The Tasmanian immigration story is best understood within
the context of Britain's postwar conditions and Imperial ambitions.
The experience of World War I strengthened British Imperialism.
More than ever the Dominions were seen as an integral part of the
British Empire. Common origins and destinies were intertwined.
Andrew Bona Law spoke of the Empire being "one in Spirit and in
action" and W.H. Long of the Empire ''still one and
indivisible.'' Defence concerns sharpened the focus on Empire.
Sparsely populated Dominions sporting empty, fertile land were a
liability. In a united Empire resources needed to be evenly
distributed and the empty spaces filled with 'the largest possible
British population at the earliest possible moment.' Settlement
of British people on agricultural land throughout the Dominions
would provide yeomen—farmer defenders of the Empire. Tasmanian
Agent—General Sir John McCall was in tune with Imperialist
thinking. In his 1918 report to Tasmanian Parliament he wrote of
the unique opportunity to 'settle Tasmania properly' with British
and Tasmanian ex—servicemen. He regretted the sale of
first—class land in Tasmania. He was anxious to people the State
and suggested the Government resume any good quality land not being
properly used. There was urgency and challenge in his report.

The sense of urgency was a response to postwar conditions
in Britain. Turmoil and turbulence prevailed. Demobilisation
procedures were a source of extreme discontent amongst ex—servicemen
and women. Economic difficulties reflected in high unemployment,
and many were dissatisfied with postwar employment options. Many
found it impossible to settle to routine jobs after prolonged war

service. McCall claimed that up to sixty percent of British
ex—servicemen wanted to try outdoor work for the first time. An
important postwar challenge concerned the role of women formerly
engaged in war work. Appropriate employment had to be found. A
reassessment of attitudes and long—term goals was imperative. Over
population and a shortage of housing added to the general turbulence
of the period. The Russian Revolution was a salient reminder that
satisfactory solutions were urgently needed.

Migration to the Dominions had been for some years an
attractive notion in the minds of some British politicians. It was
the obvious expression of Imperialist philosophy and ambitions. As
well, migration appeared to be a convenient and appropriate solution
to apparently insuperable social and economic problems, post—War.
The peopling of the Dominions would shore up the defence of the
Empire. As primary producers, the yeomen farmers would supply the
British market, thereby boosting the flagging British economy. The
urgent social questions concerning ex—servicemen and women would be
shared with or transferred to the Dominions. A migration scheme for
ex—servicemen and women would also serve as due reward for those who
had fought for the Empire. Thus Britain set the agenda for postwar
immigration. Imperialist designs and ambitions sparked discussion
in the Dominions. In Australia, nationalist sentiment was in
evidence but the Empire notion was strong. The Dominions would
serve the needs of Mother England. Britain's campaign to woo the
Dominions lacked subtlety and abounded in rhetoric, the real issues
of migration were often obscured. British politicians

promoted the view that Britain was sacrificing 'the strongest and
the best' to the Dominions. Migration was promulgated as a
gesture of maternal largesse. More to the point, the policy was
aggressive and vigorous, well serving Britain's needs.

Tasmania's response indicated awareness of the Imperial
agenda. However, that awareness did not result necessarily in
policies or outcomes expected by Britain, or the Tasmanian
Agent-General or, indeed, by the Commonwealth Government. In
general, British and Commonwealth Schemes were remote from
Tasmania's needs. Reluctant and minimal responses to migration
initiatives became the set pattern. Local public and Press
complaints throughout the 1920's that Tasmania had no immigration
policy were well founded. Nevertheless, the Tasmanian migration
story unfolded within the context of the Imperial agenda and an
interpretation within that context is appropriate.

Just as Britain's migration policy was a direct response
to postwar issues and conditions, so the Dominions responded to
British policy in accordance with their own issues and priorities.
Tasmanian and British priorities were in direct competition.
Tasmania experienced difficulties in repatriating its
ex-servicemen. There was a shortage of land and housing.
Unemployment was high. Prolonged postwar depression reflected in
extreme poverty, especially in country areas. There was
acknowledgement of the need to build up the industrial base of the
economy. While effectively addressing Britain's problems,
ex-service migration served to highlight and exacerbate economic

difficulties in Tasmania. The experiences of unsuccessful British
migrants attested to the reality of unemployment and prolonged
depression. Many migrants were very much worse off than in
Britain. Some considered they'd been seriously misled about
Tasmanian conditions. The lucky few were repatriated.

Conducted as it was at a time of high unemployment, the
Immigration programme attracted public criticism and social conflict
as Tasmanians and British competed for jobs. Reversion to a policy
of nomination where nominators were responsible for finding local
employment for their nominees was a sensible Government decision.
However, the Tasmanian Agent—General and British officials found the
decision regrettable and hoped it was temporary. While
Nomination relieved the Government of responsibility, jobs had still
to be found. Britain held the view that Tasmanian and British job
seekers should be considered equally. Tasmanian Immigration
Officials and Trade Unionists disagreed, maintaining that where ever
possible local labour should be used in preference to British. In
practice, this caused discontent.

Press comment and public debate reflected the wider social
issues of immigration. Lively debate highlighted social divisions
which were first in evidence during the First World War. The
Conscription campaign and Referendum gave expression to both
Imperial loyalty and growing Nationalist sentiment. While the
British Government and migrants themselves were aware of criticism,
there was no evidence to suggest they understood it in terms of a
strongly held anti—loyalist bias. The critical stance adapted by
the Trade Union Movement had its origins here, as well.

In broad terms this was the context of the Immigration
story in the twenties and early thirties. With Commonwealth
involvement the issues became more complex as Commonwealth policies
overlaid the Imperial agenda. In general, the Commonwealth espoused
Imperial views, attempting to maximise opportunities to attract
capital through British migration. Study of the development of
Tasmanian Immigration policy and practice reflects the importance of
Imperial and Commonwealth priorities and issues relative to
Tasmanian concerns during the twenties and early thirties.
Bureaucratic response to migration issues is a measure of that
importance.


With enough charm and wit to make learning Photoshop anything but taxing, Steve Caplin delivers the next instalment of the How to Cheat series, containing all the techniques you need to create and master the art of photomontage. Delivered in easy to follow step-by-step tutorials How to Cheat in Photoshop covers all the basics of selections and layers before moving onto top tricks and techniques for creating realistic works of art for business, pleasure, or something in between. An accompanying DVD is packed full of practice images and tutorial movies for you to working along with, plus bonus chapters to push your skills even further. Using a tweaked design that is clearer and fresher than previous editions this is the funnest way to master Photomontage. This complete How to Cheat in Photoshop CS6package includes a fully updated book, a DVD containing all of the images used in the helpful tutorials, plus over 2 hours of video tutorials, and a website featuring a reader forum where your questions will be answered by other readers as well as the author himself Includes hundreds of tips and project ideas to help you get started, whether you're working under professional deadline or just for fun Packed with professional advice from a photomontage artist who makes his living creating surreal works of art - you're learning from the best!


In chemical computing, the result of a computation appears as an emergent global behavior based on local reaction rules. For programming chemical systems a theoretical method to cope with that emergent behavior is desired. In this paper, we demonstrate how the chemical organization theory can help in designing and understanding chemical computing systems. After providing a recipe for mapping logic circuits to chemical reaction rules, we discuss reaction networks implementing various logic circuits: an XOR, a flip-flop, and a controllable oscillator. The theory decomposes reaction networks into a hierarchy of closed and selfmaintaining sub-networks (called organizations) using stoichiometric information only. The dynamical behavior of a reaction system is then explained as a movement between organizations. We show how the theoretical analysis provides insight into the potential behavior of chemical reaction systems. The encouraging results suggest that the theory of chemical organizations contributes to a theoretical framework for chemical computing.


ABSTRACT Insect wings do not contain intrinsic musculature to change shape, but rather bend and twist passively during flight. Some insect wings feature flexible joints along their veins that contain patches of resilin, a rubber-like protein. Bumblebee wings exhibit a central resilin joint (1m-cu) that has previously been shown to improve vertical force production during hovering flight. In this study, we artificially stiffened bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) wings in vivo by applying a micro-splint to the 1m-cu joint, and measured the consequences for body stability during forward flight in both laminar and turbulent airflow. In laminar flow, bees with stiffened wings exhibited significantly higher mean rotation rates and standard deviation of orientation about the roll axis. Decreasing the wing's flexibility significantly increased its projected surface area relative to the oncoming airflow, likely increasing the drag force it experienced during particular phases of the wing stroke. We hypothesize that higher drag forces on stiffened wings decrease body stability when the left and right wings encounter different flow conditions. Wing splinting also led to a small increase in body rotation rates in turbulent airflow, but this change was not statistically significant, possibly because bees with stiffened wings changed their flight behavior in turbulent flow. Overall, we found that wing flexibility improves flight stability in bumblebees, adding to the growing appreciation that wing flexibility is not merely an inevitable liability in flapping flight, but can enhance flight performance. Summary: Flexibility of the 1m-cu resilin joint in bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) wings improves stability in forward flight.


Brain areas seem to process and transfer information through brain rhythms. Information seem to be processed and transferred by rhythmic brain activity within and between brain areas. Currently, science tries to understand how these rhythms might be involved in producing actual behavior, and if targeting them with a new form of brain training would help muddle through psychological distress.


During the contest for Kansas attorney general in 2006, an organization sent out 6 pieces of mail criticizing the incumbent's conduct in office. We exploit a discontinuity in the rule used to select which households received the mailings to identify the causal effect of mail on vote choice and voter turnout. We find these mailings had both a statistically and politically significant effect on the challenger's vote share. Our estimates suggest that a ten percentage point increase in the amount of mail sent to a precinct increased the challenger's vote share by approximately three percentage points. Furthermore, our results suggest that the mechanism for this increase was persuasion rather than mobilization.


Burkholderia cepacia and Aeromonas hydrophila infections are described in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) that presented with neurological signs, lassitude, and respiratory distress. At postmortem examination, subperiosteal ecchymotic hemorrhages in the skull, and severe subcutaneous edema in the neck and abdomen were prominent. Round, disseminated, whitish necrotic foci were noted in the congested liver. Microscopic examination revealed chromatolysis in brain neurons. Multifocal coagulation necroses were found in the liver. Non-purulent, subacute myocarditis, thromboembolic nephritis, and interstitial pneumonia were observed. Microbiological examination revealed mixed cultures of Burkholderia cepacia and Aeromonas hydrophila in brain, lung, liver, kidney, and heart samples.


This article explores the "quality battlefield" in the food economy – the dispute over value conventions between mainstream business actors and alternative food networks. It shows how actors in one particular alternative network – the solidarity economy – shift such notions from product qualities to the qualities of relations in production. Opposing the standardized criteria characterizing private certification schemes and organic certification, they struggle to establish the value of their products by creating and circulating verifiable stories proving their involvement in the solidarity economy. These stories further emphasize the distance to standard business motivations, for instance by accentuating the cooperative rather than competitive relations with other producers. The article illustrates the features and tensions of value conventions in alternative food networks by contrasting actors in mainstream agriculture with an expanding organization of agricultural producers adhering to solidarity economy and operating in the grocery sector in Sicily, Italy.


We present predictions of the signatures of magnetosheath particle precipitation (in the regions classified as open low-latitude boundary layer, cusp, mantle and polar cap) for periods when the interplanetary magnetic field has a southward component. These are made using the "pulsating cusp" model of the effects of time-varying magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. Predictions are made for both low-altitude satellites in the topside ionosphere and for midaltitude spacecraft in the magnetosphere. Low-altitude cusp signatures, which show a continuous ion dispersion signature, reveal "quasi-steady reconnection" (one limit of the pulsating cusp model), which persists for a period of at least 10 min. We estimate that "quasi-steady" in this context corresponds to fluctuations in the reconnection rate of a factor of 2 or less. The other limit of the pulsating cusp model explains the instantaneous jumps in the precipitating ion spectrum that have been observed at low altitudes. Such jumps are produced by isolated pulses of reconnection: that is, they are separated by intervals when the reconnection rate is zero. These also generate convecting patches on the magnetopause in which the field lines thread the boundary via a rotational discontinuity separated by more extensive regions of tangential discontinuity. Predictions of the corresponding ion precipitation signatures seen by midaltitude spacecraft are presented. We resolve the apparent contradiction between estimates of the width of the injection region from midaltitude data and the concept of continuous entry of solar wind plasma along open field lines. In addition, we reevaluate the use of pitch angle-energy dispersion to estimate the injection distance.


This research investigated transitional difficulties identified by learners moving from GCSE to A Level studies. A small-scale exploratory case study approach was used drawing on the principles of Grounded Theory. Research was bounded in the sixth form of a secondary school in Cambridgeshire. The sample included 147 participants aged 16-18 years. This was a purposeful sampling method including approximately 61% of the target population. 80 participants completed a questionnaire generating quantitative data, 40 participants completed a further questionnaire generating qualitative data, 19 participants took part in focus group meta-planning activities and discussions and 8 participants took part in individual interviews.

My epistemological position takes an integrated approach using positivist and interpretivist perspectives to generate knowledge through the breadth, depth and richness of data collection and analysis. My ontological assumptions for this research are based on critical realism, triangulation and mixed methods approaches.

Findings from integrated results using a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design (adapted from Ivankova et al. 2006) identify themes emerging from the data providing a variety of causes of transitional difficulties identified by participants when moving from GCSE to A Level studies.

Quantitative results were analysed using Complex Chi Squared non-parametric inferential statistical test. With 40 degrees of freedom and 0.005 level of significance, the critical value of chi squared (from the data) was 284.331 which was greater than the stated value of 66.766 Therefore, the results were significant. This means that the data gathered from the questionnaires does show that participants have experienced transitional difficulties when moving from GSCE to A Level studies.

Qualitative data was analysed using a constant comparative method to identify themes emerging from the data. Responses were noted, compared, coded and categorised in a systematic way, compared further and put into responding groups based on the emerging themes.
Results found there are both internal and external factors that contribute to transitional difficulties for learners moving from GCSE to A Level studies. These highlight issues that can inform policy and practice to improve transition and educational outcome and identify areas for further research.


Extracted from text ... Gunkel, H 2001 - Water for a thirsty land: Israelite literature and religion
Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press (Fortress Classics in Biblical Studies) 182 Pages. Price: $16.00
Reviewer: Drs Alphonso Groenewald (University of Pretoria)
This volume is one of the first in a new series, Fortress Classics in Biblical Studies, the objective
of which is to make available to English audiences some of the important literature that has
shaped biblical scholarship. This particular edition contains a collection of six articles written by
the German scholar Hermann Gunkel from 1900 to 1928. These articles were previously
translated into English and are ..


Designed to accompany the Eleventh Edition of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins' cornerstone textbook "Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist", this workbook reinforces all the important dental hygiene concepts that you are learning. Moreover, it provides plenty of opportunities to put these concepts into practice. You'll gain a solid command of all the assessment, planning, treatment, communication, and documentation skills needed to succeed as a dental hygienist. Each section of the workbook lists the American Dental Education Association competencies it covers. Each chapter and the summary exercises for each section contain an assortment of the following engaging skill builders: Knowledge Exercises ask you to define key terms, concepts, and principles, and to answer questions based on information presented in the text to ensure mastery of basic principles. Crossword Puzzles and Word Searches are fun ways to reinforce terminology. Competency Questions help you bridge learning into practice by encouraging you to apply your knowledge to analyze assessment data, create care plans, and document patient care. Discovery Activities ask you to enhance the basic knowledge you have gained through study of the textbook by finding and analyzing professional sources of current, evidence-based information. Questions Patients Ask require you to reflect on the use of evidence-based decision-making skills to address patient concerns. Everyday Ethics activities challenge you to resolve real ethical dilemmas faced by practicing dental hygienists. Factors To Teach the Patient help you develop conversations with patients, using motivational interviewing techniques and patient-appropriate language. For Your Portfolio suggestions encourage you to reflect on your growth as a dental hygiene professional by developing a portfolio that highlights your talents, special skills, and competencies; this will come in handy for employment interviews or graduate education applications. By successfully completing the exercises in this student workbook, you'll feel confident in your ability to manage the broad range of issues that arise in dental hygiene practice. Designed to accompany Wilkins' "Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist", this workbook helps the student review and assess their understanding of the concepts and skills presented in the text. The workbook contains a variety of exercise types to engage and motivate the student.


Background: Previous economic studies of person-centered palliative home care have been conducted mainly among patients with cancer. Studies on cost-effectiveness of advanced home care for patients with severe heart failure are lacking when a diagnosis of heart failure is the only main disease as the inclusion criterion. Aim: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a new concept of care called person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care. Design: A randomized controlled trial was conducted from January 2011 to 2013 at a center in Sweden. Data collection included cost estimates for health care and the patients' responses to the EQ-5D quality of life instrument. Setting/participants: Patients with chronic and severe heart failure were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 36) or control (n = 36) group. The intervention group received the Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care intervention over 6 months. The control group received the same care that is usually provided by a primary health care center or heart failure clinic at the hospital. Results: EQ-5D data indicated that the intervention resulted in a gain of 0.25 quality-adjusted life years, and cost analysis showed a significant cost reduction with the Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care intervention. Even if costs for staffing are higher than usual care, this is more than made up for by the reduced need for hospital-based care. This intervention made it possible for the county council to use €50,000 for other needs. Conclusion: The Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care working mode saves financial resources and should be regarded as very cost-effective.


Total CO2 emissions from the United States power sector increased over the period 1990–2005, but peaked soon after, and by 2015 they had declined by 20% compared to 2005. This study analyzes the supply-side drivers of the increasing trend up until 2005 as well as the factors across US states that enabled significant reductions in the following decade. Using index decomposition analysis, we show that the two main factors driving the CO2 decrease were natural gas substituting for coal and petroleum, and large increases in renewable energy generation (primarily wind)—which were responsible for 60% and 30% of the decline respectively since 2005. Both effects were concentrated in states where low natural gas prices or a combination of federal tax credits, state energy policies, decreasing costs of renewables, and advantageous wind conditions drove significant reductions of CO2 emissions—resulting in the overall national emissions decline.


An increasing number of photos in Internet photo collections comes with watermarks, timestamps, or frames (in the following called WTFs) embedded in the image content. In image retrieval, such WTFs often cause false-positive matches. In image clustering, these false-positive matches can cause clusters of different buildings to be joined into one. This harms applications like landmark recognition or large-scale structure-from-motion, which rely on clean building clusters. We propose a simple, but highly effective detector for such false-positive matches. Given a matching image pair with an estimated homography, we first determine similar regions in both images. Exploiting the fact that WTFs typically appear near the border, we build a spatial histogram of the similar regions and apply a binary classifier to decide whether the match is due to a WTF. Based on a large-scale dataset of WTFs we collected from Internet photo collections, we show that our approach is general enough to recognize a large variety of watermarks, timestamps, and frames, and that it is efficient enough for large scale applications. In addition, we show that our method fixes the problems that WTFs cause in image clustering applications. The source code is publicly available1 and easy to integrate into existing retrieval and clustering systems.


Premature closure of the sagittal suture occurs as an isolated (nonsyndromic) birth defect or as a syndromic anomaly in combination with other congenital dysmorphologies. The genetic causes of sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) remain unknown. Although variation of the dysmorphic (scaphocephaly) skull shape of sagittal NSC cases has been acknowledged, this variation has not been quantitatively studied three‐dimensionally (3D). We have analyzed the computed tomography skull images of 43 infants (aged 0.9–9 months) with sagittal NSC using anatomical landmarks and semilandmarks to quantify and characterize the within‐sample phenotypic variation. Suture closure patterns were defined by dividing the sagittal suture into three sections (anterior, central, posterior) and coding each section as 'closed' or 'fused'. Principal components analysis of the Procrustes shape coordinates representing the skull shape of 43 cases of NSC did not separate individuals by sex, chronological age, or dental stages of the deciduous maxillary first molar. However, analysis of suture closure pattern allowed separation of these data. The central section of the sagittal suture appears to be the first to fuse. Then, at least two different developmental paths towards complete fusion of the sagittal suture exist; either the anterior section or the posterior section is the second to fuse. Results indicate that according to the sequence of sagittal suture closure patterns, different craniofacial complex shapes are observed. The relationship between craniofacial shape and suture closure indicates not only which suture fused prematurely (in our case the sagittal suture), but also the pattern of the suture closure. Whether these patterns indicate differences in etiology cannot be determined with our data and requires analysis of longitudinal data, most appropriately of animal models where prenatal conditions can be monitored.


Bone metastases are frequent in advanced metastatic solid tumors. These secondary lesions are responsible for significant impairment of quality of life of patients with onset of pain, which is frequently resistant to standard analgesics. The therapeutic challenge for a patient with spinal metastasis is to maintain a quality of life as good as possible, commensurate with its life expectancy. Radiotherapy can provide efficient pain relief, but it should be integrated into a multidisciplinary approach. In the case of epidural spinal cord compression, it should be performed whenever possible after surgery. New highly conformal irradiation modalities have emerged for treatment of spinal metastases with therapeutic perspectives. Stereotactic radiosurgery could be provided for patients with single lesions or oligometastatic disease, a good general condition, absence of cord compression, and a life expectancy greater than 6 months. It is particularly promising for the treatment of classically radioresistant tumors or relapsing disease. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, including Helical Tomotherapy, is a new perspective for treatment of multiple metastases. However, if these new techniques can provide efficient pain sedation, hindsight is currently low to judge their therapeutic benefit and these techniques are hardly available in most centers. Here, we offer a quick review of current strategies and new modalities of radiotherapy to put into perspective the place of these techniques in therapy of spinal metastases.


Safeguarding the future of Venice is a globally recognised challenge of urban sustainability. We propose a sustainable management model, alternative to the current strategy, that primarily focuses on the built heritage and which interprets the city together with its encircling lagoon as a matrix of interlinked natural, cultural and social capital. In particular, Venetian natural capital can be valued as a stock of wealth that produces a flow of income, its ecosystem services. Such values can be measured in economic, including monetary, terms. Using the examples of salt marsh and seagrass carbon sequestration, together with sediment retention, water purification and artisanal fishery and aquaculture, we show that it is economically viable to develop and reorientate the nearfuture trajectory of Venice and its lagoon with reference to a more sustainable pathway, where the natural capital is a driver of future economic development and, as such, is comparable with the value of currently dominant economic activities (port and mass tourism).


BACKGROUND
Continuous infusions of norepinephrine to treat perioperative hypotension are typically administered through a central venous line rather than a peripheral venous catheter to avoid the risk of localized tissue necrosis in case of drug extravasation. There is limited literature to estimate the risk of skin necrosis when peripheral norepinephrine is used to counteract anesthesia-associated hypotension in elective surgical cases. This study aimed to estimate the rate of occurrence of drug-related adverse effects, including skin necrosis requiring surgical management when norepinephrine peripheral extravasation occurs.

METHODS
This retrospective cohort study used the perioperative databases of the University Hospitals in Amsterdam and Utrecht, the Netherlands, to identify surgical patients who received norepinephrine peripheral intravenous infusions (20 µg/mL) between 2012 and 2016. The risk of drug-related adverse effects, including skin necrosis, was estimated. Particular care was taken to identify patients who needed plastic surgical or medical attention secondary to extravasation of dilute, peripheral norepinephrine.

RESULTS
A total of 14,385 patients who received norepinephrine peripheral continuous infusions were identified. Drug extravasation was observed in 5 patients (5/14,385 = 0.035%). The 95% confidence interval (CI) for infusion extravasation was 0.011%-0.081%, indicating an estimated risk of 1-8 events per every 10,000 patients. There were zero related complications requiring surgical or medical intervention, resulting in a 95% CI of 0%-0.021% and indicating a risk of approximately 0-2 events per 10,000 patients.

CONCLUSIONS
In the current database analysis, no significant association was found between the use of peripheral intravenous norepinephrine infusions and adverse events.


ABSTRACT Among Tibetan Buddhist tantric practitioners, including in the U.S., visualisation and incorporation of mandala deities imparts a parallel world against which conventional reality is considered impermanent and afflicted. Tantric adepts aspire through meditation, visualisation, and mind-training to dissolve normal selfhood and simultaneously embrace both 'conventional' and 'ultimate' reality. Ethics of compassion encourage efficient reengagement with conventional world dynamics rather than escaping them: the transcendental 'non-self' is perceived to inform effective and compassionate waking consciousness. Transformation of subjective ontology in tantric self-possession resonates with Foucault's late exploration of ethical self-relationship in alternative technologies of subjectivation and with Luhrmann's notion of transcendent spiritual absorption through skilled learning and internalisation. Incorporating recent developments in American Tibetan Buddhism, this paper draws upon information derived from a range of scholarly visits to rural and urban areas of the Himalayas, teachings by and practices with contemporary Tibetan lamas, including in the U.S., and historical and philosophical Buddhist literature and commentaries.


Scientific research on 'animal welfare' began because of ethical concerns over the quality of life of animals, and the public looks to animal welfare research for guidance regarding these concerns. The conception of animal welfare used by scientists must relate closely to these ethical concerns if the orientation of the research and the interpretation of the findings is to address them successfully.At least three overlapping ethical concerns are commonly expressed regarding the quality of life of animals: (1) that animals should lead natural lives through the development and use of their natural adaptations and capabilities, (2) that animals should feel well by being free from prolonged and intense fear, pain, and other negative states, and by experiencing normal pleasures, and (3) that animals should function well, in the sense of satisfactory health, growth and normal functioning of physiological and behavioural systems. Various scientists have proposed restricted conceptions of animal welfare that relate to only one or other of these three concerns. Some such conceptions are based on value positions about what is truly important for the quality of life of animals or about the nature of human responsibility for animals in their care. Others are operational claims: (1) that animal welfare research must focus on the functioning of animals because subjective experiences fall outside the realm of scientific enquiry, or (2) that studying the functioning of animals is sufficient because subjective experiences and functioning are closely correlated. We argue that none of these positions provides fully satisfactory guidance for animal welfare research.We suggest instead that ethical concerns about the quality of life of animals can be better captured by recognizing three classes of problems that may arise when the adaptations possessed by an animal do not fully correspond to the challenges posed by its current environment. (I) If animals possess adaptations that no longer serve a significant function in the new environment, then unpleasant subjective experiences may arise, yet these may not be accompanied by significant disruption to biological functioning. Thus, a bucket-fed calf may experience a strong, frustrated desire to suck, even though it obtains adequate milk. (2) If the environment poses challenges for which the animal has no corresponding adaptation, then functional problems may arise, yet these may not be accompanied by significant effects on subjective feelings. Thus, a pig breathing polluted air may develop lung damage without appearing to notice or mind the problem. (3) Where animals have adaptations corresponding to the kinds of environmental challenges they face, problems may still arise if the adaptations prove inadequate. For example, an animal's thermoregulatory adaptations may be insufficient in a very cold environment such that the animal both feels poorly and functions poorly. We propose that all three types of problems are causes of ethical concern over the quality of life of animals and that they together define the subject matter of animal welfare science.


We propose a method for inferring the existence of a latent common cause ("confounder") of two observed random variables. The method assumes that the two effects of the confounder are (possibly nonlinear) functions of the confounder plus independent, additive noise. We discuss under which conditions the model is identifiable (up to an arbitrary reparameterization of the confounder) from the joint distribution of the effects. We state and prove a theoretical result that provides evidence for the conjecture that the model is generically identifiable under suitable technical conditions. In addition, we propose a practical method to estimate the confounder from a finite i.i.d. sample of the effects and illustrate that the method works well on both simulated and real-world data.


1. Ten patients with essential hypertension received an intravenous load of hyperosmotic saline before and during treatment with propranolol. In seven patients blood pressure was lowered by the drug. 2. In the control period saline infusion induced a sharp rise in cardiac output due to an increase in stroke volume. This pattern was absent during beta-adrenergic blockade. Renal blood flow showed a moderate rise in the control studies; this rise was not reduced during treatment. Natriuresis was reduced by propranolol. 3. Measurements of central blood volume and central venous pressure in five patients revealed that modified responses during beta-adrenergic blockade may be due to a reduced venous return rather than to myocardial depression.


Chronic water shortage is one of the most pressing problems in the arid areas of China and as a compensation measure, the introduction of water-saving irrigation facilities has been proposed for water use in agriculture. However, in the Ugen River Basin, these water-saving irrigation facilities have produced varying results ranging from success to failure. Therefore, this study examines such cases and considers the factors responsible for the effective introduction of watersaving irrigation facilities in these regions. In general, capitalist farmers are individually responsible for the introduction, maintenance and management of the water-saving facilities, whereas general farmers collectively manage and maintain the facilities built with government subsidies. In addition, this study reports two cases in which collective management either required initial investments or covered all of the initial investment costs through government subsidies. However, these facilities were not necessarily well managed because of the differences in the management group, thus affecting their outcomes as an effective water-saving irrigation facility. By using game theory to obtain an optimal solution, the results of this paper indicate that the cost of work and maintenance accrued by the introduction of the water-saving facilities was less compared to both the incentives received in water-fee reductions as well as the increased yield of water-saving irrigation. Finally, we suggest that either the current yield needs to be increased twofold or the water fee needs to be increased for effective management of water-saving irrigation facilities, particularly in regard to collective management.


Mixtures containing equal masses of polyinosinic acid (poly (I)) and copolymers containing poly(5-hydroxycytidylic acid), (poly(ho5C) copolymers), protect mice against encephalomyocarditis (e. m. c.) virus infection and the protective effect is greatest 6 h before infection. The batches of poly(ho5C) copolymer used in these studies were obtained by bromine water treat ment of polycytidylic acid (poly(C)) and contained cytidine, bromocytidine and hydroxycytidine residues with the latter component comprising between 50% and 81% of the total residues in different preparations. These copolymers were used in solution or in a gelled form obtained by freezing in the absence of salt. Evidence is presented which shows that double stranded complexes do not form when the poly(ho5C) copolymers are mixed with poly(I). Protection of mice with mixtures of poly(I) and poly(ho5C) copolymer was slightly greater than had previously been observed with sequential administration of poly(I) followed by poly(C) or the homopolymer form of poly(ho5C). The gelled form of poly(ho5C) copolymer conferred slightly greater protection than poly(ho5C) copolymer used in the soluble state. The percentage of hydroxycytidine residues in the copolymers did not affect the degree of protection conferred by mixtures of the copolymers with poly (I). Administration of mixtures of poly(I) and soluble poly (ho5C) copolymer by the intraperitoneal route was more effective than the intravenous route when high doses were used at 6 h before infection. At this time, 200 μg/mouse of a mixture of poly (I) and poly(ho5C) copolymer was as protective as 60μg/mouse poly(I:C) but the toxicity of mixtures of poly(I) and poly(ho5C) was less than one tenth that of poly(I:C). The mechanism of the protective effect with single stranded polynucleo tides cannot yet be stated with confidence. However, the protection by mixtures of poly(I) and poly(ho6C) copolymer does not seem to be through interferon production. Serum from mice treated with the nurture of polynucleotides cannot confer protection on other mice subsequently exposed to infection. Further, the mixtures do not hypo-reactivate the protective effect of poly (I : C) treatment which would have been expected had both effects had a common basis in the interferon phenomenon. Moreover, treatment with the mixture does not result in a stimulation of immune response produced by e. m. c. virus infection.


Two closely related bovine lentiviruses have been described, Jembrana disease virus (JDV) and Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), that produce very different clinical manifestations in infected cattle. JDV causes an acute disease with a case fatality rate of about 21% in Bos javanicus (Bali cattle) and is endemic in the cattle population of parts of Indonesia. BIV produces a subclinical infection in Bos taurus and buffalo and serological evidence has shown that this virus has a worldwide distribution, possibly including Indonesia.

Attempts were made to confirm a previous report that BIV was present in the B. javanicus population in Indonesia. BIV proviral DNA was not detected in any of the animals although JDV proviral DNA was detected in 12 of 171 animals, only one of which was seropositive.

To define the kinetics of BIV infection in B. javanicus and determine the optimal time for sampling to detect BIV infection, 13 animals were experimentally infected with the R29 strain of BIV. No clinical effects were detected but proviral DNA was detected from 4-60 days post-infection (dpi) with peak titres 20 days dpi, and a transient viraemia from 4 to 14 dpi. An antibody response to TM was detected 12 dpi but an anti-capsid (CA) antibody response was detected in one animal only and not until 34 dpi. The results indicated that detection of BIV in infected Bali cattle using PCR would have a greater chance of success soon after infection and prior to the onset of a CA antibody response.

To determine the effect of BIV infection on subsequent JDV infection in B. javanicus, 15 cattle were infected with BIV-R29 and 9 of these were subsequently infected 42 days later with JDV. The response to BIV was typical of that observed previously but BIV infection did not markedly modify the response to subsequent infection with JDV. In response to JDV infection, all cattle previously infected with BIV still developed an acute disease process typical of Jembrana disease. The results suggested that despite the close genetic and antigenic relationship between BIV and JDV, BIV infection does not confer protection against subsequent JDV infection. The close antigenic relationship between BIV and JDV is a problem in the development of specific serological tests and immunosurveillance of JDV infection. To develop reagents capable of differentiating between antibody to BIV and JDV infections, peptide mapping was used to define linear B cell epitopes on the matrix (MA), CA and surface unit (SU) proteins of JDV. Short overlapping peptides that spanned these regions were synthesised and used in an ELISA format to screen their reactivity with a panel of bovine sera from animals experimentally infected with JDVTab87, JDVPul01 or BIV-R29. Peptides representing potential immunoreactive epitopes were identified that appeared to offer promise in the development of JDVspecific serological tests and need to be tested further with a panel of sera taken from naturally infected cattle.


Marketization has changed the education system. If we say that education is a market, this transforms the understanding of education and influences how people act. In this paper, adult-education school-leaders' talk is analysed and seven metaphors for education are found: education as administration, market, matching, democracy, policy work, integration and learning. Exploring empirical metaphors provides a rich illustration of coinciding meanings. In line with studies on policy texts, economic metaphors are found to dominate. This should be understood not only as representing liberal ideology, as is often discussed in analyses of policy papers, but also as representing economic theory. In other words, contemporary adult education can be understood as driven by economic theories. The difference and relation between ideology and theory should be further examined since they have an impact on our society and on our everyday lives.


Guide to Techniques in Mouse Development, Part B, is an authoritative guide to different methods used in enzymology, focusing on investigating mouse development using technological advances. The text provides information regarding the principles of the methods in mouse development, and it offers readers reliable experimental protocols and recipes described comprehensively by leaders in the field of enzymology. The text is divided into three sections and organized into 25 chapters. Below are several concepts covered by the text: o Lentivirus transgenesis o Germline modification using mouse stem cells o Electroporation o Applications of transposons in mouse genetics o Functional genomics using transposon systems o The use of DNA transposons in detecting cancer genes in mice o Recombination, conditional mutagenesis and induction of tamoxifen o Genetic fate mapping using recombinases o Genetic screens mouse ES cells o Gene trap mutagenesis o Mouse mutagenesis o Self- renewal and pluripotency o Transgenic RNAi applications o Gene knockdowns o Tetracycline-controlled transcription o Gene expression profiling of mouse embryos The book is a comprehensive guide for students and professionals in genetics, cytology and molecular biology, who will find this book invaluable for their learning and practice. This volume is Part B of an update of volume 225, Guide to Techniques in Mouse Development, edited by P.M. Wassarman and M.L. DePamphilis and published in 1993. It comprehensively covers new techniques for the cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, production of transgenic and null (knockout) animals (use of ES cells), generation of conditional/inducible mutant animals, use of gene-trap mutagenesis, analysis of allele-specific expression, use of new reporter constructs, humanizing of transgenic animals, transcript profiling of mouse development, imaging of mouse development, and rederivation of animals and use of mouse genomics.


Reviews of empirical work on the efficacy of distant healing have found that interceding on behalf of patients through prayer or by adopting various practices that incorporate an intention to heal can have some positive effect upon their wellbeing (e.g., Benor, 1990; Dossey, 1993), but reviewers have also raised concerns about study quality and the diversity of healing approaches adopted — ranging from techniques that usually involve close physical proximity between practitioner and patient, such as therapeutic touch and Reiki healing, through to techniques that work at a distance, such as psychic healing or intercessionary prayer to a higher being — and this makes the findings difficult to interpret since in some cases the beneficial effects could be attributable to placebo effects or to the consequences of general lifestyle changes that are involved in holistic approaches to medicine.

Some of these concerns can be addressed by conducting double-blind randomised controlled clinical trials. These entail the random allocation of participants (or patients) to either a treatment or control condition so as to control for selection bias (or alternatively participants are matched on the basis of other variables that are thought to affect the prognosis of their health condition, such as age, gender, co-morbidity, and so on), with patients and attending physicians remaining blind to the allocation so as to control for placebo improvements. Some of the research that meet these criteria has been summarised by Astin, Harkness and Ernst (2000), who identified 23 studies, collectively involving 2774 participants, that produced the predicted improvement in condition with a combined effect size of .40 (p < .001). Despite remaining concerns about the heterogeneity of the database and methodological limitations with some studies, the authors were able to conclude that the evidence was sufficiently strong to warrant further study.

However, Astin et al.'s review is still susceptible to counter explanations in terms of their inability to create an appropriate control condition, since there can be no guarantee that control patients are not beneficiaries of healing intentions from friends, family or their own religious groups, or that relationships between healing intention and wellbeing are not obscured by reliance on relatively crude health outcomes. We planned to address this by focusing on healing studies that involved biological systems other than ‗whole' humans (i.e. to include animal andplant work but also work involving human biological matter such as blood samples or cell cultures), which allow for more circumscribed outcome measures and are less susceptible to placebo and expectancy effects.

Secondly, since Astin's reviews have been published, doubts have been cast concerning the legitimacy of work conducted by Daniel P. Wirth such that it would be unsafe to base conclusions on data that he has provided. There have also been a number of replication attempts since Astin et al.'s review. We therefore planned to conduct an updated review that included more recent studies and excluded Wirth's work.

For phase 1, 65 non-whole human studies from 50 papers were eligible for review. The combined effect size weighted by sample size yielded a highly significant r of .381. The fail-safe N gave the value 8332, which is much larger than the critical number (calculated as 335), suggesting that publication bias is unlikely to be responsible for significance. However the effect sizes in the database are significantly heterogeneous, and 25 outliers need to be cropped in order to reduce to non-significance at p > .01, giving a weighted mean effect size for the cropped studies of r = .283, which is still significant. Study outcomes were not correlated with blind ratings of methodological quality, but the average quality rating for these studies is very low (mean quality rating [MQR] = 4.4/10). Studies were blocked by target system type: the 31 in vitro studies had the highest average quality rating (5.35) and a weighted mean effect size, r = .311; 18 studies of non-human animals (e.g., rats, mice, bush babies) had an MQR of 4.07 and a significant r = .218; 16 studies of plants or seeds (MQR = 3.22), gave a significant weighted mean effect size, r = .413.

For phase 2, 61 whole human studies across 59 papers that were eligible for review. When combined, these studies yielded a small effect size of r = .145 that was significant. The fail-safe N was 3560 against a critical number of 315. This database is also significantly heterogeneous (χ2 = 512.01), but the mean weighted effect sized for the cropped sample actually increases to r = .202. Holistic judgements of study quality were negatively correlated with study outcome, suggesting that the observed effect might – at least in part – be attributable to methodological shortcomings. Whole human studies were blocked by target system: 9 Reiki or Johrei studies (MQR = 5.50), which gave a weighted mean effect size, r = .285; 11 studies incorporated intercessionary prayer (MQR = 5.33), giving the smallest weighted mean effect size, r = .078; therapeutic touch was implemented in 19 studies (MQR = 5.25), giving a weighted mean effect size, r = .346; and 22 unspecified /other studies (MQR = 5.94) gave a weighted mean effect size, r = .167.

Findings with the non-whole human database suggest that subjects in the active condition were observed to have a significant improvement in wellbeing relative to control subjects under circumstances that do not seem to be susceptible to placebo and expectancy effects. Findings with the whole human database gave a smaller mean effect size but this was still significant and suggests that the effect is not dependent upon the inclusion of Wirth's suspect studies and is robust enough to accommodate some high profile failures to replicate. Both databases show problems with heterogeneity and with study quality and recommendations are made for necessary standards for future replication attempts


Despite anecdotal reports of the astonishing homing abilities in dogs, their homing strategies are not fully understood. We equipped 27 hunting dogs with GPS collars and action cams, let them freely roam in forested areas, and analyzed components of homing in over 600 trials. When returning to the owner (homewards), dogs either followed their outbound track ('tracking') or used a novel route ('scouting'). The inbound track during scouting started mostly with a short (about 20 m) run along the north-south geomagnetic axis, irrespective of the actual direction homewards. Performing such a 'compass run' significantly increased homing efficiency. We propose that this run is instrumental for bringing the mental map into register with the magnetic compass and to establish the heading of the animal.


Farming and fisheries are two sectors with strong intergenerational ties. The occupational choice of farmers' and fishers' children is therefore of central importance when it comes to future industry structure and the total number of workers in these sectors. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the intergenerational links in agriculture and fisheries in Sweden using a large administrative database covering the entire farmer and fisher population. The use of intergenerational matched administrative data is new to the literature and makes it possible to avoid problems associated with survey response data. To identify the factors that affect children's occupational choice, we estimate an instrumental variable probit model, where we focus on the importance of the father's earned income. We show that father income during childhood affects children's decision to follow in their father's footsteps.


Before generalising water metering and billing at the apartment level for consumer equity reasons, and alleviating the burden of water bills for poor families through increasing block tariffs (IBTs), Paris Council asked for some expert advice. The pros and cons of two separate issues - IBTs efficiency and justice; and individual household metering - were mixed. Our research first summarises various studies of the redistributive effects of tariff changes, first from flat rates to metering, and then from uniform prices to IBTs. We address the particular case of multifamily housing, where it is possible to retain collective billing, while relying on sub-metering to allocate the bill. The limitations of classical econometric surveys on large samples (in terms of understanding households' strategies with tap water) support the need for supplementary detailed sociological surveys at neighbourhood or building levels, if only to check the unexpected redistributive effects of tariff changes in practice. We review the specific French situation, peculiarly in Paris, to show that individual apartment billing is more costly and tends to have regressive effects. Like other cities in France, Paris abandoned the implementation of Art. 93 of the 2000 law, which encouraged individual billing; and we explain why.


There are high aspirations for environmental water quality targets in the UK, but requirements for significant growth in agricultural production to meet both food security objectives and provide viable livelihoods for farmers make these hard to achieve. Significant water quality challenges are related to nutrients, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pathogens, sediments and habitat alteration. To facilitate the challenges posed, there is a need for predictive, spatially distributed models to be developed that encompass the key aspects of agriculture and water management in order to inform future policy and organizations with an interest in land management. Additionally, there needs to be recognition from policy makers that different solutions are needed in different agri‐water systems and that it often takes many years or decades for policies to have a sustained water quality impact. Long‐term support for research infrastructure and the scientific skills base is required to enable measurement and data analysis necessary to inform decision making. Farmers need clearly articulated information on the issues and potential solutions on which to make informed management decisions regarding water. There are existing solutions to some problems and this knowledge needs to be effectively disseminated with appropriate incentives for implementation to have maximum impact. Greater collaboration between researchers, industry, and policy makers, with the necessary framework to deliver effective joint working, is urgently needed. There is also a need for a wider societal understanding of the land–water system and the various ways in which society pays (and might pay in the future) for the real value of water. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1201. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1201


Objective: The management of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus places a significant burden on healthcare systems. Significant global changes have been proposed with regard to the diagnosis and management of women with diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. The study aims were to document the contemporary numbers, treatments and outcomes of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, with particular focus on gestational and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design, subjects and setting: A retrospective audit was performed of pregnant women (n = 278) with diabetes mellitus, managed over a 12-month period in a combined secondary and tertiary unit in South Africa. Results: Of the 278 cases analysed, 60% had gestational and 33% type 2 diabetes mellitus. The perinatal mortality ratio for all diabetes mellitus in pregnancy was 52.6:1 000, with only one early neonatal death. Ninety-five per cent and 70% of women with gestational and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively, were overweight or obese. Chronic hypertension was present in 23% of women with gestational and in 42% of women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The glycosylated haemoglobin decreased from 6.7% at diagnosis to 6.4% at delivery in the gestational diabetes mellitus group, and from 7.5% at booking to 6.6% at delivery in the type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Lifestyle modification and metformin sufficed in 88% of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Insulin was only required in 12% of pregnancies with gestational and in 53% of pregnancies with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Pregnancies complicated by gestational and type 2 diabetes mellitus are common and challenging. The addition of the oral agent, metformin, lowers the need for insulin therapy.


INTRODUCTION The literature on Islam and politics attributes various labels to the phenomenon of political Islam: revivalism, fundamentalism, Islamism, radical, militant, etc. The liberty taken to use these terms interchangeably has only added to the conceptual confusion. Also, the dynamic nature of the Islamic resurgence movement has hindered conceptual clarity. However, a careful reading of the literature reveals a continuum from successive attempts by scholars to conceptualize political Islam. This article examines three cascading concepts vogue in western literature on political Islam: fundamentalism, Islamism, and militant Islam. The resultant conceptual muddle undermines a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Martin Marty and Scott Appleby, interested in a comparative framework of religious fundamentalism, locates Islamic resurgence within opposition movements. Thus, religious fundamentalism is one component of anti-establishment movements. Despite sharing the socio-cultural aspects of revivalism, they add, fundamentalism is distinct in being "inherently political." (1) Sherifa Zuhur goes a step further in placing Islamic opposition movements within the set of sahwat islamiyya (Islamic awakening) movements. (2) While scholars have used both revival and reform (3) to refer to political Islam, the term that has captured most attention is fundamentalism. FUNDAMENTALISM Yousseff Choueiri intimates that fundamentalism is a common denominator in Islamic historiography for revival, reform, and radical groups. The third stage is a prelude to fundamentalism's transformation into a "totalitarian ideology." (4) With an imaginary spectrum from liberal to radical, Emmanuel Sivan focuses on two subgroups along the radical end that he distinguishes as "conservative fundamentalism" and "extreme radicalism." (5) Unlike Sivan's continuum, Ervand Abrahamian combines liberal and radical dimensions in identifying three subgroups of Islamic radicalism: secular, lay-religious, and clerical--actually labeling the last group "clerical populists." (6) And Luisa Giuriato and Maria Molinari find that radicalism is a characteristic of fundamentalism, with extremism as a slippery slope involving violence. (7) Whereas fundamentalism includes radical Islam for Choueiri, it is part of the radical fringe for Sivan. What is a penultimate scenario for Sivan is the worst case scenario for Abrahamian, but both view political Islam as a radical departure from the basic tenets of Islam adhered to by the Muslim hoi polloi. Giuriato and Molinari, like Choueiri, in holding a different view from Abrahamian and Sivan, subsumes radicalism as part of fundamentalism. For Giuriato and Molinari the distinguishing feature of fundamentalism is redirecting the centrality of "infallible and inaccessible" shari'a (Islamic law) taken from the holy books. (8) Arguing that the religious and political components give fundamentalism its dual nature, Johannes Jansen emphasizes violence as a distinguishing feature of fundamentalism. (9) For Sivan the intermingling of religion and politics by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt was itself radical, as opposed to mainstream Islam. Furthermore, Abul A'la Maudoodi and Sayyid Qutb revised the jahiliyya (pre-Islamic society) doctrine and took Islamic radicalism to the extreme. They shifted attention from European secular nationalism and its concomitant Pan-Arabism to rectifying the "jahiliyya within" (10)--the "modern" jahiliyya disguised as Islam, with William Shepard arguing that Qutb's emphasis on the society has subsequently been misplaced on the ruler of a Muslim-majority state. (11) In particular, Maudoodi and Qutb's glorification of jihad (holy war) and the shahid (martyr) was a significant change in strategy, continues Sivan. (12) et admitting to a return to the basic tenets of the faith, including the attachment to shari'a, John Ruedy is not even emphatic about political activism as a characteristic of fundamentalism. …


There is limited research examining the processes by which open and closed motor skill sports optimize Executive Functions (EFs). The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of motor sequencing and repetitive movement in individual and team sports and their influence on EFs. The study also investigated gender differences in EF abilities within a sporting context. We tested 40 University students (17 = Male, 23 = Female) aged 17-29 (M = 20.47, SD = 2.75) who were randomly assigned to a team and individual sports-oriented intervention focused on either repetitive or variable motor sequential movement. We predicted that individuals in the variable motor sequencing and team condition would yield the best EF performance. Our results suggested a significant interaction effect of Gender x "Team/Individual" on EF measures, as females and males performed significantly different on a team compared to those in the individual conditions. For performance of intervention, we found an overall main effect of Team/Individual, such that participants in the Team conditions finished faster on the sports task than those in the Individual conditions. A significant main effect of Gender was also found, as males generally outperformed female participants. These findings have implications for optimizing sport and EF performance between genders. TEAM & INDIVIDUAL SPORTS ACTIVITY ON EF 4


Advances in information technologies and the growth of a knowledge-based service economy are transforming the basis of technological innovation and corporate competition. This transformation requires taking a broader, institutional and political view of information technology and knowledge management. To succeed, firms are advised to focus on building their distinctive competencies, outsource the rest, and become nodes in value chain networks. This shifts the level of competition from between individual firms to between networks of firms. In these networks, individual firms or entrepreneurs seldom have the resources, power, or legitimacy to produce change alone. As a result, "running in packs" is often more successful than "going it alone" to develop and commercialize knowledge-intensive technologies. Many different actors in public and private sectors make important contributions. These actors do not play impartial roles; instead, they are active participants who become embroiled in diverse, partisan, and embedded issues of innovation development. In this setting, success requires not only technical and rational competence, but also political savvy to understand and mobilize the interests of other players with stakes in an emerging industry.


This study involved using teaching strategies from the ARCS Motivational Model to develop new interdisciplinary curricular modules and ability assessments that combine Atayal culture with information technology. The purpose was to explore whether, through pedagogy based on the ARCS motivational model, indigenous middle-school students had a significant improvement in teamwork, creative thinking, and communication abilities, and whether or not students' interest in information technology and culture was inspired. Research subjects were 17 first-year students in an Atayal Comprehensive Junior-Senior High School in Nan'ao, Yilan County. The research period was 2016-2017, and data was collected from teaching demonstrations, thoughts written down by students, and tests. Research tools include the qualitative written thoughts of the students and a quantitative assessment of the key abilities of teamwork, creative thinking, and communication abilities. There were a total of 33 items. To explore whether there was a significant change in indigenous students' teamwork, creative thinking, and communication abilities, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis of pre-test and post-test results. Research results show that indigenous students performed significantly better in the post-test than in the pre-test with respect to teamwork, creative thinking, and communication. The thoughts students wrote down after class clearly expressed interest in the cross-disciplinary course combining culture and information technology. Therefore, the course using an ARCS motivational model to combine Atayal culture and information technology significantly improved indigenous students' teamwork, creative thinking, and communication abilities.


Until proved otherwise, Covid-19 or SARS CoV- 2 infection is a disease of the century that turns the world upside down and inside out at multidimensional aspects of human life. Since its emergence, it has created a lot of confusion and uncertainty on its ultrafast speed of spread in the temperate climate zone and the bizarre course of the disease state. The so far relatively spared tropical countries may be explained by the humid and hot weather as it was the case for the majority of influenza and other human coronaviruses pandemics; for which, the less conduciveness of the weather for the survival of the SARS CoV-2 outside the human body may be attributed to. In the interest of this editorial, the less morbid and less fatal nature of the Covid-19 to pregnant women has also opened a lot of discussions and countless speculations. This is because; while their immunity is weaker than non- pregnant women, the high resistance of pregnant women to Covid-19 is a paradox for many investigators.


The Jinâyat Qânun of Aceh in the Perspective of Indonesian Legal State. Act Number 18 Year 2001 on Specific Autonomy for Aceh as the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Act Number 11 Year 2006 on Aceh Government further confirm that the existence of Islamic law in Aceh has become national law, in terms of legal materials, law enforcement officers, as well as increasing public awareness of Islamic law in Aceh. Jinayat Qanun in Aceh province is a renewal of criminal law in Indonesia because a good law must reflect the living law in the society. Therefore, the applied law in Aceh today can be used as a model of the national legal development in Indonesia.DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v16i2.4445


This paper deals with a predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. We mainly discuss the following three problems: (1) stability of the nonnegative constant steady states for the reaction-diffusion system; (2) the existence of Turing patterns; (3) the existence of stationary patterns created by cross-diffusion.


* Firms organise innovation activities across a wider range of geographically dispersed and specialized units, as compared to previous decades. Moreover corporate innovation processes are broken up into ever finer stages and tasks at the global scale. * The global dispersion of R&D and innovation activities occurs at a higher pace and goes hand in hand with a stronger regional polarization. Yet, corporate R&D remains a domestic activity, although functional and industry-specific patterns can be observed. * The increased internationalisation of R&D and innovation activities does not imply the hollowing-out of domestic ones. Foreign innovation activities may actually support domestic increases in innovation. * The internal and external connections of national and regional systems matter for their innovation performance. The quality of the regional learning and innovation systems is important to attract "relevant activities or segments" of the GVC. On the other hand, better connecting regions to the global innovation networks is important for local growth and employment. * The extent to which firms co-locate production and innovation activities depends on industry, product and process-specificities. * Evidence is needed on how R&D and innovation activities are sliced and diced across GVCs, on how these global corporate dynamics interact with national and regional innovation systems and on how they impact on local growth and employment.


Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract is an important herbal medicine. The current study was designed to investigate the impact of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) on the characteristic properties of the phytoconstituents present in the ashwagandha root extract using LC-MS, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Ashwagandha root extract was divided into two parts – one part was control (without treatment), while another part was treated with the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely by seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis revealed that the retention time (Rt) of the phytoconstituents remained same in both the control and treated samples, whereas the peak area% was significantly altered. The peak area% of the treated sample at Rt of 5.06, 5.24, 5.49, 5.68, 6.78, 6.87, 8.12, 8.22, 8.36, 8.55, 9.02, and 10.13 minutes were significantly increased in the range of 0.27% to 146.94% compared to the control sample. In addition, the peak area% of the treated sample at Rt of 5.29, 5.36, 6.40, 6.49, 6.56, 6.67, 7.08, 7.37, 7.76, 7.87, 8.02, 8.43, 8.85, 8.97, and 9.12 minutes were significantly decreased in the range of 1.83% to 23.53% compared with the control sample. A total of 18 withanolides such as sitoindoside IX, viscosa lactone B, 24, 25-dihydrowithanolide D, withanolide A, withanone, withaferin A, withanolide D, ixocarpalactone A, withanolide S, withanolide sulfoxide, etc. were proposed with their structure from the molecular mass at m/z 650, 489, 473, 471, 505, and 992 at retention times of 6.87, 7.10, 7.87, 8.22, 8.54, and 9.11 minutes with the help of GC-MS and NMR data of both the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples. The mass peak intensity values of the Biofield Energy Treated sample at the same retention time in was significantly decreased in the range of 3.99% to 52.28% compared with the control sample. These findings suggest that Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment could be beneficial for altering the concentration of the phytoconstituents in the ashwagandha root extract by modifying their intrinsic physicochemical properties, which might be helpful to improve the bioavailability of active constituents of ashwagandha root extract that might provide better therapeutic response against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, sexual disorders, aging and other chronic infections.


There exists increasing evidence supporting the important role of black carbon in global carbon cycles. Particulate black carbon (PBC) is allochthonous and has distinct reactivities compared to the bulk particulate organic carbon (tot‐POC) in marine environments. However, the abundance, geochemical behavior of PBC and its importance in oceanic carbon budget remain poorly understood. Here we report the abundance, distribution, and stable isotopic signatures of BC derived from the chemo‐thermal oxidation (CTO‐375) method (BCCTO) in the Gulf of Mexico. Our results show that BCCTO abundance decreased from shelf to basin, and more than a half of riverine BCCTO could be removed over the shelf. Moreover, BCCTO is much more refractory compared to the tot‐POC and has δ13C values lower than those of BC‐excluded POC. These results highlight the significance of PBC in marine carbon cycles and potentially suggest the need for a new end‐member term in quantifying POC sources in the ocean.


Despite yearly advances in life‐saving and preventive medicine, as well as strategic approaches by governmental and social agencies and groups, significant disparities remain in health, health quality, and access to health care within the United States. The determinants of these disparities include baseline health status, race and ethnicity, culture, gender identity and expression, socioeconomic status, region or geography, sexual orientation, and age. In order to renew the commitment of the medical community to address health disparities, particularly at the medical school level, we must remind ourselves of the roles of doctors and medical schools as the gatekeepers and the value setters for medicine. Within those roles are responsibilities toward the social mission of working to eliminate health disparities. This effort will require partnerships with communities as well as with academic centers to actively develop and to implement diversity and inclusion strategies. Besides improving the diversity of trainees in the pipeline, access to health care can be improved, and awareness can be raised regarding population‐based health inequalities.


Numerous genetic association studies have implicated the KIAA0319 gene on human chromosome 6p22 in dyslexia susceptibility. The causative variant(s) remains unknown but may modulate gene expression, given that (1) a dyslexia-associated haplotype has been implicated in the reduced expression of KIAA0319, and (2) the strongest association has been found for the region spanning exon 1 of KIAA0319. Here, we test the hypothesis that variant(s) responsible for reduced KIAA0319 expression resides on the risk haplotype close to the gene's transcription start site. We identified seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the risk haplotype immediately upstream of KIAA0319 and determined that three of these are strongly associated with multiple reading-related traits. Using luciferase-expressing constructs containing the KIAA0319 upstream region, we characterized the minimal promoter and additional putative transcriptional regulator regions. This revealed that the minor allele of rs9461045, which shows the strongest association with dyslexia in our sample (max p-value = 0.0001), confers reduced luciferase expression in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines. Additionally, we found that the presence of this rs9461045 dyslexia-associated allele creates a nuclear protein-binding site, likely for the transcriptional silencer OCT-1. Knocking down OCT-1 expression in the neuronal cell line SHSY5Y using an siRNA restores KIAA0319 expression from the risk haplotype to nearly that seen from the non-risk haplotype. Our study thus pinpoints a common variant as altering the function of a dyslexia candidate gene and provides an illustrative example of the strategic approach needed to dissect the molecular basis of complex genetic traits.


We investigate polarization-dependent properties of the supercontinuum emission generated from filaments produced by intense femtosecond laser pulses propagating through air over a long distance. The conversion efficiency from the 800-nm fundamental to white light is observed to be higher for circular polarization than for linear polarization when the laser intensity exceeds the threshold of the breakdown of air.


Objective: There had been reports that link periodontal disease with complications associated with pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, pre-term birth and low-birth weight, with individuals that have worse periodontal disease having worse pregnancy outcome. Similar relationship has also been reported between periodontal disease and sperm count, with worse periodontal disease associated with poorer periodontal health. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of pregnant women on the possibility of this relationship between pregnancy, fertility and periodontal disease.
Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 201 pregnant women at the antenatal clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used in assessing respondent's knowledge of the possible relationship between pregnancy outcome, sperm count and periodontal disease.
Results: a total of 201 pregnant women with mean age of 30.69±4.04 years were interviewed. More of the respondents that have visited a dentist for treatment before the interview agreed that poor oral hygiene can affect sperm count in men, which was statistically significant (p= .001). Also, more respondents that have visited a dentist before agreed that gum disease can predispose to low-birth weight in women (p= .008).
Conclusion: although many of the respondents that agreed as to the possible relationship between periodontal disease and pregnancy outcome had been to a dentist for treatment before, many of them, including those that have been to a dentist before, are either not aware of the possibility of the relationship or they totally disagreed with the possibility of the relationship. This suggest that dental professionals need to do more in the area of possible relationship and means of preventing periodontal disease especially amidst women of child-bearing age.


In this paper, we present our study on the spectral discrimination between high
 and low quality tobacco leaves using a time-resolved ultraweak luminescence
 detection system. Photoinduced delayed luminescence (DL) is employed as a
 nondestructive and objective indicator of tobacco leaf quality. DL decay
 kinetics of tobacco leaf samples is measured, and the data are fitted by a
 hyperbolic cosecant function. Results show that the function's parameter
 A is significantly related to the quality grades
 of tobacco leaves—compared with the low quality tobacco leaves, an
 increase of the A value by a factor of 7 is obtained for the high
 quality tobacco leaves. Research from this work contributes to the development
 of a novel optical method applicable for the quality evaluation of agricultural
 crops and food products.


Title of Document: UNCOVERING DESIGN: TRANSLATING THE PAST CAN ENHANCE THE DESIGN PROCESS Terry M. Zink, Master of Architecture, 2013 Directed By: Professor, Garth Rockcastle, FAIA , School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Throughout the late 20 th century, urban buildings around the world have repeatedly lost their unique reason for being. The phenomenon of diminished value, while tragic at the time, provides extraordinary opportunities for future use, by offering an authentic narrative to build upon, and overcoming the "blank slate" approach of traditional design thinking. A current generation of designers is recognizing the potential value in these deteriorated and neglected structures and districts. However, we should look critically and creatively at the past to understand the causes of displacement, before attempting to design for the future. War, deindustrialization, tourism, gentrification, white-flight, and economic instability are some of the principal forces responsible for the emptying our downtown communities. By establishing proper analytical and imaginative lenses through which to examine unique developments around the world, we can better see how to reconstitute value in these derelict buildings, thus achieving a more sustainable future. This thesis applies a framework for interjecting creativity and considerations into the regeneration process. I will use a district of abandoned building in the Portland neighborhood of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, to depict these ideas at a variety of scales. This process will develop and utilize appropriate design principles and proposals, to illustrate how architecture can revitalize and reoccupy abandoned buildings, while bringing neighborhoods and communities back to life. In utilizing neglected but rediscovered space, urban infrastructure and buildings within the urban fabric, opportunities are created through the understanding and appreciation of existing contexts, combined with the integration of innovative approaches. The process of uncovering and providing alternative interventions strategies is not linear and blurs the edge between re-search and design. This thesis reveals how architects, by uncovering the past, can fuel a creative process and lead the transformation of a lost community. UNCOVERING DESIGN: TRANSLATING THE PAST CAN ENHANCE THE DESIGN PROCESS


MEXX (short for MEXanical systems eXtrapolation integrator) is a Fortran code for time integration of constrained mechanical systems. MEXX is suited for direct integration of the equations of motion in descriptor form. It is based on extrapolation of a time stepping method that is explicit in the differential equations and linearly implicit in the nonlinear constraints. It only requires the solution of well–structured systems of linear equations which can be solved with a computational work growing linearly with the number of bodies, in the case of multibody systems with few closed kinematic loops. Position and velocity constraints are enforced throughout the integration interval, whereas acceleration constraints need not be formulated. MEXX has options for time–continuous solution representation (useful for graphics) and for the location of events such as impacts. The present article describes MEXX and its underlying concepts. * Universität Würzburg ** Universität Innsbruck This work was supported in part by a Konrad Zuse Fellowship, and by the Austrian Science Foundation project P8443–PHY.


Unusually low whistler mode group delay times are observed by VLF Doppler receivers at both Faraday, Antarctica, and Dunedin, New Zealand, following magnetic storms. These are typically caused by plasmaspheric electron concentration depletions near L=2.4 and not by changes in the VLF wave propagation path. Using a data set that is almost continuous since 1986, we find that depletions during storms in the solar minimum of 1995 are significantly deeper than in the minimum of 1986. Event studies at Faraday show that the electron concentration depletions caused by storms were about a factor of 2 in 1986 and a factor of 3–4 in 1995, independent of the time of year. However, the depletions observed by both sites are significantly deeper than those observed in 1958 and 1961 using natural whistlers (i.e., factors of 2–4 compared to 1.3). The Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) has been used to investigate possible causes of the plasmaspheric electron concentration depletions observed in the whistler mode data. Thermospheric parameters, including a reduction in the concentration of neutral hydrogen and oxygen at all altitudes, were perturbed by a factor of 10 from their normal levels. However, the plasmaspheric depletions produced were only of the order of 10% after 27 hours. It is unlikely therefore that thermospheric modifications alone are responsible for the depletions observed in the data. Additionally, a tube of plasma was moved to higher L shell under the influence of an equatorial meridional E × B drift velocity of 1000 m s−1 and showed levels of depletion of about a factor of 2. Although it is possible to generate plasmaspheric concentration depletions using the drifting tube model, the depletions are smaller than those observed and the outward E × B drift velocity needed is a factor of 2 greater than those reported previously at L=2.4. It is therefore unlikely that the tube drifting mechanism is the principal cause of the observed plasmaspheric electron concentration depletions at L=2.4. Although no mechanism is clearly identified in this study, the ground-based results presented in this paper indicate erosion levels of similar structure and magnitude to electron concentration profiles from the ISEE 1 satellite in the aftermath of magnetic disturbances during 1983, thus providing a long-term record of plasmaspheric erosion.


We report gene expression and other analyses to elucidate the molecular characteristics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children with Down syndrome (DS). We find that by gene expression DS-ALL is a highly heterogeneous disease not definable as a unique entity. Nevertheless, 62% (33/53) of the DS-ALL samples analyzed were characterized by high expression of the type I cytokine receptor CRLF2 caused by either immunoglobulin heavy locus (IgH@) translocations or by interstitial deletions creating chimeric transcripts P2RY8-CRLF2. In 3 of these 33 patients, a novel activating somatic mutation, F232C in CRLF2, was identified. Consistent with our previous research, mutations in R683 of JAK2 were identified in 10 specimens (19% of the patients) and, interestingly, all 10 had high CRLF2 expression. Cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) and mutated Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) cooperated in conferring cytokine-independent growth to BaF3 pro-B cells. Intriguingly, the gene expression signature of DS-ALL is enriched with DNA damage and BCL6 responsive genes, suggesting the possibility of B-cell lymphocytic genomic instability. Thus, DS confers increased risk for genetically highly diverse ALLs with frequent overexpression of CRLF2, associated with activating mutations in the receptor itself or in JAK2. Our data also suggest that the majority of DS children with ALL may benefit from therapy blocking the CRLF2/JAK2 pathways.


Church musicians and worship leaders have been frustrated for two thousand years because the New Testament has so few specific guidelines regarding the use of music for worship. The purpose of this study is to show that the New Testament does have both practical and specific things to say regarding the use of music in the life of the contemporary Church. This study analyzes the forms of music, performing groups, and performance practice found within the Book of Revelation. Each of these aspects is traced historically through the early pagan, Jewish, Greek, Roman, and early church periods. This historical perspective provides the groundwork from which points for a theology of music for worship are developed and supported and made relevant to the contemporary church musician and worship leader.


Digital goods are bitstrings, sequences of 0s and 1s, that have economic value. They are distinguished from other goods by five characteristics: digital goods are nonrival, infinitely expansible, discrete, aspatial, and recombinant. The New Economy is one where the economics of digital goods importantly influence aggregate economic performance. This Article considers such influences not by hypothesizing ad hoc inefficiencies that the New Economy can purport to resolve, but instead by beginning from an Arrow-Debreu perspective and asking how digital goods affect outcomes. This approach sheds light on why property rights on digital goods differ from property rights in general, guaranteeing neither appropriate incentives nor social efficiency; provides further insight into why Open Source Software is a successful model of innovation and development in digital goods industries; and helps explain how geographical clustering matters.


Abstract The study analyses the extent to which the presence of a football club with an international projection increases the visibility and global projection of the city that it belongs to. It specifically focuses on knowledge of a selection of English and German cities. The analysis is based on probabilistic methodology and uses data from surveys completed by Catalan university students. Our findings demonstrate that cities with famous football clubs are better known than others from the same country and similar urban hierarchy. Moreover, the best-known cities are also the ones where football has the greatest weight in the overall knowledge of the city. Furthermore, the study also demonstrates that the inclusion of the name of the city in that of the football club becomes a key factor for determining the intensity of the previously mentioned effects.


In structural engineering, it is common to neglect the nonlinear effects. This is no longer feasible with increasing complex designs and higher demands on the simulation models. This thesis presents a study of the concept of nonlinearity in a structure with emphasis on system identification. Two identification methods are presented in this work. The first method uses a least-square technique in time domain and the second method uses a least-square technique in the frequency domain. These two methods are compared with each other for two different types of excitation: transient and random excitation. The study involves three stages; theoretical modeling, simulation and experimental verification. A single degree of freedom system is used for the simulations and a beam with a local nonlinearity is used in the experiment. The result shows that both identification methods work on simulated data, whereas only the frequency domain method worked well on experimental data. The transient excitation was better on simulated data compared to random excitation, however in the experiment the random excitation gives a more stable and reasonable result.


Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an immune-mediated depletion of b-cells that results in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin. While both type 1 and type 2 diabetes result in hyperglycemia, the pathophysiology and etiology of the diseases are distinct and require us to consider each type of diabetes independently. As such, this position statement summarizes available data specific to the comprehensive care of individuals with type 1 diabetes. The goal is to enhance our ability to recognize and manage type 1 diabetes, to prevent its associated complications, and to eventually cure and prevent this disease.


A random flow generation (RFG) technique for large eddy simulation (LES) is successfully adopted into a finite element based conventional fluid flow solver to generate the required inflow/initial turbulence boundary conditions for the LES computations of viscous incompressible turbulent flow over a two-dimensional circular cylinder at Reynolds number of 140,000. The effect of generated turbulent inflow boundary conditions on the transitional nature of the flow regime is studied during the early development of the very near wake of the cylinder. The numerical results obtained from the Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model based simulations are compared with each other and with the experimental data for varying degree of inflow turbulence to discuss the issues such as the inflow turbulence effects on the time evolution of the local flow structures in the very near wake and on the integral flow parameter predictions such as separation points, transient fluid forces that the cylinder experience, and the local flow resolutions in the vicinity of the cylinder wall and the free shear layer. The influence of mesh resolution on the quality of the predicted results is also investigated. The comparison of present LES results with those of case without inflow turbulence and the experimental data indicates that the present LES approach coupled with the suggested RFG technique enhance the resolution of the turbulent flow and can be used with a confidence for a bluff body problem where the inflow turbulence is significant.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


ABSTRACT Livestock productivity in East Africa, and especially in Tanzania, remains persistently low, while greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensities are among the highest worldwide. This mixed methods study aims to explore sustainable livestock intensification options that reduce agro-environmental trade-offs across different smallholder farming systems in Northern Tanzania. A smallholder livestock systems typology was constructed, and representative farms simulated with a whole farm multi-objective optimization model. Livestock contributed more than 90% of on-farm GHG emissions, and DAIRY had the lowest GHG emission intensity (2.1 kg CO2e kg−1 milk). All livestock systems had alternative options available to reduce agro-environmental trade-offs, including reducing ruminant numbers, replacing local cattle with improved dairy breeds, improving feeding through on-farm forage cultivation, and minimizing crop residue feeding. Three obstacles to adoption of these technologies became apparent: they require a skillful re-organization of the entire production system, result in loss of some multi-functionality of livestock, and incur higher production risks. Sustainable livestock intensification can be a key building block to Tanzania's climate-smart agriculture portfolio, providing synergies between productivity and income increases, and climate change mitigation as co-benefit. A better understanding of the institutional settings, incentives and coordination between stakeholders is needed to sustainably transform the livestock sector.