This issue of the COMPARATIVE EDUCATION REVIEW is devoted to a single topic-the role of students in politics and higher education, with particular emphasis on the emerging nations. It is designed to focus academic interest on this subject by presenting articles which attempt to provide some analytical coherence to extant research in the field, as well as report on some recent findings. It is hoped that this special issue will stimulate further thought and empirical research in an area which has assumed substantial importance. Social science research has long taken an interest in education. Studies of teachers, educational administration and finances, and government-school relations are an established part of the literature. Yet, relatively little attention has been paid to the role of the student as a dynamic force in educational and political change. (Students have, of course, been studied frequently as subjects by social psychologists.) Students themselves have remedied this situation by dramatically pointing out their important role. Student political activity, particularly, has reached the headlines during the past decade, and has focused the attention not only of government officials but of social scientists as well. It is hardly necessary to document the importance of student organizations and movements in recent years. In the developing areas, a number of governments have been shaken or toppled by student agitation. Student movements in South Korea, Turkey, South Vietnam, Indonesia, Bolivia, Venezuela, and other nations have played a leading role in overturning governments. In Japan, the militant Zengakuren captured world headlines in its successful campaign to force the resignation of the Kishi government in 1960. In Burma, the Ivory Coast, Bolivia, Brazil, Poland, the Soviet Union, China, and many other countries governmental authorities have taken strong


Throughout the turbulence in the international financial system, eastern Caribbean countries have enjoyed remarkable monetary and economic stability. This paper attempts to characterize the types of structural shocks in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) and other countries in the region and compare them with other currency unions such as the African Financial Community (CFA) franc zone and the Eurozone. Mundell's criteria on the optimum currency area (OCA) are examined by using a 2-variable structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model and estimating the extent of symmetric shocks. We find that the role of regional shocks in explaining domestic outputs among the ECCU countries is comparable to that of the EMU countries and much higher than that of the non-ECCU countries in the same region or the CFA franc zone countries. This suggests that the ECCU countries are structurally similar to each other and thus more likely to be subject to symmetric shocks. Their monetary and exchange arrangements appear to have well served the region and the group of countries satisfies most of the criteria to be categorized as an optimum currency area.


I am going to be talking about spirituality and pain as the focus of my presentation: A bit on pain, about suffering as a gift, the role in which spiritual transformation can help people cope with pain, and how religion influences coping. I will also review some of the research on religion and coping with illness, and then look at some spiritual approaches to pain with regard to application. Pain has multiple components to it or expressions of it. There is physical pain—the kind of pain that people have that is caused by disease or illness . I experience chronic pain. I have for about 30 years and it is pain that is related to inflammation of the joints and the tendons. Then
there is emotional pain—the pain that people experience because they feel bad emotionally—they feel depressed or anxious. Depression is probably one of the strongest forms of emotional pain where people feel so desperately in pain that they would rather kill themselves than be alive. Then there is spiritual pain—pain that derives from existential kinds of feelings like, "Why am I here?" "Why did God allow such and such to happen?" These are the kinds of spiritual struggles that we experience. Then there is the experience of all of these interacting together. Physical pain causes emotional pain because people become depressed over their physical pain and then they wonder, "Why is it that they have been picked to experience pain in life?"


A sol-gel-derived film doped with β-cyclodextrin was used to construct a fiber-optic evanescent-wave fluorosensor. In this sensing configuration, the fluorescence emitted was detected from the side surface of the fiber, where the cladding at the distal end was removed. For detection of riboflavin, the fluorescence enhancement by the film coated at the distal end of an optical fiber is 10.6 times than that of an unmodified optical fiber. The enhancement is due to the accumulation of riboflavin in the sol-gel cladding and the more constrained microenvironment for riboflavin. The linear dynamic range of this sensor extends well over 2 orders of magnitude. Detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) is as low as 80 nM. The sensor is easy to operate, simple to construct, and requires a minimal number of optical components.


Introduction: Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is linked to a number of positive health outcomes, with taste preferences representing one of the key predictors of FV intake across age groups. Thus, it is important to establish diets rich in FV early in life when children's eating habits begin to form. The authoritative feeding style has been proposed as most favorable to nutrition-related outcomes in current nutrition research. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the authoritative feeding style moderates the relationship between children's FV taste preferences and consumption of FV among low-income preschool-aged children. Methods: Parental feeding style was measured by the Caregiver's Feeding Style Questionnaire. FV intakes and likings were measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire/taste preference measure. Associations between FV taste preferences, FV intake (frequency in past 7 days), the authoritative feeding style, and potential covariates were examined using bivariate correlations. Hierarchical multiple regression models for F and V were used to test the interactions between the authoritative feeding style and taste preferences on children's FV frequency intakes, controlling for race/ethnicity, education, marital status, parental FV taste preferences, and FV household availability. Results: A total of 281 eligible parent-child dyads completed the study (38% African American, 35% Hispanic White, and 27% Non-Hispanic White). Approximately 16% of parents were categorized as authoritative, 35% as indulgent, 26% authoritarian, and 20% uninvolved. Both regression models were significant, explaining 29% of the variance in child F frequency intake (F(8,256) = 12.5; p < .001) and 28% in child V frequency intake (F(8,246) = 11.5; p < .001). No significant interaction effects were observed between the authoritative feeding style and child taste preferences when explaining their F or V frequency intakes. After the covariates were entered into the model, child taste preferences for F had a significant main effect on F intake (B = 3.83; p < 0.01), explaining additional 2% of the total variance (R2 change = .024; p <.01). Household availability of F also had a main effect on F intake (B = 1.43; p < 0.001). In the vegetable model, child taste preferences had the largest significant main effect on V intake (s = 4.67; p < 0.001), adding 7% of unique variance (R2 change = .07; p < 0.001). Household availability of V also had a significant effect on child V frequency intake (B = 0.97; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The authoritative parental feeding style did not moderate the relationship between child taste preferences and child intake of either F or V. However, our findings highlight the role of FV taste preferences and household availability on FV intakes among low-income preschool-aged children. Although efforts have focused on increasing availability of FV in low-income populations, further research is warranted to better understand development and predictors of FV taste preferences in early childhood.


Response cards (RC) are signs or cards that allow students to hold up their answer and simultaneously respond to teacher prompts. Researchers have examined the use of RC in a variety of different settings with students with and without disabilities and have found an array of positive effects on behavioral and academic outcomes; however, there is a paucity of research on the use of RC for students with moderate intellectual disability (MoID). This study directly examined the effects of RC with students with MoID on academic engagement, active student responding, task accuracy, and total instructional time while teaching students to determine more/less than. A multiple-baseline across dyads design with an embedded reversal was employed to determine the effects of RC on the dependent variables. Direct observation data were collected via recorded video sessions for all dependent variables. Visual analysis assessed the following six features as recommended by Kratochwill et al. (2010): level, trend, variability, immediacy of the effect, overlap, and consistency of data patterns across similar phases. In addition, percent change across phases was calculated. Results of the study were mixed; however, a functional relation was established for one of the five students for the dependent variables of academic engagement and active student responding. All five student participants reached mastery criteria for task accuracy. Both teacher participants were able to implement the intervention with high levels of fidelity. In addition, teachers and students found the intervention to be socially acceptable and all students preferred to complete their instruction using RC. INDEX WORDS: Response cards, Moderate intellectual disability, Math instruction, Simultaneous prompting EFFECTS OF RESPONSE CARDS ON MATH PERFORMANCE FOR STUDENTS WITH MODERATE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY by


From the 1890s to the 1930s, rural Americans played a vital role in radical leftist politics. Over the decades, some of those people chose to leave, but more of them were driven out due to policy — agricultural policy, in particular. Republicans and Democrats, alike, have supported laws that favor corporate agriculture, which continue to drive small farmers out of business and depopulate the countryside. While specialists know this history well, the public tends to know a folk history, written by figures associated with contemporary food movements.
This folk history rests on several key myths, which cover different periods of modern history from the New Deal to the present. We challenge these myths, not to attack particular authors or engage in pedantry, but to reveal the causes and extent of the suffering endured by rural families in the 20th century, which in turn, decimated the populist left. A reconsideration of the history of agricultural policy will help food-system reformers develop a more radical — and more effective — vision for rural America.


The problem of extracting three-dimensional structures from data acquired with mobile robots has received considerable attention over the past years. Robots that are able to perceive their three-dimensional environment are envisioned to more robustly perform tasks like navigation, rescue, and manipulation. In this paper we present an approach that simultaneously uses color and range information to cluster 3D points into planar structures. Our current system also is able to calibrate the camera and the laser based on the remission values provided by the range scanner and the brightness of the pixels in the image. It has been implemented on a mobile robot equipped with a manipulator that carries a range scanner and a camera for acquiring colored range scans. Several experiments carried out on real data and in simulations demonstrate that our approach yields highly accurate results also in comparison with previous approaches.


Regenerative medicine claims for a better understanding of the cause-effect relation between cell behaviour and environment signals. The latter encompasses topographical, chemical and mechanical stimuli, electromagnetic fields, gradients of chemo-attractants and haptotaxis. In this perspective, a spatial control of the structures composing the environment is required.
In this thesis I describe a novel approach for the multiscale patterning of biocompatible functional materials in order to provide systems able to accurately control cell adhesion and proliferation. The behaviour of different neural cell lines in response to several stimuli, specifically chemical, topographical and electrical gradients is presented. For each of the three kind of signals, I chose properly tailored materials and fabrication and characterization techniques.
After a brief introduction on the state of art of nanotechnology, nanofabrication techniques and regenerative medicine in Chapter 1 and a detailed description of the main fabrication and characterization techniques employed in this work in Chapter 2, in Chapter 3 an easy route to obtain accurate control over cell proliferation close to 100% is described (chemical control). In Chapter 4 (topographical control) it is shown how the multiscale patterning of a well-established biocompatible material as titanium dioxide provides a versatile and robust method to study the effect of local topography on cell adhesion and growth. The third signal, viz. electric field, is investigated in Chapter 5 (electrical control), where the very early stages of neural cell adhesion are studied in the presence of modest steady electric fields. In Chapter 6 (appendix) a new patterning technique, called Lithographically Controlled Etching (LCE), is proposed. It is shown how LCE can provide at the same time the micro/nanostructuring and functionalization of a surface with nanosized objects, thus being suitable for applications both in regenerative medicine in biosensing.


Abstract Global benchmarks (re)shape political conversations and institutionalise authoritative languages. It does not necessarily follow, however, that benchmarks can exert a lasting or significant influence over policies and behaviour of benchmarked actors. We analyse how the World Bank uses benchmarks to manage its relations with both donors and recipient governments. We analyse the role of the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), both at headquarters and in relation to the recent history of two countries in Africa: Ethiopia and Malawi. We find that the CPIA is not – and contrary to what one would expect from the CPIA's nominal function and the literature on benchmarks – a very important tool for signalling incentives and allocating funds, or shaping the policy dialogue or the World Bank's strategy in these two countries. Rather, the CPIA is used highly selectively as one factor among many in the negotiations between World Bank staff and governments. We conclude that the CPIA helps establish the World Bank as an actor that embodies global authority on development issues, including with donors, but that there is a tension between such global authority on the one hand, and concrete authority to shape policy in domestic contexts, on the other.


Abstract Shewhart control charts are known to be somewhat insensitive to shifts of small and moderate size. Expectedly, alternative control schemes such as the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts have been proposed to speed up the detection of such shifts. Unfortunately, applying the ordinary EWMA recursion to count data leads to a control statistic no longer with a fixed discrete range. Therefore, we propose a novel chart which relies on a EWMA control statistic where the usual scalar product is replaced by a thinning operation. Actually, we use the new fractional binomial thinning to avoid the typical over-smoothing ascribable to ceiling, rounding, and flooring operations. The properties of this discrete statistic are similar to the ones of its continuous EWMA counterpart and the run length (RL) performance of the associated chart can be computed exactly using the Markov chain approach for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) counts. Moreover, this chart is set in such way that: the average run length (ARL) curve attains a maximum in the in-control situation, i.e., the chart is ARL-unbiased; and the in-control ARL is equal to a pre-specified value. We use the R statistical software to provide compelling illustrations of this unconventional EWMA chart and to compare its RL performance with the ones of a few competing control charts for the mean of i.i.d. Poisson counts.


The KRAS oncogene is the most common, activating, oncogenic mutation in human cancer. KRAS has proven difficult to target effectively. Two different strategies have recently been described for covalently targeting the most common activating KRAS mutant in lung cancer, KRAS G12C. Previously, we have developed a computational model of the processes that regulate Ras activation and this model has proven useful for understanding the complex behaviors of Ras signaling. Here, we use this model to perform a computational systems pharmacology analysis of KRAS G12C targeted covalent inhibitors. After updating our model to include Ras protein turnover, we verified the validity of our model for problems in this domain by comparing model behaviors with experimental behaviors. The model naturally reproduces previous experimental data, including several experimental observations that were interpreted as being contrary to conventional wisdom. Overall, this suggests that our model describes the Ras system well, including those areas where conventional wisdom struggles. We then used the model to investigate possible strategies to improve the ability of KRAS G12C inhibitors to inhibit Ras pathway signaling. We identify one, as of yet unexplored mechanism, that, if optimized, could improve the effectiveness of one class of KRAS inhibitor. We also simulated resistance to targeted therapies and found that resistance promoting mutations may reverse which class of KRAS G12C inhibitor inhibits the system better, suggesting that there may be value to pursuing both types of KRAS G12C inhibitors. Overall, this work demonstrates that systems biology approaches can provide insights that inform the drug development process.


ABSTRACT Within Terrorism Studies, Rapoport, D. C.'s (2004. The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism. In A. Cronin, & J. Ludes (Eds.), Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy (pp. 47–65). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.) Wave Theory is a theoretical landmark that covers modern terrorism since 1880. However, this masterpiece neglects Eco-Terrorism, a phenomenon starred by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and some other ideologically similar organizations. Even though it has been catching authorities' attention around the world, such negligence towards the phenomenon has been replicated by others working on Rapoport's Wave Theory, leaving a question unaddressed: 'Was/Is there an 'Eco-Terrorist Wave'?' Methodologically built upon a Time Series analysis on the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) (1970–2017), the present research harmonizes Eco-Terrorism under Rapoport's Wave Theory. Based on the evidence collected, the phenomenon has been evolving in a Rapoportian 'Wave-Like' pattern since 1972.


Boson-Sampling is a classically computationally hard problem that can — in principle — be efficiently solved with quantum linear optical networks. Very recently, a rush of experimental activity has ignited with the aim of developing such devices as feasible instances of quantum simulators. Even approximate Boson-Sampling is believed to be hard with high probability if the unitary describing the optical network is drawn from the Haar measure. In this work we show that in this setup, with probability exponentially close to one in the number of bosons, no symmetric algorithm can distinguish the Boson-Sampling distribution from the uniform one from fewer than exponentially many samples. This means that the two distributions are operationally indisti nguishable without detailed a priori knowledge. We carefully discuss the prospects of efficiently using know ledge about the implemented unitary for devising non-symmetric algorithms that could potentially improve upon this. We conclude that due to the very fact that Boson-Sampling is believed to be hard, efficie nt classical certification of Boson-Sampling devices seems to be out of reach.


Stephen Ormandy is a Founding director of Dinosaur Studios . Louise Olsen, Stephen Ormandy and Liane Rossler met while studying drawing and painting at a Sydney art school in 1983. They formed the company Dinosaur Designs in 1985. The intuitive creativity that shapes their distinctive work in jewellery has also informed the development of their extraordinary company. Dinosaur Designs now stands as one of the most visible and successful design-based businesses in Australia, operating its own stores in Sydney, Melbourne and New York as well as exporting to more than twenty countries worldwide. Olsen, Ormandy and Rossler have managed to intersect the boundaries between art, craft, design, fashion and business, and have forged an important place for themselves within Australian design history, not only through their longevity and popularity but also through the distinctively Australian character of their work.

Stephen will talk about Dinosaur Studios development from its foundation after art school graduation to its present successful business format.


Numerous methods have been used to extract energy from the sea. The character of tidal level makes it possible to predict. In order to obtain the energy more effectively, a highly precious method is demanded to predict the tidal level. In this paper, a hybrid method which combines the traditional neural network method and the differential evolution algorithm is proposed. By using this method, the ability of the global search are improved and the optimal weight values and the threshold values can be calculated through the neural network algorithm. These approximate optimal values obtained from the differential evolution algorithm are trained in the neural network, thus a more accurate solution can be achieved. In the end of this issue, the tidal prediction model is verified by the tidal data of the Qingdao harbor. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


Readiness of the farmers to start a provision of the social services for mentally disabled as an on-farm supplementary activity was studied by an exploratory research, using methods of survey and interview. The results of survey on non-probability sample of 155 farmers show that about 10 % would most probable opt for such activity. They attach minor importance to a form and an intensity of a service. They are ready to accept 1-2 persons, irrespective of their gender. The relations between a farmer and an user have to be defined by a contract, preceded by a probation period of 1 to 2 months. A farmer and a mentally disabled have to undergo training that have to take place at home farm. They see a fact that Slovene framers are ignorant of care farming as the main reason for farms not being included into a system of social care. From the results of the survey, as well as from the experiences of the farmer, experimentally working with mentally disabled on his farm for three years, the model of introduction and implementation of provision of social cervices as a supplementary on-farm activity is suggested. Model anticipates cooperation between a farmer and a local social welfare institution and is based upon the principles of gradualness, partnership, business and transparency.


This article introduces and examines Chinese arbitration institutions' recent movements to expand non-ICSID investment arbitration services, which could potentially contravene existing relevant Chinese laws and judicial practice, and it explores the prospects for non-ICSID investment arbitration in China. The article first compares ICSID and non-ICSID investment arbitration to determine the differences between them and their respective selling points for stakeholders in investment disputes. Next, the article examines the diverse mechanisms involved and highlights the different rules that govern non-ICSID arbitration, including the rules established by Chinese arbitration institutions in recent years. The article then further analyzes the obstacles in existing Chinese legislation and judicial practice that have impeded the use of non-ICSID investment arbitration in China. Finally, after briefly introducing proposals to remove these obstacles, the article examines the future prospects for Chinese non-ICSID investment arbitration.


In Vintage Living Texts, teachers, students and any lover of literature will find the essential guide to the major works of Iris Murdoch. Iris Murdoch's themes, genre and narrative techniques are put under scrutiny and the emphasis is on providing a rich source of ideas for intelligent and inventive ways of approaching the novels. Amongst many other features you'll find inspirational reading plans and contextual material, suggested complementary and comparative reading and an indispensable glossary. Featured texts: The Black Prince, The Sea, The Sea, The Bell'I didn't realise just how good the series was until I started working closely with it. The questions are so thoughtful and probing-the texts really do occupy their own niche between guides purely for teachers and the ubiquitous student crib, and are much better than either' Head of English, Newington College, Australia


BACKGROUND
Different topographic patterns in patients who experience an acute ischemic stroke may be related to specific stroke causes.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if lesion patterns on early diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are associated with stroke subtypes determined by the TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
General community hospital. Patients We studied 172 consecutive ischemic stroke patients with a symptomatic lesion on DWI performed within 24 hours of stroke onset.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Lesion patterns on DWI were classified into single lesions (corticosubcortical, cortical, subcortical > or =15 mm, or subcortical <15 mm), scattered lesions in one vascular territory (small scattered lesions or confluent with additional lesions), and multiple lesions in multiple vascular territories (in the unilateral anterior circulation, in the posterior circulation, in bilateral anterior circulations, or in anterior and posterior circulations).

RESULTS
We found an overall significant relationship between DWI lesion patterns and TOAST stroke subtypes (P<.001). Corticosubcortical single lesions (P =.01), multiple lesions in anterior and posterior circulations (P =.03), and multiple lesions in multiple cerebral circulations (P =.008) were associated with cardioembolism. Multiple lesions in the unilateral anterior circulation (P =.04) and small scattered lesions in one vascular territory (P =.06) were related to large-artery atherosclerosis. Nearly half (11/23) of the patients with a single subcortical lesion that was 15 mm or larger were classified as having cryptogenic strokes (P =.001), although 9 of these patients had a classic lacunar syndrome without cortical hypoperfusion.

CONCLUSIONS
Early DWI lesion patterns are associated with specific stroke causes. Conventional 15-mm criteria for lacunes, however, may underestimate the diagnosis of small-vessel occlusion with DWI.


The spectrum of spoken sentences was partitioned into quarter-octave channels and the onset of each channel shifted in time relative to the others so as to desynchronize spectral information across the frequency axis. Human listeners are remarkably tolerant of cross-channel spectral asynchrony induced in this fashion. Speech intelligibility remains relatively unimpaired until the average asynchrony spans three or more phonetic segments. Such perceptual robustness is correlated with the magnitude of the low-frequency (3-6 Hz) modulation spectrum and thus highlights the importance of syllabic segmentation and analysis for robust processing of spoken language. High-frequency channels (>1.5 kHz) play a particularly important role when the spectral asynchrony is sufficiently large as to significantly reduce the power in the low-frequency modulation spectrum (analogous to acoustic reverberation) and may thereby account for the deterioration of speech intelligibility among the hearing impaired under conditions of acoustic interference (such as background noise and reverberation) characteristic of the real world.


This essay examines the World War II poster "We Can Do It!," commonly known as "Rosie the Riveter." Today, J. Howard Miller's print is a feminist icon. However, archival evidence demonstrates that during World War II the empowering rhetorical appeal of this Westinghouse image was circumscribed by the conditions of its use and by several other posters in its series. The essay concludes that, when considered in its original context, the "We Can Do It!" poster was not nearly as empowering of home-front women as it might seem to more recent viewers. The poster has become a modern-day myth.


This is a book about politics by a historian. Though the subject matter closely resembles that of a political scientist, policy analyst, or journalist, the approach and treatment reflect the perspective available only to someone versed in the long shadow of the past. Daniel Pipes, a well-known writer on Middle East issues, offers the larger perspective so often missing. His study of the languages, religions, and culture, supplemented by years of personal experience in the region, give this book unusual depth. The Long Shadow concentrates on 5 vivid and critical topics of the Middle East. 1. The Islam and Public Life. Pipes, author of two books on Islam in politics and a recognized authority, assesses Islam in Iran, Iraq, and the Soviet Union, as well as Islam's role in anti-Semitism. 2. The Persian Gulf. Here Pipes examines the origins of the Iraq-Iran war, the curse of oil wealth, and shares insights gained from an unusual visit to Kuwait. 3. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. In some of his most original work Pipes argues that the struggle between Arabs on the question of Palestine is actually more central than the struggle between the Arabs and Israel. He sees the PLO as little more than a tool of the Arab states, and perceives the deep division between Jews and Arabs in Israel today is likely to be permanent. 4. Iranian, Lebanese, and Libyan Terrorism have greatly affected the tenor of Middle East politics. Pipes shows how they differ and why the Iranians pose the greatest threat to the United States. 5. The United States in the Middle East. Pipes examines U.S. policy toward the area and American media coverage, arguing that both follow idiosyncratic rhythms, and explaining these peculiarities against the backdrop of larger American interests in the region. While a number of Middle East specialists have written books or essays on the subjects addressed by Pipes, his book is distinguished both by its scope and its focus on the general reader as well as the specialist.


We analyze the effect of the ECB's Quantitative Easing program (Expanded Asset Purchase Program - EAPP) on bank lending using security-level bank balance sheet data combined with a comprehensive dataset on new loans in Portugal. Our identification relies on the fact that only a subset of Portuguese banks was exposed to EAPP via prior holdings of EAPP-eligible securities and origination of eligible ABS and covered bonds. Using a difference-in-differences specification with borrower and bank fixed effects, we find that lending rates to the same borrower drop by 64 b.p. at banks exposed to QE relative to banks not exposed to QE. Loan volumes to existing corporate clients grow by one percentage point faster at exposed banks relative non-exposed banks. This result is robust to including both bank and borrower*time fixed effects, as well as a wide range of loan and borrower characteristics. At the extensive margin, the probability of credit approval to a new corporate client is about 1 percentage point higher at exposed banks post-QE announcement.


During the past forty years, courts have been widely celebrated as important agents of racial change, with "Brown v. Board of Education" as the paradigmatic example of the ability of the judiciary to foster racial progress in the face of significant cultural and political opposition. Yet in recent years, numerous scholars have questioned the ability of courts to function as a significant force for racial progress without broad political and cultural support. Some of these scholars have concluded that the traditional emphasis on the role of the courts - especially the "Brown" Court - in securing racial gains are overstated and that certain aspects of racial reform, such as southern school desegregation, did not take place in this country until the elective branches of government embraced the desegregation agenda in the mid-1960s. These scholars suggest that courts - even the Supreme Court - are considerably more limited in their ability to effect social reform in the absence of significant popular support than we have previously imagined. Other scholars, associated with the critical race theory movement, go even further and conclude that the inherent conservatism of courts inhibits their willingness to produce meaningful change on behalf of racial minorities. Both groups of scholars suggest that courts alone are unable to bring about significant racial change and that political activism and private initiatives are more promising means of ensuring racial gains. While the issue of the ability of courts to effectuate racial change has received considerable scholarly attention in recent years, less attention has been paid to the ability of law more broadly defined - as manifest in legislative and executive actions as well as court decisions - to foster social reform. The capacity of statutory law to promote social change appears obvious, because statutes presumably reflect the majoritarian support that makes the underlying change possible. Yet statutory enactments that seek to reverse longstanding social and cultural patterns - particularly those associated with race - often fail to achieve their desired effect. Some statutes contain inadequate enforcement mechanisms, others do not reflect a real commitment to racial reform, while others fail due to significant cultural and political opposition. This Article seeks to broaden the conversation about law and racial change by examining the interplay between legal rules - as manifest in both court decisions and statutes - and racial progress in the context of the campaign against school segregation in northern states prior to the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education." In the North, virtually every state prohibited school segregation by statute during the last three decades of the nineteenth century, and the vast majority of state courts, when called upon, enforced those statutes by requiring school integration. With this type of "legal" support for pupil mixing, one might expect to find thoroughly desegregated northern school systems. Indeed, many observers have - mistakenly - interpreted the enactment of the extensive state anti-segregation legislation as evidence that officially sanctioned school segregation ended in the North as of the end of the nineteenth century. Yet despite this legal support for school integration, government sponsored school segregation - such as the assignment of black children to separate "colored" schools or classrooms - persisted in open defiance of state law in many northern communities until the late 1940s and early 1950s. This Article explores the reasons for this dissonance between legal rule and social reality and seeks to provide insight into the broader question of how law affects racial change. This Article focuses primarily on desegregation efforts in four states: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois. The focus on these states is deliberate. Each of these states abolished segregated schools by statute during the 1870s and 1880s and in each, the vast majority of judicial challenges seeking to enforce those statutes succeeded. Yet despite unambiguous legislation that mandated integrated schools and a court system prepared to uphold these legislative prohibitions, many local school districts in each of these states operated segregated schools in open defiance of state law until the early 1950s. Although other northern states also enacted anti-segregation legislation during the nineteenth century and in some instances failed to enforce that legislation, it was in these four states, because of their large black populations and their proximity to the South, that the dissonance between legal rule and social reality was the greatest. The campaign to desegregate northern schools exposes the difficulties of legal rule and judicial decision forcing racial change. Just as the "Brown" decision failed to desegregate southern schools during the 1950s and early 1960s until both the President and the Congress committed themselves to racial desegregation with the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, so court decisions and statutes could not eliminate officially sanctioned northern school segregation during the pre-"Brown" era until a political environment developed in which majoritarian interests were served by desegregation. The enactment of the anti-segregation legislation had been an important first step in the campaign against state-mandated segregation in northern schools, but the campaign would need seventy years of cultural and political change to achieve success. And even then, that success, as has been true of so many racial "gains" in this country's history, proved somewhat hollow as it left untouched the burgeoning growth of northern residential segregation.


The present paper starts with a crucial discussion about the imbalance between technological and human concerns in the context of human-computer interaction, an imbalance that has arisen partly from the mechanistic aspect and its impact on interaction design. We then introduce the concept of Blended Reality Space, interactive mixed reality environments where the physical and the virtual are seamlessly combined and affect each other. The conceptual grounding and practical examples that illustrate our approach to interaction design are then discussed, adopting a standard figurative representation of blends. This helps understanding the role of blending that meaningfully bridges unbalanced separations between cognition and action, and the physical and the virtual. As a concrete example, the AGNES project, which is aimed at developing "user sensitive home-based systems for successful ageing in a networked society", is introduced. We believe that the emphasis on 'balance' or appropriate blending is very important in the development of better interactive systems for health, capitalizing on seamless combinations of the virtual and the physical in Blended Reality Space.


Circuit switched optical networks Some of the most important components required for enabling optical networking are investigated through both experiments and modelling. These all-optical components are the wavelength converter, the regenerator and the space switch. When these devices become "off-the-shelf" products, optical cross-connects can substitute the electrical nodes that today connect the installed optical fibres. This substitution will enable a massive increase in capacity since the bandwidth of the individual wavelength channels can be increased drastically when the electronic bit processing can be omitted. Furthermore, it is expected that the optical solution will offer an economical benefit for hight bit rate networks. This thesis begins with a discussion of the expected impact on communications systems from the rapidly growing IP traffic, which is expected to become the dominant source for traffic. IP traffic has some characteristics, which are best supported by an optical network. The interest for such an optical network is exemplified by the formation of the ACTS OPEN project which aim was to investigate the feasibility of an optical network covering Europe. Part of the work presented in this thesis is carried out within the OPEN project and consequently a short description of the project is given, which reveals that the all-oåptical wavelength converter is a key element in the cross-connect design that was studied in the project. Techniques for all-optical wavelength conversion is the topic of the following chapter, where two techniques are accentuated as the most promising candidates for implementation. The first technique is based on cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and 40 Gbit/s conversion is demonstrated with this scheme. Furthermore, the ability to cascade these devices is assessed through modelling. The obtained results predict that a high signal quality is still attainable after 20 converters. The second technique relies on cross-phase modulation in an SOA based interferometer and also with the technique 40 Gbit/s conversion is demonstrated. Again the cascadability is invesitgated this time by concatenating two interferometric wavelength converters at 20 Gbit/s causing a negligible penalty. The interferometric converters are not only attractive owing to their conversion capabilities. The technique inherently also provide regeneration in terms of pulse reshaping, which is demonstrated experimentally at both 20 and 40 Gbit/s. The scheme is extended to also offer retiming and demultiplexing, which also is demonstrated at 40 Gbit/s. The interferometric devices is also used for regeneration without performing wavelength conversion at 40 Gbit/s resulting in a 2.5 dB improvementThe converters are often considered as a part of the optical cross-connect, where also optical space switching is performed. Therefore, space switching based on both optical gates and interferometric switches is investigated. Moreover, an experiment including both space switching and wavelength conversion is carried out, hereby simulating a path through a cross-connect. For this experiment the troublesome conversion to the same wavelength is demonstrated, where a penalty of 2.5 dB is obtained. Concerning conversion to the same wavelength also a relatively new interferometric structure exploiting separation of waveguide modes and thereby capable of conversion is investigated thoroughly at 10 Gbit/s. A new device for all-optical wavelength conversion based on coupling of power between waveguides is proposed. The device exhibits a quasi-digital tranfer function that allows for improved performance in terms of both regeneration and input power dynamic range compared to the interferometric wavelength converter. Detailed modelling gives an understanding of the coupling mechanisms and how it can be controlled. Static modelling demonstrates the capability of wavelength conversion and a 2.5 Gbit/s eye diagram with an extinction ratio of 23 dB is obtained through dynamic simulations.


Radiocarbon analyses of organic materials provide accurate dating of flood events in the Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory, Australia. Selected flood events in the period 1955–1980 can be very precisely dated, essentially to the calendar year, through the use of curves showing the time variation of anomalously high 14 C activity in the troposphere that was generated by nuclear testing. Conventional radiocarbon analysis of alluvial charcoal and organic litter is used to establish dates for the largest Katherine River floods of the past several centuries. The improved geochronologic techniques demonstrated here will help improve paleoflood hydrologic interpretations.


Abstract The ITER vertical stability (VS) coils have been developed through the preliminary design phase by Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). Final design, prototyping and construction will be carried out by the Chinese Participant Team contributing lab, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). The VS coils are a part of the in-vessel coil systems which include edge localized mode (ELM) coils as well as the VS coils. The VS design employs four turns of stainless steel jacketed mineral insulated copper (SSMIC) conductors The mineral insulation is Magnesium Oxide (MgO). Joule and nuclear heat are removed by water flowing through the hollow copper conductor. The slightly elevated temperatures in the conductor and its support spine during operation impose compressive stresses that mitigate fatigue damage. Away from joints, and breakouts, conductor thermal stresses are low because of the axisymmetry of the winding (there are no corner bends as in the ELM coils).The joints, and break-out or terminal regions are designed with similar but imperfect constraint compared with the ring coil portion of the VS. The support for the break-out region is made from a high strength copper alloy, CuCrZr. This is needed to conduct nuclear heat to the actively cooled conductor and to the vessel wall. The support "spine" for the ring coil portion of the VS is 316 stainless steel, held to the vessel with preloaded Inconel 718 bolts. Lorentz loads resulting from normal operating loads, disruption loads and loads from disruption currents in the support spine shared with vessel, are applied to the VS coil. Stresses in the coil, joints, and break-outs are presented. These are compared with static and fatigue allowables. Design for fatigue is much less demanding than for the ELM coils. A total of 30,000 cycles is required for VS design.


Abstract: Coralomorph-lithistid demosponge-microbial reefs are developed in deep subtidal settings of the lower part of the Zhangxia Formation (Crepicephalina Zone: Drumian of Cambrian Series 3) in the Jiulongshan section of the Laiwu area of Shandong Province, North China. These reefs are several tens of centimeters thick and formed upon stabilized substrates of microbial origin. The coralomorph-bearing reefs are clearly distinguishable from demosponge-calcimicrobial reefs and Epiphyton bioherms by the development of dendritic thrombolites and the immediately overlying columnar-layered stromatolites. The microbial degradation of sponges facilitated the precipitation of micritic, peloidal, and clotted carbonates, leading to the formation of coralomorph-bearing thrombolitic cores. In contrast, Epiphyton preferentially grew upward, and the accumulation of Epiphyton clumps formed the dendritic thrombolites and the overlying columnar frameworks of the stromatolites. Marked changes in the microbialite texture are considered to reflect some kind of ecological succession, possibly changing environmental conditions. Therefore, the reefs originated from both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic microbial activities. Concave-upward infillings and lateral bridges are common in the interthrombolite and intercolumnar spaces, suggesting episodic sedimentation on the lateral outgrowths of biofilms and highlighting the columnar-layered structures. The coralomorph-lithistid demosponge-microbial reefs are characteristic of the pioneering, stabilizing, and climax stages of a microbial succession. They are age-specific features of microbial-dominated reefs from deep subtidal settings in the Drumian Stage, when skeletal-dominated reefs were inhibited globally, long before the regime shift in reef construction around the Early Ordovician.


Abstract: Sedimentology, petrography and the provenance of Holocene sediments from the Southern Chile Trench (36–47°S) were investigated in an integrated approach combining description of a collection of gravity cores, measurements of physical properties, quantitative X-ray petrography and modal analysis. The sediments studied were trench hemipelagic sediments, fan deposits, and more distal hemipelagic sediments from the Nazca Plate. The trench is mostly fed by multiple point sources via submarine canyons. Sandy turbidites show a southward increase in sediment maturity. Whereas volcanic lithic fragments and plagioclase represent the dominant fraction in the north, quartz content strongly increases in the southern part of the study area, in line with source lithologies. Further north, active volcanoes in the Main Cordillera represent almost the entire provenance signal as a result of a strong contribution of highly erodible volcanic rocks. Recurrence rates of sandy and silty turbidites in the trench fan sediments indicate a link to the palaeoseismic record on land. Our study documents the potential usefulness of proximal turbidites to reconstruct palaeoseismicity, even at a scale of single segments of the plate boundary.


The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects global climate and ecosystems, but a recent shift toward more frequent central Pacific (CP) El Niño events could alter these relationships. Here, we show strong responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to CP ENSO, exceeding even those to canonical eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO. Annual GPP of both global tropical forests and semiarid ecosystems were reduced by ∼0.3–0.5 Pg C yr−1 K−1 increase in CP sea surface temperatures (SSTs), which also reduced net ecosystem production of key tropical and semiarid regions like the Amazon and Australia, but with smaller (and generally not significant) responses to EP SSTs. Given these large negative responses of ecosystem production to CP SSTs, our results suggest that a recent shift toward CP‐dominated ENSO events could further alter Earth's terrestrial carbon cycle, especially when coupled with possible increases in ENSO amplitude with continued warming.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic codes are used widely within health care for billing, quality assessment, and to measure clinical outcomes. The US health care system will transition to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), in October 2015. Little is known about how this transition will affect pediatric practices. The objective of this study was to examine how the transition to ICD-10-CM may result in ambiguity of clinical information and financial disruption for pediatricians. METHODS: Using a statewide data set from Illinois Medicaid specified for pediatricians, 2708 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, diagnosis codes were identified. Diagnosis codes were categorized into 1 of 5 categories: identity, class-to-subclass, subclass-to-class, convoluted, and no translation. The convoluted and high-cost diagnostic codes (n = 636) were analyzed for accuracy and categorized into "information loss," "overlapping categories," "inconsistent," and "consistent." Finally, reimbursement by Medicaid was calculated for each category. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of pediatric diagnosis codes are convoluted, which represents 21% of Illinois Medicaid pediatric patient encounters and 16% of reimbursement. The diagnosis codes represented by information loss (3.6%), overlapping categories (3.2%), and inconsistent (1.2%) represent 8% of Medicaid pediatric reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS: The potential for financial disruption and administrative errors from 8% of reimbursement diagnosis codes necessitates special attention to these codes in preparing for the transition to ICD-10-CM for pediatric practices.


Spanish dehesas, the most extensive wood pastures in Mediterranean Europe, are a vivid example for demonstrating that the impact of rural communities on forests has not always been a bad thing. Environmental history is vital for understanding this cultural landscape. This article first analyses the origin of the dehesa. The border logic and the medieval Reconquest are elements that undoubtedly played a decisive part in its genesis; but, for the significance of Roman influence in Spain, it is necessary to consider the question of the possible existence of dehesas in Antiquity. The second aspect concerns the spreading of this landscape from the Middle Ages onwards. Dehesas are usually linked to the large properties owned by military orders, but most of all the spreading of the dehesa was favoured by the rise of transhumance from the thirteenth century onwards. Finally, the article emphasises that the durability of the Spanish wood pasture can be explained by a combination of several factors: insecurity along the border, the fact that transhumance was the most important industry in Spain for many centuries, and the protective laws adopted by the rural communities in order to protect their dehesas.


To elucidate the exact role of the C-terminal region of GroEL in its functional cycle, the C-terminal 20-amino acid truncated mutant of GroEL was constructed. The steady-state ATPase rate and duration of GroES binding showed that the functional cycle of the truncated GroEL is extended by ∼2 s in comparison with that of the wild type, without interfering with the basic functions of GroEL. We have proposed a model for the functional cycle of GroEL, which consists of two rate-limiting steps of ∼3- and ∼5-s duration ( Ueno, T., Taguchi, H., Tadakuma, H., Yoshida, M., and Funatsu, T. (2004) Mol. Cell 14, 423-434 g). According to the model, detailed kinetic studies were performed. We found that a 20-residue truncation of the C terminus extends the time until inorganic phosphate is generated and the time for arresting protein folding in the central cavity, i.e. the lifetime of the first rate-limiting step in the functional cycle, to an ∼5-s duration. These results suggest that the integrity of the C-terminal region facilitates the transition from the first to the second rate-limiting state.


Cell migration is a complex biophysical event that is dysregulated in a variety of human diseases including cancer. The ability of tumor cells to migrate enables cancer dissemination causing significant mortality thus making it an important therapeutic target. Motility is exhibited epigenetically by activation of numerous signaling pathways that transmit extracellular cues to the final effectors of cell movement. Such signaling switches are a part of larger and highly complex signaling (proteomic) networks that are under the control of numerous activators or inhibitors. Although majority of the proteins that are 'required' during cell motility have been identified, it is yet unclear wherein they fit within the signaling network to govern motility. Thus, a 'systems biology' approach is needed to understand the complex interplay of signaling cascades in mediating cell motility so that better therapeutic targets can be defined. We utilized a mathematical modeling approach, called decision tree analysis to map the interplay between five key signaling proteins known to regulate vital biophysical processes of fibroblast motility downstream of EGF receptor activation. Interestingly, our model identified myosin light chain (MLC) mediated cell contractility as a crucial node for maximal motility. Even more non-intuitively the decision tree model predicted that subtotal inhibition of MLC can actually increase motility. Confirmatory experiments with fibroblasts and cancer cells have shown that to be the case. Since the model proposed that total abrogation of contractility can limit cell migration, we asked if such an intervention can limit tumor invasion. Since PKCδ is implicated in EGF receptor mediated transcellular contractility, we abrogated PKCδ using pharmacological (Rottlerin) and molecular (RNAi) interventions. Such depletion of PKCδ reduced migration as well as invasiveness of prostate carcinoma cells predominantly by decreasing their contractility through myosin light chain (MLC). Additionally, activation of PKCδ correlated with human prostate cancer progression as assessed by immunohistochemistry of prostate tissue sections. In summation our studies illustrate the importance of quantitative (total versus subtotal) disruption of key signaling nodes in mediating a desired cell response. Novel computational modeling approaches are needed to identify newer molecular switches from existing proteomic networks that can be explored, using classical experimental methods, as therapeutic targets.


This article examines shifting representations of youth in post-handover Hong Kong in order to develop a framework for understanding the process by which some youngsters become hidden or marginal in the public consciousness while others remain highly visible. We compare two youth labels that have captured the public's imagination over a 14-year period: the Post-80s Generation and Young Night Drifters (YNDS, also known as nonengaged youth). The more recently created Post-80s label to describe Hong Kong's youth, we argue, reflects an emerging vision of influential politicians, cultural and business elites who idealize or, as we put it, 'genericize' the city's youth as not only highly educated, entrepreneurial, and self-reliant, but also politically compliant and patriotic. This vision, we argue, eclipses another reality, identified by social workers and faced by many youngsters in the territory who have failed to achieve the necessary educational qualifications to participate in the knowledge-based economy and still rely on welfare, personified by the Young Night Drifter label. This analysis leads us to question the power dynamics behind frequent claims about certain youngsters being representative of a particular generation.


We have investigated thermally induced strain in the SiC crystal lattice during physical vapor transport bulk growth. Using high energy x-ray diffraction lattice plane bending was observed in-situ during growth. With increasing growth rate increasing lattice plane bending and, hence, strain was observed. A comparison with numerical modeling of the growth process shows that the latter is related to the heat of crystallization which needs to be dissipated from the crystal growth front. The related temperature gradient as driving force for the dissipation of the heat of crystallization causes lattice plane bending. Optimization of the growth process needs to consider such effects.


Using the structure of the Maxwell-Schrodinger equations in two-level systems in the transient domain, we derive both single-soliton and multisoliton (2nπ pulse) solutions associated with fast light in resonant media. The analytical solutions enable us to understand the nature of fast light, and should open up new investigations of fast light in the form of localized solutions in a variety of media. We also derive the fast-soliton pair in three-level systems with gain.


Cancers commonly develop resistance against chemotherapeutics or targeted therapies through either genetic mechanism or adaptive responses that commonly involve epigenetic reprogramming and activation of compensatory signaling pathways. Recent examples of such an adaptive response involve the treatment of BRAF mutant melanoma cancer patients with inhibitors of the BRAF/MAPK pathway. Several studies attribute it to a reversible cell state transition from a proliferative melanocytic state towards invasive neural crest-like and mesenchymal-like states. The capacity of certain BRAF mutant melanoma patient tumors, and the cell lines derived from them, to adapt to targeted therapies bears
some conceptual similarities to adaptive responses obsd. in other cancers. Further, the response of the cells that adapt to BRAF inhibition is highly variable depending on phenotypic plasticity of the cells, the length of drug exposure, and the dosing strategy. As such, general physiochem. approaches that provide quant., predictive models of such transitions may provide a common conceptual framework for understanding the large genome-scale gene expression level changes. Through analyzing the kinetic trajectory of the reversible, adaptive response of a highly plastic, patient-derived BRAF^(V600)
mutant melanoma cell line to BRAFi, using genome-wide expression of these cells at 15 time points over a period that included 29 days of drug treatment, followed by either an addnl. 30 days of treatment, or 35 days of drug release, we found that the cells adapt to the drug treatment in two stages, terminating in a mesenchymal-like state after almost a month of treatment. At that stage, continued drug exposure induced no further changes in cell phenotype. Following drug release, the cells reverted back to the original, drug naive phenotype, but the reverse pathway took a different trajectory than the forward pathway. Thermodynamically-motivated Surprisal Anal. was utilized to identify two constraints
of this cyclic cell state transition to construct a free energy surface. A kinetic ODE model of the two unbalanced processes revealed that the process assocd. with the long-term adaptive transition was driven the other process reflective of a short-term drug stress response. Such kinetic model further allowed identifying driving transcription factors and epigenetic regulations that prompt the cyclic cell state transition towards adaptive resistance.


Abstract. Ash thickness is a key variable in the protection of soil against erosion agents after planned and unplanned fires. Ash thickness measurements were conducted along two transects (flat and sloping areas) following a grided experimental design. In order to interpolate data with accuracy and identify the techniques with the least bias, several interpolation methods were tested in the grided plot. Overall, the fire had a low severity. However, the fire significantly reduced the ground cover, especially on sloping areas, owing to the higher fire severity and/or less biomass previous to the fire. Ash thickness depended on fire severity and was thin where fire severity was higher and thicker in lower fire severity sites. The ash thickness decreased with time after the fire. Between 4 and 16 days after the fire, ash was transported by wind. The greatest reduction took place between 16 and 34 days after the fire as a result of rainfall, and was more efficient where fire severity was higher. Between 34 and 45 days after the fire, no significant differences in ash thickness were identified among ash colours and only traces of the ash layer remained. The omni-directional experimental variograms showed that variable structure did not change significantly with time. The ash spatial variability increased with time, particularly on the slope, as a result of water erosion.


Recovery planning is an essential part of implementing the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), but conservationists and government agencies recognize challenges with the current planning process. Using data from all U.S. domestic and transboundary ESA‐listed species, we quantify the completeness, timeliness, age, and other variation among ESA recovery plans over the past 40 years. Among eligible listed taxa (n = 1,548), nearly one‐fourth lack final recovery plans; half of plans have taken >5 years to finalize after listing; half of recovery plans are more than 20 years old; and there is significant variation in planning between agencies, and among regions and taxonomic groups. These results are not unexpected given dwindling budgets and an increasing number of species requiring protection, but underscore the need for systematic improvements to recovery planning. We discuss solutions—some already underway—that may address some of the shortcomings and help improve recovery action implementation for threatened and endangered species.


The aims of this project were firstly to develop a protocol for the iterative synthesis of polyethers on a polymeric support, using suitably protected monomers. The synthesis of cyclic ethers by an intramolecular cyclisation/cleavage from the polymeric support, utilising a sulfonyl chloride linker, was also desired. The final aim was to develop a method for reductive amination on a polymeric support, with a view to forming mixed amine/ether oligomers. Chapter 1 is a review of the range of polymers that have been used as supports in organic synthesis, various linkers that have been used to immobilise molecules onto supports, the synthesis of polyethers and cyclic ethers in solution and on polymeric supports, and reductive amination in solution and on polymeric supports. Chapter 2 describes the protecting group strategies that were developed for the synthesis of linear, singly branched and dibranched monomers. These strategies gave monomers in very high yields, which were suitably protected for use in the synthesis of oligomers and cyclic ethers in later chapters. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of novel linkers on a soluble PEG support PEG sulfonyl chloride and PEG Wang trichloroacetimidate. Both linkers were synthesised in high yields, and were successfully utilised in the PEG supported reactions described in later chapters. Chapter 4 describes the synthesis of oxetanes by mono-activation of a branched diol as a sulfonate ester in solution, on cross-linked polystyrene and on PEG, followed by intramolecular cyclisation/cleavage. Oxetanes were afforded in good yields, under mild conditions, with rapid purification. Chapter 5 describes the development of an iterative polyether synthesis, initially on cross-linked polystyrene, and then on a PEG support. This provided access to a range of structurally defined oligoethers and avoided the laborious purification techniques associated with classical solution based methods. Chapter 6 describes the mild and selective oxidation of an immobilised alcohol to an aldehyde on a PEG support, followed by reductive amination with secondary amines. A strategy is also proposed for the synthesis of mixed amine/ether oligomers. The final chapter describes the experimental techniques employed.


Known for subverting the conventions of fashion and celebrity photography, Teller here turns his iconoclastic eye to the two-Michelin-starred food of chef Antonio Guida. Eleven menus of five courses encapsulate the unique, offhanded chic of the Hotel Il Pellicano, in Teller's second photographic collaboration with this exclusive Italian retreat. One of the hippest and most beautiful destinations in the world, the Hotel Il Pellicano is a hangout for the design, fashion and art worlds. In 2011 an eponymous book, with photography by John Swope, Slim Aarons and Juergen Teller and an introduction by Bob Colacello, chronicled the glamour of this modern-day dolce vita, from the days when Emilio Pucci, Douglas Fairbanks Jr, Britt Ekland and Susanna Agnelli could be found relaxing by the pool to the carefree spirit preserved today. Edited and produced by Violette Editions and published by Rizzoli, this first book reprinted within a year. Eating at Hotel Il Pellicano, published by Violette Editions, is a photography book whose subject is food, style and location. Each menu is named after one of today's illustrious visitors - Missoni, Borghese, Noguchi - conjuring delicious fantasies of Italian holidays in days of endless sunshine. Will Self sets the scene in a preface despatched from his suite.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of health care demand in rural China, to simulate the effects of New Cooperative Medical Scheme's (NCMS) reimbursement modes on treatment choices as well as reducing headcount and overshoot of catastrophic heath expenditure (CHE). We utilize the China Health and Nutrition Survey data (CHNS) to provide prolific longitudinal information. Selection bias correction based on multinomial logit model is used to derive expectation of ex-ante medical expenditure. Mixed logit model is employed to analyze health care demand choice and policy discussion. Results indicate that non-monetary factors and severity of illnesses play a vital role in health care demand and choice of treatment type. Preference heterogeneity of individual demand was found in non-monetary variables (waiting and travel time). The choice of treatment type varied little with adjustment of reimbursement modes but various reimbursement modes are found to have disparity effects on reducing headcount and overshoot of CHE. However, irrespective of how high the reimbursement level was set (80%), the overshoot of the CHE bottlenecked at around 8%, which implies other complementary polices are needed to rectify the deficiencies of NCMS and to improve the intended effect on public health care delivery in rural China.


Fat and carbohydrate are the principal substrates that fuel aerobic ATP synthesis in skeletal muscle. Most endogenous fat is stored as triacylglycerol in subcutaneous and deep visceral adipose tissue. Smaller quantities of triacylglycerol are deposited as lipid droplets inside skeletal muscle fibers. The potential role of intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG) as a substrate source during exercise in humans has recently regained much of its interest because of the proposed functional relationship between IMTG accumulation and the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Exercise likely represents an effective means to prevent excess IMTG accretion by stimulating its rate of oxidation. However, there is much controversy on the actual contribution of the IMTG pool as a substrate source during exercise. The apparent discrepancy in the literature likely stems from methodological difficulties that have been associated with the methods used to estimate IMTG oxidation during exercise. However, recent studies using stable isotope methodology, 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electron and/or immunofluorescence microscopy all support the contention that the IMTG pool can function as an important substrate source during exercise. Although more research is warranted, IMTG mobilization and/or oxidation during exercise seem to be largely determined by exercise intensity, exercise duration, macronutrient composition of the diet, training status, gender, and/or age. In addition, indirect evidence suggests that the capacity to mobilize and/or oxidize IMTG is substantially impaired in an obese and/or Type 2 diabetic state. As we now become aware that skeletal muscle has an enormous capacity to oxidize IMTG stores during exercise, more research is warranted to develop combined exercise, nutritional, and/or pharmacological interventions to effectively stimulate IMTG oxidation in sedentary, obese, and/or Type 2 diabetes patients.


The majority of visible-light photocatalysts show very low hydrogen evolution activity in the absence of noble metal co-catalysts due to their fast carrier recombination rate. Metallic interstitial nitrides have been recognized as excellent hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts and therefore are promising alternative co-catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Herein we report a low-cost, efficient, noble-metal-free visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution photocatalyst composed of Ni3N/g-C3N4 heterostructures. The as-prepared photocatalyst with a Ni3N loading content of 3 wt% shows a high hydrogen evolution rate of 169 μmol g-1 h-1, which is slightly higher than that of 3 wt% Pt modified g-C3N4 (152.0 μmol g-1 h-1). The Ni3N/g-C3N4 photocatalysts also exhibit remarkable photostability for four consecutive cycles of photocatalytic activity tests with a total reaction time of 12 hours. The excellent performance of the Ni3N/g-C3N4 photocatalyst is ascribed to the formation of an optimal number of Ni3N/g-C3N4 heterojunctions that improve photogenerated carrier separation and offer abundant photocatalytically active sites for surface reactions.


Induction heating and melting applications often require a power source to convert 3-phase mains input power to single-phase output power at a higher and variable
frequency. Amongst various power conversion schemes, solid-state power converters using the most modern devices
provide the best power control techniques available for
this application. In designing for this purpose, careful
consideration must be given to the characteristics of the
load, which presents a very low power factor and an impedance possibly varying widely as the heating cycle proceeds.
From the variety of thyristor commutation techniques
commonly employed in high-power inverters, series load
commutation is particularly suited to high-frequency applications,
as it has an intrinsically high turn-off time for
the circuit thyristors (clearly essential at high operational frequencies) and much reduced switching losses. However, series
commutation circuits are load sensitive, and therefore require
careful design, especially with an induction heating load.
Recent developments in power conversion techniques have
led to the elimination of the d.c. link in a.c. to a.c. power conversion, enabling both high operational efficiencies and
substantial savings in the initial cost of the device to be achieved. This new type of converter (called a cycloinverter) power and frequency control facilities. However, in a
cycloinverter, since high-frequency switching is performed simultaneously with rectification, these control schemes
are dependent on the operational frequency. The direct power conversion in a cycloinverter causes, unfortunately,
distortion currents in the input lines and the output circuit,
and it is the designer's task to minimise these
undesirable components.
The project aims to investigate the potential uses, both of the series inverter in its high-frequency form and of
the cycloinverter, as power sources for induction heating. Design criteria are established for each circuit, with
consideration given to turn-off time, efficiency, power factor, component ratings and predicted load variations.
Computer simulations of the converters are employed to investigate
the different voltage and current waveforms in the circuits, and to establish how the performance of each inverter may be optimised and these are verified by results
obtained an experimental prototypes.


This multiauthor review article aims to bring readers up to date with some of the current trends in the field of process analytical technology (PAT) by summarizing each aspect of the subject (sensor development, PAT based process monitoring and control methods) and presenting applications both in industrial laboratories and in manufacture e.g. at GSK, AstraZeneca and Roche. Furthermore, the paper discusses the PAT paradigm from the regulatory science perspective. Given the multidisciplinary nature of PAT, such an endeavour would be almost impossible for a single author, so the concept of a multiauthor review was born. Each section of the multiauthor review has been written by a single expert or group of experts with the aim to report on its own research results. This paper also serves as a comprehensive source of information on PAT topics for the novice reader.


The Dissenting Reader: Feminist Approaches to the Hebrew Bible, by Eryl W. Davies. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2003. 143 pp. $29.95. The virtual explosion of scholarly feminist writing about the Bible, the publication of commentaries, companions, dictionaries, anthologies and monographs on specific biblical women and on various aspects of their representation, requires theoretical and methodological reflection, an attempt to review and evaluate this burgeoning body of literature and to summarize its contributions to the field of biblical scholarship in general. Eryl Davies, a self described "non-feminist," argues in his book that the contribution of feminist biblical scholarship has indeed been weighty, and that mainstream Bible scholars must recognize this contribution and engage in a serious dialogue with its basic insights. Though, as will be seen, Davies emphasizes the position of the reader as a central theoretical paradigm, he does not reflect on his own position as a "non-feminist," male reader. In his introduction, Davies explains that though feminist critique questions biblical ideology and though it challenges biblical "authority" or its traditional perception as sacred text, it can be justified on "inner biblical grounds" that is by biblical texts that already challenge male power. He suggests, in other words, that oppositional critics do not necessarily pose a threat to traditional and religious conceptions of the Bible. Chapter One, "The Patriarchal Bible," offers an overview of feminist critical investigations of the legal corpus, the biblical narrative, the Prophets, and Wisdom literature. He traces the origins of feminist criticism to Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the 19th century, and to Christian feminists like Phyllis Trible, Rosemary Ruether, and Fewell and Gunn in the 1970s and 1980s. Chapter Two, "Feminist Models of Reading," distinguishes between an "evolutionary" approach-that perceives a progressive improvement in the treatment of women; "cultural relativism"-a theory that insists on reading biblical androcentrism within the ancient cultural context of the ancient Near East; the "rejectionist" approach-that sees the entire biblical tradition as irredeemably patriarchal; a "canon-within-a-canon" approach-that singles out specific biblical texts as supportive of women and their plight within the patriarchy; and a "holistic" approach which argues for a broader generalization about the biblical treatment of women. In Chapter Three, "Feminist Criticism and Reader-Response Criticism," Davies selects one particular approach, namely adversarial or oppositional criticism, as the focus of his discussion. This approach does not give up biblical literature, but rather opts to explore it through dissent, or resistance. What he refers to as the "dissenting reader" is the feminist reader who questions male God-talk in the Bible, the tendency to marginalize women characters in the biblical narrative, and the tendency of subsequent interpreters to impose a male-centered coherence on the biblical narrative. Among the main practitioners of this approach Davies mentions Judith Plaskow, Mieke Bal, and Cheryl Exum. Though Davies should have attended to the history of feminist criticism, noting when relevant who the originator of this resisting hermeneutics was and how it was elaborated subsequently, he nevertheless does mention some of the key names in the field. …


Purpose
Intercultural competence has been found to be increasingly important. The purpose of this paper is to understand how intercultural competence impacts service providers' ability to recognition faces of both black and white consumers.

Design/methodology/approach
Two experiments were administered to understand how intercultural competence impacts recognition of black and white consumer faces.

Findings
The authors find that the more intercultural competence that respondents report with blacks, the better they are at distinguishing between black regular customers and black new shoppers in an experiment. The authors find no impact of intercultural competence on the ability of respondents to differentiate between white consumers. These findings hold for respondents in the USA and South Africa.

Research limitations/implications
One limitation of this research is that the studies were conducted in a controlled lab setting. Thus, one could imagine additional noise from a true consumer setting might increase the effects of these results. Another limitation is the focus on only black and white consumer faces. In this paper, the authors focused on these two races, specifically to keep the factorial design as simplified as possible.

Originality/value
The implications of this research are important given that the ability of employees' recognizing customer faces can affect customers' day-to-day interactions in the marketplace.


James C. Scott's book The Art of Not Being Governed is offered, in this essay review, as the latest evidence of the high value of Scott's transdisciplinary research into how ordinary people resist state power. Scott's critics have found his work methodologically deficient, suggesting that his approach is more a matter of art than of science. In this defense of methodological pluralism, Scott's approach is shown to be vindicated by his insights into how the peoples of Zomia evolved ways to evade incorporation, over a period of centuries, into any of the states of Southeast Asia. Scott's book is examined as a prime example of how the study of politics can and should help to effect political change — and its insights on anarchism as a way of life are applied to the Occupy Wall Street movement.


This article begins with an analysis of the concept of responsibility elaborated in the jurisprudence of Francisco de Vitoria. It is argued that Vitoria's concept of responsibility plays a central role in his construction of an international legal framework for the management of the Indians by the Spanish, a 'management model' which operated so as to legitimise Spanish administration of the colonised world and ultimately, to consolidate the emerging authority of the European sovereign state. In the second part of the article this re-reading of Vitoria forms the basis of reflection on present international law and practice regarding the responsibility of rebel movements. It is used to challenge the idea that the increased engagement with rebel movements by international organisations and legal scholars since the end of the Cold War is necessarily a liberalising and emancipatory move.


We introduce Adaptive Procedural Task Generation (APT-Gen), an approach for progressively generating a sequence of tasks as curricula to facilitate reinforcement learning in hard-exploration problems. At the heart of our approach, a task generator learns to create tasks via a black-box procedural generation module by adaptively sampling from the parameterized task space. To enable curriculum learning in the absence of a direct indicator of learning progress, the task generator is trained by balancing the agent's expected return in the generated tasks and their similarities to the target task. Through adversarial training, the similarity between the generated tasks and the target task is adaptively estimated by a task discriminator defined on the agent's behaviors. In this way, our approach can efficiently generate tasks of rich variations for target tasks of unknown parameterization or not covered by the predefined task space. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through quantitative and qualitative analysis in various scenarios.


The number of Web applications handling online transaction is increasing, but verication of the correctness of the Web application design has been done manually. This paper proposes a method for modeling Web applications using two nite-state automata, i.e., a page automaton which species Web page transitions, and an internal state automaton which species internal state transitions of the Web application. General assertions for checking Web application design are proposed, and a theoretical result for deadlock-freeness of Web application is also shown. An example Web application is modeled by the proposed method and checked using the model checker Spin.


Radicalization is a process of escalation from nonviolent to increasingly violent repertoires of action that develops through a complex set of interactions unfolding over time. Looking at radicalization mainly through the lenses of a relational approach, this article suggests that social movement studies allow us to bridge structural and agentic explanations in an analysis of the impact of political opportunities and organizational resources, as well as framing, in explaining forms of action and inaction. Available political opportunities influence the reactions of political and political actors in general to movement demands, thus affecting social movements' strategic choices. Moreover, the availability (or lack) of material and symbolic resources affects the choice of radical repertoire. Finally, organizational resources and contextual opportunities are framed differently by social movement actors, in some cases facilitating radicalization. At the individual level, different paths of radicalization are ...


Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are a versatile core technology and the basis for the implementation of a number of key functionalities central to the evolution of highly wavelength-agile all-optical networks. We present an overview of the state of the art of SOAs and summarize a range of applications such as power boosters, preamplifiers, optical linear (gain-clamped) amplifiers, optical gates, and modules based on the hybrid integration of SOAs to yield high-level functionalities such as all-optical wavelength converters/regenerators and small space switching matrices. Their use in a number of proposed optical packet switching situations is also highlighted.


Universities are being asked to prepare our students to navigate successfully in a complex and interconnected world and to contribute to the solution of difficult problems at work and in the communities where they live. Our universities must do the same. We must adapt our approaches to education, scholarship and community involvement in order to play a meaningful role in addressing the increasingly complex and wicked problems that our communities face. The housing crisis in Portland, Oregon offers an especially important example of a wicked problem that has developed slowly, will be very costly to resolve and involves a lot of uncertainty due to unpredictable social, economic and environmental factors. In 2015, policymakers in communities throughout Oregon began talking about a housing crisis as people searching for affordable housing found themselves competing with both the growing popularity of Oregon as a place to live  and a real estate investment boom. Rents rose at a rate of $100/month and over 24,000 units were needed to meet the demand in 2015. The problem remains acute in 2016. This article uses community efforts to understand and address the housing crisis as a focus to explore the changing roles of the university in participating in and contributing to these new social networks, multi-stakeholder initiatives and collaborations.


Objectives: In this study, we evaluate if moving recess before lunch has an effect on the amount of fruits and vegetables elementary school students eat as part of their school-provided lunch. Methods: Participants were 1st-6th grade students from three schools that switched recess from after to before lunch and four similar schools that continued to hold recess after lunch. We collected data for an average of 14 days at each school (4 days during spring 2011, May 3 through June 1, 2011 and 9 days during fall 2011, occurred September 19 through November 11, 2011. All of the schools were in Orem, UT. Data was collected for all students receiving a school lunch and was based on observational plate waste data. Results: We find that moving recess before lunch increased consumption of fruits and vegetables by 0.16 servings per child (a 54% increase) and increased the fraction of children eating at least one serving of fruits or vegetables by 10 percentage points (a 45% increase). Conclusions: Our results show the benefits of holding recess before lunch and suggest that if more schools implement this policy, there would be significant increases in fruit and vegetable consumption among students who eat school lunch as part of the National School Lunch Program.


Privacy and surveillance take on new forms through social software technologies. Privacy may not be achieved by being let alone, rather, by choosing a group of people whom are trusted with one's data. Similarly, surveillance takes the form of monitoring users' data rather than monitoring users themselves. To offer privacy and counter surveillance, the "privacy as control" paradigm focuses on approaches that offer as much data control as possible. In practice, offering control to users depends on assigning control to non-user entities, who may have surveillance capabilities, which results in an interdependency of privacy and surveillance. This interdependency is problematic and contradicts what data control approaches should offer. In this paper, we examine this interdependency in data control within social software. We put forward criteria to evaluate the degree of control and privacy and the degree of surveillance entailed by a data control approach. We perform a comparative analysis of data control approaches in the technical and the legal context. The analysis shows how certain aspects of surveillance are deeply rooted in the realisations of "privacy as control". We argue that data control approaches should offer transparency, reciprocity and a balanced degree of control as a first step towards addressing the interdependency of privacy and surveillance.


Abstract Bisclavret and Yonec — two lais by Marie de France — feature instances of human/animal metamorphosis that are linked to their interrogation of what constitutes humanity and courtliness. Drawing on Agamben's discussion of the human/animal distinction in The Open, this article examines these lais together, exploring how each seems to question the definition of what might be described as human identity while, at the same time, suggesting that humanity is not restricted to those in possession of a stable, human shape. I suggest that, in each case, there seems to be a human cost to this exploration of humanity: as the courtliness of transforming characters is gradually unveiled, other characters' claim to full humanity is revealed to be open to revision. Both stories, I argue, link definitions of animality and humanity to interpretative and narrative processes in ways that treat humanity as a matter of judgment rather than essence, and both suggest that defining what counts as human has consequences for how lives may become subject to supposedly legitimate forms of violence and political power.


China's International Relations in the 21st Century: Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts, edited by Weixing Hu, Gerald Chan and Daojiong Zha. Lanham: University Press of America, 2000. xii + 231 pp. US$56.00 (hardcover), US$36.50 (paperback). Why does China behave as it does in international relations? How can we explain the erratic nature of Chinese foreign policy? What are the dynamics that shape and constrain China's international behavior? These are questions that have haunted China scholars and international relations (IR) specialists alike for decades. With the rise of China and its ongoing economic, social and political transformations, many have now argued that understanding China better is key to the future of the emerging regional and global order. The papers in this volume are a timely contribution to addressing these important questions. The approaches and perspectives are, however, distinctively different. As the three editors make clear in the introductory chapter, the focus is to "analyze Chinese scholars' understanding and conceptualization of international relations as a way to shed light on the paradigm shifts in Chinese foreign policy" (p. 5). Not specific issues, but the "conceptual sources" of Chinese international behavior and projected dynamics, are explored. What puts all of the contributors in an advantageous position, as noted by the editors, is that they are all "Chinese scholars who had their education and postgraduate training in the social sciences in both China and the West" (p. 8). This common identity, according to the editors, enables them to provide balanced insider-outsider perspectives on Chinese international relations. The seven chapters present different theoretical stances. There is clearly a constructivist bent in three of them, which trace the "ideational sources" of Chinese foreign policy. Yong Deng's chapter examines aspects of China's changing identity in world politics and argues why and how such identity continues to marginalize China in the international system. His argument that China as a "non-Weberian state" is precluded from joining the great power club because it lacks normative power is particularly interesting and instructive. In Chapter 4, Hongying Wang uses China's changing perceptions of and participation in regional multilateral economic and security institutions as examples to explore China's socialization into international society. Her analysis is rigorous, but her conclusion is ambivalent. If China's limited socialization so far does not lend full empirical support to constructivist theorization of socialization, where would this socialization lead? Finally, Qingxin Wang's chapter explores how cultural norms condition the conduct of Chinese foreign policy. The dominant cultural norms, Wang argues, are embedded in Chinese classical schools of thought in toto, or in other words in Chinese tradition, not just in specific classical military texts of a particular period (countering lain Johnston). Chinese leaders' socialization (particularly that of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai) into these dominant cultural norms provides additional explanations, so far neglected, of Chinese foreign-policy behavior. …


W his family by his side, Ron Weisman, Professor Emeritus, Departments of Psychology and Biology, Queen's University, died at home on 27 January 2015. Ron obtained his Ph.D. from Michigan State University in 1964 and was hired as Assistant Professor of Psychology at Queen's in that same year. Ron was promoted to Associate Professor in 1970, Professor in 1977, cross appointed to the Department of Biology in 1993, and finally promoted to Professor Emeritus in 2000. In sum, Ron was a professor at Queen's for over 50 years. He is well known for his numerous significant contributions to our understanding of animal learning, cognition, and behaviour. Maybe more important, but not so easily tallied with facts and numbers, are the more qualitative and impactful contributions that Ron made to the research areas in which he was so totally and passionately invested during his long and productive career but that escape the accountant's ledger. Of these less quantifiable, but absolutely important contributions, one cannot hope to produce a comprehensive report here. And Ron himself would not want such a thing. "Too many words that no one is likely to read or care about" would probably be his quip in response to such an idea. No, the manner in which Ron operated and conducted himself is best described using the words of those who have commented about Ron's influence in the days since his passing. Strong themes like "force of nature", "intellectually challenging", "passionate", "inspiring" are a constant in Ron's colleagues' narratives shared in conversations, social media, and emails. Never one to back down from a challenge, Ron reinvented his research career from the ground up when he realized an opportunity to pursue new more challenging but meaningful problems. This categorical change came when Ron was at a point in his career in which most people would be happy to simply maintain the currently successful status quo until retirement. Not Ron. Instead, and in spite of, or perhaps, because of, the fear of the unknown, Ron forged a second, even more well-known career for himself, combining research in learning, cognition, ethology, and neuroscience in a manner not often done, certainly not with the same effect. While on this new path, Ron continued to make significant contributions to the scientific literature and to the field through the founding of the Comparative Cognition Society, and their flagship online and open access journal, Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews. Perhaps Ron's most enduring legacy will be of the contributions that he made to the mentorship and encouragement of young scientists. Many successful scientists owe their "academic legs" to Ron's strong and generous support and wisdom. Ron posed challenging questions and championed points of view that were sometimes controversial and always aimed at pushing back the darkness to, as Ron put it, "Explain nature". Ron always managed to be engaging, encouraging, and able to coax the absolute best out of everyone who was willing to meet his enthusiasm and level of commitment to science. Ron's enthusiasm, wit, candor, compassion, and his huge smile will be sorely missed by all who had the pleasure of knowing him. What a guy.


Partial-label learning (PLL) is a multi-class classification problem, where each training example is associated with a set of candidate labels. Even though many practical PLL methods have been proposed in the last two decades, there lacks a theoretical understanding of the consistency of those methods-none of the PLL methods hitherto possesses a generation process of candidate label sets, and then it is still unclear why such a method works on a specific dataset and when it may fail given a different dataset. In this paper, we propose the first generation model of candidate label sets, and develop two novel PLL methods that are guaranteed to be provably consistent, i.e., one is risk-consistent and the other is classifier-consistent. Our methods are advantageous, since they are compatible with any deep network or stochastic optimizer. Furthermore, thanks to the generation model, we would be able to answer the two questions above by testing if the generation model matches given candidate label sets. Experiments on benchmark and real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed generation model and two PLL methods.


This book is a guide to the law that applies in the three international criminal tribunals, for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, set up by the UN during the period 1993 to 2002 to deal with atrocities and human rights abuses committed during conflict in those countries. Building on the work of an earlier generation of war crimes courts, these tribunals have developed a sophisticated body of law concerning the elements of the three international crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes), and forms of participation in such crimes, as well as other general principles of international criminal law, procedural matters and sentencing. The legacy of the tribunals will be indispensable as international law moves into a more advanced stage, with the establishment of the International Criminal Court. Their judicial decisions are examined here, as well as the drafting history of their statutes and other contemporary sources.