The wind farm layout program FLaP estimates the wind speed at any point in a wind farm and the power output of the turbines. The ambient flow conditions and the properties of the turbines and the farm are used as input. The core of the program is an axisymmetric wake model describing the wake behind one rotor. Here an approach based on the simplified Reynolds equation with eddy viscosity closure is chosen. The single-wake model is combined with a model for the vertical wind speed profile and a wind farm model, which takes care of the interaction of all wakes in a wind farm. The wake model has been extended to improve the description of wake development in offshore conditions, especially the low ambient turbulence and the effect of atmospheric stability. Model results are compared with measurements from the Danish offshore wind farm Vindeby. Vertical wake profiles and mean turbulence intensities in the wake are compared for single-, double- and quintuple-wake cases with different mean wind speed, turbulence intensity and atmospheric stability. It is found that within the measurement uncertainties the results of the wake model compare well with the measurements for the most important ambient conditions. The effect of the low turbulence intensity offshore on the wake development is modelled well for Vindeby wind farm. Deviations are found when atmospheric stability deviates from near-neutral conditions. For stable atmospheric conditions both the free vertical wind speed profile and the wake profile are not modelled satisfactorily. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


When kernel functionality is desired in userspace, the common approach is to reimplement it for userspace interfaces. We show that use of existing kernel file systems in userspace programs is possible without modifying the kernel file system code base. Two different operating modes are explored: 1) a transparent mode, in which the file system is mounted in the typical fashion by using the kernel code as a userspace server, and 2) a standalone mode, in which applications can use a kernel file system as a library. The first mode provides isolation from the trusted computing base and a secure way for mounting untrusted file systems on a monolithic kernel. The second mode is useful for file system utilities and applications, such as populating an image or viewing the contents without requiring host operating system kernel support. Additional uses for both modes include debugging, development and testing.

The design and implementation of the Runnable Userspace Meta Program file system (rump fs) framework for NetBSD is presented. Using rump, ten diskbased file systems, a memory file system, a network file system and a userspace framework file system have been tested to be functional. File system performance for an estimated typical workload is found to be ±5% of kernel performance. The prototype of a similar framework for Linux was also implemented and portability was verified: Linux file systems work on NetBSD and NetBSD file systems work on Linux. Finally, the implementation is shown to be maintainable by examining the 1.5 year period it has been a part of NetBSD.


This report documents crucial information to support deployment of renewable energies in three key emerging markets - Brazil, China and South Africa - and provides information for policy-making aimed at supporting renewable energy markets in these countries. Specifically this study collates information on solar and wind resources and resource information, renewable energy support policies and goals, risk management and technologies integral to the increased renewable energy technology deployment.


Jumping can be a very efficient mode of locomotion for small robots to overcome large obstacles and travel in natural, rough terrain. In this paper we present the development and characterization of a novel 5cm, 7g jumping robot. It can jump obstacles more than 27 times its own size and outperforms existing jumping robots by one order of magnitude with respect to jump height per weight and jump height per size. It employs elastic elements in a four bar linkage leg system to allow for very powerful jumps and adjustment of the jumping force, take-off angle and force profile during the acceleration phase.


A monolithically integrated displacement sensor has been fabricated in the GaAs/AlGaAs material system. The device is configured as a Michelson interferometer and consists of a DBR laser, a directional coupler, transparent waveguides and a photodetector. Interference fringes could be seen at a measurement distance of up to 45cm, requiring only the alignment of an external GRIN lens for beam collimation.


For the last two decades, MED11 countries (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian Autonomy, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey) have recorded the highest growth rate in inbound world tourism. In the same time, domestic tourism in these countries was growing very fast. MED 11 tourism performances have been astonishing in light of the security risks, natural disasters, oil prices rises and economic uncertainties of the region. The last financial crisis had no severe consequences on this development, which confirmed the resilience of tourism and the huge potential of the MED 11 countries in this sector. This trend was abruptly halted in early 2011 during the Arab Spring, but could resume when the situation stabilizes. This paper questions whether this trend will continue in the period up to 2030 and, for that, provides four different possible scenarios for the development of the tourism sector in MED11 for 2030: (i) reference scenario, (ii) common sustainable development scenario,(iii) polarized (regional) development scenario and (iv) failed development - decline and conflict – scenario. In all cases, international and domestic tourism arrivals will grow. However, security and adjustment to climate change remain the main factors that will strongly influence the development of the tourism sector in MED11 countries.


Mice from 8 to 21 inbred strains were tested for sensitivity to ethanol intoxication using a range of doses and three different measures: the screen test, the dowel test and a test of grip strength. Strains differed under nearly all conditions. For the dowel test, two dowel widths were employed, and mice were tested immediately or 30 min after ethanol. For the dowel and screen tests, low doses failed to affect some strains, and the highest doses failed to discriminate among mice, maximally affecting nearly all. For grip strength, a single ethanol dose was used, and mice of all strains were affected. Pharmacokinetic differences among strains were significant, but these could not account for strain differences in intoxication. For doses and test conditions in the middle range, there were only modest correlations among strain means within a test. In addition, genotypic correlations across tests were modest to quite low. These results suggest that different specific versions of a test reflect the influence of different genes, and that genetic influences on different tests were also distinct.


Bloom (20 mg/L) and various postbloom (40 to 100 mg/L) applications of gibberellic acid (GA) ± basal leaf removal (BLR) were imposed on Sovereign Coronation vines over a three-year period. GA increased yield in one of three years and berry weight in all three years, while vestigial seed development decreased in two of three years as a linear function of the concentration of GA applied. Brix was reduced linearly with increasing GA in two of three years, pH was generally unaffected, but titratable acidity decreased with increasing GA. Color intensity and anthocyanins increased relative to GA in 2002 only. Methyl anthranilate increased relative to GA in one season while total volatile esters also increased with increasing GA. Treatments involving 40 mg/L GA led to higher fruity and labrusca flavor, sweetness, persistence of flavor, and overall impression, as well as lower acidity and bitterness. Basal leaf removal delayed berry maturity slightly but increased light penetration into the canopy. Berries from non-GA-sprayed control treatments ± BLR were separated into several maturity categories (based on berry Brix) by sucrose buoyant density gradients and were thereafter subjected to sensory evaluation. Increased berry maturity was associated with decreased berry weight and titratable acidity, and increased color intensity, anthocyanins, phenols, methyl anthranilate, and total volatile esters. Principal component analysis coupled with discriminant analysis suggested that soluble solids ≥17 Brix was associated with sweetness, fruity, labrusca, and overall impression.


The past decade has witnessed an explosion in online learning opportunities for post-secondary students throughout the United States. The university has developed a Faculty Online Observation (FOO) model to allow for an annual observation of online adjunct faculty with a focus on five major areas of facilitation. To test the effectiveness and support of the FOO, a survey related to the observation areas was administered to online faculty and students. The results determined a number of areas of agreement and non-agreement between the groups. The findings will provide valuable information for future training and professional development needs of online instructors, and processes of teaching based on perspectives of instructors, course developers, students, and discipline managers.


Contributors. Preface. Part I Quantitative Genomics of Reproduction. 1 Reproductive Genomics: Genome, Transcriptome, and Proteome Resources (Noelle E. Cockett). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Discovery of underlying genetic influences. 1.3 Characterization of gene expression. 1.4 Resources for protein analysis. 1.5 Future research directions. References. 2 Quantitative Genomics of Female Reproduction (Jeffrey L. Vallet, Dan J. Nonneman, and Larry A. Kuehn). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Female reproductive phenotypes. 2.3 Genetic markers and genotyping methods. 2.4 Association of phenotypes with genotypes. 2.5 Some illustrative examples of reproductive QTL. 2.6 Future research directions. References. 3 Quantitative Genomics of Male Reproduction (Eduardo Casas, J. Joe Ford, and Gary A. Rohrer). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Male reproduction phenotypes. 3.3 Genetics, genomics, and quantitative trait loci (QTL). 3.4 QTL identifi ed for male reproduction traits. 3.5 Future research directions. References. 4 Genetics and Genomics of Reproductive Disorders (Peter Dovc, Tanja Kunej, and Galen A. Williams). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Reproductive disorders associated with the ovary. 4.3 Reproductive disorders associated with the vagina and uterus. 4.4 Reproductive disorders associated with pregnancy and placenta. 4.5 Reproductive disorders associated with male reproductive organs. 4.6 Reproductive disorders associated with embryos and fetuses. 4.7 Future research directions. References. 5 Genomics of Reproductive Diseases in Cattle and Swine (Holly Neibergs and Ricardo Zanella). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Bovine paratuberculosis. 5.3 BRD. 5.4 Brucellosis in cattle. 5.5 Leptospirosis in swine. 5.6 Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies). 5.7 PRRS. 5.8 Future research directions. References. 6 Comparative Genomics of the Y Chromosome and Male Fertility (Wansheng Liu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Characteristics of the mammalian Y chromosome. 6.3 Sequence and gene content of the Y chromosome. 6.4 Function of Y chromosome genes in spermatogenesis and male fertility. 6.5 Polymorphisms of the Y chromosome and male fertility. 6.6 Future research directions. References. 7 Mitochondriomics of Reproduction and Fertility (Zhihua Jiang, Galen A. Williams, Jie Chen, and Jennifer J. Michal). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Cytoplasm mitochondrial genomes in fertility and reproduction. 7.3 Nuclear mitochondrial genomes in fertility and reproduction. 7.4 Future research directions. References. Part II Physiological Genomics of Reproduction. 8 Functional Genomics Studies of Ovarian Function in Livestock: Physiological Insight Gained and Perspective for the Future (Beau Schilling and George W. Smith). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Transcriptomics of ovarian tissues: EST sequencing. 8.3 Transcriptomics of ovarian tissues: Microarray studies. 8.4 Proteomics of ovarian tissues. 8.5 Future research directions. References. 9 Physiological Genomics of Preimplantation Embryo Development in Production Animals (Luc J. Peelman). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Preimplantation developmental stages and transcriptomics. 9.3 Preimplantation developmental systems and transcriptomics. 9.4 Future research directions. References. 10 Physiological Genomics of Conceptus Endometrial Interactions Mediating Corpus Luteum Rescue (Troy L. Ott and Thomas E. Spencer). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Physiological genomics of luteal regression. 10.3 Physiological genomics of blocking luteal regression. 10.4 Future research directions. References. 11 Physiological Genomics of Placental Growth and Development (Sukanta Mondal). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Placental development: Basics. 11.3 Placental hormones and peptides. 11.4 Transcriptomics of placental development. 11.5 Future research directions. References. 12 Cellular, Molecular, and Genomic Mechanisms Regulating Testis Function in Livestock (Kyle Caires, Jon Oatley, and Derek McLean). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Spermatogenesis. 12.3 Transcriptomics of testis in bulls. 12.4 Reproductive genomics in boars. 12.5 Future research directions. References. viii Contents Part III Genomics and Reproductive Biotechnology. 13 The Epigenome and Its Relevance to Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer and Nuclear Reprogramming (Jorge A. Piedrahita, Steve Bischoff, and Shengdar Tsai). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 The epigenome. 13.3 Epigenetic reprogramming. 13.4 Genomic imprinting. 13.5 SCNT and epigenetic abnormalities. 13.6 Future research directions. References. 14 Biotechnology and Fertility Regulation (Valeria Conforti). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Basic aspects in vaccine development. 14.3 Specific aspects in vaccine development. 14.4 Sperm antigens. 14.5 Zona pellucida antigens. 14.6 LHRH antigens. 14.7 Future research directions. References. 15 Proteomics of Male Seminal Plasma (Vera Jonakova, Jiri Jonak, and Marie Ticha). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Proteins of seminal plasma. 15.3 Function of seminal plasma proteins. 15.4 In vitro effects of seminal plasma proteins. 15.5 Properties of major proteins of seminal plasma of domestic animals. 15.6 Future research directions. References. 16 Evolutionary Genomics of Sex Determination in Domestic Animals (Eric Pailhoux and Corinne Cotinot). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 State of knowledge of sex differentiation. 16.3 Sex differentiation in domestic mammals. 16.4 Sex determination in nonmammal domestic species. 16.5 Future research directions. References. 17 Toxicogenomics of Reproductive Endocrine Disruption (Ulf Magnusson and Lennart Dencker). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Reproductive endocrine disruption. 17.3 Reproductive endocrine disruptors. 17.4 Toxicogenomics. 17.5 Future research directions. References. 18 Nutrigenomics for Improved Reproduction (John P. McNamara). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Nutritional physiology of reproduction: A brief view. 18.3 Mechanistic connections between nutrient fl ux and reproductive processes. 18.4 History of integration of physiological state, nutrient flux, and reproduction. 18.5 Nutritional physiology of pregnancy and lactation. 18.6 Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics approaches for improved fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. 18.7 Future research directions. References. Index.


Abstract. Smog chambers are extensively used to study processes that drive gas and particle evolution in the atmosphere. A limitation of these experiments is that particles and gas-phase species may be lost to chamber walls on shorter timescales than the timescales of the atmospheric processes being studied in the chamber experiments. These particle and vapor wall losses have been investigated in recent studies of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but they have not been systematically investigated in experiments of primary emissions from combustion. The semi-volatile nature of combustion emissions (e.g. from wood smoke) may complicate the behavior of particle and vapor wall deposition in the chamber over the course of the experiments due to the competition between gas/particle and gas/wall partitioning. Losses of vapors to the walls may impact particle evaporation in these experiments, and potential precursors for SOA formation from combustion may be lost to the walls, causing underestimations of aerosol yields. Here, we conduct simulations to determine how particle and gas-phase wall losses contributed to the observed evolution of the aerosol during experiments in the third Fire Lab At Missoula Experiment (FLAME III). We use the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled with the organic volatility basis set (VBS) and wall-loss formulations to examine the predicted extent of particle and vapor wall losses. We limit the scope of our study to the dark periods in the chamber before photo-oxidation to simplify the aerosol system for this initial study. Our model simulations suggest that over one-third of the initial particle-phase organic mass (41 %) was lost during the experiments, and over half of this particle-organic mass loss was from direct particle wall loss (65 % of the loss) with the remainder from evaporation of the particles driven by vapor losses to the walls (35 % of the loss). We perform a series of sensitivity tests to understand uncertainties in our simulations. Uncertainty in the initial wood-smoke volatility distribution contributes 18 % uncertainty to the final particle-organic mass remaining in the chamber (relative to base-assumption simulation). We show that the total mass loss may depend on the effective saturation concentration of vapor with respect to the walls as these values currently vary widely in the literature. The details of smoke dilution during the filling of smog chambers may influence the mass loss to the walls, and a dilution of ~ 25:1 during the experiments increased particle-organic mass loss by 33 % compared to a simulation where we assume the particles and vapors are initially in equilibrium in the chamber. Finally, we discuss how our findings may influence interpretations of emission factors and SOA production in wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments.


An optical configuration for measurement of in-plane displacement and for contouring is reported. In this method an object point is viewed symmetrically with respect to surface normal and combined coherently at the image plane of the imaging system. Because the beams are combined by small apertures at the image plane, decorrelation sets in rather slowly. Owing to low decorrelation, fringes have been obtained for large in-plane deformations and large angular tilts. The method is simple to implement, and its sensitivity can be varied over a wide range. The configuration, therefore, extends the range of measurement.


Interest and concern about mathematics teaching in early grades of elementary school were the driving force behind the making of this paper. The choice of investigative work as the main focus of the research reflects the search for leaving out mathematics teaching based on reproduction of procedures and algorithms. The work suggests a change in classroom dynamics by involving students in a more active way in their learning and mainly by motivating their creativity and reflection. The question which led the development of the research was: What are the limitations and the power of using investigative work in mathematics teaching in the early grades of elementary school starting from a teacher's actions and reflections? By aiming to help and expand the discussions over the usage of this kind of work, this qualitative study with action-research characteristics provides reflections on viability of the usage of this work in the early grades by polyvalent teachers. The theoretical references that support the research concern studies on investigative work and the changing scene suggested to the teacher when a new methodology is used. The references concerning this scene involve matters of fear and insecurity and point out reflection and partnership as a way of overcoming them. Data was obtained from a teacher and students from a third grade from a local public school and its collection was carried out through partnership between the teacher and the researcher at moments of study, preparation and reflection over the work done in the classroom. The data in this research was gathered through an interview with the teacher, audio and video recordings, questionnaire answered by the teacher and reports written by her, students' records and researcher's notes. The analysis of the data was done in a way to highlight the moments that make up the classroom process in which it was possible to notice and highlight, through the teacher's actions and reflections, limitations and power of usage of investigative work in the early grades. The power identified in the investigation show the possibility of using this work in early grades mathematics teaching, thus contributing not only for the learning of mathematics, but also for the development of attitudes such as autonomy and mutual respect. The limitations observed in many moments were overcome or minimized by the teacher's reflexive attitude and group work, which was shared with the researcher. The study points out that if the disagreement between an innovative methodological proposal, such as mathematical investigation in early grades, and a school structure that privileges aspects of traditional teaching is not abandoned, even if the proposal proves itself successful, it will be limited to a small universe.


This paper addresses four descriptive research questions. First, is there a direct effect of social background on labour market success over and above the effect of own education? Second, has this effect declined over time? Third, does it vary depending on the level of education achieved and, more precisely, is it weaker among those with higher education. Finally, have the returns on education in the chances of access to the upper class (professional and managerial occupations) varied over time? These questions are addressed for the Spanish case by using comparable social stratification surveys for the years 1988, 1989, 1990-1998, 2005 and 2006. Three measures of success in the labour market (LM) are considered: labour income, a socio-economic index (ISEI) and the chances of access to a given social class. The main findings of the paper are that: there is a considerable direct effect of social origin on LM success; this effect has not changed (and actually if anything it might have increased) over time; and it does not vanish among those with higher education. There is on the other hand evidence of credential inflation, such that the same educational qualification provided better chances to access the most rewarding occupations in the past, compared to nowadays. Once these phenomena and trends are documented, the paper also sets out to investigate possible mechanisms underlying the direct effect of social origins on LM success. It, thus, explores whether the influence of social origins actually become apparent through the choice of field of studies, whether it reflects different abilities captured by performance at school, whether it might hinder social skills related to the family of origin or whether it is due to social networks used in finding a job.


The ichnogenus Psammichnites Torell 1870 includes a wide variety of predominantly horizontal, sinuous to looped, backfilled traces, characterized by a distinctive median dorsal structure. Though commonly preserved in full relief on upper bedding surfaces, some ichnospecies of Psammichnites may be preserved in negative hyporelief. Psammichnites records the feeding activities of a subsurface animal using a siphon-like device. Several ichnogenera reflect this general behavioral pattern, including Plagiogmus Roedel 1929 and the Carboniferous ichnogenera Olivellites Fenton and Fenton 1937a and Aulichnites Fenton and Fenton 1937b. Based on analysis of specimens from the United States, Spain, and the United Kingdom, three Carboniferous ichnospecies of Psammichnites are reviewed in this paper: P. plummeri (Fenton and Fenton, 1937a), P. grumula (Romano and Meléndez 1979), and P. implexus (Rindsberg 1994). Psammichnites plummeri is the most common Carboniferous ichnospecies and is characterized by a relatively straight, continuous dorsal ridge/groove, fine transverse ridges, larger size range, and non-looping geometric pattern. It represents a grazing trace of deposit feeders. Psammichnites grumula differs from the other ichnospecies of Psammichnites by having median dorsal holes or protruding mounds. The presence of mounds or holes in P. grumula suggests a siphon that was regularly connected to the sediment-water interface. This ichnospecies is interpreted as produced by a deposit feeder using the siphon for respiration or as a device for a chemosymbiotic strategy. Psammichnites implexus is characterized by its consistently smaller size range, subtle backfill structure, and tendency to scribble. Although displaying similarities with Dictyodora scotica, P. implexus is a very shallow-tier, grazing trace. Changes in behavioral pattern, preservational style, and bedform morphology suggest a complex interplay of ecological and taphonomic controls in Carboniferous tidal-flat Psammichnites. A first distributional pattern consists of guided meandering specimens preserved in ripple troughs, probably reflecting food-searching of buried organic matter concentrated in troughs. A second is recorded by concentration of Psammichnites on ripple crests and slopes. In some cases, the course is almost straight to slightly sinuous and closely follows topographic highs, suggesting a direct control of bedform morphology on trace pattern. Occurrences of Carboniferous Psammichnites most likely represent an opportunistic strategy in marginal-marine settings. Analysis of Carboniferous Psammichnites indicates the presence of a siphon-like device in the producer and reestablishes the possibility of a molluscan tracemaker.


The article examines the language policy developments of Finnish higher education in historical and contemporary perspective. It is part of an Academy of Finland funded project (2011–2013) on the role of language in Finnish higher education internationalisation. The article first presents an historical overview of the language policy developments in Finnish universities and then goes on to discuss the latest developments in Finnish university and language legislation. Two cases illustrate the role of language in internationalisation strategies on one hand, and the ideologies made visible by hierarchisations of English as native and non-native on the other. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the complex role of English in the setting of the equally complex Finnish constitutional bilingualism.


Market crises are interpreted in much the same way. Hence action is also always of a similar type, regardless of the market crisis that may have occurred. It is a similar set of tools that are applied to all crises, and usually this has to do with managing the money supply, interest rates, and slapping on austerity measures. But this is a myopic view. Crises are never the same. Presented here is a holistic model that draws inspiration form the journey a seed makes in becoming a flower in more fully understanding the nature of the crisis we may be facing. Action will be different depending on what phase in the journey the economy is assessed at being. In this paper we look at market crises scanning four decades, from the Bear Market of the early 1970s to recent European Union Sovereign Debt Crises.


An investigation is conducted on the effect of financial distress on customer service levels in the U.S. airline industry. Using data from the first quarter of 1998 to the third quarter of 2006, we employ a seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) model to analyze the impact of financial distress on three measures of customer service. We find that higher financial distress is associated with better on-time performance of airlines and fewer lost bags. The relationship of airline financial distress to the number of bumped customers, however, is insignificant.


Abstract Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens [L.] DC.), an exotic perennial forb, has invaded many native ecosystems in western North America. Russian knapweed's success is attributed to allelopathy, extensive tap rooting, zinc accumulation in soils, and a lack of North American predators. Revegetation following chemical control slows exotic reestablishment, but the impacts of Russian knapweed-invaded soils on the establishment of native forbs and shrubs have not been determined. In a greenhouse experiment, we monitored the establishment of two native forbs, Indian blanketflower (Gaillardia aristata Pursh) and purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) and two native shrubs, winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata [Pursh] A.D.J. Meeuse & Smit syn. Ceratoides lanata) and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. wyomingensis [Hook.] Nutt.) in soils obtained from three Russian knapweed invasions and adjacent noninvaded areas. We analyzed soils collected near Greybull and Riverton, Wyoming, and Greeley, Colorado, for cation exchange capacity, organic matter, electroconductivity, pH, and total nitrogen, carbon, and plant-available potassium, zinc, manganese, copper, and phosphate. We documented seedling emergence of the four natives and Russian knapweed every two days for 14–17 weeks, harvested seedlings biweekly to assess their growth, and determined their zinc accumulation. All species established in invaded soil and seedlings were larger in invaded than in noninvaded soils. Invaded rangeland soils had greater organic matter (8.6% and 1.1% in invaded vs. 2.5% and 0.4% in noninvaded soils) and lower pH (7.4 in invaded versus 8.0 noninvaded soils). Zinc concentrations in invaded soils (from 0.15 to 6.56 mg · kg−1) were not high enough to limit plant growth. Reports that Russian knapweed is a hyper-accumulator of zinc are not supported by our seedling data, which suggests that previously invaded soils may not limit native seedlings.


One of the main challenges facing project managers is the evaluation of project progress and its earned value as well as the estimation of cost and time in project completion. In this paper, we attempt to develop a method which is based on confidence limits. The proposed method is of two approaches which distinguish the risks of activities implementation and the critical path in determination of confidence interval for completion cost and time. The above approach has applied a p-factor for weight determination in confidence intervals. In the final part, we will discuss the ways of applying these proposed methods and their importance with an example and also demonstrate the superiority of the above methods over the unmodified ones in a confidence interval.


This paper advances two propositions, one concerning content, the other concerning research strategy. (1) The advent of widespread internet publishing reduces the stifling impact of the refereeing process on the papers accepted and submitted to journals. Economics scholars are less bound to devoting a large part of their time and effort on formalisms. They have more leeway to concentrate on matters of content. This greater freedom also improves the chances of the advice and suggestions proposed by economic methodologists being put into practice. (2) Economic methodology is only able to influence the practice of economics if it takes into account the incentives to which scholars are subjected when they want to pursue an academic career and become prominent. Incentives are transmitted by institutions; it is therefore necessary for economic methodology to analyse how institutions work and how they may change in the future.


Introduction: Oxidative stress can promote the development of complications of diabetes. Moderate exercise improves cardiac antioxidant status in diabetic animals. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 week endurance exercise training on some heart antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation of heart tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: To this end, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the healthy control group (C), diabetic control group (DC) and trained diabetic group (TD). Animals in TD group were exercised on a treadmill 4 days a week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in heart tissues. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05). Results: The CAT and GPx activities of the heart tissue in DC group were found to be significantly higher (p=0.000) in compared with C group, whereas SOD activity was not found significantly different among the experimental groups. Also, heart GPx activity in TD group was significantly lower (p=0.000) than that of DC group, while CAT activity was not affected by endurance training. After 8-week endurance exercise (TD group), the MDA levels of heart tissue were significantly higher (respectively p<0.017 and p=0.000) than C and DC groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study have demonstrated that due to decreased GPx activities and MDA levels, endurance exercise may make the heart tissue more susceptible to oxidative stress.


Arcangelo Lamberti, a missionary of the Theatines' order, spent nearly two decades in Mingrelia, from 1635 to 1653. In 1654 his Report on the Colchis, Nowadays Called Mingrelia was printed in Naples. In the 28th chapter of his work, Lamberti reports about a battle in the Caucasus: many of the killed warriors were women. Is there any relationship between these fighting women and the Amazons mentioned in the Ancient Greek sources? This article reconstructs the story of the myth of the Amazons from Ancient Greece onwards.


The erosion, transport and deposition of sediment create environmental problems and social issues worldwide. Due to these ecological, environmental and economic implications for society, the importance of protecting and managing the sediment and soil resource is increasingly recognised through legislation and government policy. These legislative drivers have inspired the development of new and innovative approaches towards applied sediment management research, to develop effective erosion and pollution control strategies and improve the understanding of sediment transport processes to inform management decisions. To implement real change and inspire a holistic view of coastal and catchment management, of which sediment is critical, it is necessary to fully understand how sediments, contaminants and microbes move around the planet and the environmental impact that this constant flux of material has on the wider environment and on specific ecosystems. As sediment and soil are a fundamental resource for humans appropriate management of these resources requires a full understanding of these issues. Crucial to this is the use of direct field techniques, practically able to identify the sediment sources, transport pathways and sink areas of different soil and sediment types. Active sediment tracing is a field technique which uses materials designed to replicate the movement of sediment, whilst remaining identifiable within the native sediment load. Active sediment tracing techniques have been developed over the last century, yet despite extensive study, the 'perfect' sediment tracer and field methodology remains elusive. Sediment tracing provides a unique applied sediment and soil research and management tool able to provide information which can be used to protect ecological habitats, inform sediment and soil management, and provide information and quantitative data to improve environmental modelling approaches. The development of a robust tool able to provide direct field information regarding sediment transport dynamics is important as sediment flux and deposited sediments and the associated contaminants and microbes negatively impact the environment and society as a whole. The development of informed management strategies is therefore crucial to maintain the sediment and soil resource for future generations. Sediment tracing methodologies and tracer design has progressed significantly in the last century recovering from significant setbacks (i.e. the environmental ban on the use of irradiated grains) and fluctuations in popularity due to the somewhat resource intensive nature of a sediment tracing study. Recent technological developments have reinvigorated the technique and led to original application and commercial enterprise within the sector. A variety of sediment tracers are now available. Each tracer material has unique benefits and limitations. The search for the 'perfect' sediment tracer is ongoing. Here the evaluation and application of a novel dual signature sediment tracer are described. The tracer has two signatures: fluorescence and ferrimagnetism which is considered an advance on previously used mono-signature tracers. The tracer provided unique opportunities to employ a variety of techniques to monitor tracer within, and recover tracer from the environment. These techniques were applied within an informed methodological framework developed to provide consistency of methodological approach within all active sediment tracing studies across disciplines. The framework provides a clear and robust step by step guide to conducting a sediment tracing study. Further it has outlined a range of techniques useful to practitioners with a focus on the practical application of the technique to the field. Field trials were conducted to investigate real world sediment management problems, these being: soil erosion within an agricultural field; sand transport on a beach within a complex anthropogenically affected environment; and, the release of fine material as part of nearshore dredging activities. The soil erosion study showed the tracer had the potential to be applied to trace multiple size classes and different soil types and explored the potential use of both passive and active sampling techniques to determine a soil erosion rate. The results indicated that the dual-signature tracer was an effective tracer of soil and showed strong potential as an applied soil management research tool. The beach face study demonstrated the utility of sediment tracing within the sediment and coastal management arena and again explored the use of passive and active sediment tracing approaches to optimise sediment monitoring and recovery from the field. The field trials successfully delineated the sediment transport pathways on the beach face in a complex environment. The study of the dispersion of fine material in the nearshore coastal zone demonstrated the critical role of tide and current in the near and far field transport of disposed dredged sediment. The spatiotemporal distribution and sedimentation pattern of the discharged particles was mapped over a tidal scale to determine the immediate, near and far field impact of disposed dredge material. The results highlighted the potential for significant redistribution of fine sediment through the nearshore coastal zone, with potentially significant environmental impacts. These three distinct field trials provide highlights the utility of active sediment tracing studies to further our understanding of sediment transport within different environments. These data are useful to manage and mitigate the associated impacts of eroded and transported sediment on the environment. The dual signature tracer was found to be an improvement over previously used, mono-signature tracers. Throughout laboratory testing and field trials the tracer upheld the key fundamental assumptions of an active sediment tracer. The tracer imitated the hydraulic properties of natural sediments, whilst not disrupting the transport system and remaining identifiable within the native sediment load. For each field application a practical, multifaceted, sampling approach was developed which increased the quantity and quality of information garnered from each tracing study: an advance since sediment tracing studies fundamentally comprise an empirical evidence-based approach. Further, the development of an analytical procedure which reduced timescales and associated costs, has improved the benefit-cost ratio of an active sediment tracing study. Continued development of the active tracing methodology can increase and enhance application of these techniques in both conventional and novel contexts. This thesis has provided baseline data for future studies utilising dual-signature tracer within laboratory or field research, or industry based studies.


Subjective well being, or happiness, has been analyzed in detail by psychologists for decades. Yet only recently has it become the subject of economic analysis. In Happiness and Hardship, Carol Graham and Stefano Pettinato provide a new conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between subjective well being and the political sustainability of market-oriented economic growth in 17 Latin American countries and Russia. Several variables --such as marital status, employment, and inflation --are known to influence happiness. Graham and Pettinato have identified other variables that have important effects on how individuals perceive their well being: macroeconomic volatility, globalization of information, increasing income mobility, and inequality driven by technology-led growth. The authors begin by explaining data and measurement problems involved in studying mobility, and they summarize general trends in developing countries. Second, they provide new data on subjective well being for Latin America and Russia. They find that the socio-demographic determinants of ""happiness"" --such as the effects of age and unemployment --are very similar to those in the U.S. and Europe. They also find that relative income differences have important effects on how individuals assess their well being. Those in the middle or lower middle of the income distribution are more likely to be dissatisfied than are the very poorest groups. Third, the authors find that volatility in income flows can have negative effects on perceived well being, even among upwardly mobile individuals. Finally, the authors explore the relationship between social capital and mobility. They distinguish between participation driven by economic necessity --such as soup kitchens --and voluntary participation in civic organizations. They find that different objectives underlying civic participation can result in different effects on individual mobility rates, on perceived well being, and on aggregate growth. An age-old puzzle is why some societies seem to tolerate significant degrees of economic hardship and yet retain political and social stability, while others break out into violent protest as a result of much smaller economic declines or shocks. Happiness and Hardship sheds new light on factors that can increase mobility and provide new opportunities for low-income people in developing economies, and possibly improve perceived, as well as actual, well being.


Fruit and vegetable consumption is particularly low in Arkansas with only a small percentage of residents meeting daily recommendations. Arkansas also has one of the highest percentages of food insecurity and obesity in the United States. Low-income households, such as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) recipients, are at a higher risk of these issues. Financial assistance programs have been implemented to help in aiding these problems. The Double Up Food Bucks program (DUFB) is one of these programs. DUFB provides matching financial vouchers for SNAP benefits recipients spend on fresh local produce at participating grocery stores and farmers' markets. The goal of this program is to help SNAP recipients increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Previous studies have examined DUFB and similar programs; however, few have studied how these programs affect the participating locations. One objective of this study is to analyze the effect DUFB has on produce sales at grocery stores. Objective two is to conduct a simulation of the overall revenue produced by DUFB at farmers' markets. Store-level sales data was collected at three comparable sized stores with one serving as the treated and the others as controls in February 2016 and 2017. A difference-in-difference (DID) model was utilized to evaluate the effect of DUFB on sales after treatment for selected produce. For objective two, a demand shock caused by DUFB was simulated on various supply systems. DUFB was found to increases sales and quantity at the treated store as well as generate positive revenue in each system. DUFB increased sales for almost each tested produce. DUFB generated on average about $1.66 in revenue for each dollar of funding. Our evaluation indicates that DUFB was successful and can continue to be successful. Additional funding could see increased revenue for participating locations. Policy decisions related to DUFB can be informed with these results. These results may also aid in decisions like DUFB. Table of


Introduction: Present study was conducted to study Gene Xpert in screening of sputum in HIV positive patients, to estimate the burden of drug resistance TB in HIV patients and to estimate the prevalence of MDR TB in HIV positive patients. Methods: RNTCP is currently using Gene Xpert to screen all HIV positive patients to diagnose pulmonary TB and rifampicin resistance. In this study, pulmonary samples referred to state level intermediate reference laboratories (IRLs) Indore between January 2015 to December 2015 were investigated and subjected to Gene Xpert. Results: A total of 3033 pulmonary specimens were included in the study undergoing Gene Xpert; out of which 604 specimens were from HIV positive patients. In 85 (14.07%) HIV positive patients (out of 604) MTB was detected and RIF was sensitive (14.07%). In 06 (0.99%) HIV positive patients MTB, was detected and RIF resistance was found. Conclusion: Screening of pulmonary samples with Gene Xpert in all HIV positive patients has enormous scope in early diagnosis and treatment of TB in terms of active case finding of patients with drug resistant tuberculosis. The results are available in less than 2 hours. This leads to less transmission of disease with reduced morbidity.


It has often been noted that the "null-hypothesis-significance-testing" (NHST) framework is an inconsistent hybrid of Neyman-Pearson's "hypothesis testing" and Fisher's "significance testing" that almost inevitably causes misinterpretations. To facilitate a realistic assessment of the potential and the limits of statistical inference, we briefly recall widespread inferential errors and outline the two original approaches of these famous statisticians. Based on the understanding of their irreconcilable perspectives, we propose "going back to the roots" and using the initial evidence in the data in terms of the size and the uncertainty of the estimate for the purpose of statistical inference. Finally, we make six propositions that hopefully contribute to improving the quality of inferences in future research.


Although great effort has been spent on studying the effects of parenting on child development, much less research has focused on factors that predict individual differences in parental investment. In this dissertation, an evolutionary psychological perspective was used to identify characteristics in children that stimulate their parents and grandparents into giving them the care, attention, and emotional support they need. From an evolutionary perspective, parental investment is a means of optimizing the reproductive success of the parent. Parental investment was defined by Trivers (1972) as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring". So defined, parental investment is limited, and parents have to make decisions on how to allocate their resources among their offspring. According to evolutionary theory, parents are not expected to invest equally in each of the children in their household. Instead, parents are expected to favor children on the basis of their genetic relatedness and reproductive value (i.e., the child's probable future reproductive success). In this dissertation we examined whether possible cues of genetic relatedness (i.e., parent-child resemblance and olfactory recognition) and reproductive value of the child (i.e., child attractiveness and facial symmetry) were related to parental investment in a sample of Dutch parents with school-age children. The results of our study indicate that mothers had a closer bond and spent more time with children who resembled them in personality, whereas fathers had a closer bond and used less punishment with children who resembled them physically. In addition, the ability to recognize one's children by smell was associated with an increase in time investment for fathers, and an increase in emotional closeness and a decrease in punishment for mothers. Furthermore, both mothers and fathers reported having a closer bond with more attractive children, and fathers punished attractive children less often. Thus, despite the fact that in a contemporary Western society, such as the Netherlands, families are relatively small and emotional and economic resources are more than enough for parents to invest equally in all of the children in their household, our results suggest that parental investment by both mothers and fathers is still influenced by cues of both genetic relatedness and reproductive value of the child. In addition to individual differences in parental investment we examined differential investment by grandparents. Even though grandparental care positively influences the grandchild's health and well-being, and thus contributes to grandparental lifetime reproductive success, not all grandparents invest equally in their grandchildren. We examined whether these differences in grandparental investment can be explained by certainty of relatedness (as assessed by kinship lines). The quality of the grandparent-grandchild relationship was rated highest with maternal grandmothers (most genetically certain) and lowest with paternal grandfathers (least genetically certain). Relationship quality with both maternal grandfathers and paternal grandmothers was rated as intermediate. These results are consistent with the prediction that discriminative grandparental solicitude varies as a function of certainty of relatedness.


Background: Few studies have investigated the association between post-diagnosis physical activity and mortality among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity after a prostate cancer diagnosis on both overall and prostate cancer–specific mortality in a large cohort. Methods: Data from 4,623 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer 1997–2002 and followed-up until 2012 were analyzed. HRs with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between post-diagnosis recreational MET-h/d, time spent walking/bicycling, performing household work or exercising, and time to overall and prostate cancer–specific death. All models were adjusted for potential confounders. Results: During the follow-up, 561 deaths of any cause and 194 deaths from prostate cancer occurred. Statistically significantly lower overall mortality rates were found among men engaged in ≥5 recreational MET-h/d (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52–0.77), walking/bicycling ≥20 min/d (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57–0.86), performing household work ≥1 h/d (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59–0.86), or exercising ≥1 h/wk (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61–0.90), compared with less active men within each activity type. For prostate cancer–specific mortality, statistically significantly lower mortality rates were seen among men walking/bicycling ≥20 min/d (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43–0.87) or exercising ≥1 h/wk (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48–0.94). Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity were associated with reduced rates of overall and prostate cancer–specific mortality. Impact: Our study further strengthens previous results indicating beneficial effects of physical activity on survival among men with prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 57–64. ©2014 AACR.


The effect of Black Sea Water (BSW) inputs on the North Aegean Sea productivity and food web dynamics was investigated, by means of sensitivity simulations, investigating the effect of the inflowing BSW, in terms of inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic matter. The model used has been successfully applied in the area in the past and extensively presented. Considering the importance of the microbial loop in the ecosystem functioning, the role of the dissolved organics and in order to achieve a more realistic representation of the Dissolved Organic Matter pool, the bacteria sub-model was appropriately revised. The importance of the microbial loop is highlighted by the carbon fluxes where almost 50% of carbon is channelled within it. The impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (in the inflowing to the Aegean Sea, BSW) appears to be stronger than the impact of dissolved inorganic nutrients, showing a more extended effect over the N Aegean. Bacterial production and biomass is more strongly affected in the simulations by modified DOM, unlike phytoplankton biomass and production, which are more dependent on the inflowing nutrients and particularly phosphorus (inorganic and dissolved organic). In the phytoplankton composition, the dinoflagellates appear to be mostly affected, being favoured by higher nutrient availability at the expense of all other groups, particularly picoplankton, indicating a shift to a more classical food chain.


Conventional HfO2/SiO2 and
 Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2 double stack high reflective
 (HR) coatings at 532 nm are deposited by electron beam evaporation onto BK7
 substrates. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of two kinds of HR coatings is
 tested, showing that the laser damage resistance of the double stack HR coatings (16
 J/cm2) is better than that of the conventional HR coatings (12.8 J/cm2). Besides,
 the optical properties, surface conditions, and damage morphologies of each group
 samples are characterized. The results show that laser damage resistance of
 conventional HR coatings is determined by absorptive defect, while nodular defect is
 responsible for the LIDT of double stack HR coatings.


Abstract Based on lessons learned from examining the relationship between several international organizations and African higher education, this paper unveils the subtleties and complexities of power dynamics in negotiations, provides illustrative cases to enhance such understanding, discusses the implications of power dynamics in negotiations over higher education policy, and provides a glimpse at the necessary ingredients to build sustainable and healthy international partnerships. Based in a conceptual framework of power dynamics, the paper hinges on international regimes for its theoretical foundation, and on the intersection of conflicting agendas for a transformative higher education in Africa, as advocated by the Association of African Universities (AAU) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), for its historical framework. An understanding of the subtleties and complexities of power dynamics in international negotiations is critical for Africa at this crossroads of her relationship with BRIC countries, particularly amidst the competition between China and other superpowers and their respective organizations over Africa as a market arena. This understanding will also be important for examining newly claimed 'reformed' policies originating from the historically dominant Western countries because (a) the dimensions of this relationship are still being negotiated/established, thus a good time to address power dynamics; (b) Africa is engaged in a quest for development through partnerships; and, (c) African scholars are often confronted with the idea of a higher education system by African design. With a focus on Africa that simultaneously highlights the problem of developing nations more generally, this paper discusses four categories of power – hermeneutical, informational, manipulative, and monetary – that must be taken seriously into account in international negotiations as they have dire consequences for the developing world.


Most Apicomplexa are obligatory intracellular parasites that multiply inside a so‐called parasitophorous vacuole (PV) formed upon parasite entry into the host cell. Plasmodium, the agent of malaria and the Apicomplexa most deadly to humans, multiplies in both hepatocytes and erythrocytes in the mammalian host. Although much has been learned on how Apicomplexa parasites invade host cells inside a PV, little is known of how they rupture the PV membrane and egress host cells. Here, we characterize a Plasmodium protein, called LISP1 (liver‐specific protein 1), which is specifically involved in parasite egress from hepatocytes. LISP1 is expressed late during parasite development inside hepatocytes and locates at the PV membrane. Intracellular parasites deficient in LISP1 develop into hepatic merozoites, which display normal infectivity to erythrocytes. However, LISP1‐deficient liver‐stage parasites do not rupture the membrane of the PV and remain trapped inside hepatocytes. LISP1 is the first Plasmodium protein shown by gene targeting to be involved in the lysis of the PV membrane.


of these the first dissertation concerns with the understanding of Archaic Astronomy from the stand-point of a psychologist of perception, trained in Astronomy. The author deals with the psychology of Perception and the seven Lotus-flowers of the Kundalini Yoga-by elucidating the study of Arthur Avalon, giving parallels in other traditions, while presenting a comperativestudy on its bearing on Astronomy according to Ptolemy.The study throws new light on Parmenides and his dictrine clearing away the mist of misunderstanding in Western Philosophy.


Background: Birth weight has been shown to be influenced by numerous factors including, maternal characteristics such as maternal BMI. In pregnancy, there is increased adipose tissue which can cause to maternal obesity and insulin resistance. There is visfatin expression increase specific to pregnancy. Aim: We planned this study to assess relationships of the first trimester maternal BMI with new-born anthropometric characteristics and visfatin levels throughout pregnancy. Methods and Material: This longitudinal, observational study on 100 nulliparous pregnant women carried out in Birjand, Iran, over three trimesters in 2016. The researcher asked the participants to fill out the Researcher-made questionnaire including demographic and anthropometric characteristics including first trimester BMI and then referred them to laboratory to serum sample taking from mothers and visfatin levels measurement in the three trimesters. Neonate's anthropometric measures (weight, height, head circumference) and sex of new-borns were obtained from hospital reports. Results: Pearson correlation test indicated significant correlation between birth weight and the first trimester maternal BMI (r= 0.27, P=0.02). Also, Spearman's correlation test showed a weak negative correlation between head circumference with mean visfatin level (r= -0.23, P=0.04). Linear regression showed that birth weight predicts 28% of variation of BMI. Also, there was significant difference between the maternal level of education and the mean of birth weight (P=0.027). Conclusions: Results of the present study showed that the mean of birth weight was comparable with capital cities in Iran, it is necessary to strengthen the existing mother and child health care program and to develop new approaches.


In the last two decades we have studied and developed two types of laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) systems to visualize blood flow distribution in skin tissue, human retina, etc.. The system based on analyses of the laser scattering phenomena consists of a diode laser, illuminating and imaging optical systems, an image sensor, a frame capture board, and a personal computer. By evaluating the time variation of the image speckles at each pixel point in the image sensor, and displaying the results in a two-dimensional (2D) color coded map, the blood flow distribution in the target tissue appears on the personal computer monitor. Currently LSFG systems are divided into two types. One type uses a charge coupled device (CCD) camera and is capable of visualizing the fast blood flow change with a rate of 30 maps/s and useful for ophthalmologic research. The other one consists of a line sensor and a stepping motor which is suitable for measuring the blood flow in a wide area of skin tissue. Various types of LSFG instruments used in clinical studies are demonstrated.


Numerous studies have assessed the degree to which business schools have integrated ethics education into their business programs. A survey of accounting educators sponsored by the American Accounting Association (AAA) in conjunction with the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) indicated that less than half of business schools offered a separate course in ethics (Mastracchio, The CPA Journal, January 2005). A similar study of department chairs of colleges in New York found that only 66% of the respondents indicated that ethics was discussed in introductory accounting courses (Haas, The CPA Journal. June 2005). These results are consistent with the findings of Educating for the Public Trust (2003). commissioned by PricewaterhouseCoopers.
The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International is the leading accrediting organization, with 432 accredited institutions worldwide. Ethics education has been a required component in AACSB International—accredited school curricula for several years. The AACSB developed a web-based ethics resource center for its members, and in June 2004 published the guide Ethics Education in Business Schools.


Background Regarding reconstruction surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), there is still a debate whether to perform a single bundle (SB) or double bundle (DB) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the volume and surface area of femoral and tibial tunnels during transtibial SB versus transportal DB ACL reconstruction. Methods A consecutive series of 26 patients who underwent trantibial SB ACL reconstruction and 27 patients with transportal DB ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft from January 2010 to October 2010 were included in this study. Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) was taken within one week after operation. The CT bone images were segmented with use of Mimics software v14.0. The obtained digital images were then imported in the commercial package Geomagic Studio v10.0 and SketchUp Pro v8.0 for processing. The femoral and tibial tunnel lengths, diameters, volumes and surface areas were evaluated. A comparison between the two groups was performed using the independent-samples t-test. A p-value less than the significance value of 5% (p < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results Regarding femur tunnels, a significant difference was not found between the tunnel volume for SB technique (1,496.51 ± 396.72 mm3) and the total tunnel volume for DB technique (1,593.81 ± 469.42 mm3; p = 0.366). However, the total surface area for femoral tunnels was larger in DB technique (919.65 ± 201.79 mm2) compared to SB technique (810.02 ± 117.98 mm2; p = 0.004). For tibia tunnels, there was a significant difference between tunnel volume for the SB technique (2,070.43 ± 565.07 mm3) and the total tunnel volume for the DB technique (2,681.93 ± 668.09 mm3; p ≤ 0.001). The tibial tunnel surface area for the SB technique (958.84 ± 147.50 mm2) was smaller than the total tunnel surface area for the DB technique (1,493.31 ± 220.79 mm2; p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Although the total femoral tunnel volume was similar between two techniques, the total surface area was larger in the DB technique. For the tibia, both total tunnel volume and the surface area were larger in DB technique.


The paper analyzes why Germany experiences the high and sticky unemployment. It looks at wage policy and proposes a new approach to measure productivity growth when unemployment increases. It studies the position of trade unions and the institutional set-up of the labor market. It looks at the role of the reservation wage for the lower segment of the labor market and discusses the impact of contributions to social security on the demand for labor.


It is essential to preserve the quality of natural mineral water from its origin to the points of use, so as to ensure sanitary safety for patients within the thermal spas. The complexity of water systems may lead to issues linked to microbiological and physico-chemical contaminations which are necessary to be solved in order to keep the installations in compliance with the regulations in force. In order to provide the thermal spa sector with means to achieve this goal, the team at the Institut du Thermalisme – Bordeaux University aimed at finding a relevant solution, i.e. designing and making two original and innovating prototypes which reproduce – in miniature – the natural mineral water system we can find in thermal spas. These two prototypes are different due to the nature of the materials they are made of. It is possible to get significant improvements in the research: on the one hand, linked to the general working of a thermal water system connected to individual or collective care units and, on the other hand, improvements in the research on keeping the quality of natural mineral water. Also, to solve microbiological and physico-chemical contamination issues, chemical and thermal treatments can be used.


Because, for George Herbert Mead, the "social act" is the basic unit of analysis for understanding human social existence, and thereby, his entire body of thought, it demands much more critical attention than it thus far has received from sociologists. Here, his notion of the social act will be critically examined – in terms of his definition of social action, the underlying organizing principle he uses to explain it, the different fundamental forms of social action he identifies, and the basic operating elements that he contends comprise these forms – for the purpose of developing a better conception of social action than he provided. Mead sees social action as organized on the basis of "sociality," expressing itself in two fundamental forms – "cooperative" and "conflictive." He also views the cooperative form as comprised of five basic elements – attitudes, roles, significant symbols, attitudinal assumption, and common social objects – while the conflictive form is comprised of only the first four elements. After a critical examination of Mead's social act is completed, an alternative and improved conception of social action, with domination as its organizing principle, is proffered. More importantly, it is argued that this new notion of social action, termed the "collective act," provides the grounds for the development of a novel interactionist perspective, dubbed here "radical interactionism," which is based on the principle of domination rather sociality. Thus, this new interactionist perspective, is dramatically different from the traditional interactionist perspective Mead and Blumer developed.


BACKGROUND
Rapid technological advances, organizational changes in health services and the rise of complex chronic diseases mean that users receive care from a wide variety of providers, threatening continuity of care (CC). The aim is to analyse users' perception of CC, as well as their experienced elements of (dis)continuity in the Catalonian health services.

METHODS
Cross-sectional study by means ofa questionnaire survey to a sample of 200 healthcare users attended by more than one level of care for the same condition in the previous 3 months. The survey was conducted in Barcelona and Baix Empordà, between March and June 2009. The applied questionnaire collected first, the users' trajectories within health services and second, their perception of CC using a scale. A descriptive data analysis was conducted.

RESULTS
Important elements of relational continuity were identified (86.4 and 83.5% of users were attended in the last year, respectively, by the same physician of primary and secondary care). However, potential elements of discontinuity were identified relating to transfer of clinical information (29.1% and 21.3% of users perceived that secondary care professionals were unaware of their comorbidities and the results of medical tests ordered by physicians of primary care, respectively), coherence of care (levels of referral to primary care of 51.2 %) and accessibility between levels of care (37.8 and 17.6% considered long or excessive waiting time for secondary and primary care, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
The results point to aspects of care, as accessibility and information transfer between professionals that could act as barriers for continuity and would require improvements in the coordination strategies of the health providers.


Last month, a frail and diminished Ian Paisley was interviewed by journalist Eamonn Mallie in what is likely to be his last major public appearance. For much of his public life the roaring voice of unionist intolerance and bigotry, Paisley seems anxious in his twilight years to cultivate a legacy as a voice of reason and good-neighbourliness. The contrast between some of his comments in the interview and Paisley's long record of sectarian agitation was clear, and in places bizarre. The `whole system' of gerrymandering `was wrong,' he now concedes. `It was not one man one vote - that's no way to run any country. It should be absolute freedom and absolute liberty' - an astounding about-face for a man who came to international prominence as the arch-opponent of the civil rights movement. Bloody Sunday, he now tells us, `was a very dangerous thing, and then the attempt to cover it [up] They were just making a protest within the law.' This from a politician whose party, the DUP, struggled to contain its outrage at the verdict of a Tory government that British troops had killed innocent civilians on the day.


This article explores representation of gender politics in two films— Antarmahal and Water —to illuminate the synergy of patriarchy and religion that creates a structure of cultural violence against women. A sense of feminist consciousness pitted against dogmatic social practices drives the narratives of these films. This study employs Julia Kristeva's idea of semanalysis as an analytic framework to consider the signification process as dynamic because it is driven by an interplay of bodily drives and pulsions (genotext) and symbolic structures (phenotext). The cinematic texts under analysis address two aspects of gender relations in Indian Hindu society: conjugality and widowhood. Conjugality is marked by men's sexual gratification and an obsession for an heir, and widowhood effaces women's sexual and social existence. Three themes emerged from the textual analysis: women's desire, patriarchy and power relations, and vulnerability. The film texts reveal a constant struggle between patriarchal subjugation and women's agency. Hindu patriarchy creates unequal power relations that exacerbate the vulnerability of women. However, women often resist such misogynistic practices by circumventing the norms of patriarchy.


Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder whereby the body loses its ability to maintain normal glucose levels. Despite of development of implantable glucose sensors in long periods, none of the biosensors are capable of continuously monitoring glucose levels during long-term implantation reliably. Progressive loss of sensor function occurs due in part to biofouling and to the consequences of a foreign body response such as inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of vasculature. In order to improve the function and lifetime of implantable glucose sensors, a new 3D porous and bio-stable collagen scaffold has been developed to improve the biocompatibility of implantable glucose sensors. The novel collagen scaffold was crosslinked using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to enhance biostability. NDGA-treated collagen scaffolds were stable without any physical deformation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats for 4 weeks.
The scaffold application does not impair the function of our sensor. The effect of the scaffolds on sensor function and biocompatibility was examined during long-term in vitro and in vivo experiments and compared with control bare sensors. The sensitivity of the short sensors was greater than the sensitivity of long sensors presumably due to less micro-motions in the sub-cutis of the rats. The NDGA-crosslinked scaffolds induced much less inflammation and retained their physical structure in contrast to the glutaraldehyde (GA)-crosslinked scaffolds. We also have developed a new dexamethasone (Dex, anti-inflammatory drug)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres/porous collagen scaffold composite for implantable glucose sensors. The composite system showed a much slower and sustained drug release than the standard microspheres. The composite system was also shown to not significantly affect the function of the sensors.
The sensitivity of the sensors with the composite system in vivo remained higher than for sensors without the composites (no scaffold, scaffold without microspheres). Histology showed that the inflammatory response to the Dex-loaded composite was much lower than for the control scaffold. The Dex-loaded composite system might be useful to reduce inflammation to glucose sensors and therefore extend their function and lifetime.


Picconi et al. investigated the development of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-dependent dyskinesias and obtained evidence supporting the hypothesis that these abnormal involuntary movements represent an aberrant form of motor learning. Parkinson's disease (PD), which results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons projecting to the striatum, is most effectively treated with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA. Although L-DOPA initially alleviates many of the motor symptoms of PD, prolonged therapy leads to serious side effects, including dyskinesias. Picconi et al. used 6-hydroxydopamine to lesion dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease and evaluated the motor effects of therapeutic doses of L-DOPA. After therapy with L-DOPA, about half the rats recovered from the motor deficits produced by the lesion; the rest developed dyskinetic effects so that their motor performance actually worsened. Striatal long-term potentiation (LTP) after high-frequency stimulation of glutamatergic synapses, which depends on dopaminergic input, was not apparent in brain slices from lesioned rats, but was rescued by long-term treatment with L-DOPA in both rats with and without dyskinesia. In rats treated with L-DOPA, low-frequency stimulation reversed striatal LTP ("depotentiation") in rats without dyskinesia but not those with dyskinesia. Pharmacological analysis indicated that depotentiation depended on phosphatase activation and could be blocked by stimulation of the D1 dopamine receptor. Moreover, rats with dyskinesia showed elevated phosphorylation of striatal DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kD), which inhibits protein phosphatase 1. Thus the development of L-DOPA-dependent dyskinesias appears to reflect abnormal persistence of striatal LTP mediated through activation of D1 pathways. Abnormal movements that had been "learned" could not be unlearned. Dunnett discusses the implications of this research. B. Picconi, D. Centonze, K. Håkansson, G. Bernardi, P. Greengard, G. Fisone, M. A. Cenci, P. Calabresi, Loss of bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 501-506 (2003). [Online Journal] S. Dunnett, L-DOPA, dyskinesia and striatal plasticity. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 437-438 (2003). [Online Journal]


DE JONG, W., CHOKKALINGAM, U., SMITH, J., & SABOGAL, C. 2001. Tropical secondary forests in Asia: introduction and synthesis. This paper provides the general objectives of the Special Issue: Secondary forests in Asia: their diversity, importance and role in future environmental management. It provides a brief overview of the renewed attention to tropical secondary forests and sketches the history of research on this subject. The paper introduces two analytical tools that are used throughout this Special Issue to better understand the current situation and trends of secondary forests in Asia: a typology of tropical secondary forest in Asia, and a conceptual framework that explains the formation and dynamics of these forests. It then outlines some of the main messages that emerge from discussions in the various papers and ends with recommendations for actions and needs for future research.


The elucidation of virus-cancer associations is of particular importance since
large numbers of people are potentially exposed to cancer. The first link
relates to the causation of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), a highly
malignant haematological malignancy of mature activated T cells with a poor
prognosis, by a retrovirus called human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1
(HTLV-1). The HTLV-1 tax oncoprotein plays an integral role in productive
viral replication and disease progression. Seroprevalence studies
demonstrated that the distribution of HTLV-1 is heterogeneous worldwide
and not specific to a particular region only. Patients with this disease have a
very poor prognosis because of intrinsic chemoresistance and severe
immunosuppression. Hence, the general objective of the present study is to
establish the prevalence of HTLV infections in leukaemia and lymphoma
adult patients. The experimental design consists of two folds: screening for
the presence of HTLV-1 tax gene and chemosensitivity profiles of patient
cells treated with clinical chemotherapeutic agents. A total of 140 subjects consisted of lymphoid leukaemia (12%), myeloid leukaemia (26%) and
lymphoma patients (62%) were included in this study. First line screening
was performed using ELISA and PCR was used to detect HTLV-1 tax gene
followed by confirmation using direct DNA sequencing. Mononuclear cells
were isolated using density gradient centrifugation from bone marrow or
peripheral blood samples of adult patients admitted to Universiti Malaya
Medical Centre (UMMC), Ward 6TD. Patient cells were treated based on
standard chemotherapeutic regimen for 96 hours and assessed using 3-(4, 5-
dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity
assay. Initial ELISA screening showed 9 samples were initially reactive and 7
patients were classified indeterminate due to inconsistency of immunoassay
replicates. Further confirmation by PCR validated all seropositive patients
and only four of the indeterminate samples, which yields a prevalence of
9.29% in 140 adult patients. Concurrently, the HTLV-1 tax positive patient's
chemosensitivity profiles were compared with the seronegative samples.
However, a distinct relationship between the presence of HTLV-1 tax gene
and chemosensitivity between these groups were not obtained. This
preliminary study provided a baseline data on the prevalence of HTLV-1
infections in leukaemia and lymphoma adult patients. However, the lack of
direct association of HTLV-1 tax gene with the chemotherapy resistance was
mainly due to the limited sample size used in this study. Further studies
should be performed in a larger cohort of patients and healthy subjects to
further substantiate the preliminary data.


This book aims to explore and interpret the multi-dimensional meanings of frontier, transboundary passages, landscape transformation, and sustainability of heritages in the modern trans-Himalayan region. We focus on the diverse human responses to regionally transformative changes engendered by intensified inter-regional human migration, movements of capital, goods and technologies, new forms of religious practices, and climate change. These external forces of change are reshaping the livelihoods of communities in the region. In many ways they are forces of destructive creation, which, on one hand, destabilize the age-old ecological niches and cultural heritages of communities regarding their place-based livelihoods and worldviews, and, on the other hand, push and pull them into the global trend of modernization, market economy, and intermeshing of multi-national economics and geopolitics. In such simultaneity of destructive and re-creative processes, people in the region are undergoing what we call 'niche reconstruction', based on our reconceptualization of 'niche' broadly as being in place (Smith 1999:3) but emphatically with a trans-regional and global gravitation in order to address changing social, political, and environmental conditions, and the transregional connectivity of human livelihoods, ethnic differences, and ecological systems, and thus reintroduce complexity and human agency into what might otherwise look like a crude form of eco-geographical determinism.


Using sun and reflectors, communicating with light goes back thousands of years. But with the advent of lasers and optical fibres in the later half of the past century a revolution occurred in the telecommunications industry. A single fibre made of a flexible strand of ultra-pure silica, with a width not much greater than that of a human hair, has the capacity to transmit more than 250 million simultaneous telephone conversations, or to provide 5 million broadband internet connections. Moreover it can do this over transoceanic distances. This explosion in data transfer capacity, speed and system reach has changed the world through the internet and in order to satisfy our ever increasing communications needs a cloak of optical fibres now covers the globe. Networkshop 38 30 Mar - 1 Apr 2010


The data delivery delay is a significant measure in wireless sensor networks when the users focus on data freshness. In the previous work, two approaches named: Unusual Message Delivery Path Construction (UMDPC) and Improved-UMDPC (I-UMDPC), target on delivering unusual message to mobile nodes within the allowed latency. The data collection system consists of a set of sensor nodes (S nodes) to detect the environment, a set of mobile nodes (M nodes) attached to buses to collect sensory data, and a set of B nodes deployed at bus stops to assist data delivery. The goal of this work is to investigate the influence of B node coverage on the delay sensitive data delivery performance of the two existing approaches. In this paper, the B node coverage is indicated by the average hop distance between cluster heads and B nodes. We focus on seeking the minimum achieved allowed latency under different B node coverage and demonstrate the results through simulations.


Background: Seronegative inflammatory arthritis including psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthropathies (AxS) are chronic inflammatory diseases associated with significant morbidities. The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has produced several pieces of guidance on disease management including the use of biologic therapies which have been shown to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. However, there are limited real-life data on patient journey from symptom onset to diagnosis and treatment including with biologics in the UK. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the real-life patient journey from symptom onset to diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Data from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank in Wales, which holds over a billion anonymised records, were used to assess the treatment of patients with PsA or AxS, aged 18 years or over with at least one READ code present for PsA or AxS in their primary care records. We examined the drug use of patients across primary, secondary care and specialist rheumatology clinics to explore the use of NSAIDs, DMARDs and biologics in the real-life setting while exploring demographics, comorbidities and surgical procedures of 1829 PsA and 908 AxS patients. Results: The AxS patients were significantly younger at diagnosis and were predominantly male. Typical delays in diagnosis of 8-9 years from symptom onset were observed. The rate of stopping or switching a biologic medication was similar for AxS and PsA patients (Table 1). There was a significant reduction in sicknotes issued following biologic initiation for PsA (Difference: 14.6%, 95% CI: 8.7% to 20.4%) and AxS (Difference 16.9%, 95% CI: 10.5% to 23.3%) Conclusion: Patients with PsA and AxS were treated with NSAIDs and DMARDs prior to receiving biologic medication in accordance with NICE guidelines. However, there was a long delay from symptom onset to diagnosis. Biologic treatment reduced sicknotes issued by GPs confirming the benefit of biologic treatment on work productivity observed in clinical trials. Acknowledgments: The work is funded by a Investigator-led grant from Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited Disclosure of Interests: Ernest Choy Grant/research support from: Amgen, Bio-Cancer, Chugai Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Novimmune, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chelsea Therapeutics, Chugai Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Hospita, Ionis, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, MedImmune, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merrimack Pharmaceutical, Napp, Novartis, Novimmune, ObsEva, Pfizer, R-Pharm, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, SynAct Pharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Tonix, UCB, Speakers bureau: Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharma, Eli Lilly, Hospira, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, Sinead Brophy: None declared, Roxanne Cooksey: None declared, Lindsey Hanson Employee of: Lindsey Hanson is a permanent employee of Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Anna Halliday Shareholder of: Anna Halliday owns Novartis share, Employee of: Anna Halliday is a permanent employee of Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd.


Gas foil bearings (GFBs) are a key enabling technology for high-speed turbomachinery. The manufacturing of GFBs relies mainly on sheet metal forming techniques in order to conceive the compliant structure (e.g., bump foil) and the top foil. Such techniques require the development of a special know-how and most importantly, limit the design creativity to what is manufacturable using sheet metal forming. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology in prototyping and fabrication. This paper accesses the feasibility of AM in the fabrication of GFBs using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. A stainless steel GFB is 3D-printed in one piece, including the sleeve, the bump, and top foils. The bearing is assessed geometrically and statically before being tested on a gas bearing test rig, where it supported a ø40 mm rotor (m = 2 kg). The bearing performed similar to a conventional GFB, showing rotordynamically stable and repeatable operation up to 37.5 krpm. Such result highlights the potentials of AM as a viable alternative for foil bearing manufacturing.


The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is required for defense responses. NON EXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (NPR1) and NON RECOGNITION OF BTH-4 (NRB4) are required for the response to SA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we isolated several interactors of NRB4 using yeast two-hybrid assays. Two of these interactors, βCA1 and βCA2, are β-carbonic anhydrase family proteins. Since double mutant βca1 βca2 plants did not show any obvious phenotype, we investigated other βCAs and found that NRB4 also interacts with βCA3 and βCA4. Moreover, several βCAs interacted with NPR1 in yeast, including one that interacted in a SA-dependent manner. This interaction was abolished in loss-of-function alleles of NPR1. Interactions between βCAs and both NRB4 and NPR1 were also detected in planta, with evidence for a triple interaction, NRB4-βCA1-NPR1. The quintuple mutant βca1 βca2 βca3 βca4 βca6 showed partial insensitivity to SA. These findings suggest that one of the functions of carbonic anhydrases is to modulate the perception of SA in plants.


Path planning on grid maps has progressed significantly in recent years, partly due to the Grid-based Path Planning Competition GPPC. In this work we present an optimal approach which combines features from two modern path planning systems, SRC and JPS+, both of which were among the strongest entrants at the 2014 edition of the competition. Given a current state s and a target state t, SRC is used as an oracle to provide an optimal move from s towards t. Once a direction is available we invoke a second JPS-based oracle to tell us for how many steps that move can be repeated, with no need to query the oracles between these steps. Experiments on a range of grid maps demonstrate a strong improvement from our combined approach. Against SRC, which remains an optimal solver with state-of-the-art speed, the performance improvement of our new system ranges from comparable to more than one order of magnitude faster.


As increased migration, particularly to urban centres, and digitalisation play a greater role in development cooperation, more research on how these phenomena interact will become critical. Information communication technologies (ICTs) offer pathways for potentially making it easier for migrants to settle in, whether it be through e-government programmes or by accessing social networks that can help in finding housing and work. To better understand how ICTs fit into urban migrants' lives, we gathered new survey data in Bogota comparing how long-term residents, short-term residents, and Venezuelan migrants access and use ICTs. We identified a new factor that influences internet access among migrants after controlling for economic and social factors: duration of time in a neighbourhood. While migrants initially lag behind their neighbours in ICT and internet access, the longer they stay in one neighbourhood, the more likely they are to gain access to these technologies. Indeed, over time, our data shows that migrants become more likely than their neighbours to gain access to ICTs and the internet when they continue to stay in the same neighbourhood. Our results also show that uptake of e-government services remains a challenge. Citizens generally do not interact with their governments more than a few times a year, and migrants may not interact at all. Especially when working with vulnerable or "hidden" populations, development organisations need to put significant resources into education and outreach so that the populations they are trying to reach know about e-government services, and their value. The data collected in Bogota paints a potentially positive picture about using ICTs with migrants and migrant communities. By effectively engaging migrants early on and meeting basic initial needs such as housing or access to identification, development and humanitarian agencies could help migrants gain greater access to ICTs and make use of e-government platforms.


The objectives of the project were to develop an understanding of the disease dynamics caused by Phytophthora citricola in native plant communities in the south of Western Australia. Prior to 1983, the pathogen had only been reported twice from Australian forests. Since then, P. citricola has been extensively recorded from plant communities north and south of Perth, and is currently the second most frequently recovered Phytophthora species from the northern jarrah forest and the northern sandplains.

The objectives were addressed by examining the biology, ecology and taxonomy of isolates of P. citricola local to the southwest. Examination of the intraspecific variation of P. citricola by isozyme analysis resolved three major electrophoretic subgroups (SG), and these were aligned with morphological and cultural variation within the species. One electrophoretic SG was confined to forested areas. This SG differed from other SGs in sporangial dimensions, growth rate on two media and in vitro sensitivity to phosphonate. A redescription of the species may be warranted.

P. citricola was positively associated with two roads in the northern jarrah forest. Road surfaces were sampled, then soil overburden was removed and the surface of the concreted lateritic layer beneath was sampled. Isolation of P. citricola declined away from the road into the adjacent forest and was more frequently recovered from the caprock (up to 1 metre below soil surface) than from the soil surface. The most probable source of introduction was from infested soil on vehicles using the roads.

Oospores were shown to be produced in two soils, a lateritic gravelly loam and sand, and in plants. In soil, the electrophoretic SG confined to the forest (loamy soil) produced only limited numbers of oospores in the sandy soil of the northern sandplain. The restriction of this SG to the forested areas is probably physiological, rather than limited dispersal, with the SG currently occupying the full extent of its range. Estimation of the relative persistence of oospores, zoospores and plant material colonised by P. citricola established that only oospores (either free in soil or in colonised plant material) were important in long tern survival in soil. Oospores were still viable after six months at two field sites, and after 18 months in soil in the laboratory.

Phosphonate is currently the most promising method of control of Phytophthora induced disease in native plant cornmunites of the southwest. The efficacy of phosphonate against P. citricola was examined in vivo and in vitro against two SGs. Phosphonate successfully inhibited lesion growth of both SGs in vivo, but of only one electrophoretic subgroup in vitro. The ecological implications of infestation of native plant communities in the southwest of Australia are discussed.


This essay focuses on the position of general counsel within a publicly-held business corporation when the general counsel is an employee-officer of the corporation charged with overall responsibility for how the corporation's legal matters are handled. So situated, a general counsel's roles include furnishing legal advice to the corporation's board of directors, CEO, and other senior executives. But a contemporary general counsel often occupies other roles as well, each complex and additionally interlinked in many ways. These linkages may be beneficial to a corporation and society more generally. Nonetheless, general counsel's position has often been characterized as ambiguous, a characterization that suggests that not all occupants of the position succeed in balancing its multiple roles in either a professionally or socially satisfactory manner. More generally, general counsel's dependence on one client may call into question counsel's capacity to bring an appropriate degree of professional detachment to bear. Indeed, some general counsel appear to have erred in a basic respect by misidentifying their client as individual members of the corporation's senior management in contrast to the corporate organization, an error shared by members of senior management themselves. Several incidents over the past few years illustrate circumstances - including tensions among general counsel's roles - that may undermine the effectiveness with which a general counsel fulfills the reasonable expectations engendered by undertaking such roles. Although the prospect of tensions among general counsel's roles is not a newly-observed phenomenon, recent events heighten both their significance and the importance of resolving them carefully. By far the most visible events are criminal indictments, guilty pleas, and trials, as well as civil proceedings in which a general counsel is a defendant. While individual foibles may explain some incidents, that possibility does not foreclose the value of broader inquiry into a general counsel's position. The essay begins with a brief history of the evolution of general counsel's position within large corporations. This history illustrates sharp fluctuations over time in the organizational power and professional status of general counsel and in the functions that general counsel has performed. Scholars using sophisticated social science methodologies have yet to investigate the situation and work of general counsel to the extent that social scientists have explored law firms and relationships between clients and external counsel. The essay nonetheless argues that implications for general counsel may stem from the more fully-developed body of social science inquiry into law firms and their partners. In particular, this body of work suggests that general counsel's position has a paradoxical quality: a lawyer who serves as general counsel of a large corporation holds the clearly defined power associated with a hierarchical position in a large bureaucratic organization, while the position itself is ambiguous in many ways that may prove troubling. The essay then specifies four roles typically occupied by general counsel as a prelude to examining tensions among them. These are: (1) legal adviser within the corporation to its constituents in an individual professional capacity; (2) officer of the corporation and member of the senior executive team; (3) administrator of the corporation's internal (or in-house) legal department; and (4) agent of the corporation in dealings with third parties, including external (or outside) counsel retained by the corporation. Although earlier accounts of the position of general counsel tend not to single out these latter two roles as distinctive ones, the essay uses a selection of recent events to demonstrate their significance and their interrelationships with general counsel's other roles. The essay concludes by examining recent developments and prospects for further change that may reshape general counsel's position. The relationships that underlie general counsel's power are under stress from a variety of directions, suggesting that further evolution is inevitable.