Objective of this research is to present a mathematical model for optimal design of rectangular cross-section beams with straight haunches under the criterion of minimum cost considering the concrete cost and reinforcing steel cost, and taking into account the equations of the regulation (ACI 318S-14). This model presents the equations for a uniformly distributed load and a concentrated load located anywhere on the beam. Two examples are developed by the proposed model, one for uniformly distributed load and another for concentrated load showing the best solution for each case. The results show the following: a) The prismatic beams for uniformly distributed load have a total cost of the 8% greater, a total volume and a total weight of the 9% greater with respect to the non-prismatic beams; b) The prismatic beams for concentrated load have a total cost, a total volume and a total weight of the 6% greater with respect to the non-prismatic beams. The main conclusions are: For a smaller b width the optimal design for both models is presented. The non-prismatic beams are more economical, also these have less volume and less weight with respect to prismatic beams.


Contrary to the assumptions underlying many of current energy and climate policies, the prices of fossil fuels have fallen and may remain at the new 'normal' levels. In the medium term, Iran and Iraq have considerable potential to increase their outputs, and the new shale technologies will gradually globalize. Longer term, new technologies in electricity generation, storage, and smart demand-side technologies, together with electric cars and the shift towards digitalization and new electricity-based technologies in manufacturing, will increase demand for electricity, but not fossil fuels. These new and emerging technologies, rather than international agreements and the promotion of current generation renewables, will probably bring fossil fuel dominance to a gradual close. To facilitate decarbonization, energy policy should be directed at enhancing R&D and next generation renewables, instead of supporting existing ones.


Red rot disease of sugarcane caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went is one of the most destructive diseases of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) worldwide. The pathogen spreads primarily through infected sugarcane setts and hence the use of disease-free setts is essential to prevent the disease. In order to develop immunological method for detection of C. falcatum, two proteins with molecular weights of 27 kDa and 45 kDa were purified from the mycelium of C. falcatum race Cf 05 and used as antigen source to raise polyclonal antibodies in NewZealand white rabbit. The developed polyclonal antibodies were tested for detection of C. falcatum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot analysis. The polyclonal antibodies specifically detected C. falcatum in extracts from infected plants, both in immunoblot and ELISA. The ELISA results showed that the developed polyclonal antibodies were highly specific to C.falcatum. The developed antibodies were very sensitive and could detect C.falcatum proteins even at a dilution of 1:50,000. Higher ELISA absorbance values were recorded even at an antigen dilution of 1:500. In western blot analysis, protein bands with molecular weights of 27 kDa and 45 kDa reacting to antisera raised against 27 kDa and 45 kDa mycelial proteins of C. falcatum, respectively, were detected in protein samples from red rot infected canes. The high specific reactivity and sensitivity of the antisera indicate its potential suitability for ELISA-based detection of C. falcatum.


The study was conducted to examine the role of financial inclusion in economic growth basing on selected districts from western Uganda. The researchers adopted a cross-sectional survey design and both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in data collection and analysis. The study used simple random and purposive sampling techniques to select a total of 194 respondents. The findings revealed that financial inclusion is significant in supporting economic growth; it upholds equitable distribution of growth benefits, transforms peoples' way of living, enhances capital creation and empowers people to go for financial services that are germane to their needs. The study indicated that Uganda's population living below the poverty line is falling, which sounds precise in the context of national income but very unseemly in the context of household income. While there are indicators of reduced constraints to accessing to working capital, reduced constraints to accessing financial services, effective use of economic resources to produce goods and services, those in business do not see the efficacy by government agendas geared to supporting international trade or investment. The study, therefore, recommends that there is a need for the government to review and redesign her policies on international trade business and support for homegrown investments. There is a need for quantitative metrics to ascertain the extent to which household income is proportional to national income. Several papers have recommended government interventions in financial accessibility.


Abstract At the southern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand, we use salt marsh stratigraphy, sedimentology, micropaleontology, and radiocarbon dating to document evidence of two earthquakes producing coseismic subsidence and (in one case) a tsunami over the past 1000 yrs. The earthquake at 520–470 yrs before present (B.P.) produced 0.25±0.1  m of subsidence at Big Lagoon. The earthquake at 880–800 yrs B.P. produced 0.45±0.1  m of subsidence at Big Lagoon and was accompanied by a tsunami that inundated ≥360  m inland with a probable height of ≥3.3  m. Distinguishing the effects of upper plate faulting from plate interface earthquakes is a significant challenge at this margin. We use correlation with regional upper plate paleoearthquake chronologies and elastic dislocation modeling to determine that the most likely cause of the subsidence and tsunami events is subduction interface rupture, although the older event may have been a synchronous subduction interface and upper plate fault rupture. The southern Hikurangi margin has had no significant ( M >6.5) documented subduction interface earthquakes in historic times, and previous assumptions that this margin segment is prone to rupture in large to great earthquakes were based on seismic and geodetic evidence of strong contemporary plate coupling. This is the first geologic evidence to confirm that the southern Hikurangi margin ruptures in large earthquakes. The relatively short‐time interval between the two subduction earthquakes (∼350  yrs) is shorter than in current seismic‐hazard models. Online Material: Historical accounts, description of vertical deformation, core names, foraminifera census and abundance, diatom census, modern analog samples, map of cores collected, stratigraphic correlation diagram for all cores, and detailed core logs.


Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the issue of accessibility for persons with disabilities as an important element of sustainable development, taking into account the activities of the European Union (EU) in this area. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article is based on an approach according to which sustainable development focuses on the quality of life of a human being. The question arises how the EU refers to these problems in its internal and external policies. Therefore, after the analysis of the UN general documents on sustainable development and accessibility for persons with disabilities, the EU programmes, acts and concrete actions concerning these issues are presented and commented on. This legal analysis is supported by critical analysis of literature and available statistical data. Findings: Ensuring access to goods and services for persons with disabilities is vital for sustainable development as one of its main objectives is to improve the quality of life of all human beings. This issue is taken into account both in the UN and EU documents and is important for both economic and social sustainability. Practical implications: The results are of major importance to governments formulating their programmes on accessibility. They should consider the important role of accessibility within the scope of actions undertaken for social and economic development. Policy makers should also take into account the main challenges that ensuring access to goods and services for persons with disabilities poses in relation to architecture, transport, education, digitalisation, health, culture etc. Originality/value: The article is based on a critical analysis of documents and literature. As a result, it indicates strong and weak points in the implementation of accessibility goals in the frame of sustainable development policy. Moreover, the last part of the article presents solutions indispensable for ensuring access to goods and services for persons with disabilities, which may contribute to the development of good practices in this area.


Learn how to develop powerful data analytics applications quickly for SQL Server database administrators and developers. Organizations will be able to sift data and derive the business intelligence needed to drive business decisions and profit. The addition of R to SQL Server 2016 places a powerful analytical processor into an environment most developers are already comfortable with Visual Studio. This book walks even the newest of users through the creation process of a powerful R-language tool set for use in analyzing and reporting on your data. As a SQL Server database administrator or developer, it is sometimes difficult to stay on the bleeding edge of technology. Microsofts addition of R to SQL Server 2016 is sure to be a game-changer, and the language will certainly become an integral part of future releases. R is in fact widely used today in statistical and related applications, and its use is only growing. Beginning SQL Server R Services helps you jump on board this important trend by providing good examples with detailed explanations of the WHY and not just the HOW. Walks you through setup and installation of SQL Server R Services. Explains the basics of working with R Tools for Visual Studio. Provides a road map to successfully creating custom R code. What You Will LearnDiscover Rs role in the SQL Server 2016 hierarchy. Manage the components needed to run SQL Server R Services code. Run R-language analytics and queries inside the database. Create analytic solutions that run across multiple datasets. Gain in-depth knowledge of the R language itself. Implement custom SQL Server R Services solutions. Who This Book Is ForAny level of database administrator or developer, but specifically it's for those developers with the need to develop powerful data analytics applications quickly. Seasoned R developers will appreciate the book for its robust learning pattern, using visual aids in combination with properties explanations and scenarios. Beginning SQL Server R Services is the perfect new hire gift for new database developers in any organization.


In the near future, wireless sensor networks will become an integral part of our day-to-day life. To solve different sensor networking related issues, researchers have been putting various efforts and coming up with innovative ideas. Within the last few years, we have seen a steep growth of research works particularly on various sensor node organization issues. The objective of this book is to gather recent advancements in the fields of self-organizing wireless sensor networks as well as to provide the readers with the essential information about sensor networking.


OBJECTIVE
Spontaneous spinal CSF-venous fistulas are a distinct type of spinal CSF leak recently described in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Using digital subtraction myelography (DSM) with the patient in the prone position, the authors have been able to demonstrate such fistulas in about one-fifth of patients with SIH in whom conventional spinal imaging (MRI or CT myelography) showed no evidence for a CSF leak (i.e., the presence of extradural CSF). The authors compared findings of DSM with patients in the lateral decubitus position versus the prone position and now report a significantly increased yield of identifying spinal CSF-venous fistulas with this modification of their imaging protocol.

METHODS
The population consisted of 23 patients with SIH who underwent DSM in the lateral decubitus position and 26 patients with SIH who underwent DSM in the prone position. None of the patients had evidence of a CSF leak on conventional spinal imaging.

RESULTS
A CSF-venous fistula was demonstrated in 17 (74%) of the 23 patients who underwent DSM in the lateral decubitus position compared to 4 (15%) of the 26 patients who underwent DSM in the prone position (p < 0.0001). The mean age of these 16 women and 5 men was 52.5 years (range 36-66 years).

CONCLUSIONS
Among SIH patients in whom conventional spinal imaging showed no evidence of a CSF leak, DSM in the lateral decubitus position demonstrated a CSF-venous fistula in about three-fourths of patients compared to only 15% of patients when the DSM was performed in the prone position, an approximately five-fold increase in the detection rate. Spinal CSF-venous fistulas are not rare among patients with SIH.


1 Five Not Four: History and Significance of the Fifth Base (Douglas S Millar, Robin Holliday, and Geoffrey W Grigg).Summary.1.1 Historical Introduction.1.2 Sequencing 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) Residues in Genomic DNA.The Bisulfite Method.1.3 Gene Silencing.1.4 Development.1.5 Abnormal DNA Methylation in Cancer Cells.1.6 Nuclear Transfer.1.7 Aging.1.8 The Future.References.2 (Epi)genetic Signals: Towards a Human Genome Sequence of All Five Nucleotides (Walter Doerfler).Summary.2.1 A Linguistic Prologue.2.2 Towards the Complete Sequence of the Human Genome with Five Nucleotides.2.3 Patterns of DNA Methylation - the Scaffold for Building a Functional Genome.2.4 DNA Methylation Patterns in Segments of the Human Genome and in Viral Genomes.2.4.1 On Viral Genomes and Foreign DNA Integrates.2.4.2 DNA Methylation Patterns in the Human Genome.02.5 Ins ertions of Foreign DNA into Established Mammalian Genomes.2.6 De Novo Methylation of Integrated Foreign DNA.2.6.1 Ad12 Genomes in Hamster Tumor Cells.2.6.2 De Novo Methylation of Foreign DNA Integrated into the Mouse Genome by Homologous or Heterologous Recombination [23].2.7 Genome-wide Perturbations in the Mammalian Genome upon Foreign DNA Insertion.2.8 Outlook and Recommendations.References.3 Epi Meets Genomics: Technologies for Finding and Reading the 5th Base (Tim Hui-Ming Huang, Christoph Plass, Gangning Liang, and Peter W. Laird).Summary.13.1 The Development of 5th-Base Technologies.3.1.1 Unusual DNA-cutting Enzymes.3.1.2 A Unique Chemical Reaction that Modifies Methylated DNA.3.1.3 The Advance of 5th Base Technologies in Epigenomic Research.3.2 Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning (RLGS): Finding the 5th-base Signposts in the Genomic Atlas.3.2.1 Principle.3.2.2 How Does RLGS Work?3.2.3 Applications.3.3 Methylation-sensitive Arbitrarily Primed (AP) PCR: Fishing for the 5th Bases in Genomic Ponds.3.3.1 Principle.3.3.2 How Does MS AP-PCR Work?3.3.3 Applications.3.4 Differential Methylation Hybridization (DMH): Identifying the 5th Bases in the Genomic Crossword Puzzle.3.4.1 Principle.3.4.2 How Does DMH Work?3.4.3 Applications.3.5 MethyLight: Finding 5th-base Patterns in Genomic Shadows.3.5.1 Principle.3.5.2 How Does MethyLight Work?3.5.3 Applications.3.6 Exploring the Epigenome.References.4 Mammalian Epigenomics: Reprogramming the Genome for Development and Therapy (Wolf Reik and Wendy Dean).Summary.4.1 Introduction.4.2 DNA Methylation.4.3 Histone Modifications.4.4 Imprinting.4.5 Reprogramming and Cloning.4.6 Epimutations and Epigenetic Inheritance.4.7 Epigenomics: The Future.4.7 Conclusions.References.5 At the Controls: Genomic Imprinting and the Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression (Anne Ferguson-Smith).Summary.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Genomic Imprinting.5.2.1 The Role of DNA Methylation in Imprinted Gene Expression.5.2.3 Organization of Imprinted Genes.5.2.4 The Mechanism of Imprinting at the Mouse Igf2r Imprinted Domain Requires a Cis-acting Noncoding Antisense Transcript Regulated by DNA Methylation (Fig. 5.2a).5.2.5 Imprinting at the Mouse Distal Chromosome 7 Domain Is Regulated by at Least Two Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs) Acting on Different Sets of Genes (Fig. 5.2b & c).5.2.6 The Mechanisms of Imprinting at the PWS/AS Imprinted Domain (Fig. 5.2d).5.3 DNA Methylation and Chromatin.5.4 X Inactivation.5.5 Prospects and Patterns.References.6 Epigenetic Trouble: Human Diseases Caused by Epimutations (Jorn Walter and Martina Paulsen).Summary.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Mechanisms of DNA Methylation.6.3 Molecular Recognition of Methylation Patterns.6.4 Rett Syndrome.6.5 ICF Syndrome.6.6 ATR-X Syndrome.6.7 Fragile-X Syndrome.6.8 Imprinting Syndromes.References.7 Liver or Broccoli? Food's Lasting Effect on Genome Methylation (Michael Fenech).Summary.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Important Dietary Sources of Folate, Vitamin B12, Choline, and Methionine.7.3 Evidence from in Vitro Cultures for the Role of Folic Acid in Genomic Stability of Human Cells.7.4 Evidence from in Vivo Studies for the Role of Folate and Vitamin B12 in Genomic Stability of Human Cells.7.5 Environmental and Genetic Factors that Determine the Bioavailability of Folate and Vitamin B12.7.6 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Folate and Vitamin B12 Based on Genomic Stability.7.7 Conclusion.References.8 Living Longer: The Aging Epigenome (Jean-Pierre Issa).Summary.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Methylation as a Mark of Epigenetic Silencing.8.3 The Dogma: Formation of Methylation Patterns.8.4 The Reality: Age-related Methylation and Epigenetic Mosaicism in Normal Epithelium.8.5 The Consequences: Methylation and Age-related Diseases.8.6 The Bottom Line: Clinical Implications.References.9 Digitizing Molecular Diagnostics: Current and Future Applications of Epigenome Technology (Sven Olek, Sabine Maier, Klaus Olek, and Alexander Olek).Summary.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Molecular Diagnostics.9.2.1 Advantages of Methylation as a Diagnostic Parameter.9.2.2 Cancer Management.9.2.3 Methylation, the Environment, and Lifestyle Diseases.9.2.4 Disease Gene Discovery.9.3 Tissue Engineering.9.3.1 The Development of Tissue Engineering.9.3.2 Complex Result Assessment in Tissue Engineering: an Unmet Need...9.3.3 ...That May Be Met by DNA-methylation Technologies.9.4 Methylation Therapy.9.4.1 Methylation Therapy.9.5 Agriculture.9.6 Outlook.References.


Public sector entrepreneurship refers to innovative public policy initiatives that generate greater economic prosperity. These initiatives can transform a status quo economic environment into one that is more conducive to economic units engaging in creative and innovative activities in the face of uncertainty. Public Sector Entrepreneurship traces the historical development of the concepts of private and public sector entrepreneurship and their connection to the separate notions of risk and uncertainty. Based on a formal conceptualization of these notions, the book illustrates throughout public sector entrepreneurship in practice using examples from U.S. technology and innovation policy. Technology policy-policy to enhance the application of new knowledge, learned through science, to some known problem-and innovation policy-policy to enhance the commercialization of a technology-are quintessential examples of the public sector recognizing and exploiting opportunities to bring about change and efficiency. Using this concept of public sector entrepreneurship as the lens to view the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, the Stevenson-Wydler Act of 1980, the R&E Tax Credit of 1981, Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982, the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984, and the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 affords us the ability to find elements of commonality among these policies and to discuss their impact on the U.S. economy from the perspective of entrepreneurial action. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199313853/toc.html


ABSTRACT Limited research exists on the influence of top-ranked medical schools on students' speciality choice. We surveyed medical students (n = 468) at eight medical schools in the United States including two ranked in the top 10. Significance tests and logistic regressions were used to determine the relationship between school ranking and preferences for various speciality attributes. An analysis was conducted separately for students in lower (1st and 2nd) years versus higher (3rd and 4th) years of medical school. Among students in lower years, speciality preferences by students in top-ranked schools were less likely to be influenced by the length of training or work–life balance compared to students in non-top-ranked schools. Among higher year students, speciality preference of students in top-ranked schools was more likely to be influenced by prestige than their peers, with no difference in the influence of other factors. We also found evidence that students in top-ranked schools were less likely to be interested in primary care specialities, and this was more pronounced among those in higher years. Our findings suggest that top-ranked schools may influence speciality choice through both selection and education, and initiatives aimed at changing the emphasis on speciality prestige at top-ranked schools could increase primary care physician output.


This book chapter reviews the current state of play in writing and research on the nexus of fashion to film. It was commissioned for The Fashion Studies Handbook, co-edited by S. Black, A. de la Haye, J. Entwistle, A. Rocamora, R.A. Root and H. Thomas (London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 9780857851949, 2013: 166-82). For a long time, the relationship between fashion and film was overlooked or under-developed in fashion and film studies alike. Even though Oscars for costume design were introduced in 1948 for monochrome film and from 1952 for colour film, and BAFTA Nominations in 1964, many cinema critics, historians and theorists marginalised the idea of costume, tending to treat the stars in the films they analysed as if they were naked subjects. It is as if dress somehow is a distraction from dealing with the film's text and context. Professor Jane M. Gaines of Columbia University, in particular, has done much to illuminate and revise how we regard fashion in film/fashion and film, and her trenchant work on the costume designer Adrian constitutes an important methodological strand of this paper. While Gaines has been strategic in setting the bar for writing and research on the nexus of fashion to film, this is to not suggest that she was single-handedly responsible for doing so. Some of her work, for instance, is the result of a long-standing collaboration with Charlotte Herzog, viz. Fabrications: Costume and the Female Body (1990), an edited anthology of essays mostly about the role and representation of women in classic Hollywood cinema that embraces debates on the relationship of costume to narrative, the costume designer, body discipline, commerce and film, and visual pleasure. Similarly, she has been the lodestar for several other authors. Thus Stella Bruzzi's Undressing Cinema, clothing and identity in the movies (1997) deals with issues of gender, sexuality and race in British, American and European cinema, mostly after 1980; while in Fashioning the Nation, costume and identity in British Cinema (1996) Pam Cook explores the relationship of past to present, masquerade, and nationality and gender in Gainsborough costume drama of the 1940s and the designs of Elizabeth Haffenden. More recently, Marketa Uhlirova has curated the Fashion in Film Festival, whose focus in 2006, Stigma and Enigma, ranged across issues such as posing, fetishism and eroticism, while in 2008 its theme examined fashion and crime in cinema with If Looks Could Kill.
Although each of these writers argues her own agenda, there is a cluster of over-arching points that unites them in the way they approach costume in cinema. In The Production of Space (1974), Henri Lefebvre postulates a compelling dialectic on spatialisation and socialisation that involves everyday practices and perceptions (le percu), representations (le concu), and the relationship of embodied space and time (le vecu). His ideas have been highly influential to urban theory and psycho-geography, but I want to apply them here as a productive framework for co-ordinating the authors cited in this essay and to negotiate the relationship between fashion and film in terms of production and reproduction in several ways. Accordingly, on one level I want to deal with the dialectic of le percu, le concu and le vecu in film as a two-dimensional or metaphysical space, interrogating how dress plays a crucial part in mise-en-scene and narrative on the extra-diegetic level as described by Genette (1980: 228-31), that is to say how the actors and the costumes they wear function as story-tellers in and of the film text. While on another, I want to examine how Lefebvre's dialectic is manifested in the border-crossing from the two-dimensional space/time of the film to the three-dimensional social and temporal spaces of the cinema theatre (or as Breton put it in the First Surrealist Manifesto [1924], the darkened room as an arena for dreams) in regard to modes of spectatorship and audience involvement with extra-diegetic clothing, and of the developmental workplace and the retail environment, considering the creation of film costume as a matter of women's writing, and the way it spills over into consumption patterns.


A set of exposure factors that reflects the characteristics of individual behavior capable of influencing exposure is essential for risk and exposure assessment. In 2007, the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook was, therefore, issued, driven by the need to develop reliable exposure factors representing the Korean population. The purpose of this study was to overview the development process of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook and major recommended exposure values for the Korean population to allow information exchanges and comparison of recommended values among nations. The researchers reviewed the domestic data that could be used in the development of exposure factors, confirmed a knowledge gap, and set a priority of development by phases. A methodology to measure exposure factors was established to develop measuring techniques and test their validity. Data were processed or a survey was conducted according to the availability of data. The study thus produced recommended values for 24 exposure factors grouped by general exposure factors, food ingestion factors, and activity factors by setting up a database of exposure factors and carrying out statistical analysis. The study has significantly contributed to reducing the potential uncertainty of the risk and exposure assessment derived by the application of foreign data or research findings lacking representativeness or grounds by developing a set of exposure factors reflecting the characteristics of the Korean people. It will be necessary to conduct revisions in light of the changing statistical values of national data and the exposure factors based on Korean characteristics.


This paper concerns a swing-up control problem for a three-link gymnastic planar robot in a vertical plane with its first joint being passive (unactuated) and the rest being active (actuated). The objectives of this paper are to: (1) design a controller under which the robot can be brought into any arbitrarily small neighborhood of the upright equilibrium point, where all three links of the robot remain in their upright positions; and (2) attain a global analysis of the motion of the robot under the controller. To tailor the energy-based control approach to achieve the aforementioned objectives, first, this paper considers the links 2 and 3 as a virtually composite link, and proposes a coordinate transformation of the angles of active joints. Second, this paper constructs a novel Lyapunov function based on the transformation, and devises an energy-based swing-up controller. Third, this paper carries out a global analysis of the motion of the robot under the controller, and establishes some conditions on control parameters for achieving the swing-up control objective. To validate the theoretical results obtained, this paper provides simulation results for a three-link robot with its mechanical parameters being obtained from a human gymnast.


During the IPY 2007/08 the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) mapped with its new ski-equipped research aircraft POLAR 5 ice thickness and internal structure of the East Antarctic ice sheet between deep ice core drill sites using airborne radio-echo sounding (RES). By tracing six internal horizons it is possible to transfer age-depth scales from one drill site to another. This is of special interest for the section between the drill site Vostok and the proposed drill site the Dome A summit region.The closed RES profile between Vostok and Dome A shows a very undulated, rough bedrock. The ice thickness varies between 1528 m and 3868 m. Highly varying ice thickness and the steep bedrock hamper the tracking of internal horizons along the profile. However it was possible to trace six arbitrarily chosen horizons along the whole profile. The AWI profile has also crossover points at E 077.38°/S 80.36° E 077.44°/S 80.34 with a ground based RES profile surveyed by colleagues of the Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC) (pers. com. Xueyuan Tang, 2009).


Understanding consumer food choices is crucial to stimulate sustainable food consumption. Food choice motives are shown to be relevant in understanding consumer food choices. However, there is a focus on product motives, such as price and taste, whereas process motives (i.e. environmental welfare) are understudied. The current study aims to add to the existing literature by investigating the added value of sustainable process motives (environmental welfare, animal welfare and social justice) above product motives. Two on-line surveys of representative Dutch samples tested whether process motives increase the explained variance of sustainable consumption. The results indicate that sustainable process motives are of added value above product motives in the understanding of consumer food choices. In addition, product categories differ in the sustainable process motives that are most useful in explaining sustainable purchases in that category (Study 1), and different types of sustainable products (organic versus fair trade) differ in the sustainable process motives that are most useful in explaining these purchases (Study 2). In conclusion, this paper shows that understanding of sustainable consumption can be improved by considering sustainable process motives above product motives. Thereby, it is important to take the sustainability dimension (e.g., social justice versus environmental welfare) and the product category (e.g., meat versus fruit) into account.


ABSTRACT This paper argues that e-skills – capabilities associated with the use and development of digital technologies – enhance regions' ability to draw on existing know-how and create new industrial paths. The empirical analysis focuses on the relationship between e-skills and technological diversification for a panel of European regions in the period 2000–12. It constructs novel indices of regional e-skill endowment distinguishing between basic users, professional users and expert developers of information and communication technologies. The econometric results show that e-skills foster technological diversification dynamics in European regions, and that this effect is particularly strong for less-developed regions, and for low levels of relatedness.


PURPOSE
To characterize the roles of the cytoskeleton and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in steroid-induced glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) translocation in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells.

METHODS
Stably transfected red fluorescent protein (RFP)-GRα NTM5 cell lines were developed. Nuclear localization of RFP-GRα in NTM5 cells treated with vehicle (ethanol), dexamethasone (DEX), or RU486 was measured in cytosolic and nuclear fractions by western blotting and laser confocal microscopy. Cytochalasin D, colchicine, and 17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG, an HSP90 inhibitor), were tested for their abilities to affect GRα trafficking. Nuclear export of RFP-GRα was studied using confocal microscopy following DEX or RU486 removal.

RESULTS
NTM5 cells transfected with RFP-GRα showed a clear cytosolic localization of receptor that underwent nuclear localization after DEX treatment. RFP-GRα translocation was temperature sensitive, occurring at 37°C but not at room temperature. Neither cytochalasin D nor colchicine blocked DEX-induced or RU486-induced RFP-GRα nuclear translocation; however, 17AAG prevented DEX-induced RFP-GRα nuclear translocation. Both nuclear import and export of DEX-induced RFP-GRα were faster than RU-486-induced nuclear shuttling.

CONCLUSIONS
RFP-GRα receptor behaves similarly to the wild-type GRα with its cytosolic localization and shuttling to nucleus after DEX or RU486 treatment. HSP90 is required for nuclear translocation, but the disruption of cytoskeleton had no effect on nuclear translocation of RFP-GRα.


This is an unsettling time for those who support rigorous economic analysis in antitrust cases. Over the past four decades, numerous assumptions underlying the operation of free markets had developed to the point of being virtually unassailable. Rational profit-maximizing behavior on the part of many leads to optimal, self-sustaining equilibria. Markets self-correct, such that many (indeed most) distortions will be ephemeral. In cases of uncertainty, enforcers should err on the side of false negatives. Financial markets are efficient, which means that even large-scale entry in capital-intensive markets can safely be presumed where supracompetitive prices await. In short, the free market works. Certain of these assumptions now lie in ruins. For the antitrust proponent who has developed his thinking based on such principles, the global market meltdown poses an unprecedented predicament. Yet, when all the dust has settled, it is not clear what the objective lessons of the crisis will be for competition policy. The global recession certainly teaches that assumptions of efficiency are misplaced where systemic uncertainty pervades the marketplace. It questions the wisdom of a financial system that becomes concentrated to a point where the failure of one key player portends the catastrophic collapse of others. It reveals that macroeconomic fluctuations cannot be controlled by monetary policy alone. It begs fundamental questions about the role of regulation, not just in terms of scope, but in efficacy and global reach too. But, for all this, it does not say much about antitrust analysis. This point has been missed, and missed badly. Competition enforcers, politicians, and commentators are falling prey to an alluring, yet simplistic and myopic view. They posit that the economic dogma that ushered today's extraordinary global recession is inextricably linked to the tenets of price theory that inform antitrust doctrine. They are mistaken. This Article explores the normative repercussions of the global recession for competition policy, and explains that minimal readjustment is counseled under the rubric of economics. Nevertheless, past shifts in substantive policy have coincided with larger changes in political thinking. The crisis has undermined U.S. faith in the free market, which portends a dramatic deviation from the law's cautious approach to conduct of indeterminate long-run competitive effect. Such a shift is difficult to justify, but is surely inevitable.


Education, and particularly literacy, is often held up as a panacea for criminality and the key to prisoners' reinvented social mobility. Reformers, educators, administrators, and government-funded corporate surveys tell us that if prisoners are educated, their behaviors will change as they learn to "solve their problems" in constructive rather than destructive ways. While much is to be said for the value of education, learning to read and write according to institutionally authorized conventional modes of discourse does little to counter the systems of state-sponsored violence, near-permanent poverty, racism, and devastating economic inequity that propagate the prison industrial complex.
This essay will demonstrate how current applications of prisoner education contribute to a "Prison Literacy Complex" by assuming deficits in the prisoner and positing education as remediation or as therapy. Traditional top-down models of literacy and their "voices-in" pedagogies mask systemic privilege and stratification. Instead, I argue for a "voices-out" pedagogical reframing for community programs in prisons and jails that can further substantive, redistributive social change. By bringing silenced voices and counterhegemonic memories out from behind bars, community efforts can reveal inconsistencies in popular "truths" and inspire the historicized criticism necessary for sustained projects of abolition. While primarily addressed to educators and community organizers working inside, the theoretical reorientation is a broader call for rethinking and reteaching ideological inheritance and community participation.


A large number of dry caves scattered across the mountainous Santa Barbara backcountry, in south-central California, have yielded a unique collection of indigenous artefacts. The xeric environmental conditions in these caves have resulted in exceptional preservation of perishable materials; and the assemblage contains items such as wooden bullroarers, feather bands, deer bone whistles, basketry and curated plant materials. A significant proportion of this material appears to have been deposited in the colonial period (AD 1769 – late 19th century).

This region was occupied primarily by the indigenous Chumash people, semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers who were characterised by their complex political organisation, diverse subsistence base, and rich ceremonial tradition. Indigenous life was plunged into turmoil from AD 1769 when the Spanish missionisation programme heralded the start of the colonial period. Over the next hundred years Spanish, Mexican and Anglo-American colonisers dramatically changed the economic, political and ecological landscape of south-central California.

The majority of archaeological studies pertaining to the Chumash have focused on the prehistoric period. Most previous colonial-period studies have concentrated on the missions and closely adjacent indigenous sites where colonial influence was strongest. The study of cache caves and their artefacts provides a novel opportunity to explore indigenous practices during the turbulent colonial period within the more autonomous context of the Santa Barbara hinterland.

This thesis provides the first collation of all the data relating to cache cave sites and their associated artefacts in the Santa Barbara hinterland. This information has been used to provide a basic chronological and geographic framework, and in turn, to propose models for indigenous caching practices in the Santa Barbara hinterland. These caching models are explored in terms of value systems in order to consider processes of indigenous resistance and acculturation during the colonial period.


Despite its economic and social benefits, agriculture is now a leading source of water pollution in the United States. While significant research effort has attempted to understand adoption of conservation practices on agricultural lands, relatively little research has explored the operation of specific agri-environmental policies in the United States. This research attempts to gain an understanding of how differing agricultural and sociopolitical contexts across the United States influence attempted participation in national agricultural conservation programs. Application rates in the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) differ across the 50 states, indicating potentially important differences in state setting that influence behavior of individual farm operators. A variety of agricultural and sociopolitical measures were included in a fractional logit model to assess factors contributing to varying rates of application to EQIP. Significant explanatory variables included high sales farm prevalence, tenancy rates, and views on federal environmental spending. There also appears to be a large regional effect, with states in the Southeast, Mountain West, and Northeast having higher application rates than those in the Corn Belt. The results of this analysis indicate that certain types of farmers are more likely to seek participation in this large agricultural conservation program. Further research is needed to assess the role of government agencies (federal, state, and local) in influencing participation rates and what role individual political opinion may play in decisions related to federal cost share programs.


In 1910, al-Mahdi al-Wazzani, a prominent Moroccan Islamic scholar completed his massive compilation of Maliki fatwas. An eleven-volume set, it is the most extensive collection of fatwas written and published in the Arab Middle East during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Al-Wazzani's legal opinions addressed practical concerns and questions: What are the ethical and legal duties of Muslims residing under European rule? Is emigration from non-Muslim territory an absolute duty? Is it ethical for Muslim merchants to travel to Europe? Is it legal to consume European-manufactured goods? It was his expectation that these fatwas would help the Muslim community navigate the modern world. In considering al-Wazzani's work, this book explores the creative process of transforming Islamic law to guarantee the survival of a Muslim community in a changing world. It is the first study to treat Islamic revival and reform from discourses informed by the sociolegal concerns that shaped the daily lives of ordinary people. Etty Terem challenges conventional scholarship that presents Islamic tradition as inimical to modernity and, in so doing, provides a new framework for conceptualizing modern Islamic reform. Her innovative and insightful reorientation constructs the origins of modern Islam as firmly rooted in the messy complexity of everyday life.


This study employed a mixed methods approach aimed at developing and validating a set of scales to measure the classroom assessment literacy development of instructors. Four scales were developed (i.e. Classroom Assessment Knowledge, Innovative Methods, Grading Bias and Quality Procedure). The first scale was a multiple-choice test designed to measure the assessment knowledge base of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) tertiary instructors in Cambodia, whereas the latter three scales were constructed to examine their assessment-related personal beliefs (using a series of rating scale items). One hundred and eight instructors completed the classroom assessment knowledge test and the beliefs survey. Both classical and item response theory analyses indicated that each of these four scales had satisfactory measurement properties. To explore the relationship among the four measures of classroom assessment literacy, a one-factor congeneric model was tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results of the CFA indicated that a one-factor congeneric model served well as a measure of the single latent Classroom Assessment Literacy construct. In addition to the survey, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with six of the survey participants. The departments" assessment-related policies and their learning goals documents were also analysed. The qualitative phase of the study was used to further explore the assessment related knowledge of the instructors (in terms of knowledge and understanding of the concepts of validity and reliability) as well as their notions of an ideal assessment, their perceived assessment competence, and how this related to classroom assessment literacy. Overall, the results in both phases of the study highlighted that the instructors demonstrated limited classroom assessment literacy, which had a negative impact on their actual assessment implementation. Instructors" background characteristics were found to have an impact on their classroom assessment literacy. The findings had direct implications for assessment policy development in tertiary education settings as well as curriculum development for pre- and in-service teacher education programmes within developing countries.


Charles Marsh offers a reappraisal of Bonhoeffer's theology and attempts to reclaim his promise for contemporary theological inquiry. The hardcover edition of this book was the first serious scholarly treatment of Bonhoeffer in English in nearly twenty years. Marsh examines Bonhoeffer's work in the context of the German philosophical tradition from Kant to Heidegger, as well as its relationship to Karl Barth.


At present, there are no compounds in clinical development in the field of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that have been documented to harbor significant activity against the imatinib-resistant T315I mutation. Recent reports on the pre-clinical activity of some emerging tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as ON012380, VX-680 and PHA-739358 promise possible clinical efficacy against this specific Bcr-Abl mutant form. Here, we focus on the role of aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680 and PHA-739358 in blocking the leukemogenic pathways driven by wild-type and T315I-Bcr-Abl in CML or Ph+ ALL by reviewing recent research evidence. We also discuss the possibility of employing aurora kinase inhibitors as a promising new therapeutic approach in the treatment of CML and Ph+ ALL patients resistant to first and second generation TK inhibitors.


The introduction of biological therapies, particularly anti-TNF agents, has revolutionized the management of inflammatory bowel disease in those cases which are refractory to conventional treatment; however these drugs are not risk-free and their use has substantially increased the cost of treatment. As marketing protection expires for original, first-generation biopharmaceuticals, lower-cost "copies" of these drugs produced by competitor companies—referred to as biosimilars—are already entering the market. In September 2013, the European Medicines Agency approved two infliximab biosimilars for treatment of adult and paediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients, a decision based largely on efficacy and safety data generated in studies of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. For many clinicians, extrapolation practices and the general question of interchangeability between lcerative colitis biosimilars and reference biologics are cause for concern. In the present paper, the Italian Group for inflammatory bowel disease presents its statements on these issues, with emphasis on the peculiar clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease and the importance of providing physicians and patients with adequate information and guarantees on the safety and efficacy of these new drugs in the specific setting of inflammatory bowel disease. © 2014 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


The identity condition in ellipsis has received a great deal of attention in formal studies, one of the most prominent topics of inquiry being its precise nature. This paper contributes to this debate by examining a rather ignored equative (equality comparative) context where unexpected differential object marking is obligatory irrespective of its canonical features. The data come from Romance (taking Romanian as a representative sample) and one Indo-Aryan variety, namely Nepali. We show that such marking poses a challenge to most theories examining the precise nature of the identity condition in ellipsis and comparatives. The answer we propose follows mixed theories (Mártin González 2016); crucially, we also show that (some types of) Case identity can be reduced to the requirement of certain structures to manipulate arguments instead of predicates (oftype). Our remarks are relevant to licensing of arguments and identity conditions that go beyond ellipsis. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol24/iss1/13 When Differential Object Marking is Obligatory: Some Remarks on the Role of Case in Ellipsis and Comparatives Monica Alexandrina Irimia


This is the second in a series of occasional reviews of the literature on a timely topic. The first, on the critical conditions for successful innovation, appeared in RTM, March-April 1994, pp. 60-61. Technology management is Gijutsu Keiei or Gijutsu Kanri in Japanese. There are very few Japanese publications that directly discuss either term. There are, however, many articles on technology policy that reveal current thinking on technology management. Our review of recent articles and books reveals that current discussions of Japanese technology management are based on a keen realization by Japan's leaders that what made the country successful in the past is no longer applicable in today's harsh competitive reality. The 1994 Science and Technology White Paper contains the accepted explanation of drastic changes occurring in Japanese technology management (1). Its subtitle, "Japan in the World in Transition," reveals that Japan believes it is facing a turbulent global situation. Industrialized countries are exerting strong pressure in advanced technologies. Japan especially sees the strong re-emergence of the United States. Asian neighbors are strong competitors in low-end manufacturing and high-volume quality products which were traditionally the monopoly of Japanese industry. Internal pressures come from an aging population, disinterest of youth in science and technology, slow recovery from the bubble economy's collapse, and growing disenchantment of employees with overwork and increased job insecurity. Japan's technology managers are slowly developing strategies to cope with the situation. They have identified several key elements for economic recovery. These include R&D for innovative technologies, the development and dissemination of computer-based information technology, the transfer of manufacturing technologies and some developmental work to countries with low labor costs, and international cooperation in advanced R&D. The managers largely accept the notion that the shift of manufacturing and some critical technological activities overseas could result in the "hollowing-out" of domestic manufacturing activities, and cause increased unemployment. Yet they feel these shifts are inevitable for the survival of their industries and will bring benefits to Japan as well as the entire world in the long run. Insights from JATES One of the most valuable sources for assessing current trends in Japanese technology management is the magazine Gijutsu to Keizai (Technology and Economy), published by the Japan Techno-Economic Society (JATES) (2). JATES members include senior managers of major companies, high ranking government officials, and nationally-known university professors. They routinely conduct seminars entitled Gijutsu Keiei Kaigi (Technology Management Conference) to which they invite industry leaders and management specialists to present their views and participate in roundtable discussions. Topics covered in JATES technology management seminars shed light on the issues being discussed by Japanese technology managers. Recent topics have included technology transfer, creative R&D, technology hollowing-out, Omron's concept and strategies for company management for the 21st century, Japan-China joint venture companies, technology globalization, Siberian resources, the micron-size world opened by electron waves, UNIX-based operational and control systems, concurrent engineering and CALS, U.S.-Japan technology agreements, cooperation and competition, and intellectual property protection issues. One particular JATES publication worth reading is Made in Japan (3). Japanese technology managers believe that MIT's famous book, Made in America, played an important role in revitalizing the sagging U.S. economy and the inefficient manufacturing industries of the 1980s (4). Hoping to inspire their own technology managers, JATES published its own version entitled Made in Japan, edited by Prof. …


Environmental concerns comprising pollution and global warming are among the key
parameters that steer policy making actions regarding sustainability. Energy industry that
comprises energy generation, distribution, and transmission phases of energy loop is at the
core of these concerns and faces challenges. Due to handling capabilities, present electricity
grid is not robust enough to utilize desired level of renewable energy sources due to their
intermittent nature. On the other hand, emerging policies are targeting the increased
utilization of renewable energy sources. In the light of environmental policies and increased
stability requirements of the electricity grids, a new concept called "smart grid" emerges.
Smart grids are intended to eliminate the limitations of present electricity grids such as
offering increased handling capacity for renewable energy, increased interaction of the
consumers with the utilities, and increased supply and demand management. It is not easy to
express a solid smart grid definition as each party (energy generation, distribution, and
demand side management) has its own approach in line with the desires. Due to the potential
environmental benefits of smart grids, some governments engage smart grid projects to their
agenda. As solid smart grid definition does not exist, there is no available solid strategy for
smart grid implementations. On the other hand, it is well understood that failure in
deployment of smart grids (regardless of the technology) will have undesirable impacts on
growth of renewable energy generation, and failure in meeting EU carbon targets
consequently. This research seeks to develop a model that seeks optimization of smart grid
implementations, and it assists decision makers with deciding on the priory areas for smart
grid applicability. Stated areas in this case are neighbourhoods comprising of residential
buildings where considerable amount of energy is consumed. A set of criteria regarding to
residential energy use and renewable energy technologies, are defined in the study. Proposed
model is embedded in a GIS platform, and the main process carried out is a prioritization
mechanism that comprises Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geospatial computations
like clustering and regression analysis in order to evaluate the alternative neighbourhoods.
Proposed model optimizes smart grid projects by ranking of alternatives in terms of smart
grid applicability. Such an aid in optimizing smart grid projects has the potential to maintain
progress of smart grids in a timely manner.


Challenging behaviour often serves a communicative
function. It therefore stands to reason that the
residential staff working in developmental disability services require training to foster appropriate communicative interactions with adults with challenging behaviour.

Eighteen members of staff working in three residential
services participated in a 4 week communication
training programme. The programme focused on staff
attitudes to and beliefs about challenging behaviour,
communicative interactions between staff and residents
and working as a team. Objective measurements were
made of the effects of the training programme on staff
use of augmentative and alternative communication,
praise and use of inappropriate language in a multiple baseline design across three organizations. Changes in
the rate of challenging behaviours among the residents
were also evaluated.

As staff's use of AAC and praise increased, and
inappropriate language decreased, there was some concomitant decrease in residents' levels of challenging
behaviour; however, these results were not sustained in
the long-term.

This pilot data suggest that an approach to staff training based on modifying attitudes and beliefs is potentially beneficial to both staff and residents.


Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden (1911) suggests that acts of looking are seminal to the communication of ideals surrounding gender in the text. The acts of looking – which this paper refers to as the gaze – to which Mary Lennox introduces her cousin Colin Craven direct him toward a model of masculinity characterised by its emphasis on power but, in doing so, disempowers her in her agency in the story.


Experience following the Chernobyl accident in the CIS and the EU has clearly demonstrated that policies and strategies for long-term management of extensive contaminated areas must give due importance to social, cultural, ethical, environmental, economic and political factors beyond the sole radiological protection and health perspective. What is at stake in the long-term response to such a situation is the sustainable rehabilitation of living conditions in affected territories, in a context in which each person can actively contribute to his own protection. Preparing or developing rehabilitation of living conditions in a territory affected by long-lasting radioactive contamination is a broader issue of governance as it must address all affected dimensions and articulate the actions of the various concerned actors at the local, regional and national level. To respond to this challenge, a specific research project was implemented by Mutadis, CEPN, NRPA and AgroParisTech from April 2004 to June 2009 in the framework of the EURANOS integrated programme. The overall objective of this project was "to develop a strategic and methodological framework that can inform or assist national authorities in Europe in establishing arrangements for the long-term management and the sustainable rehabilitation of living conditions in extensive areas that may be contaminated as a result of an accident or malevolent act involving radioactive material" . The proposed framework describes a two-steps method allowing national and local authorities together with key stakeholders to establish arrangements and preparation strategies in the perspective of long-term management of a radiological event. It may also be used to develop rehabilitation strategies in countries affected by long-lasting radioactive contamination. This framework aims to set up favourable conditions for stakeholders (in particular local communities) to engage effectively and sustainably in the cooperative development of post-accident preparation or management strategies. The first step of the method aims to frame the issue and identify conditions for stakeholders to engage in rehabilitation preparedness or management strategies. The second step aims to develop a local-national cooperation platform gathering local and national, private and public actors to develop together preparation or management strategies.


In this work, the re-use of aluminum AA6061 chips and fly ash particles by solid-state processes (cryomilling, cold compaction and hot extrusion) is presented. The process was performed in following steps: comminuting of chips, cryomilling of comminuted chips, aluminum powders and fly ash particles, cold pressing-hot extrusion approach without sintering step. Comparative analysis of the recycled composites with fine and coarse granulated chips was focused on mechanical properties and correlated to microstructural features. The density and electrical conductivity of the recycled composites are lower than those of the unreinforced aluminum alloy due to the presence of fly ash particles. Regarding mechanical properties, the recycled composites with coarse granulated chips showed higher hardness and compressive strength than the recycled composites with fine granulated chips, but the compressive strength of the recycled composites with coarse granulated chips decreased with the increase of fly ash content.


We introduce a perturbative extension of the standard model featuring a new dark matter sector together with a 125 GeV Higgs. The new sector consists of a vector-like heavy electron E, a complex scalar electron S and a standard model singlet Dirac fermion \chi. The interactions among the dark matter candidate \chi and the standard model particles occur via loop-induced processes involving the operator SE\chi y, with y being the Yukawa-like coupling. The model is an explicit underlying realization of the light magnetic dark matter effective model introduced earlier to alleviate the tension among several direct dark matter search experiments. We further constrain the parameters of the underlying theory using results from the Large Hadron Collider. The extension can accommodate the recently observed properties of the Higgs-like state and leads to interesting predictions. Finally we show that the model's collider phenomenology and constraints nicely complement the ones coming from dark matter searches.


The extreme prevalence of energy poverty in several Member States of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) calls for urgent action. This paper shows how clean energy development can be made inclusive by involving low-income households as producers, employees, and business owners. From this perspective, it also analyses how ASEAN economies are stepping up clean energy ambitions and the implementation deficits. One imperative is (i) clean energy with positive externalities that are not factored in either the production or purchasing decisions of consumers. (ii) If non-clean energy companies or products generate negative externalities but no tax or disincentive is levied, then governments may either tax these firms or give incentives to clean energy producers. It concludes that ASEAN Member States need to link the clean energy paradigm and inclusive development policies as part of the Environmental Fiscal Reform to strengthen the foundations for the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.


The free radical copolymerization of 1,3-bis(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-2-propylmethacrylate dichloride (di-M) with acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Q), diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), and acrylamide (A) yielded novel polyelectrolytes and allowed for assessing the influence of the charge density and charge location on the monomer reactivity. Copolymerizing di-M and Q, two monomers with comparable chemical structure but differing by factor two in the number of charges, the reactivity of Q was higher than the reactivity of di-M. However, the difference diminished with increasing ionic strength. Despite 4-fold less cationic charge per monomer unit length, the reactivity of DADMAC was much lower than the reactivity of di-M. This clearly demonstrates the dominating influence of the location of the growing radical. The difference of the reactivity ratios for di-M/A was less than for di-M/Q. At low di-M fraction in the di-M/A monomer feed, di-M was even preferred. Decreasing intrinsic viscosity with increasing di-M fraction in the di-M/A monomer feed confirmed the electrostatic influence on the copolymer chain propagation. The counterion activity correlates well with the linear average charge density. However, deviation from theoretical values suggests the impact of the charge distribution.


ABSTRACT In this paper, intervention time series models were developed to examine the effectiveness of the voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) programme in the northern and southern sectors of Ghana. Pre-intervention data of HIV reported cases in the northern and southern sectors were first modelled as Box–Jenkins univariate time series. Second, the adopted models from the pre-intervention data were extended to include the intervention variable. The intervention variable was coded as zero for the pre-intervention period (1 January 1996–31 December 2002) and one for the post-intervention period (1 January 2003–31 December 2007). The models developed were applied to the entire data for the two sectors to estimate the effect of the VCT programme. Our findings indicate that the VCT programme was found to be associated with detection of 20 and 40 new HIV infections per 100,000 persons per month in the northern and southern sectors (p < .10), respectively. The VCT programme in Ghana, like most West African nations, has insignificant impact. Intervention time series models can be used to reliably examine the impact of the VCT programme. The impact of the VCT programme is minimal and we therefore recommend that the National AIDS Control Programme and other stakeholders re-double their efforts to maximise the impact of the programme.


OBJECTIVE
To characterize the functional neuroanatomy of late-life depression (LLD) by probing for both episodic and persistent alterations in the executive-control circuit of elderly adults.

DESIGN
Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected while participants performed an executive-control task.

SETTING
Participants were recruited through a depression-treatment study within the Pittsburgh, PA, Intervention Research Center for Late-Life Mood Disorders.

PARTICIPANTS
Thirteen nondepressed elderly comparison participants and 13 LLD patients.

INTERVENTION
The depressed patients underwent imaging before initiating and after completing 12 weeks of paroxetine.

MEASUREMENTS
Regional fMRI activity was assessed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dLPFC: BA9 and BA46 bilaterally) and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). Functional connectivity was assessed by correlating the fMRI time-series in the dLPFC and dACC.

RESULTS
Both depressed and comparison participants performed the task as expected, with greater response latency during high versus low-load trials. The response-latency load-effect did not differ between groups. In contrast to the null findings for behavioral data, pretreatment, depressed patients showed diminished activity in the dLPFC (BA46 left, t(25)=1.9, p = 0.035) and diminished functional connectivity between the dLPFC and dACC. Moreover, right dLPFC (BA46 right, t(25)=2.17, p < 0.02) showed increased activity after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
These results support a model of both episodic and persistent neurobiologic components of LLD. The altered functional connectivity,perhaps due to vascular damage to frontal white matter, appears to be persistent. Further, at least some of the prefrontal hypoactivity (in the right dLPFC) seems to be an episodic characteristic of acute depression amenable to treatment.


Only Utilising the Clinical Excellence Commission's Performance Indicators for Quality Use of Medicines Like other aspects of health care, Quality Use of Medicine (QUM) can be considered in terms of structures, processes and outcomes. These components of QUM can be measured with performance indicators. This poster describes the Clinical Excellence Commissions (CEC) new performance indicators and their use in a warfarin practice improvement project. Aim: To measure performance indicators in order to; Comprehensively audit warfarin therapy Benchmarking current practices Identify opportunities for practice improvement Measure practice change Method: Auditing structures, processes, and outcomes requires different tools and methods. For this project, the following tools were utilised; The CEC Medication Safety Self Assessment for Antithrombotic Therapy in Australian Hospitals tool (MSSA-AT) was selected to provide qualitative data on hospital structure, culture, systems, policies, procedures and activities. The CEC and NSW TAG Indicators for Quality Use of Medicines in Australian Hospitals were used to review processes. These indicators provided quantitative data regarding the impact and effectiveness of systems, policies and procedures. Indicators from Australia Council of Health Care Standards (ACHS) provided quantitative data related to patient outcomes. Results: Together, the tools provided a comprehensive evaluation of warfarin therapy at St Vincents Private Hospital. The MSSA-AT provided a baseline measure of performance, a benchmark of practices, and numerous areas for practice improvement. The CEC's process indicators provided a picture of current practices. This data, when benchmarked, identified strengths and opportunities and the ongoing measurement of these indicators will provide ongoing evidence of practice change. The ACHS outcomes date provided evidence that, although room for improvement, outcomes remained comparable with national data. Conclusion: Using performance indicators enabled a comprehensive review of clinical practice by providing information from a variety of sources about different aspects of therapy. This information can then facilitate the practice improvement process.


Mutations in parkin in Parkinson's disease or optineurin in ALS impair the same pathway of recognition and clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. Autophagy is a quality control pathway that degrades unnecessary or dysfunctional intracellular components through the activity of specialized lysosomes called autophagosomes. The clearance of damaged mitochondria (called mitophagy) is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin, which deposits ubiquitin on outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, thereby targeting the organelle for degradation. Impaired clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria is implicated in Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease that is linked to mutations in optineurin (OPTN), a protein that binds ubiquitin as well as the microtubule-associated protein LC3 on autophagosomes. Using live-cell imaging in HeLa cells, Wong and Holzbaur found that OPTN was critical for parkin-mediated mitophagy. In cells expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)–labeled parkin and treated with carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a mitochondrial-depolarizing (damaging) agent, endogenous OPTN surrounded mitochondrial fragments. Live-cell imaging of cells coexpressing YFP-parkin and green fluorescent protein (GFP)–labeled OPTN showed that CCCP induced first YFP-parkin then GFP-OPTN recruitment to mitochondria. Expression of a catalytically inactive parkin mutant (T240R) abolished the recruitment OPTN to mitochondria. The ALS-associated OPTN mutant has a point mutation (E478G) in its ubiquitin-binding domain. In HeLa cells expressing YFP-parkin and treated with CCCP, GFP-OPTNE478G was not recruited to the surface of damaged mitochondria, despite the recruitment of parkin. Knocking down OPTN inhibited the engulfment of damaged mitochondria by autophagosomes. Mitochondrial engulfment by autophagosomes was rescued by expression of wild-type OPTN but not by the ALS-associated UBAN mutant or by a mutant unable to bind LC3. Thus, two distinct neurodegenerative diseases may be caused by defects in mitophagy. Y. C. Wong, E. L. F. Holzbaur, Optineurin is an autophagy receptor for damaged mitochondria in parkin-mediated mitophagy that is disrupted by an ALS-linked mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, E4439–E4448 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Moderate or severe pain are important sources of complications as well as morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period after surgical procedures. Patient‐controlled analge‐ sia (PCA) is an effective strategy for postoperative analgesia, since it may provide suitable analgesic dose just after system activation, with reduced periods of pain and an increase in patients' satisfaction. Although intravenous and epidural routes are the typical approaches used for PCA, regional patient‐controlled analgesia has been shown to be an effective alter‐ native providing a higher standard of analgesia with lower incidence of adverse effects. New devices and routes of PCA administration (transdermal, sublingual, inhalation, and oral routes) have shown to be promising alternatives in clinical studies. Nowadays, there is still no consensus regarding which is the best route or drug used since clinical efficacy/safety depends on the complex comprehension of the drugs pharmacokinetic profile through dif‐ ferent routes of administration. Additionally, pharmacoeconomic studies are needed to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of these approaches.


External control of a genetic regulatory network is used for the purpose of avoiding undesirable states, such as those associated with disease. Heretofore, intervention has focused on finite-horizon control, i.e., control over a small number of stages. This paper considers the design of optimal infinite-horizon control for probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs). The stationary policy obtained is independent of time and dependent on the current state. The average-cost-per-stage problem formulation is used to generate the stationary policy for a PBN constructed from melanoma gene-expression data. The results show that the stationary policiy obtained is capable of shifting the probability mass of the stationary distribution from undesirable states to desirable ones.


Nmap Network Scanning is the official guide to the Nmap Security Scanner, a free and open source utility used by millions of people for network discovery, administration, and security auditing. From explaining port scanning basics for novices to detailing low-level packet crafting methods used by advanced hackers, this book suits all levels of security and networking professionals. A 42-page reference guide documents every Nmap feature and option, while the rest of the book demonstrates how to apply those features to quickly solve real-world tasks. Examples and diagrams show actual communication on the wire. Topics include subverting firewalls and intrusion detection systems, optimizing Nmap performance, and automating common networking tasks with the Nmap Scripting Engine. Hints and instructions are provided for common uses such as taking network inventory, penetration testing, detecting rogue wireless access points, and quashing network worm outbreaks. Nmap runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. Nmap's original author, Gordon "Fyodor" Lyon, wrote this book to share everything he has learned about network scanning during more than 11 years of Nmap development. Visit http://nmap.org/book for more information and sample chapters.


Novel methods to analyze NMR signals dominated by dipolar interaction are applied to the study of slow relaxation motions in polybutadiene approaching its glass transition temperature. The analysis is based on a recently developed model where the time dependence in an ensemble of dipolar interacting spin pairs is described without resorting to the Anderson-Weiss approximation. The ability to catch relevant features of the $\alpha$ relaxation process is emphasized. In particular, it is shown that the temperature profile of the Magic Sandwich Echo efficiency carries information on the frequency profile of the $\alpha$-process. The analysis is corroborated by the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is an examination of the literature on team boundary activity to trace how team boundary activity has evolved as a construct and examine the dimensions of team boundary activity and their relationships. It highlights the need for a deeper examination of the dimensions of buffering and reinforcement, and why buffering and reinforcement are required. It presents the case of why it is important to study this topic and maps out areas for future research.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews conceptual and empirical papers published on team boundary activity in reputed journals between the years 1984 and 2016.

Findings

The focus of research in team boundary activity has been on external interactions of the team (boundary spanning), and very few papers have studied the activities through which the team defines and defends its borders (boundary strengthening). These boundary-strengthening activities can be equally important for innovation and learning in externally dependent teams. Further, there is a need to clearly distinguish these constructs from other variables like team identification. Another area that has here-to not been researched is the relationships between the dimensions of team boundary activity. Last, there is a need to consider a wider range of antecedents, outcomes and moderators of team boundary activity.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is based on past empirical and conceptual papers, identified using search terms such as team boundary activity, team boundary spanning and external communication. Other related areas can also be explored for identifying variables of interest.

Originality/value

As opposed to previous reviews which focused mainly on team boundary spanning, this paper considers all dimensions of team boundary activity, with special focus on buffering and reinforcement. It proposes a 2 × 2 framework to explain the effect of boundary-spanning and boundary-strengthening activities on the achievement of team objectives. It examines the cyclical nature of relationship between team boundary activity and team performance. It highlights measurement issues in the area of team boundary activity.


Most of us hear only bad things about the blood supply in the United States. We are told that the supply is chronically low, that most people won't donate, that we depend too much on paid and possibly unsafe donors, and that many other countries have more generous people and better blood supplies."The American Blood Supply "examines these and other claims and, after a realistic consideration of the facts, its conclusions are "short on scandal and long on praise." The authors find that the blood collection agencies and the present number of blood donors (more than half the people eligible to donate whole blood, they estimate, have done so at least once) are producing efficiently, for most purposes and situations, a sufficient supply of blood components and blood-based pharmaceuticals. American plasma collections are adequate both to meet internal needs and to provide for considerable export.The book covers alternative blood collection ideologies, blood safety and disease transmission considerations, the nonprofit organizations that collect almost the entire whole blood supply, the pharmaceutical industry that collects and processes plasma (most of it from paid plasmapheresis donors), public attitudes and participation in the blood supply, comparisons with practices in other countries, and identification of important unresolved problem areas. The authors' concerns for the future of the blood supply include the governance and performance of regional blood supply monopolies and the integrity of blood collection messages delivered to the public.The three authors are faculty members at MIT. Alvin Drake's background is in operations research on the delivery of public services, Stan Finkelstein is a physician interested in medical innovation, and Harvey Sapolsky is a political scientist specializing in public organizations. This book is the fifth in the series Health and Public Policy, edited by Jeffrey Harris.


The use of plastics has a very important role in the packaging of medical products. The choice of material and packaging process is important for the sustainability of the medical product quality, which has a direct impact on the user health. For the purpose of protection, depending on the type of medical product or the degree of risk to human health, the medical product packaging process is given a particular importance. Standard methods have been defined for performing the packaging process. In order to achieve the satisfactory quality of the packaging, and following the experimental analysis of the influence of thermoforming process parameters on the packaging design, the paper provides their optimum values. Minitab software was used for the analysis and optimization of the parameters.


The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari in South Dakota v. Wayfair, a case questioning the ongoing validity of the Court's 1992 decision in Quill Corporation v. North Dakota. The particular question presented in the cert petition was whether Quill's physical-presence rule should be overruled, but resolution of that question will force the Court to confront its approach to the dormant Commerce Clause more generally. This is an issue that has not yet been addressed in the literature. Tax scholars have critiqued the physical-presence rule for decades, but have not addressed the question of what the Court would do post-Quill or how that question relates to, or would be influenced by, the Court's non-tax dormant Commerce Clause doctrine.
This essay takes on that task and evaluates the potential options for the Court if it were to reverse Quill. It concludes that the best approach for the Court post-Quill would be to completely eliminate any special nexus requirement under the dormant Commerce Clause. That approach might seem drastic, but it is the option that would best balance the Court's interests in protecting our common national market and state autonomy while limiting its own role as an arbiter of the complex economic and political interests involved in balancing those two divergent goals.


With the advent of the recently available Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) L6D and L6E correction signals, its use in the Asia-Pacific region has become a reality [1,2]. In the same way, the BeiDou III satellites are broadcasting the B2b signal, carrying orbit, clock, differential code biases (DCBs), and ionosphere refraction corrections valid also for the Asia-Pacific region [3]. In this paper, a new frontier is being explored by Allystar with the multi-band, low cost and ultra-low power HD9310 GNSS chip and the proprietary Cynosure III technology. This chip, consuming less than 170 mW of power under nominal conditions, is capable of tracking all GNSS constellations and the majority of signals broadcast by GNSS satellites within 40 simultaneous channels. Allystar's mass-manufacturing capabilities, make this solution immediately available and suitable for the most efficiency-demanding applications.

Even with the low power characteristics of this chip, both QZSS L6 and BeiDou B2b signals can be successfully tracked and decoded with sufficient latency to be applied in real-time positioning by the HD9310 chip. In this context, this paper explores the messaging decoding accuracy and latency of both L6 and B2b signals under different conditions using the Allystar HD9310 chip. Once signals are received by the receiver, the transmitting satellite azimuth, elevation and signal strengths are recorded and correlated with the parity-check success rate of the LD/E and B2b received messages over time.

Considering the QZSS L6D signal, as an example, each frame of the stream contains 2000 bits that must be correctly registered by the receiver. The Reed-Solomon encoding, applied in error correction and parity checking, is traditionally used in low, medium, and geostationary orbit communication, as well as deep-space communications. Albeit an already traditional and proven encoding algorithm, its application in very low power platforms is still a challenge. The BeiDou B2b signal, on the other hand, has a frame size of 1000 symbols, and the parity check is based on a low-density parity check (LDPC) algorithm. Presenting the same challenges as the L6D messages, the B2b frames transmit orbits, clocks, DCBs, and ionosphere refraction corrections that can also be used by the HD9310 chip in real-time.

In order to assess and showcase the capabilities of the HD9310 chip to decode and utilize such signals, several datasets are taken in consideration ranging from static open-sky data to challenging kinematic datasets. Since the message streams considered hereafter have more bandwidth that regular RTCM orbits and clocks, proper error code handling and parity checks are paramount, and must be especially crafted for computationally constrained modules with low power consumption. This paper shows the potential of the Allystar HD9310 chip to be applied in mass-market applications for a low-cost, without compromising accuracy, reliability and power.

REFERENCES

1. Harima, K., Choy, S., Wakabayashi, Y., Kogure, S., Rizos, C., "Transmission of Augmentation Messages for Precise Point Positioning Utilizing Japanese QZSS LEX Signal," Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Tampa, Florida, September 2014, pp. 2467-2477.

2. Motooka, N., Hirokawa, R., Nakakuki, K., Fujita, S., Miya, M., Sato, Y., "CLASLIB: An Open-source Toolkit for Low-cost high-precision PPP-RTK Positioning," Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, Florida, September 2019, pp. 3695-3707.

3. Yang Y, Gao W, Guo S,Mao Y, Yang Y. Introduction to BeiDou?3navigation satellite system. NAVIGATION.2019; 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.291


The patterns and causes of variation in recruitment are widely acknowledged as major determinants of the spatial structure of coral reef communities, both for corals and reef-associated fishes. Atolls and isolated platform reefs often form discrete adult populations and management units for reef organisms.

Recruitment to such reefs as a whole and spatial variation at the scale of whole reefs is, however, poorly understood. In addition, concomitant patterns in the recruitment of both corals and fishes have never been investigated. This study examined patterns of variation in coral and fish recruitment around a platform reef on the southern Great Barrier Reef (One Tree Reef) over three years. Using both descriptive and experimental approaches, it examined the roles of hydrodynamic processes and the composition of benthic assemblages as potential causes of recruitment variation across the reef. The aims were to detect persistent "recruitment hotspots" that may be vital to the replenishment and management of reef isolates, and to develop an understanding of why recruitment hotspots occur where they do.

Variation in hydrodynamic regimes in the boundary layer and in the free-stream flow around One Tree Reef was investigated to determine potential differences in larval supply to different areas around the reef. Plaster dissolution was used to assess net water movement on a hierarchy of scales: among locations one to three kilometres apart, among sites within one kilometre of each other and within metres at each site. In the boundary layer, the greatest amount of variation in water movement (69 %) was found within metres at sites, thus precluding comparisons among sites or among locations. In the free-stream, the greatest amount of variation (73 %) was attributable to differences 4 among sites. Relative ranks of sites according to water movement were consistent when measured at different times, although variability in wind direction affected locations. In the free-stream, mean water movement was 1.5 to 1.8 times greater at some sites compared with others. For flow in the free-stream, variability in water movement among sites could significantly affect cumulative larval supply and subsequent recruitment to assemblages in different areas. When larvae enter the boundary layer they are, however, also likely to be influenced by patterns of flow that are probably determined by small-scale (centimetres to metres) topography.

Patterns of variation in the composition of benthic coral reef assemblages around a reef were investigated to determine whether they persisted over time, and whether they were related to variation in net water movement. Benthic assemblage structure is known to influence recruitment patterns for coral and fish larvae, therefore, significant and predictable variation in the benthic composition among sites, and relationships between assemblages and water movement, could influence spatial patterns of recruitment at this scale. Two different types of sampling units were used to assess the benthic composition of coral reef assemblages: transects sampled the substratum under points spaced along 50 metres of the reef margin, while quadrats sampled the substratum under points located within a 1 m2 area. The relative compositions of benthic assemblages were variable among sites, but patterns of relative variation persisted over two to three years using both types of sampling unit. The nature of linear relationships between benthic composition and net water flow, however, differed between sampling units. In quadrats the multivariate composition of coral assemblages was significantly linearly correlated with water flow, however, in transects only the percent cover of some particular benthic categories were linearly correlated with water flow. Nevertheless, overall patterns in the benthic composition of assemblages around One Tree Reef were relatively consistent over the length of the study period, related to patterns of water flow, and together defined stable characteristics of sites likely to be important to the recruitment of reef corals and fishes.

Variation in recruitment of scleractinian corals and potential associations with net water flow, adult abundance and settlement substrata were examined around One Tree Reef.

Although overall recruitment rates were very low compared to other studies of recruitment on the Great Barrier Reef, particular sites, both on the reef slope and in the lagoon, had consistently higher recruitment. These 'recruitment hotspots' (two or greater recruits per tile on average for two or more deployment periods) were, however, at different sites for different coral families. Variation in recruitment of pocilloporids and poritids, but not acroporids, was related to the percentage cover of adult colonies at each site. Recruitment hotspots were more common at sites with medium levels of water flow in the lagoon (4.6 cms-1), but there were no clear relationships on the slope. In contrast, in experimental aquaria, Acropora nasuta settlement was six to ten times greater under low water flow speeds (2.1 cms-1), compared to medium water flow speeds. This indicated that recruitment hotspots in the field might be more related to larval supply than to larval selection for medium flow sites. Differences in patterns of recruitment among taxa may have also been due to brooding and spawning life history strategies.

Identifying congruent recruitment hotspots for reef corals and fishes and their causes, represents a potentially powerful tool for understanding reef-wide persistence and resilience, and prioritizing management areas within reefs. Spatial variation in recruitment around a reef was monitored for three species of planktivorous coral-dwelling fishes, Pomcentrus moluccensis, Chromis viridis and Dascyllus aruanus and relationships with net water flow and benthic composition were examined. As for coral taxa, for all species there were 'recruitment hotspots', where recruitment was two to three orders of magnitude (10's to 100's of fish per 100 m2) greater than at other sites (less than 1 fish per 100 m2). One site was a recruitment hotspot for all three species, but other sites were recruitment hotspots for just one or two species. Deterministic factors contributing to consistent patterns at this scale included positive relationships with the abundance of recruit microhabitats for P. moluccensis and C. viridis, and relationships with net water flow, though the nature of relationships with water flow differed between species, and also between the lagoon and slope environments. There was no clear relationship between recruitment and net water flow for D. aruanus, and recruitment was greatest at sites in the lagoon where the coral microhabitats to which this species recruited were intermediate in abundance. Relationships between recruiting fish and microhabitats may have been confounded by interactions between net water flow and microhabitats. Flow variation not only affected the abundances of coral taxa but also their morphology. Lower flows produced coral colonies with a wider branching morphology that were preferred by recruits. Nevertheless, recruitment hotspots for coral reef fishes were clear and could be predicted using a combination of hydrodynamic and benthic influences and their synergistic relationships.
In summary, patterns of spatial variability in hydrodynamics and benthic composition around a reef persisted over time and were two factors that influenced recruitment patterns in reef corals and fishes. 'Recruitment hotspots' were identifiable for all three coral families, and all three fish species, although these sites were not the same for all taxa, reflecting differences in their relationships with hydrodynamics and benthic composition. Interestingly, relationships between patterns of recruitment, hydrodynamics and benthic composition varied not only among taxa, but also between lagoon and slope environments for individual taxa. Sites in the lagoon and on the slope that were recruitment hotspots for more than one taxon were, however, clustered in one area on the leeward side of the reef, and may have related to patterns of larval accumulation at a larger scale. Although there is a general consensus among coral reef ecologists that recruitment is variable, this study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that predictable and persistent recruitment hotspots occur around coral reefs.

This variation should be taken into account in the selection of sites for ecological research and for reef management.


Shopping in Ancient Rome provides the first comprehensive account of the retail network of this ancient city, an area of commerce that has been largely neglected in previous studies. Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of which were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of Rome in the late Republic and the Principate. In this volume Holleran provides the first systematic account of Rome's retail sector through a comprehensive analysis of the literary, legal, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence together with wide-ranging and innovative comparative studies of the distributive trades. Investigating the diverse means by which goods were sold to consumers in the city, and the critical relationship between retail and broader environmental factors, Holleran places Roman retail trade firmly within the wider context of its urban economy. In considering the roles played by shops, workshops, markets, fairs, auctions, street sellers, and ambulant vendors in the distribution of goods to the inhabitants of the city, the volume sheds new light on the experience of living in the ancient city and explores the retail trade of Rome in its totality.


Cold Thermoelectrics Thermoelectric effects—such as the creation of a voltage drop in response to a thermal gradient (known as the Seebeck effect)—can be used for a number of applications, including converting wasted heat into power. However, especially in solids that exhibit electronic interactions, this type of behavior is not well understood. Brantut et al. (p. 713, published online 24 October; see the Perspective by Heikkilä) studied the Seebeck effect in the very controllable setting of cold atomic gases. Two initially identical reservoirs of 6Li atoms were connected using a quasi–two-dimensional channel, and the particle current after heating one of the reservoirs was measured. The atoms moved from the warmer to the cooler reservoir, the extent of which fit with theoretical predictions as the disorder in the channel and its geometry were varied. A flow of particles in response to a thermal gradient is observed in a channel connecting two reservoirs of 6Li atoms. [Also see Perspective by Heikkilä] Thermoelectric effects, such as the generation of a particle current by a temperature gradient, have their origin in a reversible coupling between heat and particle flows. These effects are fundamental probes for materials and have applications to cooling and power generation. Here, we demonstrate thermoelectricity in a fermionic cold atoms channel in the ballistic and diffusive regimes, connected to two reservoirs. We show that the magnitude of the effect and the efficiency of energy conversion can be optimized by controlling the geometry or disorder strength. Our observations are in quantitative agreement with a theoretical model based on the Landauer-Büttiker formalism. Our device provides a controllable model system to explore mechanisms of energy conversion and realizes a cold atom–based heat engine.