Bitemporal data has always been important. But it was not until 2011 that the ISO released a SQL standard that supported it. Currently, among major DBMS vendors, Oracle, IBM and Teradata now provide at least some bitemporal functionality in their flagship products. But to use these products effectively, someone in your IT organization needs to know more than how to code bitemporal SQL statements. Perhaps, in your organization, that person is you. To correctly interpret business requests for temporal data, to correctly specify requirements to your IT development staff, and to correctly design bitemporal databases and applications, someone in your enterprise needs a deep understanding of both the theory and the practice of managing bitemporal data. Someone also needs to understand what the future may bring in the way of additional temporal functionality, so their enterprise can plan for it. Perhaps, in your organization, that person is you. This is the book that will show the do-it-yourself IT professional how to design and build bitemporal databases and how to write bitemporal transactions and queries, and will show those who will direct the use of vendor-provided bitemporal DBMSs exactly what is going on "under the covers" of that software. Explains the business value of bitemporal data in terms of the information that can be provided by bitemporal tables and not by any other form of temporal data, including history tables, version tables, snapshot tables, or slowly-changing dimensions. Provides an integrated account of the mathematics, logic, ontology and semantics of relational theory and relational databases, in terms of which current relational theory and practice can be seen as unnecessarily constrained to the management of nontemporal and incompletely temporal data. Explains how bitemporal tables can provide the time-variance and nonvolatility hitherto lacking in Inmon historical data warehouses. Explains how bitemporal dimensions can replace slowly-changing dimensions in Kimball star schemas, and why they should do so. Describes several extensions to the current theory and practice of bitemporal data, including the use of episodes, "whenever" temporal transactions and queries, and future transaction time. Points out a basic error in the ISO's bitemporal SQL standard, and warns practitioners against the use of that faulty functionality. Recommends six extensions to the ISO standard which will increase the business value of bitemporal data. Points towards a tritemporal future for bitemporal data, in which an Aristotelian ontology and a speech-act semantics support the direct management of the statements inscribed in the rows of relational tables, and add the ability to track the provenance of database content to existing bitemporal databases. This book also provides the background needed to become a business ontologist, and explains why an IT data management person, deeply familiar with corporate databases, is best suited to play that role. Perhaps, in your organization, that person is you.


The controversy over the killing of seals on the ice floes off of Atlantic Canada continues to be a very heated, socio-political and moral debate. Sealers' activities first came under intense public scrutiny in the early 1960s with the broadcast of a television documentary showing graphic footage of seals being clubbed. Since that time, the "seal war" has become an emotional war of words and images fought primarily via media outlets. This paper focuses on analyzing the content of public opinions as published in Canadian news sources. The aim was to elucidate the relevant arguments and delineate the major concerns of each "side" to the conflict. The language used was closely examined. Through this type of inquiry, it is hoped that underlying causes of the disagreement and apparent impasse may be discovered so that a more informed, respectful, and meaningful discourse may someday take place. The results showed that improved communication will be critically important if we are ever to change the status quo which is endless protest, endless backlash, and endless sealing. The paper is divided into three general sections. Section I gives important background information, without which the issue cannot be adequately understood. A synopsis of the pertinent legal and policy framework is also included. Section II establishes theories and perspectives on the human treatment of non-human animals, explores how our conceptions are conditioned both socially and through the very language we employ, and sets the tone for further inquiry by relating these ideas to the Canadian seal hunt. Section III uses content analysis to explore seal hunt opinion. One interpretation regarding the root of this controversy is offered. The central thesis is that human beings ultimately accept varying treatments of "others" in direct relation to how they perceive themselves and their own status in the world around them.


Advances in information technology (IT) have started to focus studies on human computer interaction (HCI) which is an area in computer science embracing cognitive science. In this approach there are various aspects of researches about HCI in order to explore how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This study represents exploring the adoption factors of smart glasses. Technology adoption process establishes preferences and needs of people who use computers and smart systems. To address this issue, technology adoption is essential for a rapidly changing world where technology has become central to our lives. In that context, user interface (UI) which provides interaction between user and computer, plays significant role for technology adoption process. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of smart glass design features; Stand-alone device, field of view, interaction, price, and display resolution on user preference through an experimental study by using conjoint analysis. In order to apply this study, an experimental study including a survey was designed. This survey also analyze social characteristics such as self-efficacy, anxiety, involvement, risk-task characteristics, enjoyment, usefulness, ease of use, attitude and intention for user smart glasses interaction.


Along with the ever growing Web is the proliferation of objectionable content, such as sex, violence, racism, and so forth. We need efficient tools for classifying and filtering undesirable Web content. In this chapter, we investigate this problem through WebGuard, our automatic machine-learning-based pornographic Web site classification and filtering system. Facing the Internet more and more visual and multimedia as exemplified by pornographic Web sites, we focus here our attention on the use of skin color-related visual content-based analysis along with textual and structural content based analysis for improving pornographic Web site filtering. While the most commercial filtering products on the marketplace are mainly based on textual content-based analysis such as indicative keywords detection or manually collected black list checking, the originality of our work resides on the addition of structural and visual content-based analysis to the classical textual content-based analysis along with several major-data mining techniques for learning and classifying. Experimented on a test bed of 400 Web sites including 200 adult sites and 200 nonpornographic ones, WebGuard, our Web filtering engine scored a 96.1% classification accuracy rate when only textual and structural content based analysis are used, and 97.4% classification accuracy rate when skin color-related visual content-based analysis is driven in addition. Further experiments on a black list of 12,311 adult Web sites manually collected and classified by the French Ministry of Education showed that WebGuard scored 87.82% classification accuracy rate when using only textual and structural content-based analysis, and 95.62% classification accuracy rate when the visual content-based analysis is driven in addition. The basic framework of WebGuard can apply to other categorization problems of Web sites which combine, as most of them do today, textual and visual content.


The development of viral resistance to the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en, of influenza viruses was studied by serial passage of A/Turkey/Minnesota/833/80 (H4N2) in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of inhibitor. Resistant mutants selected after eight passages, had a 10,000-fold reduction in sensitivity to the inhibitor in plaque assays, but their affinity (1/Kd) to the inhibitor was similar to that of the parental virus. Electron microscopic analysis revealed aggregation of the mutant virus at the cell surface in the presence of the inhibitor. Sequence analysis established that a substitution had occurred in the NA (Arg-249 to Lys) and in the HA2 subunit of the hemagglutinin (Gly-75 to Glu), in the vicinity of the proposed second sialic acid binding site. The change of residue 249 appears to be a chance mutation, for we were unable to reisolate this mutant, whereas subsequent experiments indicate changes in the hemagglutinin. After 13 passages of the parental virus, mutants that were resistant to the high concentrations of inhibitor tested were obtained. These viruses retained their drug-resistant phenotype even after five passages without the inhibitor. Electron microscopic analysis revealed no aggregation of virus on the surface of infected cells in the presence of the inhibitor. Sequence analysis of the NA gene from these drug-resistant mutants revealed an additional substitution of Glu to Ala at the conserved amino acid residue 119. This substitution is responsible for reducing the affinity of the inhibitor to the NA. Our findings suggest that the emergence of mutants resistant to 4-guanidine-Neu5Ac2en is a multistep process requiring prolonged exposure to the inhibitor.


Cellular mechanics play a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis and are often misregulated in disease. Traction force microscopy (TFM) is one of the key methods that has enabled researchers to study fundamental aspects of mechanobiology; however, the power of TFM is limited by poor resolution and low throughput. Here, we propose a simplified protocol and imaging strategy, relying on super-resolution microscopy enabled by fluorophore fluctuation analysis, to enhance the output of TFM, by increasing both bead density as well as the accuracy of bead tracking in TFM gels. Our analysis pipeline can be used on either camera-based confocal or widefield microscopes and is fully compatible with available TFM analysis software. In addition, we demonstrate that our workflow can be used to gain biologically relevant information and is suitable for long-term live measurement of traction forces even in light-sensitive cells. Finally, we propose that our strategy could be used to considerably simplify the implementation of TFM screens. Our streamlined protocol can be performed with minimal hardware and software investment, and has the potential to standardize high-resolution TFM.


The Effects of Ice and TENS Combination Treatment on Knee and Hip Joint Neuromechanics in Individuals with Experimentally Induced Knee Pain During Running Sunku Kwon Department of Exercise Sciences, BYU Master of Science Context: Knee injury is a common problem for runners. Knee pain is a common symptom in knee injury and is associated with alterations in knee and hip muscle activation and hip joint angles. Relieving pain through intervention may help to restore neuromuscular function. Objective: To examine the effects of ice and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) combination treatment on perceived knee pain, hip frontal plane angle, and muscle activation during running in individuals with experimental knee pain (EKP). Design: Crossover. Setting: Laboratory. Subjects: 19 participants (11 males and 8 females, 23.2 ± 1.9 y, 176 ± 11.6 cm, 71.5 ± 16.9 kg; right leg dominant). Interventions: Hypertonic saline was infused into the infrapatellar fat pad for 74 minutes (total 11.1 mL). Subjects underwent 2 treatment conditions (sham; ice/TENS combination). Measurements were recorded during running at 4 time points (preinfusion, postinfusion, posttreatment, and postinterval). Main Outcome Measures: Perceived knee pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), knee and hip muscle peak electromyography (EMG) amplitude, and hip adduction angles. Results: Hypertonic saline infusion increased perceived anterior knee pain in all participants. The average of peak perceived knee pain was 28 mm on a 100-mm VAS in EKP application. While the increased perceived knee pain level stayed consistent across time in the sham session, ice/TENS combination treatment significantly reduced perceived knee pain by 35% at 6 minutes after the treatment start (p = 0.049), and the reduced knee pain lasted for 22 minutes (p > 0.05). Peak EMG amplitude of the gluteus medius was decreased by 13.5% and 14.3% (p = 0.023; p = 0.013) during running after EKP in sham and treatment sessions, respectively. However, the peak EMG amplitude was not restored to pain-free level during running after the treatment (p = 0.026). No other muscles changed their peak EMG amplitude due to EKP or treatment. Hip adduction angles during running were also not altered by EKP or treatment (p > 0.3) in both sham and treatment sessions. Conclusions: EKP increased perceived knee pain and decreased peak muscle activation of the gluteus medius during running. Ice/TENS combination treatment reduced perceived knee pain quickly, but did not restore neuromechanics during running.


We present an approach for verifying systems at runtime. Our approach targets distributed systems whose components communicate with monitors over unreliable channels, where messages can be delayed, reordered, or even lost. Furthermore, our approach handles an expressive specification language that extends the real-time logic MTL with freeze quantifiers for reasoning about data values. The logic's main novelty is a new three-valued semantics that is well suited for runtime verification as it accounts for partial knowledge about a system's behavior. Based on this semantics, we present online algorithms that reason soundly and completely about streams where events can occur out of order. We also evaluate our algorithms experimentally. Depending on the specification, our prototype implementation scales to out-of-order streams with hundreds to thousands of events per second.


In the first project we demonstrate that IFNgamma alone can block HSV-1 reactivation in some latently infected neurons, and we identify points of intervention in the life cycle of the reactivating virus. Cell suspensions of TGs that were latently infected with recombinant HSV-1 expressing EGFP from the promoter for ICP0 or gC were depleted of endogenous CD8+ or CD45+ cells and cultured with or without IFNgamma. IFNgamma treatment reduced: (i) HSV-1 reactivation; and (ii) the number of neurons that express the ICP0 or gC promoter in ex vivo TG cultures. Moreover, those neurons that expressed the ICP0 or gC promoters in the presence of IFNgamma showed a reduced reactivation. Interestingly, we detected transcripts for ICP0, ICP4, and gH in neurons that expressed the ICP0 promoter in the presence of IFNgamma, but were prevented from fully reactivating. Thus, the IFNgamma blockade of HSV-1 reactivation from latency occurs at prior to expression of the ICP0 gene (required for reactivation) as well as at a very late stage in reactivation following expression of at least some structural genes.A second project tested the hypothesis that IFNgamma regulates the observed expansion, contraction, and homeostasis/memory phases of the HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cell response within the latently infected TG. We addressed this hypothesis by observing the effect of in vivo IFNgamma neutralization during the three phases of the response. IFNgamma neutralization significantly reduced the expansion phase through a 50% reduction in proliferation of HSV-1-specific CD8eff cells. IFNgamma neutralization also significantly accelerated the contraction phase through an as yet undefined mechanism. In contrast, IFNgamma neutralization did not affect the homeostasis/memory phase. A novel finding of these studies was that an HSV-1-specific CD8+ memory precursor population (CD8mp, defined by expression of CD127) exhibited a delayed expansion and contraction relative to the overall CD8eff population. We are currently determining if the disruption of the expansion and contraction of CD8mp through IFNgamma neutralization will influence the functional avidity of the CD8mem population that ultimately develops. Since HSV-1-specific CD8mem appear to play an important role in regulating HSV-1 latency, optimizing this population could have important implications for controlling recurrent herpetic disease.


Financial integration is a multidimensional process through which allocation of financial assets becomes increasingly borderless. This paper assesses the progress achieved thus far in capital market integration in Asia, and compares regional capital market integration with global financial integration. The results of the analysis on which the paper is based indicate that while the pace of regional integration of financial markets in Asia's emerging economies has accelerated in recent years, these markets remain more integrated with global financial markets than with other financial markets in the region. Further, integration of the region's domestic local-currency bond markets with their regional and global counterparts lags the pace of integration of its equity markets. The study also assesses the degree to which volatility in equity- and bond-market returns driven by financial turmoil originating at both the regional and global levels spills over into emerging Asia domestic equity and bond markets. The results of this analysis indicate that such spill-over significantly impacts both domestic equity and bond markets in the region. This finding suggests that ongoing regional capital market integration initiatives should take into account the risk of contagion that regional financial integration presents, and introduce measures for mitigating such risk as a means of ensuring financial stability in the region.


risks are those that threaten the entire future of humanity. Many theories of value imply that even relatively small reductions in net existential risk have enormous expected value. Despite their importance, issues surrounding human-extinction risks and related hazards remain poorly understood. In this article, I clarify the concept of existential risk and develop an improved classification scheme. I discuss the relation between existential risks and basic issues in axiology, and show how existential risk reduction (via the maxipok rule) can serve as a strongly action-guiding principle for utilitarian concerns. I also show how the notion of existential risk suggests a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. Policy Implications • Existential risk is a concept that can focus long-term global efforts and sustainability concerns. • The biggest existential risks are anthropogenic and related to potential future technologies. • A moral case can be made that existential risk reduction is strictly more important than any other global public good. • Sustainability should be reconceptualised in dynamic terms, as aiming for a sustainable trajectory rather than a sus- tainable state. • Some small existential risks can be mitigated today directly (e.g. asteroids) or indirectly (by building resilience and reserves to increase survivability in a range of extreme scenarios) but it is more important to build capacity to improve humanity's ability to deal with the larger existential risks that will arise later in this century. This will require collective wisdom, technology foresight, and the ability when necessary to mobilise a strong global coordi- nated response to anticipated existential risks. • Perhaps the most cost-effective way to reduce existential risks today is to fund analysis of a wide range of existen- tial risks and potential mitigation strategies, with a long-term perspective.


Four secondary school teachers were involved in this case study. Individual interviews, group reflective sessions, and participant portfolios were transcribed verbatim and analyzed. The use of the portfolio in the secondary school classroom was then discussed in relation to emergent themes. These themes included teacher attitude, portfolio structure, portfolio purpose, challenges, effect, and professional development. Teachers were able to individualize the portfolio structure to meet both program and students' needs. The portfolio structure enabled both teachers and students to assume control over the learning process. The portfolio informed teachers about their teaching. This, in tum, challenged them to reflect on their teaching practices and enabled them to redesign curriculum implementation. A collaborative professional development structure fostered a learning environment that enabled teachers to experience success, despite the challenges that they inevitably encountered. These findings were related to contemporary literature. Finally, implications for theory and practice related to portfolio use in the secondary school classroom and professional development for secondary school teachers were considered.


Biological functions of proteins are facilitated by their three dimensional structures and their ability to shift between these structures (conformational changes). Modeling protein molecules as an open loop kinematic chain of rigid bodies connected by joints provides the foundation for effective approaches to better simulate and understand the structure of protein molecules and their conformational changes. Nevertheless, open loop chain models possess a high number of degrees of freedom (DOF) with considerable computational complications. In addition, real protein molecules appear to exhibit a much lower mobility during the folding process than what is suggested by open loop kinematic models. We propose that the key contributor to the lower mobility of proteins is the formation of hydrogen bonds during the folding process.
In this thesis we explore the pivotal role of hydrogen bonds in determining the structure and function of the proteins from the mechanical mobility point of view. We developed a mobility analysis method to determine rigid and flexible regions of protein molecules.
In addition, hydrogen bonds have a significant role in the mechanical flexibility of the three dimensional structure of protein molecules. In this work hydrogen bonds are modeled as a combination of linear springs with stiffness in all three directions. The stiffness of the proposed element was used in a bottom up approach to define mechanical stiffness of the whole molecule (i.e. its deformation under applied load).
In particular the main contributions of this work are: 1) Identifying geometric conditions for hydrogen bonds; 2) Kinematic mobility analysis to understand internal mobility of the protein molecule; 3) Reducing degrees of freedom of the open loop kinematic model by the average of 80% while maintaining the actual mobility; 3) Stiffness analysis of hydrogen bonds as flexible mechanical elements in the three dimensional structure of the chain.
Numerous simulations are also conducted to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the model.


This paper presents experimental results for a parallel pipeline STAP system with I/O task implementation using the parallel file systems on the Intel Paragon and the IBM SP. In our previous work, a parallel pipeline model was designed for radar signal processing applications on parallel computers. Based on this model, we implemented a real STAP application which demonstrated the performance scalability of this model in terms of throughput and latency. In this paper we study the effect on system performance when the I/O task is incorporated in the parallel pipeline model. There are two alternative for I/O implementation: embedding I/O in the pipeline or having a separate I/O task. From these two I/O implementations, we discovered that the latency may be improved when the structure of the pipeline is reorganized by merging multiple tasks into a single task. All the performance results shown in this paper demonstrated the scalability of parallel I/O implementation on the parallel pipeline STAP system.


A revolt or protest succeeds only if sufficient people participate. We study how potential participants' ability to coordinate is affected by their information. We distinguish four phenomena that affect whether information either encourages or inhibits protests and revolutions: (i) Unraveling: When agents learn about each others' types, some are discouraged by meeting partisans of the status quo. This can unravel, as even confident agents realize that enough supporters will be discouraged to preclude a successful revolution. (ii) Homophily: Learning someone else's type under homophily is less informative since that individual is more likely to be similar to the learner. This can lead people to be less confident of a revolution, but can also stop potential unraveling. (iii) Extremism: Meeting other protestors, and seeing pilot demonstrations or outcomes in similar countries, reveal not only how much support for change exists, but also from which constituencies it emerges. This can undercut a revolution if factions differ sufficiently in their preferred changes. (iv) Counter Demonstrations: partisans for the status quo can hold counter-demonstrations to signal their strength. We also discuss why holding mass demonstrations before a revolution may provide better signals of peoples willingness to actively participate than other less costly forms of communication (e.g., via social media), and how governments use redistribution and propaganda to avoid a revolution.


We have used observed band‐pass filtered accelerograms and a previously determined slip distribution to invert for the dynamic rupture propagation of the 1992 Landers earthquake. In our simulations, dynamic rupture grows under the simultaneous control of initial stress and rupture resistance by friction, which we modeled using a simple slip‐weakening law. We used a simplified Landers fault model where the fault segments were combined into a single vertical, planar fault. By trial and error we modified an initial stress field, inferred from the kinematic slip distribution proposed by Wald and Heaton [1994], until dynamic rupture generated a rupture history and final slip distribution that approximately matched those determined by the kinematic inversion. We found that rupture propagation was extremely sensitive to small changes in the distribution of prestress and that a delicate balance with energy release rate controls the average rupture speed. For the inversion we generated synthetic 0.5 Hz ground displacements using an efficient Green's function propagator method (AXITRA). This method enables us to propagate the radiation generated by the dynamic rupture to distances greater than those feasible using the finite difference method. The dynamic model built by trial‐and‐error inversion provides a very satisfactory fit between synthetics and strong motion data. We validated this model using records from stations used in the slip inversion as well as some which were not included. We also inverted for a complementary model that fits the data just as well but in which the initial stress was perfectly uniform while rupture resistance was heterogeneous. This demonstrates that inversion of ground motion is nonunique.


This programme of work was initiated as a result of recent major changes within Europe that have impacted upon the type of masonry mortars that are in use and the appropriate test procedures.

A new suite oftest method standards, the EN 1015 series, has been issued by CEN over the last few years and supports two new mortar standards, BS EN 998-1 and BS EN 998-2, which are for plastering and rendering and masonry mortars respectively.

In addition, there has been a large increase in the use of factory made mortar. Factory production, particularly as a dry mortar, leads itself to the production of more complex mortar formulations, and some mortars now contain as many as eight separate admixtures. These changes have lead to a large increase in the number of mortars that are highly air entrained, whilst the use of retarders and other admixtures in these mortars means that they frequently have pronounced thixotropic and other time dependant properties. All of these changes have in turn led to greater complexity in the fields of test methods and procedures.
This thesis describes an investigation to define the properties of plastic mortar from first principles, then to compare these properties with the results produced by existing test methods to confirm ifthe latter were adequate. It was found that there were some properties for which several test methods existed, but some for which there were none. A test programme was then developed to investigate in detail and then to compare some relevant test methods, including new European ones and the older British ones that they replaced.

Finally, two new, procedures were developed, one based on rheometry, one on the measurement of the early heat of hydration. Recommendations are made that these test procedures be further developed with a view to their adoption as standard tests.


We propose a robust model for optimizing collaborative reverse supply chains. The primary idea is to develop a collaborative framework that can achieve the best solutions in an uncertain environment. Firstly, we model the exact problem in the form of a mixed integer nonlinear program. To consider uncertainty, robust optimization is employed that searches for an optimal solution with nearly all possible deviations in mind. In order to allow the decision maker to vary the protection level, we use the "budget of uncertainty" approach. To solve the NP-hard problem, we suggest a hybrid heuristic algorithm combining dynamic programming, ant colony optimization and tabu search. To assess the performance of the algorithm, two validity tests are made, first by comparing with the previously solved problems and next by solving a sample problem with more than 900 combinations of parameters and comparing the results with the nominal case. In conclusion, the results of different combinations and prices of robustness are compared and some directions for future research are suggested.


Reflection from a field of randomly located, thin vertical cylinders is analyzed. The bidirectional reflectivity Rdf for the direct solar beam (first reflection) is Rdf(s,z,θ0,θ)=rc(-z cosz+sinz)1-exp[-s(tanθ0+tanθ)]4(cotθ0+cotθ),where z is the azimuth (in radians) measured in a horizontal plane from the antisolar direction, θ0 is the zenith angle of the solar beam, θ is the viewing zenith angle, s is the projection on a vertical plane of cylindrical sections over a unit area, and rc is the Lambert law spectral reflectivity of the cylinders. The bidirectional reflectivity thus tends to rcπ tanθ0/4 at the azimuth π and at very large viewing zenith angles, such that tanθ ≫ tanθ0 and tanθ0 ⩾ 1. A comparison with the bidirectional reflectivities measured over dense vegetation of a Florida swamp indicates that this model describes a highly significant component of this canopy reflection. The possibility of extracting information about the reflectivity of the plants material (rc) and about the canopy structure (s) from the reflectivities measured at various solar elevations is discussed and an approach for such extraction is formulated. The extraction of rc appears practical; that of s, difficult.


I study the optimal taxation of robots, other capital, and labor income. I show that it is optimal to distort robot adoption. The robot tax (or subsidy) exploits general-equilibrium effects to compress wages, which reduces income-tax distortions of labor supply, thereby raising welfare. In the calibrated model, when robots are expensive, a robot subsidy is optimal. As robots get cheaper, it becomes optimal to tax them. Yet, when reforming the status-quo tax system, most welfare gains can be achieved by adjusting the income tax. The additional gains from taxing robots differently than other equipment capital are close to zero.


The Year Book of Sports Medicine brings you abstracts of articles carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. Editor-in-Chief Roy Shephard states: "...Not only does a team of top international experts select the very best articles from a bewildering plethora of recent information, but their expert critique of the individual papers allows readers to weigh their limitations and understand findings that can enhance their current medical practice." There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! Topics include Epidemiology, Prevention of Injuries, Lesions of Head and Neck; Musculoskeletal Injuries; Biomechanics, Muscle Strength, and Training; Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Physiology, and Immune Function; Nutrition and Doping; and Special Considerations: Children, Women, the Elderly, and Special Populations. "The chief and associate editors of the book are highly knowledgeable scientific experts on this topic. Expert commentaries from the editors evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to sports medicine practice". Reviewed by: Ufuk Sekir, Medical School of Uludag University on behalf of the Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Date: July 2015


The architecture of sedimentary basin is the result of the interplay
between deep-seated tectonic processes at lithospheric or crustal scale creating or
reducing the accommodation space, and the near-surface processes taking place in
the source and depositional areas. Understanding the evolution of the
sedimentary basin requires, therefore, an integrated study of the coupling
between sediment routing and lithospheric processes that are responsible for
basin formation, evolution and, ultimately, for its closure by complete stages of
regressive basin fill, or inversion and exhumation.
This thesis is focused on understanding the mechanism controlling the
tectonic and sedimentary evolution of back-arc basins, from their opening to
subsequent inversion. During the quest of understanding the particular type of
basin formation and subsequent inversion in the Black Sea Basin, two main
objectives were pursued.
The first objective is related to understanding the role played by inherited
extensional rheology in far-field transmission and localization of compressional
deformation driven by an active orogenic area into a pre-existing back-arc domain.
Back-arc contractional geometries are not necessarily controlled by major internal
asymmetries, such as active subduction zones. Therefore, the presence of
inherited rheologically weak zones controls the vergence of thrusting systems
during back-arc inversion. The lateral variability of such weakness zones may
create a contractional polarity change, which is a change in the thrusting vergence
along the strike of the back-arc basin where its opposite margins act as indenters.
This type of change, critical for understanding a number of worldwide basins, such
as the Black Sea or the Huon-Finisterre arc, has received little attention so far in
phenomenological studies.
The second objective of the thesis is to understand the effects of large sea level
variations in the depositional architecture and sedimentary exchange
between basins connected through a shallow marine barrier. The objective is
studied in the context of the Late Miocene-Quaternary sediment fluxes between
the Carpatho-Balkans source area, the Dacian marginal basin and the Black Sea
main sink by the means of seismic sequence stratigraphic analysis calibrated by
wells in both basins.
The thesis is organized in two main sections. Following a brief introduction
in Chapter 1, two observational studies in Chapters 2 and 3 analyze the geometries
and effects of Black Sea Basin back-arc opening and inversion, and the effects of
the large scale sea-level drop recorded during the Messinian Salinity Crisis of the
Paratethys. These observational studies form the base of the phenomenological
process-oriented studies in Chapters 4 and 5 that analyze the mechanisms of backarc
basin inversion by the means of analogue modeling. The thesis ends with the
conclusions of Chapter 6.


Automatic detection of fake news in social media has become a prominent research topic due to its widespread, adverse effect on not only the society and public health but also on economy and democracy. The computational approaches towards automatic detection of fake news span from analyzing the source credibility, user credibility, as well as social network structure and the news content. However, the studies on user credibility in this context have largely focused on the frequency and times of engaging in a fake news propagation rather than profiling users based on the content of their tweets. In this paper, we approach this challenge through extracting linguistic and sentiment features from users' tweet feed as well as retrieving the presence of emojis, hashtags and political bias in their tweets. These features are then used to classify users into spreaders or non-spreaders of fake news. Our proposed approach achieves 72% accuracy, being among the top-4 results obtained by systems for the task in the English language.


Event datasets include events that occur irregularly over the timeline and are prevalent in numerous domains. We introduce proximal graphical event models (PGEM) as a representation of such datasets. PGEMs belong to a broader family of models that characterize relationships between various types of events, where the rate of occurrence of an event type depends only on whether or not its parents have occurred in the most recent history. The main advantage over the state of the art models is that they are entirely data driven and do not require additional inputs from the user, which can require knowledge of the domain such as choice of basis functions or hyperparameters in graphical event models. We theoretically justify our learning of optimal windows for parental history and the choices of parental sets, and the algorithm are sound and complete in terms of parent structure learning. We present additional efficient heuristics for learning PGEMs from data, demonstrating their effectiveness on synthetic and real datasets.


The growth of serpulid polychaetes inside marine aquaria and the consequent need for their frequent cleaning is a common experience. Ever since the experimental aquarium of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Station has been in operation, where unfiltered sea water is being circulated, a large number of serpulids were observed to grow either as solitary individuals or sometimes in clusters inside the concrete tanks, particularly in the less illuminated corners and grooves. These were carefully scrapped out from the substratum and were identified as Protula tubularia (Montagu), a species widely known from circumraundane areas. Hewever, since Willey (1905) recorded this species from the Ceylon Pearl Oyster beds and described it as Protula {Protulopsis) palliata (but considered as a synonymy of Protula tubularia by Fauvel in 1953), there do not seem to be other collections from the Indian Ocean. The Indian Museum material includes only the anterior portion of a specimen of Protula from Andamans whose specific identity had not been ascertained (Fauvel, 1932). Owing to the hardy nature of the eggs and the ease with which they can be reared in the laboratory, serpuhds have received comparatively greater attention among polychaetes as regards their development. For a review on the subject the reader is invited to the account on the development of Pomatoceros triqueter by Segrove (1941). It is apparent from literature that similar studies on tropical species are lacking and, therefore, a brief description of the early development in Protula is given below.


The goal of this paper is to show that there is a principled way of capturing structural (i.e., qualitative) differences between dialects within a quantitative approach and that the result of applying such methodology to dialect grouping is more accurate than the one obtained on purely qualitative or quantitative grounds. We base our work on data compiled in a corpus of contemporary Catalan, the Corpus Oral Dialectal (COD), gathered with computerization in mind. We first present the characteristics of the COD as well as the main tenets of the quantitative dialectometrical methodology. We then show the kind of linguistic analysis we pursue to distinguish regular phonetic facts from underlying differences, and evaluate the consequences of such distinction for dialectometrics. Finally, we illustrate the results of our research by reviewing the dialectal classification of Valencian Catalan.


The root growth and development pattern of the two cultivars of taro used in this experiment varied in terms of root distribution, root weight, root number and root length. Vula Ono gave significantly heavier roots (0.21 g per plant) compared with Tausala-ni-Samoa (0.15 g per plant). The addition of poultry manure (10 t ha-1) significantly increased root weight, 0.22 g per plant compared with 0.14 g per plant for treatments receiving no poultry manure. Potassium (K) and PM significantly affected root numbers. Plots with K at 150 kg ha-1 produced 29 roots per plant and those with K at 300 kg ha-1 gave significantly more roots at 36 roots per plant. Similarly, plots with no PM produced 29 roots per plant and those with 10 t ha-1 gave 37 roots. There was a highly significantly cultivar x poultry manure interaction caused by an increase in root numbers with addition of poultry manure in the cv. Vula Ono but no change in the cv Tausala-ni-Samoa. Potassium (K) and Poultry Manure (PM) significantly affected root length when separately applied. Plots with higher rates of K (300 kg ha-1) had significantly longer roots than those with low rates (150 kg ha-1). Similarly, plots with PM had taro with longer roots than those without PM. There was a highly significant cultivar x poultry manure interaction on root length caused by an increase in cv. Vula Ono root length with addition of poultry manure but no effect on the root length of Tausala-ni-Samoa. There was a significant decrease in root weight, number and length with depth for Tausala-ni-Samoa but these were nearly the same for Vula Ono for depths of 0.1, 0.2 and smaller for the depth of 0.3 m. This showed that roots of cv. Vula Ono were more evenly distributed in the soil profile and maybe more efficient in using below ground resources including those applied to the soil. Poultry manure improved root penetration since there was a highly significant difference in root weight, root numbers and root length with depth.


Objectives We systematically reviewed evidence on therapies for adolescents and young adults (ages 13 to 30) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We focused on the outcomes, including harms and adverse effects, of interventions addressing the core symptoms of ASD; common medical and mental health comorbidities occurring with ASD; the attainment of goals toward functional/adult independence; educational and occupational/vocational attainment; quality of life; access to health and other services; and the transitioning process (i.e., process of transitioning to greater independent functioning). We also addressed the effects of interventions on family outcomes including parent distress and satisfaction with interventions. Data sources We searched MEDLINE® via PubMed, PsycINFO®, the Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse, and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases as well as the reference lists of included studies. Review Methods We included studies published in English from January 1980 to December 2011. We excluded intervention studies with fewer than 20 adolescents or young adults with ASD or fewer than 20 parents or family members of such individuals and studies lacking relevance to ASD treatment. Results We identified 32 unique studies, most of which were poor quality. Five studies, mostly of medical interventions, were fair quality, and none were good. In the behavioral literature, studies of group- and computer-based interventions reported short-term gains in social skills. Two poor-quality studies of educational interventions reported some gains in vocabulary and reading. Four small studies investigated disparate interventions addressing highly specific adaptive/life skills with some positive results in studies typically of short duration. Studies of vocational interventions, all of poor quality, reported that on-the job supports may promote employment in the community. Little evidence supports the use of medical interventions in adolescents and young adults with ASD; however, antipsychotic medications and serotonin reuptake inhibitors were associated with improvements in specific challenging behaviors. Similarly, little evidence supports the use of allied health interventions including facilitated communication. Conclusions Few studies have been conducted to assess treatment approaches for adolescents and young adults with ASD, and as such there is very little evidence available for specific treatment approaches in this population; this is especially the case for evidence-based approaches to support the transition of youth with autism to adulthood. Of the small number of studies available, most were of poor quality, which may reflect the relative recency of the field. Five studies, primarily of medical interventions, had fair quality. Behavioral, educational, and adaptive/life skills studies were typically small and short term and suggested some potential improvements in social skills and functional behavior. Small studies suggested that vocational programs may increase employment success for some individuals. Few data are available to support the use of medical or allied health interventions in the adolescent and young adult population. The medical studies that have been conducted focused on the use of medications to address specific challenging behaviors, including irritability and aggression, for which effectiveness in this age group is largely unknown and inferred from studies including mostly younger children.


OBJECTIVE
The present study had two aims: (1) to examine the prevalence rates of prenatal alcohol consumption in a group of women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) in Southern California, with special emphasis on Hispanic women, and (2) to identify variables associated with postconception drinking in low-income minority women.

METHOD
The study employed a cross-sectional survey that assessed alcohol use rates, demographic variables, and alcohol risk status. Participants were 826 pregnant women enrolled in the Public Health Foundation Enterprises (PHFE) WIC Program in Los Angeles and Orange counties, California. Pregnant women who enrolled self-administered a specially designed alcohol screener.

RESULTS
Findings were that 24% of sample women were consuming alcohol post conception. Of that percentage, approximately two thirds drank prior to pregnancy recognition, and one third continued to drink after pregnancy was confirmed. Approximately 30% of white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic and English-speaking Hispanic women were found to drink post conception compared with 15.8% of Spanish-speaking Hispanic women. This finding supported recent research that suggests more acculturated Hispanic women tend to incorporate the drinking patterns of the larger U.S. population to a greater extent than less acculturated Hispanic women. Although a number of demographic variables differentiated women who were abstinent from those who were postconception drinkers, the best predictor of postconception alcohol consumption was the woman's high-risk drinking score as measured by the TWEAK (sensitivity = 70.1%, specificity = 88.5%).

CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest the importance of screening low-income minority pregnant women in a community setting so that interventions can be initiated to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and related conditions.


PURPOSE
This study aimed to quantify alveolar bone morphology, demonstrate the relationship between tooth angulation and alveolar bone thickness, and introduce a new classification for anterior mandibular teeth related to immediate implant placement (IIP).

METHODS
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 211 anterior mandibular teeth were analyzed in sagittal slices to measure the thickness of the facial alveolar bone crest (FAB1) and apex (FAB2), and the lingual alveolar bone crest (LAB1) and apex (LAB2). Tooth angulation was classified as 1°-10°, 11°-20°, and >20° according to the tooth's long axis and alveolar bone wall. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate correlations between the variables.

RESULTS
FAB1 and LAB1 were predominantly thin (<1 mm) (84.4% and 73.4%, respectively), with the lateral incisors being thinnest. At the apical level, FAB2 and LAB2 were thick in 99.5% and 99.1% of cases, respectively. Significant differences were documented in FAB2 (P=0.004), LAB1 (P=0.001), and LAB2 (P=0.001) of all mandibular teeth. At all apical levels of the inspected teeth, a significant negative correlation existed between TA and FAB2. Meanwhile, TA showed a significant positive correlation with LAB2 of the lateral incisors and canines. These patterns were then divided into class I (thick facial and lingual alveolar bone), class II (facially inclined teeth) with subtype A (1°-10°) and subtype B (11°-20°), and class III (lingually inclined teeth) with subtype A (1°-10°) and subtype B (11°-20°).

CONCLUSIONS
Mandibular anterior teeth have predominantly thin facial and lingual crests, making the lingual bone apical thickness crucial for IIP. Although anchorage can be obtained from lingual bone, tooth angulation and tooth types had an impact on IIP planning. Hence, the new classification based on TA and alveolar bone wall may enable rational clinical planning for IIP treatment.


The present study was subjected to investigate antioxidant property of methanolic extracts of the seed kernel of Mangifera indica & Artocarpus heterophyllus . For antioxidant properties- Total Phenols, Total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of the methanolic extracts of the sample were assessed. Total phenolic constituents determination of the plant extract were performed employing the literature methods involving Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as standard .Moreover, total phenolic concentration equivalents to Gallic acid for Mangifera indica was found 433 ± 0.71 mg/gm of extract and for Artocarpus heterophyllus, it was 100.75 ± 10.253 mg/gm of extract which is correlated with antioxidant activity. The Total Flavonoid contents of the test sample were calculated using the standard curve of Quercetin, the value of Mangifera indica was 129 ± 1.414 mg QUE/gm of extract and the quantity of Artocarpus heterophyllus was 52.25 ± 1.06 mg QUE/gm of extract. DPPH free radical scavenging effect of the extract was assessed. The DPPH result of the sample was compared with standard ascorbic acid. IC 50 values of Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus were 7.3μg/ml and 335.77μg/ml respectively which was comparable to that of the standard ascorbic acid (15.11µg/ml). So, the seed kernel of Mangifera indica can be regarded as suitable agent of natural antioxidant having high phenolic and flavonoid contents.


Abstract. Noise pollution is considered to be one of the most prevalent environmental challenges affecting human health. Noise pollution is increasing in cities needing techniques to monitor and predict the noise. The monitoring of traffic noise levels in different parts of the cities at different times has become very difficult due to logistic constraints. It is thus required to measure the noise levels at certain strategic locations, such as, near the noise sources (e.g., roads), and then to utilize it to predict the noise levels at surrounding locations. The challenge of monitoring the noise near several road crossings in a city can be reduced using a smartphone-based noise monitoring technique. However, the prediction of noise levels and showcase it as maps require terrain data, noise data, and noise prediction models. The requirement of terrain data can be met using open-source terrain data, from which various terrain parameters can be extracted and integrated with a standard prediction model on the web platform to predict the noise map for an area. Smartphone-based noise monitoring and its subsequent mapping can be a very popular and effective option, which uses a crowdsourcing approach. The entire methodology is tried to be applied over Lucknow city in India. Noise levels are monitored at three different slots, daily, over 14 road crossings using the smartphone-based app. Further, collected noise levels were calibrated against standard noise meter to ascertain accurate noise levels for these locations. Thereafter, three categories of noise environments are chosen from it and mapped using open-source satellite images and standard noise models, over the web on the GIS platform. The predicted noise levels on the maps were verified with the recorded noise data from similar locations using standard noise meter. For these three crossings at different times the predictions are found to be accurate within ±4.5 dB.


Background: When analysing relationships between breast cancer risk and vitamin C intake, few prospective studies have included vitamin C intake from supplements, or excluded general supplement users in dietary only analyses. For the first time these relationships are explored in UK women, and from diary recordings.

Methods: The UK Women's Cohort Study was used in prospective breast cancer risk analyses examining exposures from: general supplement use; fruit and vegetable intake; and dietary only vitamin C intake recorded at baseline using FFQs and additional questions for 33,000 women (~1,000 cases); vitamin C contained in supplements recorded by diaries at phase 2 for 11,000 women (239 cases); and total vitamin C intake from diet and supplement recorded by diaries in pooled UK nested case-control studies (851 cases 2727 controls).

Results: There was no evidence of dose-response relationships between breast cancer risk and vitamin C intake from diet, supplements or both, or from fruit and vegetable intake; risk estimates were non-significant and generally close to unity. There was some evidence that risks differed by menopausal status and supplement use. There were no significant associations for non-users of supplements or post-menopausal women by continuous estimate or intake category. Risks were raised for pre-menopausal women who were: frequent users of supplements containing low vitamin C (1-60mg/d) (HR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.32, 4.27; p=0.004); daily multivitamin users (HR=1.51; 95% CI: 0.90, 2.54); or general supplement users (HR=1.14; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.43), compared to non-users of these supplements. Women with a history of breast cancer were significantly more likely to be high dose vitamin C users (≥1000mg/d).

Conclusion: There was no evidence of significant associations between vitamin C intake per se and breast cancer incidence, even at high doses. The increased risk for pre-menopausal women taking supplements containing low dose vitamin C may be due to other ingredients.


The major purpose of this study was to investigate Eysenck 's Introversion Extraversion Theory as a test of psychological orientation of prisoners in Lang'ata and Thika prisons, Kenya. The study also aimed at finding out the percentage of Kenyan prisoners' score on psychoticism scale and also the extent to which psychoticism is related to gender. The central idea was to critically analyse the counselling implications of the findings. A descriptive survey design was used in the study. The study subjects consisted of 120 prisoners from both Thika and Lang'ata prisons out of which 93 of them generated usable questionnaire data. The random sampling procedure was used to derive the sample. Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI) on Introversion -Extraversion and Psychoticism was used to collect the data. Both descriptive and statistical analyses were done. Pearson's Correlation was done to test the hypothesis to establish if there were any significant relationships between the variables investigated. The findings show that a larger percentage of Kenyan prisoners were extroverts and also have a high psychoticism. score. It was also discovered that men have a higher psychoticism score. The implications of the results were critically examined. The results were found to be of interest in Kenyan prisons and related settings and especially in the personal-social Counseling Unit. Recommendations were made for prison authorities, counselors and for future researchers.


In this essay I offer a reading of Sylvia Plath's 'Ariel' in terms of how it subverts signification through the instability of the 'I' persona. Taking the notion of jouissance (as a destructive excess beyond language), I explore how 'Ariel' and other poems written in October 1962 begin to unravel the signifying network and, thus, the critic him/herself is faced with a profoundly difficult task in understanding them. Rather than trying to do so, I outline how, by replacing a focus on signification (the stable transmission of meaning) with the process of the text (its use of phonology, repetition and syntactic fragmentation) the critic can maintain the poems' crucial ambiguity. They do not mean, therefore, in the usual sense of the word; rather, they mean only in an ambiguous, unstable and shifting manner, one that evades the critical desire to impose a certainty of interpretation upon them. keywords: Sylvia Plath, 'Ariel', Signification, Jouissance url: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/2009_mitchell01.shtml Despite Janice Markey's recognition that 'Ariel' is 'highly complex', [1] I will argue in this article that Plath's poem actually presents the critic with a far more profound difficulty than she, or indeed many critics to date, have acknowledged. Indeed, the text of 'Ariel' can be thought of as a site of resistance and, thus, to read it is to be confronted with a fundamental crisis of interpretation. 'Ariel' marks a point in Plath's poetics at which the unsignifiable (or that which may be thought of as jouissance)[2] becomes a more prevalent - and, thus, destructive - a-textual force. As a result, it represents the manner in which speaking subjectivity (as the imposition of the signifier 'I' and its concomitant structuring via the signifier-signified relation) begins to unravel, the dissolution of the 'I' through phonetic repetition and syntactic fragmentation - a destabilisation that would achieve its ultimate manifestation, as I have argued elsewhere,[3] in Plath's last poems. Responding to 'Ariel' is, in consequence, highly problematic as to do so necessitates an outlook that ambiguous (and irresolvable) polysemy in the poem is an inevitable aspect of its effect, a situation that many critics have been unwilling to accept. For example, the repetition of 'I' which features so prominently as an important lexical and phonemic element of the text has frequently been regarded as signalling an intensification of Plath's (mythic/sexual) identity. Thus, Leonard Sanazaro suggests 'Ariel' details 'transfiguration, the birth of the new self', Pamela J. Annas argues that it negotiates 'what stands in the way of the possibility of rebirth for the self', while, for Judith Kroll, Plath's 'lioness' persona represents the 'true self'.[4] Yet, such viewpoints are clearly predicated upon a humanist understanding that the (poetic) subject has a unitary stability, a viewpoint that positions Plath's actual (rather than textual) body as a signifier whose corresponding signified may be understood as the critic's desire for 'an eradication of difference'.[5] As a defensive strategy against the loss of (textual/critical) meaning, therefore, the poetic speaker becomes fetishistic, the embodiment of Plath's authorial identity. 'Ariel' is often regarded as an important achievement in Plath's oeuvre. Anne Stevenson believes that it is 'supreme [...] a quintessential statement of all that had meaning for her' and, along with 'Poppies in October' (a poem that was written on the same day), a 'perfect lyric' (p.271) - a phrase that is also repeated by Paul Alexander.[6] Linda Wagner-Martin has described 'Ariel' as 'Plath at her metaphysical best' and, even more impressively for Mary Lynn Broe, it displays 'perfected structural, thematic, and technical unities'.[7] Yet, despite such praise, the poem's problematic ambiguity is frequently mentioned in the secondary literature. For example, Linda Wagner-Martin describes 'Ariel' as 'a riddle of mystery' (p. …


One of the emerging challenges associated with developing robust synthetic nitrogen fixation catalysts is the competitive formation of hydride species that can play a role in catalyst deactivation or lead to undesired hydrogen evolution reactivity (HER). It is hence desirable to devise synthetic systems where metal hydrides can migrate directly to coordinated N2 in reductive N–H bond-forming steps, thereby enabling productive incorporation into desired reduced N2-products. Relevant examples of this type of reactivity in synthetic model systems are limited. In this manuscript we describe the migration of an iron hydride (Fe-H) to Na of a disilylhydrazido(2-) ligand (Fe]NNR2) derived from N2 via double-silylation in a preceding step. This is an uncommon reactivity pattern in general; well-characterized examples of hydride/alkyl migrations to metal heteroatom bonds (e.g., (R)M]NR0 / M–N(R)R0) are very rare. Mechanistic data establish the Fe-to-Na hydride migration to be intramolecular. The resulting disilylhydrazido(1-) intermediate can be isolated by trapping with CNBu, and the disilylhydrazine product can then be liberated upon treatment with an additional acid equivalent, demonstrating the net incorporation of an Fe-H equivalent into an N-fixed product.


We move beyond the nation-state as the unit of analysis and use subnational spatial variation to study the effect of the institutional environment on international trade. Additionally, we address the heterogeneous effect of trade agreements on different regions within a country. Employing a gravity model approach, we use a region-to-country dataset to estimate the determinants of Spanish regional exports and we apply quantile regressions for panel data. We find that better institutional quality of trade agreements leads to an increase in both the intensive and the extensive margins of trade. The institutional quality of trade agreements exerts a differential effect on regional exports at different locations within a country, although differences across Spanish regions seem to be larger for the intensive margin than for the extensive margin. We do, however, find a common trend: for the relatively more important exporting regions, the institutional quality of TAs is less relevant for trade margins. Therefore, our results posit that subnational spatial variation should be added to the analysis of the determinants of international trade flows.


Accurate 3D geometry modelling is an essential technology for many practical applications (computer generated imagery, assisted surgery, heritage preservation, automated quality control, robotics etc.). While the existing reconstruction methods mainly operate assuming the simplistic Lambertian model, real scenes, static or dynamic, are characterised by arbitrarily complex a priori unknown reflectance properties. The reflectance limitation
of the state-of-the-art causes a gap between the practical demand for photometrically arbitrary scene modelling and the constrained applicability scope of existing methods.
In response to the gap, this dissertation proposes a solution to the challenging problem of accurate geometric reconstruction of dynamic scenes with arbitrary a priori unknown reflectance. This is achieved by introducing a novel approach which generalises Helmholtz Stereopsis (HS) - a niche technique known to be independent of surface reflectance but till now limited to static scenes requiring sequential acquisition of a large number of input views. The undertaken generalisation extends the technique to dynamic scenes by two mutually tailored developments in response to the shortcomings of conventional HS. These developments are 1) a framework to fundamentally improve the geometric reconstruction accuracy from a small set of input images and 2) the design of a novel wavelength-multiplexing-based pipeline for dynamic scene modelling. Together these constitute a novel practical system which, for the first time, enables reconstruction of dynamic scenes with arbitrary surface properties.
To improve the quality of geometric reconstruction by HS, a novel Bayesian formulation of the technique is proposed to replace its sub-optimal maximum likelihood formulation.
Further a tailored prior enforcing consistency of per-point depth and normal estimates and related to integrability is developed. The prior purposely exploits the unique ability
of HS to characterise the surface by both estimates. The formulation embedded into a coarse-to-fine framework without explicit surface integration achieves unprecedented accuracy and resolution of geometric modelling by HS regardless of reflectance, competitive with what the non-HS state-of-the-art achieves with strictly constrained reflectance.
To generalise HS to dynamic scenes, Colour Helmholtz Stereopsis (CL HS) is proposed which utilises wavelength multiplexing for simultaneous acquisition of the minimal set of input images required for reconstruction. The challenges imposed by wavelength multiplexing in CL HS are addressed using a specially designed calibration consisting of two mutually dependent parts: one infers the photometric properties of the acquisition equipment while the other estimates the reconstructed surface chromaticity spatially and propagates it temporally to accommodate dynamic surface deformation. By integrating the proposed coarse-to-fine Bayesian HS with integrability prior into CL HS, remarkable accuracy and resolution of reconstruction are achieved with the minimal input using just three RGB cameras. Evaluation validates the approach by reconstruction of dynamic scenes with arbitrary a priori unknown reflectance, which includes unconstrained spatially varying chromaticity. The reconstructed dynamic sequences exhibit high per-frame geometric accuracy and resolution as well as temporal consistency.


Many dramatizations have depicted a fully automated home living environment, where actions and events are understood or even anticipated. While the realization of such environments requires innovations on many fronts, our current research focuses on the development of an active database subsystem to respond to events in a home. The architecture implements the well-known event-conditionaction (ECA) paradigm within an active data layer that is abstracted from the detection and processing of raw dataed from the detection and processing of raw data sources. Our goals in this work are to develop and analyze the effectiveness of the active database system in a smart home system being developed as part of a larger collaborative effort. The knowledge encoded in the system is based on significant domain modeling, including analysis of inhabitant-device data collected from actual and simulated home environments, and standard knowledge acquisition techniques. The current system is composed of a Java framework for event management, an underlying data model to store transient and persistent data, and a JESS rule base to represent condition and actions. Interaction between the subsystems is maintained through an event manager responsible for interpreting the semantics of event execution


Radio-frequency (RF) impairments, that exist intimately in wireless communications systems, can severely degrade the performance of traditional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Although compensation schemes can cancel out part of these RF impairments, there still remains a certain amount of impairments. These residual impairments have fundamental impact on the MIMO system performance. However, most of the previous works have neglected this factor. In this paper, a training-based MIMO system with residual transmit RF impairments (RTRI) is considered. In particular, we derive a new channel estimator for the proposed model, and find that RTRI can create an irreducible estimation error floor. Moreover, we show that, in the presence of RTRI, the optimal training sequence length can be larger than the number of transmit antennas, especially in the low and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes. An increase in the proposed approximated achievable rate is also observed by adopting the optimal training sequence length. When the training and data symbol powers are required to be equal, we demonstrate that, at high SNRs, systems with RTRI demand more training, whereas at low SNRs, such demands are nearly the same for all practical levels of RTRI.


Republic Act No. 10533 entitled "An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic Education System by Strengthening Its Curriculum and Increasing the Number of Years for Basic Education, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes" was signed by the President of the Republic of the Philippines on May 2013. Aside from adding two more academic years in the basic education, the law also stipulates a curriculum based on the following standards and principles:

The curriculum shall be learner-centered, inclusive and developmentally appropriate;
The curriculum shall be relevant, responsive and research-based;
The curriculum shall be gender- and culture-sensitive;
The curriculum shall be contextualized and global;
The curriculum shall use pedagogical approaches that are constructivist, inquiry-based, reflective, collaborative and integrative;
The curriculum shall adhere to the principles and framework of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education.

The science subjects–earth sciences, chemistry, physics, and life science are now taught, from Grade 3 until Grade 10, in a spiral progression that should be constructivist, inquiry-based, reflective, collaborative and integrative. Teachers in Grade 7-10 are expected to teach all the science subject areas regardless of their field of specialization. Teaching the four subject areas sequentially in a seamless way is a huge task for the teacher. The inquiry-based necessitates hands on and minds on activities that require equipment and materials but which are not usually available in many high schools. These are just some of the challenges that the science teacher faces as a result of the paradigm shift in the teaching of the sciences.We would like to share our experience during the past three years on improving Physics education in four public high schools. In consultation with the stakeholders, the Department of Physics and the Office of Social Concern and Involvement of the Ateneo de Manila University worked together to deliver several coordinated programs–service learning involving students enrolled in NSTP, teacher training through faculty social involvement, design and fabrication of Grade 7-10 Physics laboratory apparatus, action research through the Erasmus+ project Action Research to Innovate Science Teaching (ARTIST), and the establishment of an ARTIST network center.


We have combined a survey at 24 μm to 0.3 mJy with the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope, a 20 cm A-configuration Very Large Array (VLA) survey covering 0.5 deg2, and an existing 172 ks Chandra X-Ray Observatory exposure to investigate the nature of optically faint radio and X-ray sources in the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) in the Bootes field. A catalog of 392 radio sources is defined with optical identifications or magnitude limits. We find little overlap between the radio- and infrared-selected populations: only 9% of the infrared sources are detected in the radio, and only 33% of the radio sources are detected in the infrared. Thirty-six (10%) of the 377 compact radio sources lack optical counterparts in the NDWFS BW, R, and I images. We refer to these objects as optically invisible radio sources (OIRSs). Only four (13%) of the 31 OIRSs observed with MIPS are detected at 24 μm. Comparisons of the radio and infrared properties of the OIRSs with various galaxy spectral energy distributions demonstrate that most of these sources are powered by active galactic nuclei (AGNs) rather than starbursts. Similarly, 11 X-ray sources observed by both MIPS and the VLA are classified as optically invisible X-ray sources (OIXSs). None is detected at 24 μm or 20 cm. All seven OIXSs detected in Chandra's 0.5-2 keV band have infrared to X-ray flux ratios consistent with their luminosity being dominated by an unobscured AGN. From these results we conclude that both the optically invisible radio and X-ray source populations are primarily AGNs, relatively unaffected by dust, and most likely at z > 1. No OIRSs are detected in X-ray emission, and no OIXSs are detected at 20 cm. However, given the wide range in radio and X-ray properties of known AGNs and the size of our samples, this lack of overlap does not necessarily imply different AGN source populations.


This paper illustrates how Italian and Danish language users, when coding the same conceived situation involving spatial relations, differ systematically in their way of construing these – as the comparison of examples from Italian and Danish original texts and their translations will show. Structural and normative restrictions (very often related to the use of spatial particles, i.e. prepositions and locative adverbs) give rise, in Danish, to a persistent foregrounding of the spatial and immediately perceivable features of the scene, while in Italian attention seems focused on the interactional relations between the entities. Should the translator adopt or, on the contrary, try to resist the conventional imagery (in this case, +/- spatial) of the target language?


A canyonesque gulf has long existed between open academia and many external subject communities. Since 2011, we have been developing and piloting the public open scholar role (Coughlan & Perryman 2012) - involving open academics discovering, sharing and discussing open educational resources (OER) with online communities outside formal education in order to help bridge this gulf. In 2013 we took the public open scholar into Facebook (Perryman & Coughlan, 2013) to reach an international audience of autism-focussed Facebook groups in India, Africa and Malaysia, with a combined membership of over 5000 people.

Performing the public open scholar role within Facebook led to our learning from group members about new resources produced outside formal education, for example by voluntary sector organisations, government and professional bodies. These resources are surprisingly numerous and compare favourably with those from universities. Seeking to source more such resources we conducted a systematic large scale search, recording not only the number of learning materials available but also how easy it was to find them.

We found that provision from formal education, especially universities, dominates the returned results when searching for free online courses. Consequently, resources from outside formal education, while they exist, are difficult to find. Indeed, most aggregators and repositories proudly state that the free online courses they list are from 'Top Universities', appearing blind to provision from outside formal education. We extended our research to cover e-textbooks and found a similar situation, with content from formal education again dominating provision and collections such as the 4000 free textbooks from The National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) being practically invisible.

The prominence of university-provided content within search aggregators not only marginalises externally produced resources, relegating them to even more obscurity than has been the case thus far, but also marginalises the open educational practices that were involved in the production of these resources. We propose that the OER movement's questions about ways of involving end-users as co-producers may be answered by looking to external communities and, accordingly, we should be supporting and learning from these communities. Additionally, our findings indicate a need for an impartial open content search facility presenting resources from within and outside formal education in order to help discoverability of the latter. The recently launched search engine http://solvonauts.org is very much a step in the right direction.

Further research might usefully investigate in more depth the open educational practices of external subject communities, who are clearly more than just passive consumers of resources and are involved in both producing and adapting OER. There are clear parallels here with research exploring the localisation of resources produced for and by people in the developing world (e.g. Wolfenden & Buckler, 2013; Ivins, 2011) and the ways in which heavily promoted content from the developed world continues to dominate, at the expense of more relevant local provision. Our study links to several other research contexts, including the recent research into the use of OER by informal learners (e.g. Law, Perryman & Law, 2013) and the growing body of research on the impact of MOOCs (as summarised by Haggard, 2013).


Although the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in 1865, the text created an exception for the punishment for crimes "whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Two years later, Congress passed The Anti-Peonage Act in an attempt to prohibit the practice of coerced labor for debt. Yet, in the wake of the Civil War, Southern states innovated ways to impose peonage but avoid violations of the law, including criminal surety statutes that allowed employers to pay the court fines for indigent misdemeanants charged with minor offenses, in exchange for a commitment to work. Surplus from these payments padded public coffers (as well as the pockets of court officials), and when workers' debt records were subsequently "lost" or there was an allegation of breach, surety contracts were extended and workers became further indebted to local planters and merchants. Several decades later, the U.S. Supreme Court in Bailey v. Alabama (1911) and U.S. v. Reynolds (1914) invalidated laws criminalizing simple contractual breaches, which Southern states had used to skirt the general provisions of the Anti-Peonage Act. Yet, these decisions ultimately had little impact on the "ever-turning wheel of servitude," and the practice persisted under alternative forms until after World War II. This Article examines the phenomenon of what the Author calls "the new peonage." It posits that the reconfiguration of the South's judicial system after the Civil War, which entrapped blacks in a perpetual cycle of coerced labor, has direct parallels to the two-tiered system of justice that exists in our juvenile and criminal courtrooms of today. Across the U.S. even seemingly minor criminal charges trigger an array of fees, court costs, and assessments that can create insurmountable debt burdens for already-struggling families. Likewise, parents who fall behind on their child support payments face the risk of incarceration, and upon release from jail, they must pay off the arrears that accrued, which hinders the process of reentry. Compounding such scenarios, criminal justice debt can lead to driver's license suspension, bank account or wage garnishment, extended supervision until debts are paid, additional court appearances or warrants related to debt collection and nonpayment, and extra fines and interest for late payment. When low-income parents face such collateral consequences, the very act of meeting the most basic physical and emotional needs of one's children becomes a formidable challenge, the failure of which can trigger the intervention of Child Protective Services, potential neglect allegations, and further court hearings and fees. For youth in the juvenile court system, mandatory fees impose a burden that increases the risk of recidivism. In short, for families caught within the state's debt-enforcement regime, the threat of punishment is an ever-present specter, and incarceration always looms. Ironically, rather than having court fees serve as a straightforward revenue source for the state, this hidden regressive tax requires an extensive infrastructure to turn court and correctional officials into collection agents, burdening the system and interfering with the proper administration of justice. Moreover, states frequently divert court fees and assessments to projects that have little connection to the judicial system. This Article is the first to analyze the ways in which the contemporary justice tax has the same societal impact as post-Civil War peonage: both function to maintain an economic caste system. The Article opens with two case profiles to illustrate the legal analysis in narrative form, followed by several others presented throughout the piece. The Article then chronicles the legal history of peonage from the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment through the early twentieth century. It establishes the parallels to the present-day criminal justice system, in which courts incarcerate or re-incarcerate those who cannot pay, including juveniles. It argues that Supreme Court decisions intended to end the use of debtors' prisons ultimately had limited impact. The Article concludes with proposals for legislative and public policy reform of the new peonage, including data collection and impact analysis of fines, restitution, and user fees; ending incarceration and extended supervision for non-willful failure to pay; and establishing the right to counsel in nonpayment hearings.


Abstract The use of tangible examples can make the concepts of statistical sampling and survey design more meaningful for college students. These concepts are especially relevant with the advent of the 2000 Census and the debate over its use of statistical sampling. In this paper, basic ideas from survey design are introduced using the 2000 Census as an example, in order to capitalize on the recent media attention. Then, these same concepts are applied to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Data for the 1993 NHIS can be accessed through the National Center for Health Statistics web site and simple analyses can be performed over the web to demonstrate the use of sampling weights. In addition, subsets of the data can be downloaded and analyzed using statistical software packages. The methods of statistical sampling and the structure of a national survey have a variety of applications in the classroom, depending on the level of the course being taught. This paper discusses some of these applications and how to access and use these data as an effective teaching tool.


Abstract : Counterfeit microelectronics present a significant challenge to commercial and defense supply chains. Many modern anti-counterfeit strategies rely on manufacturer cooperation to include additional identification components. We instead propose Side Channel Authenticity Discriminant Analysis (SICADA) to leverage physical phenomena manifesting from device operation to match suspect parts to a class of authentic parts. This paper examines the extent that power dissipation information can be used to separate unique classes of devices. A methodology for distinguishing device types is presented and tested on both simulation data of a custom circuit and empirical measurements of Microchip dsPIC33F microcontrollers. Experimental results show that power side channels contain significant distinguishing information to identify parts as authentic or suspect counterfeit.


Like most European countries, Austria does not have a strict separation between state and church. Since the counter-reformation, it has been considered a country strongly influenced by Catholicism. Austrian attitudes towards religion derive from the Habsburg experience, when Austria's emperors and the Catholic Church acted in complete unison. This new volume in the Contemporary Austrian Studies series reevaluates this age-old tradition. Religion in Austria focuses on relationships between political parties and religious faiths. Individual chapters analyze the impact of religion on contemporary Austria. They explore the post-World War II decline - perhaps even the demise - of political Catholicism in the Second Republic; the political pluralism, which the still-dominant Catholic Church had to become accustomed to; and the principle of religious tolerance all major political parties have learned to accept. Contributors discuss the different formal (legal) links between the privileged denominations (the Catholic Church and other Christian churches, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism) and the state, especially in the areas of education and public finance. Particular emphasis is given to the two traditional Christian churches - the Roman Catholic and the Protestant (Lutherans and Reformists) - as well as to the fastest growing new denominations, Islam and Judaism. Since a growing number of Austrians declare themselves to be officially not affiliated with any of the denominations in this age of secularism, the phenomenon of the Konfessionslosen (persons without religious affiliation) is also examined. This volume presents different approaches to the changing trajectory of religious practice in Austria, including contemporary history, political science, sociology, and law. It will be of interest to sociologists, historians, and students of religion.


Abstract: In order to interpret fossil and sub-fossil associations of vertebrates, it is important to understand how carcasses degrade in nature. Here we describe the process of bone loss from of 32 carcasses from eight species of terrestrial mammals over two to 63 months in two Mediterranean ecosystems in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The carcasses ranged in mass from 5 kg to over 450 kg. These data allow the quantitative description of the dynamics of degradation in three time phases defined by changes in the rate of bone loss as measured by the Skeletal Conservation Index (SCI). The SCI values estimated for each phase of degradation is considered the fossil potentiality of the carcass. In the first phase, very few bones were lost, followed by a phase of high bone loss driven by scavengers. The rate of bone loss reduced greatly again in the final phase, which was driven primarily by abiotic, environmental factors. The largest carcasses spend a longer time in each phase, and also had a higher SCI at the end of Phase II. The smallest carcasses experienced a much higher variance in degradation, had significantly lower SCI, and many of the smallest carcasses were consumed completely in a short period of time. Differences between localities were observed regarding SCI values. Presence or absence of tree coverage in the place where the carcass was located also had a significant effect on SCI. These data highlight the importance of considering the contemporaneous scavengers when interpreting animals from paleontological contexts. These data also explain the bias observed in many ancient sites whereby larger animals are over represented.


What on earth is postmodernism? This is a guide to the maddeningly enigmatic concept which is supposed to define the human cultural condition at the end of the 20th century. Postmodernism claims that "modernity" has collapsed, that the historical process which began with the enlightenment, industrialism, Darwin, Marx, Freud and so on has exhausted itself and there is no more "future", just an endlessly "contemporary" world full of endlessly contested meanings. This uncertainty has led to a postmodern culture which embodies parody, pastiche and cultural cross-over and claims as its own such diverse phenomena as Andy Warhol, neo-classical architecture and Mickey Mouse! This book takes the reader on a roller-coaster ride through structuralism, deconstruction, cyberspace and semiotics in the company of the essential postmodern icons from Adorno and Lacan to Foucault and Umberto Eco.


Abstract The impact of a one-to-one computing initiative at a Midwestern urban middle school was examined through phenomenological research techniques focusing on the voices of eighth grade students and their teachers. Analysis of transcripts from pre-and post-implementation interviews of 47 students and eight teachers yielded patterns of responses to illuminate how one-to-one computing changed students' learning experiences and teachers' instructional practices. Key themes that emerged were changes in teacher pedagogy, effect on student learning experiences, impact on classroom behavior and management, potential for improved communications, and suggestions to address professional development needs. The students demonstrated their learning in varied and creative ways through the use of computer-based lessons. However, the altered format presented new demands on teachers as a delivery model. Although some students were distracted by gaming and chatting opportunities, learning benefits were reported for students of varied ability levels. This study builds on the theoretical framework supporting the role and use of technology to foster learning and to prepare students for a global economy. The focus on student and teacher voices provided the opportunity to explore a new perspective and engage middle school students, teachers, and administrators in school change efforts.


Isotope data from streamflow samples taken during rainfall or snowmelt events can be useful for model calibration, particularly to improve model consistency and to reduce parameter uncertainty. To reduce the costs associated with stream water sampling, it is important to choose sampling times with a high information content. We used the Birkenes model and synthetic rainfall, streamflow and isotope data to explore how many samples are needed to obtain a certain model fit and which sampling times are most informative for model calibration. Our results for nine model parameterizations and three events, representing different streamflow behaviours (e.g., fast and slow response, with and without overflow), show that the simulation performance of models calibrated with isotope data from two selected samples was comparable to simulations based on isotope data for all 100 time steps. Generally, samples taken on the falling limb were most informative for model calibration, although the exact timing of the most informative samples was dependent on the runoff response. Samples taken on the rising limb and at peakflow were less informative than expected. These model results highlight the value of a limited number of stream water samples and provide guidance for cost-effective event-based sampling strategies for model calibration.


Caregivers who provide services to trauma survivors are at high risk of developing secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Researchers and practitioners in the field of traumatology emphasize the role organizational culture has on individuals who provide services to trauma survivor's well-being. Although there is a considerable amount of theoretical literature on organizational culture and its effects on traumaworkers' well-being, there is a lack of empirical research. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify what organizational characteristics influence trauma caregivers' compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction.This study used data from a sample of 282 individuals who provide services to survivors of trauma including 67 animal control officers, 102 child, youth, and family service workers, and 113 individuals who work with the homeless. This research supports the literature and found several significant relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Organizational support and trauma-informed caregiver development were found to be strong predictor variables for burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Practical implications are provided addressing the roles that organizational support, supervisory support, peer support, and trauma-informed caregiver development have in the implementation of a trauma-informed system of care.


Freshwater Eustigmatophyceae are a group of microalgae that are considered rare and of low diversity, with only a few genera and species in a single order. Some Eustigmatophyceae produce fatty acids that are important nutrients for aquaculture, as well as for human food consumption. In addition, some Eustigmatophyceae produce hydrocarbons that may be useful in biofuel production. In our studies of the diversity of coccoid algae from Itasca State Park, Minnesota, we discovered several isolates that we tentatively identified as Eustigmatophyceae. Preliminary molecular characterization indicated that these isolates were highly diverse and probably represented species new to science. In this study, we examined fifteen of the Eustigmatophyceae isolates from Itasca State Park using DNA sequence analysis of the plastid rbcL gene. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences strongly supported Eustigmatophyceae as a monophyletic group and indicated two distinct lineages among our isolates within Eustigmatophyceae. Our results suggest that many of these isolates represent new genera and species. We can also infer the existence of at least two orders in the Eustigmatophyceae, based on the presence of two distinct lineages in the class. In addition to the taxonomic implications, this study will aid in the selection of isolates for further characterization of fatty acids and hydrocarbons, or as part of a regenerative life support system during extended space missions.


Modern analogs are an essential part of palaeoclimate studies, because they provide the basis for the understanding of geochemical signatures of fossils. Ostreoids are common in many sedimentary sequences and because of their fast growth, high temporal resolution sampling of past seasonal variability is possible. Here, two shell structures of modern Giant Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas), the chalky substance and foliate layers, have been sampled for trace element distributions (Mg, Sr, Mn) and stable isotope variability (C, O, Ca). Oxygen isotopes exhibit a clear seasonal signature. Mean carbon isotope values of different oysters agree within 0.1‰, but ontogenic variability is complicated by shell growth patterns and potential small vital effects. The calcium isotope ratios are found to be constant throughout ontogeny within analytical precision at a value of δ44/40Ca = 0.68 ± 0.16‰ (2 sd) SRM–915a which is consistent with other bivalve species. Calcium isotope ratios in oyster shell material might thus be a possible proxy for palaeo seawater calcium isotope ratios. Element/Ca ratios are significantly higher in the chalky substance than in the foliate layers and especially high Sr/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios are observed for the first growth season of the oysters. Mg/Ca ratios in the chalky substance show a negative correlation with δ18O values, compatible with a temperature dependence, whereas this correlation is absent in the foliate layers. Seasonal changes of Sr/Ca are controlled by metabolic processes, whereas for Mn/Ca an additional environmental control is evident.


Profiling aims to identify the major personality and behavioural characteristics of offenders from their interactions in the crime. The discipline has undergone numerous changes and advances since its first modern use by the psychological/psychiatric community. The current paper reviews the different approaches to criminal profiling, exploring the reasoning and justification utilised across profiling practices. Profiling aims to assist criminal investigators; however, the variance in profiling approaches has contributed to inconsistency across the field, bringing the utility of profiling into question. To address the current areas of practice deficit in criminal profiling, a framework is proposed to promote integrated practice. The CRIME approach provides a framework (consisting of crime scene evaluations, relevancy of research, investigative or clinical opinions, methods of investigation, and evaluation) to promote structure and uniformity in profile development, aiming to assist in the reliability of the practice by providing an integrative framework for developing profiles.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of side-to-side jump training on increasing leg muscle explosive power. This research was an experimental research. The sampling technique used in the research was purposive sampling with 17 samples that were given an early test of vertical jump (modified sargent jump) and followed by the treatment of 14 sessions. The latest test was the post test to see the effect of the exercise. T-test was used to see the effect of the significant mean α 0,05. The results of the posttest mean was 98.26 and preetest mean was100.45. The hypothesis research was accepted because the result of ttest (6.22)>ttable (2.11). Conclusion, Side-to-Side Shuffle Jump exercises affect the increase of explosive limb muscle strength of Bung Hatta University Physical, Health and Recreation Education
Keywords: Side-to-Side Shuffle Jump, Leg Muscles Explosive Power