Summary
Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most important diseases of pine. Although its notoriety stems from Southern Hemisphere epidemics in Pinus radiata plantations, the disease has increased in prevalence and severity in areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, during the last two decades. This increase has largely been attributed to expanded planting of susceptible hosts, anthropogenic dispersal of the causative pathogens and changes in climate conducive to disease development. The last comprehensive review of DNB was published in 2004, with updates on geographic distribution and host species in 2009. Importantly, the recognition that two species, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, cause DNB emerged only relatively recently in 2004. These two species are morphologically very similar, and DNA-based techniques are needed to distinguish between them. Consequently, many records of host species affected or geographic location of DNB prior to 2004 are inconclusive or even misleading. The objectives of this review were (i) to provide a new database in which detailed records of DNB from 62 countries are collated; (ii) to chart the current global distribution of D. septosporum and D. pini; (iii) to list all known host species and to consider their susceptibility globally; (iv) to collate the published results of provenance trials; and (v) to consider the effects of site factors on disease incidence and severity. The review shows that DNB occurs in 76 countries, with D. septosporum confirmed to occur in 44 and D. pini in 13. There are now 109 documented Pinaceae host taxa for Dothistroma species, spanning six genera (Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga), with Pinus being the dominant host genus, accounting for 95 host taxa. The relative susceptibilities of these hosts to Dothistroma species are reported, providing a resource to inform species choice in forest planting. Country records show that most DNB outbreaks in Europe occur on Pinus nigra and its subspecies. It is anticipated that the collaborative work described in this review will both underpin a broader global research strategy to manage DNB in the future and provide a model for the study of other forest pathogens.


Various programs on sustainable forest-soil-water management have been developed and occasionally conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, and Ministry of Public Works under various programs. Unfortunately, the achievement of such programs were not satisfactorily. Currently, there exist 2 intersectoral initiatives called the National Movement for Water Conservation Partnership (NMWCP) that focused on water conservation and Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) that focused on emission reduction of greenhouse gasses through reducing deforestation and forest and land degradation. Both programs could be closely linked to carbon trade mechanism as a potential of gaining international financial supports. In principal and function-wise, the 2 programs were not distinct, particularly with regard to managing deforestation, forest degradation, forest-land-water conservation, and community empowerment/stakeholders. In principle, water conservation is inherent with forest function. In the other side, Papua is a vast region dominated by mountainous area comprises of many watersheds. In this regards, the need of having an Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) is inevitable. Therefore, collaboration between the 2 inter-sectoral programs could be the best solution for Papua. Through collaboration scheme, it would be possible to involve wider stakeholders and have more potential of generating international financial supports to carry out a more effective and efficient management of forest, land, and water.


Ab s t r Ac t Aim: To find the correlation of maternal and perinatal outcome with a single abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) value and with at least two abnormal values, in women with gestational diabetes diagnosed as per International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational study. Women diagnosed with gestational diabetes as per IADPSG criteria were divided into four groups with a single abnormal value (fasting/one hour/two hour) and at least two abnormal values. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between the groups using Chi-squared test. Results: Among 392 women with gestational diabetes, 146 (37.2%), 44 (11.2%), 50 (12.8%) had fasting value, 1-hour value and 2-hour value abnormal, respectively, and 152 (38.8%) had at least two values abnormal. Women with risk factors for gestational diabetes had at least two abnormal values followed by the fasting abnormal group. Requirement of oral hypoglycemics and/or insulin was in 42/152 (27.6%) and 14/152 (9.2%), respectively, in the groups with at least two values deranged, 34/146 (23.3%) and 6/146 (4.1%) in the fasting abnormal group, which are higher compared to other groups (p = 0.01). Recurrent urinary infection (28%) and polyhydramnios/macrosomia (38%) were significantly in the group with at least two abnormal values. Preterm labor/PROM was more with groups with fasting hyperglycemia (37%) and 2nd hour glucose abnormality (36%). Conclusion: Though more than two abnormal GTT values and fasting hyperglycemia were higher in high risk women who also required antiglycemic medications, the maternal and perinatal outcome was not specifically associated with any of the abnormal GTT value individually. Clinical significance: The study may have a role in decision-making regarding the screening and diagnostic strategies of gestational diabetes to be adopted in the Indian setting.


This paper is intended to open up discussion on potential co-operation, which would enable participants restricted by unequal resources and technologies to participate in a pan-European project. The idea has not yet been fully developed but the purpose of the project is to allow digital maps to function not only as geographic resources and educational tools, but to act simultaneously as an interface to metadata-databases. These would contain de-scriptions of maps and spatial databases, as well as locational or geo-referenced resources in books, periodicals, and the Internet.


Introduction: Acquired tracheomalacia could develop to Trachoeoesophageal Fistula (TEF) by the damage of tracheal and oesophageal wall secondary to the long term endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes. Most of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients they need mechanical ventilation support with tracheostomy and commonly experience inappropriate management of tracheostomy tube, leading to complications like tracheomalacia, TEF. Strategies for the TEF management are controversial, but several operations have been preceded. We report a successful case of the novel approach of management for the tracheomalacia with inoperable TEF in ALS patient.
Case presentation: A 62-year-old Asian male patient had tracheostomy after diagnosis of ALS and was supported by 24hrs of mechanical ventilator since 2011. He was diagnosed as tracheomalacia with TEF 2 years later and had primary closure and muscular rotation flap on oesophageal and tracheal defect. Nonetheless, he was diagnosed as the recurrent tracheomalacia with TEF 10 months after the operation. As, the condition of trachea was not enough to endure re-operation, we tried an non-surgical approach using a Amplatzer Vascular Plug II (AVP II, St. Jude Medical, Plymouth, Minnesota, USA) for the TEF closure instead of operation and successfully managed recurred TEF without any complication.
Conclusions: We report a rare care of inoperable recurrent TEF in ALS patient. As recurrent TEF after previous operation should be considered more carefully, using a vascular plug for the management of recurrent inoperable TEF can be considered as treatment of choice especially for the patients who are under vulnerable conditions.


Threshold concept framework: A threshold concept can be considered as akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking about something. It represents a transformed way of understanding, or interpreting, or viewing something without which the learner cannot progress. As a consequence of comprehending a threshold concept there may thus be a transformed internal view of subject matter, subject landscape, or even worldview (Meyer and Land, 2003). Threshold concepts have been explored in many disciplines (Bradbeer, 2006) and may have a key role for the transformation of the students? learning experience (Cousin, 2006). Since open education has implications for innovation and change (Peter and Deimann, 2013), we suggest exploring it as a threshold concept.

There are five main attributes defined originally by Meyer and Land (2003) and three more have also been listed stemming from comments made by the authors (UCL, 2013): transformative, troublesome, irreversible, integrative, bounded, discursive, reconstitutive and liminal.

Openness as a threshold concept:

1. Transformative - Is openness transformative for students involved in open educational practices?

2. Troublesome - What difficulties do students face when being involved in open educational practices?

3. Irreversible - How do students? perceptions change when being involved in open educational practices? How do these changes impact visions of their own future professional careers?

4. Liminality - How can the progressive change towards the open movement be scaffolded? How can feedback help in the construction of authentic open educational practices?

5. Discursive - What kind of narrative do students involved in open educational practices develop? Does it reflect authentic construction of the open movement understanding?

This is the theoretical framework for future research about openness as a threshold concept. More research is needed to obtain data that would throw light on how to address each particular attribute. This is an open call to those interested in going further in this line of research.


Regulation of vaccinia viral infection was studied using three animal cell lines: KRC-7 (rat hepatoma), L929 (mouse fibroblast), and CV-1 (African green monkey kidney). KRC-7 is highly enriched in p67, a glycoprotein which protects eIF-2 alpha-subunit from phosphorylation by eIF-2 kinases. We report: (i) At 5 pfu per cell of the virus, KRC-7 is resistant to the virus. Other cells are sensitive. At 25 pfu per cell of the virus, KRC-7 is also sensitive to the virus. After productive viral infection, the cell extracts showed strong p67-DG activity and actively deglycosylated exogenous p67. After p67-deglycosylation, the cell extracts also phosphorylated eIF-2. (ii) The rate of synthesis of a major host protein (approximately 45 kDa) in infected L929 cells measured after 2 h of viral infection declined more than 50%. The rate declined thereafter. The rate of synthesis of host proteins in viral-resistant KRC-7 cells (infected with 5 pfu per cell of the virus) remained unchanged. The mechanism of resistance of KRC7 cells to vacinia virus at 5 pfu per cell of the virus was investigated. The p67 level in these cells was varied by growing the cells under different physiological conditions such as serum starvation and expression of p67-sense and p67-antisense DNA. At low p67 level in the cells, p67-DG is activated. This deglycosylates p67 and inactivates p67. This accompanies eIF-2 phosphorylation and shutoff of host protein synthesis. At high p67 level in the cells, activation of p67-DG is prevented. This prevents shut-off of host protein synthesis and viral growth.


The temperature‐sensitive yeast DNA primase mutant pri1‐M4 fails to execute an early step of DNA replication and exhibits a dominant, allele‐specific sensitivity to DNA‐damaging agents. pri1‐M4 is defective in slowing down the rate of S phase progression and partially delaying the G1–S transition in response to DNA damage. Conversely, the G2 DNA damage response and the S–M checkpoint coupling completion of DNA replication to mitosis are unaffected. The signal transduction pathway leading to Rad53p phosphorylation induced by DNA damage is proficient in pri1‐M4, and cell cycle delay caused by Rad53p overexpression is counteracted by the pri1‐M4 mutation. Altogether, our results suggest that DNA primase plays an essential role in a subset of the Rad53p‐dependent checkpoint pathways controlling cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage.


Energy confinement and heat transport of net-current-free NBI heated plasmas in the large helical device (LHD) are discussed with emphasis on density and power deposition profile dependences. Although the apparent density dependence of the energy confinement time has been demonstrated in a wide parameter range in LHD, the loss of this dependence has been observed in the high density regime under specific conditions. Broad heat deposition due to off-axis alignment and shallow penetration of neutral beams degrades the global energy confinement while the local heat transport maintains a clear temperature dependence, lying between Bohm and gyro-Bohm characteristics. The central heat deposition tends towards an intrinsic density dependence like τE∝(n̄e/P)0.6 from the state where density dependence is lost. The broadening of the temperature profile due to the broad heat deposition profile contrasts with the invariant property that has been observed widely as profile resilience or stiffness in tokamak experiments. The confinement improvement as a result of the inward shift of the magnetic axis is obvious in the core region, which emphasizes the improvement of transport because of the geometry being unfavourable for the central heating of NBI in this configuration. The edge pressure, clearly, does not depend on the magnetic axis position. Unlike a tokamak H-mode, the edge pressure is determined by transport and can be increased by increasing the heating power.


Objective: The presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) ranges from 3% to 9.9%; however, there is no agreement about their clinical significance. Our aim was to systematically review the literature regarding the association of arthritis and ACPAs in pSS and their role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library from inception until June 2016 was undertaken using the combination of two or three of the keywords: primary Sjögren's syndrome, Sjögren's syndrome, arthritis, synovitis, arthropathy, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, and anti-citrullinated protein antibody – ACPA. No language restriction was used. Studies were included if they: assessed the association of arthritis and ACPAs, had sufficient data to construct a two-by-two table, tested immunoglobulin G ACPA by any method, and included patients with pSS according to a validated set of classification criteria. We used a random effects model and evaluated the heterogeneity and publication bias. Results: Ten studies were included (involving 1322 patients). We found a pooled odds ratio of 4.42 (95% confidence interval 1.15–16.94, p = 0.03). The test for heterogeneity was I2 = 0.87. Publication bias was not observed. Based on data from three studies, 33 of 58 pSS patients with ACPAs (57%) developed RA compared with none of 598 pSS patients with negative ACPA (p < 0.000001). Conclusion: Patients with pSS disclosing ACPAs are prone to arthritis as part of the clinical spectrum of the disease, but are also at risk of developing RA.


During the hundred years examined in this volume, ordinary Germans discovered a new and powerful attachment to the nation. But throughout this period, national loyalties competed with preexisting loyalties to the locality and the region. The resulting tension made it difficult for Germans to assign clear priorities to one kind of symbolic attachment over another.Focusing on the east German state of Saxony, the contributors to this volume refuse easy resolution of that tension, seeking instead to illustrate how local, regional, and national cultures commingled, diverged, and influenced each other over time. By considering both the erosion and the persistence of traditional identities and regional boundaries, these essays help to restore an appreciation of regional "ways of seeing," suggesting they really did matter--in their own right, and for the nation as a whole.Topics considered include the expansion of a German reading public, Jewish emancipation, the formation of socio-moral milieus, working-class leisure, the expansion of the public sphere, the rise of consumer co-operatives, gendered attempts to fashion the "new" liberal man, and degradation rituals in the 1920s. Presenting to English-reading audiences the fruits of cutting-edge research conducted in Saxon archives since 1989, the contributors offer innovative ways to reassess the larger sweep of German history.This book serves as a how-to guide for the study of any region in history. Beyond its primary appeal to European historians, it will also speak to students and scholars in comparative politics and sociology.James Retallack is Professor of History, University of Toronto.


Outsourcing involves the transfer of the management and/or day - to - day execution of an entire business function to an external service provider. The client organization and the supplier enter into a contractual agreement that defines the transferred services. Under the agreement, the supplier acquires the means of production in the form of a transfer of people, assets and other resources from the client. The client agrees to procure the services from the supplier for the term of the contract. Business segments typically outsourced include information technology, human resources, facilities, real estate management, and accounting.


A numerical crushable soil sample has been created using the previously published McDowell and de Bono (2013) model and subjected to a range of stress paths. Compacted sand simulations are performed using conventional triaxial stress paths, constant mean stress and constant volume conditions and a critical state line established. Overconsolidated samples have been created by crushing the soil down the isotropic normal compression line, unloading, and shearing at constant radial stress, constant mean stress or constant volume and a critical state line is again established. The critical state line is unique at high stresses for the simulated compacted and overconsolidated sands and is parallel to the isotropic normal compression line, in agreement with available data and a previously published theory. The critical state line at low stress levels is non-unique and a function of the particle size distribution, in agreement with available data. Constant volume tests exhibit the well-known phenomena of phase transformation points and peak strengths are observed for 'drained' soils on the dense side of critical. The numerical soil produces a state boundary surface that compares well to available data.


Integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-microelectro mechanical systems (MEMS) beam-array resonators that take advantage of the pull-in effect to surmount limitations of standard CMOS foundry processes have been demonstrated to attain electrode-to-resonator gap spacing at a deep-submicrometer range. Such deep-submicrometer gaps lead to much larger electromechanical coupling coefficient and smaller motional impedance as compared with conventional CMOS-MEMS technologies. In addition, a unique frequency tuning capability by modulating the mechanical boundary conditions ("BC") of the resonators has also been proposed. Furthermore, the mechanically coupled array approach used in this paper not only provides five times smaller motional impedance compared with that of a single resonator but offers superior power handling capability due to higher stiffness of the arrayed resonator. In such an array design, high velocity coupling for beam-array resonators effects a single resonance behavior without spurious modes. With the increase of an applied dc-bias which simultaneously serves for functions of pull-in and resonator operation, the upward frequency shift of resonance caused by boundary condition change offers opposite tuning mechanism against the well-known effect of electrical stiffness. As a result, frequency variation induced by the BC-modulation and electrical stiffness would yield a frequency-insensitive region under a certain dc-bias voltage. Furthermore, the use of metal/oxide composite materials for resonator structures in this paper substantially alleviates residual stress often seen in the CMOS layers as compared to mere-metal resonators.


An exciting guide to, and celebration of, the Whitney Museum and its outstanding collection of American art This all-new handbook, a fresh look at the Whitney Museum of American Art's collection, highlights the museum's extraordinary holdings and its fascinating history. Featuring iconic pieces by artists such as Calder, Hopper, Johns, O'Keeffe, and Warhol-as well as numerous works by under-recognized individuals-this is not only a guide to the Whitney's collection, but also a remarkable primer on modern and contemporary American art. Beautifully illustrated with abundant new photography, the book pairs scholarly entries on 350 artists with images of some of their most significant works. The museum's history and the evolution of its collection, including the Whitney's important distinction as one of the few American museums founded by an artist, and the notion of "American" in relation to the collection, are covered in two short essays. Published to coincide with the Whitney's highly anticipated move to a new facility in downtown New York in the spring of 2015, this book celebrates the museum's storied past and vibrant present as it looks ahead to its future.


India is a country of 1.32 billion population with 221 million registered vehicles on the road. Of these, 933950 three wheelers entered service in the year 2015-16 (114% increase from 2005-06). With atmospheric pollution and emission norms in mind, it is essential that we bring down the emission of vehicles. Tail pipe emission reduction is one of the ways to achieve that but, it is a difficult process. This paper explores the alternative. This work describes a methodology for retrofitting the conventional drivetrain of a vehicle with an electric power unit. This work describes the development of a real world drive cycle for three wheeler Autorickshaws in Bengaluru city. For this, the micro trip generation method is employed, which captures the driving conditions encountered by the vehicle on a regular working day. A Bajaj RE 4 stroke CNG vehicle is used as the test vehicle throughout the process. A GPS based data logging system VBOX 3i is used for data acquisition. The vehicle dynamics are simulated to determine the power rating required for the electric motor to retrofit the IC engine using one dimensional longitudinal acceleration analysis. Coast down test results determine aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance coefficients. Dyno test helps us to understand the torque requirements for the electric motor to be retrofitted. The results of the mathematical model and the dyno test are then used to find a suitable electric motor. The adopted methodology in this work can be used to find the suitable power train replacement for any vehicle.


The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Ag Schottky contacts on a Bridgman–Stockbarger grown p-type SnSe layered semiconducting material have been measured over the temperature range of 80–350 K. Their analysis based on the thermionic emission (TE) theory has revealed an abnormal decrease of zero-bias barrier height and increase of ideality factor at lower temperatures. This behaviour has been interpreted on the basis of the assumption of a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights due to barrier height inhomogeneities that prevail at the interface. The inhomogeneities are considered to have Gaussian distribution with a mean barrier height of and standard deviation of σs0 = 0.075 V at zero-bias. Furthermore, the mean barrier height and the Richardson constant values were obtained by means of the modified Richardson plot, ln(I0/T2) − (q2σ2s0/2k2T2)versus 1000/T, as 0.603 eV and 7.72 A K−2 cm−2 respectively, of which latter is close to its theoretical value of 18 A K−2 cm−2 used for the determination of the zero-bias barrier height. Hence, it has been concluded that the temperature dependence of the I–V characteristics of the Schottky barrier on p-type SnSe can be successfully explained on the basis of TE mechanism with Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights.


What do biologists mean when they say that to live is to react? Why was the term abreaction invented and later abandoned by the first generation of psychoanalysts? What is meant by reactionary politics? These are but a few of the questions the internationally renowned scholar Jean Starobinski answers in his conceptual history of the word pair, action and reaction.Not simply a history of ideas, Action and Reaction is also a semantic and philological history, a literary history, a history of medicine, and a history of the biological sciences. By concentrating on the moment when scientific language and ordinary language diverge, Starobinski uncovers a genealogy of the human and natural sciences through their usage of action and reaction as metaphors. Newton's law -- to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction -- becomes a point of departure for an exploration of the lexical and metaphorical traces left in its wake. Starobinski analyzes the scientific, literary, and political effects of the use of the terms action and reaction to describe and explain the material universe, the living body, historical events, and psychological behavior. In what he calls a "polyphonic score" -- a kind of mosaic -- he uses his subject to offer new insights into the work of philosophers (Aristotle, Leibniz, Kant, Nietzsche, Jaspers), scientists (Newton, Bichat, Bernard, Bernheim, Freud), and writers (Diderot, Constant, Balzac, Poe, Valry). Ultimately, the book explores the power and danger of metaphorical language and questions the convergence and collapse of scientific and moral explanations of the universe.


This article canvassed Greek and Roman sources for discussions concerning truth talk and lies. It has investigated what social historians and/or anthropologists are saying about truth talking and lying and has developed a model that will examine the issue of truth and lying in socio-religious terms as defined by the Graeco-Roman sources. The article tracked down the socio-rhetorical force of truth talk and lies, in terms of how they are strategically deployed to negotiate authority, to exert epistemic control, to define a personal and communal identity and to defend innovation in the midst of competing truth claims. It focused on the New Testament writing (1 John) and demonstrated that the author, in his desire to establish and defend his vision of truth, resorts to a style of truth talk endemic to the literary habits of Graeco-Roman antiquity. In so doing, the author established himself as a credible witness, set himself apart from those propounding falsehoods and, to some extent, distanced himself from the vision of truth propounded in the Gospel of John.


Global interest in Japanese education and industrial training has grown steadily over the last twenty years. The English-language articles included here, written by Japanese and foreign scholars, contain historical studies, and a range of other topics and disciplinary perspectives. An introduction provides a general context for the essays which follow, and represents some recent thinking on the successes and costs of Japanese education and training from school to office and shop floor. This set covers: * the contribution of Japanese education and training to the economy and culture of Japan today * the lessons Japan has to offer the rest of the world * the Japanese influence on the 'East Asian Approach' to education, in comparison with the educational systems of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong * Japan's promotion of 'learning organizations' and 'knowledge workers' for the information age


Abstract. Although future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry are well constrained, their impact on marine organisms and ecosystems remains poorly known. The biological response to ocean acidification is a recent field of research as most purposeful experiments have only been carried out in the late 1990s. The potentially dire consequences of ocean acidification attract scientists and students with a limited knowledge of the carbonate chemistry and its experimental manipulation. Hence, some guidelines on carbonate chemistry manipulations may be helpful for the growing ocean acidification community to maintain comparability. Perturbation experiments are one of the key approaches used to investigate the biological response to elevated pCO2. They are based on measurements of physiological or metabolic processes in organisms and communities exposed to seawater with normal or altered carbonate chemistry. Seawater chemistry can be manipulated in different ways depending on the facilities available and on the question being addressed. The goal of this paper is (1) to examine the benefits and drawbacks of various manipulation techniques and (2) to describe a new version of the R software package seacarb which includes new functions aimed at assisting the design of ocean acidification perturbation experiments. Three approaches closely mimic the on-going and future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry: gas bubbling, addition of high-CO2 seawater as well as combined additions of acid and bicarbonate and/or carbonate.


Tortuosity figures prominently in geochemical, hydrological, and geophysical calculations concerned with sediments, but it is a difficult parameter to measure. Past theoretical models for predicting the tortuosity from porosity data do not work with marine muds, and scientists and engineers have had to resort to entirely empirical models, without a mechanistic explanation and with unknown predictive power. We offer the first geometric model for the dependence of tortuosity on porosity in marine muds; the model is based on the tortuosity of separated layers of nonoverlapping disks. The fitted geometric constant in this model indicates that natural marine sediments act as if their fabric were made of disks with thickness:diameter ratios very close to 1:2, which indicates a blocklike fabric with respect to diffusion. The model was also applied to predict the tortuosity of a variety of sediments and soils not in the original database, and it provides a satisfactory prediction of the mean trend in these data.


Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging novel coronavirus responsible for the viral pneumonia outbreak (coronavirus disease-19 [COVID-19]) that has impacted millions of people, causing a tremendous global public health concern and number of fatalities. The development of novel antiviral agents is considered an urgent research subject. Objectives: The objective of the study is to discover the phenolic constituents of the methanolic extract of Tecoma mollis Humb. and Bonpl. heartwood and to investigate their potential inhibitory action against SARS-CoV-2 protease and/or entry proteins. Materials and Methods: The heartwood of T. mollis was extracted by maceration with 70% EtOH until complete exhaustion. The extract was concentrated under reduced pressure, mixed with distilled H2O and defatted with CHCl3 to produce a CHCl3 fraction, and then subjected to solvent fractionation with n-butanol to produce an n-butanol fraction. The n-butanol fraction was subjected to a silica gel column using CHCl3–MeOH gradient mixtures followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated compounds were identified using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance as well as mass spectroscopy. Molecular docking studies have been implemented to identify the binding pattern between ligands and target enzymes, i.e. main protease (Mpro) and spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), and compared with the currently used COVID-19 inhibitors. Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed to evaluate the dynamics and stability of protein–ligand complexes. The obtained information is then correlated with the essential structural features, and finally the structure–activity relationship is suggested. Results: Fourteen phenolic glycosides were isolated from the methanolic extract of T. mollis Humb. and Bonpl. heartwood in addition to an iridoid, ixoside. The molecular docking study exhibited that the isolated compounds have a higher binding affinity toward the active site of Mpro and the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 binding site of spike protein RBD. The phenylpropanoids have higher inhibitory action with higher binding energy toward SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease as compared to spike protein RBD. Among all the isolated compounds, isoverbascoside (10) exhibited the most potent dual interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease and spike protein RBD with high binding energy of − 8.8 and − 7.2 kcal/mol, respectively. This showed better potency than the currently used Mpro and spike–protein inhibitors. Conclusion: Our study is the first report on the potential inhibitory action of phenylpropanoids for SARS-CoV-2 protease and spike protein. It also correlates between the reported antiviral activities of some isolated compounds with their potential inhibitory action for COVID-19 viral proteins. Our results on T. mollis extract constituents could help in the discovery of a promising repurposable drug candidate that could contribute to the development of an effective therapy for COVID-19.


An integral equation method employing complex images Green's functions is developed for analyzing different devices fabricated in 2-D dielectric photonic crystals. The integral equation is written in terms of the unknown equivalent current sources flowing on the surfaces of the periodic 2-D cylinders. The method of moments is then employed to solve for the unknown current distributions. The required Green's function of the problem is represented in terms of a finite summation of complex images instead of the conventional slowly converging infinite series. It is shown that when the field-point is far from the periodic sources, it is just sufficient to consider the contribution of the propagating poles in the structure. This will result in a summation of plane waves that has an even smaller size compared with the conventional complex images Green's function. This will enable us to analyze the dielectric periodic structures efficiently and accurately. The method is applied to a number of waveguide structures and its results are compared with the existing literature.


For the first time since 1695, a complete text of De Arte Graphica as Dryden himself wrote it is available to readers. In all, Volume XX presents six pieces written during Dryden's final decade, each of them either requested by a friend or commissioned by a publisher. Two are translations, three introduce translations made by others, and the sixth introduces an original work by one of Dryden's friends. The most recent version of De Arte Graphica, Saintsbury's late nineteenth-century reissue of Scott's edition, based the text of the translated matter on an edition that was heavily revised by someone other than Dryden. In fact, only one of the pieces offered here, the brief Character of Saint-Evremond, has appeared complete in a twentieth-century edition. The commentary in this volume supplies biographical and bibliographical contexts for these pieces and draws attention to the views on history and historians, poetry and painting, Virgil and translation, which Dryden expresses in them. Many other volumes of prose, poetry, and plays are available in the California Edition of The Works of John Dryden.


Proper use of child passenger safety (CPS) systems is highly effective in reducing injury and fatality in traffic crashes. While use of CPS systems is increasing, use is not universal, and there is a high level of improper use. The Child Passenger Safety Initiative is an innovative program to provide education and training in proper CPS system use to adults with children attending public hospitals and clinics. The initiative will provide education and resources to these adults. A pre-intervention baseline study with a sample of adults and children at four participating hospitals and clinics has found that (i) the percent of participants who report that they always use a CPS system is only about 80%, (ii) over 30% of children are not appropriately restrained for the age and weight, and (iii) there is a very high level of misuse in terms of improper fastening the child to the CPS system, or in terms of fastening the CPS system to the vehicle seat. Implications for the CPS Initiative intervention include education, training, and resources to (i) encourage universal use of CPS systems for children, (ii) appropriate chose of CPS systems for the child?s age and weight, and (iii) proper fastening and securing of the child and the CPS systems itself. It is anticipated that the CPS Initiative will develop models for providing education, training, and resources, which are applicable to the large population of adults who have responsibility for transporting children in motor vehicles.


We raise the question if improvements to current energy-only markets are sufficient to maintain resource adequacy in electricity markets or whether the rapid increase in wind and solar power gives stronger arguments for additional capacity mechanisms. A comparative analysis between Europe and the United States reveals some fundamental differences, but also many similarities in electricity market design on the two continents. We provide a list of general and specific recommendations for improved electricity markets and argue that lessons can and should be learned in both directions. The key to achieve a market-compatible integration of renewable energy is to focus on correct price formation in the shortterm. Increased demand-side participation, improved pricing during scarcity conditions, and a transition from technology-specific subsidies of renewables towards adequate pricing of carbon emissions are important measures towards this end. In contrast, an increasing reliance on administrative capacity mechanisms would bring the industry back towards the centralized integrated resource planning that prevailed at the outset of electricity restructuring more than 25 years ago.


Introduction: Violence against children and adolescents is a widespread phenomenon, but little is known about the contexts in which it occurs and its consequences. The objective of this study was to characterize violence in the inner state of Amazonas. Method: We analyzed 193 records from Txain Report on Violence against Children and Adolescents. Results: Most of the official records have missing information. Physical abuse is the most frequently reported type of violence, and most victims are female, between 12 and 15 years. The perpetrators are predominantly male and unknown from victims. Regarding health consequences, there is reference to some injuries, but the data are quite lacking in relation to mental health. Conclusion: These data suggest the need of improvement in the registration, information and intervention procedures outside of large cities.


Was Joe McCarthy a bellicose, shameless witch-hunter who whipped up hysteria, ruined the reputation of innocents, and unleashed a destructive carnival of smears and guilt-by-association accusations? Were McCarthy and McCarthyism the worst things to happen to American politics in the postwar era? Or was McCarthy just a well-intentioned politician who seized a legitimate issue with the fervor of a true believer? Perhaps something in between. For the first time, here is a biography of Joe McCarthy that cuts through the cliches and misconceptions surrounding this central figure of the "red scare" of the fifties, and reexamines his life and legacy in the, light of newly declassified archival sources from the FBI, the National Security Agency, the U.S. Congress, the Pentagon, and the former Soviet Union. After more than four decades, here is the untold story of America's most hated political figure, shorn of the rhetoric and stereotypes of the past. "Joseph McCarthy" explains how this farm boy from Wisconsin sprang up from a newly confident postwar America, and how he embodied the hopes and anxieties of a generation caught in the toils of the Cold War. It shows how McCarthy used the explosive issue of Communist spying in the thirties and forties to challenge the Washington political establishment and catapult himself into the headlines. Above all, it gives us a picture of the red scare far different from and more accurate than the one typically portrayed in the news media and the movies. We now know that the Communist spying McCarthy fought against was amazingly extensive -- reaching to the highest levels of the White House and the top-secret Manhattan Project. Herman hasthe facts to show in detail which of McCarthy's famous anti-Communist investigations were on target (such as the notorious cases of Owen Lattimore and Irving Peress, the Army's "pink dentist") and which were not (including the case that led to McCarthy's final break with Whittaker Chambers). When McCarthy accused two American employees of the United Nations of being Communists, he was widely criticized -- but he was right. When McCarthy called Owen Lattimore "Moscow's top spy," he was again assailed -- but we now know Lattimore was a witting aid to Soviet espionage networks. McCarthy often overreached himself. "But McCarthy was often right." In "Joseph McCarthy," Arthur Herman reveals the human drama of a fascinating, troubled, and self-destructive man who was often more right than wrong, and yet in the end did more harm than good.


Nasal nitric oxide (NO) levels increase greatly during humming compared to silent exhalation. In this study, the physiological and anatomical factors that regulate NO release during humming have been characterised in 10 healthy subjects and in a model of the sinus and the nose. Single-breath humming caused a large initial peak in nasal NO output, followed by a progressive decline. The NO peak decreased in a step-wise manner during repeated consecutive humming manoeuvres but recovered completely after a silent period of 3 min. Topical nasal application of an NO synthase inhibitor reduced nasal NO by >50% but had no effect on the increase evoked by humming. Silently exhaled nasal NO measured immediately after repeated humming manoeuvres was between 5–50% lower than basal silent NO exhalation, suggesting variable continuous contribution from the sinuses to nasal NO. Among the factors known to influence normal sinus ventilation, ostium size was the most critical during humming, but humming frequency was also of importance. In conclusion, humming results in a large increase in nasal nitric oxide, which is caused by a rapid gas exchange in the paranasal sinuses. Combined nasal nitric oxide measurement with and without humming could be of use to estimate sinus ventilation and to better separate nasal mucosal nitric oxide output from sinus nitric oxide in health and disease.


This paper is a response to Ray Pawson's critique of critical realism, the philosophy of science elaborated by Roy Bhaskar. I argue that Pawson misinterprets critical realism's positions on both natural and social science. His charges concerning its totalising ontology, its arrogant epistemology, and its naive methodology are largely unfounded, such that the differences between critical realism and his own approach of realist evaluation are not as significant as he contends. The main differences between the two realisms lie in their approaches to the relationship between social structures and agency, and between facts and values. I argue that evaluation scientists need to clearly distinguish structure and agency. They should also make their values explicit. The uncritical approach of realistic evaluation, combined with its underplaying of the importance of social agency, leaves it open to implication in the abuses of bureaucratic instrumentalism.


As well known, wireless channels are characterized by temporal and spatial variations due to different reasons such as multipath propagation of the signals, and mobility of the communicating devices or their surrounding environment. This has two consequences. First, the channel quality (i.e. amplitude) varies resulting in changes in the amount of data rate (in bits/sec) that can be received reliably over the channel. Second, the channel "phase" varies, which necessities the ability of the receiver to track these changes reliably in order to demodulate the transmitted signal correctly. This is called "coherent" transmission. If the receiver is unable to track the phase variations, then the transmitter should use "non-coherent" modulation schemes, which can be detected without phase knowledge at the receiver. However, this will be at the cost of significant degradation of the data rate that can be transmitted reliably. Therefore, modern communication systems are supported with channel estimation algorithms in order to enable coherent reception. However, this is not always feasible. Channel estimation is usually accomplished by transmitting pilot signals with some frequency. Depending on the frequency of pilot transmission and the channel coherence time, some receivers might have reliable channel estimates and other receivers might not have that reliable channel estimates. This is one reason why each mobile wireless standard supports some maximum velocities for the mobile users, limited by the frequency of pilot transmission. Mobile users moving at higher speeds might not have reliable channel estimates and this means that they will not be able to receive any information via coherent transmission. Having this in mind, we are mainly interested in this work in broadcasting systems like mobile TVs. These systems are usually transmitted using coherent modulation schemes in order to enable good quality of reception which cannot be maintained using the "low-rate" non-coherent modulation schemes. Therefore, mobile users with unreliable channel estimates will not be able to receive such applications, while the users with reliable channel estimates can receive the transmitted stream reliably. Therefore, broadcasting applications are characterized by "all or nothing" reception depending on the mobility and the channel conditions of the receiving terminals. Alternatively, we propose a layered coding scheme from a new viewpoint that has not been addressed before in the literature. We propose a layered transmission scheme with two layers, one layer, base-layer (non-coherent-layer), that can be decoded by any receiver even if it does not have reliable channel estimates, and the other, refining-layer (coherent-layer) that can be only decoded at receivers with reliable channel estimates. The basic bits could be transmitted on the first layer and the extra bits that improve quality could be transmitted on the second layer. Therefore, receivers with unreliable channel estimates can decode the non-coherent layer and the receivers with reliable channel estimates can decode all the information and experience better service quality. This proposed scheme can be designed using multi-resolution broadcast space-time coding, which allows the simultaneous transmission of low rate (LR) non-coherent information for all receivers, including those with no channel state information (CSI), and high rate (HR) coherent information to those receivers that have reliable CSI. The proposed scheme ensures that the communication of the HR layer is transparent to the underlying LR layer. We can show that both the non-coherent and coherent receivers achieve full diversity, and that the proposed scheme achieves the maximum number of communication degrees of freedom for non-coherent LR channels and coherent HR channels with unitarily-constrained input signals.


Steady Taylor vortices were studied by electrodiffusion probes in the gap between coaxial cylinders. The inner cylinder was driven by a stepping motor and the outer cylinder was fixed. The viscosity of standard potassium hexacyanoferrates (III) and (IV) aqueous solution was increased to 2.52 mPa s by addition of poly(alkylene glycol) Emkarox 45. The velocity gradient components were measured by two three-segment probes at the wall of the outer cylinder for four radius ratios, R1/R2 = 0.8, 0.75, 0.65 and 0.6. The axial distribution of the azimuthal and axial components of velocity gradient was mapped while Taylor vortices were swept along the probes by a slow axial flow. The components of velocity gradient were described by fourth-order Fourier series. Generalized dependencies were found of the Fourier coefficients on Taylor number. A vertical shift of the probes made it possible to calculate the wavelength and the drifting velocity of Taylor vortices. Critical Taylor numbers were estimated from the axial component of velocity gradient and by the flow visualization using a rheoscopic liquid. The torque was calculated from the azimuthal component of velocity gradient.


BACKGROUND: The use of valproic acid in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spina bifida, but data on the risks of other congenital malformations are limited. METHODS: We first combined data from eight published cohort studies (1565 pregnancies in which the women were exposed to valproic acid, among which 118 major malformations were observed) and identified 14 malformations that were significantly more common among the offspring of women who had received valproic acid during the first trimester. We then assessed the associations between use of valproic acid during the first trimester and these 14 malformations by performing a case–control study with the use of the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) antiepileptic-study database, which is derived from population-based congenitalanomaly registries. Registrations (i.e., pregnancy outcomes with malformations included in EUROCAT) with any of these 14 malformations were compared with two control groups, one consisting of infants with malformations not previously linked to valproic acid use (control group 1), and one consisting of infants with chromosomal abnormalities (control group 2). The data set included 98,075 live births, stillbirths, or terminations with malformations among 3.8 million births in 14 European countries from 1995 through 2005. RESULTS: Exposure to valproic acid monotherapy was recorded for a total of 180 registrations, with 122 registrations in the case group, 45 in control group 1, and 13 in control group 2. As compared with no use of an antiepileptic drug during the first trimester (control group 1), use of valproic acid monotherapy was associated with significantly increased risks for 6 of the 14 malformations under consideration; the adjusted odds ratios were as follows: spina bifida, 12.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.7 to 20.7); atrial septal defect, 2.5 (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.4); cleft palate, 5.2 (95% CI, 2.8 to 9.9); hypospadias, 4.8 (95% CI, 2.9 to 8.1); polydactyly, 2.2 (95% CI, 1.0 to 4.5); and craniosynostosis, 6.8 (95% CI, 1.8 to 18.8). Results for exposure to valproic acid were similar to results for exposure to other antiepileptic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The use of valproic acid monotherapy in the first trimester was associated with significantly increased risks of several congenital malformations, as compared with no use of antiepileptic drugs or with use of other antiepileptic drugs.


This study highlights the contribution made by St. Bernardine of Siena to social and political ethics. Through the virtue of caritas, translating the voluntary paupertas, of St. Francis, St. Bernardine indicates to the cives fideles a model of behaviour for the safeguarding of the res publica. On the lips of the Observant preacher, the Gospel code would become the guiding norm for the civitas as it is engaged upon the distribution of the common good, a criterion for distinguishing between licit and illicit commercial practices, for the whole of the Franciscan school of economics. Commercial goods do not an objective value, but acquire their meaning inasmuch as they are being exchanged without damaging the value of the goods, their price, and the persons who produce them, exchange them and use them. In conclusion there is presented a crucial element of reflection concerning Bernardinian civil thought in its historical dimension: How far does the community extend, to which the bonum commune is applied, in which it increases and within which it is distributed? What is the concrete horizon of civil caritas?


The ptrace system-call API, though useful for many tools such as gdb and strace, generally proves unsatisfactory when tracing multithreaded or multi-process applications, especially in timing-dependent debugging scenarios. With the utrace kernel API, a kernel-side instrumentation module can track interesting events in traced processes. The uprobes kernel API exploits and extends utrace to provide kprobes-like, breakpointbased probing of user applications. We describe how utrace, uprobes, and kprobes together provide an instrumentation facility that overcomes some limitations of ptrace. For attendees, familiarity with a tracing API such as ptrace or kprobes will be helpful but not essential.


Hematopoiesis proceeds from a bone marrow resident population of stem cells responsible for generation of all lineages within the blood. Distinct molecular programs within hematopoietic stem cells regulate maintenance of this population under homeostatic conditions, however the coordination of these programs remains largely undefined. DNA methylation is an epigenetic means of gene regulation in a mammals carried out by a family of DNA methyltransferases. Of these, the de novo methyltransferase is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells as compared to other members of this family and somatic mutations in DNMT3b lead to a syndrone characterized by immunodeficiency. Therefore we hypothesized that DNMT3b regulates hematopoietic stem cells via its ability to methylate DNA. By knock-down of DNMT3b with a retrovirally delivered shRNA or Cre mediated recombination of floxed DNMT3b alleles work presented in this thesis demonstrates a critical role for DNMT3b in hematopoiesis in mice. Loss of DNMT3b leads to limited reconstitution of hematopoiesis in irradiated recipients associated with a proliferative defect in vitro and a failure of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in vivo. Targeted deletion of DNMT3b in hematopoietic stem cells leads to decreased engraftment following transplantation and decreased proliferation in vitro. DNMT3b's function in hematopoietic cells requires the methyltransferase activity of the enzyme and the defects in hematopoiesis are associated with loss of DNA methylation and decreased expression of MLL. Therefore DNMT3b is necessary for maintenance of the proliferative ability and engraftment capacity of hematopoietic cells and hematopoiesis is dependent upon appropriate DNA methylation.


Antimalarials, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have been used to treat cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus for decades with excellent therapeutic efficacy. Smoking seems to inhibit the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarials when treating cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), but the reason behind this observation is unclear. In addition, antimalarials have been associated with several potentially serious adverse effects, including irreversible loss of vision. The aim of this literature review is to discuss the evidence for how cigarette smoking interferes with antimalarial efficacy in the treatment of CLE. Evidence‐based data with long‐term follow‐up will allow determination of the aetiology for diminished antimalarial response, and enable selection of the best treatment to maximize long‐term remission in CLE.


Fe-rich mica crystals have been studied using microbeam XANES spectroscopy of the Fe K edges in order to evaluate the dependence of XANES features and resultant Fe 3+ /σFe values on the orientation of the crystals with respect to the polarization of the synchrotron beam. Polished, thinned samples were prepared with cleavages perpendicular to the plane of their thin sections, and these sections were then rotated relative to the horizontal plane of the ring and the 10 × 15 μm beam. Results show that both pre-edge and main-edge features in these micas exhibit orientation-dependent changes in both peak intensity and energy. These shifts constitute the majority of the error (∼ ± 10%) in determinations of Fe 3+ /σFe by pre-edge energy, a problem that will be overcome in future work through techniques for quantification of grain orientations. Results show distinctive orientation-dependent features in the main edge region, from which it will soon be possible to deconvolute contributions from multiple scattering interactions to obtain information about the electronic properties of micas. Data also demonstrate the exciting potential of XANES pre-edge spectroscopy for routine, in situ analyses of Fe 3+ /σFe on comparable scales to electron microprobe analyses.


Access to and use of technology by 'digital native' students studying in our universities has been an area of much speculation, though relatively little empirical research. This has led some pundits to call for a radical rethink of how higher education uses technology to deliver education. Others are more circumspect and think it is necessary to hear directly from these 'digital natives' about their actual technology practices before jumping to such conclusions. This paper reports on a study that aimed to do just that; the study comprised a survey of the technology access and practices in both everyday life and for academic study of first year university students. The findings suggest that, for the participants of this study, access and usage of technology does not neatly fit into the stereotype of the 'digital native'. Access to and use of some technologies was found to be quite high whilst others have significant levels of non-adoption. A comparison was made between technologies and activities undertaken as part of students' everyday life in contrast to their academic study and it was found that the usage rates were generally lower for academic study. Access to and use of different technologies for different purposes is variable and university teachers and policymakers need to take this variability into account when making changes at the course or institution levels. What is also required is more in-depth investigation of the technology practices of these 'digital natives' to understand how technology is transforming their social and academic lives and, importantly, how they are shaping technology to suit their lives.


OBJECTIVES
To perform a bibliographic review on the topic of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with myelomeningocele.

METHODS
PubMed search using the terms: vesicoureteral reflux and myelomeningocele.

RESULTS
Between 1981 and 2007 340 articles were found, 61 of which were considered adequate, and 48 were used as references for this monographic issue. We discuss the pathogenesis of VUR in neurogenic bladder, the efficacy of conservative treatment with clean intermittent catheterization and anticholinergic drugs, as well as the indications and efficacy of various surgical procedures including ureteral reimplantation, subureteral injection of various agents, bladder augmentation, cutaneous vesicostomy, urethral dilation, transureteral-ureterostomy and botulin toxin injection.

CONCLUSIONS
Vesicoureteral reflux plays an important role in the development of renal damage in infants and children with congenital myelomeningocele. Nephropathy may be prevented with adequate evaluation and follow-up and timely therapeutic intervention. Renal failure in these patients always reflects the failure of medical care or social/socioeconomic conditions.


Analysing over 10 million journeys made by members of London's Cycle Hire Scheme, we find that female customers' usage characteristics are demonstrably different from those of male customers. Usage at weekends and within London's parks characterises women's journeys, whereas for men, a commuting function is more clearly identified. Some of these variations are explained by geo-demographic differences and by an atypical period of usage during the first three months after the scheme's launch. Controlling for each of these variables brings some convergence between men and women. However, many differences are preserved. Studying the spatio-temporal context under which journeys are made, we find that women's journeys are highly spatially structured. Even when making utilitarian cycle trips, routes that involve large, multi-lane roads are comparatively rare, and instead female cyclists preferentially select areas of the city associated with slower traffic streets and with cycle routes slightly offset from major roads.


Victorian Britain, with its maritime economy and strong links between government and scientific enterprises, founded an office to collect meteorological statistics in 1854 in an effort to foster a modern science of the weather. But as the office turned to prediction rather than data collection, the fragile science became a public spectacle, with its forecasts open to daily scrutiny in the newspapers. And meteorology came to assume a pivotal role in debates about the responsibility of scientists and the authority of science. Studying meteorology as a means to examine the historical identity of prediction, Katharine Anderson offers here an engrossing account of forecasting that analyzes scientific practice and ideas about evidence, the organization of science in public life, and the articulation of scientific values in Victorian culture. In "Predicting the Weather," Anderson grapples with fundamental questions about the function, intelligibility, and boundaries of scientific work while exposing the public expectations that shaped the practice of science during this period. A cogent analysis of the remarkable history of weather forecasting in Victorian Britain, "Predicting the Weather" will be essential reading for scholars interested in the public dimensions of science.


This volume explores the intersection of cities and the natural environment in an array of urban places, including New York, London, New Orleans, Venice, and Seattle, across a broad period from the late Renaissance to the present. The essays investigate the ecological context of revolts-both real and imagined - by urban squatters and slaves; urban epidemics and their cultural and political consequences; the social and economic impact of natural catastrophes upon urban places; and the environmental history of the rise and fall of cities. "The Nature of Cities" brings together the work of scholars employing new methods of research in urban and environmental history. The contributors to the volume, who include Karl Appuhn, Joanna Dyl, Ari Kelman, Matthew Klingle, Emmanuel Kreike, Sara Pritchard, Peter Thorsheim, and Ellen Stroud, represent a new generation of scholars in urban environmental history. Their innovative and interdisciplinary work draws on race, class, consumerism, landscape studies, and culture to address such questions as racial and class conflicts in urban public spaces; the cultural construction and control of public spaces by economic and government powers; and the idealization of cities as apart from nature. Andrew C. Isenberg is associate professor of history at Temple University. He is the author of "The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750-1920" (New York, 2000), and Mining California: An Ecological History (New York, 2005).


Summary
Barley tissue with an acute systemic infection of barley stripe mosaic virus contained a large amount of unencapsidated virus RNA which was stable in extracts made in ribosome isolation buffer. The virus RNA in ribosome preparations sedimented in a broad band at 80S to 100S in sucrose gradients, which is less than the virion sedimentation rate of 180S to 200S. A protein of apparent M
r 60000, which sedimented with the virus RNA, was present in ribosome extracts from infected plants but absent from those from uninfected plants. The protein is probably a virus protein because its apparent molecular weight varied slightly with the strain of virus. The structure containing the M
r 60000 protein did not sediment in sucrose gradients in a compact zone as would be expected for a particle of uniform size. The M
r 60000 protein was present at a concentration equal to or slightly higher (up to 400 µg/g leaf tissue) than the unencapsidated virus RNA (up to 300 µg/g leaf tissue). Sedimentation results support the conclusion that the virus RNA and the M
r 60000 protein were combined in polydispersed nucleoprotein particles which may or may not have been attached to ribosomes or ribosome subunits. The M
r 60000 protein was not serologically related to the capsid protein. Gold-labelled antibodies to the M
r 60000 protein stained the cytoplasm in thin sections of infected cells but not that of uninfected cells. However, no distinct immunogold-labelled particle could be identified as the presumed nucleoprotein.


Background & Aim : Children with leukemia experience a decreased quality of life during different stages of treatment. Considering the importance of spirituality in health system, the spiritual health should be included in support and treatment program of caregivers of children with leukemia. This research was carried out to investigate the effect of spiritual support of caregiver on quality of life of children aged 8-12 with leukemia. Methods: In this clinical trial study 60 caregivers of children with leukemia participated. The Intervention group received spiritual intervention for 5 sessions of 60 minutes based on the Richards and Bergin pattern focusing on the rituals of Islam including prayer, trust and appeal, patience, gratitude and forgiveness. Research tools consisted of demographic data questionnaire, spiritual health questionnaire and teenager's quality of life questionnaire which were completed by the caregivers before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were conducted by SPSS version 16. Results: The mean age of caregivers in the intervention and control groups was 35.7±6.2 and 40±0.9, respectively. According to the findings, there was no significant difference between average scores of quality of life in the both groups after and before intervention (P˃0.05). However, after the Intervention, the average score of social dimension of quality of life in intervention group was significantly lower than the control group ( P=0.033). Conclusion: It seems that holding sessions of spiritual support for caregivers can increase social dimension of quality of life of children with leukemia.Therefore, it is suggested to plan such low cost and effective educational programs for caregivers of children with leukemia.


Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that has become a major health problem in Indonesia. The Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis) developed by BPJS Kesehatan in collaboration with First Level Health Facilities (FKTP) seeks to promote and prevent DM disease control. Efforts made include controlling the glycemic index to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications that may occur with activities including medical consultation, counseling, home visits, club activities, and monitoring of health status. Aim : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of DM patient adherence in participating in Prolanis activities on the patient's HBA1C profile. Method:This study is an analytical study using a retrospective cohort design. The research data is secondary data obtained from the Medical Records of DM patients from January-April 2019. The research subjects were 42 DM patients who were registered as active Prolanis participants who had HBA1C data at the April 2019 examination. Result: The results of this study showed that the mean HBA1C value in 22 patients who routinely followed prolanis activities (7.2 ± 1.48)% was more controlled than the mean HBA1C in 20 patients who did not routinely participate in prolanic activities (9.27 ± 2.06)% . Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between DM patients who adhere to the schedule of prolanis activities and patients who do not comply with the schedule of prolanist activities at the UPTD Puskesmas Nursing Ngletih Kediri City with a value of p = 0.001 (p <0.05; CI = 95% )


A gloss is an interpretive aid, and glossing represents the act of interpretation itself. A gloss can be as brief as a single word, can be a coherent set of marginal notes, or can extend to whole volumes. It is an ancient form with its roots in the Roman imperial legal system. Developing alongside changes in reading practice and scholarship, the gloss evolved extensively during the Middle Ages, reaching great significance in the early modern period during the controversies of the Reformation. The gloss can be seen as subsidiary to the main text, as a crucial adjunct to it, or as a sign of the plenitude of interpretive possibility. A gloss' presence foregrounds literary authority, hierarchies of knowledge, and processes of meaning-making. The reader of a glossed text is placed within the creative community surrounding the work and offered a heightened sense of the temporality of reading. Recent scholarship on this form has emerged from the fields of book and reading history, but owing to the marginal status of the gloss, this scholarship also has particular affinities with structuralist and poststructuralist thought.


An algorithm for lost signal restoration in block-based still image and video sequence coding is presented. Problems arising from imperfect transmission of block-coded images result in lost blocks. The resulting image is flawed by the absence of square pixel regions that are notably perceived by human vision, even in real-time video sequences. Error concealment is aimed at masking the effect of missing blocks by use of temporal or spatial interpolation to create a subjectively acceptable approximation to the true error-free image. This paper presents a spatial interpolation algorithm that addresses concealment of lost image blocks using only intra-frame information. It attempts to utilize spatially correlated edge information from a large local neighborhood of surrounding pixels to restore missing blocks. The algorithm is a Gerchberg (1974) type spatial domain/spectral domain constraint-satisfying iterative process, and may be viewed as an alternating projections onto convex sets method.


The rapid evolution of power electronic solutions in all around the globe brings a common problem, which is the adoption of nonlinear loads. This fact carries out a strong impact over the quality of power systems and consequently on energy efficiency, since nonlinear loads act as sources of harmonic currents that flow to other loads or even sources, causing non-optimal performance in their operation. Nowa-days, conventional transformers are limited to just manage (increase or decrease) voltage level, but they are not able to deal with power quality events, such as harmonics, sag, swell, among others. Hence, there is a need to incorporate a versa-tile smart device to deal with the challenges previously described for a smart grid environment. This chapter introduces a solid-state transformer (SST) with topology of multilevel cascade H bridge converter as a solution. SST is an emerging technology that has the advantages of low volume, low weight, fault isolation, and other management features. Within its fundamental operation, this chapter presents a detailed description of a SST system comprising communication and control, highlighting their main advantages in comparison with conventional transformer such as mitigation of waveform harmonic distortion, allowance of integration of distributed generation, and bi-directional power flow.


PAINTING THE PIXEL includes the work of nine international artists who are navigating the inherent paradoxes between the computer's immaterial, encoded matrix and the handmade. The exhibition investigates how digital technology is used as a conceptual tool in painting, how the virtual 'non-space' is reconfigured through the material presence of paint, and how the cultural currency of the image has shifted in relation to the phenomenon of the Internet. Curated by Rachel Sharp as part of her practice-led PhD research at Northumbria University.

Artist's Statement

I am interested in systems and the transgression of systems in art. How rules and methods are used to make decisions in the production of work, and I'm interested in the digital realm as it is an excellent way of organising and experimenting with material and ideas. I am not so much interested in the surface of the pixel, than what you can do with the digital space. I do not see myself as a viewer of the digital, but as an active participant in the digital. I am both drawn to it's potential, but also see it's limitations.
I'm also interested in the production of digital work in it's own terms. Working digitally has possibilities and limitations that are fundamentally different to paint. I like the digital realm as the same idea can be reworked infinitely without huge physical and time expenditure. I particularly like working with interactive and time-based techniques as the non-linear and temporal dimensions of a work can be explored. Two works are included in PAINTING THE PIXEL: Untitled (2013, and Untitled, (Analogue and Digital symmetry), 2014.

Untitled (2013)
I am interested in painting as a way of fixing an idea, (ultimately over the digital), as it is a physical object that exists in the world. I also like painting as a process as there is an inherent jeopardy using the medium, as it can go 'wrong'. Conversely a digital work can be revised through multiple copies, without the loss of the original, whilst a painting contains all the decisions made by the artist, including the potential loss.

This painting is like using Photoshop without reversing any of the decisions made. So I could not use the 'undo' button, or go back through the 'history' to an earlier stage where I was happy with the composition. The painting has been made of many layers of paint. It was then sealed, and I started erasing it with white paint, until I felt I could not go any further without completely destroying the painting.

Untitled, (Analogue and Digital symmetry), 2014
This work looks at the iterative process of repeating a simple technique, both physically and digitally. I'm drawn to the paintings of Bernard Frize who develops a specific technique or process to exploit the physical characteristics of a particular paint, brush or surface. He then repeats that process to produce work that feels direct and open in terms of their production.

Likewise with this work a simple technique was employed to create symmetry using both paint and digitally created objects. I am interested in the difference between the two mediums in terms of both production and reception. The paint shows each iteration of the technique individually, laid out as a grid. Whilst the digital version is viewed as a sequence of iterations, viewed over time, as 25 frames a second.

Digital work, and most screen based work such as film will inevitably prescribe how the viewer receives the work, either in temporal terms, such as pace, or framing terms, such as composition. It can be argued that pace and composition of an abstract painting is revealed to the artists through the production of a works, as much as they are to the viewer. In that sense the abstract painter is willingly displaced as the author. This is something that is very difficult to achieve in the digital realm, and something I am working towards. Consequently the digital version has no compositional dimension to the work. Whereas the painted work, has a secondary compositional dimension to the work through the arrangement of the individual iterations. The overall work should be seen as a unified installation consisting of the physical and digital.

Paul Goodfellow, March, 2014


A new class of conductive composite materials, solvent-free ionically grafted nanoparticles, were modeled by coarse-grained molecular dynamics methods. The grafted oligomeric counterions were observed to migrate between different cores, contributing to the unique properties of the materials. We investigated the dynamics by analyzing the dependence on temperature and structural parameters of the transport properties (self-diffusion coefficients, viscosities and conductivities) and counterion migration kinetics. Temperature dependence of all properties follows the Arrhenius equation, but chain length and grafting density have distinct effects on different properties. In particular, structural effects on the diffusion coefficients are described by the Rouse model and the theory of nanoparticles diffusing in polymer solutions, viscosities are strongly influenced by clustering of cores, and conductivities are dominated by the motions of oligomeric counterions. We analyzed the migration kinetics of oligomeric counterions in a manner analogous to unimer exchange between micellar aggregates. The counterion migrations follow the "double-core" mechanism and are kinetically controlled by neighboring-core collisions.


This unique and much needed textbook meets the rapidly emerging needs of programs training pharmacologic scientists seeking careers in basic research and drug discovery rather than such applied fields as pharmacy and medicine. While the market is crowded with many clinical and therapeutic pharmacology textbooks, the field of pharmacology is booming with the prospects of discovering new drugs, and virtually no extant textbook meets this need at the student level. The market is so bereft of such approaches that many pharmaceutical companies will adopt Hacker, et al. to help train new drug researchers. The boom in pharmacology is driven by the recent decryption of the human genome and enormous progress in controlling genes and synthesizing proteins, making new and even custom drug design possible. This book makes use of these discoveries in presenting its topics, moving logically from drug receptors to the target molecules drug researchers seek, covering such modern topics along the way as side effects, drug resistance, Pharmacogenomics, and even nutriceuticals, one in a string of culminating chapters on the drug discovery process. *Uses individual drugs to explain molecular actions *Full color art program explains molecular and chemical concepts graphically *Logical structure reflecting the current state of pharmacology and translational research *Covers such intricacies as drug resistance and cell death *Consistent format across chapters and pedagogical strategies make this textbook a superior learning tool


Previous estimation results of risk-neutral densities explain in rather general terms that the tails of the resulting distribution "look fat," and a way has to be found to model the tails of the estimated distribution. The author uses deep out-of-the-money S&P 500 index options to examine model mispricing of the tails of daily estimated risk-neutral densities. Out-of-sample tests show that model mispricing increases as one moves farther into the tails of the distribution. Across most moneyness groups, model mispricing increases as the option reaches maturity. The author compares two curve-fitting methods that have been proposed in the literature to estimate risk-neutral densities. The first method interpolates with a fourth-order spline and attaches tails from the general extreme value distribution (Figlewski 2010). The second method extends the available implied volatility space by balancing smoothness and fit of the estimated risk-neutral density (Jackwerth 2004). Fitting a fourth-order spline produces a closer fit to the observed implied volatilities. Examining the ability to replicate the implied volatility with the complete estimated option-implied risk-neutral density by looking at mean root-mean-square error, the method by Jackwerth (2004) resulted in lower in- and out-of-sample model mispricing, except for the deepest out-of-the-money put options. TOPICS: Tail risks, options Key Findings • This article compares two methods from the curve-fitting literature to estimate option-implied risk-neutral densities and looks at the accuracy to recover implied volatilities. • Model mispricing, measured by the root-mean-square error, increases for deeper out-of-the-money options. • Model mispricing increases as the option reaches its maturity across most out-of-sample moneyness groups.


Anchoring bias is a type of heuristic that uses an initial source of information as an anchorfor basis of decision making. Then judgments and thought processes are led by this sole foundation. There are many different types of influences and bias used in medical decision making, which has prompted concerns regarding their impact on diagnostic inaccuracies. Studies have identified anchorconducted in medical literature, clinical vignettes and real life scenarios. These cognitive bias and aversions to ambiguities can lead to medical errors, inappropriate use of resources, and harm to the patient. We present a unique case of acute metabolic encephalopathy impacted by anchoring diagnosis of drug overdose that later confirmed a diagnosis of brain tumor.


Despite recent success, deep learning-based methods for predicting 3D garment deformation under body motion suffer from interpenetration problems between the garment and the body. To address this problem, we propose a novel collision handling neural network layer called Repulsive Force Unit (ReFU). Based on the signed distance function (SDF) of the underlying body and the current garment vertex positions, ReFU predicts the per-vertex offsets that push any interpenetrating vertex to a collision-free configuration while preserving the fine geometric details. We show that ReFU is differentiable with trainable parameters and can be integrated into different network backbones that predict 3D garment deformations. Our experiments show that ReFU significantly reduces the number of collisions between the body and the garment and better preserves geometric details compared to prior methods based on collision loss or post-processing optimization.


Abstract. Attention to the conservation of urban areas has been already raised in international legal instruments since 1962 and recently gained momentum with the adoption of the Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL) in 2011 (henceforth referred as the 2011 Recommendation). Considering heritage areas as drivers of economic growth but also targets of development pressures, many cities have adopted the tools provided in the 2011 Recommendation depending on their specific geographic and socio-economic contexts testing various systems to innovate in matters of urban heritage conservation and sustainable development. The present research targets the reporting of the process of implementation of the 2011 Recommendation through the creation of a survey to gauge the participation of stakeholders in worldwide case studies to establish a comparative framework. The methodology used for the survey originates from a specific case, Cuenca in Ecuador, and the secondary data collection from 101 additional case studies. The hypothesis is that the questionnaire can compile data as a tool to compare the processes for the implementation of the 2011 Recommendation and to find trends in the cases where stakeholders have become skilled at conserving urban heritage. The design of the survey demonstrates the feasibility to carry out an exploratory validation method (COSMIN) to use significant evidence coming from active stakeholders. The survey as developed becomes a powerful tool to be adapted in different contexts and as a scientific method to reach a proper statistic confidential level, margin error and to control bias in the sample composition.


We consider the problem of model checking message-passing systems with real-time requirements. As behavioural specifications, we use message sequence charts (MSCs) annotated with timing constraints. Our system model is a network of communicating finite state machines with local clocks, whose global behaviour can be regarded as a timed automaton. Our goal is to verify that all timed behaviours exhibited by the system conform to the timing constraints imposed by the specification. In general, this corresponds to checking inclusion for timed languages, which is an undecidable problem even for timed regular languages. However, we show that we can translate regular collections of time-constrained MSCs into a special class of event-clock automata that can be determinized and complemented, thus permitting an algorithmic solution to the model checking problem.


The measures that most governments took in response to the sudden collapse in economic activity during the COVID-19 lockdowns nearly exclusively focused on protecting vulnerable workers and firms. These measures included unemployment benefits, grants, transfers, loans at low rates, and tax deferrals. As lockdowns are lifted, governments must shift policies toward supporting the recovery and design measures that will limit the pain of adjustment while preserving productive jobs and firms. This Policy Brief explores how such measures can be designed, with particular emphasis on Europe and the United States. The authors propose a combination of unemployment benefits to help workers, wage subsidies and partially guaranteed loans to help firms, and debt restructuring procedures for small and medium-sized companies handicapped by excessive legacy debt from the crisis.


The paper presents a novel range image segmentation algorithm based on planar surface extraction. The algorithm was applied to common range image databases and was favorably compared against seven other segmentation algorithms using a popular evaluation framework. The experimental results show that, as compared to the other methods, our algorithm presents a good performance in preserving small regions and edge locations when processing noisy images. Our main contribution is an improved robust estimator, derived from the RANSAC and MSAC estimators, whose optimization process is accelerated by a genetic algorithm with a new set of parameters and operations designed to avoid premature convergence.


Abstract Applied work often studies the effect of a binary variable ("treatment") using linear models with additive effects. I study the interpretation of the OLS estimands in such models when treatment effects are heterogeneous. I show that the treatment coefficient is a convex combination of two parameters, which under certain conditions can be interpreted as the average treatment effects on the treated and untreated. The weights on these parameters are inversely related to the proportion of observations in each group. Reliance on these implicit weights can have serious consequences for applied work, as I illustrate with two well-known applications. I develop simple diagnostic tools that empirical researchers can use to avoid potential biases. Software for implementing these methods is available in R and Stata. In an important special case, my diagnostics require only the knowledge of the proportion of treated units.


The various actors in the regulated industries relate to each other within a broader institutional framework, i.e., by way of formal and informal rules. An important role in the implementation of liberalization processes is given to regulation and thus to regulatory institutions. The rationale for regulation is its positive effect on society by correcting market failures. But regulatory intervention also causes costs which we call "costs of regulatory governance". These costs result from negative consequences caused by regulatory requirements and from the implementation of regulatory instruments. These costs will depend upon the formal and informal rules among the involved actors, upon the allocation of property rights among these actors, as well as upon the various principal-agent or more generally contractual relationships among these actors. We distinguish between direct and indirect costs of regulation: Direct costs occur in relation with the institutional design of the regulatory framework and the behaviour of actors. Indirect costs result from distorted incentives and finally turn out in an inefficient supply of goods and services. Using the example of the Swiss postal market we offer a first outline of a possible application of the framework. In this article we neither intend to quantify regulatory costs nor do we question regulation per se. We rather present a qualitative framework which helps to structure a discussion about regulatory challenges in network industries.


The bending strength of a wide variety of bony types is shown to be nearly linearly proportional to Young's modulus of elasticity/100. A somewhat closer and more satisfactory fit is obtained if account is taken of the variation of yield strain with Young's modulus. This finding strongly suggests that bending strength is determined by the yield strain. The yield stress in tension, which might be expected to predict the bending strength, underestimates the true bending strength by approximately 40 %. This may be explained by two phenomena. (1) The post-yield deformation of the bone material allows a greater bending moment to be exerted after the yield point has been reached, thereby increasing the strength as calculated from beam formulae. (2) Loading in bending results in a much smaller proportion of the volume of the specimens being raised to high stresses than is the case in tension, and this reduces the likelihood of a weak part of the specimen being loaded to failure.


Page 1/15 10/26/2019 https://journal.interpreterfoundation.org/revisiting-the-forgotten-voices-of-weeping-in-moses-7-a-comparison-with-ancient-texts/ Abstract: The LDS Book of Moses is remarkable in its depiction of the suffering of the wicked at the time of the Flood. According to this text, there are three parties directly involved in the weeping: God (Moses 7:28; cf. v. 29), the heavens (Moses 7:28, 37), and Enoch (Moses 7:41, 49). In addition, a fourth party, the earth, mourns—though does not weep—for her children (Moses 7:48–49). The passages that speak of the weeping God and the mourning earth have received the greatest share of attention by scholars. The purpose of this article is to round out the previous discussion so as to include new insights and ancient parallels to the two voices of weeping that have been largely forgotten—that of Enoch and that of the heavens. ((An expanded and revised version of material contained in this study will appear as part of Jeffrey M. Bradshaw and David J. Larsen, Enoch, Noah, and the Tower of Babel (Salt Lake City, UT: Eborn Publishing, forthcoming, 2014). All translations from non-English sources are by the first author unless otherwise specifically noted.))


Summary
Employee engagement has recently been introduced as a concept advantageous to organizations. However, little is known about the value of employee engagement in explaining work performance behaviors compared with similar concepts. The learning climate, defined as the organization's beneficial activities in helping employees create, acquire, and transfer knowledge, has also been proposed as an antecedent of employee engagement. Using data from a sample of 625 employees and their supervisors in various occupations and organizations throughout Israel, we investigated employee engagement as a key mechanism for explaining the relationship between perceptions of the organization's learning climate and employees' proactivity, knowledge sharing, creativity, and adaptivity. We also tested whether employee engagement explained the relationship more thoroughly than similar concepts such as job satisfaction and job involvement. Multilevel regression analyses supported our hypotheses that employee engagement mediates the relationship between the perceived learning climate and these extra-role behaviors. Moreover, engagement provides a more thorough explanation than job satisfaction or job involvement for these relationships. The implications for organizational theory, research, and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Despite a rise in the number of studies looking at the relationship of psychosocial factors (coping style, personality type, and social support) on HIV/AIDS severity, there remains a lack of conclusive answers about the specific association between these factors. This study used a meta-analytic method of analysis to address these issues in the post anti-retroviral treatment modality world. A systematic search of major psychology and medical computerized databases led to 110 studies used in the meta-analysis. Social support was found to have the strongest relationship with HIV progression. Structural social support had greater protective effect on HIV progression than functional social support. A significant relationship between coping type and HIV severity was found, with a greater protective benefit seen in studies that utilized CD4 count as the outcome variable. Positive coping had a beneficial effect on HIV progression while passive and negative coping had a detrimental effect on disease progression. Among studies of personality, a weak relationship was found between personality type and HIV severity. In conclusion, the meta-analytical review found significant associations between psychosocial factors and HIV severity that could be used to refine individual treatment plans for people living with HIV/AIDS.


To better protect users from security incidents, the principle of least privilege (PLP) requires that users and programs be granted the most restrictive set of privileges possible to perform the required tasks. The low-privileged user accounts (LUA) and privilege elevation prompts are two practical implementations of PLP in the main-stream operating systems. However, there is anecdotal evidence suggesting that users do not employ these implementations correctly. Our research goal was to understand users' challenges and behavior in using these mechanisms and improve them so that average users of personal computers can follow the PLP correctly. For this purpose, we conducted a user study and contextual interviews to investigate the understanding, behavior, and challenges users face when working with user accounts and the privilege elevation prompts (called User Account Control (UAC) prompts) in Windows Vista and 7. We found that 69% of participants did not use and respond correctly to UAC prompts. Also, all our 45 participants used an admin user account, and 91% were not aware of the benefits of low-privileged user accounts or the risks of high-privileged ones. Their knowledge and experience were limited to the restricted rights of low-privileged accounts. Based on our findings, we offered recommendations to improve the UAC and LUA approaches. Since our study showed that users can benefit from UAC prompts, we investigated the information content for such prompts so that users can assess the risk of privilege elevation more accurately and consequently respond to the prompts correctly. We considered thirteen different information items for including on these prompts mostly based on the results of our first study. Our user study with 48 participants showed that program name, origin, description, digital certification, changes the program applies and the result of program scan by anti-virus are the


Abstract Objective: A retrospective investigation was made to compare the occupational risk of tuberculosis in personnel assisting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected subjects with active tuberculosis. Design: We retrospectively reviewed 6 years of hospital activity in 3 units where HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis are hospitalized and in 2 units where non-HIV-infected tuberculosis patients are hospitalized. The risk of occupational tuberculosis in healthcare workers who assisted HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis was investigated. Participants: The risk of occupational tuberculosis in healthcare workers was studied by considering the numbers of potential source cases (hospitalized patients with tuberculosis) in the two conditions investigated (HIV-positive and HIV-negative). Both potential source cases and cases of tuberculosis in healthcare workers had to be microbiologically proven in order to be considered.. Results: Seven cases of tuberculosis occurred in persons who cared for 85 HIV-infected subjects with tuberculosis, while only 2 cases occurred in staff members who took care of 1,079 HIV-negative tuberculosis patients over the same period (relative risk=44.4; 95% confidence interval = 8.5-438). Conclusions: Tuberculosis seems no longer to be a neglectable risk in healthcare workers assisting patients with HIV infection. Further study is urgently needed to see whether such unexpectedly high dissemination of tuberculosis also is demonstrable in the community.