In previous work, I wrote about how trade secrecy drives the plot of Roald Dahl's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, explaining how the Oompa-Loompas are the ideal solution to Willy Wonka's competitive problems. Since publishing that piece, I have been struck by the proliferating Oompa-Loompas in contemporary life: computing machines filled with software and fed on data. These computers, software, and data might not look like Oompa-Loompas, but they function as Wonka's tribe does: holding their secrets tightly and internally for the businesses for which these machines are deployed.

Computing machines were not always such effective secret-keeping Oompa Loompas. As this Article describes, at least three recent shifts in the computing industry — cloud computing, the increasing primacy of data and machine learning, and automation — have turned these machines into the new Oompa-Loompas. While new technologies enabled this shift, trade secret law has played an important role here as well. Like other intellectual property rights, trade secret law has a body of built-in limitations to ensure that the incentives offered by the law's protection do not become so great that they harm follow-on innovation — new innovation that builds on existing innovation — and competition. This Article argues that, in light of the technological shifts in computing, the incentives that trade secret law currently provide to develop these contemporary Oompa-Loompas are excessive in relation to their worrisome effects on follow-on innovation and competition by others. These technological shifts allow businesses to circumvent trade secret law's central limitations, thereby overfortifying trade secrecy protection. The Article then addresses how trade secret law might be changed — by removing or diminishing its protection — to restore balance for the good of both competition and innovation.


This paper discusses the various ways in which a community newspaper in Mozambique is creatively appropriating new media technologies to enhance its news production and distribution practices. Far from being backward, the case of @Verdade demonstrates that despite being under-resourced, community newspapers in Africa are catching up in terms of creatively appropriating new media technologies. Besides spawning new ways of practising journalism, this article argues that the pervasiveness of new media technologies in the routines of the @Verdade newsroom has engendered collaborative storytelling while at the same time destabilizing traditional journalism's ethical practices. Using data drawn from qualitative research, the study discusses how the use of social network sites, the mobile phone as well as the internet in general are aiding @Verdade to generate and engage with news sources as well as deliver content to diverse audiences. Drawing on structuration theory (as modified by Orlikowski) and the sociology of journalism approach, the paper argues that the disruptive impact of new media technologies needs to be understood as a duality of influences—the human agency of individual journalists and owners (internal newsroom creativity) vis-à-vis the wider context of news production (restructuring of journalism practice).


Population demographic history may be learned from contemporary genetic variation data. Methods based on aggregating the statistics of many single loci into an allele frequency spectrum (AFS) have proven powerful, but such methods ignore potentially informative patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between neighboring loci. To leverage such patterns, we developed a composite-likelihood framework for inferring demographic history from aggregated statistics of pairs of loci. Using this framework, we show that two-locus statistics are more sensitive to demographic history than single-locus statistics such as the AFS. In particular, two-locus statistics escape the notorious confounding of depth and duration of a bottleneck, and they provide a means to estimate effective population size based on the recombination rather than mutation rate. We applied our approach to a Zambian population of Drosophila melanogaster. Notably, using both single- and two-locus statistics, we inferred a substantially lower ancestral effective population size than previous works and did not infer a bottleneck history. Together, our results demonstrate the broad potential for two-locus statistics to enable powerful population genetic inference.


Introduction The failure of states and intergovernmental processes to address some of the most important environmental problems facing the planet – explanations of which can often be traced back to "tragedy of the commons" or "collective action" dilemmas (see Delmas and Young in their Introduction to this volume) – has resulted in the proliferation of alternative nongovernmental approaches. Often grouped under the broad rubric of "corporate social responsibility" (CSR) these efforts comprise an array of initiatives including self-regulation (see King and Toffel, Chapter 4, this volume), voluntary environmental agreements (Khanna and Brouhle, Chapter 6, this volume), and public–private partnerships. Just how these innovations might become enduring and effective features of global environmental governance is arguably one of the most critical questions facing scholars and practitioners in the global era. This chapter focuses on one of the most unique nongovernmental institutional innovations that has attracted the attention of both practitioners and scholars: certification systems that attempt to reward environmentally responsible business practices through positive recognition and market incentives. That they do not appeal to the state for rule-making authority, but instead derive authority from evaluations of stakeholders who choose whether to demand such products, has led Cashore (2002) and Cashore, Auld, and Newsom (2004) to refer to them as "non-state market-driven" (NSMD). With certification institutions, firms are often coerced and cajoled by problem-focused environmental groups or, in some cases, mission-driven but incapacitated governmental officials or agencies.


In recent years, microsensor technologies have made a rapid expansion into different fields of physical sciences, engineering, and biomedicine. For analyses of various biomolecules, novel sensors and detection platforms in the electrochemical field have been reported recently. The most important applications based on microelectromechanical systems dramatically reduce the need of manipulation steps with samples, while improving data quality and quantitative capabilities. This is also the case of a special class of electrochemical sensors that allow direct, real-time and non-invasive measurements of nitric oxide, whose determination is crucial for the purposes of basic research, as well as of preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, this minireview will focus on the description of recent discoveries in the electrochemical determination of nitric oxide, released in different in vitro systems.


Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare malignant skin neoplasm with the potential for local recurrence, spreading to regional lymph nodes (LNs) and distant metastases. Although it has been identified in various anatomical sites, LN metastatic MCC in the absence of a primary site is extremely rare. The present case reports a 54-year-old male who initially underwent histological examination of a biopsy specimen from the right inguinal LNs. A diagnosis of metastatic small cell carcinoma was made. Nine months later, this diagnosis was changed to MCC with multiple metastases following observation of a tumour mass in the right dorsal thigh. Additionally, in the present study a summary is provided of 23 published cases of MCC with initial LN metastasis in the absence of a primary site, with details of clinical characteristics, natural history and pertinent therapy of this uncommon tumour. The present patient with LN metastatic MCC in the absence of a primary site and the other reported cases demonstrate that although multimodal treatment with surgery, radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy provides excellent local control, local recurrence and distant metastases commonly develop in this uncommon tumour. LN metastatic MCC in the absence of a primary site is a highly malignant disease and the role of adjuvant postoperative RT and/or chemotherapy remains to be fully determined.


Discovered by Dr Edward Bach in the 1930s, the thirty-eight Bach Flower Remedies form a system of healing for the negative emotions and attitudes that may interfere with health and happiness. This book provides an in-depth and detailed description of each remedy, together with case histories relating to each one to help the reader appreciate how they may be put into practice. The descriptions and cases have been compiled from the Bach Remedy Newsletter, originally edited by Nora Weeks, Dr Bach's successor and close companion. In each issue she featured a remedy along with a collection of her own case notes, and because they represent such an authoritative text, Philip Chancellor, with her blessing, has compiled them to create this book.


Knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of spawning is essential for an increased understanding of the ecology of the early life-history of a species, and is also a key factor in the management of species that are heavily exploited. Conventionally, the abundance and distrib- ution of spawning are determined for individual species by visual identification of early-stage eggs collected from ichtyoplankton surveys. The accuracy of this method remains contentious for commer- cial gadoids and pleuronectids, due to potential misidentification of eggs at early developmental stages. In this study, pelagic fish eggs collected on spring ichthyoplankton surveys of the Irish Sea in 2000 were identified using iso-electric focusing (IEF) and histochemical staining of isozymes. Com- parison of isozyme patterns obtained from known adult muscle tissue samples or broodstock eggs enabled identification of eggs of ambiguous identity. Application of this technique to 4813 pelagic eggs in the size range 1 to 2 mm collected between late February and May 2000 showed that the following species were present: cod Gadus morhua, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, plaice Pleuronectus platessa, whiting Merlangius merlangus, lemon sole Microstomus kitt and witch Glyptocephalus cynoglossus. The abundance and distribution of newly spawned eggs of cod, had- dock, whiting and plaice in the Irish Sea were mapped using kriging as an interpolation method. Times and locations of spawning were considered in relation to the hydrographic characteristics of the region and were compared with distributions estimated based on the morphological identification of eggs. The modification of an established biochemical technique to suit the needs of the present study has enabled the distribution and abundance of the eggs of commercial gadoids in the Irish Sea to be determined on a species-specific basis. The results have a potential application in identifying areas within the Irish Sea that could be targeted for fishery management and in refining spawning- stock biomass estimates used in stock assessments of these species.


ABSTRACT: Despite the widespread popularity of the discourse on diasporas since the 1980s, the recognition of a Filipino diaspora in the wider Anglophone scholarly world did not occur until the mid 2000s. A major factor for this recognition was the considerable number of scholarly works on Filipino Americans produced largely by Filipino American scholars who used diaspora as theoretical frame starting in the late 1990s. Grappling with the realities of the global migrations of Filipinos, the Philippine state and Filipinos in the Philippines and in other parts of the world also began to deploy the diaspora discourse. This article analyzes the ways in which the discursive fields in the US and in the Philippines have converged or diverged. Although diaspora can be a problematic concept, the author examines methodological issues that focus not so much on identities but on the imagined and constructed collectivity within which the putative diasporan identity of Filipinos is embedded. Without reducing diaspora to a reifying checklist, the author explores the Filipino diaspora discourse along these five dimensions: (a) population dispersal from an original homeland, real or imagined; (b) a process of diasporization; (c) ongoing relationship with the homeland, nurtured by collective memory or mythology; (d) idealization of return to the homeland; and (e) self-awareness or collective consciousness that is intergenerational and interrelated to coethnics and compatriots within the diaspora.


This study compares milk ring test and three different polymerase chain reaction techniques (direct DNA extraction by column purification system, alkaline DNA extraction, and filtrated milk), in order to identify Brucella abortus infection in bovine milk. Milk ring test sensitivity and specificity were 72% and 80%, respectively. While specificity of the three polymerase chain reaction techniques was 100%; sensitivity was 92%, 88% and 100%, respectively, for the three polymerase chain reaction procedures. We conclude that the filtered animal's milk polymerase chain reaction is the best procedure to make the diagnosis of B. abortus infections. Diagnosis, milk ring test, sensitivity, specificity


Meteorologists who work in the energy commodities market continue to investigate ways to enhance predictions of seasonal temperature anomalies using oceanic/atmospheric indices. This study examines the relationship of three climate indices –ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation), PNA (Pacific North American) and NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) –to heating degree day (HDD) totals accumulated in 11 cities in the Midwest and northeastern United States, to determine which, if any, has predictive power. The data covers the 48‐year period between 1951/52 and 1998/99, and focuses on two periods either side of 1 January (i.e. the winter months of October–December and January–April). The index most strongly related to the HDD anomalies during both winter periods was NAO. NAO values were negative for cold (above‐average HDD) anomalies occurring prior to and after 1 January, while the NAO values were generally positive during warm (below‐average HDD) anomalies. During cold anomalies, the PNA values were generally positive in the three months before 1 January and negative afterwards, indicating that different atmospheric teleconnection patterns cause similar temperature anomalies in these regions. The relationship between the equatorial Pacific sea‐surface temperatures (SST) data and temperature anomalies was the weakest. Confidence in these relationships increased when the extreme HDD anomaly years were examined. These results indicated that the relationships of climate indices to HDD anomalies exist and that these would be useful in developing and improving seasonal predictions for business applications. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.


A new class of faint, spectroscopically peculiar transients has emerged in the last decade. We term these events "calcium-strong transients" (CaSTs) because of their atypically high calcium-to-oxygen nebular line ratios. Previous studies have struggled to deduce the identity of their progenitors, due to a combination of their extremely extended radial distributions with respect to their host galaxies and their relatively high rate of occurrence. In this work, we find that the CaST radial distribution is consistent with the radial distribution of two populations of stars: old (ages >5 Gyr), low-metallicity (Z/Z⊙ < 0.3) stars, and globular clusters. While no obvious progenitor scenario arises from considering old, metal-poor stars, the alternative production site of globular clusters leads us to narrow down the list of possible candidates to three binary scenarios: mergers of helium and oxygen/neon white dwarfs; tidal disruptions of helium white dwarfs by neutron stars; and stable accretion from low-mass helium-burning stars onto white dwarfs. While rare in the field, these binary systems can be formed dynamically at much higher rates in globular clusters. Subsequent binary hardening both increases their interaction rate and ejects them from their parent globular clusters prior to mass transfer contact. Their production in, and ejection from, globular clusters may explain their radial distribution and the absence of globular clusters at their explosion site. This model predicts a currently undiscovered high rate of CaSTs in nuclear star clusters. Alternatively, an undetermined progenitor scenario involving old, low-metallicity stars may instead hold the key to understanding CaSTs.


Background: Obesity is a global health problem, increasing susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Varieties of products have been proposed for treatment with varying degrees of success. Recent studies, suggested Oligonol; an optimized phenolic product mixture from Lychee Fruit Polyphenols (LFP); as such treatment in Japanese population. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of oligonol on weight, insulin resistance by (HOMA-IR), lipids profile, leptin, Adiponectin, and resistin in healthy overweight and obese Saudi females. Subjects and Methods: 60 Saudi healthy overweight and obese females were enrolled in a double blind case/control study to take either Oligonol or placebo for 12 weeks without dietary or lifestyle re-strictions. Weight, height, Waist Circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and blood pressure were measured, and fasting blood samples of participants were taken before, and at the end of study. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin were meas-ured. LDL- cholesterol, HOMA-IR were calculated by equation. Results: 47 subjects completed the study, 25 in placebo group, and 22 in Oligonol group. No ill effects were noted in any participant. Oligonol reduced means of serum triglycerides (P=0.008), and resistin (P=0.045) significantly. In addition, no weight gain was noted in oligonol group, unlike placebo group which exhibited significant increase in mean weight (P= 0.036), WC (P=0.027), HC (P= 0.047), and leptin (P <0.001). Conclusion: Oligonol could be suggested as future hypolipidemic and weight controlling agent for overweight and obese Saudi females.


Conversation is a collaborative activity. In face-to-face interactions interlocutors have mutual access to a shared space. This thesis aims to explore the shared space as a resource for coordinating conversation. As well demonstrated in studies of two-person conversations, interlocutors can coordinate their speech and non-verbal behaviour in ways that manage the unfolding conversation. However, when scaling up from two people to three people interacting, the coordination challenges that the interlocutors face increase. In particular speakers must manage multiple listeners. This thesis examines the use of interlocutors' bodies in shared space to coordinate their multiparty dialogue. The approach exploits corpora of motion captured triadic interactions. The thesis first explores how interlocutors coordinate their speech and non-verbal behaviour. Inter-person relationships are examined and compared with artificially created triples who did not interact. Results demonstrate that interlocutors avoid speaking and gesturing over each other, but tend to nod together. Evidence is presented that the two recipients of an utterance have different patterns of head and hand movement, and that some of the regularities of movement are correlated with the task structure. The empirical section concludes by uncovering a class of coordination events, termed simultaneous engagement events, that are unique to multiparty dialogue. They are constructed using combinations of speaker head orientation and gesture orientation. The events coordinate multiple recipients of the dialogue and potentially arise as a result of the greater coordination challenges that interlocutors face. They are marked in requiring a mutually accessible shared space in order to be considered an effective interactional cue. The thesis provides quantitative evidence that interlocutors' head and hand movements are organised by their dialogue state and the task responsibilities that the bear. It is argued that a shared interaction space becomes a more important interactional resource when conversations scale up to three people. Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen Mary, University of London


Abstract Major challenges towards the development of next generation 4G wireless networks include fulfilling the foreseeable increase in power demand of future mobile terminals (MTs) in addition to meeting the high throughput and low latency requirements of emerging multimedia services. Studies show that the high-energy consumption of battery operated MTs will be one of the main limiting factors for future wireless communication systems. Emerging multimedia applications require the MTs' wireless interfaces to be active for long periods while downloading large data sizes. This leads to draining the power of the batteries. The evolution of MTs with multiple wireless interfaces helps to deal with this problem. This results in a heterogeneous network architecture with MTs that actively use two wireless interfaces: one to communicate with the base station (BS) or access point over a long-range (LR) wireless technology (e.g., UMTS/HSPA, WiMAX, or LTE) and one to communicate with other MTs over a short-range (SR) wireless technology (e.g., Bluetooth or WLAN). Cooperative wireless networks proved to have a lot of advantages in terms of increasing the network throughput, decreasing the file download time, and decreasing energy consumption at MTs due to the use of SR mobile-to-mobile collaboration (M2M). However, the studies in the literature apply only to specific wireless technologies in specific scenarios and do not investigate optimal strategies. In this work, we consider energy minimization in content distribution with M2M collaboration and derive the optimal solution in a general setup with different wireless technologies on the LR and SR. Scenarios with multicasting and unicasting are investigated. Content distribution delay is also analyzed. Practical implementation aspects of the cooperative techniques are studied and different methods are proposed to overcome the practical limitations of the optimal solution. Simulation results with different technologies on the LR and SR are generated, showing significant superiority of the proposed techniques. Ongoing work is focusing on incorporating quality of service constraints in the energy minimization problem and in designing a testbed validating the proposed methods.


The research on pattern-avoidance has yielded so far limited knowledge on Wilf-ordering of permutations. The Stanley-Wilf limits $\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{|S_n(\tau)|}$ and further works suggest asymptotic ordering of layered versus monotone patterns. Yet, Bona has provided essentially the only known up to now result of its type on complete ordering of $S_k$ for $k=4$: $|S_n(1342)| shape-Wilf-order : $|S_Y(213)|\leq |S_Y(123)|\leq |S_Y(312)|$ for any Young diagram $Y$, derive as a consequence that $|S_Y(k+2,k+1,k+3,\tau)|\leq |S_Y(k+1,k+2,k+3,\tau)|\leq |S_Y(k+3,k+1,k+2,\tau)|$ for any $\tau\in S_k$, and find out when equalities are obtained. (In particular, for specific $Y$'s we find out that $|S_Y(123)|=|S_Y(312)|$ coincide with every other Fibonacci term.) This strengthens and generalizes Bona's result to arbitrary length permutations. While all length-3 permutations have been shown in numerous ways to be Wilf-equivalent, the current paper distinguishes between and orders these permutations by employing all Young diagrams . This opens up the question of whether shape-Wilf-ordering of permutations, or some generalization of it, is not the "true" way of approaching pattern-avoidance ordering.


Resumo The steel-concrete composite sections are often used in civil building in Brazil and around the world. The connection of the steel profile and the concrete slab increases the performance of the composite structural element due to the use of the advantages of each material. In this article, a bar element is used with an interface element for nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete composite beams with partial interaction. The objective is to develop an algorithm that uses this analysis tool to design steel-concrete composite beams looking for project optimized in terms of material costs. Defined spans, supports, ultimate and service load, an optimization algorithm is used to define the dimensions of the rectangular cross section of the concrete slab, I-shaped steel profile, and the reinforcement bars of the concrete slab, so that the quantity of these materials are the minimum to ensure structural safety, considering the ultimate and service limit states. The design constraints are obtained from building code requirements for concrete, steel and composite structures. The objective function is defined as the cost per unit length of the composite beam, obtained from the unit cost of each material, steel, concrete and reinforcement. In the optimization process, the iterative method sequential linear programming is used, in which the nonlinear problem is approximated by a sequence of linear problems, which has its optimum point defined step by step by the Simplex method. Examples of composite beams with ultimate loads defined in the literature were used to validate the implementations. Other examples were analyzed, being evaluated at each iteration the restrictions and objective function to verify the efficiency of the algorithm.


We have developed summary tables (sorted by heating- and cooling-degree-days) to estimate the potential of Heat-Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e., solar-reflective roofs, shade trees, reflective pavements, and urban vegetation) to reduce cooling-energy use in buildings. The tables provide estimates of savings for both direct effect (reducing heat gain through the building shell) and indirect effect (reducing the ambient air temperature). In this analysis, we considered three building types that offer the most savings potential : residences, offices, and retail stores. Each building type was characterized in detail by Pre-1980 (old) or 1980+ (new) construction vintage and with natural gas or electricity as heating fuel. We defined prototypical-building characteristics for each building type and simulated the effects of HIR strategies on building cooling and heating energy use and peak power demand using the DOE-2.1E model and weather data for about 240 locations in the U.S. A statistical analysis of previously completed simulations for five cities was used to estimate the indirect savings. Our simulations included the effect of (1) solar-reflective roofing material on building [direct effect], (2) placement of deciduous shade trees near south and west walls of building [direct effect], and (3) ambient cooling achieved by urban reforestation and reflective building surfaces and pavements [indirect effect]. Upon completion of estimating the direct and indirect energy savings for all the selected locations, we integrated the results in tables arranged by heating- and cooling-degree-days. We considered 15 bins for heating-degree-days, and 11 bins for cooling-degree-days. Energy use and savings are presented per 1000 ft2 of roof area. In residences heated with gas and in climates with greater than 1000 cooling-degree-days, the annual electricity savings in Pre-1980 stock ranged from 650 to 1300 kWh/1000ft2; for 1980+ stock savings ranged 300 to 600 kWh/1000 ft2. For residences heated with electricity, the savings ranged from 350 to 1300 kWh/1000ft2 for Pre-1980 stock and 190-600 kWh/1000ft2 for 1980+ stocks. In climates with less than 1000 cooling-degree-days, the electricity savings were not significantly higher than winter heating penalties. For gas-heated office buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 1100-1500 kWh/1000ft2 and 360-700 kWh/1000ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively. For electrically heated office buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 700-1400 kWh/1000ft2 and 100-700 kWh/1000ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively. Similarly, for gas-heated retail store buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 1300-1700 kWh/1000ft2 and 370-750 kWh/1000ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980+ stocks, respectively. For electrically heated retail store buildings, simulations indicated electricity savings in the range of 1200-1700 kWh/1000ft2 and 250-750 kWh/1000ft2, for Pre-1980 and 1980 + stocks, respectively.


Castell Mawr is a small hillfort in the community of Eglwyswrw, Pembrokeshire. Thought to have been
built on a Late Neolithic henge, it was investigated with four trenches in 2012–13. These excavations
revealed that Castell Mawr's main period of construction and use was in the Earliest/Early Iron Age
during the late eighth–late fifth centuries BC with hints of an earlier human presence on the hilltop in
the Late Mesolithic and Bronze Age. No definite evidence of any Neolithic activity was found, however,
and the earthworks all date to the Iron Age. The hillfort's Iron Age sequence started with a roundhouse,
followed by a pair of concentric timber palisades built during the late eighth–late fifth centuries
BC. An enclosing rampart was constructed around the hilltop, followed by a cross-bank. The final
activity post-dating the cross-bank dates to the fifth century BC, slightly earlier than or contemporary
with initial construction at nearby Castell Henllys. The Castell Mawr/Castell Henllys sequence
confirms Murphy and Mytum's (2012) model for long-term processes of settlement development in
west Wales.


Why do businesses consistently fail to execute their competitive strategies? Because leaders don't identify and invest in the full range of projects and programs required to align the organization with its strategy. Moreover, even when strategy makers do break their plans down into doable chunks, they seldom work with project leaders to prioritize strategic investments and assure that needed resources are applied in priority order. And they often neglect to revise the strategic portfolio to fit the demands of a dynamic environment, or to stay connected to strategic projects through completion, as new products, services, skills and capabilities are transferred into operations. In Executing Your Strategy, Mark Morgan, Raymond Levitt, and William Malek present six imperatives that enable you to do the right strategic projects--and do those projects right. And it is no accident that the six imperatives combine to create the acronym INVEST: Ideation--Clarify and communicate purpose, identity and long range intention; Nature--Develop alignment between strategy, structure and culture based on ideation; Vision--Create clear goals and metrics aligned to strategy and guided by ideation--Engagement--Do the right projects based on the strategy through portfolio management; Synthesis: Do projects and programs right, in alignment with portfolio; and Transition: Move the project and program outputs into operations where benefit is realized. Full of intriguing company examples and practical advice, this crucial new resource shows you how to make strategy happen in your organization.


This thesis presents contributions within two domains of manufacturing system development. The first domain is systematic design of product and manufacturing system. The second domain is model based co-operative development between manufacturing companies and manufacturing system suppliers. The axiomatic design framework for design is used to describe the product design and the manufacturing system design. The most important contributions are that product properties and analysis of product function are considered when specifying the manufacturing system. The systematic adaptation of product to the selected manufacturing solution is another contribution. A new concept of manufacturing phase functional requirements has been defined in order to cope with requirements from the manufacturing process on the in process product. The co-operative concept is based on the use of ISO 10303-214 for specification and communication of proposed systems and equipment. The concept has been tested using real project information in prototype implementation


On the 16th May 2014, Christopher Pyne urged universities to prepare students for "jobs of the future", encouraging universities to train students for the new knowledge economy, where knowledge, especially of technology, is considered as vital an asset as practical skills. This innovation takes this approach, using a combination of a 3D printed Laryngoscope and Forceps, together with a special hat mount and a smartphone app that tracks these devices via 'augmented reality', to provide a sandbox simulation. This 'Mixed Media' visualisation enhances skills development in Laryngoscopy and foreign object removal for trainee paramedics in the CQUniversity Bachelor of Paramedic Science (BPS), building their awareness of new methods for training and widening their education beyond the scope of a traditional paramedic science curriculum. This simulation is useful because students in the CQUniversity BPS develop foundation knowledge in sciences, human body systems, research skills and paramedic practice and are expected to have developed the real world expertise and skills to work as health professionals in emergency medicine and retrieval. Yet despite these very practical requirements, the ability to practice practical skills in the program can be limited for many of the students, who study the program at a distance. The desire of students for more hands-on practice is reflected in responses to course evaluations. The aim of this research is therefore to provide more hands-on skill practice, as well as increase overall skill acquisition and retention for distance students, providing an expected overall improvement in skill level for all BPS students. Citation Cowling, M. A., Birt. J. & Moore, E. (2015, October) Using 3D Printed Tools and an Augmented Reality Smartphone App to Enhance Paramedic Skill Development, Council of Ambulance Authorities Conference Poster, Melbourne, Australia.


Over the last five years, the North Central region of the U.S. has been responsible for 82 percent of the nation's soybean harvest. Due to the region's importance to soybean production for its various uses in feed, biodiesel and other widely used products, the North Central Soybean Research Program (NCSRP), through funding from the Soybean Checkoff Program, has sponsored on-farm surveys to farmers in the region to evaluate trends in farming practices and management systems. These responses have helped surveyors develop correlations between total annual yield numbers and particular crop management practices. Disciplines Agricultural Science | Agriculture This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cropnews/2542 6/26/2019 What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/05/whats-behind-iowas-2019-soybean-yield-gaps 1/7 Integrated Crop Management What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? May 2, 2019 Over the last five years, the North Central region of the U.S. has been responsible for 82 percent of the nation's soybean harvest. Due to the region's importance to soybean production for its various uses in feed, biodiesel and other widely used products, the North Central Soybean Research Program (NCSRP), through funding from the Soybean Checkoff Program, has sponsored on-farm surveys to farmers in the region to evaluate trends in farming practices and management systems. These responses have helped surveyors develop correlations between total annual yield numbers and particular crop management practices. Beginning in 2016, the "Benchmarking Soybean Production Systems in the North Central US" project analyzed useable data from 8,000 fields representing 500,000 acres. Project leaders at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the University of Wisconsin compiled the survey data from state partners in the region, including Iowa. The report broke down the data by state in the region, illustrating the variables that contributed to yield gaps within that state. In Iowa, project leaders concluded that soybean yield gaps were primarily impacted by planting dates and the application of foliar fungicides/insecticides. To evaluate and develop correlations between management practices and total yields, input was collected from 1,327 fields in the state, from 2014-2017. Methodology To control for outliers and differing soil conditions and weather patterns, surveyors divided the state into seven regions called Technology Extrapolation Domains (TEDs) 6/26/2019 What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/05/whats-behind-iowas-2019-soybean-yield-gaps 2/7 based on soil, annual precipitation and temperature. For every TED, data were broken into two groups: one representing statistically higher yields, and the other statistically lower yields. Figure 1. The Technology Extrapolation Domains (TEDs) in Iowa. The colors in the table represent the seven different TEDs, which correspond to the colors on the map. The numbers next to each color in the table indicate the label of the TED zone. Iowa TEDs According to the data, 85 percent of soybean fields (6 out of 7 TEDs) in the state with significantly higher yield numbers (bushels per acre) were planted earlier in the season than those with statistically lower yields, and received a foliar fungicide/insecticide application. Variables such as drainage, tillage, and row spacing (between 15-30 inches) resulted in higher yields only in some TEDs (between 1-4 out of 7). An interesting finding in the report was high yielding fields were not associated with higher seeding rates, which means farmers have an opportunity to fine tune seeding rates for a potential profit increase. 6/26/2019 What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/05/whats-behind-iowas-2019-soybean-yield-gaps 3/7 Figure 2. This table lists the variables that the surveyors evaluated for their respective impact on total yield. Each TED number's location can be found on Figure 1. In Iowa, earlier planting date and higher percentages of fields sprayed with foliar pesticides correlated with higher yields. While soybean planting date was one of the top variables in the yield gap, the survey data did not suggest that planting soybean before April 20 definitively meant higher yields, rather that higher yields with correlated with earlier planting dates. The data gathered from the survey indicates soybean planting delayed into midto late May resulted in lower yield potential. According to the chart, five out of seven TEDs saw planting date as a variable impacting total yield. In TEDs 26D and 19D, the difference of 20 bushels per acre was the result of planting 10 or fewer days closer to mid-May. For TED 20D, which experienced a similar yield difference between the highest and lowest yields as the aforementioned zones, the planting window stretched 11 days. For TEDs 15D and 16D, the planting dates began and ended closer to mid-May than the other zones' windows, indicating that the closer to mid-May producers planted, the greater the potential for lost yield. 6/26/2019 What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/05/whats-behind-iowas-2019-soybean-yield-gaps 4/7 According to Figure 2, while planting date significantly impacted yield potential, the application of a foliar fungicide/insecticide helped farmers to realize yield potential present at the corresponding planting date. Given that the yield potential had been set by planting date, achieving that potential was influenced by foliar pesticides. Trends in agricultural districts In Map 10 of North Central states broken down in to states' respective agronomic regions, application of foliar fungicide/insecticide to fields varied, including Iowa. According to Map 6, over 60 percent of all recorded soybean fields received a seed treatment. As one can infer, use of foliar fungicides/insecticide was more variant than use of seed treatments, which could explain why foliar pesticides weighed more heavily on total yield outcomes. The varying application rates by agronomic region could be due to multiple factors, including: incidence of pest and timing of pest expression and/or arrival, economic thresholds, weather and the effect of seed treatments. 6/26/2019 What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/05/whats-behind-iowas-2019-soybean-yield-gaps 5/7 Soybean Cyst Nematode's (SCN) impact on yield One last interesting component of the survey was the impact of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) on total soybean yield. The final report states, "In the case of SCN incidence, average values were estimated based only on those fields in which farmers knew if there was SCN information or not, which means that the figures may be higher because many farmers did not test their fields for SCN." Application As planters start to come out this spring, knowing these data can help design an IPM program providing economic benefits, pest control and that supports a successful, long6/26/2019 What's behind Iowa's 2019 soybean yield gaps? | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/05/whats-behind-iowas-2019-soybean-yield-gaps 6/7 term strategy. It should be expressed again that this data only shows correlations between crop management practices and yield amounts, and that the correlations might not be indicative of all yield outcomes. Further, the report doesn't advocate that farmers should implement these practices that result in higher yields, rather the report only shows the results of past behaviors. Nevertheless, both Iowa State University (corn, soybean) and the Crop Protection Network have made available their 2019 fungicide efficacy tables, which should be consulted before making a fungicide decision, should a farmer choose to do so. Iowa State has data showing there are known isolates of the frogeye leaf spot, Cercospora sojina, and Septoria brown spot, Septoria glycines, pathogens that are resistant to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI, strobilurin) fungicides. Likewise, studies conducted in the Midwest show that soybean aphid is showing resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. When it comes to SCN, it's important that farmers test their fields regularly. SCN is the single most damaging pest affecting soybean in the U.S. According to soil sampling by the Iowa Soybean Association, SCN has been confirmed in all 99 counties, with 75-80 percent of fields having some level of infestation. As the report noted, average values fo SCN were estimated based only on those fields in which farmers knew if there was SCN information or not. Often there are no obvious aboveground symptoms of damage caused by SCN. Since there are rarely aboveground symptoms, many infestations go undiscovered for numerous years. On average, SCN causes producers in Iowa currently more than 50 million bushels a year. The Iowa State Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic (PIDC) offers a soil sampling service for farmers. In addition to directly harming soybean plants, SCN also leaves soybean plants more susceptible to certain soil borne pathogens including Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. Diversifying your pest management tools, such as seed treatments, crop rotation and pesticide application can help against the development of pest resistance. As always, scouting is the first step in pest management. Only through correctly identifying pathogens and insects can we make smarter and more economical decisions. *Project Principle Investigators Patricio Grassini and Shawn P. Conley, of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the University of WisconsinMadison, respectively, contributed to this ar


GeneMANIA (http://www.genemania.org) is a flexible, user-friendly web interface for generating hypotheses about gene function, analyzing gene lists and prioritizing genes for functional assays. Given a query list, GeneMANIA extends the list with functionally similar genes that it identifies using available genomics and proteomics data. GeneMANIA also reports weights that indicate the predictive value of each selected data set for the query. Six organisms are currently supported (Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and hundreds of data sets have been collected from GEO, BioGRID, Pathway Commons and I2D, as well as organism-specific functional genomics data sets. Users can select arbitrary subsets of the data sets associated with an organism to perform their analyses and can upload their own data sets to analyze. The GeneMANIA algorithm performs as well or better than other gene function prediction methods on yeast and mouse benchmarks. The high accuracy of the GeneMANIA prediction algorithm, an intuitive user interface and large database make GeneMANIA a useful tool for any biologist.


The present invention is directed to methods of integrating carbon nanotubes into epoxy polymer composites via chemi cal functionalization of carbon nanotubes, and to the carbon nanotube-epoxy polymer composites produced by Such methods. Integration is enhanced through improved disper sion and/or covalent bonding with the epoxy matrix during the curing process. In general. Such methods involve the attachment of chemical moieties (i.e., functional groups) to the sidewall and/or end-cap of carbon nanotubes such that the chemical moieties react with either the epoxy precursor(s) or the curing agent(s) (or both) during the curing process. Addi tionally, in Some embodiments, these or additional chemical moieties can function to facilitate dispersion of the carbon nanotubes by decreasing the van der Waals attractive forces between the nanotubes.


Against the backdrop of Isla Negra - the sea and wind, the white sand with its scattering of delicate wild flowers, the hot sun and salty smells of the Pacific - Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda sets these joyfully sensual poems in celebration of his love. The subject of that love: Matilde Urrutia de Neruda, the poet's 'beloved wife'. As popular in the Hispanic world as the poet's renowned "Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair", "One Hundred Love Sonnets" has never before been published in its entirety in English translation. The reason for this astonishing neglect may lie in the historical circumstances that surrounded Neruda's 'discovery' by English-speaking readers. In the United States, he came to popularity during the turmoil of the sixties, when Americans needed a politically committed poet, and much of Neruda's canon answered that need. But, in his native Chile and throughout Latin America, Neruda has always been cherished as dearly for the earthly sensuality and eroticism of his love poetry as for his statements of political belief. To know this work, then is to understand the poet's art more thoroughly. This bilingual edition of "One Hundred Love Sonnets" reproduces the text of the 1959 Spanish original en face with Stephen Tapscott's graceful English translation. Associate professor of literature at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tapscott is a widely published poet who brings to this work the sensitivity of the creative artist as well as the skills of the accomplished translator.


Biofuel is one of the renewable energy sources adapted by the Philippine government in order to lessen the dependency on foreign fuel and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Rain tree pods were seen to be a promising source of bioethanol since it contains significant amount of fermentable sugars. The study was conducted to establish the complete procedure in processing rain tree pods for village level hydrous bioethanol production. Production processes were done for village level hydrous bioethanol production from collection, drying, storage, shredding, dilution, extraction, fermentation, and distillation. The feedstock was sundried, and moisture content was determined at a range of 20% to 26% prior to storage. Dilution ratio was 1:1.25 (1 kg of pods = 1.25 L of water) and after extraction process yielded a sugar concentration of 22 Bx to 24 0Bx. The dilution period was three hours. After three hours of diluting the samples, the juice was extracted using extractor with a capacity of 64.10 L/hour. 150 L of rain tree pods juice was extracted and subjected to fermentation process using a village level anaerobic bioreactor. Fermentation with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) can fasten up the process, thus producing more ethanol at a shorter period of time; however, without yeast fermentation, it also produces ethanol at lower volume with slower fermentation process. Distillation of 150 L of fermented broth was done for six hours at 85 °C to 95 °C temperature (feedstock) and 74 °C to 95 °C temperature of the column head (vapor state of ethanol). The highest volume of ethanol recovered was established at with yeast fermentation at fiveday duration with a value of 14.89 L and lowest actual ethanol content was found at without yeast fermentation at three-day duration having a value of 11.63 L. In general, the results suggested that rain tree pods had a very good potential as feedstock for bioethanol production. Fermentation of rain tree pods juice can be done with yeast and without yeast. Keywords—Fermentation, hydrous bioethanol, rain tree pods, village level.


Several recent works have shown that state-of-the-art classifiers are vulnerable to worst-case (i.e., adversarial) perturbations of the datapoints. On the other hand, it has been empirically observed that these same classifiers are relatively robust to random noise. In this paper, we propose to study a \textit{semi-random} noise regime that generalizes both the random and worst-case noise regimes. We propose the first quantitative analysis of the robustness of nonlinear classifiers in this general noise regime. We establish precise theoretical bounds on the robustness of classifiers in this general regime, which depend on the curvature of the classifier's decision boundary. Our bounds confirm and quantify the empirical observations that classifiers satisfying curvature constraints are robust to random noise. Moreover, we quantify the robustness of classifiers in terms of the subspace dimension in the semi-random noise regime, and show that our bounds remarkably interpolate between the worst-case and random noise regimes. We perform experiments and show that the derived bounds provide very accurate estimates when applied to various state-of-the-art deep neural networks and datasets. This result suggests bounds on the curvature of the classifiers' decision boundaries that we support experimentally, and more generally offers important insights onto the geometry of high dimensional classification problems.


Purpose: The aims of this article are to develop a new mathematical formulation and a new heuristic for the problem of preemptive two-agent scheduling in open shops subject to machine maintenance and eligibility constraints. Design/methodology: Using the ideas of minimum cost flow network and constraint programming, a heuristic and a network based linear programming are proposed to solve the problem. Findings: Computational experiments show that the heuristic generates a good quality schedule with a deviation of 0.25% on average from the optimum and the network based linear programming model can solve problems up to 110 jobs combined with 10 machines without considering the constraint that each operation can be processed on at most one machine at a time. In order to satisfy this constraint, a time consuming Constraint Programming is proposed. For n = 80 and m = 10, the average execution time for the combined models (linear programming model combined with Constraint programming) exceeds two hours. Therefore, the heuristic algorithm we developed is very efficient and is in need. Practical implications: Its practical implication occurs in TFT-LCD and E-paper manufacturing wherein units go through a series of diagnostic tests that do not have to be performed in any specified order. Originality/value: The main contribution of the article is to split the time horizon into many time intervals and use the dispatching rule for each time interval in the heuristic algorithm, and also to combine the minimum cost flow network with the Constraint Programming to solve the problem optimally.


Latest progress in microelectronics have enabled a new generation of low cost, low power, miniaturized, yet, smart sensor nodes. This new generation of wearable sensor nodes promise to deploy automated complex bio-signals analysis. In this paper, we present INYU, a wearable sensor device for physical and emotional health monitoring. The device obtains key vital signs of the user, namely Electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration and skin conductance continuously. Using this information, INYU can deliver a novel real-time algorithm for on-line heart-beat classification and correction that relies on a probabilistic model to determine whether a heartbeat is likely to happen under certain timing conditions. Thus, using this algorithm INYU can quickly decide if a beat is occurring at an expected time or if there is a problem in the series (e.g., a skipped, an extra or a misplaced beat). This new algorithm has been integrated in the processing pipeline of automated Heart-Rate Variability (HRV) analysis, both for time-domain (RMSSD, SDNN) and frequencydomain (LF/HF) algorithms.


Brazilwood has been traditionally used as food and beverage colorant in Indonesia. The ethanol extract of brazilwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) was subjected to the investigation of major natural dyestuff component. The dried heartwood was subjected to an extraction with 50% ethanol (1:3 v/v) at 80°C for 30 min, followed by lyophillization to crystalize the extract. The extract components were separated by using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography eluted with 40% ethanol under UV-Vis detection. This step yielded 5 fractions, FI-FV, of which FII and FIII were the major fractions, comprising 25 and 70% by weight of the applied dried extract, respectively. Both fractions had different UV-Vis spectra as well as infrared spectra observed by FTIR. Fraction FIII which visually had a deep red color, had the strong absorption of carbonyl group in its IR spectra. This major dyestuff fraction was purified further by RP-HPLC with multiwavelength detector using a solvent mixture of 65% acetonitrile and 35% isopropanol as a mobile phase. The purified fraction was then characterized by FTIR and ESI-MS. The infrared and mass spectra confirmed that brazilein with a molecular weight of 284 was the major dyestuff component of the ethanol extract of brazilwood. This finding can be utilized for the production of brazilein standard for the laboratory use to analyze brazilein in foods and beverages.


Many insectivorous passerines become frugivorous during migration. Because water may facilitate the digestion of dry fruits, some passerines may benefit from staging in stopover sites that offer access to drinking water. In autumn, water consumption by blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla staging in Israel was found to induce a shift from insectivory to frugivory. We tested two alternative hypotheses concerning the mechanism facilitating consumption of the relatively dry fruits which are common in this region: 1) water intake facilitates the passage of fruits within the digestive tract when these two resources are simultaneously ingested, and 2) improved body water balance allows the consumption and ingestion of large amounts of dry fruits. Blackcaps were subjected to five treatments that included temporal separation of water and fruit consumption, as well as subcutaneous water injection to maintain balanced body water in water-deprived birds. Fruit consumption rate was measured daily. We found that only simultaneous provisioning of water and fruits significantly increased fruit consumption rate, implying that drinking water directly improves fruit digestion within the digestive system. Furthermore, the fuel deposition rate increased with increased fruit consumption rate. These results emphasize the importance of water availability for the ecology and conservation of migrating passerines.


Context. On March 4, 2013, the Fermi-LAT and AGILE reported a flare from the direction of the Crab Nebula in which the high-energy (HE; E > 100 MeV) flux was six times above its quiescent level. Simultaneous observations in other energy bands give us hints about the emission processes during the flare episode and the physics of pulsar wind nebulae in general. Aims. We search for variability of the emission of the Crab Nebula at very-high energies (VHE; E > 100 GeV), using contemporaneous data taken with the H.E.S.S. array of Cherenkov telescopes. Methods. Observational data taken with the H.E.S.S. instrument on five consecutive days during the flare were analysed concerning the flux and spectral shape of the emission from the Crab Nebula. Night-wise light curves are presented with energy thresholds of 1 TeV and 5 TeV. Results. The observations conducted with H.E.S.S. on 2013 March 6 to March 10 show no significant changes in the flux. They limit the variation on the integral flux above 1 TeV to less than 63% and the integral flux above 5 TeV to less than 78% at a 95% confidence level.


Soil movement is a leading cause of structural damage annually globally and is constantly rising. The main cause of this movement is through swell from reactive soils by changes in moisture content. All soils experience a volume change when subjected to moisture changes, the severity of these volume changes depends on many factors relative to the soil. The severity of these changes
are most commonly measured using Atterberg limits and the plastic index but this only gives a magnitude of possible swell and alone is not a reliable indicator as it can produce false negatives.

More reliable tests for swell are generally more involved with time and resources and this increases if predictions of swell for site conditions are required. Most of these methods also make a number of assumptions and simplifications but also generally fail to accurately predict actual soil swells. Accuracy can generally be improved by increasing the number of tests therefore decreasing some assumptions and generalisations but in practice this is difficult to do. For this reason most research and development in this area has focused on testing a wider range of soils and comparing to known correlations or applying easily tested parameters to simplified swell models but no significant gain in prediction accuracy has been achieved in over 30 years.

This study explores the behaviour of soil swell when lateral stain and movement of soil is not restrained aver a non-uniform stress distribution. Behaviour, parameters and predic- tions from these test are compared with those from standard swell overburden oedometer testing. It was found that the swell behaviour of the soil under a load that has unre- strained lateral movement from under a loaded area to an unloaded area was significantly different to those experience in oedometer and triaxial testing. Significant focus is placed on the movement of soil from under the loaded area and the problems this may cause with current prediction models.

From the results obtained in this study it is possible that at least under certain condition soil does not exhibit behaviour that current prediction models are based upon and the assumptions they use. Recommendation of further study into changes in soil behaviour under a range of different conditions is made. More research efforts should be made on complex modelling of soil movement especially in areas of high damage rates for simulation purposes and design improvements.


Network management currently undergoes massive changes towards realizing more flexible management of complex networks. Recent efforts include slicing data plane resources by network (link) virtualization and applying operating system design principles to Software Defined Networking to rethink network management. Driven by network operators, network management principles are currently envisioned to be even further improved by virtualizing network (middlebox) functions. The resulting Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) paradigm abstracts network functions from dedicated hardware to virtual machines running on commodity hardware. This change in the design of carrier networks is inspired by the success of virtualization in the server market. By deploying NFV, network operators envision to achieve benefits similar to the server market and elastic cloud services, e.g., flexible and dynamic service provisioning, increased resource utilization, improved energy efficiency, and ultimately decreased operational costs. Despite these efforts, the ability of NFV to satisfy performance demands is often questioned. Tackling these challenges opens a set of research questions that felt short in the current discussion and are of particular relevance to the SIGCOMM community. In this position paper, we therefore provide an overview on the current state-of-the-art and open research questions.


This paper examines the incident of public conflict over artistic and cultural expression in 48 U.S. cities. Analysis of more than 500 cases of conflict reveals that levels of public dispute are related to several underlying structural characteristics of cities. In particular, rapid demographic shifts, especially changes in foreign-born residents, are related to higher levels of conflict. The paper also suggests that there are at least three different profiles of conflict -- there are highly contentious cities, where both liberal-based and conservative-based groups are actively involved in protests; there are cities that experience cultural conflict as identity politics (liberal-based groups are most active); and those cities that practice cultural regulation (conservative-based groups are most active).


This research addresses the discourse of tourism as a tool for place-making of urban destination. Relevant to the study of place-making is the analysis of the commoditization and localization process dependent upon the appropriation of urban landscape and local cultures. In the research, localization is interpreted as the act of determining the attributes of locality, while commoditization is defined as the process by which local attributes that have commercial potential end up in becoming tourism commodity. Following this, the commoditization of intrinsic cultural value is disseminated within a branding strategy and intervention reflecting social and political relations. Therefore, the research suggests that tourism place-making has not only been constructed through the top-down regulatory body, but has been also generated through the attributes of its locality. By utilizing the critical and constructivist paradigm, the research depicts the conditions of the localization and commoditization process in establishing the base line of its realization within the symbolic economy. Thus, a qualitative case study approach was adopted. The study area of this dissertation is Palembang, as one of the capital cities in Indonesia advancing in its overall urban development. To investigate urban tourism as a tool for development strategy, it is useful to investigate the role of tourism which embodies (1) spatial transformation; how tourism gives significant impacts on urban form, and (2) the socio-cultural aspect; how neighbourhood is related to tourism industry. The findings suggest that tourism place-making involves the reciprocity of urban dynamics: cities take on tourism as a reference model of development, and tourist areas adopt the proliferation of cultural lifestyle to meet the industry's demands.


Not all individuals exposed to HIV-1 become infected, and evidence from HIV-1 highly exposed seronegative women (HIV-1-resistant) suggests that mucosal factors in the female genital tract, the first site of contact for the virus, are playing a role. To better understand factors mediating protection from HIV-1, we performed a large clinical study using the tools of systems biology to fully characterize the cervicovaginal mucosa proteome in HIV-1-resistant women. Cervicovaginal lavage fluid was collected from 293 HIV-1-resistant, uninfected, and infected sex workers and analyzed by 2D-LC LTQ-FT-MS. Of the more than 360 unique proteins identified, 41 were differentially abundant (>3-fold cutoff) in HIV-1-resistant women. The majority of over-abundant proteins were antiproteases (>40%), some with described anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV-1 activity. Quantification of specific anti-HIV-1 antiproteases Serpin A1, Serpin A3, and Cystatin B and an epithelial antiprotease A2ML1 found them to be significantly over-abundant in HIV-1-resistant women (p = 0.004; p = 0.046; p = 0.0003; and p = 0.04, respectively). Expression levels were not correlated to sexual practices or other epidemiological factors. Mucosal antiprotease levels correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration (p = <0.0001), but independently of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in HIV-1-resistant women including TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8. This comprehensive systems biology approach identifies mucosal serpins and cystatins as novel correlates of HIV-1-resistance. This represents the first study characterizing these factors in the female genital tract.


Knowledge transfer between heterogeneous source and target networks and tasks has received a lot of attention in recent times as large amounts of quality labeled data can be difficult to obtain in many applications. Existing approaches typically constrain the target deep neural network (DNN) feature representations to be close to the source DNNs feature representations, which can be limiting. We, in this paper, propose a novel adversarial multi-armed bandit approach that automatically learns to route source representations to appropriate target representations following which they are combined in meaningful ways to produce accurate target models. We see upwards of 5\% accuracy improvements compared with the state-of-the-art knowledge transfer methods on four benchmark (target) image datasets CUB200, Stanford Dogs, MIT67, and Stanford40 where the source dataset is ImageNet. We qualitatively analyze the goodness of our transfer scheme by showing individual examples of the important features focused on by our target network at different layers compared with the (closest) competitors. We also observe that our improvement over other methods is higher for smaller target datasets making it an effective tool for small data applications that may benefit from transfer learning.


We use a two-dimensional tsunami sediment transport model to study the source of the 2004 earthquake. To test the model behavior, numerical experiment on sediment deposition and erosion is performed using various hypothetical parameters of tsunami wavelength, topographic slope, and sediment supply. The numerical experiment results show that erosion and deposition are strongly influenced by the tsunami wavelength and the topographic slope. The model is used to compute the spatial distribution of tsunami deposit thickness produced by the 2004 Indian Ocean over an actual elevation datasets in the coastal area of Lhok Nga, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The model produced simulated tsunami deposits that have similar thicknesses with the measured data along a surveyed transect. Then we estimate a simple fault model for the southern portion of the 2004 earthquake using tsunami sediment transport simulations. The simulated tsunami run-up from the fault model is very close to the measured run-up. This result indicates that a source process of a large earthquake that generates a large tsunami has a potential to be estimated using sediment deposit distribution data.


This study focuses on pre-service teachers' perspectives regarding how the process of completing the Performance Assessment for California Teachers (PACT) affected them academically, professionally, and personally.  Two cohorts participated in this year-two study.  Pre-service teachers' perspectives were acquired using a survey instrument comprised of open-ended questions.  In addition, pre-service teachers' self-confidence levels pertaining to assessment task components of PACT (i.e., planning, instruction, assessment, reflection, and academic language) were measured prior to the execution of PACT portfolio assessment and these levels were compared to the actual scores on PACT. This study concludes with implications for teacher educators and teacher education programs implementing pre-service teacher assessments; these implications include policy level suggestions as well as a discussion of intended and unintended consequences of the PACT assessment on the pre-service teachers.


This paper demonstrates that the novel combination of type classes and existential types adds significant expressive power to a language, requiring only a minor syntactic change. We explore this combination in the context of higher-order functional languages with static typing, parametric polymorphism, algebraic data types, and Hindley-Milner type inference. Since we have examined the underlying type-theoretic issues already, this paper focuses on the practical aspects of our extension. We first examine limitations of existing functional and object-oriented languages. We then give examples to demonstrate how our first-class abstract types with user-defined interfaces address those limitations. Finally, we give an informal description of the translation from our language to a target language without type classes. Our extension equally applies to other languages with similar type systems and is independent of strictness considerations. It has been implemented in the Chalmers Haskell B. system, and all examples from this paper have been developed using this system.


The original Web did not support multiuser, interactive applications. This shortcoming is being studied, and several approaches have been proposed to use the Web as a platform for programming Internet applications. However, most existing approaches are oriented to centralized applications at servers, or local programs within clients. To overcome this deficit, we introduce PageSpace, that is a reference architecture for designing interactive multiagent applications. We describe how we control agents in PageSpace, using variants of the coordination language Linda to guide their interactions. Coordination technology is integrated with the standard Web technology and the programming language Java. Several kinds of agents live in the PageSpace: user interface agents, personal homeagents, agents that implement applications, and agents which interoperate with legacy systems. Within our architecture, it is possible to support fault-tolerance and mobile agents as well.


In this paper we describe PoCoDeR (POinting gestures to COntrol DEvices Remotely) a remote control system using pointing gestures to make the user's life more comfortable. As gestures we define only pointing gestures performed with a whole arm. All gestures are captured by two high-dynamic-range (HDR) cameras. As an interface to the devices we use the European Installation Bus. The scene is represented by a full 3D room model in which any device can be placed by extern measurement, a calibration plate or by a pointing gesture of the user himself. A calibrated stereo camera system is used to acquire 3D data as input for the scene. The motion is captured in both images of the stereo setup and stored in a moved contour graph of the full scene. From this contour graph we derive the gestures based on the context. Each detected pre-defined gesture defines a "user's wish" which is accomplished in respect to a context model. This is done to relieve the user of the hard decisions on how to achieve the best results for his wishes.


The influence of N,N,N -tributyl-1-butanamaniuiodide (TBAI) on the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5M H 2SO 4 has been studied using techniques such as weight loss, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Results obtained revealed that TBAI acts as a mixed type inhibitor. The effect of temperature on corrosion inhibition has been studied and activation energies have been evaluated. The adsorption of inhibitor on MS Surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters have been obtained by adsorption theory and kinetic equations. The results obtained by Polarization and EIS are in good agreement


Institutional frameworks powerfully determine the goals, violence, and trajectories of identitarian movements—including secessionist movements. However, both small-N and large-N researchers disagree on the question of whether "power-sharing" arrangements, instead of repression, are more or less likely to mitigate threats of secessionist mobilizations by disaffected, regionally concentrated minority groups. The PS-I modeling platform was used to create a virtual country "Beita," containing within it a disaffected, partially controlled, regionally concentrated minority. Drawing on constructivist identity theory to determine behaviors by individual agents in Beita, the most popular theoretical positions on this issue were tested. Data were drawn from batches of hundreds of Beita histories produced under rigorous experimental conditions. The results lend support to sophisticated interpretations of the effects of repression vs. responsive or representative types of power-sharing. Although in the short run repression works to suppress ethnopolitical mobilization, it does not effectively reduce the threat of secession. Power-sharing can be more effective, but it also tends to encourage larger minority identitarian movements.


This study focuses on the way urban dynamic processes challenge existing monitoring approaches and how urban structure types (UST) support an effective urban management. Due to their microstructure and the instability of shape, the differentiation of settlement structures is substantially difficult. Hence, highly sophisticated data such as color infrared (CIR) orthophotos as well as methods of image analysis, e.g., segmentation of objects will be employed. It will be shown how an object-oriented analysis strategy with CIR aerial photographs can be used to detect and discriminate different urban structure types by describing typical characteristics of color, texture, shape, and context. The urban structure classification is characterized by identifying different types of buildings (different types of housing, industrial buildings, infrastructure) and open spaces (woodland, community gardens, parks), their structural composition in terms of the amount, connectivity, and distribution of impervious surfaces, green spaces, and other open spaces on an aggregated neighborhood scale. This investigation contributes to a transferable methodology to monitor the urban dynamics and structure on a local level.


Narratives of illness experience have been used to enhance Healthcare professional's learning at Cardiff University. This is primarily to enable students to consider the illness experience and psychosocial aspects of person centred healthcare. These learning opportunities were designed to broaden the students understanding of the psychosocial issues and psychological impact of a range of neurological, respiratory and musculoskeletal long term conditions. A variety of ways were utilised to engage patients in telling their stories, both in person and video and audio recording and online technology. Expert patients were invited in to talk about their experiences, be interviewed in small groups. These stories were made available to view the Universities online portal, via the University's Panopto recording system. These were created with the support of a learning technologist who ensured the material was accessible to the student's mobile devices. The perspectives the contributors gave changed the student's perceptions about illness experiences. Formal feedback was obtained by a short questionnaire with open questions and the University Quality Assurance online system. 82% of students strongly agreed that the content and delivery of the session had met their expectations. Many comments were asking for more time to be given to this type of learning experience. The value of hearing about patient's experiences is good preparation before students have to take the responsibility for decision making of treatments. These additional learning opportunities enhance the student's portfolio of learning to promote person centred care.


The incidence and mortality of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) is an intractable public health problem in developing countries that is compounded by limited early detection and therapeutic options. Despite the early promise of utilizing the regulatory role of miRNA in liver cancer, this field remains largely in the work-in-progress phase. This exploratory review paper adopts a broad focus in order to collate evidence of the regulatory role of miRNA in each stage of the HBV-HCC continuum. This includes the regulatory role of miRNA in early HBV infection, chronic inflammation, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and the onset of HCC. The paper specifically investigates HBV dysregulated miRNA that influence the expression of the host/HBV genome in HBV-HCC pathogenesis and fully acknowledges that this does not cover the full spectrum of dysregulated miRNA. The sheer number of dysregulated miRNA in each phase support a hypothesis that future therapeutic interventions will need to consider incorporating multiple miRNA panels.


Can America recover ideal rates of growth through interest-rate policies? This important analysis suggests that most economists misunderstand the issue. Updating Keynes, the analysis suggests that fiscal stimulus, labor union bargaining power, and more progressive income taxes are needed to support growth. (The article includes some algebra, which some readers may choose to skip.)


Introduction: Treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) has shifted to pro re nata and treat-extend-stop strategies. However, a rational discontinuation strategy is lacking. To develop such a strategy, it is important to determine choroidal neovascularization (CNV) recurrence rates after anti-VEGF treatment is discontinued. Here we report prospective data on persistent and recurrent CNV activity after discontinuation of bevacizumab treatment. Methods: This prospective, single-center clinical trial enrolled 191 patients with exudative ARMD. Patients were randomly assigned to receiving intravitreal bevacizumab injections every 4, 6, or 8 weeks for 1 year. CNV activity was determined in the 157 patients who completed the 1-year treatment regimen. Patients with inactive CNV were then followed for signs of CNV reactivation. Results: After 1 year of treatment, 66 (42%) of the 157 patients still had signs of persistent active CNV. Of the remaining 91 (58%) patients, 61 (67%) needed retreatment for active CNV within the first year after discontinuation of treatment (mean 4.28 ± 0.29 months). CNV was reactivated in 50 (80%) of the 61 patients within 6 months after their final treatment for CNV. Conclusion: Based on quiescent disease, anti-VEGF therapy was discontinued in 58% of the patients after they received bevacizumab injections every 4, 6, or 8 weeks for 1 year; 67% showed reactivated CNV within a year after discontinuation. The high reactivation rate of CNV shown in this study should help clinicians to develop rational discontinuation protocols. Trial Registration: This study is registered as NTR1174 at http://www.trialregister.nl.


Involuntary movements share much of the motor control circuitry used for voluntary movement, yet the two can be easily distinguished. The Kohnstamm phenomenon (where a sustained, hard push produces subsequent involuntary arm raising) is a useful experimental model for exploring differences between voluntary and involuntary movement. Both central and peripheral accounts have been proposed, but little is known regarding how the putative Kohnstamm generator responds to afferent input. We addressed this by obstructing the involuntary upward movement of the arm. Obstruction prevented the rising EMG pattern that characterizes the Kohnstamm. Importantly, once the obstruction was removed, the EMG signal resumed its former increase, suggesting a generator that persists despite peripheral input. When only one arm was obstructed during bilateral involuntary movements, only the EMG signal from the obstructed arm showed the effect. Upon release of the obstacle, the obstructed arm reached the same position and EMG level as the unobstructed arm. Comparison to matched voluntary movements revealed a preserved stretch response when a Kohnstamm movement first contacts an obstacle, and also an overestimation of the perceived contact force. Our findings support a hybrid central and peripheral account of the Kohnstamm phenomenon. The strange subjective experience of this involuntary movement is consistent with the view that movement awareness depends strongly on efference copies, but that the Kohnstamm generator does not produces efference copies.


In this work, numerical algebraic operations are performed by using several libraries whose algorithm are optimized to drain resources from hardware architecture. In particular, dot product of two vectors and the matrix-matrix product of two dense matrices are computed. In addition, the Cholesky decomposition on a real, symmetric, and positive definite matrix is performed through routines for band and sparse matrix storage. The involved CPU time is used as an indicator of the performance of the employed numerical tool. Results are compared to naive implementations of the same numerical algorithm, highlighting the speed-up due to the usage of optimized routines.


ABSTRACT The South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan) has a staggering 900 million people (~43% of the population) who face food insecurity or severe food insecurity as per United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The existing coarse-resolution (≥250-m) cropland maps lack precision in geo-location of individual farms and have low map accuracies. This also results in uncertainties in cropland areas calculated from such products. Thereby, the overarching goal of this study was to develop a high spatial resolution (30-m or better) baseline cropland extent product of South Asia for the year 2015 using Landsat satellite time-series big-data and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. To eliminate the impact of clouds, 10 time-composited Landsat bands (blue, green, red, NIR, SWIR1, SWIR2, Thermal, EVI, NDVI, NDWI) were derived for each of the three time-periods over 12 months (monsoon: Days of the Year (DOY) 151–300; winter: DOY 301–365 plus 1–60; and summer: DOY 61–150), taking the every 8-day data from Landsat-8 and 7 for the years 2013–2015, for a total of 30-bands plus global digital elevation model (GDEM) derived slope band. This 31-band mega-file big data-cube was composed for each of the five agro-ecological zones (AEZ's) of South Asia and formed a baseline data for image classification and analysis. Knowledge-base for the Random Forest (RF) MLAs were developed using spatially well spread-out reference training data (N = 2179) in five AEZs. The classification was performed on GEE for each of the five AEZs using well-established knowledge-base and RF MLAs on the cloud. Map accuracies were measured using independent validation data (N = 1185). The survey showed that the South Asia cropland product had a producer's accuracy of 89.9% (errors of omissions of 10.1%), user's accuracy of 95.3% (errors of commission of 4.7%) and an overall accuracy of 88.7%. The National and sub-national (districts) areas computed from this cropland extent product explained 80-96% variability when compared with the National statistics of the South Asian Countries. The full-resolution imagery can be viewed at full-resolution, by zooming-in to any location in South Asia or the world, at www.croplands.org and the cropland products of South Asia downloaded from The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS): https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/gfsad30saafgircev001/.


The sharing and re-use of data has become a cornerstone of modern science. Multiple platforms now allow quick and easy data sharing. So far, however, data publishing models have not accommodated on-going scientific improvements in data: for many problems, datasets continue to grow with time -- more records are added, errors fixed, and new data structures are created. In other words, datasets, like scientific knowledge, advance with time. We therefore suggest that many datasets would be usefully published as a series of versions, with a simple naming system to allow users to perceive the type of change between versions. In this article, we argue for adopting the paradigm and processes for versioned data, analogous to software versioning. We also introduce a system called Versioned Data Delivery and present tools for creating, archiving, and distributing versioned data easily, quickly, and cheaply. These new tools allow for individual research groups to shift from a static model of data curation to a dynamic and versioned model that more naturally matches the scientific process.


LEIGHTON C. WHITAKER: Understanding and Preventing Violence: The Psychology of Human Destructiveness. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, 227 pp., ISBN 0-8493-2265-0. I was reading Understanding and Preventing Violence, when the TV images of the terrible destruction of the World Trade Center and The Pentagon filled my mind. What could help our understanding of suicidal fanatics who would kill over 6,000 innocent civilians? I reread Leighton Whitaker's sections on antigovernment extremists, terrorists, and deadly cults. The background of deadly groups like Aryan Nation and Aum in Japan with their techniques, authoritarian leadership, and distance from the victim was helpful. However, these activities seem to pale in comparison with the massive destruction requiring huge expenses, planning, secret organization, and utter disregard for life as was inflicted on New York and Washington, D.C. How is one to understand such religious fanaticism mixed with murderous hatred? It is not Whitaker's fault that he does not answer these questions. None of us anticipated this type and amount of violence. It is for future authors to take up these issues when and if the nation can heal and look at the events with some distance and rationality. That said, the author tries to cover a great deal of material in a small book; from dehumanizing effects of ordinary social interaction to explaining Hitler. Whitaker's approach is to emphasize "the indirect causative factors or influences that provide and facilitate lethal behavior," not just immediate apparent cause. The second chapter covers a series of observations on social factors and violence. The primary premise is that some solutions to violence-more prisons, more death penalties, more police, and more guns-have actually exacerbated the situation. Portrayal of violence in the media is particularly described and its relationship to self-reinforcing violence in society is pointed out. This chapter, as do the others, attempts to offer constructive suggestions, including improving parenting, teaching, critical thinking, countering racism, reforming education, and filling the spiritual void. This is not an easy agenda to meet. Chapter three covers institutionalized aggression and violence, ranging from the legal and journalistic professions to extremist and "doomsday" cults. There is specific information on inhibiting the institutional violence and suggestions for inhibiting antigovernment activities. But more generally, what is needed is early education in relationships and democratic living. Chapter four details a long list of the CIA's institutional aggression over the past fifty years, which involves human rights violations, and outright deaths. Of special note is the case of psychiatrist, Dr. Ewen Cameron, funded by the CIA, who subjected his patients to aggressive treatment in attempts at "depatterning. …


We analyzed and predicted spatial patterns of turnover in macroalgal community composition
(beta diversity) that accounted for broad-scale environmental gradients using two contrasting community
modelling methods, Generalised Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) and Gradient Forest Modelling (GFM).
Percentage cover data from underwater macroalgal surveys of subtidal rocky reefs along the southeastern
coastline of continental Australia and northern coastline of Tasmania were combined with 0.018-resolution
gridded environmental variables, to develop statistical models of beta diversity. GDM, a statistical approach
based on a matrix regression, and GFM, a machine learning approach based on ensemble tree based
methods, were used to fit models and generate predictions of beta diversity within unsurveyed areas across
the region of interest. Patterns of macroalgal beta diversity predicted by both methods were remarkably
congruent and showed a similar and striking change in community composition from eastern South
Australia to western Victoria and northern Tasmania. Macroalgal communities differed markedly in
predicted composition between the open coast and inshore locations. A distinct algal community was
predicted for the enclosed Port Philip Bay in Victoria. Sea surface temperature standard deviation and
average contributed most to changes in beta diversity for both the GDM and GFM models; changes in wave
exposure and oxygen also influenced beta diversity in the GDM model, while salinity and exposure
contributed substantially to the GFM model. The GDM and GFM analyses allowed us to model and predict
spatial patterns of beta diversity in macroalgal communities comprising .180 species over 6600 km of
coastline. These outputs advance regional-scale conservation management by allowing planners to
interpolate from point source ecological data to assess the distribution of biodiversity across their full
domain of interest. The congruence betweenmethods suggests that strong environmental gradients related to
temperature and exposure are the common drivers of community change in this region.


Background in music education The present study deals with various the interaction between children and musical machines. One of the principal aims is to understand how the use of interactive musical systems can affect the learning and the musical creativity of children and more especially of younger children (3 to 5 years old). Background in artificial intelligence An innovative system was conceived at the Sony CSL in Paris which is able to produce music in the same style as the person playing the keyboard. The name chosen for this machine is the Continuator. Its basic design is that of Interactive Reflective systems where the core concept is to teach musical processes indirectly by putting the user in a situation where learning takes place through the actual interaction between the user and the system. Aims The aim of the study is to understand in what way the children relate to this particular interactive musical system, what kinds of musical and relational behaviours are developed, and how interactive reflective systems can be used in the educational field to stimulate creativity and the pleasure of playing. Method The study involved 27 children aged 3 to 5 years, in a kindergarten in Bologna (Italy). Three sessions were held once a day for 3 consecutive days. In every session, the children were asked to play on the keyboard in 4 different situations: with the keyboard alone, with the keyboard connected to the Continuator, with another child, and with another child and the Continuator. Results The present paper reports the observation of three particular aspects: the emergence of a life cycle of interaction, moving from initial surprise, to phases featuring excitement, analytical behaviour and invention; the fact that the two tasks involving the system gave rise to the longest attention span characterized by strong intrinsic motivation and joint attention; the varied nature of the listening behaviours. Conclusion The results show how an interactive reflective system such as the Continuator can develop interesting child/computer interaction and promote creative musical behaviours in young children. This outcome points to the considerable potential offered by the association between the disciplines of music education and artificial intelligence.


This article focuses on the link between marital status and health and presents an overview of the theories and empirical studies that are devoted to this issue. The article examines the issues of selection and causality, the importance of the quality of a union, gender differences, marital and partnership histories, and social context. It shows that, while the link between marital status and mortality or physical and mental health is well documented in the literature, the relative significance of causality and selection is still under discussion. The contemporary literature does not even have a clear answer yet for the question of how much the link between marital status and health is mediated by institutional factors.


Fractures have a great impact on the quality of a porous media. The understanding of the fractures is important to describe the challenges linked to flow of geothermal heat, the transport of groundwater or transport of hydrocarbons in a porous media. The understanding of fracture can help to increase the energy production, or the extraction of clean drinkable groundwater. In this study we will investigate the effects of fractures in a porous medium by incorporate fractures as a lower dimensional geometric objects embedded in the porous matrix. Our approach here is to consider the fracture permeability as a diagonal tensor with the permeabilities scaled as an exponent of the width of the fracture. This thesis provides a rigorous approach towards derivation of upscaled model in a fracture. The quality of upscaling is further illustrated through extensive numerical examples that have been studied.


It was a decade of great heroes like Babe Ruth and Charles Lindbergh, and of passive leaders like Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. The exuberant freedom of flappers drinking bathtub gin and dancing the Charleston did little to counter such powers of oppression as the rapidly rising Ku Klux Klan. Only the fictional wealth of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Jay Gatsby survived the stock market crash unscathed; by the end of the decade, the comic adventures of Charlie Chaplin's "little tramp" bore faint resemblance to the grim realities faced by countless destitute Americans. Too often, notes historian David Goldberg, the mythic allure of the "Roaring Twenties" has deafened our ears to the real voices of those who lived through the decade. In Discontented America, he integrates social and political history to provide a new take on the 1920s-an account deeply rooted in the perspectives of that time. Goldberg argues that this contentious and fascinating decade should be viewed now as it was viewed then, as a distinctive postwar period, during which many of the conflicts generated by World War I continued to reverberate throughout American society. As America sought to step back from the leadership role it had taken in the Great War, Goldberg explains, the nation faced internal battles over women's suffrage, prohibition of the sale of "intoxicating beverages," the specter of communism, and the declining power of labor unions. Large numbers of African Americans migrated from the southern states to the north in search of employment and a better life, and at the same time, there was another heavy wave of newcomers from overseas. These, Goldberg concludes, were the issues that preoccupied serious Americans, and their concern is reflected in the federal legislation of the period, from constitutional amendments providing for prohibition and women's suffrage to the National Origins Act, meant to curtail immigration from nonwestern European countries. "The 1920s involved a time of confronting (or sometimes, ignoring) profound social problems, fears, and anxieties that had nagged the national consciousness for decades. David Goldberg very properly calls it a time of discontent, and in this work he thoroughly probes much of the underside of life that pitted Americans of differing classes, ethnicity, and religion against one another...As Goldberg notes, the Great Depression exposed underlying fallacies and weaknesses in the economy and provided the occasion for the great political and social transformation of the twentieth century. The achievements of the 1920s are long behind us, but the lessons of unbridled capitalism, intolerance, and the clashes between traditionalism and modernism very much remain."-from the foreword by Stanley I. Kutler


Physiological factors of speech production are generally recognized to have a shaping role for spoken language. In particular articulatory effort is thought to be an important factor conditioning variability in spoken language, and is therefore identified as one of the driving factors of sound change. For example, clear speech is often assumed to be more effortful than casual speech. The current paper argues that the evaluation of movement efficiency based on the number of gestures produced or distance travelled by the articulators is too narrow a concept given the complexities of the speech production system. Why this is so is illustrated on the basis of velar loops and dynamically conditioned articulatory reorganization in speech errors. Instead, we argue that articulatory reorganization associated with speaking styles is a hallmark of skill, not speaker 'laziness'. Different speaking styles and rates should be regarded as being equally cost effective in their given contexts.