The growth of Eimeria vermiformis within cultured murine fibroblastlike (L-929) or rat epithelial-like (RATEC) cells was inhibited by treatment of the cells with the appropriate recombinant gamma interferon. The effect was apparent as a reduction in both the initial numbers of intracellular sporozoites and, to a much greater extent, the numbers of subsequent developmental stages. Pretreatment of the host cells was more effective than treatment in the early postinvasive period, and recombinant gamma interferon had no effect on the development of the parasite if added 24 h or later after the inoculation of sporozoites. Incubation of sporozoites in medium containing recombinant gamma interferon in no way affected their ability to invade or to grow within host cells. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effects of recombinant gamma interferon on the growth of E. vermiformis are mediated via the host cell and are directed mainly against the transforming sporozoite, although the ability of the sporozoite to invade the host cell was also reduced to some extent. The later developmental stages were refractory to the effects of this lymphokine.


The CIVIC EPISTEMOLOGIES project investigates citizen science and crowdsourcing in the domain of the research in Digital Cultural Heritage and Humanities (DCHH). The ultimate aim is to produce a validated Roadmap indicating the suggested direction that the deployment of services and infrastructures should take, in order to support the participation of citizens in the research processes and the participation of creative industries in the exploitation of digital cultural content. The case of DCHH is particularly relevant because of the major cross-cutting role that the humanities play in European research and innovation, recently acknowledged in a clear way in the Horizon2020 Community Programme for Research and Innovation. Cultural heritage and humanities also represent a subject area in which citizens are particularly active, counting several – still spread - experiences of their involvement in recording, annotating and cataloguing activities on an individual or group basis, as volunteers and amateurs. The case of broadening e-Infrastructure deployment to support the participation of citizens to DCHH research, even if holding a strong impact potential for social cohesion and job development, is not yet fully explored. The paper discusses about the multidisciplinary approach to citizen science and how this method can contribute to the benefit of many scientific domains, research communities, and technology advancements as well as delivering novel social and economic impact.


From the author of Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser's Reefer Madness: and Other Tales from the American Underground follows the money to uncover made the country rich: porn, pot and exploitation. In three linked essays, Eric Schlosser uncovers how dirty dealings and secret vices are part of a global black market on which we all depend. Reefer Madness traces the history of the contemporary 'war on drugs' from its origins in Reagan's social conservatism through to its profound impact on civil society, creating a justice system that punishes marijuana offences more harshly than rape and murder. An Empire of the Obscene tells the story of Reuben Sturman, the billionaire 'Walt Disney of porn' who most effectively exploited economies of scale to create a business that now saturates America and the world with graphic sexual imagery. In the Strawberry Fields shows how public demand for a soft red fruit is causing mass migration from Central America and changing California's political economy forever. "An amazing secret history of America's favourite vices". (Independent). "A shocking journey through the underside of the world's mightiest economy". (The Times). "Schlosser tells us things we already suspect to be true, but don't dare think about". (Daily Telegraph). "Superb ...mind-blowing ...quite simply the non-fiction book of the year". (The List). Eric Schlosser is an author and investigative journalist based in New York. His first book, Fast Food Nation, was a major international bestseller. His work has appeared in the Atlantic Monthly, Rolling Stone and the Guardian.


Passive Heymann nephritis (pHN) is an experimental rat model for human membranous glomerulopathy. In pHN, the formation of subepithelial immune deposits (ID) involves as antigenic targets the membrane glycoprotein gp330/megalin and the 44-kD receptor-associated protein (RAP). A single binding site for ID- inducing antibodies (Abs) was previously mapped to the 86 NH2-terminal amino acids of RAP (RAP1-86). To further narrow this epitope, Abs eluted from the glomeruli were immunoblotted on membranes that were loaded with overlapping synthetic peptides representing the amino acid sequence of RAP (SPOTs system). Two adjacent Ab-binding domains with the sequences PVRLAF, (amino acids 39-44) and HSD-LKIQE (amino acids 46-53), which were separated by a single L residue at amino acid 45, were detected. Rabbit Abs raised against synthetic peptides containing these domains individually (P31- 44 and P46-53) failed to procedure glomerular IDs. By contrast, Abs raised against a larger composite peptide (P31-53) induced IDs within 3d that were firmly cross linked to the glomerular basement membrane. These data suggest that Ab binding in vivo depends on the conformation of the antigenic target sequence that is preserved in the synthetic peptide P31-53, which covers the entire Ab-binding domain of RAP but not in its subdomains, P31-44 and P46-53. Collectively, these results locate the sole ID-inducing epitope of RAP to amino acids 39-53.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of developing a second lung or breast cancer for a female Hodgkin Lymphoma patient treated with passively scattered proton therapy (PSPT) and photon intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Particular objectives of this work were to fully account for stray dose, perform voxel by voxel risk calculations, and to visually display risk in a manner analogous to dose visualization used in commercial treatment planning systems (CTPS). Methods: Clinically approved PSPT and IMRT treatment plans were designed using a CTPS and prescribed 36 Gy to the target volume. Neutron and stray photon dose were calculated using an in house Monte Carlo code and a TLD measurement fitted analytical model for PSPT and IMRT, respectively. For lung and breast, therapeutic and stray doses were summed and input into an in‐house program that calculates Excess Absolute Risk (EAR) per voxel in the patient based on the RadRAT risk model. The radiation weighting factor (Wr) varied for neutron doses (Wr =10 and 30) to account for biological uncertainties. Results: Neutron equivalent doses added an additional 3% (Wr =10)/9% (Wr =30) of the prescribed dose to the CTV and near field organs. Scatter dose added an additional 5% (Wr =10 )/15% (Wr =30) of the prescribed dose to organ portions far out of field. PSPT registered a lower EAR compared to IMRT except for lung when Wr =30. Larger differences were seen in low dose regions of organs. Conclusion: EAR was lower for PSPT versus IMRT unless neutron Wr values were very high, e.g.> ∼20. More work incorporating uncertainties must be done before definitive answers are determined. In the future, similar types of risk visualization tools could be incorporated into treatment plan analysis to prospectively select plans with the lowest predicted risk of second cancers. This research was supported in part, by the National Cancer Institute award 1R01CA131463‐01A1 (W.D. Newhauser, P.I.) and a subcontract of that award (R.M. Howell, P.I). No conflicts of interest to disclose.


Highly Tm-doped silicate glasses and fibers exhibit a high slope efficiency of 68.3% and a gain per unit length of greater than 2dB/cm. Single frequency fiber lasers with laser linewidth less than 3kHz, Q-switched single frequency fiber lasers, and mode-locked fiber lasers near 2 micron wavelength were demonstrated using this newly developed fiber.


A newly developed FIA-merging zones spectrophotometric system, the method is rapid, accurate and sensitive for metformin hydrochloride determination through the oxidation of 1naphthol by sodium hypochlorite and coupling with metformin.HCl in the presence of sodium hydroxide to form a blue soluble ion pair and this product was determined using homemade CFIA-Merging zones techniques , at 580 nm. Data treatment shows that linear range is (0.535) μg/ ml. The optimization conditions for various chemical and physical conditions of [MTFNaOCl-α-naphthol-NaOH] system were investigated. The LOD was 0.01μg / ml and LOQ 0.1μg/ml from the lowest concentration of the calibration graph with r 2 % 99.18 and RSD% did not exceed 3%, sample through put 48 sample/h while percentage recovery (Rec.%) were from 97-100% , indicate no interferences of the tablet excipients. The method was applied successfully, for estimation of metformin in environmental samples of water and pharmaceutical drugs. Statistical analysis of results was compared, shows the method can be regarded as an alternative analytical way for determining of metformin. hydrochloride in bulk and dosage forms samples.


This paper examines empirically the effect of unfunded pension obligations on corporate share prices and discusses the implications of these estimates for national saving, the decline of the stock market in recent years, and the rationality of corporate financial behavior. The analysis uses the information on inflation-adjusted income and assets that large firms were required to provide for 1976 and subsequent years. The evidence for a sample of nearly 200 manufacturing firms is consistent with the conclusion that share prices fully reflect the value of unfunded pension obligations. Since the conventional accounting measure of the unfunded pension liability has a number of problems (which we examine in the paper), it would be more accurate to say that the data are consistent with the conclusion that shareholders accept the conventional measure as the best available information and reduce share prices by a corresponding amount. The most important implication of the share price response is that the existence of unfunded private pension liabilities does not necessarily entail a reduction in total private saving. Because the pension liability reduces the equity value of the firm, shareholders are given notice of its existence and an incentive to save more themselves. For this reason, unfunded private pensions differ fundamentally from the unfunded Social Security pension and the other unfunded federal government civilian and military pensions.


Abstract The photosynthetic gas exchange capacities of early angiosperms remain enigmatic. Nevertheless, many hypotheses about the causes of early angiosperm success and how angiosperms influenced Mesozoic ecosystem function hinge on understanding the maximum capacity for early angiosperm metabolism. We applied structure-functional analyses of leaf veins and stomatal pore geometry to determine the hydraulic and diffusive gas exchange capacities of Early Cretaceous fossil leaves. All of the late Aptian–early Albian angiosperms measured possessed low vein density and low maximal stomatal pore area, indicating low leaf gas exchange capacities in comparison to modern ecologically dominant angiosperms. Gas exchange capacities for Early Cretaceous angiosperms were equivalent or lower than ferns and gymnosperms. Fossil leaf taxa from Aptian to Paleocene sediments previously identified as putative stem-lineages to Austrobaileyales and Chloranthales had the same gas exchange capacities and possibly leaf water relations of their living relatives. Our results provide fossil evidence for the hypothesis that high leaf gas exchange capacity is a derived feature of later angiosperm evolution. In addition, the leaf gas exchange functions of austrobaileyoid and chloranthoid fossils support the hypothesis that comparative research on the biology of living basal angiosperm lineages reveals genuine signals of Early Cretaceous angiosperm ecophysiology.


Although no radical right party actually won a seat in Japanese national and local assemblies until 2012, radical right parties and movements have had a noteworthy place in postwar Japan. Moreover, new radical right movements have been growing in the last decade. While Japan's old radical right is authoritarian, anti-communist, and nationalist, the new radical right is uniquely characterized by its xenophobia. Keeping the rise of the new radical right in mind, Japan seems to be opening a Pandora's box of radical right politics—much the same as European countries. In this paper, we will examine the characteristics of Japan's radical right, comparing the different support bases of the old and new radical right politicians. Analyzing survey data from research we conducted in 2007, we found that nationalism was their most strongly correlated characteristic, while xenophobia had no significant role in steering the politics of the old radical right. That xenophobia is such a prominent feature of Japan's new radical right suggests that this political preference is aligning with its West European counterparts.


A one‐step scheme is presented to construct the controlled‐phase gate deterministically on remote transmon qutrits coupled to different resonators connected by a superconducting transmission line for an universal distributed quantum computing. Different from previous work on remote superconducting qubits, the present gate is implemented with coherent evolutions of the entire system in the all‐resonance regime assisted by the dark photons to robust against the transmission line loss, which allows the possibility of the complex designation of a long‐length transmission line to link lots of circuit QEDs. The length of the transmission line can reach the scale of several meters, which makes this scheme suitable for large‐scale distributed quantum computing. This gate is a fast quantum entangling operation with a high fidelity of about 99%. Compared with previous work in other quantum systems for a distributed quantum computing, under the all‐resonance regime, the present proposal does not require classical pulses and ancillary qubits, which relaxes the difficulty of its implementation largely.


This thesis offers a defence of naive realism. As I understand it, naive realism involves a claim about the structure of perception, and about the nature of perceptual experience, that is, the sensory experience that one enjoys when perceiving something. It claims that perception is psychologically direct, in that perceptual experience, in its very nature, suffices to put one in contact with normal, mind-independent objects. And it understands this nature in terms of it being presentational of these objects. After explaining the core commitments of naive realism and presenting the salient alternative views of the nature of perceptual experience and perception, I go on to consider motivations for why it is a position that is worth defending. I discuss epistemological, metaphysical and phenomenological reasons for why naive realism should be the place where we begin our theorising about perception, and why we should defend it as strongly as we can. I then present the two main challenges to the naive realist view, the arguments from illusion and hallucination. The possibility of these two kinds of sensory experience is held to make the naive realist view of the nature of perceptual experience untenable. I present a modified form of adverbialism as the best way for the naive realist to understand the nature of perceptual experience if they want to successfully accommodate the possibility of illusory experience. On this approach, perceptual experience is the sensing of the object of perception by a subject. Next I consider the disjunctive response to the challenge that hallucination presents to the naive realist, according to which we should conceive of perceptual and hallucinatory experience as having fundamentally different natures. I argue that such a disjunctivism needs to take an extreme form in which the only positive nature to hallucinatory experience is its being subjectively indiscriminable from perceptual experience. This position is rejected on the grounds that it maintains an implausible view about the nature of sensory experience. Finally, I consider an alternative way in which the naive realist can deal with hallucination. This is to claim that perceptual and hallucinatory experience can share the same nature, while at the same time perceptual experience can be understood as presentational of the objects of perception. This strategy will require the naive realist to adopt a stance about the metaphysical nature of the entities to which one can be related in experience.


The title of this paper is intended as a provocative (but friendly) reference to Ursula Coope's recent article 'Why Does Aristotle Say That There Is No Time Without Change?', which provides much of the impetus for the present paper. For although Coope's strategy in answering this question is admirable, and although I think that her criticisms of the standard interpretation of the argument that opens Physics IV 11 hit their mark, I believe that her own interpretation fails and that something rather like the standard interpretation is correct. In the first section, I rehearse Coope's treatment of the standard interpretation and critically evaluate her alternative to it. In the second section, I present an interpretation of the argument that seems to me to succeed where the others fail and also to hold the promise of being quite fruitful in reconstructing the rest of Aristotle's temporal theory. While such a reconstruction lies well beyond the scope of this paper, I shall conclude by mentioning a few of the more significant points that fall out of the interpretation developed here.


A 33-year-old lady accidentally injected norepinephrine into her right thumb while cleaning the first aid box where a spare Epipen for her son was kept. She presented with pain, pallor and swelling to the distal phalanx of the right thumb. After a prompt literature search and discussing the case with the National Poisons Information Service, local injection of 0.15 ml (1.5 mg) of phentolamine in 1 ml of 2% lignocaine was advised. Peripheral perfusion was restored immediately after injection and fully recovery was noted at the review clinic the following day. The presentation of this case in the accident and emergency department prompted phone calls and literature search to define the most appropriate evidence-based management for this situation. The authors conclude that local infiltration of phentolamine is the treatment of choice and this highlighted the need for local treatment protocols.


Abstract Around the world, in many countries, teacher educators, researchers and policymakers are interested in the mathematical knowledge needed to teach effectively. This dissertation used a nationally representative sample to investigate Irish primary teachers' knowledge of mathematics using an instrument based on the construct of mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT). Because MKT was based on studies of teaching practice in the United States, the study included an examination of the equivalence of the construct and the validity of the instrument for use in Ireland. To establish the usability of the instrument, 501 teachers from a representative sample of Irish schools completed a teacher knowledge survey; ten additional teachers who completed the survey were videotaped teaching four lessons each. Ten Irish lessons were analyzed to examine construct equivalence between the mathematical demands of teaching in this sample of Irish practice and the mathematical demands of the teaching studied by U.S. researchers to develop the construct of MKT. Multiple-group factor analysis complemented the lesson analysis. Validity was examined by coding forty Irish lessons for the mathematical quality of the instruction; these codes were correlated with teachers' MKT scores. Factor analyses of teachers' responses, and comparison of tasks identified in Irish lessons with tasks that formed the basis of MKT, suggested that the constructs were sufficiently similar to use the measures in Ireland. Results showed that Irish teachers' scores on MKT measures were moderately correlated with the mathematical quality of their instruction, suggesting that items were measuring knowledge used in instruction. Although MKT varied among teachers, performance on algebra items was strong and teachers were skillful at identifying and classifying student errors. Teachers demonstrated good knowledge of fractional representations. Applying properties and definitions of shapes, numbers and operations, and attending to student explanations and evaluating student understanding were more difficult. This study suggests that measures based on the construct of MKT as conceptualized in the United States are valid for use in at least one setting outside the United States. Methods of establishing conceptual equivalence are identified; future research should refine further cross-cultural measurement of teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching.


Female genital cutting (FGC) has become the most well-publicized and frequently debated issue affecting the lives of African women. Western feminists brought the issue to the forefront during the United Nations Women's Decade of 1975–1985. Since then, several conferences and international plans of action have sought to eliminate this practice. At the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Hillary Rodham Clinton said, "It is a violation of human rights when young girls are brutalized by the painful and degrading practice of female genital mutilation." In their joint statement, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN) Children's and Population Funds refer to these practices as "female genital mutilation." They define this term to mean "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reason." The WHO/UN statement says the cutting predominantly occurs in 28 African countries, but is also performed in Asia and among immigrant groups in Europe, Australia, Canada and the United States. They classify genital cutting into four types. Type I is defined as the excision of the prepuce, with or without excision of part of the clitoris. Type II is the excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora. Type III includes the excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening (infibulation). And Type IV is unclassified and includes pricking, piercing, stretching, burning, scraping and any other procedure that falls under the de.nition of female genital mutilation given above.


Staff preparing and injecting radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals may receive significant radiation doses to their hands. These doses may be high enough to warrant that they be classified as radiation workers. The influence of local shielding on finger doses has been investigated. Staff preparing radioactive liquids in a radionuclide dispensary and drawing up and injecting radiopharmaceuticals in a nuclear medicine department have been studied. Measurements have been recorded with an electronic extremity dose monitor, an advanced extremity gamma instrumentation system (AEGIS), worn near to the finger tip. The electronic dosimeter allows the pattern of doses received during different procedures to be determined. Doses received for individual manipulations during many routine sessions have been recorded for different staff members. Dose distributions around shielded vials and syringes have also been measured using AEGIS. In the radionuclide dispensary the vials from which radioactive liquids are dispensed are held in tungsten shields, whereas in nuclear medicine simple lead pots are used. Syringe shields are employed for some parts of dispensing and patient injections. Data on dose distributions have been used in interpretation of results from monitoring. Use of syringe shields during dispensing reduced the finger dose by 75–85%. The peaks in dose rate were 60% lower, and periods of exposure to high dose rates were reduced in length by a third because of the restriction in the region of high dose rate. The extremity doses to staff dispensing and injecting radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine were of similar magnitude. Doses received during dispensing varied from 10 to 555 µGy depending upon whether the vial containing the radiopharmaceutical was directly handled or not. Dose received from individual injections varied from 1 to 150 µGy depending on the degree of difficulty experienced during the injection.


. Wireless networking plays an important role in public and military applications. Security of information transfer through wireless networks remains a challenging issue. Wireless security is the process of designing, implementing, and ensuring security on a wireless computer network. Jamming and eavesdropping are two primary attacks at the physical layer of a wireless network. This article offers a study on the security vulnerabilities and threats on wireless communication and an efficient comprehen-sive mechanism for improving the wireless network security. In this paper, a stream cipher based symmetric key encryption with recurrence relation and fuzzy based session key has been proposed for wireless communication by satisfying the key issues like security; increase the strength of symmetric key. In this article we generate 'n' number of sub keys from symmetric key using XOR operation between a random character matrix and symmetric key. In this article the random numbers are generated by using recurrence relation which is a new approach in random number generation in discrete mathematics. Among these sub keys we generate a session key using fuzzy function. Now the encryption is done by using this session key and symmetric key. Here we transmit the session key to the recipient end by amal-gamating with the symmetric key. This amalgamated form is send to recipient end for decryption. Here a new authentication scheme is used. Different types of randomness test have been done to test the randomness of our session key. The Brute-force attack analysis for this scheme and comparative study with existing standard methods has been done with satisfactory results .


Key elements of successful independence in life are securing and maintaining a job and meaningfully engaging in satisfying activities--working and playing. The ability to be productive, however, requires a complex set of skills that are often lost when a brain injury occurs. Unfortunately, military personnel involved in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars often experience traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) from enemy explosives [1]. Brain injuries from explosive blasts from car bombs, improvised explosive devices, the more lethal explosively formed projectiles, and rocket-propelled grenades occur so frequently as to be considered the signature injury of these wars [2]. In addition, military personnel and civilians will also experience brain injuries from other mechanisms, such as motor vehicle accidents, falls from heights, training accidents, and violent encounters (e.g., fights, robberies) in unsafe situations in the United States as well as in foreign countries. These difficulties, along with others, are addressed in a real-world environment at Virginia NeuroCare (VANC) and its innovative art gallery and used bookstore, Paintings & Prose. VANC, a civilian-operated, Department of Defense-funded brain injury services program for military servicemembers with brain injuries, is located in Charlottesville, Virginia. Founded in 1999, VANC is an active member of the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) (www.dvbic.org), a national network of providers with several missions: (1) to evaluate and treat TBI in military servicemembers; (2) to provide brain injury education to family, friends, individuals with brain injuries, and the general public; (3) to track all returning military personnel from overseas deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan; (4) to develop clinical standards of care for providing brain injury services for the military; and (5) to implement research on TBI and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Gainful employment is a major marker for a successful recovery following TBI [3]. However, basic skills required for even entry-level jobs can often be lost as a result of TBI [4]. Accordingly, TBI rehabilitation focuses not only on reducing typical problems with behavioral disinhibition or initiation but also on redeveloping social skills, basic problem-solving, safety awareness, and the abilities required for a specific job. Poor coping strategies such as substance abuse; social interaction styles that include passivity or anger; and basic problems with deficit awareness, disorganization, and lacking goal-directed behaviors often preempt the veteran's ability to get or sustain a job following a brain injury. While often not the primary focus of rehabilitation, the development of avocational, recreational, and leisure skills is also a critical component in enhancing quality of life after TBI. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Active Duty military and veterans from all branches of service, as well as civilians, are treated at VANC. From the point of injury, the process of evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation begins. As military servicemembers move through the beginning stages of acute medical care and stabilization (or in some mild TBI cases, are recognized some time afterward), the question of what percentage of recovery will likely occur is raised. Some servicemembers return to their units and do well. Often in the National Guard and Reserve Units, servicemembers return to their civilian jobs and can be effectively treated as outpatients. In other cases, while the need for hospitalization has passed, success in returning to jobs and community integration has not been fully achieved. This gap, which sometimes exists but is often not recognized in the traditional stages of rehabilitation recovery, results in less than optimal outcomes and diminished quality of life. VANC seeks to fill this gap. VANC allows individuals in this category to live, temporarily, in the Grove House, an actual home setting in the community, while receiving intensive therapy from a comprehensive interdisciplinary clinical team, including a medical director (James R. …


Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) remains the most common lethal opportunistic pulmonary infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although the use of prophylactic inhaled pentamidine has effectively reduced the frequency of primary and recurrent episodes of PCP, the aerosolization of pentamidine may have altered the localization of active PCP, resulting in more upper lobe disease. The distribution of disease may have also affected the diagnostic accuracy of standard bronchoalveolar lavage of the middle lobe, with a reduction in sensitivity from about 90 to 65%. In retrospective surveys of patients from our institution, Steiger and Fahy found that pooled multiple-lobe radiographic site-directed bronchoalveolar lavage resulted in diagnostic sensitivities of 91 and 100%, respectively. We performed a follow-up prospective study of 38 consecutive patients on aerosolized pentamidine in whom we lavaged both the middle lobe and an upper lobe. We found that bilobar lavage including routine lavage of an upper lobe increases the diagnostic sensitivity of bronchoalveolar lavage alone to 95% compared with 65% if lavage is performed only in the middle lobe (p < 0.05). Radiographic studies demonstrate a concordant increase in exclusive or predominant upper lobe disease in patients on aerosolized pentamidine, but our results indicate that PCP is recovered more frequently from the upper lobe regardless of the radiographic appearance. We conclude that all patients on prophylactic inhaled pentamidine should undergo bilobar lavage with the inclusion of an upper lobe in the initial evaluation of possible PCP. The diagnostic sensitivity of 95% makes bilobar bronchoalveolar lavage an acceptable sole initial diagnostic modality without the need for initial transbronchial lung biopsy.


In June 2007, Paul Virilio and Sylvere Lotringer met in La Rochelle, France to reconsider the premises they developed twenty-five years before in their frighteningly prescient classic, Pure War. Pure War described the invisible war waged by technology against humanity, and the lack of any real distinction since World War II between war and peace. Speaking with Lotringer in 1982, Virilio noted the "accidents" that inevitably arise with every technological development: from car crashes to nuclear spillage, to the extermination of space and the derealization of time wrought by instant communication. In this new and updated edition, Virilio and Lotringer consider how the omnipresent threat of the "accident"--both military and economic--has escalated. With the fall of the Soviet bloc, the balance of power between East and West based on nuclear deterrence has given way to a more diffuse multi-polar nuclear threat. Moreover, as the speed of communication has increased exponentially, "local" accidents--like the collapse of the Asian markets in the late 1980s--escalate, with the speed of contagion, into global events instantaneously. "Globalization," Virilio argues, is the planet's ultimate accident.Paul Virilio was born in Paris in 1932 to an immigrant Italian family. Trained as an urban planner, he became the director of the Ecole Speciale d'Architecture in the wake of the 1968 rebellion. He has published twenty-five books, including Pure War (1988) (his first in English) and The Accident of Art (2005), both with Sylvere Lotringer and published by Semiotext(e). Sylvere Lotringer, general editor of Semiotext(e), lives in New York and Baja California. He is the author of Overexposed: Perverting Perversions (Semiotext(e), 2007) and other books.


Two important themes highlighted by Regions & Cohesion have been migration and governance. The first of these themes remains timely in 2019. Human flows are a constant in the globalized world. According to Article 13 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, "everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State." Moreover, "everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country." However, migration policies today seem to follow a diff erent path from the human rights perspective. The political discourse of leaders of various developed states mostly advocate nationalist claims against free immigration based on economic, cultural, or security logics that favor protectionism.


In this paper, we prove some quadruple coincidence and quadruple common fixed point theorems for $F: X^4\rightarrow X$ and $g:X\rightarrow X$ satisfying weak contractions in partially ordered G-metric spaces. We illustrate our results based on an example on the main theorems. We also give an application of obtained results of this paper.


As the United States enters a period of adequate physician supply (or even surplus), policies to ameliorate the maldistribution of physicians across communities and medical specialties will depend more heavily on explicit redistributional incentives. Targeted financial incentives are an obvious method for encouraging desirable practice choices. This paper simulates the effect of a series of incomes policies on the distribution of sample physicians across specialties, community sizes, and practice modes. The predictions are based on the estimated parameters of a simultaneous choice model for these three dimensions of a physician's practice. The results suggest that policies based on financial incentives are more effective than previous research has indicated.


By acquiring livestock poor farmers can ascend out of poverty. Pigs require minimal inputs and raising them is often within disadvantaged members of society's means. In East Africa, 2.2 million pigs are raised by resource-poor, subsistence farmers most with under 2 hectares of cropland. They typically raise 1–4 pigs to pay for school, medical costs, food, and seeds, but pig productivity is low. Lack of feed, seasonal feed shortages and unbalanced diets contribute to slow growth, resulting in compromised earnings from pig-raising. We estimated East African pig feedstuff nutrient composition through nutrient analysis and from literature. Seasonal availability was identified by local experts. Performance results from local-breed pig feeding trials were used to adjust the NRC (2012) nutrient requirement model for growingfinishing pigs. Local pigs' nutrient requirements under typical management conditions (intestinal parasites present and free-ranging) were estimated. A least-cost diet formulation programme was used to generate diets minimising cost and human/pig competition for food, maximising agricultural co-products and forages use, considering seasonal availability, and satisfying minimal requirements for digestible energy 2960 kcal kg−1 of dry matter [DM]), calcium, standardised total tract digestible phosphorous, standardised ileal digestible crude protein and lysine (0.28, 0.13, 8.5, and 0.58 % of DM respectively) Feedstuffs availability differed between November-February; June-August; and March-May plus September-October. Estimated growth performance potential of local pigs is less when free-ranging, or intestinal parasite infected, than when restrained and non-infected (80; 217; and 259 g per day respectively) A typical least-cost diet for June-August (all as % of DM) is: maize flour 20.6; cassava leaf 20.0; sweet potato vine 19.2; ripe avocado 15.0; Bidens pilosa 7.9; limestone 7.7; molasses 5.0; cattle blood 3.9; Amaranthus spinosus 0.3; table salt 0.24; premix 0.10. Sun-dried fish (Rastrineobola argentea) and grist mill waste are available all year as substitutes for seasonably available ingredients e.g avocado and sweet potato vine. Use of such diets will enable continuous pig feeding during all seasons, thereby increasing farmer resilience. Their use will improve pig performance resulting in increased farmer income, enabling poverty alleviation, improved food security, human health and nutrition, and investment in other livelihood ventures to further increase resilience.


Baboons follow the pack, not the leader How do groups of animals, including humans, make decisions that affect the entire group? Evidence collected from schooling animals suggests that the process is somewhat democratic, with nearest neighbors and the majority shaping overall collective behavior. In animals with hierarchical social structures such as primates or wolves, however, such democracy may be complicated by dominance. Strandburg-Peshkin et al. monitored all the individuals within a baboon troop continuously over the course of their daily activities. Even within this highly socially structured species, movement decisions emerged via a shared process. Thus, democracy may be an inherent trait of collective behavior. Science, this issue p. 1358 Democracy guides group decisions in baboons, even in the presence of strong social hierarchies. Conflicts of interest about where to go and what to do are a primary challenge of group living. However, it remains unclear how consensus is achieved in stable groups with stratified social relationships. Tracking wild baboons with a high-resolution global positioning system and analyzing their movements relative to one another reveals that a process of shared decision-making governs baboon movement. Rather than preferentially following dominant individuals, baboons are more likely to follow when multiple initiators agree. When conflicts arise over the direction of movement, baboons choose one direction over the other when the angle between them is large, but they compromise if it is not. These results are consistent with models of collective motion, suggesting that democratic collective action emerging from simple rules is widespread, even in complex, socially stratified societies.


Oenococcus oeni is the best malolactic bacterium adapted to low pH and the high SO2 and ethanol concentrations in wine. Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc paramesenteroides (now classified as Weissella paramesenteroides) have also been isolated from wine. Pediococcus damnosus is not often found in wine and is considered a contaminant of high pH wines. Pediococcus inopinatus, Pediococcus parvulus and Pediococcus pentosaceus have occasionally been isolated from wines. Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus hilgardii (previously Lactobacillus vermiforme), Lactobacillus fructivorans (previously Lactobacillus trichoides and Lactobacillus heterohiochii) and Lactobacillus fermentum have been isolated from most wines. Lactobacillus hilgardii and L. fructivorans are resistant to high acid and alcohol and have been isolated from spoiled fortified wines. Lactobacillus vini, Lactobacillus lindneri, Lactobacillus nagelii and Lactobacillus kunkeei have been described more recently. The latter two species are known to cause sluggish or stuck alcoholic fermentations in wine. Although Lactobacillus collinoides and Lactobacillus mali (previously Lactobacillus yamanashiensis) decarboxylate L-malic acid, they are more often found in cider and fruit juices. Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus paracasei are seldomly isolated from wines. Some strains of Lactobacillus casei may be closer related to Lactobacillus paracasei or a distant relative, Lactobacillus zeae. Oenococcus kitaharae, isolated from compost is genetically closely related to Oenococcus oeni, but does not decarboxylate malate, prefers higher growth pH and is phenotypically well distinguished from O. oeni. This review summarises the current taxonomic status of malolactic bacteria and lists key phenotypic characteristics that may be used to identify the species.


This is a report summarizing a four-year project running from late 1977 through late 1981. As such, it emphasizes and highlights the general finding and major themes from our work. The report, therefore, does not pretend to give all the details are given in the more specialized publications listed in an appendix to this report.
While the problem of chemical emergencies, the topic of this volume, is not peculiar to American society, our field research was confined to the United States and Canada. We do believe our findings and implications have broader applicability than to just our society. However, the test of that belief must come in some future research.
What is reported was derived primarily, although not exclusively, from the field work undertaken at the Disaster Research Center (DRC). Accordingly we followed standard DRC policies in reporting any results. Thus, we do not identify particular individuals or officials, and in most cases, not even the specific organizations or localities
we contacted in our research. The only exception was when the information about groups or communities was already published, and in the public domain.

Field Experiment #2 & 3 are in Final Project Papers 28A- Interview Guide for Specific Emergency Relevant Organizations


The workshop 'Spatial models in animal ecology, management and conservation' held at Silwood Park (UK), 9–11 March 2010, aimed to synthesize recent progress in modelling the spatial dynamics of individuals, populations and species ranges and to provide directions for research. It brought together marine and terrestrial researchers working on spatial models at different levels of organization, using empirical as well as theory-driven approaches. Different approaches, temporal and spatial scales, and practical constraints predominate at different levels of organization and in different environments. However, there are theoretical concepts and specific methods that can fruitfully be transferred across levels and systems, including: habitat suitability characterization, movement rules, and ways of estimating uncertainty.


Medico legal case is a case of injury or illness resulting out ,of sexual assault, poisoning or any suspicious circumstances, where the attending doctor, after eliciting history of the patient and on medical examination, decides that an investigation by law enforcement agencies is essential to understand establish and fix the criminal responsibility for the case in accordance with the law of the land in the interest of truth and justice of victim/patient and state. However it is crucial to assess what factors aid a Health care provider in determining which case becomes medico legal and whether this is a uniform practice across hospitals in India.


Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, International Public Health Commons, Maternal and Child Health Commons, Medicine and Health Commons, and the Women's Health Commons How does access to this work benefit you? Let us know!


BACKGROUND
Inflammation and monocytes are thought to be important to human malaria pathogenesis. However, the relationship of inflammation and various monocyte functions to acute malaria, recovery from acute malaria, and asymptomatic parasitemia in endemic populations is poorly understood.

METHODS
We evaluated plasma cytokine levels, monocyte subsets, monocyte functional responses, and monocyte inflammatory transcriptional profiles of 1- to 10-year-old Kenyan children at the time of presentation with acute uncomplicated malaria and at recovery 6 weeks later; these results were compared with analogous data from asymptomatic children and adults in the same community.

RESULTS
Acute malaria was marked by elevated levels of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and expansion of the inflammatory "intermediate" monocyte subset that returned to levels of healthy asymptomatic children 6 weeks later. Monocytes displayed activated phenotypes during acute malaria, with changes in surface expression of markers important to innate and adaptive immunity. Functionally, acute malaria monocytes and monocytes from asymptomatic infected children had impaired phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes relative to asymptomatic children with no blood-stage infection. Monocytes from both acute malaria and recovery time points displayed strong and equivalent cytokine responsiveness to innate immune agonists that were independent of infection status. Monocyte transcriptional profiles revealed regulated and balanced proinflammatory and antiinflammatory and altered phagocytosis gene expression patterns distinct from malaria-naive monocytes.

CONCLUSION
These observations provide insights into monocyte functions and the innate immune response during uncomplicated malaria and suggest that asymptomatic parasitemia in children is not clinically benign.

FUNDING
Support for this work was provided by NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI095192-05), the Burroughs Wellcome Fund/American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and the Rainbow Babies & Children's Foundation.


Gender-inclusivity in games has been a much debated issue and despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. Gender-inclusivity in games may support certain features and in turn may even determine the features of applications built based on it. This poses a challenge: although we have good techniques for analyzing, designing and evaluating current games, our techniques for gender-inclusive games are much less formed. We present a brief outline of some unresolved issues concerning gender-inclusivity in games and the gaps in designing a more gender-inclusive game. There is little reported experience in the issues that arise in determining what features should go into a gender-inclusive game and for determining the success or failure in the evaluation of those features. The questions that arise from this situation are how to define gender-inclusivity in games, how to incorporate gender-inclusivity into a game creation process and how to accurately measure gender-inclusivity in games. We propose a framework that defines gender-inclusivity in three key themes: (1) gameplay, describing the game behaviour and how a player experiences the game. It include non-violent action (NVA), game support (GS), forgiving gameplay (FG), non-violent challenge (NVC), feedback system (FS), variety of activities (ACT), personalization (PER) and collaboration (COLL); (2) content, describing the aesthetics elements of a game. It consists of character/avatar portrayal (AVP), game world graphics (GW), sound/music (SM) and storyline (STOR) and; (3) genre, categorizes games into twelve broad genres: racing, simulation, classic/board, strategy, sports, shooting, role playing game, platform, children, puzzle/quiz, action and adventure. On-going research is being planned for experiments to validate the framework through expert reviews, game evaluations and game design projects. We believe the results may extend to other domains in technology enhanced teaching and learning applications to commercial games design.


It is in the nature of medical practice that it is always likely to yield ethical problems because of the role that health, illness and injury play in the lives of patients. Sports physicians can find themselves in particularly difficult (though not unique) contexts because of the role of the body in athletic performance, especially at elite and professional levels. Contrary to recent articles,1,–,4 however, Sports Medicine should not be viewed as giving rise to distinct or unique ethical difficulties. Such difficulties as arise in Sports Medicine merely reflect the kinds of challenges and dilemmas (eg, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, consent, disclosure, working with vulnerable populations) as are found in other branches of medicine, though not necessarily in precisely in the same configurations.

One common professional response to the recognition of ethical demands and professional ambiguity is to establish codes of conduct such as those published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM),5 the Australasian College of Sports Physicians (ACSP),6 the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS)7 and the Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine (FASEM).8 Within the literature of applied ethics,9 sports ethics10 and sports medicine ethics,11 the limitations of these codes as instruments of education, guidance and punishment have long been noted.

Most recently, within BJSM, the ACSP has presented and defended their new Code within the broad aim of contributing to the development of a professional community of practitioners.12 One of the merits of the Code that the article draws attention to is the articulation of standards of expectation, differentiating among other things between those actions that are, on the one hand, compulsory from exhortations to best practice on the other. (They capture the distinction in 'must' and 'should' statements.) Nevertheless, that code …


The October 2008 Term of the Supreme Court addressed the constitutionally protected rights of criminal defendants not only at trial but at the post-conviction stage as well. The Court dealt with the defendant's rights to a speedy trial and effective assistance of counsel in Vermont v. Brillon; the claim was that these constitutional protections were substantially frustrated by underfunded public defender offices, thereby leaving the defendant improperly incarcerated for three years. The Court also considered a case wherein the State had utilized a jailhouse snitch to elicit inculpatory statements from a defendant in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Post-conviction relief was a matter before the court; the defendant in In re Davis sought to challenge his conviction which was based on witnesses who had subsequently recanted. In District Attorney's Office v. Osborne, the defendant was seeking to conduct a new DNA test of the critical evidence in the case against him. Accountability of lab experts was at the forefront in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts. Lastly, in Baze v. Rees, the Court had held that the risk of pain from the maladministration of an otherwise humane three-drug cocktail method of lethal execution does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth amendment. Subsequent to Baze, the first single-drug lethal injection anywhere in the United States was administered in Ohio, thus stirring heated debate within the legal community. This context frames this Article's discussion of the Supreme Court's criminal law jurisprudence of the 2008 Term.


Many studies have examined pelvic sexual dimorphism and its functional implications in linear analyses, but few have used three‐dimensional (3D) methods, which are ideal for complex structures such as the pelvis. This study examines human and ape os coxae using 3D geometric morphometrics (GM) to determine if patterns of sexual dimorphism relate to obstetrical and/or biomechanical requirements. Twenty‐five 3D landmarks were collected on 35 human and 116 hominoid os coxae. Generalized Procrustes and principal component analyses were performed on combined and sex‐specific species samples. Tests of male and female human os coxae demonstrate dimorphism in several pelvic traits related to increasing birth canal dimensions in females; females have a wider subpubic angle and greater sciatic notch than males, as well as a short ischial spine. Hominoids, however, did not exhibit sexual dimorphism in pelvic shape. These results confirm previous studies showing that human pelvic shape dimorphism is related to the obstetrical requirements of birthing a large fetus, rather than sexual dimorphism in locomotor biomechanics. Future 3D GM research on other primate species that have large neonates relative to maternal size may determine whether the primate pelvis exhibits similar patterns of response to obstetrical selection pressures as in humans.


This book opens new ground in the study of financial crises. It treats the financial system as a complex adaptive system and shows how lessons from network disciplines - such as ecology, epidemiology, and statistical mechanics - shed light on our understanding of financial stability. Using tools from network theory and economics, it suggests that financial systems are robust-yet-fragile, with knife-edge properties that are greatly exacerbated by the hoarding of funds and the fire sale of assets by banks. The book studies the damaging network consequences of the failure of large inter-connected institutions, explains how key funding markets can seize up across the entire financial system, and shows how the pursuit of secured finance by banks in the wake of the global financial crisis can generate systemic risks. The insights are then used to model banking systems calibrated to data to illustrate how financial sector regulators are beginning to quantify financial system stress. Contributors to this volume - Hyun Song Shin


Accurate protein structure in the ligand-bound state is a prerequisite for successful structure-based virtual screening (SBVS). Therefore, applications of SBVS against targets for which only an apo structure is available may be severely limited. To address this constraint, we developed a computational strategy to explore the ligand-bound state of a target protein, by combined use of molecular dynamics simulation, MM/GBSA binding energy calculation, and fragment-centric topographical mapping. Our computational strategy is validated against low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) and then successfully employed in the SBVS against protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO), a potential therapeutic target for various diseases. The most potent hit compound GP03 showed an IC50 value of 2.89 μM for PTPRO and possessed a certain degree of selectivity toward other protein phosphatases. Importantly, we also found that neglecting the ligand energy penalty upon binding partially accounts for the false positive SBVS hits. The preliminary structure-activity relationships of GP03 analogs are also reported.


Written for front and middle office risk management and quantitative practitioners, this book provides the ground-level knowledge, tools, and techniques for effective liquidity risk management. Highly practical, though thoroughly grounded in theory, the book begins with the basics of liquidity risks and, using examples pulled from the recent financial crisis, how they manifest themselves in financial institutions. The book then goes on to look at tools which can be used to measure liquidity risk, discussing risk monitoring and the different models used, notably financial variables models, credit variables models, and behavioural variables models, and then at managing these risks. As well as looking at the tools necessary for effective measurement and management, the book also looks at and discusses current regulation and the implication of new Basel regulations on management procedures and tools.


The Senate of the Commonwealth of Australia occasionally sets up select committees that are charged
to investigate matters it perceives to be of moment for the nation. Occasionally I have been requested
to present evidence on nature conservation planning and resource development/conservation conflicts.
Senators in Australia expect to have six years in their plush seats in the half-buried parliamentary
building in Canberra, a relatively long secure tenure for politicians in a democracy. Although accustomed
to think in relatively long time lines for politicians, most of the senators listening to me speak appeared
slightly bewildered when I talked about the desirability of planning reserve networks that could help
carry our biodiversity through the next glacial (Kirkpatrick & Fowler, 1998), once they realized the
number of years involved. When Chris Harwood and I suggested to another select committee that an
appropriate solution to the running sore of the forest/development debate might lie on the demand side
through regulated reduction of the use of wood to produce advertisements and unnecessary packaging,
the senators obviously thought that we were away with the fairies - as indeed we were, in contrast to
the senators, who were living in the non-alternative fantasy land of the growthist paradigm, in which
consumption is an undisputed virtue.
If people survive on this planet during the commencement of the next interglacial period, only
120,000 or so years in the future, and the memory of our ultimately brief growthist society persists, I
prefer to believe that they will think of our time as one of hubric darkness, the great lesson in how not
to live on a planet. On the other hand history suggests that they might just be jealous of our free access to
an abundance of fossil fuels, minerals, biodiversity and productive soil and see the return of warmth and
rain as an opportunity for the return of economic growth based on newly-bared, glacially rejuvenated
soils and reinvading forests (Diamond, 1997).
While a career in science does not tend to induce certainty in anything, most, if not all, biogeographers
are moderately certain that it is not possible to use irreplaceable material resources at an
exponentially increasing rate on a finite planet for any protracted time period. Yet, the political, economic,
social and cultural constructs within which biogeographers work and play seem to be be based on an
assumption that never-ending growth is both possible and desirable. There can also be little doubt that
the natural world, a world that biogeographers tend to value highly, is receding at a substantial rate as
a result of the operationalization of the growthist assumption. In Tasmania, an island of 6.7 million ha
where I live, the last quarter century has seen approximately 0.25 million ha of native vegetation
destroyed (Kirkpatrick & Dickinson, 1982; Kirkpatrick, 1991, unpublished data), and Tasmania is a
relatively green backwater of the globally anastomosing growthist society. How do biogeographers
cope with the dissonance between the prevailing growthism and their knowledge and values? I advance
a tentative classification of response types below, unfortunately based on general observation over
thirty years of biogeographic practice, rather than rigorous, repeatable research.


The purposes of this research are: (1)  To identify the role of extension toward independent smallholder farmers of palm oil; (2) To know the empowerment level of the farmers; (3) To analysis the relation between extension's role on  empowerment the farmers. This research  was conducted at Bangun Jaya Village at North Tambusai Sub-district of Rokan Hulu. Samples were determined by purposive sampling methods with consideration that the location has active extension activities and has farmers group. 45 independent smallholder farmers of palm oil were taken as respondent. Validity and reliability analysis has been done on the measuring instruments. Data's analysis to acknowledge the first and second research purpose used Scale Likert's summated Rating (SLR), whereas multiple linear regression used to acknowledge the third purpose of this research. The Result showed that: (1) The extension role is categorized enough, that are consisted of facilitation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation is categorized enough, while on education, information  dissemination, and consultation is categorized have a role; (2) The empowerment level is categorized well, that are consisted of human resources and productive economy is categorized well, while on institutional is well enough; (3) Empowerment of independent small holder farmers affected significantly by the role of extension in education, facilitation and consultation, and monitoring and evaluation, however the role of extension does not significantly affect on dissemination  and supervision of the farmers empowerments. Keyword s : Role of extension, empowerments, independent smallholder farmers,      palm oil


The federal government deploys a variety of institutions — patent, tax, and spending, among others — to encourage innovation. But legal scholars have given short shrift to how these institutions should be coordinated. In this Note, I argue that tax credits could be used to ameliorate a number of inefficiencies that arise from the failures of patent law. Deploying strong tax credits narrowly could improve incentives for small businesses and in emerging industries at a relatively low cost. I argue that this style of comparative institutional analysis should be part of every innovation scholar's toolbox.


Heterotrophic organisms constitute an important part of the overall biomass of periphyton assemblages, but the role of these components for the propagation of resource enrichment and top‐down control has rarely been addressed systematically. We report results from six laboratory experiments differing in their trophic structure by the inclusion of different functional groups of microbial benthic organisms (i.e., algae, bacteria, flagellates, ciliates, and rotifers). We manipulated the supply of organic carbon, phosphate, light, and the presence of the respective top consumer in full factorial designs. Increased supply of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased total periphyton biomass in almost all experiments, whereas increased phosphorus (P) supply increased total biomass only if algae were present. The effects of DOC and P on the ratio of heterotrophic to autotrophic abundance depended on trophic structure, where additional resources enhanced the autotrophic component when the basal heterotrophs were limited by low organic carbon (C) or by consumer pressure. Light had a comparably minor influence on total biomass and relative abundances. Purely heterotrophic biofilms had higher C: P ratios than autotrophic assemblages. Increased P supply decreased periphyton C: P throughout all experiments except for the experiment with the highest trophic complexity, which yielded low C: P ratios across all treatment levels. Our experimental microcosms with artificially constructed periphyton communities revealed the importance of the benthic microbial food‐web structure for both top‐down and bottom‐up propagating effects of consumers and resources, respectively.


A common narrative of Buddhist monasticism in modern China is that monastic institutions were virtually eliminated during the Cultural Revolution period (1966–1976) but have undergone continuous revival since that time. This simplistic narrative highlights differences in state-monastic relations between the Maoist and post-Maoist eras, even as it oversimplifies various developments. In this article, I analyze the notion of revival and assess the state of Han Buddhist monasticism in the prc. My focus is on clarifying the "basic facts" of monasticism, including the numbers and types of monastics and monastic institutions. I draw on studies published since Holmes Welch's works as well as on my own fieldwork conducted in China since 2006.
This article questions the revival metaphor and shows that it is misleading. First, as Welch noted for the Republican period, recent developments are characterized by innovations as much as by revivals. Second, evidence for the growth of monasticism from around the year 2000 is weak. Yet in two aspects, monasticism today revives characteristics of Republican-period monasticism: ritual performance is central to the monastic economy, and Buddhist seminaries are important for monastic doctrinal education.


Background Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) continues to be a public health challenge in Australia, with some contention as to the best screening approach. In the present study we examined chlamydia testing, positivity and sexual behaviour among women with the aim of informing targeted testing among women aged ≥30 years.

METHODS
A longitudinal analysis was conducted on retrospective surveillance data collected among women attending general practice, family planning and sexual health clinics participating in sentinel surveillance in Melbourne, Australia. Women were aged ≥16 years and underwent urogenital testing for C. trachomatis (chlamydia) at participating clinics between 2007 and 2014. Chlamydia incidence was calculated as positive chlamydia tests over person-years (PY) among women and reported by 5-year age groups. A Cox regression model examined correlates of a positive chlamydia test among women aged ≥30 years.

RESULTS
In all, 36770 women contributed 46432 PY and 52395 chlamydia tests, of which 2895 were positive. The overall chlamydia incidence rate was 6.2 per 100 PY (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.0-6.5). Chlamydia incidence declined with age, plateauing to <5 per 100 PY among women aged ≥30 years. Among women aged ≥30 years, being born in North-East Asia (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.9; 95% CI 1.9-4.5) and reporting multiple partners (aHR 2.5; 95% CI 1.8-3.5) in the past 12 months were associated with a positive chlamydia test.

CONCLUSIONS
Chlamydia control remains challenging in Australia and optimising testing in primary care is a key priority. The results of the present study suggest that, at least among women aged ≥30 years, chlamydia testing should be risk-based and informed by appropriate sexual history taking.


Apparent low usage of formal decision techniques by general clinicians has raised questions about dissemination methods and about the techniques' perceived usefulness. Two literature searches examined whether use of formal decision techniques among clinicians had indeed failed to increase from the 1970s to the 1980s. A general MEDLINE search for the period 1983-87 relative to 1973-77 indicated that usage of formal decision techniques had more than doubled. This increase, however, was due to increased coverage of formal decision techniques in specialist methods journals. A manual search of seven major clinical journals and a MEDLINE search restricted to the clinical journals of the manual search disclosed no increase in overall usage for the same time periods. MEDLINE detected only a small subset of the actual instances of formal method usage found by the manual search. Individual medical subspecialties were found to utilize different formal decision techniques to different degrees. The authors suggest interventions that may increase the usage of formal decision techniques among general clinicians. Key words: decision analysis; decision automation; decision trees; Bayes'theorem; sensitivity analysis; ROC analysis; formal modeling. (Med Decis Making 1992;12:298-306)


Scholars have long suggested that attorney conflict of interest rules are too onerous and that sophisticated clients may not need the protection of such rules. This article utilizes the law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell's representation of Lehman Brothers during the financial crisis as a case study to contend that attorney conflicts of interest can undermine the representation of even extremely sophisticated corporate clients. This is because the significance of a particular conflict can change during the course of a representation and the fact that a sophisticated client may have previously consented to a conflict does not ensure that the conflict will not jeopardize the representation. Attorneys are also likely to overestimate their capacities to account for conflicts of interest. Attorney conflict of interest rules should be modified so as to prohibit conflicted representation when the attorney's ability to satisfy the client's objectives of the representation is frustrated by a conflict of interest and to expressly require regular consultation between the attorney and client concerning the conflict. Of equal importance is that attorneys do not conceive of their conflicts of interest as mere obstacles to be circumvented.


Aims of the Study: To evaluate the efficacy of analgesia mediated by preoperative 100 mg IM Tramadol to the post operative Tramadol and placebo after the surgical removal of mandibular wisdom tooth. Materials and Methods: Surgical removal of mandibular third molar was performed in three groups of individuals, total of thirty patients were anticipated in this study. All medically fit, average of age 24 + 2.2; each group consisted of ten patients. Group 1: Preoperative 100 mg Tramadol IM injection 30 minutes prior surgical operation; Group 2: Post operative 100 mg Tramadol IM injection; Group 3: Placebo or control group where distilled water IM injection was applied. All patients received post operatively Augmentin capsules 675 mg tid, and supplementary Paracetamol 500 mg tablet as required. Analgesia was assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Verbal Pain Scale (VPS), patient satisfaction (PS), duration of post operative analgesia and total number of analgesic tablet were recorded between groups. Results: Analgesia mediated by Tramadol was superior in its efficacy compared to control group in both pre and post operative Tramadol groups, according to VAS and VPS assessment (p= 0.001). There was no significant difference between the preoperative and post operative analgesia according to VAS and VPS; whereas there was a significant difference in PS, and duration of analgesia mediated by the preoperative injection in comparison to the post operative and control groups. Conclusion: Preoperative Tramadol analgesia was superior to post operative analgesia in PS and prolonged duration of analgesia that explain its anti–nociceptive effect in controlling post surgical pain.


Gamification, understood as the use of ludic mechanisms in non-ludic contexts, is seen today as a practice ingrained in new technologies, especially in new media. The shift of journalism onto social networks has laid the foundations for a ludic communicative paradigm that revolves specifically around gaming mechanisms. Nevertheless, recent developments in artificial intelligence call for a partial redefinition of the term "gamification," so as to situate it in its relations with machines and algorithms. For some time now, what are known as empathic media have signaled a turning point in the development of an emotional artificial intelligence, capable of eliciting and responding to the emotional states of consumers and users for commercial purposes. In recent years, this use of artificial emotional intelligence has also made its way into journalism on social networks. This communications channel builds on tools such as sensationalism, irony, and the creation of an empathetic connection with readers—centered on sharing a ludic, humorous paradigm of communication. In this instance, gamification is transformed into AI-gamification, since the aim is to make these mechanisms scientific and commercially profitable through the use of artificial intelligence. Echobox, a social media platform based on artificial intelligence, used by media to communicate more efficiently with readers on social platforms, will provide a case study by which to analyze this effort. I will also show the benefits and drawbacks of this shift from gamification to AI-gamification, examining in particular the capacities and limits of the algorithms in developing a ludic human language whose goal is to increase both users' emotional involvement and the readership of the articles (and, consequently, the revenue) of the media outlets


A fiber-based reflectance imaging system was constructed to produce in vivo absorption spectroscopic images of biological tissues with diffuse light in the cw domain. The principal part of this system is the 783-channel fiber probe, composed of 253 illumination fibers and 530 detection fibers distributed in a 20x20 mm square region. During illumination with the 253 illumination fibers, diffuse reflected lights are collected by the 530 detection fibers and recorded simultaneously as an image with an electron multiplying CCD camera for fast data acquisition. After signal acquisition, a diffuse reflectance image was reconstructed by applying the spectral normalization method we devised. To test the applicability of the spectral normalization, we conducted two phantom experiments with chicken breast tissue and white Delrin resin by using animal blood as an optical inhomogeneity. In the Delrin phantom experiment, we present images produced by two methods, spectral normalization and reference signal normalization, along with a comparison of the two. To show the feasibility of our system for biomedical applications, we took images of a human vein in vivo with the spectral normalization method.


Abstract Introduction: The management of breast cancer patients from diagnosis to treatment and beyond can be variable depending on factors including tumour extent and location, histology, genetics, health and wellbeing of the patient as well as personal patient preferences. The therapeutic radiographer's role is not only vital to ensure safe and accurate radiotherapy delivery but also crucially, as the regular patient interface, they must be fully empowered to engage effectively with all aspects of the patient care pathway. They must be knowledgeable and up to date with evidence-based practices relating to the patient experience including surgery, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and radiotherapy. Aim: The aim of this paper is to outline the breast cancer management pathway, highlighting the potential side effects that occur as a result of breast radiotherapy treatment and concomitant treatment in order to inform therapeutic radiographers and best practice. Discussion: The treatment pathway for breast cancer patients varies greatly depending on a wide range of factors and is very much individualised for each patient. Each treatment modality has its advantages and disadvantages, and all come with a number of side effects that can affect a patient's daily living. Toxicities can arise during radiotherapy treatment or months after treatment, and education regarding the management of these is essential for effective patient care. Many technological advances in radiotherapy treatment techniques and regimes have the potential to decrease radiation-induced side effects. Despite attempts to standardise clinical guidelines on the use of topical agents and dressings, historical opinions and ideas are still evident in clinical practice. The use of grading systems in radiotherapy tends to only record patients' physical symptoms and not their holistic wellbeing and emotional needs. Conclusion: Therapeutic radiographers must ensure that they remain equipped with the skills and knowledge to correctly manage and/or signpost services effectively. This overall outline of the management of patients with breast cancer is designed to help therapeutic radiographers reflect on the current practices and to inspire them, where evidence dictates, to seize opportunities, to explore improvement and to enhance best practice.


Every year, millions of people are exposed to a sexually transmitted disease. And many people who are sexually active often worry about being infected. In her comprehensive guide to STDs, Dr. Lisa Marr tells readers everything they need to know about avoiding, preventing, and treating these diseases. Complete and up-to-date, this book describes safer sex practices, testing protocols, and symptoms, and details commonly known treatments as well as significant recent medical advances-including new testing for the herpes virus, the vaccine against the human papilloma virus (HPV), and new discoveries about the effectiveness of spermicides and condoms. For each disease, Dr. Marr offers the latest Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Forthright, compassionate, and practical, this guide is a trusted source of advice for anyone who is sexually active.


Many predict that innovations in retail payment may render cash obsolete. We investigate this possibility in the context of recent payment innovations such as contactless-credit and stored-value cards. We apply causal inference methods on the 2009 Bank of Canada Method of Payment survey, a representative sample of adult Canadians' shopping behaviour for retail consumption over a three-day period. We find that using contactless credit cards and stored-value cards lead to a reduction in average cash usage for transactions both in terms of value and volume. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken and our estimates are robust to hidden bias.


This paper has critically evaluated aspects of change within an organization by providing the purpose and scope of the article. Major types of orgnaizational change are discussed such as; the common types of change experienced within an organization, incremental and transformational change, organization-wide and subsystem change, renedial and developmental change, and unplanned planned change. These types of change can occur within any orgnization depending on then need of the organization. Drivers of change are also evaluated in this article recognizing that change cannot just happen on its own, but when there are certain conditions necessitating the change. Change models are analyzed in this paper depicting what various authors have provided models to show conditions which necessitate change and how to go about managing change. The paper has also provided change models which can be used to implement change. It is obvious that change affect staff, processes, policies and procedures. There are several effects of change on staff and sometimes people resist change. The question is how should organizations cope with resistance to change? What should be the role of leaders in minimizing resistance to change? What are the ways in which successful leaders can effect change?  The paper concludes by noting that change is inevitable and all existing organizations go through change processes. Leaders should anticipate change and develop strategies to adapt to the various changes that organizations are faced with.


Black women in the United States are disproportionately affected by early-onset, triple-negative breast cancer. DNA methylation has shown differences by race in healthy and tumor breast tissues. We examined associations between genome-wide DNA methylation levels in breast milk and breast cancer risk factors, including race, to explain how this reproductive stage influences a woman's risk for, and potentially contributes to racial disparities in, breast cancer. Breast milk samples and demographic, behavioral, and reproductive data, were obtained from cancer-free, uniparous, and lactating U.S. black (n = 57) and white (n = 82) women, ages 19–44. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis was performed on extracted breast milk DNA using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Statistically significant associations between breast cancer risk factors and DNA methylation beta values, adjusting for potential confounders, were determined using linear regression followed by Bonferroni Correction (P < 1.63 × 10−7). Epigenetic analysis in breast milk revealed statistically significant associations with race and lactation duration. Of the 284 CpG sites associated with race, 242 were hypermethylated in black women. All 227 CpG sites associated with lactation duration were hypomethylated in women who lactated longer. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially methylated promoter region CpGs by race and lactation duration revealed enrichment for networks implicated in carcinogenesis. Associations between DNA methylation and lactation duration may offer insight on its role in lowering breast cancer risk. Epigenetic associations with race may mediate social, behavioral, or other factors related to breast cancer and may provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying racial disparities in breast cancer incidence.


Medical and public health research includes surveys, interviews, and biospecimens — techniques that do not present substantial risks to subjects. Consequently, this research is exempt from regulation under the Federal Common Rule. Nevertheless, at many institutions, exempt research is frequently subject to the same regulatory process that is required for non-exempt research, requiring the consumption of time and resources for review by Institutional Review Board members or staff. The federal government has indicated an intention to reform and centralize this system, but has not yet specified the form that it will use instead. By examining the policies of the top 50 research institutions, this article assesses institutional practices surrounding exempt research, quantifies the extent of exempt-research review requirements, documents a problem of "over-compliance," and makes recommendations for reform.


During the offseason, when fresh food is not available, humans have to consume stored grain food. Unfortunately, these stored grains are later infested with many pests. Foods stored in bags and bins are very much susceptible to infestation with several pests which can cause extensive post-harvest losses, spoilage, and less demand in markets, causing a huge economic crisis. Hence, successful management of stored grain pests becomes necessary to prevent these from insect pests. Current approaches for their management are one of the promising goals, as it includes preventive practices, monitoring, sanitation, and identification of main pathogens. Different management strategies of all the common stored grain pests viz. grain weevils, grain borers, grain moths, flour moths, mealworms, grain and flour beetles, booklice, mites, and parasites are enlisted here.


Opening the third volume of this journal provides a re- newed opportunity to reflect on the current developments within the world of organic farming. As the most recent international data show, the organic sector continues to grow on a global scale, in terms of organic area, mar- ket share and number of producers [1]. Yet, for organic farming—as for any movement—expansion always en- tails the difficulty of maintaining identity. Achieving both, i.e. becoming 'bigger' and 'better', is the explicit goal of Organic 3.0 [2], the international initiative to advance and evolve organic farming. Launched in 2014, Organic 3.0 is now gaining increasing momentum, e.g. as a key topic at the upcoming Organic World Congress in India this autumn. The Organic 3.0 initiative proposes an am- bitious plan for promoting "a widespread uptake of truly sustainable farming systems" [2]. One of the suggested pathways to achieve the goals of Organic 3.0 is improved and extended research and development.


Although several studies have focused on how well anglers identify species using replicas and pictures, there has been no study assessing the confidence that can be placed in angler's ability to identify recreationally important fish. Understanding factors associated with low self-confidence will be useful in tailoring education programmes to improve self-confidence in identifying common species. The purposes of this assessment were to quantify the confidence of recreational anglers to identify 13 commonly encountered warm water fish species and to relate self-confidence to species availability and angler experience. Significant variation was observed in anglers self- confidence among species and levels of self-declared skill, with greater confidence associated with greater skill and with greater exposure. This study of angler self-confidence strongly highlights the need for educational programmes that target lower skilled anglers and the importance of teaching all anglers about less common species, regardless of skill level.


Amblyopia is an acquired defect in vision due to an abnormal visual experience during a sensitive period of visual development. The neuronal basis of amblyopia is the study of the effects of "abnormal" environmental influences on the genetically programmed development of the visual processing system. Visual pathway development commences with ganglion cells forming the optic nerve. The process that guides these neurones initially to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and then onto the visual cortex is genetically programmed. Initially this process is influenced by spontaneously generated impulses and neurotrophic factors. Following birth, visual stimuli modify and refine the genetically programmed process. Exposure to the visual environment includes the risk of abnormal inputs. Abnormal stimuli disrupt the formation of patterned inputs allowing alteration of visual cortical writing with reduction in ocular dominance columns driven by the abnormal eye. Correction of the abnormal visual input and penalisation of the "normal" input is the mainstay of therapy for amblyopia. Further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of a normal visual processing system will allow trialing therapies for amblyopia not responding to occlusion therapy. Levodopa is one agent providing insights into recovery of visual function for short periods in apparently mature visual systems.


The financial services sector is investing considerable sums of money into mobile banking services, but the uptake by customers has been low. The cost to benefit ratio of mobile banking is highly unsatisfactory when the costs of developing and managing the channel are considered. Many of the advantages of Internet banking are shared by mobile banking e.g. control and time saving. Mobile banking also offers higher convenience with the ability to carry out banking whenever and wherever you are. It is hoped that mobile banking can be as successful as Internet banking. A major factor in the low adoption of mobile banking is usability, and there is a need for research on the issues surrounding mobile banking as so far little has been conducted. This thesis seeks to investigate the usability issues surrounding Short Message Service (SMS) banking. It identifies three general functions of SMS in electronic banking: transactions, communication/CRM and security. Three empirical usability evaluations are presented that explored customers' perceptions and attitudes of using these functions of SMS banking. The research presented here provides empirical evidence for the thesis that usability is a significant factor in the low customer adoption of SMS banking. It also shows that related to usability issues are customer concerns over the security of SMS as a banking channel. Older users will find SMS banking less usable than younger users and are more ambivalent regarding SMS in general. It recommends the most usable message input format to use in SMS banking and contributes insights on how best to realise the practical application of SMS banking and services. The findings from these studies will help improve usability in mobile banking services.


Ethical crises in business have gained more attention from public and have led many to question the effectiveness of ethics education in university. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the ethical attitudes of accounting and business students, their willingness to become whistleblowers, and the impact of ethics education on students' ethical attitude. A total of 275 usable questionnaires that consists of four ethical scenarios were analysed. The findings of the study show that a small percentage of accounting and business students are willing to involve in unethical behaviour. About 10.9% of students were categorized as unethical as they would cheat in an examination and that only 1% of the students would accept bribes to defraud the tax office. Once an element of risk of being caught was introduced, the percentage of students willing to cheat in an examination and those willing to defraud the tax office decrease to 4.8% and 0.7% respectively. The finding also shows that once the penalty was introduced, the number of students who would act unethically decrease and the number of those who would act as whistle blowers increase. In general, the students are willing to become whistleblowers. The majority of accounting and business students who discovered fraud and decided not to participate are willing to report the case to relevant authorities. However, the findings indicate no significant relationship between ethics courses and ethical attitudes of students.


We propose a procedure to characterize the intrinsic nonlinearities of bulk acoustic wave resonators by performing one-port measurements of the second harmonic and second-order intermodulation spurious signals. Closed-form expressions have been derived that relate the nonlinear stiffened elasticity with experimental observables. These formulas are valid in a wide range of frequencies around the resonance and have been verified with nonlinear circuit simulations. The measurement setup and its effects are also discussed in our approach. Measurements of a set of aluminum nitride-based devices from several manufacturers yield consistent model parameters and allow us to obtain a coefficient of the nonlinear stiffened elasticity intrinsic to this piezoelectric material.


Procrastination has become an important field in academic research. It refers to a voluntary delay that might lead to negative consequences such as low academic performance, low work productivity, and anxiety. Numerous studies have examined the factors that might lead people to procrastinate, such as low self-efficacy, low self-regulation, and low self-esteem. However, Social networking sites (SNSs) might be partially responsible for people procrastinating because users may stay online rather than performing their urgent tasks. SNS users have increased significantly in recent years, and this raises the question of whether the design of SNS features has contributed to users procrastinating and why this is the case? The research studies the relationship between SNS feature design and procrastination and also identify what features of SNSs might be able to predict the likelihood of user procrastination. Furthermore, we identified different countermeasures that can be introduced to the future design of SNS in order to combat procrastination. Then, the research develops a method that helps users to gain more control over their procrastination. This method is informed by psychological theories, interactive design, and usability evaluation and testing. The method can be used to inform software engineers when developing the design features for future software in order to help users to gain more control over their procrastination. To achieve this goal, several studies were conducted with SNS users. These studies include focus group, diary study, co-design, and online questionnaire. The results of these studies will guide the research to devise the final method of the research. The final method will be supported by persuasive techniques in order to help users to change their behaviour and gain more control over their procrastination without forcing them to change. In the following sub-sections we explained the procedures and provided the supplementary materials that we used in each study.


In this paper, a survey is undertaken of studies that examines the extent to which systematic patterns of behaviour in betting markets can generate above-average or even abnormal returns, the latter being most conveniently defined for these purposes as a profit. The paper concludes that although betting markets do tend to process efficiently the information available to them, there are clear opportunities to earn above-average returns. Moreover, there is significant evidence that some bettors are able to profit by withholding and subsequently utilising superior information.


The role of international labour migration in processes leading to the (re)production of rural poverty in the rural South continues to shape critical academic and policy debate. While many studies have established that migration provides an important pathway to rural prosperity, they insufficiently analyse the profound effects that migration and remittances have on agrarian and rural livelihoods. This article uses the case of rural Nepal, where over half of the households are involved in foreign labour migration, as a 'window' to understand the processes shaping how migration effects poverty. The paper analyses how migration generates outcomes across the domains of rural people's changing relationship to land and agriculture, their experience of migration, and rural labour markets to advance our arguments. First, it argues that migration leads to the commodification of land, generating changes in patterns of land uses and tenancy relations. With respect to rural people's engagement with agriculture, migration generates both processes of 'deactivation' and 'repeasantization'. Second, foreign migration offers an exit from poverty for some while also creating processes of deeper impoverishment for others. Third, migration leads to structural changes in rural labour markets, reducing the supply of agrarian labour. Consequently, in contrast to the simplifying 'narrative' accounts of a migration pathway out of poverty, this paper concludes that the effects triggered by migration are highly contradictory, providing an exit from poverty when linked to diversification strategies, while engendering rising inequality and rural differentiation.


The aim of this article is to analyse one of the main features of asymmetry in the EU legal order: enhanced cooperation. After the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, two enhanced cooperation schemes (on divorce and patent) have already seen the light of the day. The paper first focuses on the evolution of the rules on "closer cooperation/enhanced cooperation" from the Treaty of Amsterdam onwards, then it analyses the first two cases. Enhanced cooperation is a unique test to understand how the EU manages to balance unity and asymmetry, thus an analysis of the rules and the relevant practice is very useful to this extent. The last section of the paper compares asymmetric integration at the EU and the WTO level, in order to understand how different legal orders deal with sub-unions and what degree of asymmetry can a system tolerate.


Based on a phylogenetic analysis we revised the Chilean tarantula genera Euathlus and Paraphysa. As results of our analyses, within a wider context of South American lineages, Paraphysa is synonymous of Euathlus, and Phrixotrichus is resurrected. Euathlus and Phrixotrichus are sister genera, supported by their shared palpal organ morphology, especially at the ventral position of the distal prolateral inferior keel, also by spermathecal receptacles with a lateral chamber, and tarsal claws without teeth. Both genera are redefined based on cladistic results, and some of their constituent species are transferred. We describe four new species, and for the first time present the spermathecae of Euathlus parvulus comb. nov. All species described for both genera are diagnosed and keyed. Euathlus now includes: Euathlus antai Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Euathlus atacama Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Euathlus condorito Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Euathlus manicata (Simon 1892) comb. nov., Euathlus parvulus (Pocock, 1903) comb. nov. and Euathlus truculentus L. Koch, 1875. Phrixotrichus now comprises: Phrixotrichus jara Perafán and Pérez-Miles sp. nov., Phrixotrichus scrofa (Molina, 1788) comb. nov. and Phrixotrichus vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) comb. nov. Furthermore, Paraphysa riparia Schmidt and Bolle, 2008 is synonymized with Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Thorell, 1894), Paraphysa pulcherrimaklaasi Schmidt, 1991 is transferred to Maraca Pérez-Miles, 2006 and Paraphysa peruviana Schmidt, 2007 is considered a nomen dubium. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:62B49343-DCF0-4AFE-8154-19F9D50E9AA0