute to producing diverse, inclusive urban places. This thesis is an exploration of an alternative strategy. It investigates how architecture can provide a platform for social connection in a residential environment that allows in equal measure both independence without isolation, and informal community with safety and security. The design proposal establishes five architectural strategies which address the fundamental spatial implications of encouraging aging-in-place. This exploration is supplemented with a cohousing strategy, providing a formal organizational tactic that encourages groups of residents to mutually support each other, strengthening social inclusion and reducing the use of formal care and support only where absolutely necessary. The methodology employed examines the mutually dependent and interactive scales of City, Neighbourhood, Building, and Dwelling in conceiving of housing for an aging population that becomes a catalyst of urban integration and community regeneration.


ABSTRACT The identification of easily detectable biomarkers for active tuberculosis (TB) is a global health priority. Such biomarkers would be of particular value in childhood TB, which poses greater diagnostic challenges than adult TB. Serum antibodies can be detected by simple formats that provide extremely rapid results. However, attempts to develop accurate serodiagnostic tests for TB have been unsuccessful. Whereas antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in adult TB have been studied extensively and reviewed, the same cannot be said for serologic data in pediatric populations. Here we appraise studies on serological responses in childhood TB and discuss findings and limitations in the context of the developing immune system, the age range, and the spectrum of TB manifestations. We found that the antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens in childhood TB can vary widely, with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 14% to 85% and from 86% to 100%, respectively. We conclude that the limitations in serodiagnostic studies of childhood TB are manifold, thereby restricting the interpretation of currently available data. Concerns about the methodology used in published studies suggest that conclusions about the eventual value of serodiagnosis cannot be made at this time. However, the available data suggest a potential adjunctive value for serology in the diagnosis of childhood TB. Despite the difficulties noted in this field, there is optimism that the application of novel antigens and the integration of those factors which contribute to the serological responses in childhood TB can lead to useful future diagnostics.


Political economy approaches examine the power relations that comprise the production, distribution, and exchange of resources. They are distinguished from economics by a deeper concern for history, the social totality, moral philosophy, and praxis. Numerous schools of thought mark the political economy approach including early conservative, communitarian, and Marxian perspectives. Today, neoconservative, institutional, neo-Marxian, feminist, environmental, and social movement based approaches offer a wide variety of political economies. Communication scholars have drawn on political economy approaches to carry out research on media technologies, including broadcasting, telecommunications, and computer communication. In doing so they have developed distinctive geographic perspectives covering North America, Europe, and the less developed world.
 Political economy approaches are built on specific philosophical assumptions including a range of epistemologies that, on one end of a continuum, accept the reality of both concepts and observations and, at the other, claim that all explanations can be reduced to one essential cause, such as the economy or culture. Political economy approaches also range from perspectives that emphasize social change, social processes, and social relations to those that focus on social structures and institutions.
 Political economy approaches tend to concentrate on three processes that make up the main starting points for political economy research on media technologies. Commodification is the process of transforming things valued for their use into marketable products that are valued for what they can bring in exchange. This can be seen, for example, in the process of turning a story that friends tell one another into a film or a book to be sold in the marketplace. Spatialization is the process of overcoming the constraints of geographical space with media and technologies. For example, social media surmounts distance by bringing images of world events to every part of the globe and companies use media technologies, now often comprised of cloud computing, big data analytics, the Internet of Things, and telecommunications networks, to build global supply chains. Finally, structuration is the process of creating social relations, mainly those organized around social class, gender, and race. With respect to social class, political economy approaches describe how access to the mass media and new communication technologies is influenced by inequalities in income and wealth, which enable some to afford access and others to be left out. Political economy approaches are evolving in response to challenges from cultural studies approaches. Political economies of media technologies are now placing greater emphasis on international communication, on communication history, on standpoints of resistance, on new media technologies, and on new media activism.


Starting in 1990, Albania has witnessed one of the great emigrations of recent times; ten years later at least 600,000 Albanians, one in five of the population, were living abroad, mainly in Greece and Italy. An equally significant, but less well-documented internal redistribution of the population has taken place over the same time frame. This paper chronicles and interprets this multiple mass migration; it concludes by identifying important gaps in the research literature and some hypotheses and questions for future work. The paper is in several parts. After the introduction, the second part describes the political, demographic, economic and cultural background of Albania's post-communist transition, highlighting the key determinants of migration. The third and fourth parts look at Albanian international and internal migration respectively: topics covered include the chronology of movement, a review of the available statistics, and the geographical distribution of the migrants. In the fifth part of the paper we examine, within the constraints of the evidence available, the socio -economic impacts of migration. For internal migration this includes the hyper-rapid growth of the main Tirana-Durrs urban axis, coupled with rural depopulation, especially in the mountainous regions of the north and south of the country. For external migration, depopulation is again an important issue; but equally vital are the effects of remittances on the home country, at a variety of levels, together with the prospects for return migration and the developmental impulse that this might bring. Finally, we point to key gaps in the literature on Albanian migration and development, and from this identify some future research agendas.


Abstract Based on rich material (381 specimens examined) from two Cambrian echinoderm faunas, the early Cambrian Balang fauna and middle Cambrian Kaili fauna in Guizhou Province, South China, the taphonomy of gogiid echinoderms is described in detail, and the preservation of stereomic microstructure and organic remains of Cambrian gogiid echinoderms is reported here for the first time. Taphonomic considerations include entombment patterns, decay sequences, individual-specific diagenetic histories, unusual burial postures, selective disarticulation patterns, and post-mortem elongation. In particular, five categories of gogiid entombment patterns are proposed to describe the multi-directional orientations recorded at the burial time of articulated gogiids. Gogiid-bearing slabs of Guizhou material primarily (70%) display the type 2 entombment pattern (articulated gogiids preserved with fan-shaped brachioles); thus, most Guizhou gogiids were buried with brachioles preserved in feeding posture during obrution events. Balang gogiid faunas contain the oldest evidence of palaeoecological interactions among echinoderms and other indigenous taxa. In addition to pre-burial and post-burial decay, other potential causes for unusual disarticulation patterns exhibited by the gogiids from the lower Cambrian Balang Formation include pre-burial bio-disturbance and post-burial bioturbation based on ichnogenera, including Rusophycus and Planolites. Chemical analyses reveal that carbon, calcium, manganese and iron are the major elements responsible for the variety of colours exhibited by Guizhou gogiids. Three-dimensional stereomic microstructure (mean stereom pore size = 8.4–8.7 μm; average trabecular thickness = 4.5–4.6μm) occurs on the external surfaces of thecal plates in two gogiid species. Stereom preservation in calcite suggests that the dissolution of calcareous echinoderm plates, yielding characteristic mouldic preservation, is sub-Recent (after lithificaiton and exposure of gogiid-bearing, marine sedimentary successions on or near the land surface).


Vegetation structure, the horizontal and vertical distributions of plant biomass, varies in response to environmental and historical factors as well as species composition. A quantitative understanding of the spatial variability of structure is important for a number of mapping and modelling tasks, including biodiversity assessment, biomass measurement, (cid:28)re and fuel modelling and to parameterise wind and water erosion models. There are several operational programs to map the extent of woody vegetation across Australia, and these are often employed in conjunction with broad (cid:29)oristic formations, subformations and associations to inform estimates of growth form, cover and vertical structure. There are also many regions where Lidar data have been acquired to produce highly accurate vegetation structure maps, but due to the cost and processing overhead these data are discontinuous across the landscape. This research reports theresults of aggregating full waveform space-borne Lidar within mappedvegetation associations to retrieve vertical structure information continuously across the landscape at potentially a national scale. Freely available Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite/Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (ICESat/GLAS) data has provided in excess of 10,000,000 return waveforms across Australia over its six year lifetime. Once adjusted for the di(cid:27)erent laser period intensities and footprints, these waveforms were aggregated within regional ecosystem polygons to produce an integrated return waveform for each ecosystem that was used to derive mean canopy and understorey height, depth and density. Due to the large number of returns, these retrievals are near continuous across the landscape at the scale of regional ecosystems, enabling them to be used for inventory and modelling applications. Comparison with airborne Lidar over several test sites show excellent agreement and work


The research project Friendship and Identity in School, which is funded by the German ResearchFoundation (DFG), investigates the formation and change of adolescents' social networks and ethnic identifications. For this purpose, network panel data were collected in nine schools in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. This field report documents the preparation and collection of the three waves of data, which were completed in May 2013, February 2014, and November 2014, respectively. Portrayed are the design of the study, the development of the questionnaire, sampling procedures and response rates, the field work, and data preparation. In total, 2,100 students of 26 grades (85 classes) were interviewed. A total of 1,668 students took part in the first wave, 1,862 in the second, and 1,889 in the third. 1,249 students took part in all three waves. In a follow-up project, three additional waves will be collected within the same schools.


Abstract This paper explores how HIV/AIDS education messages are transmitted through popular Zambian music lyrics. The focus is on the recontextualisation of lived experiences and Zambian cultural practices in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Using multimodal discourse analysis, the paper uses Zambian popular music lyrics to show how Zambian musicians deliberately blend languages, socio-cultural artefacts and knowledge into a hybrid of 'infotainment' in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The paper concludes that although male dominance is still prevalent, choices regarding sex and discussions on sexual matters are no longer a preserve for the men, and that musicians are able to use language to reframe dominant cultural practices and taboos in the process of disseminating HIV/AIDS messages. This has produced altered social conditions, which sometimes distort the intended messages, but allow musicians to operate without fear of government censorship boards or running foul of cultural taboos.


Introduced by Samuelson (1975), the Serendipity Theorem states that the competitive economy will converge towards the optimum steady-state provided the optimum population growth rate is imposed. This paper aims at exploring whether the Serendip-ity Theorem still holds in an economy with risky lifetime. We show that, under general conditions, including a perfect annuity market with actuarially fair return, imposing the optimum fertility rate and the optimum survival rate leads the competitive economy to the optimum steady-state. That Extended Serendipity Theorem is also shown to hold in economies where old adults work some fraction of the old-age, whatever the retirement age is fixed or chosen by the agents.


We measured atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) mixing ratios at approximately hourly intervals over a 1 year period (April 2010 to March 2011) in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean (Svalbard, Norway; 78.5°N, 11.8°E). The mixing ratios varied by several orders of magnitude over time scales of less than several days, and occasionally reached 200−300 parts per trillion by volume during the major phytoplankton growth period (May to September), whereas during the winter months (October to April) the mixing ratios were on the order of a few parts per trillion by volume. Our results, based on analyses using multiple data products (atmospheric DMS mixing ratios, satellite‐derived ocean colors, and meteorological datasets), indicated that weekly variability in the DMS mixing ratios at Svalbard was highly correlated with variability in the chl‐a concentration in waters in the vicinity of Svalbard (r = 0.89). Hourly‐to‐daily variability in the DMS mixing ratios were satisfactorily explained by changes in the trajectory, altitude, and speed of air masses passing the DMS sources prior to reaching Svalbard. The observed coupling between DMS mixing ratios and chl‐a concentration is surprising, and indicates that the variability in chl‐a concentrations in the study area represents the change in the abundance of phytoplankton capable of producing DMS. The intensive monitoring of DMS levels at Svalbard enabled us to identify in situ production and the flux of oceanic DMS over the Arctic region. It thus constitutes a useful analytical tool for detecting changes in DMS production associated with variations in phytoplankton productivity resulting from changes in sea ice extent as a consequence of Arctic seasonality and warming.


We derive the optimal portfolio choice over the life-cycle for households facing labor income, capital market, and mortality risk. In addition to stocks and bonds, households also have access to incomplete annuity markets offering a hedge against mortality risk. We show that a considerable fraction of wealth should be annuitized to skim the return enhancing mortality credit. The remaining liquid wealth (stocks and bonds) is used to hedge labor income risk during work life, to earn the equity premium, and to ensure estate for the heirs. Furthermore, we assess the importance of common explanations for limited participation in annuity markets.


With a view to extending the work on Valonia, the cell walls of several species of Cladophora have been examined in detail by means of X-ray diffraction photographs and the microscope. The walls are found to consist of layers in which the cellulose chains in any one layer are inclined to those in the preceding and subsequent layers at an angle whose average is less than 90°. The two sets of striations on the layers of the wall correspond closely to the directions of the cellulose chains. Each set of chains forms a spiral round the cell, and the spirals are of opposite sign. One tends to be flat and th e other steep. On the whole, th e steep spiral tends to become steeper on passing from the base of the filament to the tip, and the flat spiral flatter. In any one cell of the filament, the steep spiral is steepest at the end nearer the filament tip and the flat spiral flattest. Wherever such changes in inclination occur, the angle between the chains tends to remain constant. It is suggested that cell elongation is the factor causing the inclination of the steeper spiral to vary, and that the behaviour of the flatter spiral is best explained by the assumption of a protoplasmic mechanism causing a periodic change in the direction of cellulose chains through a constant angle. The development of a branch cell is reviewed and is found to proceed as the above suggestions would indicate.


Two wireless, passive remote query magnetism-based glucose sensors, which operate in combination with a mass and volume changing glucose responsive polymer, are presented. One sensor design is based upon the magnetostatic coupling of magnetically soft thin-film elements; as the polymer volume changes in response to glucose concentration so does the magnetostatic coupling between elements. In response to a time varying magnetic field, upon reversal of the magnetization vector of the elements the magnetostatic coupling determines the time rate of change of magnetic flux, and hence the amplitude of the voltage spike generated in a pick-up coil. The other sensor consists of a free-standing magnetoelastic thick-film, coated with a thin layer of the glucose responsive polymer. In response to a time varying magnetic field the sensor mechanically vibrates at a characteristic resonant frequency; the characteristic resonant frequency of the sensor linearly tracks the change in mass of the glucose responsive polymer.


Western-style consumer lifestyles are highly resource and energy intensive. This paper examines the energy intensity of these consumer lifestyles and considers whether such lifestyles could be sustained in a future with declining energy supplies and much higher energy prices. The rise of consumer societies since the industrial revolution has only been possible due to the abundant supply of cheap fossil fuels - most notably, oil - and the persistence of consumer societies depend upon continued supply, for reasons that will be explained. But recently there has been growing concern that the world is reaching, or has already reached, its peak in oil production, despite demand for oil still expected to grow considerably. Put more directly, many analysts believe that demand for oil is very soon expected to outstrip supply, with a recent study by the US military reporting that, globally, spare productive capacity could entirely dry up by 2012 and by 2015 demand for oil could outstrip supply by almost 10 million barrels per day. What this means - even allowing for some uncertainty in timing and extent - is that the world is soon to face a situation where economic and geopolitical competition escalates over access to increasingly scarce oil supplies. One consequence of this (a consequence already playing out) is that oil will get more expensive. Since oil is the ultimate foundation of industrial economies, when it gets more expensive, all commodities get more expensive, and this dynamic will have pervasive implications on the globalised economy and the high consumption lifestyles that fully depend on that economy.This paper reviews the current energy supply situation and considers the fate of consumer lifestyles in the context of an imminent stagnation and eventual decline in oil supplies. The primary purpose of this paper is to outline why the global consumer class should at once begin preparing itself for a significant downscaling of the highly energy and resource intensive lifestyles that are widely celebrated today. Such downscaling is desirable for environmental and social justice reasons, but the present focus will be on how oil supply may soon enforce such downscaling, whether it is desirable or not. While this externally imposed downscaling of lifestyles will be a great and unpleasant cultural shock for all those who do not anticipate it, this paper concludes by considering whether members of the global consumer class could actually benefit from voluntarily embracing a 'simpler life' of reduced energy and resource consumption. Although energy supply issues have the very real potential to cause unprecedented human suffering, it will be argued that, if handled wisely, the forced transition away from energy-intensive consumer lifestyles (whether due to peak oil, climate change, or broader resource constraints) could actually lead humanity down a more meaningful, just, and sustainable path, such that we should want to choose this path even if it were not to be forced upon us in coming decades. But it is important to understand that we must leave consumer lifestyles before they leave us, for if we wait for them to be taken from us by force of circumstances, the transition beyond them will not be a blessing but a curse.


In recent years, we have seen a steady increase in the resolution and the amount of collected data that needs to be analyzed or presented. Often, the complexity of the problems that drive this increase requires that multidisciplinary teams work collaboratively towards a solution. Traditional paper-based war rooms have been shown to double the productivity of radically collocated teams when addressing such problems. Large, high-resolution displays have the potential to transform paper-based war rooms into more dynamic digital war rooms by enabling virtual interaction and reconfigurable space. Although of great potential, these affordances alone will not result in increased productivity since our current knowledge of virtual interaction and display space organization is based on contemporary desktop systems with vastly different requirements, necessitating new techniques tailored for wall displays.
This dissertation first presents a unique interaction framework that allows multi- user, multi-modal control of wall displays along with scalable, distributed user interface widgets for building novel interfaces for collaborative large, high-resolution environments. The framework enabled subsequent investigations of the user interaction and display space organization issues through numerous real-world usage scenarios. The investigations were aimed at shedding light on two specific questions. First, what is a set of interaction requirements and modalities appropriate for collaborative work across a broad range of wall display use cases? Second, what display space organization techniques and behaviors do users employ in collaboratively managing a large amount of information on wall displays? Based on observations from a number of use cases, a sample set of tools was iteratively developed for addressing the issues of input control and display space organization. Lastly, the developed tools were evaluated in a simulated collaborative analysis task for the purposes of understanding how the developed techniques serve to support traditional war rooms.


We investigated experimentally how presence or absence of different piscivores influenced habitat use, diet, and individual growth of two size classes of juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis) and abundances of juvenile perch resources in different habitats. Pond enclosures encompassed 3 X 6 m of dense vegetation and 9 X 6 m of open habitat, and were stocked with 75 young-of-year and 30 1-yr-old perch and with either three piscivorous perch, three northern pike (Esox lucius), or no piscivores. Northern pike were both larger and possessed a larger gape than piscivorous perch. To isolate behavioral responses of juvenile perch to piscivores, we replaced consumed young-of-year perch. Prey fish mortality was lowest without piscivores and highest with northern pike. Young-of-year perch increased their use of vegetation in the presence of both piscivores, whereas 1-yr-old perch increased their use of vegetation only with northern pike. For both age classes of prey fish, increased use of the vegetation led to reduced individual growth, owing to two complementary mechanisms. First, the physical complexity of submerged macrophytes likely interfered with the benthic feeding of perch, Second, increased use of the (relatively small) vegetated habitat increased the mean density experienced by prey fish. Piscivore-induced changes of prey fish densities in the two habitats had substantial effects on the biomass of prey fish resources in the open habitat, but only minor effects in the vegetation. Sialis lutaria, the major predatory macroinvertebrate (approximate to 50% of total macroinvertebrate biomass in the open habitat), and total predatory macroinvertebrates were positively affected by piscivores in the open habitat, but not in the vegetation. Chironomids (<3% of total macroinvertebrate biomass in the vegetation) and the sizes of nonpredatory macroinvertebrates were negatively affected by piscivores in the vegetation, but not in the open habitat. Biomass of nonpredatory macroinvertebrates, Cladocera, and Copepoda did not differ among treatments in either habitat. From our review of field experiments, vulnerable prey fish always change their habitat use in the presence of piscivores. Behaviorally mediated indirect effects of piscivores on individual growth rates and prey fish resources were just as frequently observed as direct effects of piscivores on prey fish survival.