The concept of the marine ecological community has recently experienced renewed attention, mainly owing to a shift in conservation policies from targeting single and specific objec- tives (e.g. species) towards more integrated approaches. Despite the value of communities as dis- tinct entities, e.g. for conservation purposes, there is still an ongoing debate on the nature of spe- cies associations. They are seen either as communities, cohesive units of non-randomly associated and interacting members, or as assemblages, groups of species that are randomly associated. We investigated such dualism using fuzzy logic applied to a large dataset in the German Bight (south- eastern North Sea). Fuzzy logic provides the flexibility needed to describe complex patterns of natural systems. Assigning objects to more than one class, it enables the depiction of transitions, avoiding the rigid division into communities or assemblages. Therefore we identified areas with either structured or random species associations and mapped boundaries between communities or assemblages in this more natural way. We then described the impact of the chosen sampling design on the community identification. Four communities, their core areas and probability of occurrence were identified in the German Bight: AMPHIURA-FILIFORMIS, BATHYPOREIA-TELLINA, GONIADELLA-SPISULA, and PHORONIS. They were assessed by estimating overlap and compactness and supported by analysis of beta-diversity. Overall, 62% of the study area was characterized by high species turnover and instability. These areas are very relevant for conservation issues, but become undetectable when studies choose sampling designs with little information or at small spatial scales.


Alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM) was used for the first time to map key electrochemical attributes of oriented hematite (α-Fe2O3) single crystal surfaces at the micron-scale. Localized electrochemical impedance spectra (LEIS) of the (001) and (012) faces provided insight into the spatial variations of local double layer capacitance (C(dl)) and charge transfer resistance (R(ad)). These parameters were extracted by LEIS measurements in the 0.4-8000 Hz range to probe the impedance response generated by the redistribution of water molecules and charge carriers (ions) under an applied AC. These were attributed to local variations in the local conductivity of the sample surfaces. Comparison with global EIS measurements on the same samples uncovered highly comparable frequency-resolved processes, that were broken down into contributions from the bulk hematite, the interface as well as the microelectrode/tip assembly. This work paves the way for new studies aimed at mapping electrochemical processes at the mesoscale on this environmentally and technologically important material.


The visual recasting of fairy tales by Yanagi Miwa (1967–) reverses, blends, and dissolves the binary oppositions well established in traditional European fairy tales, which are often typified by the opposition between the princess and the witch. Although her fairy-tale reimagining can be seen as a feminist reinterpretation of the Freudian uncanny (unheimlich), the same image may reveal itself as just another artifice that can constrict women's lives and imaginations. Yanagi also dismantles the quintessential storytelling space of the fireside—a symbol of the homely and the familiar (heimlich)—to which women and children have traditionally been confined in a patriarchal society.


This paper examines, via microlinguistic or micropragmatic textual analysis, the use of the perfect and imperfect aspects, independent personal pronouns, so-called fillers, and attention grabbers, among other interrelated topics related to information flow, in two Algerian Arabic (AA) oral narratives: the first of a mother, and second a father (both from the city of Tbessa, located south of Constantine and close to the Tunisian border) talking to their daughter describing events that occurred in the past. One conclusion offered from an investigation of these stories is that the imperfect contributes to the 'immediacy' of the narratives in that they are 'made' to take place in the here and now, although the monologue refers to events which have already taken place. This traditional analysis affirms that it is as if the past in the narrative is brought into the present in which it is being told. 1 This is similar to English: 'So he says to me — he says …', in which 'says' really means 'said'. 2 Another conclusion is that AA can use the perfect that must be translated, according to the context, with the English present tense: fhǝmti '(Do) you understand?' = '(You) see what I'm saying?' (and not 'You saw what I'm saying?'). Repetition is another major ingredient of this discourse 3 (see Johnstone [1991], although none of the examples in this book are from colloquial Arabic dialects), and many examples of this phenomenon can be adduced in the AA texts that follow.


This research report explores how 'sustainable livelihoods' have been achieved at a model cooperative using the 'System of Rice Intensification' named SIMPATIK. To conduct the research a novel template was developed. The framework was required following a review of sustainable livelihood literature which found deficiencies with the 'sustainable livelihoods framework', particularly its treatment of equity, social capital, culture and agro-ecology which disqualified the framework as an appropriate approach for the research. Amekawa's (2011) 'Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods Framework' which synthesises agro-ecology and the sustainable livelihoods framework is then discussed. Further work is then presented on social capital which this paper argues has a critical role in facilitating access to livelihood capitals. A discussion of the significance of culture then follows to underline its importance as a form of livelihood capital. The research then introduces an operational model that is appropriate to the local cultural, institutional and geographical context to demonstrate how livelihood capitals are linked to livelihood outcomes, a model I have labelled the 'Apt-Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods Framework'. This framework is then informed through field research at the SIMPATIK co-operative. Impact pathways through 'synergetic forms of social capital' and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are shown indeed to lead to sustainable livelihood outcomes for research participants. The 'sequencing' of livelihood capitals is seen to be critical and the research culminates in the development of a 'SRI Co-operative Template for Sustainable Livelihoods'; a transferable model that shows how SRI can be promoted as a sustainable livelihood strategy.


Detecting and quantifying engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in complex environmental matrices requires the distinction between natural nanoparticles (NNPs) and ENPs. The distinction of NNPs and ENPs for regulatory purposes calls for cost-efficient methods, but is hampered by similarities in intrinsic properties, such as particle composition, size, density, surface chemistry, etc. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) ENPs, for instance, are produced in very large quantities but Ti also commonly occurs naturally in nano-scale minerals. In this work, we focus on utilizing particle size and composition to identify ENPs in a system with a significant background concentration of the target metal. We have followed independent approaches involving both conventional and state-of-the-art analytical techniques to detect and quantify TiO2 ENPs released into surface waters from sunscreen products and to distinguish them from Ti-bearing NNPs. To achieve this, we applied single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with single-element (spICPMS) and multi-element detection (time-of-flight) spICP-TOFMS, together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), automated scanning electron microscopy (autoSEM), and bulk elemental analyses. A background concentration of Ti-bearing NPs (approximately 5 × 103 particles per ml), possibly of natural origin, was consistently observed outside the bathing season. This concentration increased by up to 40% during the bathing season. Multi-element analysis of individual particles using spICP-TOFMS revealed that Al, Fe, Mn, and Pb are often present in natural Ti-bearing NPs, but no specific multi-element signatures were detected for ENPs. Our data suggests that TiO2 ENPs enter the lake water during bathing activities, eventually agglomerating and sedimenting. We found adhesion of the TiO2 ENPs to the air–water interface for short time periods, depending on wind conditions. This study demonstrates that the use of spICP-TOFMS and spICPMS in combination with other conventional analytical techniques offers significant advantages for discriminating between NNPs and ENPs. The quantitative data produced in this work can be used as input for modeling studies or as a benchmark for analysis protocols and model validations.


The most pressing concern in the world since independence has been producing enough food to feed an expanding population. The mix of high-yielding production techniques has helped the globe to generate a food surplus while also raising worries about soil health and environmental pollution. Though, scientists and policy makers are rethinking agricultural systems that rely heavily on biological inputs. Organic farming can provide high-quality food without compromising the health of the land or the environment; nevertheless, it is unclear if large-scale organic farming would be able to feed world's vast population. Adoption of this emerging approach "organic vegetable farming" plays a vital role in development of agricultural sustainability through avoiding indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals. There are numerous organic sources for organic vegetable farming but various type of composts (especially vermi-compost) and biochar are most famous among all other organic sources as they improved soil healthy and vegetables productions through improving soil physico-chemical and biological attributes. In addition, demand and prices of organically produced vegetables are much higher in market and evidence showed that organically grown vegetables are enriched with nutrients and safe for consumption because of their less exposure with residues of in-organic pesticides.


Partial cutting, which removes some individual trees from a forest, is one of the major and widespread forest management practices that can significantly alter both forest structure and carbon (C) storage. Using 748 observations from 81 studies published between 1973 and 2011, we synthesized the impacts of partial cutting on three variables associated with forest structure (mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH), stand basal area, and volume) and four variables related to various C stock components (aboveground biomass C (AGBC), understory C, forest floor C, and mineral soil C). Results show that the growth of DBH increased by 111.9% after partial cutting, compared to the uncut control, with a 95% bootstrapped confidence interval ranging from 92.2 to 135.9%, while stand basal area and volume decreased immediately by 34.2% ([−37.4%, −31.2%]) and 28.4% ([−32.0%, −25.1%]), respectively. On average, partial cutting reduced AGBC by 43.4% ([−47.7%, −39.3%]), increased understory C storage by 391.5% ([220.0%, 603.8%]), but did not show significant effects on C stocks on forest floor and in mineral soil. All the effects, if significant (i.e., on DBH growth, stand basal area, volume, and AGBC), intensified linearly with cutting intensity and decreased linearly over time. Overall, cutting intensity had more strong impacts than the length of recovery time on the responses of those variables to partial cutting. Besides the significant influence of cutting intensity and recovery time, other factors such as climate zone and forest type also affected forest responses to partial cutting. For example, a large fraction of the changes in DBH growth remains unexplained, suggesting the factors not included in the analysis may play a major role. The data assembled in this synthesis were not sufficient to determine how long it would take for a complete recovery after cutting because long-term experiments were scarce. Future efforts should be tailored to increase the duration of the experiments and balance geographic locations of field studies.


Does too much competition in banking hurt society? What policies can best protect and stabilize banking without stifling it? Institutional responses to such questions have evolved over time, from interventionist regulatory control after the Great Depression to the liberalization policies that started in the United States in the 1970s. The global financial crisis of 2007?2009, which originated from an oversupply of credit, once again raised questions about excessive banking competition and what should be done about it. Competition and Stability in Banking addresses the critical relationships between competition, regulation, and stability, and the implications of coordinating banking regulations with competition policies.

 Xavier Vives argues that while competition is not responsible for fragility in banking, there are trade-offs between competition and stability. Well-designed regulations would alleviate these trade-offs but not eliminate them, and the specificity of competition in banking should be accounted for. Vives argues that regulation and competition policy should be coordinated, with tighter prudential requirements in more competitive situations, but he also shows that supervisory and competition authorities should stand separate from each other, each pursuing its own objective. Vives reviews the theory and empirics of banking competition, drawing on up-to-date analysis that incorporates the characteristics of modern market-based banking, and he looks at regulation, competition policies, and crisis interventions in Europe and the United States, as well as in emerging economies.

 Focusing on why banking competition policies are necessary, Competition and Stability in Banking examines regulation's impact on the industry's efficiency and effectiveness.


The present work is carried out to analyze the distribution of linear speed and angular distribution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) present during 23 and 24 solar cycle maximum phase, which were obtained by Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph of SOHO. Solar wind speed and angular width decide the nature of the CME. Despite of the fact that 24 solar cycle is a weaker one, observe more number of CMEs than 23 solar cycle throughout the solar maximum. Also 24 solar cycle observes more CMEs with slow solar wind than 23 solar cycle within this specific time.


Abstract:Siphonophores are at times amongst the most abundant invertebrate zooplankton predators in the oceans. Historically, siphonophores have been under-sampled and of the studies conducted there has been a bias towards oceanic oligotrophic waters where they are considered to be more important. In temperate coastal regions, comparatively less is known about the diversity and abundance of siphonophores, where periodic blooms can restructure the plankton communities and have been correlated with high mortalities in the salmon aquaculture industry. To address this lack of knowledge, plankton samples were collected during two periods (March 2009-March 2011 and April 2014-November 2015) from a coastal embayment in the southwest of Ireland. In total, three siphonophore species were found, the calycophoran Muggiaea atlantica, and the physonects, Nanomia bijuga and Agalma elegans. Muggiaea atlantica was the most abundant species (250 colonies m−3), with densities an order of magnitude higher than either physonect. Muggiaea atlantica displayed a distinct seasonality, whereas the physonect species were sporadic in occurrence. Comparing siphonophores in Bantry Bay and the Western English Channel (Plymouth Marine Laboratory's L4 station) indicates both regions share a similar pattern of inter-annual occurrence and provides novel information on the seasonality and occurrence of siphonophores in Irish coastal waters.


Considerations concerning the RCC construction process and its relation with the design and quality are analyzed. The paper contains topics related to the experience obtained at Urugua-i to get a better knowledge of the RCC technology and to allow the use of this construction method in current feasibility studies in Argentina. The procedures are studied. The quality and economic savings obtained through the usage of RCC are considered. An RCC production rate increase at Urugua-i along with quality improvement because of changes in construction layout are analyzed. The importance of the upstream and downstream faces in an RCC dam as the main factor that could improve or hinder RCC placement rate and quality is considered. the use of a combined solution with precast panels lined with a PVC membrane and a conventional concrete face at Urugua-i, is studied in light of the experience obtained during the construction of the dam. The Urugua-i work is described along with problems and solutions found during the works; planning changes performed at this job aiming to improve production rate and quality are studied.


Tunnelling is a key activity in infrastructure projects and in mine development and production. The speed of
tunnelling has always been important, especially in underground constructions, where profit is often linked
to how fast the job can be done. This is also valid for development in the mining industry. However, for the
miner the situation is sometimes different, in that his ambition is to fulfil ore production targets with as small
an input of resources as possible. This means that the main objective has been the utilisation of machinery
and labour. In the mine development phase, on the other hand, a rapid access to the orebody is crucial, since
it will yield a quicker pay back of the investment.
Even if rapid development advance is a priority, it is important to recognise that modern tunnelling
technique and equipment can provide additional benefits including: production control, improvement in
tunnel and profile quality, characterisation of the surrounding rock mass, etc.
During the past few years increased focus has been placed on communication technology improving the flow
of information to and from the rig. Information on production, quality, maintenance, ground
characterisation, etc., can be supplied by the rig if the technical framework is present. Logging functions
have also been extended and can now provide detailed information on production, drill hole quality, the
maintenance requirements and drill monitoring for geological and geotechnical characterisation of rock
mass ahead of the face. Computerised drill plan design enables a drilling sequence to be designed by
computer based on the tunnel design for each section. This technology is now in use and can assist with
quality control such that the tunnel will be constructed according to the design with a minimum of over
break. The risk of mistakes and faults is minimised and the rig navigation is the only weak point in the chain.
This paper presents the state-of-the-art in equipment and tools for tunnel construction, and discusses the
benefits available through better process quality control, better tunnel design control and improved
knowledge of the surrounding rock mass and the rock mass ahead of the face.


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This book is an English translation of the Dutch book "Ontwerp van Schutsluizen", ISBN 90-369-3305-6. The design of locks consists of a large number of aspects. For this reason, the chosen set-up for this book is as such that the various aspects of the design are separately dealt with in different chapters in order to enlarge the accessibility as much as possible. The cohesion between the aspects is addressed in a number of general chapters and in a large number of references in the chapters referring to other paragraphs in the book. Naturally, there are references to literature. "Design of locks " consists of two parts with 23 chapters in all. • Part one (chapters 1 to 9) contains the more general information necessary for the first phase of the preliminary design process. It addresses the program requirements, the design process, main dimensions of lock and lock approaches, the intake and discharge systems and the choice of lock gates, lock heads and the lock chamber. • Part two (chapters 10 to 23) provides a more technical description of the various study topics as a continuation of the preliminary design process. It deals with steel and mechanical engineering, concrete constructions and foundations, control and operation, sheet piling, guiding structures, bed protection and hydraulic loads. It also looks at particular subjects such as maintenance aspects, reconstructions, salt and freshwater separation systems and future developments. The necessary examples are provided. See tables 1.1 and 1.2 for a brief overview of the contents. The best way for a designer to gain insight into a certain subject or to find answers to more specific questions is by means of the chapter headings. There is also an index on key words.


Grammar and vocabulary are two vital components that exist in English language. A good command on both of these would relatively make the use of the language better and attractive on the part of the listeners. But today students find it quite challenging to have an excellent hold or command in these areas of grammar and vocabulary and students often end up on a poor scoring scale either in the English subject or in competitive exams or in their professional careers. In order to have an experience and learn the problems faced by students on these two challenging areas an experimental study was conducted among degree students among a semiurban college and after analysing the results,task-based learning activities were implemented for learning. The outcome and analysis from the teaching learning experience makes the source of this paper. The rapid development and progress among the students become the result of innovative teaching practices over traditional teaching and it shows the essentiality for implementing innovative teaching practices among language teachers. The outcome of the study showed a significant improvement in the performance of the students and also their receptiveness to activity-based learning method over the traditional method that was highly admired. The outcome of the TBL method can be seen through the post test scoring that has relatively improved the overall performance of the learners.


OBJECT
The FDA approval of bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma has resulted in its increased use in this patient population. Phase II trials reported 4%-6% impaired wound healing for bevacizumab initiated postoperatively. The effect of preoperative bevacizumab on subsequent craniotomy healing has not been addressed.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the cases of patients who underwent craniotomy for recurrent glioblastoma between 2005 and 2009, evaluating bevacizumab therapy/duration and healing complications (dehiscence, pseudomeningocele, CSF leak, and wound/bone infection). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare continuous variables between groups. The Fisher exact test was used to assess for an association between categorical variables, including the comparison of wound-healing complication rates. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios of wound-healing complications while adjusting for baseline variables.

RESULTS
Two hundred nine patients underwent a second craniotomy (161 patients) or third craniotomy (48 patients) for recurrent glioblastoma. Twenty-six individuals (12%) developed wound-healing complications. One hundred sixty-eight patients received no bevacizumab, 23 received preoperative bevacizumab, and 18 received postoperative bevacizumab. Significantly more patients receiving preoperative bevacizumab developed healing complications (35%) than non-bevacizumab-treated patients (10.0%, p = 0.004). Postoperative bevacizumab was associated with 6% impaired healing, not significantly different from non-bevacizumab-treated controls (p = 1.0). Preoperative bevacizumab treatment duration (weeks) did not influence healing (OR 0.98, p = 0.55). More healing complications occurred in patients receiving preoperative bevacizumab than in non-bevacizumab-treated controls before the third craniotomy (44% vs 9%, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Although subject to the limitations of a retrospective study, we demonstrate that preoperative bevacizumab treatment resulted in impaired healing after a second and third craniotomy, compared with minimal effect of postoperative bevacizumab. This effect is more striking for the third craniotomy and for a shorter delay between bevacizumab and surgery. These complications should be acknowledged as increased bevacizumab use results in more post-bevacizumab-treated patients in whom surgery for recurrent glioblastoma is considered. Based on these results, the authors recommend performing repeated craniotomy more than 28 days after last administered dose of bevacizumab whenever possible.


Digitalization has given rise to new opportunities for small and medium-sized video game development studios. No longer bound by physical products and creative restrains, the de-veloper has been empowered with independency. This qualitative study is aimed to under-stand how a development studio develops their business model and how underlying strate-gy is formulated. Additionally we evaluate the degree of innovativeness of the business model in terms of radical and incremental innovation according to Damanpour (1991). To achieve this we present a comprehensive literature review as to gain a more theoretical un-derstanding of industry mechanics and to be able to comprehend reasoning behind existing business models. We structure the dynamics of the business model by analyzing nine busi-ness model aspects as suggested by Osterwalder, Pigneur and Clark (2010). Following our theoretical framework we gain practical input from four separate case studies. An interpret-ative research method is used to gain better understanding of reasoning and choices made. We interpret our findings following a narrative approach which shows that the digitaliza-tion has preluded a paradigm shift in the sense that development studios have started to adopt activities otherwise performed by key partners. As barriers dissipate small and me-dium-sized development studios try to make sense of the current industry, but struggle in doing so. Having to reinvent themselves we conclude that a focus towards creating thicker customer relationships is considered and the idea of seeing games as a service is acknowl-edged to depict the future of the industry. The conclusions of this study contribute to both academic science and industry practice.


During the last six months, there has been much discussion in the general and arts media about the manifestation of problematic practices within the Australian art auction market. Although the nature of these practices has been scrutinised, scant attention has been paid to how the methods and mechanisms employed by auction houses to build business during the art market boom that commenced in the late 1990s might represent a force that could undermine the sustainability of the market. Fundamental to this is quantifying the extent to which auction houses are able to influence market development. In this paper, I present empirical evidence that suggests that major Australian auction houses can exert significant control over buyer behaviour and price formation.


Trisomy 21-linked Dyrk1A (dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A) overexpression is implicated in pathogenic mechanisms underlying mental retardation in Down syndrome (DS). It is known to phosphorylate multiple substrates including endocytic proteins in vitro, but the functional consequence of Dyrk1A-mediated phosphorylation on endocytosis has never been investigated. Here, we show that overexpression of Dyrk1A causes defects in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and specifically, in the recruitment of endocytic proteins to clathrin-coated pits in fibroblasts. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis also significantly slowed down as a result of Dyrk1A overexpression in cultured hippocampal neurons. These effects are dependent on Dyrk1A kinase activity. The inhibitory effect of Dyrk1A on synaptic vesicle endocytosis was confirmed in neuronal cultures derived from transgenic mice overexpressing Dyrk1A at levels found in DS. Pharmacological blockade of Dyrk1A with epigallocatechin gallate rescued the endocytic phenotypes found in transgenic neurons. Together, our results suggest that aberrant Dyrk1A-mediated phosphorylation of the endocytic machinery perturbs synaptic vesicle endocytosis, which may contribute to synaptic dysfunctions and cognitive deficits associated with DS.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the heritability of pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) in German Shepherd Dogs (GSDs) in the United States.

ANIMALS
135 GSDs belonging to 2 multigenerational pedigrees.

PROCEDURE
Two multigenerational pedigrees of GSDs with family members with PAA were identified. The clinical history of each GSD enrolled in the study was recorded, and serum samples for canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) analysis were collected from 102 dogs. Dogs with a serum cTLI concentration < or = 2.0 microg/L were considered to have exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and were assumed to have PAA.

RESULTS
Pedigree I consisted of 59 dogs and pedigree II of 76 dogs. Serum cTLI concentrations were measured in 48 dogs from pedigree I and 54 dogs from pedigree II. A total of 19 dogs (14.1%) were determined to have EPI, 9 in pedigree I (15.3%) and 10 in pedigree II (13.6%). Of the 19 dogs with EPI, 8 were male and 11 were female.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Evaluation of data by complex segregation analysis is strongly suggestive of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for EPI in GSDs in the United States.


This research report describes the TO:DO (Technical Objectives: Design Objectives) process; a design research programme initiated in Philips in 2004, pioneering a creative process to drive innovation by integrating envisioned user experiences with enabling technologies. The report shows that by incorporating end-user insights from the start, the design process leads to solutions that make sense to people's lives whilst leveraging technological assets. The project uses the creation of a tangible 'slice of life' demonstrator (Connected Home II) to focus the research partners Andrews and Geurts, co-ordinated by Kyffin, encouraging the sharing of objectives and the creation of a common language. The research thinking builds on; Past Tense: Future Sense, Chapter 2.15: Design research 268-271pp., ISBN: 90-6369-116-5, Marzano, S., (editor) (2005), which describes the creation and context of some of the most iconic Philips products. Kyffin worked on the chapter entitled 'Design Research' from his role as Global Director of Design Research within Philips; building knowledge, new solutions and emerging design. This research report illustrates how interdisciplinary open innovation is used as a design research tool to develop concepts and solutions in response to the changing world. How it has determined future strategies for Philips business development through new materials, technologies, changing markets, peoples, cultures and society. The report and the book chapter are rare publications by because they discuss research policy and activities within a commercial company for public dissemination. They introduce the notion of Design as a means to contribute and drive social and political innovation. Recent speaking engagements which expand on the thinking include: (2006) 'Objects of Service: from subjects to objects and back again', keynote in; International Service Design Northumbria. Kyffin was also interviewed by the organisers of the Design & Emotion conference on the topic: 'Getting Emotional with Steven Kyffin': www.designemotion.com/2006/01/17/getting -emotional-with-steven-kyffin/.


The assumption is made that a skeleton or cutaway center section is desirable for forward vision and to determine the effect of such mutilation upon performance the following work was done. The airplane used was a Vought VE-7 and in addition to the cutaway center section a system of end plates or fins was installed. Various conditions and combinations were investigated in level flight and in climb. It is found that the greatest difference in the conditions investigated was a drop of 12.5 per cent in a 10-minute climb while the effect upon level speeds was negligible.


This article reports on the findings of a research project into the impact of psychophysical actor training methods on neurodiverse students. It illustrates how the application of a Social Theory of Learning Difference reveals the mechanisms whereby these training methods dysconsciously discriminate against those students who are dyslexic and/or dyspraxic learners. The research findings recognise the inherent value of psychophysical methods in the training of actors but suggests that there is a need to move away from a singular Psycho-Medical Theory of Learning Difference and to adopt a framework of learning difference based on the social model of (dis)ability, which requires institutions to adapt their provision to better meet a diverse range of needs. A revision of psychophysical approaches is proposed, which draws on a neuroscientific theory of experiential practice and a psychological framework of actor engagement. This new approach seeks to enhance the effective communication of embodied knowledge and skills in diverse actor training contexts and to allow students who are dyslexic and/or dyspraxic learners equal access to that learning.


SAR3419 is a novel anti-CD19 humanized monoclonal antibody conjugated to a maytansine derivate through a cleavable linker for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. SAR3419 combines the strengths of a high-potency tubulin inhibitor and the exquisite B-cell selectivity of an anti-CD19 antibody. The internalization and processing of SAR3419, following its binding at the surface of CD19-positive human lymphoma cell lines and xenograft models, release active metabolites that trigger cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, leading to cell death and tumor regression. SAR3419 has also been shown to be active in different lymphoma xenograft models, including aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, resulting in complete regressions and tumor-free survival. In these models, the activity of SAR3419 compared favorably with rituximab and lymphoma standard of care chemotherapy. Two phase I trials with 2 different schedules of SAR3419 as a single agent were conducted in refractory/relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Activity was reported in both schedules, in heavily pretreated patients of both follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtypes, with a notable lack of significant hematological toxicity, validating SAR3419 as an effective antibody-drug conjugate and opening opportunities in the future. Numerous B-cell–specific antiCD19biologics are available to treat B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and early phase I results obtainedwith SAR3419 suggest that it is a promising candidate for further development in this disease. In addition, thanks to thebroad expressionofCD19, SAR3419mayprovide treatment options for B-cell leukemias that are often CD20-negative. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6448–58. 2011 AACR.


Competitive rowing is a highly aerobic sport requiring technical skills, motor coordination, adequate strength, and endurance. 2 A number of authors 3–6 have reported a significant incidence of low back pain among the rowing population. This paper identifies the factors that may influence the onset of low back pain. During the rowing stroke, the magnitude of the forces on the lumbar spine is high. Hosea et al reported average compressive loads of 3919 N for men and 3330 N for women, while anterior shear forces were found to be 848 N and 717 N for men and women respectively. Peak compressive loads during the stroke were 6066 N and 5031 N for men and women respectively. Furthermore, for 70% of the stroke cycle, rowers are in a flexed posture. Hosea et al recorded flexion ranges averaging 28–30° which equates to 55% of maximum range of spinal flexion. Tensile stresses on the outer annulus of the intervertebral disc have been found to increase considerably above 50% flexion. The combination of flexion with compressive loading has been identified as a mechanism for injury to the lumbar spine structures. In addition to flexion and compression, sweep rowers also rotate their trunks. This combination can place considerably more stress through the facet joint capsules and ligaments and may facilitate damage to discs, although the evidence for the latter is inconclusive. For rowers, the time of day will also influence the magnitude of the forces on their lumbar spines. In order to have calm water to row in, and to fit in with other daily commitments (work and study), a large volume of rowing is undertaken in the early morning. It is known that lumbar discs imbibe fluid from the surrounding tissue overnight when the disc is unloaded. Adams et al calculated that the bending stresses are three times greater on the spine in the morning, and therefore this mechanism may make the disc and other ligamentous structures more vulnerable to injury in the morning particularly during activities involving flexion. Therefore it is suggested that repeated flexion and extension movements of the lumbar spine without load are undertaken at a slow speed for at least 60 seconds before rowing. Based on in vitro work, 15 to 20 cycles of motion over this interval will decrease the bending moment by 8–10%. This motion should be undertaken in the sitting position that closely simulates the posture of the rower in the boat, and the range of motion should be gradually increased with subsequent repetitions. These exercises could also be undertaken on a rowing ergometer with the resistance set to zero. It has been suggested that, during repetitive loading, compressive forces above 4000 N may cause damage to vertebrae. In industry, studies have shown that prolonged and cyclic flexion can result in a 10-fold increase in exposure to low back pain. The repetitive cyclic action of rowing may predispose the rower to low back injury. In a single session, a rower may train for 90 minutes and cover 20–25 km over that time. This amounts to about 1800 cycles of flexion per session. Although there is considerable variation, in vitro studies of repetitive loading have shown that damage can occur to lumbar vertebrae over a few hundred cycles of repetitive motion. Other researchers have suggested that injury to lumbar spine structures may occur when the bending moment on the lumbar spine exceeds about 23 N.m during repetitive motion. During everyday lifting activities, the bending moment rises to about 18 N.m at L5-S1. In rowing, because of the larger loads on the spine and the influence of early morning training, it is likely that the bending moment is much higher. The repetitive motion of rowing may also induce creep in the soft tissues leading to a decrease in the stiVness of the tissues through the range of motion and an increase in the total range of motion in the lumbar segments. 19 It has been suggested that this process may ultimately lead to instability. Furthermore, repetitive motion can also desensitise the mechanoreceptors in spinal ligaments. These receptors often have pathways that lead to reflex activation of muscle. After repetitive motion, protective muscle activity has been shown to be reduced, often for a number of hours after the exercise is completed. The ramification for rowers is that, during this period, the athlete may be more vulnerable to injury, even when they may not be experiencing high loading on the spine. Recently, it has been suggested that specific muscle activity can increase the stability of the lumbar spine. Research undertaken by Richardson and Jull and O'Sullivan et al has focused on the importance of the transversus abdominus and the internal oblique abdominus groups, along with co-contraction of the multifidus muscles. These muscles have the potential to control the amount of movement in the lumbar segments, and their activation may therefore be useful in the prevention of low back pain in the rowing population. However, if these muscles are to control the amount of lumbar motion, they must be able to perform for long sustained periods. Roy et al suggested that muscle fatigue may influence the incidence of low back pain in rowers. These researchers showed that rowers with low back pain became fatigued more easily than those without. Whether fatigue was a manifestation of the low back pathology or a factor that led to low back pain could not determined. The ramifications of fatigue are related to the kinematics of the lumbar spine during the rowing stroke. If the erector spinae muscles are fatigued, the amount of lumbar flexion occurring during the rowing stroke may be increased, thereby increasing the bending moments on the spine. Such an increase may lead to additional strain on the passive structures of the spine such as ligaments and adjacent tissues. More recently, Taimela et al showed that fatigue of lumbar muscles aVected proprioception. This study demonstrated that lumbar fatigue significantly impaired the ability of subjects to sense the position of their trunks when in flexion. For rowers, this may mean that, as they become fatigued, they may not be aware that they are moving into a more flexed posture. Howell reported that 94% of rowers showed hypermobility of the lumbar spine, and this correlated strongly with the incidence of low back pain. It has been suggested that, to decrease the forces on the lumbar spine, rowers should adopt a less flexed lumbar spine, particularly at the catch phase when the oar is placed in the water. In this respect, if the pelvis could be rotated more anteriorly, less motion would be required in the lumbar spine. A major restraint to pelvic motion is the length and stiVness of the hamstring muscles. Studies by Gajdosik et al 27 have shown that shorter hamstrings are associated with increases in range of lumbar and thoracic flexion. This has Br J Sports Med 2000;34:321–325 321


Asia is a region whose financial integration has not kept pace with real integration. Asias relative financial isolation has limited its exposure to the direct fallout of the global financial crisis (though it did not prevent trade links from exerting severe contractionary impact). Does this mean that Asia should continue to limit its financial integration, in order to limit its susceptibility to a large global financial shock? The paper argues that maintaining the status quo is not a sustainable policy option. Promoting financial integration could further strengthen real links within the region and also help limit financial dependence on the center countries of North America and Europe. In the process, Asia will create more demand for final goods from within and outside the region; Asia will intermediate more of its own financial resources for use within the region. In other words, this will help facilitate a transition of the current hub-and-spoke structure of world trade and finance, which has been the source of instability, to a more pluralistic structure. Regional cooperation is essential in the process.


Measurement of negative ion density in a source plasma is necessary for optimizing the extraction of negative ion current. Bacal and co-workers proposed a method to measure the negative ion density by detaching the electron current due to the photodetachment of negative ions using a pulse laser (Bacal et al., 1979). This paper describes a method to determine the negative ion density in a plasma by a coupled mass analysis and Langmuir probe diagnosis of the plasma. The H- ion density was estimated from the relation equating the ratio of the negative ion and electron currents to the ratio of the ion and electron densities; I- / Ic = n- / nc. The proposed estimates consider the collection factor n- / nc.


Stable electron-donating organic compounds are of interest for numerous applications that require reversible electron-transfer reactions. Although many organic compounds are stable one-electron donors, removing a second electron from a small molecule to form its dication usually leads to rapid decomposition. For cost-effective electrochemical energy storage utilizing organic charge-storage species, the creation of high-capacity materials requires stabilizing more charge whilst keeping molecular weights low. Here we report the simple modification of N-ethylphenothiazine, which is only stable as a radical cation (not as a dication), and demonstrate that introducing electron-donating methoxy groups para to nitrogen leads to dramatically improved stability of the doubly oxidized (dication) state. Our results reveal that this derivative is more stable than an analogous compound with substituents that do not allow for further charge delocalization, rendering it a promising scaffold for developing atom-efficient, two-electron donors.


Particulate matter (PM) pollution (including PM2.5 and PM10), which is reportedly caused primarily by industrial and vehicular emissions, has become a major global health concern. In this study, we aimed to reveal spatiotemporal characteristics and diurnal patterns of PM2.5 and PM10 data obtained from 50 air quality sensors situated in public bike sites in Kaohsiung City on June and November 2018 using principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that PM concentrations in the study were above the standard World Health Organization criteria and were found to be associated, although complicated, with relative humidity. Specifically, the relationship between PM concentrations and relative humidity suggest a clear association at lower PM concentrations. Temporal analysis revealed that PM2.5 and PM10 occurred at higher concentrations in winter than in summer, which could be explained by the long-range transport of pollutants brought about by the northeast monsoon during the winter season. Both PM fractions displayed similar spatial distribution, wherein PM2.5 and PM10 were found to be concentrated in the heavily industrialized areas of the city, such as near petrochemical factories in Nanzih and Zuoying districts in north Kaohsiung and near the shipbuilding and steel manufacturing factories in Xiaogang district in south Kaohsiung. A pronounced diurnal variation was found for PM2.5, which generally displayed higher peaks during the daytime than in the nighttime. Peaks generally occurred at 7:00–9:00 a.m., noontime, and 5:00–7:00 p.m., while minima generally appeared at nighttime. The diurnal pattern of PM was greatly influenced by a greater number of industrial and human transportation activities during the day than at night. Overall, a number of factors such as relative humidity and type of season, transboundary pollution from neighboring countries, and human activities, such as industrial operations and vehicle use, affects the PM quality in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.


Every time we swipe our debit cards, pay our bills online, or sign up for a service like Netflix, we are entrusting important identifying information to the companies with which we do business. Most of the time, those companies take seriously the obligation to protect our data and prevent it from falling into the hands of those who would use it to benefit themselves at our expense. Some companies, however, fail to do enough to meet that burden, making it easier for identity thieves to inflict personal and financial injury on consumers. To date, our legal system has essentially denied consumers a remedy against these negligent businesses. This Note seeks to explore the problem of data breach and offer solutions for both improving electronic data security and establishing a remedy for consumers. To elaborate on this problem, this Note examines two high-profile data breaches: the famous "TJX breach" and the more recent breaches suffered by the Sony Corporation. In both of these cases, millions of customers had their data exposed as a result of a failure to implement basic security protocols or update existing security models to incorporate advances in technology. This Note will (1) examine the problem of data breach; (2) articulate means of establishing security standards for businesses; (3) argue for federal codification and regulation of those standards; and (4) argue that consumers should be empowered with a negligence cause of action, grounded in the theory of negligence per se, to hold businesses to those standards. 216 WILLIAM & MARY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 4:215


ScaleGuard® is a continuous on-line monitor that detects scaling at an early stage when fed with the concentrate of a pilot- or full-scale plant. Scaling is observed in the ScaleGuard before it occurs in the full-scale installation. The ScaleGuard is used to optimize the recovery of two full-scale plants: one reverse osmosis plant treating pretreated surface water and one nanofiltration plant treating anaerobic groundwater. Based on the results of the ScaleGuard the conversion of both the reverse osmosis plant and the nanofiltration plant has been increased from 80% to 82%. The interpretation of the results of the ScaleGuard which was connected with the reverse osmosis plant was not unambiguous. This was due to the mass transfer coefficient decline in the ScaleGuard which could not be attributed to scaling. Results in the nanofiltration plant did not give room for any doubt. In addition, safe supersaturation ratios were derived from experience in pilot- and full-scale plants using anti-scalants for seven sparingly soluble inorganic compounds.


Few criminological studies have investigated what factors influence the public's fiscal support for correctional policies. This study addresses this gap by exploring public support for increasing taxes to fund five diverse correctional measures—inmate education, drug treatment for inmates, psychiatric care for mentally ill prisoners, child counseling for inmates' children, and the building of new prisons. Findings suggest that citizen dissatisfaction and criminal justice system employment are significant predictors of decreased support for taxes that would fund correctional policies. Experience with the criminal justice system is a significant predictor of increased support for correctional programming. Social and demographic variables are also predictors of fiscal support. Because large segments of the public support taxes for correctional measures, policymakers should consider such views when adopting or modifying correctional policies. Additionally, correctional systems should consider tracking public support on an annual basis to establish and monitor levels of support for criminal justice policies.


In terms of the current South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) South Africa has eleven official languages (RSA, 1996:4). The past political South African history and the constitutional status of these languages could cause language problems comparable to those at the Tower of Babel. Adding to the problem is the fact that in South Africa, language is an emotional and a political issue. South African citizens believe that English should be the only medium of communication in South Africa because English is a universally indispensable language. This, however, is not an idea that finds general approval. There is a great need to explore the language requirements and difficulties experienced in South African multilingual and multicultural hospitals, especially in the case of people speaking indigenous South African languages, namely Sesotho, Sesotho Sa Leboa, Setswana, Ndebele Swati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Xhosa and Zulu. The aim of this study is thus to study the translation and interpreting shortcomings and needs that exist and make recommendations for intervention and improvement. In the framework of the principle of multilingualism, multiculturalism and the promotion of the use of all eleven South African official languages is supported in this thesis. The main focus of this thesis is, therefore, the identification of translation and interpreting difficulties and the suggestion of the remedies and solutions for these language related problems. Language planning is mainly concerned with solutions to language related problems, therefore this study should be regarded as a language planning activity. In terms of this thesis, the principles of language panning are described, types of language planning, steps of language planning mainly step one, data accumulation, the responsibility of the language planner and the language planning already done in South Africa. In order for one to make suggestions it is necessary to first identify the translation and interpreting problems in the South African health fraternity. viii University of Pretoria etd – Ndabezitha, N C E (2005) The Minister of the DAC, the honorable Dr Ben Ngubane, launched the South African Language Policy and Plan on 18 – 19 March 2003. However, there is still an urgent need for a Language in Health Policy (LiHeP) which will specifically cater for the South African health needs. A language analysis will expose that there is a break in communication between the hospital personnel and their clients in multilingual – multicultural hospitals. This is a problem with wide-reaching and potentially dangerous consequences. The hospital personnel and their clients often do not understand each others' languages and there are, as yet, no formal or even informal measures to combat this. Instead, the use of hospital staff and other individuals who have an inkling of the target language are used as interpreters. The hospital staff and other individuals acting as hospital interpreters create yet more problems as these people are not trained to be professional health interpreters. Some of these people are not even first language speakers of the target language. The result is that most of the time there is misinterpretation of the messages, for example the term 'stool' referring to faeces, is often interpreted as 'chair' which confuses the patients. This type of error, could result in a serious breakdown of communication which may be fatal. Doctors that come to South Africa from countries like Cuba also encounter communication problems due to lack of knowledge of the major South African languages. There is also sometimes resistance from the non-qualified interpreters to perform interpretation tasks as there is no financial reward for doing this. The resistance causes negative attitudes resulting to not executing the interpreting task properly. In chapter four the difficulties and problems revealed by the empirical studies conducted in a multilingual multicultural hospitals will be discussed. The views of the hospital staff are reflected in the answers to the questionnaires which they were requested to complete. These views are discussed at length together with the identified problems. ix University of Pretoria etd – Ndabezitha, N C E (2005) Translation and interpreting are closely related practices, however the distinction between them is explored. These concepts both form the main focus of this thesis at different levels. Interpreting seems to dominate because most of the communication is verbal. Nevertheless, translation does feature when pamphlets and medicines are given to clients for personal use within and outside the hospital premises. The criteria that translators and interpreters have to meet as well as literary overview concerning problems in health with regard to translation and interpreting are addressed. Emanating from the data accumulated, suggestions are made in the final chapter as to how these language problems can be solved. A feasible suggestion to solve the problems in the field of interpreting is to have well trained health interpreters. Different aspects surrounding the issue of the training of the interpreters is dealt with and recommendations are made in the final chapter. x University of Pretoria etd – Ndabezitha, N C E (2005)


Epidemiological data show an increasing diffusion of diabetes mellitus worldwide. In the diabetic subject, the risk of onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to the terminal stage remain high, despite current prevention and treatment measures. Although SGLT2 inhibitors have been approved as blood glucose lowering drugs, they have shown unexpected and surprising cardioprotective and nephroprotective efficacy. The multiple underlying mechanisms of action are independent and go beyond glycemic lowering. Hence, it has been speculated to extend the use of these drugs also to subjects with advanced stages of CKD, who were initially excluded because of the expected limited glucose-lowering effect. Non-diabetic patients could also benefit from the favorable effects of SGLT2 inhibitors: subjects with renal diseases with different etiologies, heart failure, high risk or full-blown cardiovascular disease. In addition, these drugs have a good safety profile, but several post-marketing adverse event have been reported. The ongoing clinical trials will provide clearer information on efficacy, strength and safety of these molecules. The purpose of this review is to analyze the available evidence and future prospects of SGLT2 inhibitors, which could be widely used in nephrology clinical practice.


A strategy of continuous team assessment over three years, comprising of a series of tests and a major project, was introduced into scheduled tutorial classes in an attempt to improve flagging attendance and low student motivation. The assessment tasks were designed to be undertaken in teams of two students, with ongoing feedback as an integral component. After a single semester of implementation, attendance at tutorials improved (to nearly double the previous year), and this rate was sustained over a three year period. Average assessment marks rose a full grade compared to the previous student cohort, and this was also sustained over the same period. Students' output improved, and they were actively engaged in their work and with their colleagues. These results indicate the change in assessment strategy achieved the desired outcomes of improving student engagement and active learning.


Background: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a rare condition in children, and most cases in this age group are noninvasive and low-grade. However, no follow-up protocol has been defined for this patient group. The objective of this study was to draw attention to bladder tumors in children and focus on the current recommendations for postoperative follow-up along with a case study of four patients. Case Report: Four patients aged <18 years with urothelial carcinoma who were treated in our clinics between 2001 and 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. The results were compared with those of published pediatric case series in the literature. No abnormalities were found in the patients' physical examinations and laboratory analyses, except hematuria (microscopic or macroscopic). Ultrasonography was used in all the patients to detect lesions in the bladder. Surgical resections were performed endoscopically, except in one patient. Histopathological evaluations revealed low-grade superficial urothelial carcinoma. No recurrence or complication was observed for all patients. Conclusion: Although rarely encountered during childhood, urothelial carcinoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients with hematuria.


This article attempts to explain the gap between the ideals and practice, visions and reality in the study of Philippine Public Administration and Governance. It presents some defining characteristics thereof relating to the different phases and aspects of Philippine history and development. The article also tries to consolidate Philippine democracy after 22 years since the EDSA revolution in 1986 and discusses alternative responses to the mounting political and moral crises at present. The article ends with a vision that encapsulates ideas and ideals of the 1987 Constitution.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ozonized olive oil gel in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic bracket during orthodontic treatment, and to compare it with the control. Methods: Fourteen patients scheduled to have premolars extraction as a part of orthodontic treatment were participated in the present study, aged 1518 years. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups; control group (16 upper and lower premolars) and two experimental groups (20 upper and lower premolars for each). In Control group no treatment was applied on the premolars. In experimental groups (I and II), after etching and bracket bonding, T-loops were formed with 0.014 inch stainless steel wire and engaged on the experimental teeth. In experimental group II, ozonized olive oil gel was applied sparingly to the tooth surface with concentration of 20:25 μgm/ml. Participants were instructed to apply the ozonized olive oil gel to the buccal surface of the premolars three times daily for 8 weeks after regular oral hygiene procedures. After 8 weeks, the brackets were deboned and the premolars extracted carefully. The premolars of each group were divided into 2 equal numbers to provide 28 premolars prepared for elemental analyses (calcium and phosphorus) followed by scanning electron microscope investigation, and 28 premolars examined with polarized light. ANOVA test was applied followed by LSD post hoc test to compare between each 2 groups. Results: ANOVA test showed statistical significant differences for Ca/P ratio between all groups (p <0.001). Polarized light and scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that ozonized olive oil gel was efficient in reducing enamel demineralization with almost normal appearance of perikymata and new hydroxyapatite crystal deposition. Conclusion: The use of ozonized olive oil gel in addition to the standard oral hygiene regimen was found to be beneficial for orthodontic patients to prevent enamel decalcification during treatment. [Safaa Ali Ghobashy and Heba Mohamed El-TokheyIn Vivo Study of the Effectiveness of Ozonized Olive Oil Gel on Inhibiting Enamel Demineralization during Orthodontic TreatmentJ Am Sci 2012;8(10):657-666]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 89


We study the benefits and trade-offs of using scheduled lightpaths for traffic adaptation. We propose a network planning model that allows lightpaths to slide within their desired timing windows with no penalty on the optimization objective and to slide beyond their desired timing windows with a decreasing tolerance level. Our model quantitatively measures the timing satisfactions or violations. We apply the Lagrangian relaxation and subgradient methods to the formulated optimization problem, with which great computational efficiency is demonstrated when compared with other existing algorithms. Our simulation results show how timing flexibility improves network resource utilization and reduces rejections.


Given the potent and pervasive nature of modern technologies, this paper lays out the complexities involved in achieving responsible design. In order to do this we will first compare an emerging policy-oriented programme of research known as RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation) with initiatives in HCI. A focus on the similarities and differences may highlight to what extent responsibility is already and successfully embedded within the concerns and practices of design and use, and what may yet need to be incorporated for responsible design. The paper then discusses the challenges of 'naturalising' the very ambitious programme of RRI within specific design activities and concerns, through the lens of four analytic concepts: reflexivity; responsiveness; inclusion; and anticipation. Finally, we make a case for a pragmatic, 'unromantic', but engaged reinterpretation of RRI for HCI.


Mechanisms that explain shifts in species composition over environmental gradients continue to intrigue ecologists. Ecological stoichiometry has recently provided a new potential mechanism linking resource (light and nutrient) supply gradients to grazer performance via elemental food-quality mechanisms. More specifically, it predicts that light and nutrient gradients should determine the relative dominance of P-rich taxa, such as Daphnia, in grazer assemblages. We tested this hypothesis in pond mesocosms (cattle tanks) by creating gradients of resource supply and predation risk, to which we added diverse assemblages of algal producer and zooplankton grazer species. We then characterized the end-point composition of grazer assemblages and quantity and elemental food quality of edible algae. We found that somatically P-rich Daphnia only dominated grazer assemblages in high-nutrient, no-predator treatments. In these ecosystems, P sequestered in producers exceeded a critical concentration. However, other grazers having even higher body P content did not respond similarly. These grazers were often abundant in low-nutrient environments with poorer food quality. At face value, this result is problematic for ecological stoichi- ometry because body composition did not correctly predict response of these other species. However, two potential explanations could maintain consistency with stoichiometric prin- ciples: species could differentially use a high-P resource (bacteria), or body composition might not always directly correlate with nutrient demands of grazers. Although our data cannot differentiate between these explanations, both suggest potential avenues for future empirical and theoretical study.


Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was assessed as part of a pilot study aimed at determining the extent of multiple toxicant exposures in children from inner-city areas of Baltimore, MD. Questionnaire data on sources of ETS and urinary cotinine were obtained in children considered at high risk for urban exposures because of previous or current overexposure to one inner-city environmental hazard, lead. Fifty-three (67.1%) of the 79 participants were exposed to ETS in the preceding 48 h as assessed by questionnaire. Cotinine was present in 77 (98.7%) of the 78 samples assayed with a mean of 79.2 ng/mg creatinine (54.7 ng/ml). Eighty % of children had cotinine values > or = 30 ng/mg creatinine, a level commonly associated with household ETS exposure. Levels in children without reported ETS exposure in their homes were also elevated (mean = 45.0 ng/mg creatinine). As expected, blood lead levels were elevated with a mean of 23.6 micrograms/dl. We conclude that these inner-city children have substantial exposures to both ETS and lead. Furthermore, the presence of elevated cotinine levels in children without known household exposure suggests that ETS should be considered an urban toxicant as well as an individual residential exposure.


This article explores the history of the Rialto Theater in Times Square from the onset of the Depression to the American entry into World War II. Drawing on recent discussions of the local turn in film history, it argues for a more sustained engagement with the sociocultural contexts specific to the history of metropolitan film exhibition and reception. By taking the Rialto of the 1930s as a case study, the essay demonstrates both the challenges and potential for the adaptation of the methods of local film history to the metropolitan scene. It situates the Rialto within the local economy of the Times Square entertainment district as well as within a number of the concerns central to the city's economic recovery, including the politics and negotiation of public space, the policing of amusement and pleasure, and the integration of commerce and infrastructure.


Eye injuries affect approximately two million people annually. Various experimental studies have been performed to evaluate potentially injurious conditions from blunt objects using animal and human cadaver eyes. Experimental data from these studies have been used to develop injury risk curves to predict eye injuries based on projectile parameters such as kinetic energy and normalized energy. Recently, intraocular pressure (IOP) has been correlated to injury risk, which allows eye injuries to be predicted if projectile characteristics are unknown. Additionally, the measurement of IOP and the association of IOP to injury risk in experimental tests has opened up the field to studying eye injury mechanisms from overpressure. The current manuscript presents recent experimental tests that evaluated the response of human cadaver eyes exposed to firework overpressure. Consumer fireworks serve as a model of low level blast, and provides a foundation to studying higher blast overpressures (i.e., that would be observed in military combat). Although some studies state that eye injury can result solely from primary blast (overpressure), there is no empirical evidence in the literature to support this. Future experimental studies should be conducted to assess this statement.


We introduce a new class of models called multiresolution recurrent neural networks, which explicitly model natural language generation at multiple levels of abstraction. The models extend the sequence-to-sequence framework to generate two parallel stochastic processes: a sequence of high-level coarse tokens, and a sequence of natural language words (e.g. sentences). The coarse sequences follow a latent stochastic process with a factorial representation, which helps the models generalize to new examples. The coarse sequences can also incorporate task-specific knowledge, when available. In our experiments, the coarse sequences are extracted using automatic procedures, which are designed to capture compositional structure and semantics. These procedures enable training the multiresolution recurrent neural networks by maximizing the exact joint log-likelihood over both sequences. We apply the models to dialogue response generation in the technical support domain and compare them with several competing models. The multiresolution recurrent neural networks outperform competing models by a substantial margin, achieving state-of-the-art results according to both a human evaluation study and automatic evaluation metrics. Furthermore, experiments show the proposed models generate more fluent, relevant and goal-oriented responses.


The rise of commercialized leisure coincided with the arrival of millions of immigrants to America's cities. Conflict was inevitable as older generations attempted to preserve their traditions, values, and ethnic identities, while the young sought out the cheap amusements and sexual freedom which the urban landscape offered. At immigrant picnics, social clubs, and urban dance halls, Randy McBee discovers distinct and highly contested gender lines, proving that the battle between the ages was also one between the sexes. Free from their parents and their strict rules governing sexual conduct, working women took advantage of their time in dance halls to challenge conventional gender norms. They routinely passed certain men over for dances, refused escorts home, and embraced the sensual and physical side of dance to further accentuate their superior skills and ability on the dance floor. Most men felt threatened by women's displays of empowerment and took steps to thwart the changes taking place. Accustomed to street corners, poolrooms, saloons, and other all-male get-togethers, working men tried to transform the dance hall into something that resembled these familiar hangouts. McBee also finds that men frequently abandoned the commercial dance hall for their own clubs, set up in the basements of tenement flats. In these hangouts, working men established rules governing intimacy and leisure that allowed them to regulate the behavior of the women who attended club events. The collective manner in which they behaved not only affected the organization of commercial leisure but also men and women's struggles with and against one another to define the meaning of leisure, sexuality, intimacy, and even masculinity.


This Article brings together legal, historical, and social science research to analyze how couples allocate income-producing and domestic responsibilities. It develops a framework — what I call the "marriage equation" — that shows how sex-based classifications, (non-sex-specific) substantive marriage law, and gender norms interrelate to shape these choices. The marriage equation has changed over time, both reflecting and engendering societal preferences regarding the optimal allocation of breadwinning and caretaking responsibilities. Until fifty years ago, sex-based classifications in family and employment law aligned with gender norms to enforce an ideology of separate spheres for men and women. The groundbreaking sex discrimination cases of the 1970s ended legal distinctions between the duties of husbands and wives but left largely in place both gender norms and substantive rights within marriage, tax, and benefits law that encourage specialization into breadwinning and caregiving roles. Thus, contrary to popular conception, the modern marriage equation does not actually promote equal sharing of these responsibilities. Rather, it still encourages specialization, although the law is now formally agnostic about which spouse plays which role. The vast majority of different-sex couples still follow to some extent traditional gender roles; a body of emerging social science research suggests that same-sex couples typically allocate these responsibilities more equally than different-sex couples. But claims that same-sex couples may therefore serve as a model for different-sex couples improperly ignore that the data sets in these studies predate legal marriage for same-sex couples. By permitting disaggregation of the marriage equation to gauge more accurately the relative significance of sex, gender norms, and substantive marriage law, the new reality of same-sex marriage can serve as a natural experiment that should inform both study design and policy reform.


Ganges Delta region of South Asia fosters a harmonious construct of deceptively similar primordial identity markers shared by the people of India and Bangladesh. The unique cultural syncretism is a product of common history shared by the two. 1947 partition of India led to territorial demarcation broadly on religious lines and created West-Pakistan (Present day Pakistan) and East-Pakistan (Present day Bangladesh). In 1971 people of East Pakistan re-affirmed their allegiance to Bengali culture, language and intelligentsia and became independent nation. However Environmental calamities such as high tides, storm surges, rise in sea level altogether hampered Bangladesh's growth. Bangladeshi migrants in search of better prospects, and taking advantage of deceptively similar identity markers and porous borders, entered India. This led to Assam Movement of 1971 voicing apprehension of Assamese that gradual alteration of demographic complexion of State of Assam and rise in Bangladeshi settlers might severe Assam region from rest of India. Considering climate change induced migration, population growth and Nationalism in South Asia this paper seeks to devise sustainable government policies which transcend precincts of national territories and appreciate need of present generation without jeopardizing interest of future generation. Keywords: Climate change, National Identity, Illegal Migration, sustainable government policy


This study investigated an instructional strategy t o improve learning a complex model in a system dynamics based learning environment. T he instructional strategy required subjects to explore key variables by manipulating d ynamic graphs. Design of the strategy was posited upon principles of reducing cogniti ve load, facilitating mental models, enhancing transfer, and managing risk. Eight stude nts who received the exploration strategy subsequently made better policy decisions than nine subjects who did not receive the strategy. Furthermore, the former subjec ts xhibited better understanding of the model and how to manage it than did the latter subjects, based upon their verbal descriptions.


PurposeParticipatory budgeting (PB) is considered a suitable tool for supporting and promoting citizen engagement in government work. Previous studies of PB have deeply investigated its design and effects, but paid little attention to the underlying logics of adopting and implementing PB. The purpose of this paper is to, accordingly, investigate the development over time of the institutional logics of PB and attempt to explain their effect on PB.Design/methodology/approachUsing a longitudinal multiple case study design, this research analyzes the evolution of institutional logics over time and across five municipalities in Italy. The analysis integrates documents with interviews conducted at two times to investigate the evolution of PB logics.FindingsThe development of PB is characterized by the spread of two emerging logics–i.e. managerial and community-building logics–that replace or coexist with the traditional political logic. Indeed, these different logics can coexist within governments, with different degrees of conflict or coexistence, resulting in what can be considered a hybrid logic.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the number of examined cases is limited, this research elaborates an original conceptual approach and provides new insights that could help in better designing and implementing PB.Originality/valueThis research builds knowledge of PB by shedding light on its different logics, linking them to diverse specific models of PB and exploring their changes over time.


In this paper, we investigate whether violence occurring outside the confines of a home can alter intrahousehold violence. Using the Peruvian civil conflict that occurred between 1980 and 2000, this paper is the first to explore whether exposure to violence from an armed conflict affects the later use of physical punishment as a child discipline method. This paper's identification strategy relies on the spatial and temporal variation of Peru's internal civil conflict. A mother exposed to an additional one hundred violent conflict-related events in her district during her lifetime is 3.4-3.8 percentage points less likely to abuse her children. This effect is equivalent in magnitude to an additional 10 years of education. We find suggestive evidence that conflict could have increased parenting knowledge and support. Communities that experienced higher levels of conflict violence saw greater increases in social spending and had more health resources in the post-conflict period, and women's conflict exposure is associated with a higher likelihood of accessing these resources.


Early school start time restricts wake-up time of adolescents in many countries worldwide. Since adolescents generally tend to go to sleep late in the evening, due to biological and psychosocial changes typical for adolescence, on school nights they obtain less than minimally recommended 8.5 hours of sleep. For majority of Croatian adolescents school is scheduled in two shifts. One week school starts in the morning, usually at 08:00 hours, the next week in the afternoon, usually at 14:00 hours, and the weekends are off. Bearing in mind the public health recommendations regarding minimally required sleep and regularity of sleep patterns we conducted two studies. The studies aimed (1) to examine the effects of shifting school schedule on sleep patterns and sleep duration and (2) to assess the relative predictive importance of sleep characteristics for adolescents daytime functioning. In a survey study 2365 students (52 % females) from 5th to 8th grades of elementary schools and from 1st to 4th grades of high schools in Zagreb were examined. The modal age ranged from 11 yrs for the youngest grade of elementary school to 18 yrs for the oldest grade of high school. Sleep characteristics and scores on the Morningness-Eveningness scale for children were collected by means of the Croatian version of School Sleep Habits Survey (Wolfson AR, Carskadon M. Child Development 1998 ; 69:875-87). The same survey was used to assess indices of daytime functioning: scores on the Sleepiness scale and the Depressed Mood Scale, number of injuries in a previous six-month period and self reported school grades. In a diary study 97 students (57% females) from 2nd grades of high schools (modal age 16 yrs) were observing their sleep patterns and daytime sleepiness over two school weeks with respective weekends. One week the school was scheduled in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The results of our study indicate beneficial effects of two-shift school schedule regarding fulfillment of sleep need of adolescents – even to the extent that sleep duration on afternoon schedule might match the one on weekend. Pronounced irregularity of sleep patterns between morning and afternoon schedules did not seem to have any negative impact on indices of daytime functioning of adolescents. The most consistent and relatively most important predictor of good daytime functioning proved to be the preferred morning phase. Out of indices of sleep irregularity, only the relatively more pronounced shift of bedtime on weekend was implied as a consistent negative predictor of daytime functioning, although of quite a small importance. Since shorter sleep on morning schedule contributed to prediction of measures of daytime functioning (with the exception of school grades), the issue of early school start is still not resolved with two-shift school schedule. Further studies will examine Croatian adolescents attending school only in the morning shift in order to determine whether different opportunities for paying off the sleep debt in the one- and two-shift school systems impact sleep on morning schedule, as well as whether daytime functioning differs between the school systems.


Human aging is associated with loss of function and regenerative capacity. Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are involved in tissue regeneration, evidenced by their capacity to differentiate into several lineages and therefore are considered the golden standard for cell-based regeneration therapy. Tissue maintenance and regeneration is dependent on stem cells and declines with age and aging is thought to influence therapeutic efficacy, therefore, more insight in the process of aging of hMSCs is of high interest. We, therefore, hypothesized that hMSCs might reflect signs of aging. In order to find markers for donor age, early passage hMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of 61 donors, with ages varying from 17–84, and clinical parameters, in vitro characteristics and microarray analysis were assessed. Although clinical parameters and in vitro performance did not yield reliable markers for aging since large donor variations were present, genome-wide microarray analysis resulted in a considerable list of genes correlating with human age. By comparing the transcriptional profile of aging in human with the one from rat, we discovered follistatin as a common marker for aging in both species. The gene signature presented here could be a useful tool for drug testing to rejuvenate hMSCs or for the selection of more potent, hMSCs for cell-based therapy.


Multiuser receivers improve the performance of spread-spectrum and antenna-array systems by exploiting the structure of the multiaccess interference when demodulating the signal of a user. Much of the previous work on the performance analysis of multiuser receivers has focused on their ability to reject worst case interference. Their performance in a power-controlled network and the resulting user capacity are less well-understood. We show that in a large system with each user using random spreading sequences, the limiting interference effects under several linear multiuser receivers can be decoupled, such that each interferer can be ascribed a level of effective interference that it provides to the user to be demodulated. Applying these results to the uplink of a single power-controlled cell, we derive an effective bandwidth characterization of the user capacity: the signal-to-interference requirements of all the users can be met if and only if the sum of the effective bandwidths of the users is less than the total number of degrees of freedom in the system. The effective bandwidth of a user depends only on its own SIR requirement, and simple expressions are derived for three linear receivers: the conventional matched filter, the decorrelator, and the MMSE receiver. The effective bandwidths under the three receivers serve as a basis for performance comparison.


We introduce FunArray, a parametric segmentation abstract domain functor for the fully automatic and scalable analysis of array content properties. The functor enables a natural, painless and efficient lifting of existing abstract domains for scalar variables to the analysis of uniform compound data-structures such as arrays and collections. The analysis automatically and semantically divides arrays into consecutive non-overlapping possibly empty segments. Segments are delimited by sets of bound expressions and abstracted uniformly. All symbolic expressions appearing in a bound set are equal in the concrete. The FunArray can be naturally combined via reduced product with any existing analysis for scalar variables. The analysis is presented as a general framework parameterized by the choices of bound expressions, segment abstractions and the reduction operator. Once the functor has been instantiated with fixed parameters, the analysis is fully automatic.
 We first prototyped FunArray in Arrayal to adjust and experiment with the abstractions and the algorithms to obtain the appropriate precision/ratio cost. Then we implemented it into Clousot, an abstract interpretation-based static contract checker for .NET. We empirically validated the precision and the performance of the analysis by running it on the main libraries of .NET and on its own code. We were able to infer thousands of non-trivial invariants and verify the implementation with a modest overhead (circa 1%). To the best of our knowledge this is the first analysis of this kind applied to such a large code base, and proven to scale.


Spectral sensing is an accurate means of probing the environment in a non-invasive manner. One of the most common instruments to acquire spectral data is a spectrometer. Spectrometers continue to improve in throughput and resolution while becoming smaller in size. However, the improvements in optics, gratings and detector performance have plateaued in free-space spectrometers due to fundamental trade-off between the spectral resolution and throughput of the spectrometer slit. Free space optical slicers on the other hand, have shown that this trade off can be broken using a complex optical setup. With the advent of nanophotonics and integrated optics, light can be routed and interact in a much smaller footprint. While integrated optics approach provides a more robust and smaller footprint, the throughput is still an issue since most designs only work with a very narrow band and single mode input. In this thesis, the concept of far-field beam forming is explored using mode coupling principles to increase the throughput of a spectrometer using photonic structures and waveguides. Three designs are provided that use the interaction between the modes to couple light between different size apertures at input and output. These designs use multi-mode input fibers and could operate on a wider wavelength range since they are not wavelength specific resonant based structures. They are fabricated and experimentally tested to measure their performance against a conventional free space slit. While spectrometers provide the full-range spectral information, application specific photonic sensors that use multi-spectral sensing approach are also promising fields of research. In this thesis, two such sensor designs are discussed. A multi-slot bio-sensor design is proposed as well as its optimization procedure to increase the refractive index sensitivity by 3×. Due to similarities between this design and the tapered waveguide designs for the spectrometer, the fabrication techniques developed for the photonic slit concept can be extended and applied for fabrication of this sensor. In addition, to avoid the system design and measurement complexities of a spectrometer or a ring resonator based sensor, a simple periodic array of silicon nanowire is proposed as a refractive index sensor. By considering the movement of diffraction spots at multiple wavelengths, refractive index resolution of 10−5 or higher can be achieved.


The technological solutions and optical configurations employed to tune the emission frequency of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) operating in the Terahertz range are reviewed. The gain spectrum of THz QCLs can be engineered by quantum design to be broadband over a range even larger than 1 THz, or, alternatively, to be electrically tunable, for instance exploiting the Stark shift of the lasing transition. Fabry-Perot lasers can then display very ample multimode spectra, but wide, though discontinuous and unpredictable, tunability through mode hopping can also be achieved. For reliable and repeatable single-mode tuning, QCL emitters based on external cavities can be realized using either a movable mirror to control the cavity length or a rotating grating for wavelength dependent feedback. First-order and second-order distributed feedback (DFB) THz QCLs also provide stable single-mode emission, whose frequency can be tuned by temperature and current, though usually on a more limited range of only a few GHz. It has been recently shown, however, that second-order THz DFB lasers can be coupled to an external microcavity, exploiting the anti-crossing of the respective eigenfrequencies to achieve wider tuning ranges by mechanically changing the size of the external microcavity. As an alternative, if fabricated in a narrow (~λ/3) ridge configuration, double-metal THz DFB lasers represent an ideal device where to manipulate the lateral size of the lasing mode via electro-mechanical components. In this way, a new and robust method for wide and continuous tuning of the laser emission has been recently demonstrated, displaying a record large bandwidth of over 330 GHz.


The lack of sufficient mechanical properties restricts the application of polysaccharide-based hydrogels in the field of biomedicine, especially load-bearing tissue repair. Nowadays, double network (DN) hydrogels have aroused great interest through special cooperation between two contrasting networks. Inspired by this idea, here, we devised a new strategy to prepare a pectin-Fe3+/polyacrylamide hybrid DN hydrogel using a simple two-step method. The introduction of Fe3+ ions into a pectin network to produce strong reversible ionic complexation, results in excellent toughness. Under optimal conditions, our hybrid DN hydrogels possessed tensile strength as high as 0.9 MPa, corresponding to a high strain of 1300%. Besides, our hybrid DN hydrogels also exhibited superb stiffness (elastic modulus ∼ 1.46 MPa), toughness (fracture energy ∼ 3785 J m-2), and water absorption capacity (85%). Loading-unloading tests showed that the internal fracture process of the hydrogels was continuous. Owing to the reversible structure of Fe3+-pectin complexation, the hybrid DN hydrogels also showed good fatigue resistance, notch-insensitivity and recoverability. This type of polysaccharide-based hydrogel has potential to broaden the application in the load-bearing tissue repair field.

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Abstract Goal-directed behavior requires control over automatic behavior, for example, when goal-irrelevant information from the environment captures an inappropriate response and conflicts with the correct, goal-relevant action. Neural oscillations in the theta band (∼6 Hz) measured at midfrontal electrodes are thought to form an important substrate of the detection and subsequent resolution of response conflict. Here, we examined the extent to which response conflict and associated theta-band activity depend on the visual stimulus feature dimension that triggers the conflict. We used a feature-based Simon task to manipulate conflict by motion direction and stimulus color. Analyses were focused on individual differences in behavioral response conflict elicited across different stimulus dimensions and their relationship to conflict-related midfrontal theta. We first confirmed the presence of response conflict elicited by task-irrelevant motion and stimulus color, demonstrating the usefulness of our modified version of the Simon task to assess different sensory origins of response conflict. Despite titrating overall task performance, we observed large individual differences in the behavioral manifestations of response conflict elicited by the different visual dimensions. These behavioral conflict effects were mirrored in a dimension-specific relationship with conflict-related midfrontal theta power, such that, for each dimension, individual midfrontal theta power was generally higher when experienced response conflict was high. Finally, exploratory analyses of interregional functional connectivity suggested a role for phase synchronization between frontal and parietal scalp sites in modulating experienced conflict when color was the task-relevant visual dimension. Highlighting the importance of an individual differences approach in cognitive neuroscience, these results reveal large individual differences in experienced response conflict depending on the source of visual interference, which are predicted by conflict-related midfrontal theta power.


The case-control association study is a powerful method for identifying genetic variants that influence disease risk. However, the collection of cases can be time-consuming and expensive; if a disease occurs late in life or is rapidly lethal, it may be more practical to identify family members of cases. Here, we show that replacing cases with their first-degree relatives enables genome-wide association studies by proxy (GWAX). In randomly-ascertained cohorts, this approach enables previously infeasible studies of diseases that are absent (or nearly absent) in the cohort. As an illustration, we performed GWAX of 12 common diseases in 116,196 individuals from the UK Biobank. By combining these results with published GWAS summary statistics in a meta-analysis, we replicated established risk loci and identified 17 newly associated risk loci: four in Alzheimer's disease, eight in coronary artery disease, and five in type 2 diabetes. In addition to informing disease biology, our results demonstrate the utility of association mapping using family history of disease as a phenotype to be mapped. We anticipate that this approach will prove useful in future genetic studies of complex traits in large population cohorts.


In the current study, we investigated bilingual error detection by measuring the repair rate of language intrusions (i.e., involuntary production of nontarget language words) that arose while bilinguals produced sentences in a language switching context. This allowed us to compare two prominent accounts of error detection in a bilingual setting. According to the conflict monitoring account, error detection is initiated by interference. Since language switching increases bilingual language interference, error detection should be better in switch relative to repetition trials. According to the perceptual loop theory, error detection is based on language comprehension. Since language switching is known to impair language comprehension, it follows that error detection should be worse in switch relative to repetition trials. The results showed that the repair rate of language intrusions was higher in switch than repetition trials, thus providing evidence that bilingual language interference instigates error detection, in line with the conflict monitoring account.


When acoustical materials are used in a mining environment for noise control purposes, they are subject to environmental deterioration from hydraulic fluid, moisture, and dust. These and other factors can cause physical degradation of the material, which can lessen its ability to absorb sound. In the study, the Bureau of Mines measured the sound absorption properties of 16 different acoustical materials after 4 sample treatments: (1) being kept clean and dry (as received from the supplier), as a control or reference standard, (2) immersion in water and draining, (3) immersion in 100-pct-petroleum-type hydraulic fluid and draining, and (4) exposure in a coal mine. The last three treatments were used to approximate the type of physical degradation that can be experienced in actual use. The impedance tube or standing wave method was used to measure the normal absorption coefficient. It was found that the absorption coefficient of most materials was adversely affected by the retention of either oil or water, with oil having the greater effect. The only class of materials that was affected by neither oil nor water was neoprene foam.