How do we think about networks under post- digital conditions? What does this imply for research?
This journal issue takes as its outset, the call of the transmediale festival to "[leave] be- hind a decade marked by a backlash against the Internet and the network society" in order to re-evaluate the limits of 'networks'. It refers to Robert Filliou's "The Eternal Network," an idealistic notion from the 1960s, pointing to the interconnectedness of everyday-life actions across an emerging global world at that time. This is a good reminder that network cultures exist beyond the technical reality of network culture as we now know it despite our primary identification of networks with social media and planetary computation. By drawing on the legacies of critical and autonomous network cultures, the aim was to make the limits of Internet-based networks visible but also highlight alternatives. Is there a conceivable counter-power to networks? Which alternative technological models and cultural narratives are needed to construct the principles of end-to-end communication anew? How might the critique of networks extend to non-western contexts and reflect the limits in a global perspective?

To answer such complex questions, this editorial begins by reflecting on the periodizing logic that invites us to leave behind "the backlash against the Internet." What comes before and after the network?


We applied inverse modelling of zero-offset, air-raised ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data to measure soil surface water contents over a bare agricultural field. The GPR system consisted of a vector network analyser combined with a low-frequency 0.2–2.0 GHz off-ground monostatic horn antenna, thereby setting up an ultra-wideband stepped-frequency continuous-wave radar. A fully automated platform was created by mounting the radar system on a truck for real-time data acquisition. An antenna calibration experiment was performed by lifting the whole setup to different
heights above a perfect electrical conductor. This calibration procedure allowed the flittering
out of the antenna effects and antenna-soil interactions from the raw radar data in the frequency
domain. To avoid surface roughness effects, only the lower frequency range of 0.2–0.8 GHz was used for signal processing. Inversions of the radar data using the Green's functions were performed in the time domain, focusing on a time window containing the surface reflection. GPR measurements were conducted every 4 m along a transect of 100 m. In addition, five time-domain reflectometry measurements were randomly recorded within the footprint of the GPR antenna. A good agreement was observed between the GPR and time-domain reflectometry soil water content estimates, as compared to the previous study performed at the same test site using a higher frequency 0.8–1.6 GHz horn antenna. To monitor the dynamics of soil water content, a pair of time-domain reflectometry probes was installed at 8 cm depth near the footprint of the GPR antenna and both time-domain reflectometry and GPR measurements were carried out for a period of 20 days. A good agreement of the trend was observed between the time-domain reflectometry
and GPR time-lapse data with respect to several precipitation events. The proposed method and truck-mounted setup appear to be promising for the real-time mapping and monitoring
of surface soil moisture contents at the field scale.


This short piece explores regionalism through the lens of NAFTA and examines its relationship to the multilateral trade regime and its effects on domestic policy. It tries to better understand the legal paradigm that allows the public aspects of trade law to intersect with the private interests of private investors. The rich jurisprudence of the Chapter 11 investment chapter of NAFTA provides a looking-glass into the complex interplay of state and non-state actors who navigate through the regional and multilateral trade and investment frameworks to further their interests. By disaggregating these overlaps, the paper illuminates this interplay which allows private actors to influence governments and affect domestic regulatory policy. Furthermore, by invoking the rich trade jurisprudence of the WTO, state and non-state actors working within regional legal frameworks further solidify the legitimacy of international adjudicatory processes of the WTO, furthering its political and economic influence on member states. Regional agreements are at times better positioned to deal with regulatory polices because of their proximity to domestic issues at hand that may impact the region. However, regional agreements may also contribute in dismantling domestic regulatory structures which may have legitimate goals. While the WTO may not bear the ultimate burden of resolving the conflicts between domestic trade and regulatory policies, the multilateral framework it provides may be a strong coordinating force that creates important legal linkages between its own adjudicatory processes and those of regional tribunals. Through these linkages, WTO panels may better deal with domestic regulatory policies that impact trade, thereby enhancing dialogue among the various state and non-state actors regarding regulatory measures. This short article is the product of a Symposium sponsored by the Indiana International and Comparative Law Review on "Assessing the Impact of Existing Bilateral and Multilateral U.S. Trade Agreements and Attempting Policy Recommendations for the Future," at Indiana University Law School - Indianapolis.


Background: Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) is one of the most common diseases of the spine. For an optimal management and prevention, there's a need for data on factors related to the onset of complaints because this disease lowers the quality of life and increases morbidity. This study is aimed to see the scale and pattern of the HNP in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung. Methods: This is a descriptive study with the design of case series, data was obtained from medical records of patients with the diagnosis of HNP in the inpatient care of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in the period of 2007–2011. Results: According to the study on 79 patients, with 43 men and 36 women, the highest incidence was at the age group of 51–60 years old (31.6%) and most common occupation was civil servant (11.4%). The most common clinical symptoms were sciatica (51.9%) and low back pain (51.9%). Most frequent location was in the lumbar vertebrae at the level of L5–S1 (58.2%). Trauma was found to be the highest relatable history in the patients (39.2%). Therapy of choice was primarily conservative (58.2%) and most patients went home after the progression (84.8%). The year 2007 showed the highest prevalence of HNP at 25.3%. The most common clinical symptoms were sciatica (51.9%) and low back pain (51.9%) Conclusions: The most common clinical symptoms were sciatica and low back pain. Most frequent location was in the lumbar vertebrae at the level L5–S1. [AMJ.2015;2(1):179–85]


Test collections are essential to evaluate Information Retrieval (IR) systems. The relevance assessment set has been recognized as the key bottleneck in test collection building, especially on very large sized document collections. This paper addresses the problem of efficiently selecting documents to be included in the assessment set. We will show how machine learning techniques can fit this task. This leads to smaller pools than traditional round robin pooling, thus reduces significantly the manual assessment workload. Experimental results on TREC collections consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach according to different evaluation criteria.


Recent work has precisely characterized the achievable trade-offs between three key information processing tasks-classical communication (generation or consumption), quantum communication (generation or consumption), and shared entanglement (distribution or consumption), measured in bits, qubits, and ebits per channel use, respectively. Slices and corner points of this three-dimensional region reduce to well-known protocols for quantum channels. A trade-off coding technique can attain any point in the region and can outperform time sharing between the best-known protocols for accomplishing each information processing task by itself. Previously, the benefits of trade-off coding that had been found were too small to be of practical value (viz., for the dephasing and the universal cloning machine channels). In this Letter, we demonstrate that the associated performance gains are in fact remarkably high for several physically relevant bosonic channels that model free-space or fiber-optic links, thermal-noise channels, and amplifiers. We show that significant performance gains from trade-off coding also apply when trading photon-number resources between transmitting public and private classical information simultaneously over secret-key-assisted bosonic channels.


In their introduction to this issue, Christopher Hight and Chris Perry define the idea of collective intelligence in its relationship to design practice and to broader technological and social formations. First they suggest a reformulation of practices around networked communication infrastructures as conduits for the new orchestrations of power that Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt detailed in their books Empire and Multitude. They then describe how such practices are often involved in the development of responsive sensing environments as new sites for manifesting the social organisations and communities made possible via telecommunications and the Internet. Lastly, they address how traditional boundaries of design disciplines and knowledge, from architecture to programming, are opening into complex co-minglings of their respective isolated 'intelligences' into collectives capable of engaging these new sites, new briefs and new sorts of projects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We present a solution for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data management and analysis using a cluster-based approach with a shared parallel file system, together with a graphical client and a web-based knowledge base. The initiative is named UPPNEX, and has emerged as the leading platform for the vibrant NGS community in Sweden. For analysis, 900 000 computing hours per month are available via a cluster of 2784 cores through the SLURM queuing system. For primary storage, more than 420TB of parallel storage are attached locally to the computing resources. For archiving, more than 1 PB of storage is available via the Swedish national long time storage system SweStore. To protect project data, UPPNEX is equipped with snapshots, disaster backup on tape, optional data encryption, and a tight security policy permitting only SSH connections. To simplify for novice users of HPC systems, we have developed a graphical client for accessing UPPNEX resources based on the Bioclipse workbench1. Bioclipse leverages on the plugin-architecture of Eclipse, which allows for easy extensions and reuse of plugins from a large user community. A proxy component translates information from the local queuing system and exposes a transparent API, which is accessed via a persistent SSH connection provided by the Eclipse Parallel Tools Platform. Via Bioclipse, users can access their files via a graphical file browser, they are able to monitor jobs, inspect file and project quotas, and start new analyses. The Bioclipse-plugin takes advantage of the tool configuration files from the Galaxy platform to provide wizard-based configuration of cluster jobs for common bioinformatics tools, but users can also interact with UPPNEX via a regular terminal. A history view allows for inspecting the commands sent to UPPNEX and enables reuse and sharing of analysis scripts. Apart from hardware and software, the UPPNEX project has several associated human resources ("system experts" and "application experts") serving the national NGS community with experience and know-how in both HPC and bioinformatics analysis via the UPPNEX Knowledgebase web portal3. The distinct focus on end-users has attracted over 130 projects in only 2 years at an increasing rate, and UPPNEX is currently serving over 400 TB of NGS data with the sequencing of 'Norwegian spruce' as one of its largest projects. UPPNEX was originally funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) and is formally part of Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science4 (SNIC-UPPMAX).


Cash flow statement is one of the elements of financial statements. It is a mandatory statements, that is necessary to be examined whether the cash flow statement significantly can enhance information gathering for users so it could affect their perception when predicting firm financial performance consisted cash flow statement or not. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of the cash
flow statement enclosed or not in the financial statement to the perception of financial statement users in predicting the firm financial performance.
This research was designed as a quasi experimental study that was conducted by pretest and posttest experimental group designs. There were two kinds of data used in this research, primary and secondary data. The primary ones were perception of financial users collected by experimental scenarios, and the others were the financial statement from two firms and their financial ratios. The experiment was conducted into two experiments. In Experiment one, financial statement did not inclose cash flow statement, and in Experiment two did. Each Experment had two scenarios respectively. The scenarios were designed one for financial statement that consist transitory earnings in its income statement, and the other did not. Data were analyzed by two means paired-samples t-test.
The result showed that in the scenario in which the income statements did not consist transitory earnings, there were not different perception for judgmental decision making within subjects who perceived the financial ratio both the
financial statement inclosed the cash flow statement or not. And the other hands, when the income statement consisted transitory earnings, the subject showed on
the contrary results. The conclusion and limitation are also discussed.

Keywords : cash flow statement, financial ratio, perception, Predicting firm financial performance


The possibility of applying millimeter waves in various areas in the commercial arena has a long history, as the technical advantages being offered by such systems have been known for more than 3 decades. The necessity of turning their attention away from the military sector towards commercial products has forced more and more companies to look at millimeter wave communications very thoroughly. As a matter of fact and fortunately this was accompanied by the advent of low-cost integration procedures, i.e. hybrid- and monolithic-integration technologies, respectively. Having the necessary technology at hand, mature and commercially available, a wide field of employment areas has been opened. From indoor high-speed radio communication systems at 10.6 GHz, as proposed by NTT of Japan, over "gateways" for mobile or new, 'deregulated' stationary telephone systems at 38 and 55 GHz, available from Northern Telecom, UK, and WLANs at 60 GHz, like the MBS project, under research within the European RACE-programme, to the optic microwave hybrid approach for pico-cellular PCNs, as proposed by Alcatel-SEL of Germany and CNET of France, the scope of today's applications is very wide. While the military market is still decreasing, the commercial application of millimeter waves is increasing very rapidly. The actual status and the developing technological trends, as they can be seen from Europe, are surveyed.


The blood pressure was studied in 42 males and 36 females in 2 groups of nomadic Bushmen, living near Ghanzi in the Kalahari Desert, as well as in a third group of 21 Bushmen prisoners and farm laborers from the same region. The pressures were also "corrected" for arm girth. The average systolic pressures were 108.4 mm. Hg (S.D. 11.4) for men and 112.8 mm. Hg (S.D. 14.6) for women. The average diastolic pressures were 66.2 mm. Hg (S.D. 6.9) and 69.6 mm. Hg (S.D. 8.0) for men and women, respectively. These pressures with stated exception, are considered to be lower than for most populations. In the women, the systolic and diastolic pressures were higher than those in the men. The blood pressure showed no tendency to rise with age, an observation in contrast to that found in most other populations. It was suggested that an increase of the blood pressure with age may be an indication of the existence of essential hypertension within that population. The blood pressures of Bushmen prisoners and farm laborers were higher than those in nomadic Bushmen. Further investigation is needed of the genetic and environmental factors affecting the blood pressure in the nomadic Bushmen.


While peacekeeping's effects on receiving states have been studied at length, its effects on sending states have only begun to be explored. This article examines the effects of contributing peacekeepers abroad on democracy at home. Recent qualitative research has divergent findings: some find peacekeeping contributes to democratization among sending states, while others find peacekeeping entrenches illiberal or autocratic rule. To adjudicate, we build on recent quantitative work focused specifically on the incidence of coups. We ask whether sending peacekeepers abroad increases the risk of military intervention in politics at home. Drawing on selectorate theory, we expect the effect of peacekeeping on coup risk to vary by regime type. Peacekeeping brings with it new resources which can be distributed as private goods. In autocracies, often developing states where UN peacekeeping remuneration exceeds per-soldier costs, deployment produces a windfall for militaries. Emboldened by new resources, which can be distributed as private goods among the selectorate, and fearing the loss of them in the future, they may act to depose the incumbent regime. In contrast, peacekeeping will have little effect in developed democracies, which have high per-troop costs, comparatively large selectorates, and low ex-ante coup risk. Anocracies, which typically have growing selectorates, and may face distinctive international pressures to democratize, will likely experience reduced coup risk. We test these claims with data covering peacekeeping deployments, regime type, and coup risk since the end of the Cold War. Our findings confirm our theoretical expectations. These findings have implications both for how we understand the impact of participation in peacekeeping – particularly among those countries that contribute troops disproportionately in the post-Cold War era – and for the potential international determinants of domestic autocracy.


This work proposes a novel framework to extract compact and discriminative features from Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals for human identification based on sparse representation of local segments. Specifically, local segments extracted from an ECG signal are projected to a small number of basic elements in a dictionary, which is learned from training data. A final representation is extracted by performing a max pooling procedure over all the sparse coefficient vectors in the ECG signal. Unlike most of existing methods for human identification from ECG signals which require segmentation of individual heartbeats or extraction of fiducial points, the proposed method does not need to segment individual heartbeats or detect any fiducial points. The method achieves an 99.48% accuracy on a 100 subjects dataset constructed from a publicly available database, which demonstrates that both local and global structural information are well captured to characterize the ECG signals.


Renewable sources like biomass, which mainly consists of materials derived from trees and plants, are currently considered as a key and future feedstock in the chemical industry for the sustainable production of chemicals. After the pre-treatment of biomass, lignocellulosic biomass is obtained as the major component. This contains various polymeric compounds such as starch, cellulose and lignin. By breaking these polymers into smaller monomeric molecules, sugars, polyols and aromatic compounds are obtained. In particular the sugars and polyols contain many hydroxyl group functionalities and, accordingly, have a high oxygen content. In order to arrive at some of the main chemical building blocks, e.g. olefins, the challenge is to remove the hydroxyl groups (at least partly). A new type of reductive deoxygenation reaction, deoxydehydration (DODH), has recently emerged in which vicinal diols are converted to olefins. In essence, a DODH reaction involves a double dehydroxylation, which is a combination of a deoxygenation and a dehydration reaction and, therefore, requires a sacrificial reductant in combination with a catalyst.

 Here in this thesis, we developed cyclopentadienyl (Cp)-ligated trioxo-rhenium (Cp'ReO3) catalysts for the DODH of different kinds of vicinal diols including bio-based polyols, converting these to olefins. The tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl ligated trioxo-rhenium (CptttReO3) complex was synthesized and employed as the efficient DODH catalyst (with triphenylphosphine as the reductant) to obtain moderate to excellent yields of olefins, maintaining the retention configuration of the starting vicinal diols (e.g. terminal or cyclic aliphatic, aromatic). Moreover, a record high turnover number of 1400 (per Re) was achieved, indicating substantially improved catalyst stability compared to any other previously known DODH method. The bio-based polyols were also converted to the corresponding polyene compounds. Glycerol resulted in allyl alcohol with 91% yield. Erythritol conversion to butadiene formation was optimized under different reaction conditions, resulting in 55% butadiene using PPh3/pyridine or up to 75% using 3-octanol as both solvent and reductant. Other longer chain polyols (xylitol, sorbitol) were also demonstrated to produce moderate olefinic yields.

 The DODH reaction mechanism was studied to understand the above-mentioned beneficial catalytic effects of the bulkier CptttReO3 catalyst. Both kinetics and DFT studies deduced that the formation of the key dioxo-rhenium species (CptttReO2) was facilitated and its stability increased with the bulkier Cp-substituents (i.e. tert-butyl groups). Moreover, the formation of this species was substantiated by unprecedented spectroscopic characterizations and its participation in DODH reactions proven. In order to evaluate structure-activity relationships, the differently substituted Cp-ligands were used to synthesize the corresponding Cp-ligated tricarbonyl rhenium complexes followed by oxidation to the corresponding trioxo-rhenium complexes. Additionally, some novel serendipitous reactivities of the modified Cp-tricarbonyl rhenium analogues were studied. The smaller changes in the Cp-substitution were significantly reflected in the nature/stability of the high valent trioxo-rhenium complexes. The less number Cp-substituted complexes were found to be the faster DODH catalysts than the other known stable/highly substituted catalysts.

In conclusion, Cp-based Re-trioxo complexes were found to be potent deoxydehydration catalysts for the conversion of diols and bio-based polyols to olefins. Variations in Cp-ligand substitution significantly alters the stability and the catalytic activity of these complexes, allowing for further development and optimization of this Cp-based DODH system.


Final project is intended to get a device simulator in the form of calculating the number of doses of sap, this device is controlled by a microcontroller ATMega 16 which is shown on the LCD viewer display. This device is intended to assist in the process of dihasikan pengitungan number of sap in the sugar manufacturing process.
 Design of simulator calculating the number of doses of sap that is the power supply unit with a different regulator, the unit tampilanhasil Sebuat calculations using the LCD, 2 pieces as a selector push button to view the data on calculations, and 2 others to next and back, a red indicator LED as a signal device started work, a DC motor used to drive the sap-dose containers. Motor drivers and relay units utilizing the transistor functions as an electronic switch. All instruments are processed using the system microcontroller atmega16 minimum. As the controlling software program on the microcontroller atmega16 using C language and compiler software as its CodeVisionAVR .. Manufacturing process begins with assembling the hardware devices ranging from power supply unit with a voltage supply to the system microcontroller atmega16 minimum of 5 volts, the supply voltage of 12 volts to sriver DC motor and relay unit. Input data for the minimum system microcontroller is 2 pieces of sensors and 4 for the push button and the output data, such as LCD, DC motors, as well as two-color LED.
 This prototype works with is controlled by mikrocontroller ATMega 16 with control system which is made using the C programming language hardware that supports consist of a series of Power Supply, input in the form of two water level sensors and four push-buttons, namely data processors ATMega a microcontroller 16, the output of LCD which displays information on the number of doses of sap and the output dc motors that move the measure sap. software as the control system consists of commands to call and display the file number, and move the dc motor. The performance of "Prototype simulator calculating the number of doses of juice", as a whole is in conformity with the specified function, which is running the container measure, compute and accumulate the data and displays it to the viewer of the LCD display.


Skin issue is extremely normal in the day by day lives of people. Consistently a huge number of American individuals are influenced by skin issue of different types. Skin condition conclusion regularly includes a high level of information because of the scope of visual perspectives thereof. Since human judgment is constantly discretionary and infrequently reproducible, a PC helped indicative gadget ought to be considered for accomplishing an increasingly objective and precise conclusion. In this paper, we investigate the plausibility of utilizing profound Convolutional neural system (CNN) to make a widespread structure for determination of skin infection. We train the CNN engineering utilizing the Dermnet dataset's skin illness pictures and check its yield with both Dermnet and OLE, another information assortment for skin ailment, pictures. Our program can accomplish Top-1 exactness of up to 73.1 percent and Top-5 precision of 91.0 percent while running on the Dermnet dataset. Top-1 and Top-5 correctness's for the OLE dataset check are 31.1 percent and 69.5 separately. We show that if all the more preparing pictures are utilized, those correctness's can be additionally improved.


In the present time's globalized atmosphere, the need for intercultural communicative competence in the workplace runs high. Accordingly, in the area of foreign language education, English teachers need more than ever to incorporate intercultural awareness and cross-cultural understanding in their syllabi. This article reports on a case study that involves the use of many research instruments including questionnaires, classroom observation, and assessment of assignments and exam sheets. This paper tends to suggest a cultural teaching based on standards for intercultural learning elicited from related literature in an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) setting, addressed to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Master students approaching the end of their course of study and getting ready to enter the world of job-market. It proposes ways of instilling multicultural awareness into these language learners through the implementation of intercultural activities, helping them better understanding diversity and developing positive attitudes in the workplace. The research goals comprise increasing students' intercultural global awareness, promoting their tolerance, and helping them remedy negative attitudes towards the target culture and other alien cultures. Findings of the study show that the proposed intercultural approach stimulates students' thinking, helps them better comprehend how to immerse in diverse perspectives on complicated international issues, and how to become global citizens able to deal effectively with multiculturalism in the work environment.


BACKGROUND/AIM
Women and men are shaped over the courses of their lives by culture, society and human interaction according to the gender system. Cultural influences on individuals' social roles and environment are described in occupational therapy literature, but not specifically from a gender perspective. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how a sample of occupational therapists perceives the 'gender' concept.

METHOD
Four focus group interviews with 17 occupational therapists were conducted. The opening question was: 'How do you reflect on the encounter with a client depending on whether it is a man or a woman?' The transcribed interviews were analysed and two main themes emerged: 'the concept of gender is tacit in occupational therapy' and 'client encounters'.

RESULTS
The occupational therapists expressed limited theoretical knowledge of 'gender'. Furthermore, the occupational therapists seemed to be 'doing gender' in their encounters with the clients. For example, in their assessment of the client, they focussed their questions on different spheres: with female clients, on the household and family; with male clients, on their paid work.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated that occupational therapists were unaware of the possibility that they were 'doing gender' in their encounters with clients. There is a need to increase occupational therapists' awareness of their own behaviour of 'doing gender'. Furthermore, there is a need to investigate whether gendered perceptions will shorten or lengthen a rehabilitation period and affect the chosen interventions, and in the end, the outcome for the clients.


There is an increasing demand for information for the rational assessment and reporting of the state the environment, to detect change and to assess the effectiveness of policy or management measures.
The research investigated the use of information by conservation organisations through case studies in the Statutory Nature Conservation Agencies and the North York Moors National Park. The results highlighted a number of key problems in the organisational use of information and in the content and utility of the data available. These included the lack of an organisational culture of information use, imperfect knowledge and utilisation of available data, the need to meet changing information demands and the requirement to produce comparable local, regional and national habitat stock estimates.
Many of the data deficiencies highlighted would appear to be met by the Countryside Survey (CS) initiative. Despite offering potentially suitable data, with a combination of an environmental stratification (the ITE land class system), field survey and remotely sensed data, this source was little used. Thus, the study sought to assess the scope for comparing CS data with other habitat estimates and for improving the accuracy of these data through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Three main techniques were employed, modified areal weighting, modified areal weighting with control zones and intelligent weighting' a hybrid approach in which Land Cover Map of Great Britain (LCMGB) data were employed to redistribute Countryside Survey 1990 (CS9O) totals within ITE land classes.
The research found that sub-land class estimates from CS9O data could be improved in some circumstances. In most cases, LCMGB provided better estimates of habitat location and quantity than CS9O. In a few cases, the intelligent weighting method improved the interpolation of CS9O estimates. It is suggested that regional habitat estimates may be improved further through greater within-land class differentiation, an increase in within-land class sampling intensity or stratification and the further development of the LCMGB.
The problems faced in integrating, analysing and using available geographic data are considered and conclusions presented


PURPOSE
To investigate the use of six cerebral measures as correlates for hippocampal volumes and, therefore, to enable normalized absolute hippocampal volumes to be calculated via two correction processes.

METHODS
Hippocampal volumes and six cerebral measures were estimated from MR data in 20 control subjects. Three of these measures (the cranial volume, the cerebral volume, and the midsagittal cranial area) were then applied to a group of 32 control subjects, and regression analysis was performed to investigate the linear relationship between hippocampal volume and each measure. Division of hippocampal volume by cerebral measure and correction via a covariance calculation enabled corrected absolute hippocampal volumes to be determined for 32 control subjects and 23 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

RESULTS
Correction processes reduced the variance in absolute hippocampal volumes in control subjects and enabled abnormally small absolute volumes to be defined. Of 11 patients with unilateral volume ratio abnormalities, 8 had unilateral abnormally small absolute hippocampal volumes. Of 12 patients with normal volume ratios, 4 had bilateral abnormally small absolute hippocampal volumes.

CONCLUSION
Correction processes can define absolute hippocampal volumes for correlation studies and may enable identification of unsuspected bilateral hippocampal volume loss.


PURPOSE
We determined the prognostic factors and utility of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation among children with newly diagnosed hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated in contemporary clinical trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
This retrospective study collected data on 306 patients with hypodiploid ALL who were enrolled in the protocols of 16 cooperative study groups or institutions between 1997 and 2013. The clinical and biologic characteristics, early therapeutic responses as determined by minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment, treatment with or without MRD-stratified protocols, and allogeneic transplantation were analyzed for their impact on outcome.

RESULTS
With a median follow-up of 6.6 years, the 5-year event-free survival rate was 55.1% (95% CI, 49.3% to 61.5%), and the 5-year overall survival rate was 61.2% (95% CI, 55.5% to 67.4%) for the 272 evaluable patients. Negative MRD at the end of remission induction, high hypodiploidy with 44 chromosomes, and treatment in MRD-stratified protocols were associated with a favorable prognosis, with a 5-year event-free survival rate of 75% (95% CI, 66.0% to 85.0%), 74% (95% CI, 61.0% to 89.0%), and 62% (95% CI, 55.0% to 69.0%), respectively. After exclusion of patients with high hypodiploidy with 44 chromosomes and adjustment for waiting time to transplantation and for covariables in a Poisson model, disease-free survival did not differ significantly ( P = .16) between the 42 patients who underwent transplantation and the 186 patients who received chemotherapy only, with an estimated 5-year survival rate of 59% (95% CI, 46.5% to 75.0%) versus 51.5% (95% CI, 44.7% to 59.4%), respectively. Transplantation produced no significant impact on outcome compared with chemotherapy alone, especially among the subgroup of patients who achieved a negative MRD status upon completion of remission induction.

CONCLUSION
MRD-stratified treatments improved the outcome for children with hypodiploid ALL. Allogeneic transplantation did not significantly improve outcome overall and, in particular, for patients who achieved MRD-negative status after induction.


AIMS
While bleeding in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is known to be associated with poor outcomes, the differential prognostic impact of access-site related versus non access-site related bleedings is unknown. We aimed to assess the relative impact of access-site related bleeding, as compared to non access-site related, on 12-month clinical outcome in patients undergoing intervention for STEMI.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Thirty-day bleeding endpoints, stratified into access-site versus non access-site, were examined according to the TIMI scale in 744 patients with STEMI enrolled in the MULTISTRATEGY trial. TIMI major or minor bleeding complications occurred in 56 (7.5%) patients within 30 days, 46% had an access-site related bleed and 34% required blood transfusion. Bleeding severity and the need for transfusion were equally distributed between site access- versus non-site access-related bleeds. After adjustment, patients with any TIMI rated bleed were more likely to die or develop recurrent MI within 12 months (HR 2.1 [95% CI: 1.13-3.8]; p=0.02). This ratio was entirely driven by non-site access-related bleeds (adjusted HR: 2.66 [95% CI: 1.21-5.8]; p=0.007), whereas site-access bleeds were not associated with worse outcomes (HR: 0.74 [95% CI: 0.16-3.4]; p=0.70).

CONCLUSIONS
While bleeds of any TIMI severity within 30 days were independently associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes at 12 months, thus confirming previous analyses, this relationship was entirely driven in our study by non access-site related haemorrhagic events. Investigation on whether the site of bleeding complications may preferentially impact cardiovascular outcomes is warranted.


We show that real tight frames that generate lattices must be rational. In the case of irreducible group frames, we show that the corresponding lattice is always strongly eutactic. We use this observation to describe a construction of strongly eutactic lattices from vertex transitive graphs. We show that such lattices exist in arbitrarily large dimensions and discuss some examples arising from complete graphs, product graphs, as well as some other notable examples of graphs. In particular, some well-known root lattices and those related to them can be recovered this way. We discuss various properties of this construction and also mention some potential applications of lattices generated by incoherent systems of vectors.


The year 2005 brought record numbers of hurricanes and storm damages to the United States. Was this a foretaste of increasingly destructive hurricanes in an era of global warming? This study examines the economic impacts of U.S. hurricanes. The major conclusions are the following: First, there appears to be an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic. Second, there are substantial vulnerabilities to intense hurricanes in the Atlantic coastal United States. Damages appear to rise with the eighth power of maximum wind speed. Third, greenhouse warming is likely to lead to stronger hurricanes, but the evidence on hurricane frequency is unclear. We estimate that the average annual U.S. hurricane damages will increase by $8 billion at 2005 incomes (0.06 percent of GDP) due to global warming. However, this number may be underestimated by current storm models. Fourth, 2005 appears to have been a quadruple outlier, involving a record number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones, a large fraction of intense storms, a large fraction of the intense storms making landfall in the United States, and an intense storm hitting the most vulnerable high-value region in the country.


Previous studies have introduced the technique of spinous process osteotomy to decompress spinal stenosis, a procedure which aims to afford excellent visualization while minimizing destruction of tissues not directly involved in the pathologic process. However, biomechanically it has not been investigated whether the sacrifice of posterior spinous process might have potential risk of spinal instability or not, even though supra-spinous and inter-spinous ligaments are preserved. Therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical properties after spinous process osteotomy, using finite element analysis. The model of spinous process osteotomy exhibited no significant increase in disc stress or change in segmental range of motion. It is due to the fact that the instability of lumbar spine has been maintained by the two-types of ligaments compared with the prior surgical technique. Therefore, according to the finite element result on this study, this osotetomy was considered to be a clinically safe surgical procedure and could not cause the instability of the lumbar spine.


Gastric ulcers are a major problem worldwide with no effective treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of manuka honey in the treatment of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Different groups of rats were treated with three different concentrations of honey. Stomachs were checked macroscopically for ulcerative lesions in the glandular mucosa and microscopically for histopathological alterations. Treatment with manuka honey significantly reduced the ulcer index and maintained the glycoprotein content. It also reduced the mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) as compared to untreated control group. In addition, honey-treated groups showed significant increase in enzymatic (GPx and SOD) and nonenzymatic (GSH) antioxidants besides levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Flow cytometry studies showed that treatment of animals with manuka honey has normalized cell cycle distribution and significantly lowered apoptosis in gastric mucosa. In conclusion, the results indicated that manuka honey is effective in the treatment of chronic ulcer and preservation of mucosal glycoproteins. Its effects are due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that resulted in a significant reduction of the gastric mucosal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and caused an elevation in IL-10 levels.


The current era has been termed the knowledge era. It needs to be questioned what makes it so different from previous eras to have been specifically characterised as constituting a new era of business. A central tenet of the current era is the convergence of information technology and business systems in what has been variously termed the digital, knowledge, global, network or the new economy. At the core of these concepts, which for all practical purposes are in effect very similar in nature, is the reality that modern day economic transformation is being driven by the development and diffusion of emerging information technology. It is such a pervasive transformation that there are few domains of the business environment in which organizations function that have not been influenced by it. Consequently it entails a dramatic shift in the traditional strategy, business operations and culture of enterprises both within the public and the private sector. Transformations that impact on all aspects of the economy and society are rare. With this in mind this article sets out to trace the convergence of emerging technology and innovative business practice. The digital economy is as much a story about changes in business practice, global market structures, human learning experiences, a changing society and political systems as it is about emerging technology innovations. As this new age unfolds, South African business institutions will need to contend with a radically transforming business environment, one that will require a new strategic business model. The characteristics of this environment are briefly explored and a strategic model presented for debate. This model is designed to integrate business practice and information technology transformation.


Learning from traumatic events: a comparative case study of governmental close protection policies in the aftermath of the murder of Olof Palme and Anna LindhViolent and threatful crimes against politicians are as despicable as any other crime acts against citizen. However, if politicians are targeted solely due to their position – the act can seriously damage the state and central government.This paper compares reports of government commissions and investigations which were initiated after the murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme in 1986 and secretary of state Anna Lindh in 2003. The purpose is to analyse and compare the conclusions and distinguish the main arguments that led to those conclusions and decipher similarities and differences through the lens of Tom Christensen's instrumental perspective as well as Peter May's social policy learning theory. The methodological approach of a qualitative method for this study fosters a deeper understanding of the ideological stances. Furthermore, the qualitative approach of conducting interviews with officials in various government positions has allowed for a more nuanced and thoughtful analysis. Together with the commissions and report, the interviews provide a holistic perspective of the two timeframes.The research question has been posed as follows: When comparing government commissions regarding the close protection of the central government, which essential similarities and differences can be distinguished?The result suggests that, an ideological change regarding main threats against the central government has taken place. The main policy discussions in the aftermath of the murder of prime minister Olof Palme was terrorism and if it could have been prevented at the time being. One major policy change was the build-up of the Swedish counter-terrorist unit. The main policy discussions in the aftermath of the murder of Anna Lindh was the issue of citizens with severe mental illnesses and how to detect those that pose serious threats to the central government at an earlier stage.Furthermore, given the conclusions of the commissions and reports, it is possible to determine that "social policy learning" has occurred as according to Peter May's theory. However, the study also notes an crucial exception; government officials in need of close protection can henceforth conform the structure of it and determine whether they want it or not.


'It is some years now since I realized how many false opinions I had accepted as true from childhood onwards...I saw that at some stage in my life the whole structure would have to be utterly demolished' In Descartes's Meditations, one of the key texts of Western philosophy, the thinker rejects all his former beliefs in the quest for new certainties. Discovering his own existence as a thinking entity in the very exercise of doubt, he goes on to prove the existence of God, who guarantees his clear and distinct ideas as a means of access to the truth. He develops new conceptions of body and mind, capable of serving as foundations for the new science of nature. Subsequent philosophy has grappled with Descartes's legacy, questioning many of its conclusions and even his basic approach, but his arguments set the agenda for many of the greatest philosophical thinkers, and their fascination endures. This new translation includes the Third and Fourth Objections and Replies in full, and a selection from the rest of these exchanges with Descartes's contemporaries that helped to expound his philosophy. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


A general approach is presented for treating the two-dimensional scattering of a plane wave by an arbitrary configuration of perfectly conducting circular cylinders in front of a plane surface with general reflection properties. The method exploits the angular spectrum representation of cylindrical waves and turns out to be fairly efficient, as demonstrated by a number of examples. Our approach seems promising for several applications both in optics and in microwaves.


We are concerned with an expansion scheme for radiation from well-collimated pulsed aperture distribution that uses a new set of pulsed-beam (PB) basis functions. Several beam-expansion schemes have been introduced recently. They are based on local matching, within a self-consistent phase space format, of beam propagators to the source distribution. For well-collimated source distributions, greater efficiency may be obtained by matching wide beams to the entire aperture distribution, so that the propagators exhibit the same radiation properties as the entire aperture. This is the underlying strategy of the well-known Hermite–Gaussian-beam expansion of time-harmonic fields. In the present study a type of PB propagator, complex multipole PB's (CMPB's), is introduced and utilized in a similar expansion scheme for time-dependent radiation. CMPB's are exact, highly localized, space–time wave-packet solutions that can be modeled analytically in terms of radiation from time-dependent complex multipoles as a generalization of the recently introduced complex source PB. The CMPB's have paraxial profiles that involve transverse oscillations expressed in terms of Hermite polynomials and temporal derivatives; hence they form a biorthogonal set of basis functions for the expansion of collimated time-dependent fields. It is shown that the representation is most efficient if both the wave-front curvature and the collimation of the CMPB's are matched to those of the aperture so that they exhibit the same far-field properties (e.g., diffraction angle and decay rate). We therefore introduce criteria to determine the collimation (Fresnel) length of a given pulsed source distribution and thereby for the optimal expansion parameters. To establish the near- and the far-field convergence properties of the expansion under matched and unmatched conditions, we derive closed-form expressions for the expansion amplitudes for a general class of time-dependent distributions and examine extensive numerical results.


Climate change mitigation strategies informed by Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) increasingly rely on major deployments of negative emissions technologies (NETs) to achieve global climate targets. Although NETs can strongly compliment emissions mitigation efforts, this dependence on the presumed future ability to deploy NETs at scale raises questions about the structural elements of IAMs that are influencing our understanding of their deployment. Model inter-comparison results underpinning the IPCC's special report on Global Warming of 1.5oC were used to explore the role that current assumptions are having on projections and the way in which emerging technologies, economic factors, innovation, and tradeoffs between negative emissions objectives and UN Sustainable Development Goals might have on future deployment of NETs. Current generation IAM scenarios widely assume we are capable of scaling up NETs over the coming 30 years to achieve negative emissions of the same order of magnitude as current global emissions (tens of gigatons of CO2/year) predominantly relying on highly land intensive NETs. While the technological potential of some of these approaches (e.g., direct air capture) is much greater than for the land-based technologies, these are seldom included in the scenarios. Alternative NETs (e.g., accelerated weathering) are generally excluded because of connections with industrial sectors or earth system processes that are not yet included in many models. In all cases, modeling results suggest that significant NET activity will be conducted in developing regions, raising concerns about tradeoffs with UN Sustainable Development Goals. These findings provide insight into how to improve treatment of NETs in IAMs to better inform international climate policy discussions. We emphasize the need to better understand relative strength and weaknesses of full suite of NETs that can help inform the decision making for policy makers and stakeholders.


Ecological and climatic factors have an impact on the health, productivity and reproduction of the cattle. The goal of this work is the study of physiological status of servicing bulls reared under ecological and climate conditions of the Altai region, by defining the differences between Red-Steppe, Simmental and Black-and-White breeds in spermatogenic, hormonal, biochemical and hematological parameters. Samples of peripheral blood and ejaculates were taken from 48 grown-up servicing bulls (average age 5.6±0.3 years) in autumn period. It was established that Red-Steppe bulls have higher concentrations of nonorganic phosphorus, leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in comparison with animals of Simmental breed, and the hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are also higher in comparison with Blackand-White breed. It was noted that bulls of Black-and-White breed have a higher level of cortisol in comparison with the other breeds. The lowest level of serum urea and total protein and increased serum activity of creatine kinase and γ-glutamyl transferase, as well as the heaviest body weight were observed in Simmental breed bulls. The differences between breeds in a wide spectrum of physiological measures reflect not only genetically determined peculiarities of homeostatic mechanism, but also may reflect different ability to adapt to local ecological and climate conditions of the Altai region. Spermatogenic, biochemical and hematological measures in bull sires reared in the Altai region were similar to those in bulls bred in other Russian regions and some other countries. The measures reported could serve as reference values and therefore represent 'normal' values of physiological status for these bull sires reared in this ecological and climatic zone, but could be utilized in further studies for comprehensive monitoring of cattle breeding stock in other ecological and climatic zones of the Siberian region of Russia.


Conditional cash transfer schemes, which use cash to incentivize uptake of basic health and educational services, are well established among social planners inlow- and middle-income countries and are now taking hold in high-income countries. We appraised these schemes within a social determinants framework and found some encouraging signs in their first decade of operation. Success, however, has been inconsistent, and it is unclear whether conditional cash transfer schemes can reliably secure meaningful improvements in participants' health and nutritional status or educational attainment. Conditional cash transfer schemes' objectives will not be met unless they are transformed in 3 ways: transferring power as well as resources, emphasizing entitlements alongside conditionality, and avoiding the trap of incoherent or residualized policy.


Metacognitive skill is an important aspect that must be developed and empowered in learning activities because it helps the development of thinking skills as well as its implications on students' cognitive abilities. Therefore, the learning process should be designed to empowered metacognitive skills. This is a correlational study which aims to find (1) the relationship of metacognitive skills with cognitive abilities of Biology, and (2) the contribution of metacognitive skills on cognitive abilities of Biology on the application of the GI, TTW and GITTW strategies. The population of this study is Muhammadiyah high school students of grade 10th at Surabaya in the 1st academic year 2014/2015 in the science major. Samples were students of grade 10th which consists of six classes determined by random sampling. Data had been collected by conducting pre-test and posttest during the learning process for one semester. Learning instruments used in this study are syllabus, lesson plan (RPP), and students' worksheet (LKS). All learning devices are using GI, TTW and GITTW strategies. The forms of instruments used are an essay test and cognitive skills rubrics. Metacognitive skills had been measured by metacognitive rubric integrated with cognitive ability test. Data was analysed by correlation and regression techniques. The results of the study showed that there were a significant correlation between metacognitive skills with cognitive abilities of Biology in GI strategy with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.906, the TTW strategies correlation coefficient (r) of 0.951 and the strategies GITTW correlation coefficient (r) of 0.881. Metacognitive skill level of contribution to the cognitive abilities of Biology at GI strategy is 82%, the TTW strategy is 90.5%, and the GITTW strategy is 77.7%.


One role of state-level Departments of Transportation (DOT) is traffic incident management (TIM): managing incidents that impact traffic flow on interstate highways and involving multiple agencies (e.g., police, fire). This study found DOTs collect basic TIM performance measures (e.g., lane clearance times), but many do not record additional measures, consistently review the collected data or analyze it unless needed to answer specific questions. Since performance evaluation of interagency coordination is one area of TIM in which little success has been attained (FHWA, 2003), process improvement methods from operations management may prove useful. To illustrate, interagency incident response for a disabled vehicle (no injuries or property damage) is modeled as a process in which appropriate resources (e.g., state police, tow) must coordinate to safely remove the vehicle and restore normal traffic flow. Completing these events requires the resources to perform specific functions, each taking more or less time depending on various factors (e.g., weather, time of day). Response time data can highlight geographic areas or process segments with highly variable event times, leading to investigation and recommendations to reduce variability and, ultimately, traffic delays. Based on this approach, recommendations are made for data collection and analysis of appropriate TIM performance measures.


Naphthalene-1,4-dione compounds possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. In the present study, a series of 1,4-naphthoquinone compounds were synthesized by reacting substituted naphthoquinones with alkyl or aryl amines in presence of a base. The synthesized compounds were screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) H37Rv, where most of the compounds exhibited significant in vitro antitubercular activities and may serve as a lead for further optimization. Compounds 1, 18, 20 & 25 have IC90 values ranging from 3.14-3.43 μg/mL. The objective of our study is to generate new leads that operate through a different mode of action and to optimize their structure to display potent efficacy.


PC12 cells express two atrial-natriuretic-factor-(ANF)-receptor subtypes with molecular masses of 130,000 (B receptor) and 70,000 (C receptor). The B-receptor subtype constitutes 65% of the cell-surface receptor population, and the remaining 35% are C receptors as determined by saturation binding studies in the presence of C-ANF, a C-receptor-selective analogue. ANF-(99-126)-peptide [ANF(99-126)], which can bind to both B- and C-receptor subtypes, was rapidly internalized into the cells after incubation at 37 degrees C. Internalization of 125I-ANF(99-126) was used as an index of the receptor-mediated endocytosis and to quantify receptor internalization. In the presence of a saturating concentration of C-ANF, receptor-mediated internalization of 125I-ANF(99-126) was reduced by 24%, indicating B receptor mediate 76% of ligand internalization. Incubation of cells with 10 microM-ANF at 37 degrees C down-regulated both receptor subtypes as reflected by decreased surface binding. Time-dependent studies suggest that B- and C-receptor subtypes undergo differential down-regulation. Incubation of down-regulated cells for 120 min in ANF-free medium produced a recovery of 35% of the original cell-surface binding. Affinity cross-linking of 125I-ANF to the receptors on the plasma membrane in re-incubated (up-regulated) cells demonstrated expression of predominantly the B-receptor subtype. Monensin blocked 72% of receptor up-regulation, whereas cycloheximide inhibited 43%, suggesting an active recycling mechanism involved in mediating up-regulation of the B receptors. The present study demonstrates a rapid internalization and intracellular recycling mechanism for B receptors in PC12 cells. C receptors also undergo internalization and down-regulation, but recycling of this receptor subtype into the plasma membrane occurs at a lower rate and to a lesser extent than is the case for the B receptor.


This paper applies the travel cost method to visits to cultural sites in Armenia by domestic visitors. Respondents intercepted at four cultural monuments provided information on their visitation patterns, experience at the site, perception of the state of conservation of the monuments, and rating of the quality of the services and infrastructures. We combine actual trips with stated trips under hypothetical programs that would enhance the conservation of the monuments and improve one of (i) the cultural experience at the site, (ii) the quality of the infrastructure, or (iii) the quality of the services, and use the combined actual and stated trips to fit a panel data model. Our investigation shows that that there are significant use values associated with the four study monuments, and that conservation programs and initiatives that improve the cultural experience, or simply make it easier for the respondent to reach and spend time at the monument, are valued by domestic visitors and would encourage higher visitation rates.


Autoimmune neuropathies are a group of conditions resulting from inflammatory attack of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), an acute autoimmune neuropathy, presents in both axonal and demyelinating forms. Axonal forms of GBS are caused by autoantibodies which target gangliosides on peripheral nerves. Here, they cause axonal damage via activation of the complement pathway. In ex vivo preparations, anti-ganglioside antibodies have been shown to cause complement-mediated injury to the node of Ranvier and the motor nerve terminal. Of these two vulnerable sites, the motor nerve terminal has recently been shown to be able to internalise anti-ganglioside antibody while the node of Ranvier does not. Rabbit models have demonstrated that immunisation with ganglioside results in a motor axonal neuropathy but no such model currently exists in mice. This is partially due to the fact that wildtype mice respond poorly when immunised with ganglioside and partially due to the requirement of an exogenous complement source to cause injury. This laboratory has recently developed GalNAcT-/--Tg(neuronal) and GalNAcT-/--Tg(glial) mice with complex ganglioside expression restricted to neurons and glia, respectively. This thesis aimed to develop a mouse model of GBS by actively immunising these mice with ganglioside liposomes. Subsequently, the aims were expanded to look at the clearance of the antibodies by membranes which express their ganglioside target. To complete these aims, wildtype, GalNAcT-/-, GalNAcT-/--Tg(neuronal) and GalNAcT-/--Tg(glial) mice were compared.
Following immunisation with liposomes containing GD1b, wildtype mice responded poorly as demonstrated by low presence of immunoglobulin in their sera. Conversely, GalNAcT-/- mice, which lack complex gangliosides, showed high presence of immunoglobulin in their sera. GalNAcT-/--Tg(neuronal) and GalNAcT-/--Tg(glial) mice showed intermediate levels. This was assumed to be due to varying levels of tolerance to "self" lipids among the mice. However, when normal human serum was introduced, GalNAcT-/--Tg(neuronal) and GalNAcT-/--Tg(glial) mice did not show any complement-mediated injury. Based upon evidence from ELISpots from the splenocytes of these mice, there did not appear to be any major differences in anti-GD1b antibody-producing cells among genotypes. The possibility that the antibodies produced by these mice were being removed by internalisation was investigated at the NMJ ex vivo and in vivo. Ex vivo, antibodies against complex gangliosides were demonstrated to be cleared in a receptor-dependent and activity-dependent manner. Following passive immunisation with pathogenic monoclonal antibody in vivo, serum levels of the antibody were cleared rapidly in wildtype mice but remain elevated at 7 days in GalNAcT-/- mice. GalNAcT-/--Tg(neuronal) mice cleared antibody at an intermediate rate. Non-pathogenic antibodies were not cleared from the circulation over the 7 days from any of the three genotypes.
These results have demonstrated that levels of anti-ganglioside antibody can be regulated by receptor-dependent internalisation, especially at the motor nerve terminal. These studies have highlighted this structure as a novel regulator of anti-ganglioside antibody in vivo. The clearance of antibody is also dependent on the ability of the antibody to bind to living tissue; therefore antibodies detected in patient serum may not represent pathogenic, disease-causing antibodies. These factors may profoundly influence host vulnerability to antibody-mediated disease by affecting circulating levels of pathological antibodies.


The thesis aims to investigate the current state of railway sleeper inspection and proposes automatic testing procedures based on pattern recognition for future inspections concerning the condition of the sleeper. Wooden railway sleeper inspections in Sweden are currently done by hand. That is to say, a human inspector in charge of the maintenance activities visually examines each structure in turn for the presence of cracks on the sleeper. Where necessary some deeper inspection may be carried out on site, for example using an axe to hit and judge the condition of the sleeper by listening to the sound produced. Though the manual procedure uses non-destructive testing methods (visual and sound analysis), decision making is largely based on intuition; moreover the process is rather slow, expensive and also requires skilled and trained staff. Maintaining an even quality standard is another serious issue. In order to be able to fulfil the aims of the thesis, emphasis on the likely factors concerning sleeper condition was a key issue. Studies based on emulation of the human inspection process have been considered a promising route of enquiry. The emulation process is achieved by selecting and evaluating two non-destructive testing methods. The first method (impact acoustic analysis) aims to build an automatic procedure to replace the usage of an axe for distinguishing sounds; which can be described qualitatively as a crisp sound in case of a good sleeper and a dull thud on their bad counterparts. The second method (vision analysis) is to develop an appropriate machine vision algorithm to replicate the visual examination. Data were collected for each of the above methods and appropriate features were extracted. Frequency based features and crack based features have been extracted in the case of impact acoustics and machine vision methods respectively. Pattern recognition has been mainly researched for further classification work concerning the condition (good or bad) of the sleeper. Research conducted on the usage of the inspection methods such as impact acoustic and machine vision analysis show that the methods can form the basis of an automatic sleeper condition monitoring procedure. Further, two more non-destructive testing methods namely electrical resistivity analysis and ultrasound analysis have also been tested. Usage of such methods did not yield success in the current case, but they have contributed in adding knowledge to the domain in cases of relevant problems. Initially, work has pursued data from only one inspection method at a time. Given that data from a single method (or sensor) seems not to be adequate to make a reliable judgement; data fusion was investigated with an aim of achieving more reliable and robust results. Data fusion has been investigated at three different levels namely sensor-level fusion, feature-level fusion and classifier-level fusion. Results achieved by fusion in the current thesis demonstrate an overall efficiency of around 90% when compared to a human operator. This can be regarded as a good result, given that even humans disagree on certain judgements; and destructive testing can be seen as the only way to resolve such disagreements.


Lung adenocarcinomas can be distinguished by identifying mutated driver oncogenes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS. Mutations in EGFR are associated with both improved survival as well as response to treatment with erlotinib and gefitinib. However, the prognostic significance of KRAS has not been evaluated in large numbers of patients and remains controversial. For the current report, the authors examined the association of EGFR and KRAS mutations with survival among patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas.


Purpose – The objective of this paper is to assess and synthesize the published literature related to the application of data analytics, big data, data mining, and machine learning to healthcare engineering systems. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to obtain the most relevant papers related to the research study from three different platforms: EBSCOhost, ProQuest, and Scopus. The literature was assessed and synthesized, conducting analysis associated with the publications, authors, and content. Findings – From the SLR, 576 publications were identified and analyzed. The research area seems to show the characteristics of a growing field with new research areas evolving and applications being explored. In addition, the main authors and collaboration groups publishing in this research area were identified throughout a social network analysis. This could lead new and current authors to identify researchers with common interests on the field. Research limitations/implications – The use of the SLR methodology does not guarantee that all relevant publications related to the research are covered and analyzed. However, the authors' previous knowledge and the nature of the publications were used to select different platforms. Originality/value – To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper represents the most comprehensive literature-based study on the fields of data analytics, big data, data mining, and machine learning applied to healthcare engineering systems.


To benefit from the ecological and economical functions of soil, land holders, corporate stakeholders and, governmental departments need access to quantitative soil information. Such information confers weight to decisions regarding the management of the land and soil resources. To facilitate this need, we must first comprehend the functions and pertinent factors contributing to not only soil variability across a landscape but also soil variability with depth down a profile. The variation of soil properties down a profile is usually continuous (PonceHernandez et al. 1986). Soil depth functions are often created to represent the depthwise variation of soil properties. However, with traditional sampling of soil profile horizons, it is often assumed that the horizon value of a particular attribute represents the average value for that attribute for the depth interval of that horizon. With this paradigm, in effect what should be a continuous function, the data often appears discontinuous or stepped. A flexible and accurate method for fitting continuous functions of soil data is the use of smoothing splines (Erh 1972) and equal-area spline functions as proposed by Ponce-Hernandez et al. (1986). Essentially, a spline function is a set of local quadratic functions tied together with 'knots' that describe a smooth curve through a set of points. Bishop et al. (1999) demonstrated their superiority over other continuous soil depth functions when they predicted various types of soil properties. However, in a spatial context, a collection of spline functions for individual site observations will ultimately lead only to point observation data sets. To the parties concerned, such data will be of little use for mapping soil variability. The response to this demand has been answered partly in the way of digital soil mapping, where soil properties are mapped based on their relationship with environmental variables (Minasny et al. 2008). The scorpan factors as proposed by McBratney et al. (2003) provide a valuable predictive framework for determining soil variability in areas with limited soil data. Given the predictive capabilities of soil depth functions and an explosion in the capabilities of digital soil mapping in areas with limited data (Lagacherie 2008), it seems only logical for there to be an amalgam of both methods to quantitatively predict the vertical and lateral variation of soil properties across a defined area. In this paper we propose a novel method for predicting the vertical and lateral variation of soil properties in areas where limited soil data exists. Using soil carbon as our exemplar soil property we want to firstly determine whether terrain attributes alone are feasible for predicting its lateral and vertical variation or whether it is better described with the inclusion of other environmental factors relating to parent materials and landuse into the predictive models. With the most parsimonious model we want to map carbon Proceedings of Geomorphometry 2009. Zurich, Switzerland, 31 August 2 September, 2009


Evidence of fluid immiscibility in metamorphic rocks comes, in the best of all worlds, from fluid inclusion observations. In fact, fluid immiscibility should be anticipated over the full range of metamorphic conditions provided that appropriate bulk fluid compositions are present. In a review paper entitled " Metamorphic Fluids: the Evidence from Fluid Inclusions ," Crawford and Hollister (1986) summarized: "The role of fluid immiscibility in metamorphism was only recognized after serious study of fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks was underway in the late 1970s and has yet to attract the attention of more than a handful of petrologists studying metamorphic rocks." Since then, tremendous progress has been made. A huge amount of fluid inclusion studies have convincingly shown that immiscible fluids can be present in rocks of all bulk compositions and at all P-T conditions. Thermodynamic databases of minerals, solid solutions and fluid mixtures along with the development of Gibbs free energy minimization programs now allow for detailed prediction of the evolution of phase assemblages and mineral compositions in P-T space. Significant progress has also been made in understanding reaction kinetics, diffusional and convective mass transport and the interpretation of fluid-rock interaction during metamorphism. Given the vast fluid inclusion evidence of immiscibility it would appear, however, that phase petrology and mass transport in any specific rock where fluids are involved are not correctly interpreted if possible or proven immiscibility is not considered. Relatively few studies directly link mineral reactions with immiscible fluids. Therefore, this review aims at working out the effects of fluid immiscibility on the progress of metamorphic reactions and fluid transport over a wide range of conditions.

Questions arise directly from the fluid inclusion record in metamorphic rocks. This chapter, however, is organized the other way round. At first it summarizes phase relations of fluid systems pertinent to …


Human life, as with all animal and plant life on the planet, is dependant upon fresh water. Water is not only needed to grow food, generate power and run industries, but it is also needed as a basic part of human life. Human dependency upon water is evident through history, which illustrates that human settlements have been closely linked to the availability and supply of fresh water. Access to the limited water resources in South Africa has been historically dominated by those with access to land and economic power, as a result of which the majority of South Africans have struggled to secure the right to water. Apartheid era legislation governing water did not discriminate directly on the grounds of race, but the racial imbalance in ownership of land resulted in the disproportionate denial to black people of the right to water. Beyond racial categorisations, the rural and poor urban populations were traditionally especially vulnerable in terms of the access to the right.  The enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, brought the South African legal system into a new era, by including a bill of fundamental human rights (Bill of Rights). The Bill of Rights makes provision for limited socio-economic rights. Besides making provision for these human rights, the Constitution also makes provision for the establishment of state institutions supporting constitutional democracy.  The Constitution has been in operation since May 1996. At this stage, it is important to take stock and measure the success of the implementation of these socio-economic rights. This assessment is important in more ways than one, especially in the light of the fact that many lawyers argued strongly against 1/2 the inclusion of the second and third generation of human rights in a Bill of Rights. The argument was that these rights are not enforceable in a court of law and that they would create unnecessary expectations of food, shelter, health, water and the like; and that a clear distinction should be made between first generation and other rights, as well as the relationship of these rights to one another. It should be noted that there are many lawyers and non-lawyers who maintained that in order to confront poverty, brought about by the legacy of apartheid, the socio-economic rights should be included in a Bill of Rights. The inclusion of section 27 of the 1996 Constitution has granted each South African the right to have access to sufficient food and water and has resulted in the rare opportunity for South Africa to reform its water laws completely. It has resulted in the enactment of the Water Services Act 108 of 1997 and the National Water Act 36 of 1998. In this paper the difference between first and second generation rights will be discussed. The justiciability of socio-economic rights also warrants an explanation before the constitutional implications related to water are briefly examined. Then the right to water in international and comparative law will be discussed, followed by a consideration of the South African approach to water and finally, a few concluding remarks will be made.


Maggots are known to clean wounds by removing slough and dead tissue. This was put to therapeutic use in the last century, between the world wars, when it was in use in at least 300 hospitals in the United States and being prescribed by at least 1 000 doctors. Antibiotic use replaced it for a while, but the emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to a renewed interest in maggot debridement therapy.

Maggot treatment works on three levels: debriding dead and necrotic tissue by extracorporeal digestion, disinfection by the secreted enzymes and the stimulation of wound healing.

We have access to a maggot laboratory at the Steve Biko Academic Hospital in Pretoria, where maggot therapy is frequently used to debride and clean wounds. The results are at least comparable to other modalities of wound debridement, and can be used on patients who are highrisk candidates for general anaesthesia, and also when a shortage of beds in the hospital prevents admission for inpatient treatment.


We studied both numerically and experimentally the transverse modes near degenerate resonator configurations such as g1g2=1/4, 1/2, 3/4 in a simple plano–concave Nd:YVO4 laser with a small pump size. We found that there are stationary modes that show an additional beam waist besides the well-known waist on the flat mirror end near g1g2=1/4, 3/4. When the specific modes of the three degeneracies propagate through a lens, they are capable of exhibiting multiple beam waists. The multibeam-waist mode possesses a small waist size without a ring structure in the near field on the flat mirror end; nevertheless, it has a far-field pattern with many concentric rings. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental observations. Furthermore, by simultaneously considering the wavelike and the raylike character of the multibeam-waist mode, we found that it can be represented as a superposition of N consecutive round-trip electric fields of period-N solution in the degenerate empty cavity, where N=2 for g1g2=1/2 and N=3 for g1g2= 1/4, 3/4.


At any moment we are in possession of certain information, that is, of cognitions which have been logically derived by induction and hypothesis from previous cognitions which are less general, less distinct, and of which we have a less lively consciousness. These in their turn have been derived from others still less general, less distinct, and less vivid; and so on back to the idealn first, which is quite singular, and quite out of consciousness. This ideal first is the particular thing-in-itself. It does not exist as such. That is, there is no thing which is in-itself in the sense of not being relative to the mind, though things which are relative to the mind doubtless are, apart from that relation.


Background Bamboo occupies an important phylogenetic node in the grass family with remarkable sizes, woodiness and a striking life history. However, limited genetic research has focused on bamboo partially because of the lack of genomic resources. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies enables generation of genomic resources in a short time and at a minimal cost, and therefore provides a turning point for bamboo research. In the present study, we performed de novo transcriptome sequencing for the first time to produce a comprehensive dataset for the Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro). Results The Ma bamboo transcriptome was sequenced using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. We produced 15,138,726 reads and assembled them into 103,354 scaffolds. A total of 68,229 unigenes were identified, among which 46,087 were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein database and 28,165 were annotated in the Swiss-Prot database. Of these annotated unigenes, 11,921 and 10,147 unigenes were assigned to gene ontology categories and clusters of orthologous groups, respectively. We could map 45,649 unigenes onto 292 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database. The annotated unigenes were compared against Moso bamboo, rice and millet. Unigenes that did not match any of those three sequence datasets are considered to be Ma bamboo unique. We predicted 105 unigenes encoding eight key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, 621 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected. Conclusion Our data provide the most comprehensive transcriptomic resource currently available for D. latiflorus Munro. Candidate genes potentially involved in growth and development were identified, and those predicted to be unique to Ma bamboo are expected to give a better insight on Ma bamboo gene diversity. Numerous SSRs characterized contributed to marker development. These data constitute a new valuable resource for genomic studies on D. latiflorus Munro and, more generally, bamboo.


Abstract : Non-kinetic engagements in multi-cultural settings are becoming the norm for deployed Soldiers, and the ability to operate effectively within these environments is critical to mission success. Soldiers must be able to rapidly adapt to unfamiliar surroundings without extensive prior knowledge of the region or its people. Ongoing training development efforts are addressing the need for general cross-cultural competence (3C). To support these efforts, this research aimed to identify the critical components of 3C and describe how 3C develops in Soldiers. Five components of 3C were identified: Cultural Maturity, Cognitive Flexibility, Cultural Knowledge, Cultural Acuity, and Interpersonal Skills. These components and their corresponding KSAAs were used in identifying four levels of 3C development: Pre-Competent, Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced. This model establishes a foundation from which to create an online tool that measures competence of an individual Soldier and provides feedback to support improvement. The tool may also be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of cross-cultural training initiatives. This model is specifically focused on understanding tactical level operations, but can be customized for applications across domains, both within and outside military settings.


Singapore faces specific and immediate risks due to environmental challenges and climate change. To overcome these challenges, the government has been making efforts to implement policies and guidelines on building designs and construction methods in order to achieve sustainable construction to develop an environmental friendly and resource-conserving city. This research provides a review of Singapore's construction industry's perception and awareness of sustainable construction and its effort in implementing new practice. An online questionnaire was conducted with the industry's A1 contractors addressing common myths of sustainability, and whether regulatory compliance and initiatives will affect respondents' perception, thereby changing their attitudes when practising sustainable construction. A Spearman rank correlation and Kendall's coefficient tests relating to contractor's awareness, attitudes and obstacles in practising sustainable construction were also conducted to identify if there is a monotonic relationship between the ordinal variables. The research shows that respondents positively embraced the idea of sustainability and some have adopted initiatives to further enhance their practices. Although a majority of such practices are due to regulatory compliances, however, through driving forces such as public sector taking the lead and government incentive programmes, the Singapore construction industry will be more responsive and thereby can pursue sustainable construction more effectively and efficiently.


Jiehua Huang Managerial Careers in the IT Industry: Women in China and in Finland Lappeenranta 2009 166 pages, 4 figures, 12 tables, 8 appendices Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 344 Diss. Lappeenranta University of Technology ISBN 978-952-214-768-4, ISBN 978-952-214-769-1 (PDF), ISSN 1456-4491 This research focuses on the career experiences of women managers in the IT industry in China and Finland, two countries with different cultures, policies, size of population, and social and economic structures regarding work-life support and equal opportunities. The object of this research is to present a cross-cultural comparison of women's career experiences and how women themselves understand and account for their careers. The study explores how the macro and the micro levels of cultural and social processes become manifested in the lives of individual women. The main argument in this thesis is that culture plays a crucial role in making sense of women's career experiences, although its role should be understood through its interrelationship with other social processes, e.g., institutional relations, social policies, industrial structures and organizations, as well as globalization. The interrelationship of a series of cultural and social processes affects individuals' attitudes to, and arrangement and organization of, their work and family lives. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and discusses the overall results. The second part comprises five research papers. The main research question of the study is: How do cultural and social processes affect the experiences of women managers? Quantitative and qualitative research methods, which include in-depth interviews, Q-methodology, interpretive analysis, and questionnaires, are used in the study. The main theoretical background is culturally sensitive career theory and the theory of individual differences. The results of this study are viewed through a feminist lens. The research methodology applied allows new explorations on how demographic factors, work experiences, lifestyle issues, and organizational cultures can jointly affect women's managerial careers. The sample group used in the research is 42 women managers working in IT companies in China (21) and Finland (21). The results of the study illustrate the impact of history, tradition, culture, institutional relations, social politics, industry and organizations, and globalization on the careers of women managers. It is claimed that the role of culture – cultural norms within nations and organizations – is of great importance in the relationship of gender and work. Women's managerial careers are affected by multiple factors (personal, social and cultural) reflecting national and inter-individual differences. The results of the study contribute to research on careers, adding particularly to the literature on gender, work and culture, and offering a complex and holistic perspective for a richer understanding of pluralism and global diversity. The results of the study indicate how old and new career perspectives are evidenced in women managers in the IT industry. The research further contributes to an understanding of women's managerial careers from a cross-culture perspective. In addition, the study contributes to the literature on culture and extends understanding of Hofstede's work. Further, most traditional career theories do not perceive the importance of culture in determining an individual's career experience and this study richens understanding of women managers' careers and has considerable implications for international human resource management. The results of this study emphasize the need, when discussing women managers' careers, to understand the ways by which gendering is produced rather than merely examining gender differences. It is argued that the meaning of self-knowledge is critical. Further, the environment where the careers under study develop differs greatly; China and Finland are very different – culturally, historically and socially. The findings of this study should, therefore, be understood as a holistic, specific, and contextually-bound.


We experimentally demonstrate 101.7-Tb/s transmission over 355 km spans of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at a net spectral efficiency of 11 b/s/Hz. A total of 370 dense wavelength-division multiplexed (DWDM) channels spanning the optical C- and L-bands spaced at 25 GHz were used. Each 25-GHz channel were subdivided into four subbands, with each subband carrying a 73.5-Gb/s orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (OFDM) signal modulated with polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) 128-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) at each modulated subcarrier. This experiment was enabled by digital signal processing (DSP) pre-equalization of transmitter impairments, all Raman amplification, heterodyne coherent detection, and DSP postequalization of the channel and receiver impairments, including pilot-based phase noise compensation.


Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and fatty acids (FAs) revealed primary producer organic carbon sources that fuel a coral reef food web with river influence. A stable isotope mixing model was used to assess the relative contribution of six different primary producers to nine of the most ubiquitous invertebrate and fish consumer's bulk carbon. Mangrove and phytoplankton were difficult to differentiate in some consumers; likely solutions involved one or the other but not both at the same time. FA concentration in upper trophic levels was corrected for the primary producer's relative contribution according to the mixing model, and FA retention was evaluated using a calculated trophic retention factor (TRF). The C18 FAs, 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3, were plentiful in mangrove, sea grass, and green algae, but decreased across trophic levels with a TRF ≤ 1, probably due to decomposition of drifting leaves and then consumer metabolism. In contrast, macroalgae and phytoplankton FAs, 24:1ω9, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA) 20:4ω6, docosapentanoic acid (DPA) 22:5ω3, and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) 22:6ω3, showed trophic accumulation (TRF > 1), while eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) 20:5ω3 had similar concentrations across trophic levels (TRF = 1), suggesting the following degrees of HUFA retention: DHA > ARA > EPA. This study indicates that phytoplankton are the major source of essential dietary nutrients for all fish, and that dietary energy from mangroves is transferred to juvenile fish Caranx hippos, while sea grass nonessential FAs are transferred to the entire food web. Moreover, among the species studied, the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter is the major consumer of brown and green algae, while red algae were also consumed by the surgeon fish Acanthurus chirurgus.


This article describes the journey and lessons of a 12‐year‐long and still ongoing experience of the two authors in working with men at the community level in different parts of India. Starting with addressing domestic violence, the work has proceeded to address issues of power, control and autonomy within the context of deep‐seated cultural beliefs and practices, challenging and changing the roles of men both within homes and outside in different institutions. This work has been spread over a number of 'projects', most of which remain interconnected, and currently is spread across a number of states in India. In reviewing the lessons from their practice the authors propose a set of precepts or a 'theory of change' for working with men and boys to challenge gender discrimination within the South Asian context. To conclude the article, the authors discuss some of the challenges and predicaments in continuing this work within the current development paradigm.


Long timescale density peaking has been observed in JET plasmas leading to densities exceeding the Greenwald value. These neutral beam heated discharges are characterized by type-I ELMs and good energy confinement. Central density is limited by neoclassical tearing modes or by termination of H-mode preceded by loss of sawteeth. When these limiting factors are avoided (i.e. at intermediate power level and with optimization of gas puffing) quasi-stationary high density plasmas with peaked density profile are obtained.


This article explores literary representations of women over the centuries, from the witch of children's fairy tales to the madwoman of the nineteenth century and the sexually voracious vamp of the twentieth century. Within this context, it examines the gothic novels Rebecca (Daphne du Maurier, 1938) and Wide Sargasso Sea (Jean Rhys, 1966) in relation to theories of Julia Kristeva and Margrit Shildrick. Both Kristeva and Shildrick explore the perception of the female form as 'abject' and relate this concept to the notion of the 'monstrous feminine' in cinema and literature. This article will also examine how these novels have taken the traditional tropes of the gothic genre and subverted them to expose the frustrations of mid-twentieth-century women. The gothic literary genre, initially dominated by male authors, has always been a natural home for both monsters and binary depictions of womanhood. According to Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, this binary view presented women as either angelic wives and mothers, or threats to family life and society. The gothic genre also explores the blurring of lines between these two elements of the binary female, and the terrifying idea of the monster in the home. Both Rebecca and Wide Sargasso Sea belong to a female gothic genre, and specifically to what Michelle A. Masse defines as the 'marital gothic', deploying many of the traditional motifs of the Gothic while striving to subvert depictions of womanhood shaped by patriarchal culture. The marital gothic subgenre exposes the rage of women entrapped in traditional, reductive and confining notions of femaleness, and the uncanny environment of the institution of marriage itself.


There is a tendency to assume that medical error can be stamped out by automation. Technology may improve patient safety, but cognitive engineering research findings in several complex safety critical systems, including both aviation and health care, show that more is not always better. Less sophisticated technological systems can sometimes lead to better performance than more sophisticated systems. This "less is more" effect arises because safety critical systems are open systems where unanticipated events are bound to occur. In these contexts, decision support provided by a technological aid will be less than perfect because there will always be situations that the technology cannot accommodate. Designing sophisticated automation that suggests an uncertain course of action seems to encourage people to accept the imperfect advice, even though information to decide independently on a better course of action is available. It may be preferable to create more modest designs that merely provide feedback about the current state of affairs or that critique human generated solutions than to rush to automate by creating sophisticated technological systems that recommend (fallible) courses of action.