Smelting of sulphur-rich metallic ores in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, has caused acidification and metal contamination of thousands of lakes in the region. Recent reductions in smelter emissions have resulted in much ecological recovery, but the recovery of Daphnia species has been poor. To determine if Cu and Ni toxicity could explain differences in daphniid recovery among lakes, we compared results of 14 d static with renewal bioassays in waters from Blue Chalk Lake, an uncontaminated reference lake 200 km from Sudbury, and from five Sudbury lakes ranging in distance from the smelters and varying in metal and cation concentrations. We spiked Blue Chalk Lake water with Cu and Ni to levels resembling those of the Sudbury lakes and also tested the lake waters for toxicity. Survival of Daphnia pulex , D . pulicaria and D. mendotae decreased monotonically with increasing metal concentrations in the spiked Blue Chalk Lake treatments, falling from 90% in the controls to 0% at the two highest Cu and Ni levels, reflecting levels of Middle and Hannah lakes. In contrast, survival in waters collected from the actual Sudbury lakes did not monotonically track their total metal concentrations. Rather, survival fell to 0% in Clearwater Lake water, a lake with intermediate metal contamination (8.9 and 79.9 μg L –1 of Cu and Ni, respectively) vs 70-100% in the other lakes. We performed an additional assay with Clearwater Lake waters increasing its Ca and Na concentrations, singly and in combination to levels that reflected the levels in Middle Lake. The survival of the four daphniid species increased from 0% up to 80-100% with added Ca and from 0% to 60-90% with added Na. Lipid-ovarian indices had a similar trend to survival for D. mendotae and D. pulicaria in Bioassay 1, varying with the cation concentrations in the lakes for the daphniids in Bioassay 2. The bioassays results imply that regional recovery patterns of daphniids in Sudbury lakes cannot be understood without as a minimum considering both metal and base cation concentration differences among lakes, and give an indication of differences among Daphnia species to cope with metal stress.


People turn to social media to express their emotions surrounding major life events. Death of a loved one is one scenario in which people share their feelings in the semi-public space of social networking sites. In this paper, we present the results of a two-part investigation of grief and distress in the context of messages posted to the profiles of deceased MySpace users. We present coding system for identifying emotion distressed content, followed by a detailed analysis of language use that lays a foundation for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as automatic detection of bereavement-related distress. Our findings suggest that in addition to words bearing positive or negative sentiment, linguistic style can be an indicator of messages that demonstrate distress in the space of post-mortem social media content. These results contribute to research in computational linguistics by identifying linguistic features that can be used for automatic classification as well as to research on death and bereavement by enumerating attributes of distressed self-expression in a post-mortem context.


In the urine of men and animals was found a factor which evokes the contraction of the gall bladder. This factor increases in the urine after the application of a secretogenous stimulus to the duodenum and decreases after resection of the duodenum. A urine concentrate was prepared which has an effect similar to that of cholecystokinin administered intravenously and which was therefore called urocholecystokinin.


Abstract. The Chesapeake Bay region is projected to experience changes in temperature,
sea level, and precipitation as a result of climate change. This research
uses an estuarine-watershed hydrodynamic–biogeochemical modeling system
along with projected mid-21st-century changes in temperature, freshwater
flow, and sea level rise to explore the impact climate change may have on
future Chesapeake Bay dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations and the potential
success of nutrient reductions in attaining mandated estuarine water quality
improvements. Results indicate that warming bay waters will decrease oxygen
solubility year-round, while also increasing oxygen utilization via
respiration and remineralization, primarily impacting bottom oxygen in the
spring. Rising sea level will increase estuarine circulation, reducing
residence time in bottom waters and increasing stratification. As a result,
oxygen concentrations in bottom waters are projected to increase, while
oxygen concentrations at mid-depths
(3  −1) will typically decrease.
Changes in precipitation are projected to deliver higher winter and spring
freshwater flow and nutrient loads, fueling increased primary production.
Together, these multiple climate impacts will lower DO throughout the
Chesapeake Bay and negatively impact progress towards meeting water quality
standards associated with the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.
However, this research also shows that the potential impacts of climate
change will be significantly smaller than improvements in DO expected in
response to the required nutrient reductions, especially at the anoxic and
hypoxic levels. Overall, increased temperature exhibits the strongest control
on the change in future DO concentrations, primarily due to decreased
solubility, while sea level rise is expected to exert a small positive impact
and increased winter river flow is anticipated to exert a small negative
impact.


Most existing neural network based task-oriented dialog systems follow encoder-decoder paradigm, where the decoder purely depends on the source texts to generate a sequence of words, usually suffering from instability and poor readability. Inspired by the traditional template-based generation approaches, we propose a template-guided hybrid pointer network for knowledge-based task-oriented dialog systems, which retrieves several potentially relevant answers from a pre-constructed domain-specific conversational repository as guidance answers, and incorporates the guidance answers into both the encoding and decoding processes. Specifically, we design a memory pointer network model with a gating mechanism to fully exploit the semantic correlation between the retrieved answers and the ground-truth response. We evaluate our model on four widely used task-oriented datasets, including one simulated and three manually created datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves significantly better performance than the state-of-the-art methods over different automatic evaluation metrics.


The computer can be a highly efficient drafting table. It can also be much more. Architects can use programming to engage with the computer on its own terms, and in doing so gain a better understanding of complex geometric, structural, or conceptual design scenarios. This 'computational approach' to design is increasingly common in architecture, but comparatively rare within landscape architecture. In this thesis I examine how and why landscape architects might employ computational design.  I start by reviewing the work of computational architects and landscape urbanists. I identify that both emphasize diagrammatic and processual strategies as a means to confront complexity and indeterminism within the design process. However, this conceptual overlap masks a technological divergence, as computational tools are presently ill-suited to the needs of landscape architects. Their focus should be shifted away from formal exploration and towards the analysis, simulation, and generation of landscape systems. Doing so would offer landscape architects new forms of representation that would overcome some of the current limitations within their design process.  To test this proposition, I create a series of generative tools, or 'patterns', that use computational techniques to model ecological systems. This pattern-based approach introduces a methodology that improves the accessibility and flexibility of computational design. These patterns are applied in tandem with standard computational techniques to create a concept design for a post-industrial landscape. Through this research I identify computation as a powerful tool for designing landscapes. The conceptual and technical methodologies it offers enable landscape architects to better understand and explore open-ended and indeterminate systems. Computation offers a novel opportunity to combine conceptual openness and technical rigour when designing complex landscapes.


On large coral reef systems like the Great Barrier Reef, with a significant cross shelf component throughout most of its length, sponges inhabit a broad range of benthic habitats, from shallow water turbid coastal reefs to clear water oceanic reef systems. The structure of sponge assemblages differs taxonomically and morphologically across these varied benthic habitats, responding to environmental conditions and reflecting the prevailing biophysical character. Despite these differences sponges as a group constitute a critical component of the benthos across all these habitats, providing structural rigour, and contributing to benthic-pelagic nutrient fluxes. Sponges also provide a substrate for the settlement and refuge of other benthic organisms and are a host to a large diversity and biomass of symbiotic microorganisms. Despite the importance of sponges within these habitats our understanding of population distributions and the key environmental parameters that influence and maintain them is in its infancy. This knowledge is fundamental to conservation and management of marine benthic environments.

The abundance, size and depth distribution of the sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile was quantified within inner-, mid- and outer-shelf reef locations across the continental shelf of the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia using belt transects. There was a clear gradient in the abundance, size and depth distribution of R.odorabile across all reefs sampled, with mean abundances on mid- (20.3 ± 2.2 individuals.250 m-2) and outer-shelf reefs (22.6 ± 6.4 individuals.250 m-2) being more than three times greater than inner-shelf reefs (6.2 ± 2.4 individuals.250 m-2). In addition, although not statistically different, the mean size of R.odorabile on outer-shelf reef locations (4236.3 ± 941.9 cm3) were larger than R.odorabile on inner- (3096.3 ± 1394.2 cm3) and mid-shelf reef locations (2323.8 ± 548.3 cm3), with R.odorabile preferring to inhabit deeper habitats on mid- and outer-shelf reef locations (8 to 12 m) than inner-shelf reef locations (<8 m). These distinct differences between shelf locations may be driven by differences in environmental gradients across shelf locations, in particular light availability, sedimentation and food availability.

Variation in light, sediment and food are key factors structuring the distribution, abundance and physiology of many sessile marine invertebrates in benthic habitats, particularly those harbouring symbiotic (possibly phototrophic) microbial symbionts. Photophysiology results for R.odorabile individuals from inner-, mid-, and outer-shelf reef locations, demonstrate that light availability does not physiologically regulate the size and depth distributions of R.odorabile across shelf locations. Photophysiology experiments identified that regardless of their origin, R.odorabile individuals collected across inner-, mid-, and outer-shelf reef locations did not photosynthesise or possess any photopigments. Therefore, R.odorabile does not acquire energy requirements by way of photosynthesis, showing that in terms of energy acquisition light availability does not influence size and/or the depth distribution of R.odorabile across shelf locations.

To quantitatively determine the impact of sedimentation and the role of sediment grain size and mineralogy on the ecology and physiology of R.odorabile, suspended sediment was sampled monthly across winter (Austral tropical dry season) and summer (Austral tropical wet season) at different locations including Pelorus Island (inner-shelf reef), Rib Reef (mid-shelf reef), and Pith Reef (outer-shelf reef). Regardless of month sampled, up to 32% of the volume of sediment on inner-shelf reefs was dominated by fine clay sediments (mean grain size 24.4 ± 5.7 μm), in contrast to mid and outer shelf reefs where less than 3% of the volume of sediments were fine clay sediments and instead sediments are dominated by coarse biogenic materials (mean grain sizes of 126.6 ± 30.5 μm and 214.3 ± 33.4 μm, respectively) (carbonate sediments). Decreasing sediment grain size and increasing clay content of suspended sediments towards the coast corresponded with the decreasing abundance, size and reduced depth distribution of R.odorabile towards the coast.

Food availability and the retention efficiency of ultraplankton cell types <3 μm were quantified for R.odorabile across inner-, mid- and outer-shelf locations. Across these shelf locations, R.odorabile was exposed to a broad range of ultraplankton cell types, including heterotrophic bacteria, Prochlorococcus spp., Synechococcus – type cyanobacteria and picoeukaryotes <3 μm. Food availability was more abundant on inner-shelf locations than outer-shelf locations, including picoeukaryotes <3 μm, the main planktonic food source for R.odorabile. Picoeukaryotes were retained preferentially with high efficiencies and these efficiencies are consistent across shelf locations (inner-shelf, 95%; mid-shelf, 87%; outer-shelf, 92%). Given the higher abundance of picoeukaryotes <3 μm on inner-shelf reefs, R.odorabile at these reefs assimilated 1.5 times more carbon (8.38 ± 0.10 μg C.l-1) and nitrogen (1.34 ± 0.02 μg N.l-1) than on mid-shelf reefs (5.23 ± 0.84 μg C.l-1, 0.84 ± 0.13 μg N.l-1), and 3 times more carbon and nitrogen than outer-shelf reefs (2.71 ± 0.90 μg C.l-1, 0.44 ± 0.15 μg N.l-1). Paradoxically, R.odorabile retains significantly more carbon and nitrogen in the form of picoeukaryotes on inner-shelf reefs than mid- and outer-shelf reefs, however, R.odorabile are not larger or more abundant on inner-shelf reefs. This may be explained by a metabolic 'trade-off' from increased energetic costs for R.odorabile living in high sediment inshore environments exposed to fine clay sediments.

Experimental manipulation of sediment grain size and mineralogy on the respiration rate of R.odorabile demonstrated unequivocally that fine clay sediments (mean grain size 3.1 ± 0.1 μm) increase the respiration activity from baseline respiration rates by 35% during short-term exposure (7 hours) and up to 43% during long-term exposure (4 days). Visual observations also identified that exposure to fine clay sediments induce the production of mucus on the external surfaces of R.odorabile, whilst the shutdown of sponge oscula was also evident. Therefore, exposure of R.odorabile on inner-shelf reefs to fine clay suspended sediments that are absent on mid- and outer-shelf reefs increases their metabolic costs, which may be responsible for reduced abundance and sizes of R.odorabile on inner-shelf reefs. This suggests that inner-shelf reefs provide sub-optimal habitat conditions for R.odorabile. These higher energetic drains in inshore environments may result in energy normally utilised for growth and reproduction being diverted to maintenance and survival, resulting in lower reproductive output, smaller individuals and subsequently lower abundance. These findings highlight the importance of identifying the key environmental parameters linked with anthropogenic change on the dynamics and structure of an important component of the benthic community.


This reviewer's first day as a clinical medical student saw an introduction to a neurology ward. The abiding memory is of very cerebral types, all sporting bow ties, who could localise a brain stem lesion, whilst armed only with a strange hatpin, worn in their white coat lapel. The snag was that, in the 1970s, they then seemed quite unable to do anything about the diagnosis, so cleverly achieved. Then the radiologists came along and spoiled all the fun. Even the Preface uses the term 'contemplative' to describe the specialty in that era. This book is great at reminding us that clinical skills do still count, and it certainly illustrates the degree of overlap with our work in otolaryngology. I had expected cranial nerve disorders and especially facial paralysis to be of relevance, but the chapter headings all reminded me that neurological causes of dysphagia, speech disorders, dysequilibrium, facial pain and even sleep disorders can present to us initially. As entitled, it certainly is 'illustrated', and nicely so. There is excellent colour photography, reproduction of imaging in monochrome and many a diagram. The neuroanatomy can be challenging at times and it is amazing what one could tell from various types of pupil asymmetry (if only one could remember it all, of course). The text makes for easy reading and is indeed colourful, with blue topic headings, orange 'notes' in boxes, bold print to break up paragraphs, and even green 'Key Points' or 'Practical Tips'. On this occasion, that really worked well and it is tastefully done. A feature that encourages the casual reader is the opening of each chapter with a clinical vignette, using some very witty titles and illustrations. 'The Same Only Different', for example, is a tale of subarachnoid haemorrhage, presenting as migraine. It is accompanied by a picture of sticks of dynamite and a lit fuse. 'Bad News' criticises an unfortunate clinician for failing to notice an absence of sweating on the sole of the foot, a first sign of autonomic dysfunction in the sacral plexus (obviously). We must allow our colleagues some amusement and the chance to demonstrate their expertise. This can even extend to the cremasteric or bulbocavernous reflexes, which we are reminded can be applied to males only. The anal wink reflex I would not recommend to ENT surgeons, certainly not without a chaperone, and the eliciting of all these is best left to the specialist reader. I was surprised not to read more of neurological dysphagia and even more foxed to find no mention of motor neurone disease in the index. Recent clinics have brought home to me how such conditions can present to us, but the penny dropped as I searched around and found amyotrophic lateral sclerosis instead. This book is a 'must read' for trainees and especially those facing end-of-training clinical examinations. It is great value for money, and could be of far more use to that audience than the latest book on endoscopic nasal surgery or facioplastics.


Long-lived organic radicals are promising candidates for the development of high-performance energy solutions such as organic redox batteries, transistors, and light-emitting diodes. However, "stable" organic radicals that remain unreactive for an extended time and that can be stored and handled under ambient conditions are rare. A necessary but not sufficient condition for organic radical stability is the presence of thermodynamic stabilization, such as conjugation with an adjacent p-bond or lone-pair, or hyperconjugation with a s-bond. However, thermodynamic factors alone do not result in radicals with extended lifetimes: many resonance-stabilized radicals are transient species that exist for less than a millisecond. Kinetic stabilization is also necessary for persistence, such as steric effects that inhibit radical dimerization or reaction with solvent molecules. We describe a quantitative approach to map organic radical stability, using molecular descriptors designed to capture thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. The comparison of an extensive dataset of quantum chemical calculations of organic radicals with experimentally-known stable radical species reveals a region of this feature space where long-lived radicals are located. These descriptors, based upon maximum spin density and buried volume are combined into a single metric, the Radical Stability Score, that outperforms thermodynamic scales based on bond dissociation enthalpies in identifying remarkably long-lived radicals. This provides an objective and accessible metric for used in future molecular design and optimization campaigns. We demonstrate this approach in identifying Pareto-optimal candidates for stable organic radicals.


This article considers the world for children created by the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) and its predecessors between the 1920s and the 1970s. Beginning with the 'Aunts' and 'Uncles' of early radio, it looks at the ABC's endeavours in the areas of children's and educational broadcasting, focusing particularly on the Argonauts Club, Kindergarten of the Air and Let's Join In. It also explores the work of ABC identities including composer Bernard Heinze and eurhythmics teacher Heather Gell, and a succession of innovative and committed programmers. But it goes beyond on-air programming to consider the extracurricular world created for young listeners by Australia's public service broadcaster. The article points to the interactivity of Australian broadcasting, examining how a mass medium sought to build communities of young listeners across Australia, and the role of ABC programmes and associated activities in children's lives.


Unit labor costs in some of the eurozone countries, calculated using aggregate data, increased significantly during the years before the crisis. In this paper, we show that: (i) the construction of unit labor costs using aggregate data, the standard practice, leads to serious problems of interpretation; (ii) aggregate unit labor costs are not a sum or an average of firms' unit labor costs; and (iii) aggregate unit labor costs are simply the product of the share of labor in total income times the aggregate price deflator. As such, they simply reflect the distribution of income between wages and profits. We conclude that aggregate unit labor costs should not be calculated, and certainly should not be used as a measure of competitiveness. Data for 1980–2007 confirms that aggregate unit labor costs increased across the eurozone. But of the 12 countries studied, the labor share declined in nine, it increased in one (Greece), and it remained constant in two. Overall, aggregate unit labor costs increased as a result of the increase in the price deflator. We conjecture that the increase in unit labor costs was the result of the non-tradable sectors gaining share in the overall economy. Recent data for 2008–2012 indicate that aggregate unit labor costs have stopped increasing and have even declined in some countries. This is due to the fact the labor shares have continued declining and that the overall price deflator has dramatically reversed its upward trend, either flattening or declining.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication is currently considered as a key technology of the next generation wireless personal area network (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN). UWB operation do not require a spectrum license but UWB devices are required to share spectrum with licensed narrow band users. This paper presents a novel system for direct sequence (DS) UWB and the proposed dynamic bandwidth direct sequence (DBDS) system focuses on exploring a new idea rather than concentrating on impulse manipulation, provides a cognitive solution for DS-based UWB in a much simpler and more efficient way. The proposed system is able to transfer data under a fraction of original spread spectrum signal bandwidth and different spectral shapes while maintaining the same data rate. The system does not require generating specific impulse for working environment, therefore significantly reduces the system complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that the DBDS has a very exciting performance. Even received with different bandwidths and different spectral shapes, the data information can still be fully recovered at the same data rate.


An exact closed form expression for the infinite time analysis and forecast error covariances of a Kalman filter is used to investigate how the locations of fixed observing platforms such as radiosonde stations affect global distributions of analysis and forecast error variance. The solution pertains to a system with no model error, time-independent nondefective unstable dynamics, time-independent observation operator, and time-independent observation error covariance. As far as the authors are aware, the solutions are new. It is shown that only nondecaying normal modes (eigenvectors of the dynamics operator) are required to represent the infinite time error covariance matrices. Consequently, once a complete set of nondecaying eigenvectors has been obtained, the solution allows for the rapid assessment of the error-reducing potential of any observational network that bounds error variance. Atmospherically relevant time-independent basic states and their corresponding tangent linear propagators are obtained with the help of a (T21L3) quasigeostrophic global model. The closed form solution allows for an examination of the sensitivity of the error variances to many different observing configurations. It is also feasible to determine the optimal location of one additional observation given a fixed observing network, which, through repetition, can be used to build effective observing networks. Effective observing networks result in error variances several times smaller than other types of networks with the same number of column observations, such as equally spaced or land-based networks. The impact of the observing network configuration on global error variance is greater when the observing network is less dense. The impact of observations at different pressure levels is also examined. It is found that upper-level observations are more effective at reducing globally averaged error variance, but midlevel observations are more effective at reducing forecast error variance at and downstream of the baroclinic regions associated with midlatitude jets.


Understanding the atmospheric distribution of water (H 2 O) is crucial for global warming studies and climate change mitigation. In this context, reliable satellite data are extremely valuable for their global and continuous coverage, once their quality has been assessed. Short-wavelength infrared spectra are acquired by the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) aboard the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). From these, column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor (XH 2 O) have been retrieved at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, Japan) and are available as a Level 2 research product. We compare the NIES XH 2 O data, Version 02.21, with retrievals from the ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON, Version GGG2014). The datasets are in good overall agreement, with GOSAT data showing a slight global low bias of −3.1% ± 24.0%, good consistency over different locations (station bias of −1.53% ± 10.35%) and reasonable correlation with TCCON (R = 0.89). We identified two potential sources of discrepancy between the NIES and TCCON retrievals over land. While the TCCON XH 2 O amounts can reach 6000–7000 ppm when the atmospheric water content is high, the correlated NIES values do not exceed 5500 ppm. This could be due to a dry bias of TANSO-FTS in situations of high humidity and aerosol content. We also determined that the GOSAT-TCCON differences directly depend on the altitude difference between the TANSO-FTS footprint and the TCCON site. Further analysis will account for these biases, but the NIES V02.21 XH 2 O product, after public release, can already be useful for water cycle studies.


Background Trastuzumab (TRZ) (Herceptin) is a humanised monoclonal antibody IgG1 that acts against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It is indicated in the treatment of early and metastatic breast cancer and metastatic gastric cancer. Purpose To evaluate the biological activity (BA) that remains in Herceptin after single-use vials have been opened in a long-term study. We also evaluated the remaining activity when TRZ was exposed to different stress conditions. Material and methods An indirect non-competitive ELISA was developed for this purpose and validated to test the stability of BA of TRZ. ELISA plates were sensitised with recombinant human HER2. Calibration function was between 100.0 and 500.0 ng/mL; detection and quantification limits were 31.8 and 100.0 ng/mL; precision – as intraday and interday reproducibility (%RSD – was 95%. Stress study at 100 ng/mL included basic (NaOH 0.1M), acidic (HCl 0.1M), oxidative (H 2 O 2 10%) and ionic-strength (NaCl 1M) conditions (33% v/v); temperature 50°C and 70°C and light exposure. Surplus samples of Herceptin were stored at 4°C, −20°C and −80°C in the dark. The BA was tested up to 15 days. Results The BA of Herceptin decreased by 25%, 30% and 47% the initial activity 24 h after opening when vials were stored at 4°C, −20°C and −80°C respectively. The decrease was 50–60% after 2 days for the three storage conditions and it was maintained along the study (up to 15 days). Residual BA remained in all samples submitted to the stress except in samples heated at 70°C. There was no cross reaction with similar IgG1. Conclusion Herceptin lost a significant percentage of the BA when tested by ELISA after 24 h of storage both refrigerated (4°C) and frozen (−20°C and −80°C). Nevertheless, these results will be further investigated by flow cytometry. References and/or acknowledgements Financial support: PI10/00201 (MICINN, Government of Spain). No conflict of interest.


Much of the modern perception of the role of economic production in human life - whether on the Left or on the Right of the political spectrum – views it as an inferior, instrumental activity oriented toward self-preservation, self-interest, or profit, and thus as essentially distinct from the truly human action concerned with moral values, justice, and various forms of self-fulfillment. This widely shared worldview is rooted, on the one hand, in the Aristotelian tradition that sees labor as a badge of slavery, and freedom as lying in the domain of politics and pure (not technical) knowledge, and, on the other hand, in the aristocratic mediaeval Christian outlook, which – partly under Aristotle's influence – sees nature as always already adapted (by divine design) to serving human bodily needs, and the purpose of life as directed toward higher, spiritual reality. Marx, although he attacked the Aristotelian distinction between "action" and "production," also envisaged the undistorted production process in essentially collectivist Aristotelian terms. As against this, liberal thinkers, above all Locke, have developed an elaborate alternative to the Aristotelian worldview, reinterpreting the production process as a moral activity par excellence consisting in a gradual transformation of the alien nature into a genuinely human environment reflecting human design and providing the basis of human autonomy. Adam Smith completed Locke's thought by explaining how production is essentially a form of cooperation among free individuals whose self-interested labor serves the best interest of all. The greatest "culture war" in history is to re-establish the moral significance of economic activity in the consciousness of modern political and cultural elites.


Employment in enterprises is getting flexible and international in past years. Along with the stricter employment market, the employment of college graduates is concerned. When getting into workplace, university new graduates have to face fiercely international competition and rapidly changing industrial structure; the changing employment market is also encountering strict test. Employability has been the highly emphasized issue in advanced countries that the promotion of students' employability is listed as a major objective in the educational reform of universities, where employability is listed as a core objective. Taking college graduating students in Hebei Province as the empirical objects in this study, 297 valid copies of questionnaire are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 83%. The research results conclude 1.corporate internship would affect work value, 2.corporate internship would influence employability, 3.work value presents significantly positive effects on attitude and ability in employability, 4.work value shows remarkably positive effects on planning and learning in employability, and 5.work value reveals notably positive effects on knowledge application in employability. According to the results, suggestions are proposed, expecting to enhance college students' employment after the graduation and assist in the lifelong employability.


Abstract Objectives. To present a step by step approach for the diagnosis of adrenal incidentaloma (AI). Method. An extensive review of the literature was conducted, searching the Pub-Med and Google Scholar using the Mesh terms; Adrenal; Incidentaloma; Adrenal tumours; Radiology; Diagnosis. We also did a cross-referencing search of the literature. Comments on the new European guidelines are presented. Results. The majority of the tumours are non-functioning benign adenomas. The most important radiological characteristic of an adrenal incidentaloma is the radiation attenuation coefficient. Wash out percentage and the imaging characteristics of the tumour may help in diagnosis. Conclusion. Density less than 10 HU is in most cases characteristic of a lipid rich benign adenoma. More than 10 HU or/and history of malignancy raise the possibility for cancer. 1 mg dexamethasone test and plasma metanephrines should be done in all patients. If there is history of hypokalemia and/or resistant hypertension we test the plasma aldosterone to plasma renin ratio (ARR). Newer studies have shown that tumours even nonfunctioning and less than 4 cm may increase the metabolic risks so we may consider surgery at an earlier stage.


Objectives: This paper focuses on reporting the results of the daily use of the Desarda technique for the treatment of adult inguinal hernias without selection of patients at national hospital of Niamey. Patients and Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study from December 2012 to August 2014. It included 76 patients aged over 15 years who underwent inguinal hernia repair by Desarda technique without any selection. The variables studied include the type of inguinal hernia, the Nyhus class of inguinal hernia, the operating time, the postoperative pain, and the hernia recurrences. Results: There were 74 men and 2 women. The average age of the patients was 43.6 years [± 17.6]. Inguinal hernia was found in 57.9% of patients. There were 76.31% simple hernias, 15.80% recurrent hernias, 2.63% intractable hernias by loss of domain, and 5.26% strangulated hernias. 90.79% of the patients were operated under spinal anesthesia. The most frequent types of inguinal hernia were Nyhus type 2 found in 35.52% of patients, followed by Nyhus type 3b found in 30.26% of patients. The mean operative time was 46.67 [± 11.5] minutes. The immediate operative follow-up was marked by the occurrence of a hematoma of the scrotum in two patients. There was no recurrence of chronic postoperative pain after a median follow up of 40 European Scientific Journal August 2019 edition Vol.15, No.24 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e ISSN 18577431 103 months. Conclusion: The Desarda technique could be a good alternative for the cure of all inguinal hernias of adults.


Abstract. Georeferencing gathered images is a common step before performing spatial analysis and other processes on acquired datasets using unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Methods of applying spatial information to aerial images or their derivatives is through onboard GPS (Global Positioning Systems) geotagging, or through tying of models through GCPs (Ground Control Points) acquired in the field. Currently, UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) derivatives are limited to meter-levels of accuracy when their generation is unaided with points of known position on the ground. The use of ground control points established using survey-grade GPS or GNSS receivers can greatly reduce model errors to centimeter levels. However, this comes with additional costs not only with instrument acquisition and survey operations, but also in actual time spent in the field. This study uses a workflow for cloud-based post-processing of UAS data in combination with already existing LiDAR data. The georeferencing of the UAV point cloud is executed using the Iterative Closest Point algorithm (ICP). It is applied through the open-source CloudCompare software (Girardeau-Montaut, 2006) on a 'skeleton point cloud'. This skeleton point cloud consists of manually extracted features consistent on both LiDAR and UAV data. For this cloud, roads and buildings with minimal deviations given their differing dates of acquisition are considered consistent. Transformation parameters are computed for the skeleton cloud which could then be applied to the whole UAS dataset. In addition, a separate cloud consisting of non-vegetation features automatically derived using CANUPO classification algorithm (Brodu and Lague, 2012) was used to generate a separate set of parameters. Ground survey is done to validate the transformed cloud. An RMSE value of around 16 centimeters was found when comparing validation data to the models georeferenced using the CANUPO cloud and the manual skeleton cloud. Cloud-to-cloud distance computations of CANUPO and manual skeleton clouds were obtained with values for both equal to around 0.67 meters at 1.73 standard deviation.


Science policymakers in newly democratic Taiwan grapple with a central tension of how to construct policies that both conform to international standards and properly represent Taiwan's people. Based on more than sixteen months of ethnographic research, over a hundred interviews, and archival data, I examine how stem cell research-related policymaking was assembled in Taiwan. I pay particular attention to the intersections of global and local, and to articulations of democracy, sovereignty, and identity as they relate to stem cell research governance. While much has been written on science and democracy in established democratic societies, relatively little has addressed the relationship between emergent democracies and emergent sciences. I suggest that studies in Taiwan as it transitions from technocratic to democratic authority help to make visible the diverse logics and multiple considerations that shape both biotech and its governance in an emergent science democracy.


Firth AL, Yao W, Remillard CV, Ogawa A, Yuan JX. Upregulation of Oct-4 isoforms in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 298: L548–L557, 2010. First published February 5, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00314.2009.—Oct-4 is a transcription factor considered to be one of the defining pluripotency markers in embryonic stem cells. Its expression has also been demonstrated in adult stem cells, tumorigenic cells, and, most recently and controversially, in somatic cells. Oct-4 pseudogenes also contribute to carcinogenesis. Oct-4 may be involved in the excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), contributing to the pathogenesis of IPAH. In this study, we show that Oct-4 isoforms are upregulated in IPAH-PASMC. Human embryonic stem cells (H9 line) and human PASMC from normotensive subjects were used throughout the investigation as positive and negative controls. In addition to significant upregulation of Oct-4 in a population of IPAH-PASMC, HIF-2 , a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor that has been shown to bind to the Oct-4 promoter and induces its expression and transcriptional activity, was also increased. Interestingly, a substantial upregulation of Oct-4 isoforms and HIF-2 was also observed in normal PASMC exposed to chronic hypoxia. In conclusion, the data suggest that both Oct-4 isoforms are upregulated and potentially have a significant role in the development of vascular abnormalities associated with the pathogenesis of IPAH and in pulmonary hypertension triggered by chronic hypoxia.


Electromyography Evaluation of Rotator Cuff Manual Muscle Tests Manual muscle tests (MMTs) are frequently used in clinical settings to evaluate a specific muscle's function and strength in a position at which this muscle is believed to be most isolated from other synergists and antagonists. It is necessary for a muscle to be tested in a state of isolation (as much as is physiologically possible), as interpretation of strength and function can be compromised by the contributions of other active muscles. In the present study, electromyographic activation of 14 shoulder muscles was assessed in 12 males during 29 shoulder exertions. Maximal isolation ratios defined which of these exertions most isolated the rotator cuff muscles. Results confirmed the appropriateness of nine clinical MMTs in isolating the rotator cuff muscles, but suggested that several other exertions were equally appropriate in isolating these muscles. Forces produced during isolation exertions can be compared to patient exertions to promote more objective MMT grading.


In noise effect research often the awakening reaction is maintained to be the only important health related reaction. The main argument is that sleep represents a trophotropic phase ("energy storing"). In contrast to this awakening reactions or lying awake belong to the ergotropic phase ("energy consuming"). Frequent or long awakening reactions endanger therefore the necessary recovery in sleep and, in the long-run, health. Findings derived from arousal and stress hormone research make possible a new access to the noise induced nightly health risk. An arousal is a short change in sleeping condition, raising the organism from a lower level of excitation to a higher one. Arousals have the function to prevent life-threatening influences or events through activation of compensation mechanisms. Frequent occurrences of arousal triggered by nocturnal noise leads to a deformation of the circadian rhythm. Additionally, the deep sleep phases in the first part of the night are normally associated with a minimum of cortisol and a maximum of growth hormone concentrations. These circadian rhythms of sleep and neuroendocrine regulation are necessary for the physical as well as for the psychic recovery of the sleeper. Noise exposure during sleep which causes frequent arousal leads to decreased performance capacity, drowsiness and tiredness during the day. Long-term disturbances of the described circadian rhythms have a deteriorating effect on health, even when noise induced awakenings are avoided.


Objective: This case study tested the threshold hypothesis (Rönnberg et al., 1998), which states that superior speechreading skill is possible only if high-order cognitive functions, such as capacious verbal working memory, enable efficient strategies. Design: In a case study, a speechreading expert (AA) was tested on a number of speechreading and cognitive tasks and compared with control groups (z scores). Sentence-based speechreading tests, a word-decoding test, and a phoneme identification task were used to assess speechreading skill at different analytical levels. The cognitive test battery used included tasks of working memory (e.g., reading span), inference-making, phonological processing (e.g., rhyme-judgment), and central-executive functions (verbal fluency, Stroop task). Results: Contrary to previous cases of extreme speechreading skill, AA excels on both low-order (phoneme identification: z = +2.83) and high-order (sentence-based: z = +8.12 and word-decoding: z = +4.21) speechreading tasks. AA does not display superior verbal inference-making ability (sentence-completion task: z = −0.36). Neither does he possess a superior working memory (reading span: z = +0.80). However, AA outperforms the controls on two measures of executive retrieval functions, the semantic (z = +3.77) and phonological verbal fluency tasks (z = +3.55). Conclusions: The performance profile is inconsistent with the threshold hypothesis. Extreme speechreading accuracy can be obtained in ways other than via well-developed high-order cognitive functions. It is suggested that AA's extreme speechreading skill, which capitalizes on low-order functions in combination with efficient central executive functions, is due to early onset of hearing impairment.


A novel Schiff (Mo) base complex supported on GO surface was successfully prepared, which was further combined with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) polymer (Mo-GO/g-C3N4) to make it photo-active. The photocatalytic activity of the resulting nano-composite was tested under simulated sunlight (AM 1.5) for the epoxidation of various olefin substrates. In addition, surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements were applied to explore the electron acceleration effect caused by GO and molybdenum. It was demonstrated that both GO and the metal active centers can efficiently accelerate electron transfer, which would finally contribute to the superior catalytic performance.


We present molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the shear-coupled migration (SCM) behaviour of symmetrical tilt boundaries perturbed by the presence of nano-cracks or nano-precipitates lying on the boundary plane. The simulations have been performed for copper bicrystals at room temperature (300 K). The tilt boundary gets pinned by the crack tip or precipitates; shear-coupled migration occurs only ahead of the pinning points. Bulging of the tilt boundary reduces the shear stress on the boundary surface near the pinning points. In the case of cracks, the local deviation of the boundary from the crack plane close to the crack tip hinders mode II crack propagation; in fact, crack healing is observed in some cases. The applied stress grows until depinning of the boundary takes place by SCM bulging or by the combined action of SCM with another deformation mechanism (emission of dislocations from the pinning point vicinity, grain boundary sliding).


Raman spectroscopy was used to examine three commercial cooking oils to assess its accuracy in determining the total unsaturated fat content of the oils. Two sets of Raman peaks were considered for calculating unsaturated fat content: the peaks at wavenumbers 1264 cm-1 and 1303 cm-1 (Set 1), and the peaks at 1656 cm-1 and 1442 cm-1 (Set 2). The peaks at 1264 cm-1 and 1656 cm-1 are associated with the total unsaturated fatty acid content, while the peaks at 1303 cm-1 and 1442 cm-1 are associated with the total fatty acid content. Results show that the ratio of the band areas of the peaks at wavenumbers 1656 cm-1 and 1442 cm-1 closely matches the results obtained from gas chromatography with 4-7% error.


In Australia and internationally, government policies aim to increase the supply of early childhood teachers and thus improve the quality of early childhood education and care services. In this paper, we suggest that such a policy-quality trajectory in Australia is not as straightforward as policy discourses suggest. From industrial relations and broader policy contexts, we argue that the early childhood profession is a profession on the margins and that this marginalisation complicates efforts to enhance numbers of early childhood teachers. Mindful of this marginalisation, we draw upon preliminary findings from a study exploring the motivations, beliefs and expectations of mature age postgraduate students to highlight practical issues pertaining to students and early childhood teacher education programs that further complicate policy drives to increase the supply of early childhood teachers. We propose that the success of such policy drives is dependent on a comprehensive addressing of the complexities raised in this paper.


Plant fibers are one of the most important renewable resources, used as raw material in the paper industry, and for various textiles and for composites. Fibers are structural components in timber and an energy-rich component of fuel-wood. For the plant itself, fibers are important in establishing plant architecture, as a source of mechanical support, in defence from herbivory, and in some cases as elements with contractile properties, resembling those of muscles. In addition, fibers may store ergastic carbon resources and water. Here, we review various aspects of fiber development such as initiation, elongation, cell wall formation and multinuclearity, discuss open questions and propose directions for further research. Most of the recent progress in fiber formation biology, especially in cell wall structure and chemistry, emerged from studies of only a few model plants including flax, Populus spp., Eucalyptus spp., Arabidopsis thaliana and hemp. Considering the enormous importance of fibers to humanity, it is surprising how little is known about the biology of fiber formation.


Youth justice in the Netherlands has been riven with ambivalences since the early 1980s. Juvenile involvement in property crime has been stable and in violent crime has increased somewhat, though less than is shown by police data. Nonetheless, the public and politicians respond as if the problems were worse. Policies and laws have shifted toward greater emphasis on young offenders' rights and on more use of repressive measures than earlier when welfare values were more dominant. In practice, however, commitment to welfare values remains strong, and welfare institutions play active roles responding to young offenders. Changed criteria make waiver of young offenders to adult courts easier, but the numbers waived have fallen, and most who are waived receive community penalties. Statutes have authorized longer confinement terms for young offenders, but the use of long sentences has declined. There has been a substantial increase in the use of community penalties, including community service and victim compensation, and new programs have given the police greater powers to take action against alleged offenders. International conventions and treaties are taken seriously in the Netherlands and have affected the youth justice system in important ways.


The function of mossy cells (MCs) in the dentate gyrus has remained elusive. Here we determined the functional impact of single mossy fibre (MF) synapses on MC firing in mouse entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures. We stimulated single MF boutons and recorded Ca2+ transients in the postsynaptic spine and unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at the MC soma. Synaptic responses to single presynaptic stimuli varied strongly between different MF synapses, even if they were located on the same MC dendrite. Synaptic strengths ranged from subthreshold EPSPs to direct postsynaptic action potential (AP) generation. Induction of synaptic plasticity at these individual MF synapses resulted in potentiation or depression depending on the initially encountered synaptic state, indicating that synaptic transmission at MF synapses on MCs is determined by their previous functional history. With these unique functional properties MF-MC synapses control MC firing individually thereby enabling modulation of the dentate network by single granule cells.


We often hear that women earn "77 cents on the dollar" compared with men. However, the gender pay gap among recent college graduates is actually much smaller than this figure suggests. We estimate that among recent college graduates, women earn roughly 97 cents on the dollar compared with men who have the same college major and perform the same jobs. Moreover, what may be surprising is that at the start of their careers, women actually out-earn men by a substantial margin for a number of college majors. However, our analysis shows that as workers approach mid-career, the wage premium that young women enjoy in these majors completely disappears, and males earn a more substantial premium in nearly every major. We discuss some of the possible reasons why the gender wage gap widens as workers progress through their careers.


Turfgrasses constitute an heterogeneous group of species differing widely in reproductive strategy, genome organization, and evolutionary history, Cultivars derived from vegetative propagation or from apomictic or self-pollinated species can be homogeneous at the genetic level, exhibiting little genetic variation. Alternatively, cultivars with an outcrossing breeding system can he genetically heterogeneous, such as those from open-pollinated seeded species. A careful study of the degree and distribution of turfgrass genetic variation is therefore essential for the efficient selection of superior plant material for breeding, an adequate management of genetic resources, and the effective preservation of biodiversity. An array of molecular techniques have targeted nucleic acids to evaluate molecular diversity at the species, population, and within-population levels. These techniques have only recently been applied to the breeding and management of turfgrass germplasm. Using the hybridization and amplification of nucleic acids, DNA profiling techniques have established patterns of genetic variation at the species level in grass systematics, and at the subspecies level in the study of natural populations, breeding lines, cultivars, and accessions. In some cases, chromosome analysis by flow cytometry and genomic in situ hybridization have notably complemented the use of nucleic acid markers. DNA profiling techniques have also assessed the genetic stability of cultivars and the appearance of off-types, and have provided molecular estimates of turfgrass evolution. The review of current efforts to evaluate turfgrass genetic diversity clearly indicates that the application of the tools of genome analysis to the study of germplasm diversity may finally unlock the genetic potential of wild and cultivated turfgrass resources.


Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient that is essential for plant growth, but often has a low availability due to a low solution P pool and sorption to soil minerals. P is taken up by the roots of plants in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and plants feature complex regulatory networks to maintain P homeostasis and optimise their Pi uptake and storage capacities to meet metabolic and developmental demand. Phosphite (Phi, HPO32-) is a more reduced form of P that is used as a biostat to enhance plant resistance against Phytophthora species. These pathogenic oomycetes are a major threat to both food security (Phytophthora infestans caused the Irish potato famine in the mid 19th century) and natural diversity (Phytophthora cinnamomi has been termed the 'biological bulldozer' due to its devastating effect on plant communities in many biodiversity hotspots around the globe). However, despite its successful marketing as a 'fungicide' relatively little is known about its longerterm impact on plant growth and development. Phi is believed to mimic Pi in suppressing the plant's Pistarvation response and severely inhibits growth of plants with a low P status. Its uptake most likely proceeds via transporters of the PHT1 family and is highly sensitive to competitive inhibition by Pi. Here we show that Phi is not a perfect mimetic of Pi in suppressing Pi-starvation responses. While it does suppress root-hair formation and attenuate the expression of many Pi-starvation-induced genes, it does not reduce the expression of many other well known Pi-signalling genes. In contrast to Pi resupply, Phi addition actually leads to a severe inhibition of primary and secondary root elongation and an increase in lateral root density that is much more pronounced than under Pi starvation itself. Anthocyanin accumulation in older leaves is not completely reversed by supplying Phi instead of Pi to P-starved plants. This could be an indication for altered shoot Pi reallocation patterns in those plants. We show that Phi evokes a set of distinct physiological and molecular reactions that distinguish it from well characterised Pi-induced changes and therefore make it an excellent tool to study P-sensing and -signal-transduction pathways. This will also provide new insights into how Phi alters plant defence responses to boost their resistance against parasitic oomycetes.


The widespread use of high-speed networks has made the global distribution of digital media contents readily available in an instant. As a result, data hiding was created in an attempt to control the distribution of these copies by verifying or tracking the media signals picked up from copyright information, such as the author or distributor ID. Multimedia Information Hiding Technologies and Methodologies for Controlling Data presents the latest methods and research results in the emerging field of Multimedia Information Hiding (MIH). This comprehensive collection is beneficial to all researchers and engineers working globally in this field and aims to inspire new graduate-level students as they explore this promising field.


Policy changes intended to delay retirements of older workers and extend their work lives may run up against demand-side barriers from age discrimination, and supply-side barriers owing to rising physical challenges of work as people age. We study three questions. How do age discrimination protections affect labor market transitions of workers encouraged to work longer by increases in Social Security's Full Retirement Age (FRA)? How do physical challenges at work influence employment transitions of older workers for whom public policy is trying to delay retirement? And what role do stronger age discrimination protections play in helping workers facing physical challenges at work? We find that stronger state age discrimination protections increase employment and hiring for older workers caught by increases in the FRA. We also find that physical challenges pose a barrier to extending work lives, although some workers with physically-demanding jobs are able to mitigate these demands -- either at new jobs or with the same employer. However, for the most part stronger age discrimination protections do not appear to contribute to older workers' ability to mitigate physical challenges at work.


Interest in the ability of people with aphasia to communicate in natural contexts has resulted in examination of their discourse production. There is an expectation that changes in discourse production may reflect meaningful treatment-related changes. In a recent special issue of Aphasiology, Wright (2011) stated that it is clinically important for researchers to establish clinician friendly, reliable, and valid methods for analyzing discourse in order to quantify meaningful changes. An important part of this endeavor requires assessment of the stability of such methods. This is important for a number of reasons. Currently, clinical researchers often analyze discourse production only once prior to treatment and again at the end of treatment. This is a risky practice unless the stability of the discourse measurement is known a priori. If the stability is not known, there is no way that change in discourse can be attributed to the treatment with any degree of confidence unless multiple pre-treatment measurements are collected and analyzed. Additionally, if the discourse measurements are not relatively stable before treatment, a relatively large treatment effect may be necessary to demonstrate that change is related to treatment and not to the normal variability of the measurement. Because this may prove to be challenging, a more strategic approach might be to use a measurement that is relatively stable before treatment. Finally, apart from treatment, the issue of stability of discourse measurements is also important if those measurements are used to describe and analyze aspects of an individual's language impairment. If a measurement is not reasonably stable from session to session, it will probably not contribute to a valid assessment of the individual's impairment.


This paper presents results for infrared transparent and conducting thin films based on In 2 O 3 . The films have been prepared by magnetrons sputtering equipment with different condition. Typical transmittance of 70%-80% with a film sheet resistance of 80-300Ω/□ in the 3.5-5.0μrn region has been achieved. Optically transparent and electrically conductive semiconductor Oxide films have been extensively studied in recent years. Such films have been prepared by various methods. In general, these films have high visible transmittance, but are opaque in the IR wavelength range of 1-12μm IR transmission. The infrared transparent and electrically conductive thin films are useful in certain important applications. For example, these films can be use as antistatic coatings, and while permitting a reasonable transmission coefficient for IR. Another obvious application is to serve as the conducting electrode for various optical devices where good infrared transmission is important. So, it is important to research indium oxide base infrared (3-5 um) transparent conduction thin films. It has been developed that preparation condition influence on properties of thin films. Such as the sputtering time, and pressure, and power, and the substrate temperature, had great influence on the crystal structure, optical and electrical properties of In 2 O 3 -based thin films. The In 2 O 3 -based thin films obtained were characterized and analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Vander Pauw Method and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).


In an international comparison, CEECs show a relatively strong economic growth performance coming close to that of the first and second tier of Asian Tiger countries over the past decade, which emerge as the best growth performers (setting aside China). In recent years the CEECs' dynamic growth performance has even accelerated despite an economic slowdown in their most important trading partners. Despite being considerably smaller than their competitors in East Asia (taken together about half the size of China), the CEECs have gained a very considerable market share in the EU15 which is their main export market. As in many respects, the new EU member states among the CEECs are considerably more advanced than the three accession/candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia (in the following candidates for short). The pronounced reduction in their trade deficits, despite weak demand in their major trading partners and a strengthening currency, is a sign of improved competitiveness in the new member states. The candidate countries show less favourable developments with growing imbalances despite sometimes high export growth. While trade balances in goods production might turn to become positive for the new members as this reflect their longer-term comparative advantages the old members are likely to maintain a competitive edge in advanced business services. The strong degree of integration in production is thus reflected in deteriorating services trade balances for the new members on the one hand as well as through the importance of FDI in these countries on the other hand. The recent privatization has certainly put CEECs in a special position with respect to FDI, however their attractiveness as destinations for foreign capital remains undisputed given the numbers. In terms of infrastructure (human capital, telecommunications, etc.), the ease and reliability of doing business, and the like the new members occupy rank four behind the two groups of advanced economies (EU and other OECD) and the first tier of Asian Tigers – the candidate countries rank generally lower, thus having to defend their position more intensively against competition from the second tier of Asian Tigers and emerging market economies such as Turkey and Mexico. The two giant emerging markets China and India still have a long way to go to catch-up in these qualitative indicators. A distinguishing feature of the new members is their strong performance in terms of human capital and business infrastructure, which is yet not totally matched by an equally strong performance in institutions guaranteeing a reliable and sound business environment. A detailed analysis of the manufacturing sector has shown that the NMS have moved rapidly in changing the composition of industrial production and exports in the direction of a strong representation of medium-high tech industries (i.e. industries with a higher technology and know-how content). Unit labour cost comparisons show that the NMS are not particularly competitive in labour-intensive, low skill industries. This is partly due to a gradual loss of cost advantages in these areas and also due to the increasing import pressure from China (and other low cost producers) in European markets. Some of the NMS (such as the Czech Republic and Hungary) have also improved their positions in higher-tech areas (especially electronics, electrical engineering, precision instruments, etc.) which are areas in which Asian catching-up economies are extremely strong (especially in electronics and computing equipment). A range of indicators (on relative productivity developments across industries, trade specialisation indicators, etc.) all reveal a picture of a dynamically changing pattern of industrial and trade specialisation of the NMS within the European division of labour. An analysis of price versus quality competition (a success in the latter was defined as an improvement in the market share of a producer when its relative price has actually increased) revealed that the NMS were particularly successful in improving their position in quality competition in comparison with other catching-up economies. Such improvements took place across all types of industrial groupings (grouped again by technology intensity) but they were particularly strong in the medium-high tech areas of manufactured commodities; in these areas the NMS (more detailed analysis revealed that this was due particularly to the performances of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) occupied a real outlier position. The candidate countries showed their usual features of lagging (so far) in these developments. However, a too simplistic view of a 'convergence' process would also be misleading Particularly in the course of the catching-up process (i.e. when NMS have not yet reached the productivity, wage and income levels of the more advanced economies) there is a lot of scope for inter- and intra-sectoral specialisation and differentiation. This characterises regional developments within countries and also cross-country regional developments and can be observed currently both in the European, the Asian and the global context.


Ga-doped 3C-SiC layers have been grown on on-axis 6H-SiC (0001) substrates by the VLS technique and investigated by low temperature photoluminescence (LTPL) measurements. On these Ga-doped samples, all experimental spectra collected at 5K were found dominated by strong N-Ga donor-acceptor pair (DAP) transitions and phonon replicas. As expected, the N-Ga DAP zero-phonon line (ZPL) was located at lower energy (~ 86 meV) below the N-Al one. Fitting the transition energies for the N-Al close DAP lines gave 251 meV for the Al acceptor binding energy in 3C-SiC and, by comparison, 337 meV for the Ga acceptor one.


The recently proposed multiple kernel k-means with incomplete kernels (MKKM-IK) optimally integrates a group of pre-specified incomplete kernel matrices to improve clustering performance. Though it demonstrates promising performance in various applications, we observe that it does not \emph{sufficiently  consider the local structure among data and indiscriminately forces all pairwise sample similarity to equally align with their ideal similarity values}. This could make the incomplete kernels less effectively imputed, and in turn adversely affect the clustering performance. In this paper, we propose a novel localized incomplete multiple kernel k-means (LI-MKKM) algorithm to address this issue. Different from existing MKKM-IK, LI-MKKM only requires the similarity of a sample to its k-nearest neighbors to align with their ideal similarity values. This helps the clustering algorithm to focus on closer sample pairs that shall stay together and avoids involving unreliable similarity evaluation for farther sample pairs. We carefully design a three-step iterative algorithm to solve the resultant optimization problem and theoretically prove its convergence. Comprehensive experiments on eight benchmark datasets demonstrate that our algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art comparable algorithms proposed in the recent literature, verifying the advantage of considering local structure.


This volume problematizes different facets of management education in India---pedagogy, curricula, and disciplinary and institutional practices---from the perspective of the Global South. The essays in this volume bring out the institutional challenges of crafting a relevant academic programme that converses with both national specificities and global realities. Coming from diverse academic specializations, the contributors traverse the interface of their respective disciplines with management education. In doing so, they engage with the ongoing global debate on management education. This volume fills a noticeable gap of serious, scholarly reflection on the state of management education. While there have been sporadic reflections and occasional critiques, a critical stocktaking of the institutional and disciplinary aspects of management education has been long wanting. This volume is of interest to scholars and practitioners of management education across the globe, and is likely to generate debate on its contemporary relevance and future trajectory.


African countries committed to pursuing development goals, and donors committed to supporting them through the Strategic Partnership with Africa (SPA), are both faced with growing challenges as they enter the SPA-5 period, 2000-2001. SPA countries have made significant progress on economic fundamentals and have been experiencing their highest growth rates in more than a decade. However, poverty remains widespread and the institutional requirements for sustaining this growth rate and developing strategies that will extend its benefits more equitably throughout the population remain enormous. As outlined in Section 2 of this paper, such strategies will need to integrate sound macroeconomic policies with strengthened governance including financial management and accountability, and structural and social development reforms. Strategies will also increasingly need to take on regional dimensions, for example to more effectively address HIV/AIDs. As outlined in Section 3, SPA-5 will be geared to developing new aid relationships in support of poverty reduction. It will focus on: Strengthening the poverty focus of programs supported by the SPA, through the PRSP process; mobilizing and monitoring quick-disbursing donor financing for growth-oriented poverty reduction programs; and improving aid effectiveness.


RUZIC, Dj., T. VUJOVIC and R. CEROVIC , 2012. In vitro preservation of autochthonous plum genotypes. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 55-62 The paper presents results of the application of 'Cold storage' (CS), an in vitro technique for preservation of cultures at +5 o C in total darkness. This simple in vitro preservation method is effectively employed in large plant gene bank repositories for the purpose of preservation of valuable plant germplasm. In order to protect from extinction autochthonous plums Crvena Ranka (Prunus insititia L.), Sitnica (Prunus domestica L.) and Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) a protocol for their in vitro preservation has been developed. Upon the establishment of aseptic culture, the studied genotypes were propagated in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium of different hormonal composition, depending on genotype. During CS, in vitro shoots were maintained at +5 o C in cold chamber for 3, 6 and 9 months in total darkness. Seven days after respective period, viability of shoots for further propagation was determined as well as multiplication parameters and length of axial and lateral shoots. Three months after maintaining shoots in CS, shoots of Crvena Ranka and Sitnica showed high shoot viability (in excess of 50%), while in Cherry plum viable shoots were etiolated showing symptoms of leaf necrosis (in more than 20%). However, after 6-month preservation under cold conditions, only shoots of Crvena Ranka survived showing necrosis on shoot tips, but they had viable, chlorotic lateral shoots (in excess of 45% of shoots). All three genotypes showed severe signs of necrosis after 9 months of cold storage.


BACKGROUND
Data suggest that estrogen-containing hormone therapy is associated with beneficial effects with regard to cardiovascular disease when the therapy is initiated temporally close to menopause but not when it is initiated later. However, the hypothesis that the cardiovascular effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy vary with the timing of therapy initiation (the hormone-timing hypothesis) has not been tested.

METHODS
A total of 643 healthy postmenopausal women were stratified according to time since menopause (<6 years [early postmenopause] or ≥10 years [late postmenopause]) and were randomly assigned to receive either oral 17β-estradiol (1 mg per day, plus progesterone [45 mg] vaginal gel administered sequentially [i.e., once daily for 10 days of each 30-day cycle] for women with a uterus) or placebo (plus sequential placebo vaginal gel for women with a uterus). The primary outcome was the rate of change in carotid-artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), which was measured every 6 months. Secondary outcomes included an assessment of coronary atherosclerosis by cardiac computed tomography (CT), which was performed when participants completed the randomly assigned regimen.

RESULTS
After a median of 5 years, the effect of estradiol, with or without progesterone, on CIMT progression differed between the early and late postmenopause strata (P=0.007 for the interaction). Among women who were less than 6 years past menopause at the time of randomization, the mean CIMT increased by 0.0078 mm per year in the placebo group versus 0.0044 mm per year in the estradiol group (P=0.008). Among women who were 10 or more years past menopause at the time of randomization, the rates of CIMT progression in the placebo and estradiol groups were similar (0.0088 and 0.0100 mm per year, respectively; P=0.29). CT measures of coronary-artery calcium, total stenosis, and plaque did not differ significantly between the placebo group and the estradiol group in either postmenopause stratum.

CONCLUSIONS
Oral estradiol therapy was associated with less progression of subclinical atherosclerosis (measured as CIMT) than was placebo when therapy was initiated within 6 years after menopause but not when it was initiated 10 or more years after menopause. Estradiol had no significant effect on cardiac CT measures of atherosclerosis in either postmenopause stratum. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health; ELITE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00114517.).


I. Introduction The United States' formulation of detention policy for Guantanamo Bay enemy combatants has not exactly taken the path of least resistance. The rules governing military detentions at Guantanamo have emerged as the product of an expansive dialogue, vacillating and at times contentious, between the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branches. In Boumethene v. Bush,1 the latest chapter in this ongoing discussion, the Supreme Court held by a vote of five to four that Guantanamo detainees possess a constitutional privilege of habeas corpus.2 But the widespread clamor over whether Boumethene's brazen holding was the "correct" result has overshadowed a quieter but equally significant - and indeed, equally contentious - conversation that also was brought about by Boumethene: the Washington D. C. District Court's endeavor to design appropriate procedures to govern the Guantanamo detainees' habeas petitions. At first glance, the minutiae of habeas procedures may appear immaterial when compared to the more comprehensive constitutional issues confronted by the Boumethene Court. After all, the Court addressed the details of the proceedings only in passing: "We make no attempt to anticipate all of the evidentiary and access-to-counsel issues that will arise during the course of the detainees' habeas corpus proceedings."3 This Note demonstrates that to the contrary, the D. C. District Court's post-Boumethene mandate to design procedures for the Guantanamo detainee habeas proceedings, as well as its adjudicatory role in the disposition of these proceedings, substantially impact the interbranch national-security dialogue. And so far, the rumblings at the district court level have been anything but uneventful. First, I must place this dialogue within its proper context. Part II provides this frame of reference by contouring the key exchanges between the Judicial, Legislative, and Executive Branches since the commencement of the War on Terror, which cumulatively have shaped the United States' noncitizen-detention policy to this point. By examining these decisions, and the reactions to these decisions, I find that Boumethene buttresses, rather than introduces, a trend of judicial involvement in the post-9/1 1 national-securitypolicy conversation.4 Part III presents a narrative of the D.C. District Court's development of habeas procedures from Boumethene to the present, focusing specifically on the two procedural issues on which the judges have been most divergent: the disclosure of exculpatory evidence and the regulation of discovery. An analysis of the judges' case management orders (CMOs), amended CMOs, and nondispositive orders illuminates the mini-dialogue that has accompanied the crafting of these procedures from the outset. Lastly, Part IV comments on the D.C. District Court's recent activity through a dialogic lens and posits that congressional involvement, particularly in the form of statutory habeas procedures, would ensure a more interbranch, systemically balanced construction of U.S. detention policy. II. The Interbranch Guantanamo Detention Dialogue from Rasul to Boumethene The current fractious national debate over U.S. detention policy at Guantanamo Bay stands in stark contrast to the unified support the government received for its military initiatives in the aftermath of 9/1 1. Less than a week after the Twin Towers collapsed, Congress enacted and the President signed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF).5 This joint resolution granted the President broad authority to "use all necessary and appropriate force" against "nations, organizations, or persons" who were involved in the 9/1 1 attacks or who harbored those involved.6 The resolution passed overwhelmingly - by 98 to 0 in the Senate7 and 420 to 1 in the House.8 No legal objections hindered its passage, and public opinion expressed sweeping approval of the initiatives.9 Of course, the United States' counterterrorism operations resulted in the apprehension of suspected terrorists, and in early 2002 the first terrorism detainees were taken to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. …


In a liquid democracy, voters can either vote directly or delegate their vote to another voter of their choice. We consider ordinal elections, and study a model of liquid democracy in which voters specify partial orders and use several delegates to refine them. This flexibility, however, comes at a price, as individual rationality (in the form of transitive preferences) can no longer be guaranteed. We discuss ways to detect and overcome such complications. Based on the framework of distance rationalization, we introduce novel variants of voting rules that are tailored to the liquid democracy context.


Anthropology 2: More Human Mysteries Uncovered Anthropology has helped us better understand cultures around the world and through different time periods. This course continues the study of global cultures and the ways that humans have made sense of their world. We will examine some of the ways that cultures have understood and gave meaning to different stages of life and death. The course will also examine the creation of art within cultures and examine how cultures evolve and change over time. Finally, we will apply the concepts and insights learned from the study of anthropology to several cultures found in the world today.


The objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate the dynamic liquid saturation in a co-current trickle bed with non-Newtonian and foaming liquids and quantify the effect of operating variables on it. Experiments were carried out in a 10-cm diameter column of height 128 cm, packed with glass beads of 4 mm with air and water, carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) solutions and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) solutions. Experimental results indicate the dynamic liquid saturation increase with increase in liquid velocity and viscosity of the liquid, decrease with increase in gas velocity and decrease in surface tension of the liquid. The increase in dynamic liquid saturation is 12% for 3.5% CMC solution over the tap water, whereas the same decreases by 20% for 60 ppm SLS solution to that of the tap water one. Model equations are developed by factorial design analysis for predicting the dynamic liquid saturation of both non-Newtonian and foaming liquids. The experimental ones and the predicted results from model equations found to agree well. The correlation predicts the present data to within ± 15%.


PURPOSE
Treatment of metopic craniosynostosis is performed by either fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) or endoscopic-assisted techniques. Interfrontal angle (IFA) is a validated measure of trigonocephaly, but requires a computed tomography scan. The most common direct measure to assess surgical outcome in patients with trigonocephaly is frontal width (ft-ft). The aim of this study is to determine if frontal width correlates with IFA and successful surgical correction 1 year after treatment. A review of current morphologic assessment techniques is also provided.

METHODS
Three-dimensional computed tomography scans (preoperative and 1 year postoperative) of patients who underwent FOA (n = 13) or endoscopic (n = 13) treatment of metopic craniosynostosis were reviewed. Age-matched scans of unaffected patients served as controls. Frontal width was measured by a straight line between the bilateral frontotemporal points. Measurements were performed by 2 experienced observers and compared to IFA.

RESULTS
Mean frontal width at preoperative scan for endoscopic and open patients was 55 ± 0.6 and 64 ± 0.7 mm, respectively (Z-score 1.6 and -3.7). Mean frontal width at postoperative scan for endoscopic and open patients was 80 ± 0.4 and 81 ± 0.7 mm (Z-score 0.0 for both groups). Frontal width for endoscopic correction significantly correlated with IFA (r = 0.536, P = 0.005), as well as for the open patients (r = 0.704, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Frontal width normalizes 1 year after operation, regardless of technique. Advantage of frontal width is that it can be measured in the clinic using a spreading vernier caliper. It correlates well with IFA and can be used as a metric for morphologic outcome.


Introduction Experimental and epidemiological studies have reported associations between air pollution exposure, in particular related to vehicle exhaust, and cardiovascular disease. A potential pathophysiological pathway is pollution-induced pulmonary oxidative stress, with secondary systemic inflammation. Genetic polymorphisms in genes implicated in oxidative stress, such as GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTCD, may contribute to determining individual susceptibility to air pollution as a promoter of coronary vulnerability. Aims We aimed to investigate effects of long-term traffic-related air pollution exposure, as well as variants in GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTCD, on risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and hypertension. In addition, we studied whether air pollution effects were modified by the investigated genetic variants. Methods Genotype data at 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GSTP1 gene, and one in each of the GSTT1 and GSTCD genes, as well as air pollution exposure estimates, were available for 119 AMI cases and 1310 randomly selected population controls. Population control individuals with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or on daily antihypertensive medication were defined as hypertensive (n = 468). Individual air pollution exposure levels were modeled as annual means of NO2 (marker of vehicle exhaust pollutants) using central monitoring data and dispersion models, linking to participants' home addresses. Results Air pollution was significantly associated with risk of AMI: OR 1.78 (95%CI 1.04–3.03) per 10 µg/m3 of long-term NO2 exposure. Three GSTP1 SNPs were significantly associated with hypertension. The effect of air pollution on risk of AMI varied by genotype strata, although the suggested interaction was not significant. We saw no obvious interaction between genetic variants in the GST genes and air pollution exposure for hypertension. Conclusion Air pollution exposure entails an increased risk of AMI, and this risk differed over genotype strata for variants in the GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTCD genes, albeit not statistically-significantly.


Analytic bond-order potentials (BOPs) allow to obtain a highly accurate description of interatomic interactions at a reasonable computational cost. However, for simulations with very large systems, the high memory demands require the use of a parallel implementation, which at the same time also optimizes the use of computational resources. The calculations of analytic BOPs are performed for a restricted volume around every atom and therefore have shown to be well suited for a message passing interface (MPI)-based parallelization based on a domain decomposition scheme, in which one process manages one big domain using the entire memory of a compute node. On the basis of this approach, the present work focuses on the analysis and enhancement of its performance on shared memory by using OpenMP threads on each MPI process, in order to use many cores per node to speed up computations and minimize memory bottlenecks. Different algorithms are described and their corresponding performance results are presented, showing significant performance gains for highly parallel systems with hybrid MPI/OpenMP simulations up to several thousands of threads.


Abstract. The concept of independence has been frequently mentioned in climate science research, but has rarely been defined and discussed in a theoretically robust and quantifiable manner. In this paper we argue that any discussion must start from a clear and unambiguous definition of what independence means and how it can be determined. We introduce an approach based on the statistical definition of independence, and illustrate with simple examples how it can be applied to practical questions. Firstly, we apply these ideas to climate models, which are frequently argued to not be independent of each other, raising questions as to the robustness of results from multi-model ensembles. We explore the dependence between models in a multi-model ensemble, and suggest a possible way forward for future weighting strategies. Secondly, we discuss the issue of independence in relation to the synthesis of multiple observationally based constraints on the climate system, using equilibrium climate sensitivity as an example. We show that the same statistical theory applies to this problem, and illustrate this with a test case, indicating how researchers may estimate dependence between multiple constraints.


Each new print copy includes Navigate 2 Advantage Access that unlocks a comprehensive and interactive eBook, student practice activities and assessments, a full suite of instructor resources, and learning analytics reporting tools. Heavily revised and reorganized, the ninth edition of Measurement for Evaluation in Kinesiology helps students master the essential concepts and principles of measurement and evaluation and equips them with the tools needed to become a successful evaluator within Physical Education and Exercise Science. Using a student-centered approach, it presents tests and methods for evaluating aerobic fitness, body composition, skill achievement, youth fitness, and much more. The Ninth Edition highlights the practical skills and materials that readers need and clearly outlines each chapters objectives. It goes on to discuss the latest public health initiatives, computer-based evaluations, and Healthy People 2020. Key Features: - Objectives at the opening of each chapter focus the students' attention on the key concepts that will be discussed - Important formulas are provided throughout the text and provide an easy reference for student use in the course and in their future careers - Tables and figures used throughout the text provide a visual representation on the concepts discussed in the chapter - Formative Evaluation of Objectives, found at the end of each chapter, help students determine in they have mastered the objectives set fourth at the beginning of the chapter - Additional Learn Activities provide students with added ways to gain more experience with the concepts presented within the chapter


THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATION OF GILL REMODELING IN GAMBUSIA AFFINIS By Barbara Tess Douglas In this thesis, the phenomenon of gill remodeling discovered in several species of fish is explored. Gill remodeling is achieved through an increase or decrease in cells within the interlamellar space, termed the interlamellar cell mass (ILCM). The effect of the ILCM on flow is explored using a theoretical model gill section. The model gill section was compared in three states: full ILCM, half ILCM, and clear (no ILCM). Differences in surface area, total flow, flow velocities, oxygen uptake, and available oxygen were compared between the three conditions. All parameters were distinctly larger for the model without the ILCM indicating that the ILCM is a significant barrier to flow and oxygen uptake. The ability of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, to remodel its gills was explored experimentally through manipulation of temperature and salinity. Gambusia affinis were placed in aquaria that varied in temperature from 8°C to 26°C or in salinity from 0 psu to 20 psu. The ability of G. affinis to remodel its gills in response to temperature changes was confirmed. G. affinis had significantly larger respiratory surface area at the highest temperature due to a reduced ILCM and a significantly lower respiratory surface area at the lowest temperature due to an increase in the ILCM. Salinity was not shown to be a significant trigger of gill remodeling.


Title of Document: Social vocalizations and their implications for group dynamics of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) Bryan D. Arnold, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Directed By: Professor Gerald Wilkinson, Department of Biology Pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) are unusual among vespertilionids (the most common and diverse family of bats in temperate regions of the world) in that they often emit a loud, partially audible social call several times in rapid succession while in flight. This social call appears to function as a contact call in that it is frequently given when bats return from foraging and perform circular flights before entering a crevice roost. In this dissertation, I examine the functional and social significance of this calling behavior by free-flying pallid bats in central Oregon using a combination of observations, audio recordings, audio playbacks, acoustic analysis, and genetic marker analysis. In chapter 1, I found that bats respond to the calls of conspecifics and that call structure is unique to individuals and stable through time, which makes these calls well-suited for roostmate recognition. In chapter 2, I found significant genetic structure among colonies based on sequence variation at the mitochondrial DNA control region but very little structure among colonies for nuclear microsatellites. These data are indicative of female philopatry with male-mediated gene flow and highlight the potential that calls may function in the maintenance of multigenerational social groups. Finally, in chapter 3, I utilized genetic markers to investigate relatedness among individuals sharing a roost and the extent to which call variation encodes information about relatedness to examine whether calling behavior may assist in maintaining social bonds as individuals switch roosts. I found that while average colony relatedness was low, bats roost with a greater proportion of relatives than expected by chance. In addition, I found that contact call structure encodes information about matrilineal relationship and relatedness as well as individual identity. Overall, these results suggest that calling behavior in pallid bats is important in maintaining social structure at maternity roosts. Given the high roost lability and nocturnal environment of pallid bats, this study offers important insight into how animals in fluid societies mediate interactions with groupmates using acoustic signals. SOCIAL VOCALIZATIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GROUP DYNAMICS OF PALLID BATS (ANTROZOUS PALLIDUS)


A cultural companion guide to Kingston, Jamaica in the 'Cities of the Imagination' series Kingston wrestles with the enduring legacy of colonial rags and riches, recent episodes of political strife and the occasional outburst of modern-day turf rivalry. Formerly the hub of Britain's Caribbean Empire, the Jamaican capital provides an intriguing cauldron of political, social and cultural excitement as one of the region's great cities. The dangerous domain of local Dons forms but a small part of Kingston's complex and vital presence, which extends far beyond the city's tenement yards and harbor walls. Proud of their city's renown as the birthplace of reggae and dancehall, Kingstonians have led the world in innovative music and performance art. The bristling edge of everyday life has proven fertile ground for a profusion of literary and cultural wealth - poets, writers, musicians and artists flow from the creative reservoirs of this rough-and-ready, savvy cityscape. David Howard charts a course through the city's offerings, from the stark divisions between uptown modernity and downtown's swashbuckling past, to the lively interweaving of local legends and international popular culture. The city of pirates and colonial power: "the wickedest city in Christendom" and an almighty earthquake; buccaneers and admirals; bustling port tales and architectural treasures. The city of street life: tenement yards and markets; political "garrisons" and off-limits areas, higglers and Carnival; the divided world of suburbs and ghettos. The city of urban beat: musical maestros, dancehall queens and performance poets; "yard" fiction, sculpture and painting.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare the retentive strengths of resin, glass-ionomer, and zinc phosphate cements under adverse conditions.

METHOD AND MATERIALS
Thirty extracted teeth were mounted and prepared in their long axis. The axial wall height was 3 mm and the convergence angle was 28 degrees. These conditions increased the role of the cement and decreased the role of the preparation in providing retention of the casting. The axial surface area was determined. Copings were fabricated with a ring aligned in the long axis to facilitate removal of the crown. They were cemented with a resin cement, a glass-ionomer cement, or a zinc phosphate cement. A block randomization scheme was used to assign cements so that the mean surface areas of the teeth were equivalent in all groups. The copings were loaded in tension, and the amount of force required to remove the coping was recorded. The stress required to remove the coping was calculated.

RESULTS
The mean stress required to remove the copings was 9.4, 5.0, and 3.1 MPa for the resin, glass-ionomer, and zinc phosphate cements, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The resin cement group was significantly stronger than both the glass-ionomer cement and the zinc phosphate cement groups. The glass-ionomer cement was significantly stronger than the zinc phosphate cement.


President Donald Trump has declared war on immigrants, diversity, and those who dare to dissent. Rooted in resentments about who people are, where they were born, and what they believe, these executive-led assaults are dangerous developments in the modern era. However, in the course of Trump's many retrograde tirades, he has somehow managed to get one thing right-too many elite private colleges in the United States, considered nonprofit entities, have amassed way too much wealth.

This Article recounts this unlikely story, including how the Trump Administration's 2017 endowment tax could work to advance diversity. The new endowment tax penalizes private colleges for stockpiling assets. In response, potentially impacted universities have argued they are victims of an unfair conservative conspiracy intended to target liberal ideology. But the data demonstrates that this is not true. And concerns about rich colleges hoarding their resources have come from both the right and the left.

Moreover, Trump's endowment tax could be seen as an opportunity and invitation to increase egalitarianism and equity in this country. If rich colleges simply utilize more of their massive savings to further social justice, impact poverty, and enhance public good-particularly in their own at-risk communities-they will not only avoid federal taxation but also begin to address critiques about their elitism and greed. In doing so such universities would not only thwart Trump and his tax but stand with vulnerable groups who are the true victims of the Trump Administration's ever-expanding conservative attacks.