It has been suggested that an elevated concentration of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in specific areas of the brain may contribute to the development of central/mental fatigue during and after sustained exercise. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) should prevent the exercise-induced increase in the plasma concentration ratio of free tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids (including BCAAs) and thereby prevent an elevation in the level of 5-HT in the brain. In this study, subjects were given either a mixture of BCAAs in a carbohydrate solution or a placebo drink that contained only carbohydrates during a 30-km cross-country race. Several tasks to measure cognitive performance were performed before and after the race. When subjects were supplied with BCAAs, their performance in the different parts of the color-word test (words, colors and color words) was improved by an average of 3-7% (p < 0.05) after exercise, whereas there was no difference in performance before and after exercise in the subjects who were given the placebo. Furthermore, the experimental group, supplied with BCAAs, maintained their performance in the shape-rotation and figure-identification tasks, whereas an impairment in performance in these tests by 25% (p < 0.05) and 15% (p < 0.05), respectively, was found in the subjects who received the placebo. Thus, BCAA supplementation seemed to have an effect on the more complex tasks, whereas no effect could be detected on the less demanding tasks. However, an intake of BCAAs during exercise modified only slightly the exercise-induced changes in mood.


Abstract A third world occurrence of rouxelite, ideally Cu2HgPb22Sb28S64(O,S)2, has been identified from the baryte-pyrite-Fe oxides ore of Monte Arsiccio mine, near Sant'Anna di Stazzema (Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy). Rouxelite occurs as mm-sized acicular crystals, black in colour, with bluish-violet iridescence, in vugs of carbonate + baryte + quartz veins embedded in dolostones from the Sant'Olga tunnel. It is associated with Tl-bearing chovanite, sphalerite and valentinite. Its X-ray powder diffraction pattern gives unit-cell parameters a = 43.10(2), b = 4.060(2), c = 37.88(2) Å, β = 117.33(2)°, V = 5889(5) Å3. Electron-microprobe data reveal a complex chemistry, with additional minor elements (wt.%): Tl (0.6-1.7), Ag (0.4-0.6), As (0.2-0.6) and Bi (40.05). This indicates a widespread substitution of Hg by Ag, according to Hg + Pb = Ag + Sb and incorporation of Tl, with some Ag, according to 2Pb = Sb + (Tl, Ag). The occurrence of mixed (Hg, Ag) and (Hg, Cu) sites in natural sulfides and sulfosalts is briefly reviewed. The Tl-content of the samples studied is a characteristic fingerprint agreeing with the Tl-rich nature of the mineral assemblage from Monte Arsiccio. Rouxelite therefore constitutes a new example of a Tl-bearing sulfosalt.


*These authors contributed equally to this work Aim: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major malignancy in China, which is the critical risk of people health. Many natural herbs extracts have been found to exhibit good therapeutic effect on CRC. Our previous study found that grape seed procyanidins B2 (PB2) would induce CRC cell death. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-tumor effect on CRC remains unclear. Thereby, this study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor mechanism of PB2 on CRC. Methods: CCK-8, western blotting, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and animal study were used in the current study. Results: The in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that PB2 could promote the apoptosis of CRC cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was significantly reversed by caspase 3 inhibitor. Meanwhile, PB2 dose-dependently induced autophagy in CRC cells, which was markedly attenuated by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. In addition, PB2 dose-dependently inhibited the expressions of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR in the cells. Conclusion: PB2 dose-dependently induced apoptosis and autophagy in CRC cells via downregulation of PI3K/Akt pathway. This study provided the experimental basis for further development of PB2 as a new effective anticancer drug for the patients with CRC.


This paper addresses the slicing of radio access network resources by multiple tenants, e.g., virtual wireless operators and service providers. We consider a criterion for dynamic resource allocation amongst tenants, based on a weighted proportionally fair objective, which achieves desirable fairness/protection across the network slices of the different tenants and their associated users. Several key properties are established, including: the Pareto-optimality of user association to base stations, the fair allocation of base stations' resources, and the gains resulting from dynamic resource sharing across slices, both in terms of utility gains and capacity savings. We then address algorithmic and practical challenges in realizing the proposed criterion. We show that the objective is NP-hard, making an exact solution impractical, and design a distributed semi-online algorithm, which meets performance guarantees in equilibrium and can be shown to quickly converge to a region around the equilibrium point. Building on this algorithm, we devise a practical approach with limited computational information and handoff overheads. We use detailed simulations to show that our approach is indeed near-optimal and provides substantial gains both to tenants (in terms of capacity savings) and end users (in terms of improved performance).


The majority of >3 Ga metabasalts have chemical features, such as high field strength element (HFSE) depletions, that are characteristic of modern island-arc basalts. These compositions have been interpreted as evidence for subduction of oceanic crust early in Earth's history. Alternatively, the apparent absence of Archean mafic rocks with mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) and ocean island basalt (OIB) compositions and the ubiquitous occurrence of metabasalts with HFSE anomalies suggest that these chemical features may instead be a widespread characteristic of the Archean mantle related to early chemical differentiation and unrelated to modern-style recycling of crust. Here we present major- and trace-element data for a suite of metabasalts from Innersuartuut Island, southwest Greenland, which have a minimum age constraint of 3.75 Ga and are likely as old as ≥3.85 Ga. Samples from Innersuartuut show no evidence for crustal contamination or subduction-related magmatism, and have a petrogenesis comparable to modern OIB. The new data demonstrate that a compositional range for volcanic rocks comparable to that seen in the Phanerozoic existed in the Eoarchean. Therefore, rather than a global anomaly, subduction-related processes are the likely origin for the compositions of the most commonly preserved Archean mafic rocks with island-arc basalt characteristics.


Dim Delobsom was one of the first indigenous colonial bureaucrats in the French administration of Upper Volta. Born in 1897, he rapidly rose through the ranks of colonial administration, becoming a high-level functionary. He also served as the resident anthropologist of the dominant Mossi tribe of Upper Volta, and published numerous books and articles on Mossi customs. Delobsom fell afoul of an important faction of the colonial apparatus, however, when he decided to assume the chieftaincy of his natal village upon his father's death. Colonial officials and French Catholic priests thought he would be compromised as a bureaucrat-chief, and sought to block his investiture. Delobsom died under mysterious circumstances shortly after being named chief, in 1940. His life reveals some important dimensions of the fractured colonial experience.


The rhythm of the heart, its normal functioning and pathologic disturbances, has been a favored subject of investigation by clinical and basic scientists in recent decades. This heightened interest and attention was stimulated by the somber and surprising revelations from epidemiologists and pathologists of the enormity of the number of sudden arrhythmic deaths in the Western world, and the concurrent advancement of technology for recording and control of electrical activity of the heart. Technological advancements have included the recording of intracellular potentials from cardiac cells, the recording of intracardiac extra cellular potentials generated by specific cardiac structures, simultaneous record ings from numerous sites with computer processing for spatial mapping of activa tion or potential variations with time, high gain, high resolution recordings with signal averaging for detecting potentials of low amplitudes, complex stimulation protocols, various high energy stimulation modes, intracellular voltage control of multicellular preparations and single cardiac cells, and the isolation of single cardiac cells for electrophysiological study. The interest and technology have produced an increasing bounty of information and understanding, acceptable solutions to some clinical problems, and definite progress toward solutions to other problems. Progress in research in electrophysiology and arrhythmias has been reviewed and highlighted in various meetings and books in recent years. Because the body of information has become so large, general overviews of the field have neces sarily been superficial in certain aspects or have contained gaps."


Despite recurring interest in the potential for affect to influence "rational" reasoning, in particular the effect of emotion on moral judgments, legal scholars and social scientists have conducted far less empirical research directly testing such questions than might be expected. Nevertheless, the extent to which affect can influence moral decisions is an important question for the law. Watching a certain sort of movie, for instance, can significantly influence responses to opinion polls conducted shortly after that movie. Legislative action based on public opinion as so expressed, or media reports of public opinion based on such polls, could thus inaccurately reflect that public sentiment. This is especially so for social and policy issues that are heavily emotional, such as capital punishment or affirmative action. Most discussion on law and emotions has been theoretical, addressing philosophical approaches to law and emotion. What psychological data exist are mixed, and virtually none appears in the legal literature. Thus, to bring the legal academic discussion into the realm of the empirical, and to provide further data on the question of affective influences on moral and legal decision-making, I conducted two experimental studies examining mood's influence on moral judgments. After clarifying what I mean by "moral judgment" and how I measured it, I report the methodologies and results of those studies. Briefly, the data support other empirical research showing that individuals in a positive mood (here, happiness) tend to process information more superficially than those in a negative mood (here, anxiety). I then discuss the results' implications for the legal system, including implications for trials (e.g., victim impact statements or graphic testimony), and implications for public policy-making (e.g., the context of public opinion polls and surveys). Most broadly, the data contribute to the developing legal literature on the role of emotions in the law. They highlight the importance of conducting empirical research, and of the translation of such empirics to specific legal and policy applications.


Do national legislatures constitute a mechanism by which commitments to international human rights treaties can be made credible? Treaty ratification can activate domestic mechanisms that make repression more costly, and the legislative opposition can enhance these mechanisms. Legislative veto players raise the cost of formalistic repressive strategies by declining to consent to legislation. Executives can still choose to rely on more costly, extralegal strategies, but these could result in severe penalties for the leader and require the leader to expend resources to hide. Especially in treaty member-states, legislatures can use other powers to also increase the cost of extralegal violations, which can further reduce repression. By using an empirical strategy that attempts to address the selection effects in treaty commitment decisions, I show that positive effects of human rights treaties increase when there are more legislative veto players.


Abstract Today, the turbomachinery engineering plays a vital role in the field of air breathing propulsion, most importantly the components like compressor, turbine and its possible numerical strategies to improve the overall efficiency especially in the transonic flow conditions. The main objective of this paper is to address the numerical solution for most uncertain problem like unsteady and non-uniform flow across the axial-flow compressor. The axial-flow compressor distorted flow problem is modeled and analyzed by means of a systematic three-dimensional numerical approach. Particularly, the rotor inflow instability implications of an axial compressor stage are carried out. Geometry is created using ROTOR-37 coordinates for numerical analysis and the results are validated in contradiction of experimental data available from literature, by imposing various combinations of Mach numbers from 0.8 to 1.2 and the engine mass flow rate of incoming air. The results highlighted that the rotor blade main distortion effect was noticed at near the tip region and as well as the hub corners of the blade. Numerical simulations also revealed that due to the distortion influence, the stream flow separation on pressure side of the blade is more. Moreover, these calculated figures have more significance for better aero-mechanical features of axial-flow compressor.


The Bracero Program began in 1942 as a temporary wartime measure but was extended repeatedly until 1964. During that time, more than 4.5 million braceros received contracts to work in the United States, primarily as agricultural laborers. Before the program ended, braceros worked in thirty-eight states in the United States, with the majority contracted by eight states.
 With the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941 and the subsequent sinking of two Mexican vessels by German submarines, Mexico and the United States entered into a bilateral agreement. In actuality, there were two bilateral agreements, the first extending from 1942 to 1949, and the second, enacted as Public Law 78, starting in 1951 and culminating in 1964. Throughout the program's existence Mexico strove to ensure favorable conditions under which braceros were to be contracted, especially in light of the strong opposition to the program among a number of sectors in Mexico and the long history of discrimination against people of Mexican descent in the United States. Like Mexico, the United States faced opposition to the contract labor program from both employers and labor unions. Employers were wary of too much government interference in their ability to secure a plentiful and cheap labor supply, while labor unions viewed the program as a threat to organizing efforts and as an obstacle to achieving better working conditions and pay for agricultural workers in the United States. The Bracero Program also deeply affected the braceros themselves in both positive and negative ways. And it had a profound impact on the families of the braceros who left to work in the United States. The program was plagued by a number of issues and problems, primarily resulting from a lack of enforcement and widespread contract violations. Despite the problems associated with the program, both countries touted its benefits, not only to their economy, but to the braceros themselves. The braceros did not passively accept their fate and challenged their treatment in a variety of ways. Although the Bracero Program ended in 1964, its legacy continues to affect US–Mexican relations to this day. Furthermore, former braceros and their descendants have undertaken a movement to demand reimbursement for wages promised them under the requirements of the Bracero Program.


Advances in metacommunity theory have made a significant contribution to understanding the drivers of variation in biological communities. However, there has been limited empirical research exploring the expression of metacommunity theory for two fundamental components of beta diversity: nestedness and species turnover. In this paper, we examine the influence of local environmental and a range of spatial variables (hydrological connectivity, proximity and overall spatial structure) on total beta diversity and the nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity for the entire macroinvertebrate community and active and passively dispersing taxa within pond habitats. High beta diversity almost entirely reflects patterns of species turnover (replacement) rather than nestedness (differences in species richness) in our dataset. Local environmental variables were the main drivers of total beta diversity, nestedness and turnover when the entire community was considered and for both active and passively dispersing taxa. The influence of spatial processes on passively dispersing composition, total beta diversity and nestedness was significantly greater than for actively dispersing taxa. Our results suggest that species sorting (local environmental variables) operating through niche processes was the primary mechanism driving total beta diversity, nestedness and turnover for the entire community and active and passively dispersing taxa. In contrast, spatial factors (hydrological connectivity, proximity and spatial eigenvectors) only exerted a secondary influence on the nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity.


Stroke welcomes Letters to the Editor and will publish them, if suitable, as space permits. They should not exceed 750 words (including references) and may be subject to editing or abridgment. Please submit letters in duplicate, typed double-spaced. Include a fax number for the corresponding author and a completed copyright transfer agreement form (available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org and http://submit-stroke.ahajournals.org).


The iF product design award 2011 yearbook presents the creme de la creme of international product design in two large volumes. The documentation of the 2011 iF Product Design award winners, one of the most important design awards in the world, takes the reader on a journey into the world of well-designed objects. In total. Hundreds of products that have received the iF label for their excellent design are spectacularly presented. The products in the 16 catedories - automobiles, computers, mobile phones, textiles, furniture, bathroom equipment, medical devices, industrial machines, style items, bicycles and many more - are a source of inspiration both for amateurs and professionals. The iF product design award 2011 yearbook is a benchmark in the form of a comprehensive reference book and information archive for manufacturers, designers and distributors in the field of economy, media and politics. The opinions of the jury members that precede each category provide a current picture of the corresponding sector.


Participatory mapping of local land use as the basis for planning and decision-making has become widespread around the globe. However, still relatively little is known about the conceptual underpinnings of geographic information produced through participatory mapping in given cultural and linguistic settings. In this paper, we therefore address the seemingly simple question of what is (not) represented on maps through an exploratory case study comparing land use categories participants represented on sketch maps with categories elicited through more language-focused ethnographic fieldwork. To explore landscape categorization, we conducted sketch mapping with 29 participants and in-depth ethnographic fieldwork with 19 participants from the Takana indigenous people in the Bolivian Amazon. Sketch mapping resulted in 74 different feature types, while we elicited 156 landscape categories used in language, of which only 23 overlapped with feature types from the sketch mapping. Vegetation categories were highly diversified in language but seldom represented on maps, while more obviously anthropogenic features were represented on sketch maps. Furthermore, participants seldom drew culturally important landscape categories such as fallow plots or important plant harvesting sites on maps, with important potential consequences for natural resource management.


Drawing on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), David Neumark (2002) finds that living wage laws have brought substantial wage increases for a high proportion of workers in cities that have passed these laws. He also finds that living wage laws significantly reduce employment opportunities for low-wage workers. We argue, first, that by truncating his sample to concentrate his analysis on low-wage workers, Neumark's analysis is vulnerable to sample selection bias, and that his results are not robust to alternative specifications that utilize quantile regression to avoid such selection bias. In addition, we argue that Neumark has erroneously utilized the CPS data set to derive these results. We show that, with respect to both wage and employment effects, Neumark's results are not robust to more accurate alternative classifications as to which workers are covered by living wage laws. We also show that the wage effects that Neumark observes for all U.S. cities with living wage laws can be more accurately explained as resulting from effects on sub-minimum wage workers in Los Angeles alone of a falling unemployment rate and rising minimum wage in that city.


Ion irradiation is an effective tool for the modifcation and control of the properties of magnetic thin films. Basic magnetic properties such as coercivity and local anisotropy direction can be altered in NiFe (Permalloy) films, whilst for Co/Pd multilayers, ion irradiation results in a transition from perpendicular to in-plane magnetisation. This ability to tailor magnetic properties in a controlled manner can be used as a tool for nanoscale patterning.

Results are presented from investigations into the effect of Ga+ ion dose on the magnetic and structural properties of permalloy thin film systems. Systems consisting of a permalloy layer of either 10nm or 20nm, and one or more non-magnetic layers of Al or Au were deposited by thermal evaporation and irradiated in a focused ion beam (FIB) with a 30kV Ga ion source. The presence of the non-magnetic
layers allows irradiation induced mixing with the magnetic layer, effectively creating alloyed regions with different properties to the rest of the film. At low ion
doses, no signifcant effect on either the magnetic or structural properties were observed. Bright field TEM images of the irradiated regions revealed that increasing the dose to 1x10^15 ions/cm^2 and above caused an increase in mean grain size from ~5nm to ~30nm. The Fresnel mode of Lorentz microscopy revealed that a reduction in the mean moment was also observed at these doses but no
clear changes in coercivity or magnetisation reversal behaviour were observed until the systems were rendered non-magnetic. This occurred at 1x10^16 and 3x10^16
ions/cm^2 for systems with 10nm NiFe and 20nm NiFe respectively. Milling of the samples was evident at these high doses, meaning that it was not possible to magnetically pattern these systems without occasioning a change of 2nm and 6nm respectively in the thickness of the samples.

Based on the above, structures were created to control the location of magnetic domain walls (DW). Lines were written by FIB in simple elements with dimensions <1micron, the aim being to create a higher density of DW than could be realised in equivalent homogeneous elements. Structures containing high DW densities are attractive for measuring domain wall magnetoresistive effects and have potential
application in DW-based storage or logic devices. One geometry of interest is an element with `zigzag' edges. Results are be presented in chapter 4 showing how these can support either quasi-uniform magnetisation or multi-domain structures separated by DW with spacing <100nm.

In chapter 5 irradiation of magnetic structures was again carried out, but this time in magnetic wires to create defect or pinning sites. Domain wall traps fabricated
by ion irradiation were characterised, and irradiation line defects introduced along the wire. The lines were patterned at 90± and 45± to the length of the wire, and successfully pinned the domain walls at predefned locations. A 90 degree line irradiated at a dose of 1x10^15 ions/cm^2 was not able to provide a strong enough pinning site for a domain wall. However, when the angle of the line was changed to ±45 degrees it was possible to reproducibly pin domain walls at these sites. A relationship between the orientation of the irradiated line and the chirality of the domain wall that pinned at the site was observed.

The effcts of irradiation on Co/Pd multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was investigated in chapter 6. Irradiation causes magnetic systems with perpendicular magnetisation to undergo a transition from out-of-plane magnetisation to in-plane. A grid pattern was devised so that magnetic states with both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetisation could be observed. A combination
of differential phase contrast microscopy and simulations of integrated magnetic induction were used to determine the orientation of magnetisation within the lines.


The objective of this paper is to analyze consumer purchasing behaviour and preference for olive oil, in the Albanian context of a weakly enforced public and private quality assurance system. A consumer survey was administered at retail outlets in Tirana. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a two-step cluster analysis to identify homogeneous groups within the sample. The results indicate that most consumers perceive the quality of olive oil they consume to be very high and tend to rely on and trust in the producers/suppliers of the product, rather than public institutions as a guarantee of the quality and safety of olive oil purchased.


ABSTRACT Type IV pili (T4P) are retractile appendages that contribute to the virulence of bacterial pathogens. PilF is a Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipoprotein that is essential for T4P biogenesis. Phenotypic characterization of a pilF mutant confirmed that T4P-mediated functions are abrogated: T4P were no longer present on the cell surface, twitching motility was abolished, and the mutant was resistant to infection by T4P retraction-dependent bacteriophage. The results of cellular fractionation studies indicated that PilF is the outer membrane pilotin required for the localization and multimerization of the secretin, PilQ. Mutation of the putative PilF lipidation site untethered the protein from the outer membrane, causing secretin assembly in both inner and outer membranes. T4P-mediated twitching motility and bacteriophage susceptibility were moderately decreased in the lipidation site mutant, while cell surface piliation was substantially reduced. The tethering of PilF to the outer membrane promotes the correct localization of PilQ and appears to be required for the formation of stable T4P. Our 2.0-Å structure of PilF revealed a superhelical arrangement of six tetratricopeptide protein-protein interaction motifs that may mediate the contacts with PilQ during secretin assembly. An alignment of pseudomonad PilF sequences revealed three highly conserved surfaces that may be involved in PilF function.


The paper deals with the issue of geometric precision measuring at large parts (especially at castings having big dimensions) in their manufacturing stage. The large parts of machine-tool frames are required to have their geometric tolerances in thousandths of millimetres. The production or cooperation abilities of the particular company must be adapted to these demands and it is also necessary to adapt the company metrological equipment and measuring procedures to them. The standard measuring equipment cannot be used in most cases, because the particular parts are too large. For this reason, it is necessary to search such methods and procedures which enable to perform measuring with the relevant result. It could be considered to use e. g. 3D scanners. Unfortunately, their measuring precision has not reached the required tolerances up to now. For example, the HandyPROBE 3D scanner measures with the precision of 0,022 mm [1].


There has been a recent interest in reporting p-values adjusted for resampling-based stepdown multiple testing procedures proposed in Romano and Wolf (2005a,b). The original papers only describe how to carry out multiple testing at a fixed significance level. Computing adjusted p-values instead in an efficient manner is not entirely trivial. Therefore, this paper fills an apparent gap by detailing such an algorithm.


Background: Depressive symptoms are often not detected properly in elderly. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of depressive symptoms and possible co relational factors among elderly population. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 100 elderly persons were screened. Geriatric depression scale (GDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms. A self-rating questionnaire was used to detect some sociodemographics and clinical variables. Results: 100 respondents interviewed, 40 were 70 years and above and 41% were male. Sixty individuals (25 males and 35 females) were found to be mildly depressed. Seventeen (4 males and 13 females) were suffering from severe depression. Conclusion: This study is in line with previous studies showing the high prevalence of depression in elderly. Results suggest a proper screening for depression among elderly.


KAMENOVA, I., 2016. Non-transmission of plum pox virus through seeds of myrobalan and apricot. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 267–271 Seeds from wild-grown myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) infected with PPV-D strain and from apricot (P. armeniaca) infected with PPV-Rec strain were investigated for their potential role in virus transmission. The presence of PPV was checked in fully ripe seeds, geminated seeds and seedlings. While the results obtained by DASI-ELISA tests of whole seeds and separated seed coats from myrobalan were negative for PPV, IC-RT-PCR showed virus presence in forty six and forty seven samples out of 50 tested, respectively. Both DASI-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR detected PPV in the whole seeds and seed coats from apricot displaying pale spots and/or rings on the stones and did not detect the virus in the seeds coming from stones without symptoms. The virus was identifi ed in the cotyledons containing the embryo only by IC-RT-PCR and only in apricot seeds showing symptoms on the stone. Seedlings investigated for a period of two years never showed symptoms and were found PPV-negative, both by DASI-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR. On the base of the results obtained it can be concluded that the seeds from P. cerasifera Ehth. infected with PPV-D and from apricot infected with PPV-Rec strain do not transmit the virus.


This volume presents the architecture, biological remains, and other material culture from the Hellenistic, Roman, and later strata excavated at Tel Zahara, a small site approximately 0.25 ha, located in the central Jordan Valley in modern Israel. In both the Hellenistic and Roman periods of settlement, Tel Zahara's close proximity to Beth Shean (Scythopolis) influenced the site's development and illustrates the interconnection between rural settlement and urban site. The data produced by the Tel Zahara excavations reveal rural practices and subsistence patterns, and underscore the strength and significance of the rural sector for development in Hellenistic and Roman Palestine.


Raj is oblivious to the Second World War being fought beyond his tiny exotic island. His mother is his sole company while his father works as a prison guard, so the boy thinks only of making friends. One day, from the far-away world, a ship brings to the island Jewish exiles who have been refused entry to Israel. David, a recently orphaned boy of his own age from Prague, becomes the friend that he has longed for, and Raj takes it upon himself to help David to escape from the prison. As they flee through sub-tropical forests and devastating storms, the boys battle hunger and malaria - and forge a friendship only death could destroy.


This paper criticises the paternalist argument for bans on gender-specific restrictive religious dress. This posits that the prohibition on the wearing of hijab in schools assists the emancipation and autonomy of young girls. In the first section, I briefly summarize the republican paternalist position against the hijab, and explain why it is flawed, in light of a critical republican ideal of non-domination. In the second section of the paper, I expand the argument, and apply it to recent controversies about the wearing of the niqab (full face covering). I argue that the so-called 'burqa ban' in France (13 July 2010) suffers from even graver flaws than the 2004 hijab ban, to the extent that it extends paternalistic coercion from children to adults. More generally I explore the question as to whether, if there are relevant differences between hijab and niqab, they have a bearing on the normative case against legal regulation.


Like ill-mannered children, some issues refuse to go away. In 1992, three Supreme Court Justices issued a plurality opinion in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey(1) in which they declared that even if the Court had erred in Roe v. Wade,(2) that error must stand because to overrule its central holding would inflict "unnecessary damage to the Court's legitimacy, and to the Nation's commitment to the rule of law."(3) That being the case, the plurality in effect directed the pro-life community to give up, to stop trying to beat a horse that the Court had already put away.(4) But, the criticisms of Roe and its successors have only increased, and the efforts to narrow and ultimately reverse their holdings continue unabated. The American Bar Association (ABA) has had no better luck in confining criticism of the judiciary. Three years ago, in reaction to calls for the impeachment of a controversial judge and to congressional initiatives that would have placed various limitations on federal courts, the ABA appointed a Commission on "the Separation of Powers and Judicial Independence" to address those matters. In due course, the Commission issued a report(5) urging the critics in and out of Congress to "cool it" lest their assaults compromise the judiciary's independence and undermine public confidence in the courts. The Commission was especially worried about the latter, citing polls that recorded a significant deterioration in public support for the judiciary.(6) To reverse that regression, the Commission recommended that the courts and Congress, particularly Congress, manifest the "spirit of restraint and common purpose" required by a system based on the separation of powers(7) and, most particularly, it expressed a need to "expand the public's knowledge of our judicial systems and the fundamental importance of the principle of judicial independence in a healthy democratic republic."(8) Those are serious concerns, and the Commission's recommendations were well taken as far as they went. For whatever reason, however, the Commission largely ignored the part played by judicial overreaching in sparking the court-bashing it decried. Instead, it described charges of judicial encroachment on legislative or executive functions as old hat; and although it acknowledged that judges who failed to decide cases in accordance with the law could be a "threat to their own independence," it proclaimed that "activism" had become a "code word for a personal, political or ideological difference with a particular decision."(9) Thus, in the hoary tradition of too many professional associations, the ABA's response has largely been to circle the wagons in order to protect the judiciary against attacks from any quarter, however legitimate some of the attacks might be. This appears to be the response of the legal establishment generally, vide an article by the president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association in which he notes that "our state and federal courts are under attack [for activism] on several fronts" and states that lawyers "have a professional and moral obligation to defend both the courts as institutions and our judges against these unwarranted and dangerous threats."(10) What these defenders of the status quo ignore is that not all of the criticism is unwarranted. Serious persons have leveled serious attacks on an approach to constitutional interpretation that has permitted American judges to carve their policy preferences into constitutional granite, and it serves no interest I know of to ignore that fact. One of the blunter and, given its source, more sobering statements of that concern was issued in 1958 at a conference of the chief justices of the state supreme courts in reaction to the perceived excesses of the Warren Court. Addressing themselves to the problem of federal-state relations, the attending chief justices adopted, by a vote of thirty-six to eight, a resolution in which they respectfully urged that the Supreme Court of the United States . …


The enzyme urate oxidase (UO) is involved in nitrogen metabolism of many organisms. Urate oxidation is carried out by UO without the aid of a metal ion or cofactor. A catalytic diad has previously been proposed to be involved in formation of dianionic urate during the UO reaction. Proton inventory, Raman spectroscopy, and kinetic isotope effects (KIE) methods have been utilized to further investigate how UO accomplishes activation of urate for oxidation. A proton inventory was conducted to determine the number of protons in flight during each round of catalysis. A "bowl shaped" proton inventory at pH 8.0 is indicative of more than one proton being in flight during catalysis. This observation supports the proposed Thr-Lys catalytic diad being involved in dianion formation. Raman spectroscopy has been used along with the competitive inhibitor 8-nitroxanthine to show evidence for dianion formation upon the binding of substrate to UO. To further study how UO activates the substrate, new methods for measuring kinetic isotope effects (KIE) are being developed. The use of continuous flow mass spectrometry to measure carbon isotope effects (IE) at positions C4 and C5 of urate will give insight into the transition state structure of the reaction. Continuous flow MS has the advantage of measuring the naturally abundant isotopic ratios of solid samples. Another new technique is the use of isotope depleted samples to measure carbon IE's of multi-carbon molecules. These new techniques have the potential to be employed in the study of many enzymatic reactions.


Background Government agencies in the United States are creating mobile health (mHealth) apps as part of recent policy changes initiated by the White House's Digital Government Strategy. Objective The objective of the study was to understand the institutional and managerial barriers for the implementation of mHealth, as well as the resulting adoption pathways of mHealth. Methods This article is based on insights derived from qualitative interview data with 35 public managers in charge of promoting the reuse of open data through Challenge.gov, the platform created to run prizes, challenges, and the vetting and implementation of the winning and vendor-created apps. Results The process of designing apps follows three different pathways: (1) entrepreneurs start to see opportunities for mobile apps, and develop either in-house or contract out to already vetted Web design vendors; (2) a top-down policy mandates agencies to adopt at least two customer-facing mobile apps; and (3) the federal government uses a policy instrument called "Prizes and Challenges", encouraging civic hackers to design health-related mobile apps using open government data from HealthData.gov, in combination with citizen needs. All pathways of the development process incur a set of major obstacles that have to be actively managed before agencies can promote mobile apps on their websites and app stores. Conclusions Beyond the cultural paradigm shift to design interactive apps and to open health-related data to the public, the managerial challenges include accessibility, interoperability, security, privacy, and legal concerns using interactive apps tracking citizen.


Scholarly interest in the varied dimensions of death and dying has led to the development of death studies that move beyond medical research to include behavioral science disciplines and practitioner-oriented fields such as psychology, gerontology, sociology, thanatology, anthropology, social work, counseling, law and family studies. As a result of this interdisciplinary interest, the literature in the field of death and the human experience studies has proliferated.Death-related terms and concepts such as appropriate death, body farms, contemporary and historical causes of death, caregiving and the death-care industry, dance of death (danse macabre), equivocal death, end-of-life decision making, life insurance, the history of hospice, near-death experiences, cemeteries, memorials, viatical settlements, suicide, medical mistakes, advance directives, family and caregiver stress, SIDS, cryonics, cyber-funerals, global beliefs and traditions, death denial, and social movements as well as interdisciplinary and practitioner-oriented perspectives on death now hold important family, economic, medical, legal and global social psychological consequences. As a result, many terms and phrases are now part of common everyday social discourse and media reporting.The lexicon relating to dying, death and the human experience is expansive, thus lending itself to the need to establish consistency in 'vocabulary of death' meanings. "The Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience" does so, and this two-volume library reference is enriched through multidisciplinary contributions and perspective as it arranges, organizes, defines and clarifies an impressive list of more than 300 death-related concepts for the use of students and scholars, while facilitating a more refined and sensitive understanding of the field for an increasingly interested public.


The lanthanoid sesquioxides exhibit a number of distinct structural phases. Below
2000°C these oxides exist in three crystal systems, namely the A-type hexagonal phase,
the B-type monoclinic phase and the C-type cubic phase. With increasing temperature
the stability of these structures is generalised by the order C → B → A, although not
every oxide will exhibit all phases; this general transition is typical of the middle
members of the group. Under ambient conditions, the A phase is preferred for La2O3 to
Pm2O3. Both the C and B phases exist for Sm2O3, Eu2O3 and Gd2O3. The C phase is
stable at room temperature from Sm2O3 onwards, and at the high atomic number end of
the series this phase is preferred.
Traditionally, the structures of the heavier sesquioxides (Er2O3 to Lu2O3) have been
believed to be cubic from ambient temperature all the way up to their melting points.
However, contrary to the current phase diagram, my work has shown that not only are
B-type Sm2O3, Eu2O3 and Gd2O3 very stable at ambient temperature, but it is also
possible to create 1% monoclinic Yb2O3 by heating and then quenching back to
ambient temperature.
Of the lanthanoids, praseodymium and terbium are known for their existence in both
the +3 and +4 oxidation states. The praseodymium-oxygen system is notable for its
multiple stoichiometries. This work presents kinetic data for the phi - beta phase and the sigma - theta
phase transitions in this system, the results obtained via high-temperature X-ray
powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry.
The crystal structures of B-type Gd2O3 and Yb2O3 are reported, the former obtained
using both laboratory and synchrotron X-ray data and the latter using laboratory data
alone. It is proposed that this is the first time these two structures have been determined
following the application of temperature alone, without the additional application of
pressure.


Presented in this little book are 2 parts, a more theoretically based first one with some theory papers and a second part with the empirical results of the very first PSILAB-questionnaire. The little theoretically articles are for example about PSI (as the umbrella term), biophotons and chaostheory. In the empirical part the PSILAB-questionnaire was including several UFO-Items and a lot of additional items, asking for life habits, socio-demographic issues, religious tendencies, general attitude towards aggressive behavior and other. The sample with finally N=439 is basically from newsgroup readers and to about 1/3 of congress visitors. So this sample is a highly selective sample consisting of people being highly interested in topics as extraperceptional and other extraordinary phenomena and can?t be considered to be representative for the whole population. The data acquisition was from end of 1998 to the end of 2002.
Additionally the 2. PSILAB ? questionnaire was analyzed, a german astrology-questionnaire and therefore written in german. The empirical works comprise the titles ?An attempt to assess and explain frequencies of UFO-sightnings and believe in UFO-abductions, ?Incidences for a collective unconsciousness??, ?ESP and Religion?, ?Effects and relations of meditation onto living style and attitudes? and ?Astrologie-PSILAB-Fragebogen-Auswertung?, that are the results from the 2. PSILAB-questionnaire.
Presented are some significant results, that some certain life habits and holistic world views are enhancing the number of spontaneous telepathy and other PSI experiences and the belief in the existence of UFOs. Furtheron presented are the only little differing frequencies in the occurrence of PSI (umbrella term) from persons preferring the different main religions.
The astrology-questionnaire analysis shows some few weak statistical significancies about effects, correlations, associations from planet positions and other astrological variables of the zodiac.


Categorical perception would provide a link between colour perception and colour language. We conducted an extensive series of studies on categorical perception of colour. We studied category effects on colour sensitivity, on the performance in a speeded discrimination task and on the subjective appearance of difference. One of the core contributions of our studies is the careful control of perceptual differences when investigating the interaction between perceptual and categorical information. In sum, only speeded discrimination with untrained participants yielded robust category effects. The comparison of the results from the different studies shows that category effects are not inherent to colour perception. Instead, we suggest that attention to the categorical distinction is at the root of the category effect.


The last few years have seen an explosion in the number and size shared micro-mobility systems ("SMMS") across the United States. Some of these systems have seen extraordinary success and the potential benefit of these systems to communities is considerable. However, SMMS have repeatedly ran into legal barriers that either prevent their implementation entirely, confuse and dissuade potential users, or otherwise limit SMMS's potential positive impact. This paper reflects a detailed study of state laws relating to SMMS and the platforms commonly used in these systems. The study uncovered many inconsistencies with micro-mobility laws across the country. Currently, many states lack clear definitions for these emerging forms of transportation, which do not otherwise fit neatly in the categories contemplated by existing law. Several states lack clear, state-level policies, which has led to discrepancies between state and local regulations. Further, there are several areas of micro-mobility law that are sharply inconsistent between states. All of these differences leave users confused as to what the law is and may discourage them from riding. A number of states are attempting to remedy inconsistencies and legislative silence by passing and proposing laws that regulate the use of electric bikes ("e-bikes") and electric scooters ("e-scooters"), but even these efforts are unlikely to bring the consistency that is needed. Federal authorities should act to create uniform laws and work with states to adopt them, otherwise, the lack of a legal infrastructure may threaten to stifle the innovation and undermine SMMS's promised returns.


Site effects may be assessed using a standard soil classification parameter, VS30 (the harmonic average shear-wave velocity in the first 30 m); however, this index does not account for the complexity of the velocity profile, especially its variability at depth. In the present study, in addition to VS30, we propose consideration of the gradient of the VS profile from 0 to 30 m depth, denoted B30. A lower gradient value means low velocity increases with depth; a higher gradient indicates a rapid velocity increase with depth in the shallow layers. In addition, we consider the fundamental resonance frequency of the soil (f0), which has been shown to be a relevant parameter for site-effect assessment and which is obtained from the empirical site response. Using the Japanese KiK-net database, we analyze the variability of the VS profiles and the empirical borehole site responses of selected sites through the VS30, the velocity gradient B30, and f0. We select 289 sites for which the 1D linear numerical modeling is close to the empirical site response and a VS at the downhole station is greater than 1000 m=s. For a given VS30 class, B30, and f0 can be used to distinguish between two types of sites: deep sedimentary sites and sites with high velocity contrast at shallow depths. We find that, even if the gradient is calculated using shallow information, its use improves the site amplification characterization, compared to using only VS30, by reducing the intersite site-response variability. As expected, however, this improvement is limited for deep sedimentary sites. On the other hand, f0 is able to reduce the intersite response variability for deep sedimentary sites even though it is limited to specific VS30 classes. Thus, the combined use of VS30, B30, and f0 improves the assessment of linear site amplification.


It takes account of recent discoveries concerning Shakespeare's early career, and pays particular attention to recent theatrical history, relating readings generated by modern performances to new ideologically positioned accounts of the history and politics of Shakespeare's age. Part II offers a searing account of aristocratic sedition and a portrait of a relationship between the King and his Protector, Good Duke Humphrey, which is as complex as that between Prince Hal and his father Bolingbrook. It concerns itself with the nature of history, the role of conscience, and the relation between law and equity. It also contains a complex reading of the kind of event that the Tudor regime had cause to fear, a popular uprising, led in this instance by Jack Cade.


This interpretative study examines the complexities of lesbian parents' experiences in organized youth sport programs. Specifically, it seeks to understand youth sport as a potential site for social change that facilitates a sense of inclusive community for diverse family structures. Using thematic analysis, the author examines perspectives of nine participants from Australia, Canada, and the United States. Emphasis is placed on how the lesbian parents (a) negotiate heightened visibility, sexual stigma, and parental judgment; (b) foster social relationships through participation, volunteerism, and positive role models; and (c) create shared understanding toward building an inclusive sport culture. The findings call attention to the importance of intentional and unintentional acts (by families as well as sport organizations) that create a sense of community and an inclusive organizational culture. The connection of lesbian parents' experiences to broader concepts, such as sexual stigma and transformative services, are also examined within the context of youth sport.


Studies using Nomura et al.'s "Negative Attitude toward Robots Scale" (NARS) [1] as an attitudinal measure have featured robots that were perceived to be autonomous, independent agents. State of the art telepresence robots require an explicit human-in-the-loop to drive the robot around. In this paper, we investigate if NARS can be used with telepresence robots. To this end, we conducted three studies in which people watched videos of telepresence robots (n=70), operated telepresence robots (n=38), and interacted with telepresence robots (n=12). Overall, the results from our three studies indicated that NARS may be applied to telepresence robots, and culture, gender, and prior robot experience can be influential factors on the NARS score.


This study attempted to establish a broad regional phenological pattern for Northeast Asia using time-series data of the satellite measured index of terrestrial chlorophyll content (MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index) from 2003 to 2007. A suite of phenological variables were extracted from 4 integral seasons of time-series Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ecoregions smoothed by an asymmetric Gaussian model. In this study, spatial variation with latitude was observed for the chlorophyll content and phenological variables for natural vegetation across north-south transect of northeast Asia (NSTNEA). The onset of greenness for most ecoregions followed a latitudinal pattern with an earlier onset of greenness at lower latitudes. In general, the length of growing season was higher at lower latitudes. For forests in NSTNEA, the average maximum MTCI value and range of MTCI value at lower latitudes were significantly larger than that at higher latitudes during the study period. In addition, the cumulative CV showed a declining trend with an increase in latitude overall. Our findings suggest that although precipitation plays a promoting role, temperature is still the dominant factor in vegetation phenological period at high latitudes.


Advanced packages such as 2.5D will continue to grow in demand as performance increases are needed in various applications. Failure analysis must adapt to the changes in the interfaces, materials and structures being developed and now utilized. Traditional techniques and tools used for selectively removing materials to isolate and analyze defects need to evolve alongside these packages. A CF4-free Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) process is used to remove underfill (UF) with minimal alteration of other materials on the samples, a process which has become more difficult on 2.5D modules. UF is removed using this MIP process to allow subsequent analysis on interposer interconnects and ìbumps in crosssection. SEM inspection, Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC), and FIB are techniques used post cross-sectional UF removal of these 2.5D structures. The benefits of the specific MIP process through case studies are presented. Specifically, the use of an automatic cleaning step and a CF4-free downstream O2 plasma allow easy removal of UF without damaging other structures of interest with little tool recipe development.


We test a theory presented previously to account for the turbulent transport of magnetic uctuation energy in the solar wind and the related dissipation and heating of the ambient ion population. This theory accounts for the injection of magnetic energy through the damping of large-scale ow gradients such as wind shear and compression, and incorporates the injection of magnetic energy due to wave excitation by interstellar pickup ions. The theory assumes quasi-2D spectral transport of the uctuation energy and subsequent dissipation that heats the thermal protons. We compare the predictions of this theory with Voyager 2 and Pioneer 11 observations of magnetic uctuation energy, magnetic correlation lengths, and ambient proton temperatures. Near-Earth Omnitape observations are used to adjust for solar variability and the possibility that high-latitude eeects could mask possible radial dependences is considered. We nd abundant evidence for in situ heating of the protons, which we quantify, and show that the observed magnetic energy is consistent with the ion temperatures.


Effective field theories are a widely used tool to study physical systems at low energies. We apply them to systematically analyze two and three particles interacting via tensor potentials. Two examples are addressed: pion interactions for DD* scattering to dynamically generate the X(3872) and dipole interactions for two and three bosons at low energies. For the former, the one-pion exchange and for the latter, the long-range dipole force induce a tensor-like structure of the potential. We apply perturbative as well as non-perturbative methods to determine low-energy observables.

The X(3872) is of major interest in modern high-energy physics. Its exotic characteristics require approaches outside the range of the quark model for baryons and mesons. Effective field theories represent such methods and provide access to its peculiar nature. We interpret the X(3872) as a hadronic molecule consisting of neutral D and D* mesons. It is possible to apply an effective field theory with perturbative pions. Within this framwork, we address chiral as well as finite volume extrapolations for low-energy observables, such as the binding energy and the scattering length. We show that the two-point correlation function for the D* meson has to be resummed to cure infrared divergences. Moreover, next-to-leading order coupling constants, which were introduced by power counting arguments, appear to be essential to renormalize the scattering amplitude.
The binding energy as well as the scattering length display a moderate dependence on the light quark masses. The X(3872) is most likely deeper bound for large light quark masses. In a finite volume on the other hand, the binding energy significantly increases. The dependence on the light quark masses and the volume size can be simultaneously obtained.

For bosonic dipoles we apply a non-perturbative, numerical approach. We solve the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the two-dipole system and the Faddeev equation for three bosonic dipoles. Scattering amplitudes are ultraviolet divergent and have to be regularized. A single, isotropic S-wave operator is insufficient to properly renormalize and a linear combination of, in general anisotropic, short-range interactions has to be introduced.
Bound states can be classified by parity and projection of the orbital angular momentum on the dipole moment. Both quantum numbers are conserved. Moreover, binding energies can be divided into different sets characterized by multiple angular momentum quantum numbers. However, different sets couple among each other and the spectrum displays avoided level crossings whenever two of them come close.
We further determine the bound-state spectrum for three bosonic dipoles. The Faddeev equation decouples if the two-body threshold is dominated by a particular projection of orbital angular momentum. We solve it for the case of vanishing projection quantum number. It appears that bound states are universally determined by two-body low-energy observables and no explicit three-body forces have to be included to assure regulator independence.
Furthermore, we derive a reformulation of the Faddeev equation, which is numerically beneficial. For a proof of concept we implement it for the S-wave projected 1/r^3 potential.


Evidence of the first urban settlements can be traced
back a couple of millennia. Until the end of the 18th
century, however, cities remained relatively small in
size and contained a small proportion of the overall
population. However, from this point onwards, the
process of urbanisation - the movement of people
from the countryside to the city and the rapid development
of the built environment and urban infrastructures
- accelerated in conjunction with industrialisation.
In Western countries, cities became the
drivers of regional and national economies and the
proportion of the population living in urban settlements
rapidly increased throughout the nineteenth
and twentieth century. At present, we are witnessing
an economic slow down in the developed and largely
urban economies of North America and Europe and
unprecedented growth in South America, Africa and
especially in the rapidly growing economies of Asia.
These Asian Tigers are also experiencing mass
rural-urban migration, as their citizens search out
employment opportunities and better living standards
for themselves and their families. Indeed, the global
urban population is forecast to more than double by
2050, turning the human condition into an urban condition,
with more than 90% of this larger urban population
being accommodated in developing countries.
Europe is already around three-quarters urbanised
and its citizens enjoy, on the whole, high standards
of living and good access to healthcare and welfare
services. However, public services are deteriorating
and the welfare state is being eroded; inequalities
are rising; the population is aging; and the livelihoods
of cities are becoming increasingly sensitive to the
vagaries of extreme weather events. Urban governance
is facing new and multi-scale challenges and
responding to these effectively may require hitherto
unknown degrees of cooperation and indeed co-creation,
as urban settlements gear up to accommodate
these challenges. Effective decision making will also
be contingent upon a comprehensive and holistic
understanding of how cities function and of which
types of strategy for change will be most effective at
achieving targets that better articulate social, economic,
political and environmental aspirations.
Renewed approaches to urban research and to
urban governance are required to address these
multifaceted challenges and the changing nature and
scale of the "urban": from cities and urban agglomerations
to wider urban regions; increasingly subject to
flows of energy, materials, information, finance and
people. In this report we discuss these changes and
the challenges facing urban societies, with a view to
identifying the most relevant and pressing research
and innovation priority areas.
We begin by discussing global trends, focussing
initially on the interrelated processes of demographic
change, globalising economies, social inequality,
technological innovation and environmental change;
identifying broad global challenges. We then focus
on the role cities play, how they are affected by these
global trends and at the same time how they contribute
to shape them.
In the second part of the report, we examine the challenges
and opportunities associated with these global
trends within the European context, highlighting the
impacts of political and economic transitions as well
as the pressing agenda for climate change adaptation
and mitigation. We then reflect on the main facets of
city functioning (the drivers of urban economies and
revenues; how cities metabolise their resources: energy,
matter, finance, information; the infrastructures
and services that support and drive these metabolic
processes; the dynamics of urban societies) and on
the interactions between these dimensions. In the
fourth, concluding part of this report, we identify some
of the key challenges that need to be addressed by
the European urban research community in the short
to medium term and outline a research framework by
which they may be realised, throughout the lifecycle
from basic research advances through to their translation
into utilisable techniques and technologies and
actionable policy measures.


The Multicultural Learning Community (MLC) Seminar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison operates under the direction of the authors as faculty director and teaching assistant. The seminar offers the students and faculty the opportunity to act on Freire's and Leistyna's conceptions of praxis. A culturally relevant approach to assessment is employed to discuss the progress of the students and the seminar as a site of praxis. Praxis is the relationship between theoretical understanding and critique of society (that is, its historical, ideological, sociopolitical, and economic influences and structures) and action that seeks to transform individuals and their environment (Leistyna, 1999, p. 224). Praxis: Reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it (Freire, 1970, p. 36).


We consider non-cooperative facility location games where both facilities and clients act strategically and heavily influence each other. This contrasts established game-theoretic facility location models with non-strategic clients that simply select the closest opened facility. In our model, every facility location has a set of attracted clients and each client has a set of shopping locations and a weight that corresponds to its spending capacity. Facility agents selfishly select a location for opening their facility to maximize the attracted total spending capacity, whereas clients strategically decide how to distribute their spending capacity among the opened facilities in their shopping range. We focus on a natural client behavior similar to classical load balancing: our selfish clients aim for a distribution that minimizes their maximum waiting time for getting serviced, where a facility's waiting time corresponds to its total attracted client weight.

We show that subgame perfect equilibria exist and we give almost tight constant bounds on the Price of Anarchy and the Price of Stability, which even hold for a broader class of games with arbitrary client behavior. Since facilities and clients influence each other, it is crucial for the facilities to anticipate the selfish clients' behavior when selecting their location. For this, we provide an efficient algorithm that also implies an efficient check for equilibrium. Finally, we show that computing a socially optimal facility placement is NP-hard and that this result holds for all feasible client weight distributions.


The paper discusses a core feature that differentiates Nigerian English from other native Standard English varieties, namely the English prosodies of Stress-Rhythm-Intonation, in the light of the dominant L2 transfer feature of Nigerian spoken English's Yoruba 'tone-prominence'. Particular attention is given to Pitch which translates phonetically into Yoruba 'Tones'. It discusses how the language use of popular street urchins in Lagos, Nigeria (popularly called 'Area boys') has been successfully used (among other registers) to teach the English prosodies of stress (embedding 'pitch'), Rhythm and Intonation (also embedding 'pitch') in a multilingual but largely Yoruba L2 'tone-prominence' speech community. A prosodic theoretical framework is adopted in the discussions and analysisof data, hitherto used in teaching a graduating class of B.A. English students who had been taught courses in English phonology throughout their four year course. It is argued that despite the disparity between the two language systems of Yoruba and English at the prosodic level, the language of 'Lagos Area Boys' creates some connectivity which the typical undergraduate student of English can identify with and which is used to successfully teach Pitch in particular, even though that language register is largely 'tone-prominence' based. Moving from the known to the unknown is always a useful teaching methodology and this approach has been employed here. Thus, an established connectivity in disparity can and indeed has, been used successfully within the Yoruba-English L2 language contact situation.


Quantum channels can be described via a unitary coupling of system and environment, followed by a trace over the environment state space. Taking the trace instead over the system state space produces a different mapping which we call the conjugate channel. We explore the properties of conjugate channels and describe several different methods of construction. In general, conjugate channels map M_d to M_d' with d < d', and different constructions may differ by conjugation with a partial isometry.
We show that a channel and its conjugate have the same minimal output entropy and maximal output p-norm. It then follows that the additivity and multiplicativity conjectures for these measures of optimal output purity hold for a product of channels if and only if they also hold for the product of their conjugates. This allows us to reduce these conjectures to the special case of maps taking M_d to M_d' with a minimal representation of dimension at most d.
We find explicit expressions for the conjugates for a number of well-known examples, including entanglement-breaking channels, unital qubit channels, the depolarizing channel, and a subclass of random unitary channels. For the entanglement-breaking channels, channels this yields a new class of channels for which additivity and multiplicativity of optimal output purity can be established. For random unitary channels using the generalized Pauli matrices, we obtain a new formulation of the multiplicativity conjecture. The conjugate of the completely noisy channel plays a special role and suggests a mechanism for using noise to transmit information.


Abstract The initial transfer of a complex glycan in protein N-glycosylation is catalyzed by oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), which is generally a multisubunit membrane protein complex in the endoplasmic reticulum but a single-subunit enzyme (ssOST) in some protists. To investigate the reaction mechanism of ssOST, we recombinantly expressed, purified and characterized the STT3A protein from Trypanosoma brucei (TbSTT3A). We analyzed the in vitro activity of TbSTT3A by synthesizing fluorescently labeled acceptor peptides as well as lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) analogs containing a chitobiose moiety coupled to oligoprenyl carriers of distinct lengths (C10, C15, C20 and C25) and with different double bond stereochemistry. We found that in addition to proline, charged residues at the +1 position of the sequon inhibited glycan transfer. An acidic residue at the −2 position significantly increased catalytic turnover but was not essential, in contrast to the bacterial OST. While all synthetic LLO analogs were processed by TbSTT3A, the length of the polyprenyl tail, but not the stereochemistry of the double bonds, determined their apparent affinity. We also synthesized phosphonate analogs of the LLOs, which were found to be competitive inhibitors of the reaction, although with lower apparent affinity to TbSTT3A than the active pyrophosphate analogs.


Job satisfaction has, and continues to be an important construct of interest to researchers and practitioners alike. However, conflicting operational definitions and inconsistent measurement systems have reduced the efficacy of the construct in predicting important job-related outcomes for organizations and their employees. The Facet Satisfaction Scale (FSS) was designed to overcome these deficiencies by creating a facet-based measure that assesses job satisfaction in accordance with recent definitions of the construct. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted on both the complete and shortened version of the scale. The FSS exhibited evidence of reliability (ranging from .52 to .93 for the shortened FSS, and .53 to .96 for the complete FSS). Evidence of scale validity was also obtained through the use of construct, content, and criterion-related validity measures. Implications of the study on future research on job satisfaction are discussed.


Problem-specific knowledge is often implemented in search algorithms using heuristics to determine which search paths are to be explored at any given instant. As in other search methods, utilizing this knowledge will more quickly lead a genetic algorithm (GA) towards better results. In many problems, crucial knowledge is not found in individual components, but in the interrelations between those components. For such problems, we develop an interrelation (linkage) based crossover operator that has the advantage of liberating GAs from the constraints imposed by the fixed representations generally chosen for problems. The strength of linkages between components of a chromosomal structure can be explicitly represented in a linkage matrix and used in the reproduction step to generate new individuals. For some problems, such a linkage matrix is known a priorifrom the nature of the problem. In other cases, the linkage matrix may be learned by successive minor adaptations during the execution of the evolutionary algorithm. This paper demonstrates the success of such an approach for several problems.


This book assesses the impact of post-9/11 domestic counterterrorism policy on US political life. It examines political discourse, law, institutional architecture, and state-population relations, and shows that 'homeland security' is a project with wide-ranging implications for democratic institutions and culture. These implications are addressed through a novel approach that treats law and the state as social relations, and relates developments in law to those in the state and in social dynamics. On this basis, the book examines the new political representations in counterterrorism discourse, especially regarding the relation between the state and the population. It examines the form and content of counterterrorism law, the powers it provides, and the structure and functions it prescribes for the state. By focusing on the new Department of Homeland Security and the restructuring of the intelligence apparatus, the book assesses the new, intelligence-led, policing model. Finally, it examines forms of popular support and resistance to homeland security, to discuss citizenship and state-population relations.

The author concludes that homeland security has turned the US into a hybrid polity; the legal and political institutions of democracy remain intact, but their content and practices become authoritarian and exclude the population from politics. These legal and political forms remain operative beyond counterterrorism, in the context of the present economic crisis. They are a permanent configuration of power.

This book is an indispensable companion for students of (counter-) Terrorism and Security Studies, Politics, Human Rights, Constitutional and Criminal Law, American Studies, and Criminology.


We propose Ordered Subspace Clustering (OSC) to segment data drawn from a sequentially ordered union of subspaces. Current subspace clustering techniques learn the relationships within a set of data and then use a separate clustering algorithm such as NCut for final segmentation. In contrast our technique, under certain conditions, is capable of segmenting clusters intrinsically without providing the number of clusters as a parameter. Similar to Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) we formulate the problem as one of finding a sparse representation but include a new penalty term to take care of sequential data. We test our method on data drawn from infrared hyper spectral data, video sequences and face images. Our experiments show that our method, OSC, outperforms the state of the art methods: Spatial Subspace Clustering (SpatSC), Low-Rank Representation (LRR) and SSC.


We developed the Performance Evaluation System (PES) which evaluates both items on water quality in effluent and energy consumption by using the data of water quantity and water quality for whole processes in a sewage treatment plant. PES can calculate water quality in effluent and energy consumption quantitatively by using unit process models and evaluate the effect of the advancement of the operating management in whole integrative treatment processes. We examine the reconstruction to aim advanced treatment processes and energy recovery from the viewpoint of both water purification and energy consumption on model sewage treatment plant with the capacity of 48000m 3 /day. It9s achieved not only the improvement of water quality in effluent but also the reduction of excess sludge which needs more energy consumption and costs followed by additional treatment. About the nitrogen removal, MVNR (Marginal value of energy for Nitrogen removal) is able to estimate both water quality in effluent and energy consumption. Anaerobic digestion and digestion gas generation for energy recovery in the sewage treatment plant are examined by EIR(Energy independence ratio) and EEIR(Electric Energy independence ratio). It is expected that EIR will be 37.1% and EEIR will be 41.8% with the application of solubilization facilities and increment of inflow BOD.


Researchers maintain bibliographies and extensive sets of PDF files of scholarly publications on their desktop. The lack of proper metadata of downloaded PDFs makes this task a tedious one. With PDFMeat we present a solution to automatically determine publication metadata for scholarly papers within the user's desktop environment and link the metadata to the files. PDFMeat effectively matches local full texts to an online repository. In an evaluation for more than 2.000 diverse PDF files it worked highly reliable and showed excellent accuracy of up to 98 percent. We demonstrate PDFMeat for different sets of papers, highlighting the semantic integration and use of the retrieved metadata within the file browser of the desktop environment.


The demand for urban water supply service is increasing rapidly as globalisation accelerates economic development and brings improvements in living standards in India with the interactive effects of demographic growth and influx of migrants into cities due to push and pull factors. Provision of reliable and safe water supply to urban habitat is an essential input for overall economic and social advancement. However, urban local bodies mandated to perform this task in India have been experiencing constant budgetary bottlenecks in mobilizing resources to meet the water consumption targets of the present as well as future population. Urban water supply sector in India and particularly the study area Bangalore is facing a number of challenges and constraints in meeting one of the important components of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), i.e., to ensure supply of adequate potable water to half the number of people who are currently living without access to sustainable, safe drinking water sources by 2015. These problems and constraints include increasing scarcity of water, low pricing, high subsidy, poor cost recovery, high transmission and distribution (T & D) losses, due to poor maintenance, rising unaccounted-for (UFW) and non-revenue water outgo (NRW). Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is experiencing poor cost recovery and has been unable to generate enough revenue to meet the investment requirements of the growing water needs of the city. BWSSB is also facing serious performance gaps such as reliability, financial sustainability, environmental sustainability and affordability due to deterioration of infrastructure.


Semenyih Dam is one of the Klang Valley major dams in Malaysia which is an
important water resource. Water Quality is important to study because they
help us to protect and know the quality of the water that is suitable for human
use. The objective of this study is to determine Water Quality Index (WQI),
bacteria and metal presence in Semenyih Dam. Water samples from four
sampling were sampled from July until August 2008. WQI was calculated
based on the six parameters which were Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, Total
Suspended Solid (TSS) and Ammoniacal-Nitrogen. The findings show that the
Water Quality Index (WQI) is in class II. The Class II means that the water
needs general treatment to be used as drinking water resource. The amount of
bacteria contain in Semenyih Dam is lower than the amounts of standard that
are allowed which is 100 bacteria in 100 mL of water sample. The Dam is
contaminated with the presence of metal which are lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd)
and copper (Cu).


PV (Photovoltaic) systems are one of the most renowned renewable, green and clean sources of energy where power is generated from sunlight converting into electricity by the use of PV solar cells. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy has great environmental advantages as they have no harmful emissions during power generation. In this paper, a PV system with battery storage using bidirectional DC-DC converter has been designed and simulated on MATLAB Simulink. The simulation outcomes verify the PV system's performance under standard testing conditions.


KEY WORDS: Prenatal and perinatal psychology, attachment, neuroscience, emotion, self-regulation, somatic psychology Faculty, students, and guests, It is a privilege to be here with you celebrating this graduation ceremony of Santa Barbara Graduate Institute. This day is an important and meaningful event, not only for those who have worked so diligently to become scholars in their fields, but also for this institution, which stands in a unique position of offering doctoral degrees in areas of knowledge that are central to understanding the human condition, prenatal and perinatal psychology, and somatic psychology. Indeed, we are now in the midst of a very dynamic and productive period in the growth of knowledge in the health and life sciences, and the Institute is well poised to produce scholars who can deepen our understanding of a fundamental problem of science, human development. This problem of development happens to also be of interest to me. By coincidence, it is now exactly ten years that I wrote a book on this topic. In the very first paragraph I stated the theme of the next 700 pages of science. In a deliberately rather bold tone I wrote, The understanding of early development is one of the fundamental objectives of science. The beginnings of living systems set the stage for every aspect of an organism's internal and external functioning throughout the lifespan...The child's first relationship, the one with the mother, acts as a template, as it permanently shapes the individual's capacities to enter into all later emotional relationships. These early experiences shape the development of a unique personality, its adaptive capacities as well as its vulnerabilities to and resistances against particular forms of future pathologies. Indeed, they profoundly influence the emergent organization of an integrated system that is both stable and adaptable, and thereby the formation of the self. My friend and colleague, Henry Krystal, put this central organizing principle of the human experience more poetically: We are looking at the foundations of the human soul, those developments which are as essential as the foundation of a house, and as invisible when all is well. As you are well aware, a paradigm shift is now occurring in the basic sciences that underlie prenatal, perinatal, and somatic psychology. Attachment theory, initially proposed by the child psychiatrist-psychoanalyst John Bowlby as a psychobiological conception of the mother-infant interaction, has now become the dominant model of human social-emotional development available to science. In his 1969 classic volume the pioneering Bowlby offered a survey of the essential topographic landmarks of the uncharted territory of the mother-infant attachment relationship, an evolutionary mechanism common to both humans and animals. Although Bowlby's original integration of child psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis with behavioral biology occurred within a period when behavioral psychology was the dominant force in science (Skinner had warned against speculating about what goes on within "the black box"), Bowlby, referring to Pribram's seminal work on the frontal lobes, posited that attachment mechanisms were specifically located in the brain. Over the next four decades attachment theory has acted as a framework and catalyst of interdisciplinary research, and this trend has spawned an extremely large body of developmental studies. The current intense interest in a number of disciplines in developmental research, at various levels of analysis, has both dramatically expanded the amount of factual knowledge and significantly altered the theoretical constructs that model the etiologies and treatments of the psychological and physical disorders of infancy, childhood, and adulthood. This paradigm shift, now occurring within and perhaps more importantly between the basic sciences, is expressed in three converging trends, and it is strengthening the ties of prenatal and perinatal psychology to the allied fields that border it - developmental neuroscience, developmental psychology, and infant psychiatry. …


The writings of Goran Tunstrom (1937 – 2000) are closely linked with his birthplace, Sunne in Varmland. His four 'Sunne Novels', De heliga geograferna (1973; 'The Holy Geographers'), Guddottrarna (1976; 'The Goddaughters'), Juloratoriet (1983; The Christmas Oratorio, 1995) and Tjuven (1986; 'The Thief') form the subject of this thesis. The focus is on the novels as an entity, an 'epic universe', a micro-/macrocosmos, examined from five different aspects: space, time, literary models, poetics and ethics. The first part of the thesis concentrates on Sunne, and both the inward and outward significance of place. Topographical descriptions and place-names use physical surroundings as their starting point, but here the analysis is structured phenomenologically, on what Gaston Bachelard calls 'topoanalysis': i.e. Sunne is seen both subjectively and objectively. In the second part the significance of the time dimension in its epic configuration is examined. The hypothesis is that there is a typological structure in the Sunne novels corresponding to the Genesis and Apocalypse of the Bible. The third part looks at the significance of the work of two writers, Selma Lagerlof and Lars Ahlin, whose production can be seen as literary models. The fourth part considers the poetics of the Sunne novels. The main issue is narratological and discusses the kind of prose used, the various literary patterns, genres, motifs and rhetorical figures that appear, and the sorts of meaning created thereby. An expression often used throughout the Sunne novels is 'turning round': a trope implying transgression, recognition, identification and perception, awareness, and knowledge. In these novels different literary and mythical traditions are interwoven using various narratological devices. The relation to tradition may be described as parody. The fifth and last part of the thesis looks at the narrator and the ethical discourse in the Sunne novels. It considers both the relation between the narrator and his creativity in terms of self-examination and identity, and the ethical question as to how one ought to live. Elements of the philosophy of existence can characteristically be related to the work of Lars Ahlin and Soren Kierkegaard. The ethical analysis is based, as with Martha Nussbaum, on the fundamental question as to how one becomes, and remains, a true and living person. By investigating the relation between subject and object in creative, artistic practice, contact with reality is obtained as well as truth and individuality. The confessional element in the narrative context points towards this and also contributes to the therapeutic character of the novels. The relation between imagination and reality resolves itself into an acceptance of 'both - and'. 'Humour' as an attitude to life means the ability to accommodate a 'both-and' stance without losing perception and consciousness and also leads to self-fulfilment and fellowship.


ESSAYS USING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS TO ANSWER SOCIAL CHOICE BY EVANA AFREEN MAY, 2015 Committee Chair: Dr. James C. Cox Major Department: Economics This dissertation includes three chapters that utilize experimental methods to answer questions relating to social choices. Social choice is a broad category that can incorporate an individual's choices when it comes to charitable giving, providing a public good or creating externalities through one's choices. In the first chapter "To Be or Not To Be Corrupt: An Experimental Study on Bribery" I designed a modified version of the bribery game used in Abbink et al. (2002) to study whether information on the prevalence of bribery activity within the experimental environment has an effect on behavior. In addition it also tests whether this prevalence effect can be reduced by implementing a strict punishment. In the second chapter "Can Cooperative Behavior Improve Efficiency in Public Good Provision?" laboratory experiments are used to test whether information about the cooperative behavior of the group members in a trust game affects contribution to a public good game. The first part of the design utilizes a trust game to measure the cooperative behavior of the subjects. This information is provided in the public goods game to see if there is an effect on contributions. The essay also looks at if there is an effect on contribution, and if that effect lasts over time or it merges towards a selfish-man equilibrium of no contribution. The third chapter "Means and Ends in Charitable Giving for Environmental Protection: A Discussion" conducts a discussion on the charitable giving literature related to environmental charities and builds a simple model of warm glow to show that the attributes of an environmental charity may affect giving. The model can also be used to consider attributes on how the money is used. For example, whether there is a difference when a market-based mechanism like Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is used versus more traditional mechanism like education on alternative livelihood. It then proposes a possible design for a field experiment to test the hypotheses. ESSAYS USING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS TO ANSWER SOCIAL CHOICE


Mortality and decreased weight gain resulting from infection and disease in dairy calves is a problem within the dairy industry. Colostrum is the sole source of maternal immunity for the calf, having a substantial impact on health and survival. To date, colostrum quality is determined by concentration of antibodies. Colostrum also contains proteins and cells, which may enhance immune development in the neonate. Our goals were to determine the impact of colostral immune cells on (1) immune status during the first month of life and (2) immune development over time. To determine the impact of adoptively transferred colostral immune cells, calves were fed either whole colostrum (WC) or cell-free colostrum (CFC) at birth. During the first month of life, calves fed CFC had decreased numbers of CD4 T cells when compared to WC-fed calves. However, CFC-fed calves had a greater percentage of monocytes during the first month of life. To determine the influence of colostral immune cells on immune development, cellular blood parameters were measured in response to two series of vaccinations (A and B). After vaccination series A, CFC-fed calves had decreased numbers of B cells when compared to WC-fed calves. After vaccination series B, CFC-fed calves had decreased levels of interleukin-2 gene expression and numbers of CD4 and γδ T cells when compared to WC-fed calves. This study demonstrates that colostral immune cells impact immune status and development in dairy calves.


The process of manufacturing customized products at the efficiency of mass production is called mass customisation manufacturing. In order to implement mass customisation a product configurator, a well-planned configurable product platform and a flexible manufacturing technology are essential. As 3D printers are becoming more and more popular it is evident that they act as very flexible factories that could manufacture any object. This thesis tries to find out how 3D printers and product configurators could be combined to implement mass customisation manufacturing. The system created in this thesis manufactures configurable motorcycles whose configuration model is maintained in SAP-ERP system. A product configurator built using SAP Variant configuration allows the user to configure a variant of the motorcycle according to their needs using the configuration model. This configured variant is manufactured using a 3D printer. Qualitative methods are used to gain knowledge and understanding about mass customisation and SAP Variant configuration from books, scientific articles and software development forums. Using this knowledge the system is implemented which could manufacture approximately 23 different types of motorcycles customized by the user. The users who configure and manufacture the motorcycles also get hands-on knowledge about basic business processes in SAP ERP related to production planning (PP) and logistics (LO) modules and understand how information flows in the ERP system with respect to mass customized manufacturing.


The main objective of this thesis is to study the behaviour of slender marine structures exposed to vortex induced vibrations (VIV). Especially the interaction between active response frequencies is important. This is done by analysing results from an experiment simulating VIV on a riser. Improved understanding of this phenomenon is important for the marineand offshore industry as operations subsea and in deeper waters are in growth. Hence, a goal is to use findings from experiments in an attempt to improve VIVANA, a program predicting responses regarding VIV. The first part of the thesis include an overview of ways to analyse and process measurements from experiments in order to gain information on VIV. A literature study on how VIVANA select active response frequencies and how they are predicted to interact, is also included. Based on the first part, an analysis of results from the "High Mode VIV Test" carried out for the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP), is performed. The main analysis contains generation of figures showing how the active response frequencies of the riser behaves in time and space. Two different current profiles with a number of velocities are used to obtain a large sample, which is necessary in the attempt to see a pattern. Also amplitude plots are made from the measurements, mainly to get information of dominating modes. It was difficult to discover clear patterns for the frequency interaction in space and time. However, it can be seen signs of timeand space sharing, which more or less confirms the conclusions from former experiments, that the real response is a combination of these two approaches. What turned out to be the most important finding in this thesis comes from calculating the added mass of the modelled riser. The dominating mode and dominating frequency for each case found from the mentioned plots, are used in this calculation to see how the added mass change for increasing current velocity and mode. The results show that added mass seems to stabilize around a constant value for higher current velocities and modes. If this can be verified, it is valuable information because it means that a crucial part of the analysis in VIVANA can be simplified and hence improve the program.


Controlling AC power load using DC supply requires complex design and
circuit. Basically the controlling system comprises of low power control unit, inverter
and the load. Multiple Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM) technique was used for
controlling the control unit design as it gives low harmonic distortion compared with
other types. Six MPWM signals were used to trigger the six channels in inverter circuit
and all the signals were synchronous to avoid short circuit in inverter circuit. The design
of the MPWM was simplified with an IC IR2130, which provided matched voltage
trigger, adequate dead time for low and high channels and over current shut down. In
inverter circuit design the main component in controlling the high current flow from DC
supply to load is power device. There are various power devices available in the market but IGBT was chosen due to its high current rating and simple triggering
process. Apart from single IGBT with high current rating being used in each channel;
paralleling several IGBTs is also the technique that can be used to increase the power
conversion in inverter circuits and to reduce the cost of design. It is evident that by
paralleling several low current power devices, the amount of current produced equates
the single high current power device. For the AC load, three-phase squirrel cage AC
motor was chosen after comparing with other types of motors as it provides several
advantages in terms of being robust, cheap and maintenance free.
Overall result showed there was smooth control of AC motor using single
configuration technique compared to using parallel configuration technique. Further
investigations are required especially on the use of parallel configuration technique with
IGBT as power device and also in simplifying the complex snubber circuit, needed for
protecting power devices in inverter circuit from high current and voltage transients.