The analysis of global sexual economies has emerged as an important part of a wider feminist project to re-imagine the boundaries of what constitutes the 'inside' and 'outside' of globalisation and capitalism. Emphasising the importance of such an agenda, the article argues that continued understandings of commercial sex as 'women's work' place male and transgender bodies on the outside rather than the inside of the analysis of global sexual economies. Highlighting the need to address this gap in contemporary theorising and empirical analysis, the article then offers an illustration of research into male sex work through discussion of how male escorts in San Francisco negotiate the complex meanings and practices surrounding gender, sexuality and political economy.


'Power investigation', or the practice of power to legitimize itself through commissioned programmes of scientific enquiry, is a hallmark of Nordic democracy. Five power investigations have been conducted in the Nordic countries since 1972. The close connection to state power has not dissuaded prominent scholars from participating in them, nor have their findings evoked strong criticism. Combining politically guided perspectives with collaborative research, power investigations represent public events that typify the ostensibly open political culture of the Nordic countries, rather than simply existing as texts or as a politico-scientific genre. Although such investigations have been thought of as critical studies of power, the authors in this book show that their findings have varied greatly and that they have served as tools for wielding power. Whatever shortcomings they uncover, the utility of these investigations in suggesting transparency and self-reflection enhances the legitimacy of Scandinavian government. The investigations are persuasive exercises through which the commissioning authorities and those scholars hired to carry them out engage in a mutually beneficial exchange. Underlying this strategy is the perception, deeply embedded in Nordic political culture, that politics is a progressive, rational endeavour, and that identification with the state is an honourable role for academics.Table of Contents1. 'Power Investigation: The Political Culture of Nordic Self-Understanding': Introduction Ainur Elmgren and Norbert Gotz2. Introspective Performance: The Scandinavian Power Investigation as a Politico-Cultural Practice Norbert Gotz3. From the Swedish Model to the Open Society: The Swedish Power Investigation and the Power to Investigate Power, 1985 – 1990 Carl Marklund4. Three Nordic Power Investigations on the Repercussions of the European Union on Sovereignty and Democracy Ann-Cathrine Jungar5. 'Power Investigation' Neglected: The Case of the Finnish Newspaper Helsingin Sanomat Lotta Lounasmeri6. Power and Society in Finland: Change and Continuity Ainur Elmgren7. Justice and EU Foreign Policy Alex Prichard8. Informal Governance and the Eurozone Crisis Alexandra Hennessy


The large weight of public financial institutions is often identified as one of the characteristics of the Japanese financial system. It is believed that reform of the private financial sector is not enough to revitalize the Japanese financial system, but reform of the public financial sector is crucial. There are various opinions concerning ideal public financial institutions, and heated debate continues. We would like to raise attention to the point that much discourse is based on the prerequisite that public financial sector is still increasing (i.e., the ballooning theory). However, only a small number of arguments present grounds for the prerequisite, and even in the case of those based on statistical analyses, such analyses are not rigorously verified. Under these circumstances, the first purpose of this paper is to reverify the ballooning theory of public financial sector which is used as a prerequisite for much of the discourse. Of course, although the ballooning theory may be overstated, private financial institutions' cries for help strongly suggest that they are being squeezed by public institutions. The reason why public financial institutions that should be tightly regulated have such great power and oppress the private sector, which has been significantly deregulated in recent years, is often thought to be because so many privileges are given to public financial institutions as government enterprises (the privileged government enterprise theory). We agree that government enterprises have privileges, but if these are small, it is difficult to say that they are the main cause of the competitive dominance of government enterprises. The size of the privileges must be quantified to assess the privileged government enterprise theory. This is the second purpose of this paper. The following are the major conclusions of this paper. Concerning the public financial sector ballooning theory, various indexes prove that public financial activities had increased in share by around 1998, so from this aspect the ballooning theory is correct. However, this situation changed and since 1998 public financial activities have either remained at the same level or have tended to decline. Further attention should be paid to the fact that when examining the relative size of public financial activities, the result varies significantly depending on how the area of interest is set. For instance, if finance is viewed as a risk bearing mechanism rather than a flow of funds, public involvement in finance in the U.S. may be greater than in Japan. Concerning the privileged government enterprise theory, it is true that Japan Post has privileges (e.g., the exemption of taxes as current expenses), but the estimate of \4.6 trillion over ten years by the Japanese Bankers Association is considered to be excessive. It may be judged that most of the privileges of the government enterprise have been eliminated during the establishment process of Japan Post and the conditions of government enterprise for competition are almost equalized with the private sector, On the other hand, government enterprise may become unable to bear the burden caused by restrictions imposed on them any longer (particularly the obligation of maintaining offices in remote areas), so how Japan Post can bear the burden must be considered. This paper is organized as follows. Section II examines the ballooning of the public financial sector, which is treated as the starting point of the debate concerning the reform of public financial system in Japan. Section III reverifies the privileges enjoyed by government enterprises. Section IV presents the conclusions of this paper.


The next core-collapse supernova in the Milky Way or its satellites will represent a once-in-a-generation opportunity to obtain detailed information about the explosion of a star and provide significant scientific insight for a variety of fields because of the extreme conditions found within. Supernovae in our galaxy are not only rare on a human timescale but also happen at unscheduled times, so it is crucial to be ready and use all available instruments to capture all possible information from the event. The first indication of a potential stellar explosion will be the arrival of a bright burst of neutrinos. Its observation by multiple detectors worldwide can provide an early warning for the subsequent electromagnetic fireworks, as well as signal to other detectors with significant backgrounds so they can store their recent data. The supernova early warning system (SNEWS) has been operating as a simple coincidence between neutrino experiments in automated mode since 2005. In the current era of multi-messenger astronomy there are new opportunities for SNEWS to optimize sensitivity to science from the next galactic supernova beyond the simple early alert. This document is the product of a workshop in June 2019 towards design of SNEWS 2.0, an upgraded SNEWS with enhanced capabilities exploiting the unique advantages of prompt neutrino detection to maximize the science gained from such a valuable event.


Social media, especially the social networking sites (SNS) like Facebook.com, has experienced exponential growth all across the globe in the last decade. It is rapidly attracting the consumers and replacing the traditional media. Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) through social media has acquired substantial position in the marketing mix as well as integrated marketing communication of the business organizations. This research aimed at analyzing different social relationship factors or determinants of engagement of the UK consumers in the process of viral marketing from the perspective of the university students in the UK. The process of viral marketing on SNSs is initiated by the manufacturers, marketers or distributors but the process is controlled by the consumers. To meet the main objectives of the research, quantitative research methods were followed through deductive approach. Convenience and purposive sampling were utilized in order to select a sample of 130 students from the population of the UK university students. Only 105 students responded and took part in the survey. All the ethical issues involved in the survey were catered and participants were informed about the purpose of investigation through consent letters prior to email the questionnaire. The questionnaire was emailed to the students to collect primary data that was statistically analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The data for each variable was subjected to univariate analysis in order to evaluate the significance of each social factor under study. The results obtained from univariate analysis were graphically presented and interpreted. Correlation (Bivariate) analysis of different factors including trust, homophily, interpersonal influence, love for exchanging information etc. was also conducted and results were presented in a tabulated form. The analysis revealed that all the factors under investigation showed positive relationship and some showed positive correlation with the activity of the consumers on SNSs, especially in seeking opinion or information and passing it to others. The correlation analysis revealed that some social constructs e.g. trust, homophily and normative influence was positively correlated with the consumer's activity on the social networking sites. Tie strength showed positive correlation with homophily, frequency of communication or contact between the online consumers on social networking sites. Gender showed negative correlation with most of the social factors under study. The results are discussed in light of existing literature on word of mouth marketing and social media marketing. The implications (theoretical, managerial and strategy related) of these results are along with the main findings of the study.


As a result of the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco which destroyed the city, a clause known as the "ensuing loss" clause was created to address concurrent causation situations in which a loss follows both a covered peril and an excluded peril. Ensuing loss clauses appear in the exclusions section of such policies and in essence they provide that coverage for a loss caused by an excluded peril is nonetheless covered if the loss "ensues" from a covered peril. Today, ensuing loss clauses are found in "all risk" property and homeowners policies, which cover all losses except for losses caused by perils that are expressly excluded. A century after its creation, the clause often has been overlooked in cases in which it may have been applicable, and when it has been considered, it has confused and divided the courts. The courts' inconsistent interpretation and application of the clause creates inefficiencies in the legal system because it is harder to settle cases that have: (1) unpredictable outcomes and (2) factual disputes regarding causation that must be resolved by juries at trial instead of judges as a matter of law. Thus, the parties and courts unnecessarily spend more time and resources on such cases. This Article claims: (1) the ensuing loss clause overrides anti-concurrent causation exclusions and (2) the courts' confusion in interpreting and applying the clause has arisen due to the courts' misunderstanding of the origins and purpose of the clause and their mistaken incorporation of theoretical tort causation concepts such as "efficient proximate cause" into the clause instead of applying the contractual rules of policy interpretation to the clause. The Article then proposes an interpretation of the clause that should lead to more predictable, consistent outcomes and the efficient resolution of claims.


A novel class of preceramic paper may serve as a preform to manufacture lightweight as well as multilayer ceramic products. In this article, we discuss the formation, microstructure, and properties of preceramic papers and their conversion into ceramic materials. Oxide as well nonoxide ceramics were processed into single-sheet, corrugated structures, and multilayer ceramics. A high filler loading and uniform distribution of ceramic fillers involves control of colloidal surface interaction including electrostatic, electrosteric, and mechanical retention. Sintering of an oxide-loaded preceramic paper in air results in highly porous products, with the porosity shape and distribution templated by the pulp fiber used in papermaking. In the case of carbide-loaded paper, dense composite materials are obtained by reactive infiltration processing. Anisotropic properties of machine-fabricated preceramic paper and bonding interfaces in multilayer stacks give rise to anisotropic mechanical properties of the resulting ceramic composites. Noncatastrophic failure was observed when tensile loading stress was applied parallel to the interfaces (in-plane loading). Applying well-established paper processing technologies, including laminated object manufacturing, ceramic structures of complex shape and size can easily be processed, offering a high potential for economical manufacturing.


This paper demonstrates that Bandersnatch (2018), an episode of the Black Mirror series, reflects the current condition of the subjectivities in the participative society of 'capitalist realism' (Fisher 2018). Additionally, the proposed study aims to shed light on the underlying idea of subversion or resistance promoted by Charlie Brooker, the screenwriter of the TV series. Since the film blends fiction and fact, we will firstly discuss how the episode has been constructed by Brooker and David Slade (the film director) focusing on references to past events. Secondly, we will argue that interactivity can be seen as a metaphor for the actual paradigm of participative politics. Then, we will discuss the connections between contemporary subjectivity (or, according to some scholars, 'techne') and the web (which is intended here as the connections between structure and human/non-human actors). Finally, we will present the idea of 'retroactivism', that is opening new possibilities of the imaginary (which is an essential element of the Bandersnatch episode). Additionally, we will discuss the idea of 'capitalist realism', that is the most coherent description of the actual society and the relevance of dystopia as a narrative that influences and shapes reality.


Abstract. Concentrations of OH radicals and the sum of peroxy radicals, RO2, were measured in the boundary layer for the first time on the East Antarctic Plateau at the Concordia Station (Dome C, 75.10° S, 123.31° E) during the austral summer 2011/2012. The median concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals were 3.1 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 9.9 × 106 molecule cm−3, respectively. These values are comparable to those observed at the South Pole, confirming that the elevated oxidative capacity of the Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer found at the South Pole is not restricted to the South Pole but common over the high Antarctic plateau. At Concordia, the concentration of radicals showed distinct diurnal profiles with the median maximum of 5.2 × 106 molecule cm−3 at 11:00 and the median minimum of 1.1 × 106 molecule cm−3 at 01:00 for OH radicals and 1.7 × 108 molecule cm−3 and 2.5 × 107 molecule cm−3 for RO2 radicals at 13:00 and 23:00, respectively (all times are local times). Concurrent measurements of O3, HONO, NO, NO2, HCHO and H2O2 demonstrated that the major primary source of OH and RO2 radicals at Dome C was the photolysis of HONO, HCHO and H2O2, with the photolysis of HONO contributing ~75% of total primary radical production. However, photochemical modelling with accounting for all these radical sources overestimates the concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals by a factor of 2 compared to field observations. Neglecting the net OH production from HONO in the photochemical modelling results in an underestimation of the concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals by a factor of 2. To explain the observations of radicals in this case an additional source of OH equivalent to about (25–35)% of measured photolysis of HONO is required. Even with a factor of 5 reduction in the concentrations of HONO, the photolysis of HONO represents the major primary radical source at Dome C. To account for a possibility of an overestimation of NO2 observed at Dome C the calculations were also performed with NO2 concentrations estimated by assuming steady-state NO2 / NO ratios. In this case the net radical production from the photolysis of HONO should be reduced by a factor of 5 or completely removed based on the photochemical budget of OH or 0-D modelling, respectively. Another major factor leading to the large concentration of OH radicals measured at Dome C was large concentrations of NO molecules and fast recycling of peroxy radicals to OH radicals.


This document describes mechanisms and recommended practice for transmitting the media streams of telepresence sessions using the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP). Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79 . Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current InternetDrafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/ . Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on September 13, 2012. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents ( http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info ) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as Lennox, et al. Expires September 13, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft RTP Usage for Telepresence March 2012 described in the Simplified BSD License.


For the past fifty years or so, there has been a great deal of interest in the use of water based explosion suppression systems, designed to mitigate or reduce the impact of thermal explosions and their consequential overpressures, which may be as high as 2MPa in outdoor environments. This level of interest has been heightened in more recent years due to a number of high loss explosion events including, Flixborough, UK (1974), Piper Alpha, North Sea (1998) and Buncefield, UK (2005).
All of the previous research has focused on the suppression and mitigation proficiency of existing or new water deluge systems, which deploy sprays containing droplets 200≤D32≤1000μm. Where a high speed flame propagates through a region of spray containing such droplets, the flow ahead of the flame will hydrodynamically break up the droplets into fine mist, which in turn will act as a heat sink in the flame, with a resulting degree of suppression. These studies concluded that in most cases, existing deluge systems contributed to a global reduction in flame speed and thus caused a decrease in the resultant damaging overpressures.
This present study however, is focused on the mitigation of slow moving deflagrations with resulting speeds of ≤30m/s. A flame travelling at such low relative speeds will not possess the inertia to inflict secondary atomisation by hydrodynamic break up. Consequently, the droplets within the spray must be small enough to extract heat in the short finite moments that the flame and droplets interact (approximately 0.03ms for a representative 1mm thick flame front). Previous theoretical studies have suggested that droplets, D32, in the order of 10μm - 20μm will be required to successfully mitigate combustion without relying on further droplet break up. To date, there have been no other published experimental studies in this area.
An innovative high pressure atomiser known as a Spill Return Atomiser (SRA) was selected, which contained a unique swirl chamber and was originally developed for decontamination and disinfection. The efficient atomisation of the SRA produced fine sprays containing droplets, D32, 15μm - 20μm. A series of "cold trials" were conducted to further develop the single SRA, which manifested in the creation of several exclusive single and multiple spray options in counter, parallel and cross flow, with the direction of the propagating flame. These new configurations were supplied with deionised water at a liquid pressure of 13MPa and were qualitatively analysed using High Definition (HD) imagery and quantitatively characterised using non-intrusive laser techniques. During the development stages of this study the SRA spray cone angle was increased from 34.7˚ to 49.2˚and the exit orifice flow rate was raised from 0.295 L/min to 1.36 L/min. The increase in flow rate provided a number of spray options ranging from 17≤D32≤29μm, with liquid volume flux of 0.011 cm3/s/cm2 - 0.047cm3/s/cm2 and mean droplet velocity of 0m/s - 21.4m/s, with the resulting characteristics giving way to complete explosion mitigation qualities.
The second phase of this study was to conceive, design and build a suitable apparatus capable of producing slow representative flame speeds within the range of 5 m/s - 30m/s. In excess of 250 mitigation "hot trials" were performed using the unique conformations produced during the "cold trials", whereby a configuration consisting of 4 x SRA"s in cross flow (X/F) configuration, successfully and repeatedly, completely mitigated homogeneous methane-air mixtures throughout the whole flammable range E.R. 0.5≤(ϕ)1.0≤ 1.69 (5 - 15%), with flame speeds ranging from 5 - 30m/s. The combined spray configuration consisted of four SRA"s which were 105mm apart and each opposed by 120˚, thus providing a total spray region of 315mm (spray centre to centre). As the sprays did not overlap or converge, the liquid volume flux remained as 0.047cm3/s/cm2.
With droplets, D32, ≤30μm generally requiring impact velocities of approximately ≥142.83m/s to break up further, the flame speeds experienced in these trials of ≤30m/s would not have caused hydrodynamic break up of the droplets in the sprays. Therefore, due to the flame speeds and drop sizes utilised in this study, the droplets entering the flame front would have been in their original form.
Although some comparisons were made using the experimental data with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), it proved to be an extremely complicated phenomenon. This was due to the presence and interaction of the complexities of the combustion process and other variables such as water droplet dynamics and heat transfer modes. As such, a set of recommendations have therefore been proposed in pursuing this work in future projects


The application of S-ABA enantiomer to clusters of poor pigmentation cultivars can improve grape color. The aim of this study was to assess whether S-ABA applied to clusters of the new hybrid 'BRS Melodia' seedless grape can improve its color characteristics and to evaluate the consumer acceptance. The following treatments were evaluated: Control; S-ABA at 200 mg·L−1 7 days after veraison (DAV); S-ABA at 400 mg·L−1 7 DAV; S-ABA at 200 mg·L−1 7 DAV + 200 mg·L−1 21 DAV; and S-ABA at 400 mg·L−1 7 DAV + 400 mg·L−1 21 DAV. To apply the treatments, clusters were sprayed using a backpack sprayer until runoff. The exogenous application of S-ABA significantly improves the color of berries of 'BRS Melodia' seedless grape, particularly at a concentration of 400 mg·L−1 in two applications, at 7 DAV and 21 DAV, resulting in clusters with greater consumer acceptance through visual-sensory analysis. Regardless of concentration or application timing, there was no change in the physicochemical characteristics of the berries or clusters, nor in the number of shoots per cane or clusters per shoot in the season after its application.


This dissertation argues that working oxen, horses, and mules contributed to the physical and social landscapes of eighteenth-century plantations in the Chesapeake and the Lowcountry. This research embraces an animal landscape approach, exploring how humans and animals were both active agents in shaping animal husbandry strategies, social interactions, and power negotiations on plantations. This exploration utilized archaeological and historical sources, predominately faunal assemblages from Oxon Hill Manor, Maryland, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Drayton Hall, South Carolina, and Stobo Plantation, South Carolina; articulated equine skeletons from Jamestown Island, Virginia, and Yorktown, Virginia; and probate inventories from plantations within the eighteenth-century Upper Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Working oxen and equines were identified from the archaeological record through pathological and osteometric analyses. Probate inventories supplied complementary information on the number of working oxen and equines in each region and the types of labors these animals performed. In the eighteenth-century Chesapeake, laboring oxen and equines were essential to the plowing and carting required by the shift from tobacco to mixed grain production. Working livestock were husbanded in a manner which relied on producing excess grains which could then be fed to the livestock. In the eighteenth-century Lowcountry, oxen were used sporadically throughout the region to ready fields or to cart products. Horses in the Lowcountry were essential to personal transportation, as many wealthy planters frequently travelled between their multiple estates. Compared to the Chesapeake, livestock in the Lowcountry was husbanded in a more passive manner; working animals were corralled while some of the non-working livestock ranged freely in the woodlands in their natural herd structures. In both regions, interactions between humans and animals combined with the physicality of the plantations to create landscapes of domination and resistance. In the Chesapeake, planters depended on working livestock to increase their wealth and to symbolize that wealth to others. In the Lowcountry, livestock represented large landholdings, and planters used horses to symbolize their mobility and active involvement in those landholdings. In both regions, enslaved laborers relied on working livestock to increase their mobility and their standing within the enslaved community. Additionally, enslaved individuals worked with animals to subvert the social order of the day through active and passive revolt. Rather than being static members in the background of human activity, working oxen and equines actively contributed to the economic, cultural, and social spheres of eighteenth-century plantation life.


At the University of Illinois the author quickly moved to his work in Dr. Gunsalus' laboratory on the isolation and characterization of transducing phages for P. putida. Dr. Gunsalus-known as Gunny-was extremely interested in knowing how and why P. putida exhibited a broad degradative capability. During his postdoctoral years, the author and Dr. Gunsalus came up with some very exciting observations in rapid succession, which showed that in P. putida, the genes for the degradation of rather exotic organic compounds-such as camphor, octane, and naphthalene-occur on plasmids. The researchers had made a significant advance in their basic understanding about the genes involved in the biodegradation of exotic compounds, one that also would have significant practical implications. There are natural substrates in soil, such as lignocellulosic materials, that are often preferred by the organisms rather than the toxic chemicals, whose effective concentrations, such as that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin, might be extremely low to be of meaningful nutritional value to the organisms. Such mechanisms, observed first in Pseudomonas, appear to be universal and may contribute to one's understanding of how other pathogens take over the host cell machinery.


The Przewalski horse (Equus przewalskii) is extinct in the wild, but has a current population of around 1300 animals
housed in zoos and semi-reserves. As the ratio of births of males:females is about 1:1, males which are currently surplus to the
requirements of the breeding program can be difficult to house. A group of 5 male Przewalskis was introduced to the study site
at Eelmoor Marsh, South East England, (a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest) as part of an experimental scheme to
help alleviate housing pressure in zoos and as an alternative to mowing to control the growth of invasive vegetation. We have
investigated the eliminatory behaviour of this bachelor group and the distribution of faeces on the study site, as part of a series
of observations of their social behaviour, grazing preferences and habitat use. The distribution of dung was measured and
compared throughout the summer months using a transect method. This data, together with continuous observations of the
horses during the same period, was used to determine whether defecation was random, avoided preferred grazing areas, or was
contagious within specific latrine sites, as reported in domestic horses. Observations of eliminatory marking behaviour and the
use of stud piles (communal mounds of faeces) by individual horses were made during summer and winter months to allow
comparisons between seasons.
Social status within the group had an effect on the marking behaviour of stallions. The dominant stallion displayed
significantly more defecation marking behaviour (P<0.01) than the other mature male, and showed defecation marking
behaviour more often in response to the dung of the subordinate mature stallion than to the dung of the juveniles (P<0.005 and
P<0.05 respectively). The expression of marking behaviour by mature stallions was higher in the summer than the winter
(P<0.005). Stud pile use occurred during both the summer and winter months, and was most prevalent in areas where it had a
high-impact visual stimulus. These horses did not appear to show latrine behaviour as reported in domestic horses, although
they did avoid grazing next to newly deposited faeces on stud piles in the summer. Dung which was not deposited on stud piles
was distributed contagiously (P<0.05) across the study site, mainly along regularly used tracks. These data support the
argument that latrine use in domestic horses may be a response to confinement.


A set of strong eyes Although many biological tissues serve more than one purpose, rarely are they optimized to do multiple tasks well. When you try to optimize for one functionality, it comes at the expense of another. Li et al. investigated the biomineralized armor of the small mollusc chiton Acanthopleura granulata. The armor appears to be optimized for both mechanical strength and for image capture by hundreds of integral aragonite-based lenses. Science, this issue p. 952 Chiton armor shows both mechanical strength and optical functionality. Nature provides a multitude of examples of multifunctional structural materials in which trade-offs are imposed by conflicting functional requirements. One such example is the biomineralized armor of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata, which incorporates an integrated sensory system that includes hundreds of eyes with aragonite-based lenses. We use optical experiments to demonstrate that these microscopic lenses are able to form images. Light scattering by the polycrystalline lenses is minimized by the use of relatively large, crystallographically aligned grains. Multiscale mechanical testing reveals that as the size, complexity, and functionality of the integrated sensory elements increase, the local mechanical performance of the armor decreases. However, A. granulata has evolved several strategies to compensate for its mechanical vulnerabilities to form a multipurpose system with co-optimized optical and structural functions.


In order to meet stringent temperature targets, active removal of CO2 from the atmosphere may be required in the long run. Such negative emissions can be materialized when well-performing bioenergy systems are combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Here, we develop an integrated global energy system and climate model to evaluate the role of BECCS in reaching ambitious temperature targets. We present emission, concentration and temperature pathways towards 1.5 and 2 ° C targets. Our model results demonstrate that BECCS makes it feasible to reach temperature targets that are otherwise out of reach, provided that a temporary overshoot of the target is accepted. Additionally, stringent temperature targets can be met at considerably lower cost if BECCS is available. However, the economic benefit of BECCS nearly vanishes if an overshoot of the temperature target is not allowed. Finally, the least-cost emission pathway over the next 50 years towards a 1.5 ° C overshoot target with BECCS is almost identical to a pathway leading to a 2 ° C ceiling target.


Sports leagues provide an interesting window to view issues that larger economies face that are much harder to measure due to their complexity. These leagues have many policy tools similar to those used in major world economies such as minimum wage, price ceilings, labor unions, and revenue sharing, although the impact of these policies are much easier to measure in the closed economy model of a sports league because the income and output of every player in a given year is known. In this paper, I measure the level and trend of income inequality in the NBA, NFL, and MLB, by deriving the Lorenz Curve of income inequality for each league and calculating a GINI index for each league. From here, I will compare the structural differences and similarities in the salary cap and revenue sharing models of each league to determine the impact of these policies on income parity. The results reveal that MLB is the most unequal of the leagues as measured by GINI index, variance of league salaries, and average variance of team salaries as a result of a soft salary cap and weak revenue sharing model. When measuring the GINI index by the total amount of money contributed to the salary cap each year, the NBA is slightly more equally distributed than the NFL, however this difference disappears when simply measuring GINI by a player's base salary due to the excessive use of bonuses in player contracts in the NFL.


The study distinguishes the market power between domestic and foreign banks in Zimbabwe using the Lerner Index. The study established that the banking sector is operating under monopolistic competition conditions. The result shows banks price their products above the marginal cost of production. Domestic banks have more market power as compared to foreign firms. The foreign banks serves the high end consumers whose risky profile is low while the other end of the market is served by the domestic banks who are very risky. This then translates to higher prices for the clients served by the domestic banks. Bank regulators should promote competition to improve the efficiency of domestic banks to reduce their market power. Keywords : Market Power, Lerner Index, Marginal Cost JEL Classifications:  D4, G21, L1


The c-myb gene is the progenitor of the v-myb oncogene, which causes avian myelomonocytic leukemia. Dysregulated c-myb gene expression is linked to the development of myeloid leukemia in mice and is predictive of poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer. Among the variety of post-translational modifications controlling the c-Myb protein, phosphorylation was shown to affect the transactivation activity and the rate of protein degradation. In this work we show that phosphorylation of c-Myb in response to stress led to rapid protein degradation, which occurred via a proteasome-dependent pathway. The kinases principally involved in this response were p38MAPK delta and, to a lesser extent, p38MAPK gamma. To assess whether c-Myb degradation was driven by changes in the overall level of phosphorylation or rather by phosphorylation at specific sites we systematically mutated potential sites of phosphorylation fulfilling the consensus for recognition by MAPKs (Ser/Thr-Pro). Among the point mutants examined, residues located downstream to the transactivation domain appeared to be essential for c-Myb stability. Particularly, mutation of Thr(354), Thr(486), Ser(556) and Thr(572) to Alanine conferred resistance to stress-induced degradation. The implications of c-Myb downregulation during inflammatory responses are discussed.


A wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) is a combination of wireless and optical network segments to optimize the cost and performance of an access network. A WOBAN's optical backhaul enables it to support high capacity, while its wireless front end [also called a wireless mesh network (WMN)] enables its users to have untethered access. Wireless nodes collect traffic from end users and carry them to the optical part of a WOBAN, possibly using multiple hops, but the traffic also experiences delay at each wireless node. The finite radio capacity at each wireless node limits the capacity on each outgoing link from a wireless node of a WOBAN. Thus, delay and capacity limitation in the WMN of a WOBAN are major constraints. We design a capacity- and delay-aware routing scheme, called CaDAR, to minimize the delay and increase the throughput in the WMN of a WOBAN. Our analysis shows that CaDAR is an efficient routing scheme for WOBAN that can support much higher load and has lower system delay than other approaches (IEEE Network, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 20, 2008) because of better load-balanced routing.


A series of reduced graphene oxide–mesoporous silica nanoflakes (rGO–MSN) with adjustable surface wettability were developed. Detailed SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and TGA analyses demonstrated that morphologies, structures, porosities of the obtained composite materials were greatly influenced by rGO content. Moreover, micrographs and conductivity measurements were conducted to investigate the performance of rGO–MSN as emulsifier in stabilizing paraffin/water two-phase system. Furthermore, anchored with –SO3H, the modified hybrid nanoflakes SO3H–rGO–MSN-x% were employed as solid emulsifier and catalyst (Pickering interfacial catalyst) at solvent free oil–oil interface for acetal reaction and showed excellent dodecyl aldehyde conversion more than 90%.


Design-for-manufacturing (DFM) concepts have traditionally focused on design simplification; this is highly effective for relatively simple, mass-produced products, but tends to be too restrictive for more complex designs. Effort in recent decades has focused on creating methods for generating and imposing specific, process-derived technical manufacturability constraints for some common problems. This paper presents an overview of the problem and its design implications, a discussion of the nature of the manufacturability constraints, and a survey of the existing approaches and methods for generating/enforcing the minimallyrestrictive manufacturability constraints within several design domains. Five major design perspectives or viewpoints were included in the survey, including the system design (top-down), product/component design (bottom-up), the manufacturing process-dominant case (product/component design under a specific process), the part-redesign perspective, and sustainability perspective. Manufacturability constraints within four design levels or scales were explored as well, ranging from macro-scale to sub-micro-scale design. Very little previous work was found in many areas, revealing several gaps in the literature. What is clearly needed is a more general, design-method-independent approach to collecting and enforcing manufacturability constraints.


The lack of flexibility in the labour market in emerging economies is often cited as the reason for poor performance of the labour market in terms of employment generation and productivity growth. The success of labour institutions in these markets and in India has been measured by the effect they have had on generating jobs rather than whether they have enabled the use of more flexible forms of work organization that are supportive of lean production systems. Job security regulations are often seen as a source of rigidity and resulting in rents for organized labour. This paper argues that these regulations often emerged as a response to the threat of unemployment and income insecurity and were intended as a form of social insurance rather than being the result of rent seeking. It demonstrates that markets if left to themselves will not be able to device contracts that provide an efficient level of employment security. In a temporal world if workers tradeoff working with shirking, employers can similarly trade-off honouring a contract with termination of the service of employees. In labour markets both firms and workers are susceptible to opportunism and verifying breach of contract is difficult. A meaningful way to get workers to invest in a job and employers to honour contracts is to legislate employment protection. The difficult task, of course, in reality is to ensure that employment protection does not become protectionist.


The transport of mRNAs into developing dendrites and axons may be a basic mechanism to localize cytoskeletal proteins to growth cones and influence microfilament organization. Using isoform-specific antibodies and probes for in situ hybridization, we observed distinct localization patterns for β- and γ-actin within cultured cerebrocortical neurons. β-Actin protein was highly enriched within growth cones and filopodia, in contrast to γ-actin protein, which was distributed uniformly throughout the cell. β-Actin protein also was shown to be peripherally localized after transfection of β-actin cDNA bearing an epitope tag. β-Actin mRNAs were localized more frequently to neuronal processes and growth cones, unlike γ-actin mRNAs, which were restricted to the cell body. The rapid localization of β-actin mRNA, but not γ-actin mRNA, into processes and growth cones could be induced by dibutyryl cAMP treatment. Using high-resolution in situ hybridization and image-processing methods, we showed that the distribution of β-actin mRNA within growth cones was statistically nonrandom and demonstrated an association with microtubules. β-Actin mRNAs were detected within minor neurites, axonal processes, and growth cones in the form of spatially distinct granules that colocalized with translational components. Ultrastructural analysis revealed polyribosomes within growth cones that colocalized with cytoskeletal filaments. The transport of β-actin mRNA into developing neurites may be a sequence-specific mechanism to synthesize cytoskeletal proteins directly within processes and growth cones and would provide an additional means to deliver cytoskeletal proteins over long distances.


This paper concerns itself with the development of an a priori error analysis of an eddy current problem when applying the well‐known hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method. Up to the authors' knowledge, this kind of theoretical result has not been proved for this kind of problems. We consider nontrivial domains and heterogeneous media which contain conductor and insulating materials. When dealing with these domains, it is necessary to impose the divergence‐free condition explicitly in the insulator, what is done by means of a suitable Lagrange multiplier in that material. In the end, we deduce an equivalent HDG formulation that includes as unknowns the tangential and normal trace of a vector field. This represents a reduction in the degrees of freedom when compares with the standard DG methods. For this scheme, we conduct a consistency and local conservative analysis as well as its unique solvability. After that, we introduce suitable projection operators that help us to deduce the expected a priori error estimate, which provides estimated rates of convergence when additional regularity on the exact solution is assumed.


The dimensions of individuals of many phytoplankton species vary considerably during the population cycle and during long-term succession, as well as at any one point in time. Moreover, the type of size-frequency distribution also fluctuates by being, for example, normal on one occasion and variously departing from this condition on another. As a consequence, parametric and many non-parametric methods are of limited value in the statistical analysis of size data.

In this paper the graphical method of Sokal and Rohlf (1969), based on rankits, has been used to assess size spectra of algal plankton. Brief consideration is given to the effects of sample preservation on algal size, the need for a random choice of individuals to be measured, and the size of measuring unit to employ. Proformas are described which enable the microscopist without computer facilities to record measurements in a manner facilitating easy tabulation with rankits in readiness for graphing.

Seasonal information on size-frequency distributions for a number of algae are illustrated with rankit-dimension plots. A distinction is drawn in these results between what are usually normally, or near-normally distributed values, and those showing marked departures from the normal distribution.

The tendency to follow one or other of these 2 main types of distribution appears to be largely a function of the range of values (ratio of maximum to minimum value) in the sample, with the wider-ranging populations generally departing the most from the normal. The orientation of the measured axis with respect to the plane of cell division may also affect the form of the plots, and results must be interpreted with especial care where the mono-specificity of the samples is in doubt. Some experimental results are described in order to illustrate some uses of the rankit graph method in investigating environmental controls of size. These results indicate also the potential ability that dense swarms of zooplankton (Daphnia and Cyclops) have for altering the length spectra of Oscillatoria and Melosira threads.


Complexity and uncertainty define our world, now more than ever. Scholars and practitioners celebrate modular contract design as an especially effective tool to manage these challenges. Modularity divides complex structures into relatively discrete, independent components with simple connections. The benefits of this fundamental drafting approach are intuitive. Lawyers divide contracts into sections and provisions to make them easier to understand and reduce uncertainty. Dealmakers constructing complex transactions use portable agreements as building blocks to reduce drafting costs and enable innovation. Little attention, however, has been paid to the risks introduced by modularity in contracts.

This Article demonstrates how this touted and now-ingrained drafting approach introduces new forms of the very costs it seeks to minimize. The Article is the first to identify the types of risks introduced by modularity at the intra-contract level, among provisions, and the inter-contract level, among agreements that constitute deals. The Article groups these risks into three categories: First, "intertextualism," which occurs when the operation of a discrete, or even standard, provision seems clear in isolation but is made uncertain by the presence of other discrete terms. Second, "modular drift," which occurs when drafters transplant provisions specific to one transactional context into another transactional context, introducing uncertainty. Third, "latent triggers," which occur when compartmentalization invites error or obscures a nuance in the interaction among discrete provisions.

The Article urges courts to articulate distinctions between contract types and offers tools to contract drafters to mitigate uncertainty. It also makes a theoretical contribution with implications for contract doctrine and contract innovation. It shows how modularity can disrupt seemingly stable, standardized provisions, diminishing their certainty and imposing information costs on future drafters who seek to rely on precedent provisions or agreements. It thereby identifies a critical dimension of contract risk that complicates the balancing of standardization and private choice in contracts.


Long QT syndrome type 2 is caused by mutations in the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG). We previously reported that the N470D mutation is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but can be rescued to the plasma membrane by hERG channel blocker E-4031. The mechanisms of ER retention and how E-4031 rescues the N470D mutant are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the interaction of hERG channels with the ER chaperone protein calnexin. Using coimmunoprecipitation, we showed that the immature forms of both wild type hERG and N470D associated with calnexin. The association required N-linked glycosylation of hERG channels. Pulse-chase analysis revealed that N470D had a prolonged association with calnexin compared with wild type hERG and E-4031 shortened the time course of calnexin association with N470D. To test whether the prolonged association of N470D with calnexin is due to defective folding of mutant channels, we studied hERG channel folding using the trypsin digestion method. We found that N470D and the immature form of wild type hERG were more sensitive to trypsin digestion than the mature form of wild type hERG. In the presence of E-4031, N470D became more resistant to trypsin even when its ER-to-Golgi transport was blocked by brefeldin A. These results suggest that defective folding of N470D contributes to its prolonged association with calnexin and ER retention and that E-4031 may restore proper folding of the N470D channel leading to its cell surface expression.


This study examined the relationship between concentric and eccentric average force, peak force, average torque, and peak torque of the shoulder internal and external rotator muscle groups in 33 male subjects. Testing of the nondominant side was accomplished with the shoulder at 90 degrees of abduction and the arm in the frontal plane. Peak values for both force and torque were obtained from the highest point in the strength curves, whereas average values were obtained across the entire curve. Correlation matrices found a relationship between the isokinetic parameters of r = 0.86 to 0.97 for concentric external rotation, r = 0.94 to 0.99 for eccentric external rotation, r = 0.86 to 0.96 for concentric internal rotation, and r = 0.55 to 0.97 for eccentric internal rotation. The strong relationship between average and peak force and torque suggests any of these isokinetic parameters may be used for assessment of human muscular performance. Factors that potentially confound the interchangeable use of these parameters include damp, ramp, preload, and the range of motion through which isokinetic assessment occurs.


Among the most successful methods for sparsifying deep (neural) networks are those that adaptively mask the network weights throughout training. By examining this masking, or dropout, in the linear case, we uncover a duality between such adaptive methods and regularization through the so-called"$\eta$-trick"that casts both as iteratively reweighted optimizations. We show that any dropout strategy that adapts to the weights in a monotonic way corresponds to an effective subquadratic regularization penalty, and therefore leads to sparse solutions. We obtain the effective penalties for several popular sparsification strategies, which are remarkably similar to classical penalties commonly used in sparse optimization. Considering variational dropout as a case study, we demonstrate similar empirical behavior between the adaptive dropout method and classical methods on the task of deep network sparsification, validating our theory.


Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia, affecting 2% of the population and about 10% of those aged >80 years,1 and accounts for 1% of all National Health Service expenditure in the UK.2 Atrial fibrillation coexists with common conditions, both cardiovascular (such as hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus) and non-cardiovascular (thyroid disease, chest disease, etc), as well as with an increasingly older general population.1 Indeed, hospitalisation rates for atrial fibrillation have increased by nearly 2–3-fold.1 Thus, atrial fibrillation (and its comorbidities) will become an increasing healthcare burden.

The importance of this arrhythmia is reflected by the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with it. As atrial fibrillation is often asymptomatic, it is often diagnosed only when it has caused a (potentially serious) complication, such as an ischaemic stroke.

Appreciation of the clinical subtypes of atrial fibrillation may guide the approach to subsequent management. Atrial fibrillation is considered recurrent when a patient develops two or more episodes, which may be "paroxysmal" if they terminate spontaneously (defined by consensus as 7 days) or "persistent" if the arrhythmia requires electrical or pharmacological cardioversion for termination. Successful termination of atrial fibrillation does not alter the classification of persistent atrial fibrillation in these patients. Longstanding atrial fibrillation (defined as over a year) not successfully terminated by cardioversion, or when cardioversion is not pursued or deemed inappropriate, is classified as "permanent" (fig 1).

 Figure 1
 Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Screening for atrial fibrillation was outwith the scope of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline, but was recently addressed in the Screening for Atrial Fibrillation in the agEd (SAFE) study, which reported, in terms of a screening programme, that the only strategy that improved on routine practice was opportunistic screening, rather than targeted screening.3 As …


Despite the wealth of publications on children's and young people's participation in research, the connections between participatory research methods (PRM) and literacy studies remain unclear. The aim of this paper is to understand why it is particularly pertinent to use PRM in literacy studies (particularly New Literacy Studies). In order to capture the complexity and plurality of these methods, we discuss two studies, one conducted with children in Chile and the other with young people in Quebec (Canada). We argue that by using PRM, researchers can support participants in the appropriation of an alternative and potentially empowering view of literacy.


Your guide to quickly turn data into results. Transform your skills, data, and businessand create your own BI solutions using software you already know and love: Microsoft Excel. Two business intelligence (BI) experts take you inside PowerPivot functionality for Excel 2013, with a focus on real world scenarios, problem-solving, and data modeling. You'll learn how to quickly turn mass quantities of data into meaningful information and on-the-job resultsno programming required!Understand the differences between PowerPivot for Self Service BI and SQL Server Analysis Services for Corporate BI Extend your existing data-analysis skills to create your own BI solutions Quickly manipulate large data sets, often in millions of rows Perform simple-to-sophisticated calculations and what-if analysis Create complex reporting systems with data modeling and Data Analysis Expressions Share your results effortlessly across your organization using Microsoft SharePoint


This dissertation is the first attempt to examine the effects German commerce-raiding philosophies had on naval operations planning and construction policies from 1856 to 1888. Commerce-raiding doctrines reflected the awareness of the importance of overseas trade, provided a simple strategy for a second-class navy, and gave officers and crews a means of contributing to the war-effort. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the relationship between maritime commerce and the conduct of war at sea underwent a profound transformation. This alteration was the result of both changes in maritime law and in technological advances. The world's established navies were uncertain as to how best to exploit these new dynamics. At this time, Germany emerged as a new naval power. Unencumbered by centuries of tradition, naval officers were free to assess this new situation in the light of their current experiences serving as guardians of German commercial and political interests overseas. The very ships they used were ideally suited for a long-range cruiser warfare against enemy shipping. Furthermore, commerce-raiding gave the new navy an offensive function exclusive to itself, allowing it to create its own identity separate from the army and from the army officers who were the navy's initial leaders. The topic of commerce warfare in the German navy deserves a greater degree of coverage than it has received from scholars because of its importance in later debates regarding the German navy. When Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz adopted a policy emphasizing the construction of a fleet of battleships in 1897, he went against decades of tradition. When Germany lost the First World War, a bitter discussion ensued over the navy's failure. The leadership of the German navy never officially adopted cruiser warfare as a general strategy, but it never took the steps necessary to remove it as an option in case of war. This ambiguity reflected the continued interest of many naval officers in cruiser warfare. Nevertheless, the strategy of commerce warfare never received the one policy decision necessary for it to be feasible: a serious pursuit of overseas naval bases. The ambiguities of the German navy – was it for coastal defence, pitched battle, or high-seas raiding? – were not resolved until Tirpitz's controversial new direction in the late 1890s. This dissertation is a deliberate rejection of the notion that this connection can be explained solely by the influence of the French 'Jeune Ecole ' philosophy of commerce-raiding of the mid-1880s. The German navy had its own thoughts on cruiser warfare, developed by its own officers, before the 'Jeune Ecole' came into existence. Basing their ideas on the experience of the Confederate States in the American Civil War and on their own experience in the Franco-Prussian War, a number of senior naval officers were prepared to have the navy engage in a war on commerce which was neither as profit-motivated as the now-outlawed privateering nor as ruthless as the new French theories. These…


The TSH receptor plays a pivotal role in thyroid gland function, growth, and differentiation, but little is known about its role or regulation in the fetus and neonate. To explore these questions, we systematically evaluated TSH receptor gene expression at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) in thyroid glands obtained from rat fetuses and neonates, from 14 days gestation to day 5 of postnatal life. Results were compared with histological evidence of differentiation and to thyroid-specific gene expression. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis revealed that TSH mRNA was first detected at low levels on fetal day 15, but it increased 3- to 15-fold on fetal days 17-18. Up-regulation of TSH receptor mRNA on fetal day 17-18 was accompanied by the first appearance of colloid formation and of follicular development on morphological examination. It was also paralleled by increased expression of the thyroid-specific genes thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid peroxidase. Unexpectedly, TSH mRNA abundance was 2- to 3-fold higher in pregnant dams than in nonpregnant adult females or adult males. In view of the 8-day lapse between the first appearance of the thyroid diverticulum and up-regulation of TSH receptor gene expression, we conclude that pituitary TSH, acting through its receptor, plays an important role in terminal thyroid maturation, but it is not involved earlier in gestation. Similarly, these data support previous evidence that the weak thyrotropic activity of human CG could not be of significance in early fetal thyroid gland development. The increased TSH receptor mRNA on fetal day 17-18 may be attributable to up-regulation by TSH, which is first secreted into the fetal circulation at this time. The significance of the increased TSH receptor expression during pregnancy remains to be explored.


A common goal of payload encoders is to evade a thirdparty detection mechanism which is actively observing attack traffic somewhere along the route from an attacker to their target, filtering on commonly used payload instructions. The use of a payload encoder may be easily detected and blocked as well as opening up the opportunity for the payload to be decoded for further analysis. Even so-called keyed encoders utilize easily observable, recoverable, or guessable key values in their encoding algorithm, thus making decoding on-the-fly trivial once the encoding algorithm is identified. It is feasible that an active observer may make use of the inherent functionality of the decoder stub to decode the payload of a suspected exploit in order to inspect the contents of that payload and make a control decision about the network traffic. This paper presents a new method of keying an encoder which is based entirely on contextual information that is predictable or known about the target by the attacker and constructible or recoverable by the decoder stub when executed at the target. An active observer of the attack traffic however should be unable to decode the payload due to lack of the contextual keying information.


Feminist analyses of International Political Economy (IPE) currently face a significant epistemological challenge. By seeking to engage with mainstream political economists, feminist IPE scholars have narrowed the interdisciplinary approach that is common in most contemporary feminist scholarship to instead focus almost exclusively on the effects of neoliberal globalization. However, this focus has proved unsuccessful in garnering the interest of most mainstream international political economists and has isolated these scholars from feminist research in other disciplines. This paper argues that feminist IPE could gain significant leverage within its field by employing an interdisciplinary approach that links broader feminist issue such as violence against women to political economy. This is examined by reviewing some of the major feminist works in IPE and assessing their reception within the field of IPE. Next, the potential for broader feminist issues to garner mainstream attention in IPE is assessed by evaluating the economic implications of violence against women. In altering their epistemology to include a broader feminist analysis, feminist IPE scholars can effectively illustrate the need for feminist analysis in IPE while also wedding their research to the rich, interdisciplinary research of feminists in other fields.


It may be useful to identify the many matters about which, I believe, Martha Fineman and I agree in order to delineate more precisely our areas of disagreement. Fineman, for example, does not appear to question my historical periodization. She seems to accept my findings that the 1920s and 1930s were decades of legal enforcement of conventional morality; that the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s were a time in which the law grew more permissive toward male sexual freedom and excess; and that in the 1970s the trend toward ever-expanding freedom was, in general, stopped and sometimes even reversed, as feminists began to articulate the harms to which excesses of freedom led. It is significant that Fineman does not question this doctrinal description of the "evolving eras of judicial action and reaction."1 Instead, Fineman looks for disagreement by focusing on my "choices of both subject and language," on the "tendencies of selection, omission, and nuance" that shape my essay, and on "a consideration of the interstices of [my] language" (p. 346). She finds that my refusal explicitly to position myself within the range of normative scholarship addressing the subjects considered historically in my essay2 results in a narrative that is ambiguous and confusing. As is suggested by her choice of subtitle"The Plot Might Change but the Message Remains the Same"Fineman assumes that my lack of overt support for feminist normative positions amounts to a reactionary rejection of them. In fact, I have great sympathy for them. I totally agree with the fact observed by feminist scholars that the sexual freedom which judges legitimated in mid-twentieth-century New York frequently resulted in "The


This thesis explores the stories of three women. They are different stories connected by experiences of first or second generation migration, ambiguous identities, belonging and otherness. I also connect the stories as I am one of the women, my cousin is another and the third is my friend. My interest is both personal and professional as this research serves both my personal interest in our lives and careers, and my professional concern as a practitioner about the development of career counselling practice to meet the needs of clients.
The search for and interpretation of meaning (Bruner,1990) informed the methodology and analysis of this work. I do not seek a 'truthful account' of our stories, accurate in their telling, but a 'truth seeking' narrative, what memories and stories mean to the teller.
The methodology is auto/biographical. I began the research where my thoughts and questions began, with my own story. This is neither autobiographical nor biographical research, it is an interplay between the two. The '/' both connects and divides my story and those of my participants (Merrill and West, 2009). I reflected upon images, memories, collage and discussion about my own life and career. The stories of my co-participants, gathered through loosely structured interview and using artefacts, poems and family histories, are rich in themselves but their intersection with my own story is also part of the heuristic nature of the methodology. The interviews, lasting one to two hours, were recorded and fully transcribed, and those transcripts shared with my co-participants for accuracy. A second interview, after a period of reflection on the transcription was conducted with one participant. In this follow-up interview, questions were shaped by events and elements in the story that were of particular interest and were then able to be explored further. With the other participant a full weekend of discussion followed the interview, which brought in other family members, reflections and stories.
The analysis of the material is holistic and considers the ethnography, process and Gestalt of our interactions (Merrill and West, 2009). The meaning in these lives and careers is a co-construction from themes within each story and also the shared meaning between them. The three stories present windows into very different lives and careers, but also into recognisable and shared struggles and resolutions. Although personal agency is at the heart of each story, this is set within and shaped by the family, history and communities in which each of us grew.
The work of Jung (1938), Adler (1923), Frosh (1991) and later of Savickas (2011) provided some theoretical 'heavy lifting' in understanding the relationship between personal identities and career. Each is invited into the thesis to comment upon and to illuminate the processes at work in this shared space. They help to understand the relationship between the threads and themes in these stories and how they create a tapestry of meaning for the teller.
Insights into the three stories offer a critique of the dominant models of professional practice in career counselling. Such critique follows a now well established paradigm shift in career theory in response to the changing nature of work and of social structures (Bauman, 2000; 2005: Frosh, 1991) and an increased interest in contextualism in career counselling (Richardson, 2002). Social constructionist theories and models include Savickas' (2011) Career Construction Theory in which he identified the significance of pre-occupations as threads that accompany us through career and life, connecting the plots, characters and scripts into a story that in the telling has meaning and purpose. Pre-occupations in our three stories were identified from themes in the interviews and in other material and the pre-occupation that united us was the clarification and construction of our identities. Sometimes it was a clear and painful roar and sometimes a quiet question hidden within micronarratives that were re-membered in our conversations. Career provided us with a stage whereon identity was more or less resolved and reconstructed.
The significance of the relationship between personal and career identity emerges as the key argument of this thesis and a counter narrative for career counselling. It provides an alternative to neoliberal, individualistic, outcome driven practice (Irving, 2013), and has at its heart an acknowledgement of the relationship between who we believe ourselves to be and what we do in our lives. I conclude that such a counter narrative must be illustrated first within the development of the curriculum for the training and education of careers practitioners. It must also be reflected in the development of models of career theory and counselling. In this way it will be secured within the practice of careers professionals for future generations.
On a broader level there is much that the exploration into the relationship between personal and career identity can illuminate outside the specific context of career counselling. Social and political concerns about radicalisation and the construction of identity in migrant communities may be illuminated by the insights offered by this thesis. Moreover as identities become more mixed and complex in 'liquid modern' worlds (Bauman, 2000) this thesis offers a further understanding of the scaffolding that is needed for identity construction and life planning, when traditional structures are hard to find.


Born into wealth in 1860's London, Beatrix Potter always had a vivid imagination. Her early interests included natural history and archaeology, and Potter delighted in sketching fossils and fungi. After briefly illustrating Christmas cards with her brother, Bertram, Potter wrote and illustrated her well-known book, The Tale of Peter Rabbit. The book was rejected by several publishes until Frederick Warne eventually took a risk and published the story in 1902 - a risk that paid off. Peter Rabbit was a huge success and readers loved hearing about Peter's mischevious adventures in the lush English countryside. As she got older, Beatrix Potter became a proud conservationist, working hard to defend the landscape she loved so well against industrialization and logging. Now over one hundred years old, Peter Rabbit and his animal friends have become cultural touchstones and continue to delight readers of all ages.


In this study, I examine variations in the textual complexity of annual report narrative disclosures using the Fog Readability Index and Fin-Neg word list Tone Index given year and industry effects. I analyse accounting narrative Readability and Tone based on firm years, associations between the two narrative measures, and industry data. Tests of the relationship between Readability and Tone show that negative narratives have higher Readability scores, supporting the obfuscation hypothesis that bad news tends to be more difficult to read. A year analysis shows that the negative relationship between Readability and Tone increases in significance over time (2006-2011). An industry analysis shows that the observed obfuscation tends to persist in basic materials; consumer services; financial; technology; and utilities industries. This study shows that considering the effect of variations between industry and firm years can inform annual report textual complexity research and associated empirical analyses.


OBJECTIVE
To identify the normal gastric acid secretion profile in dogs and determine the degree of gastric acid suppression associated with 4 gastric acid suppressants.

ANIMALS
12 healthy Beagles.

PROCEDURE
Intragastric pH was measured continuously for 24-hour periods with a digital recording system placed via a gastrostomy tube. Baseline measurements were obtained when food was withheld and when dogs were fed a standard diet. Dogs were then treated with ranitidine (2 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h), famotidine (0.5 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h), pantoprazole (1 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h), omeprazole (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h), or saline solution for 7 days; intragastric pH was recorded on days 0, 2, and 6. Subsequently, the effects of administering famotidine (0.5 mg/kg, IV, q 8 h; 6 dogs) and omeprazole as a suspension (1 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h; 6 dogs) were evaluated. Median 24-hour intragastric pH, percentage of time pH was > or = 3, and percentage of time pH was > or = 4 were determined.

RESULTS
Median pH, percentage of time pH was > or = 3, and percentage of time pH was > or = 4 were all significantly higher when food was withheld than when dogs were fed. Famotidine, pantoprazole, and omeprazole significantly suppressed gastric acid secretion, compared with saline solution, as determined on the basis of median 24-hour pH and percentages of time pH was > or = 3 or > or = 4. However, ranitidine did not. Omeprazole suspension suppressed gastric acid secretion.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that in healthy dogs, famotidine, pantoprazole, and omeprazole significantly suppress gastric acid secretion. Twice daily administration of a suspension of omeprazole, was the only regimen tested that approached the potential therapeutic efficacy for acid-related disease when assessed by criteria used for human patients.


In spite of the initialization problem, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is widely used for estimating the parameters in several data mining related tasks. Most popular model-based clustering techniques might yield poor clusters if the parameters are not initialized properly. To reduce the sensitivity of initial points, a novel algorithm for learning mixture models from multivariate data is introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of TRUST-TECH (TRansformation Under STability- reTaining Equilibra CHaracterization) to compute neighborhood local maxima on likelihood surface using stability regions. Basically, our method coalesces the advantages of the traditional EM with that of the dynamic and geometric characteristics of the stability regions of the corresponding nonlinear dynamical system of the log-likelihood function. Two phases namely, the EM phase and the stability region phase, are repeated alternatively in the parameter space to achieve improvements in the maximum likelihood. Though applied to Gaussian mixtures in this paper, our technique can be easily generalized to any other parametric finite mixture model. The algorithm has been tested on both synthetic and real datasets and the improvements in the performance compared to other approaches are demonstrated. The robustness with respect to initialization is also illustrated experimentally.


Contemporary legal discourse differentiates "civil rights" from "civil liberties." The former are generally understood as protections against discriminatory treatment, the latter as freedom from oppressive government authority. This Article explains how this differentiation arose and considers its consequences.Although there is a certain underlying logic to the civil rights-civil liberties divide, it in fact is the product of the unique circumstances of a particular moment in history. In the early years of the Cold War, liberal anticommunists sought to distinguish their incipient interest in the cause of racial equality from their belief that national security required limitations on the speech and due process rights of suspected subversives. Toward this end, they took two terms that had generally been used interchangeably and they created the civil rights-civil liberties distinction. Civil rights would forever after be attached to the struggle for racial equality and subsequent campaigns against other forms of public and private discrimination. Civil liberties would be attached to claims of individual freedom against generally applicable government regulatory power. The civil rights-civil liberties divide was contested from the beginning, however. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the radical left condemned the divide as a tool for politically powerful liberal anticommunists to separate themselves from the declining fortunes of their former New Deal allies. In the 1960s, a new generation of critics of the divide made the case that the battles against discrimination and government oppression were indivisible. Some advocated a new label, "human rights," which would subsume the categories of civil rights and civil liberties, while also recognizing social welfare rights. Despite these revisionist efforts, the civil rights-civil liberties divide survives, still contested, but also reinforced as each new generation puts it to new uses. This Article not only reconstructs the largely forgotten history of the origins of the civil rights-civil liberties divide, it also identifies the ways in which labeling and categorizing the legal landscape can advance or impede legal change.


We study a dynamic variant of the die-under-the-cup task where players can repeatedly misreport the outcomes of consecutive die rolls to earn more money, either under a non- competitive piece rate scheme or in a two-player competitive tournament. In this dynamic setting we test (i) whether giving continuous feedback (vs. final ex post feedback) on the opponent's reported outcome to both players encourages cheating behavior, and (ii) to what extent this influence depends on the incentive scheme in use (piece rate vs. tournament). We also vary whether the opponent is able to cheat or not. We find that people lie more when placed in a competitive rather than a non-competitive setting, but only if both players can cheat in the tournament. Continuous feedback on the counterpart's reports increases cheating under the piece-rate scheme but not in a competitive setting. Our results provide new insights on the role that feedback plays on cheating behavior in dynamic settings under different payment schemes, and shed light on the origins of the effect of competition on dishonesty.


TO THE EDITOR: We agree with virtually all of the points raised by Drs. Scally and Tan, except for a minor semantic issue regarding their suggestion that anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism represents a possible "confounding variable" in the diagnosis of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. To explain, we need to carefully define our terms. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism is certainly a common physiologic response to chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid exposure, and it may contribute to anabolic-androgenic steroid withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms, in turn, are a cluster of physical and psychological symptoms that may occur after discontinuing a drug that induces physiological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms are only one of the seven DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence and are neither necessary nor sufficient for a DSM-IV diagnosis of substance dependence. With these definitions in mind, then, we would say that anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism represents simply one underlying mechanism for the etiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid withdrawal symptoms and should not be considered a confounder for making a DSM-IV diagnosis of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. As an example, opioid withdrawal is caused in part by abnormal signaling at central opioid receptors (1). However, this abnormal receptor activity is not a "confounding variable" in diagnosing opioid dependence. Rather, it is one of the underlying mechanisms of opioid withdrawal, and opioid withdrawal, in turn, is a frequent (but not necessary) criterion for diagnosing opioid dependence. Similarly, if an anabolic-androgenic steroid user suppresses his own testosterone production as a result of prolonged exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid administration and then develops consequent hypogonadal symptoms upon withdrawing (2), these withdrawal symptoms would legitimately count as one criterion (although not a necessary criterion) for the diagnosis of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. On the basis of these considerations, we would agree with Drs. Scally and Tan that anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism needs to be differentiated from anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence, since not all patients who suffer from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism will qualify for a diagnosis of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. However, we would suggest that anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism does not disqualify an individual from a diagnosis of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence either. Instead, anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism represents one of the primary mechanisms of anabolic-androgenic steroid withdrawal and physiological dependence.


Members of a large family of odorant receptors found in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the main olfactory epithelium detect volatile odorants. Liberles and Buck prepared cDNA and then performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to search mouse OSNs for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that had not been implicated previously in taste, odor, or pheromone detection. They identified two members of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family of GPCRs, which have been hypothesized to act in the brain as receptors for biogenic trace amines, such as tyramine and β-phenylethylamine. Further analysis with qPCR and in situ hybridization indicated that eight of nine mouse taar genes were expressed in olfactory epithelium and that, like odorant receptors, different TAARs are found in different OSNs. TAARs did not appear to be coexpressed with olfactory receptors but were coexpressed with Gαolf, the family of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) α subunits through which odorant receptors signal. Individual mouse or human TAARs were coexpressed with an adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent reporter gene in HEK293 cells that were cultured with potential ligands. Three mouse TAARs responded to volatile amines present in mouse urine: One detected β-phenylethylamine, which is associated with stress, and two others detected substances present in greater abundance in male than female urine. Thus, the authors propose that the TAARs may represent a family of chemosensory receptors that are functionally distinct from odorant receptors and appear to be associated with the detection of social cues. Ngai discusses implications of the research. S. D. Liberles, L. B. Buck, A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Nature 442, 645-650 (2006). [PubMed] J. Ngai, An extra dimension to olfaction. Nature 442, 637-638 (2006). [PubMed]


The loss of ecosystems in cities may involve high long-term economic costs and severe impacts on social, cultural, and economic values. However, it is difficult to put a number on the benefits of urban green spaces. Limited research has been conducted on people's preference for urban green spaces in developing countries and how much they are willing to pay for these benefits. Thus, this research contributes to sustainable urbanization by considering preferences and the value that residents place on potential improvements to urban green spaces in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We found that residents would be willing to pay up to 64 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per month (about USD 2.28) for availability of a large multi-use park close to their homestead. Residents are less willing to pay as park distance to a neighborhood increases. Their next preference was for access to a green walking or bicycling route that would give them the option to access the city without traffic congestion. For this, they would pay up to 6.8 ETB per kilometer per month. For development of spaces for urban agriculture practices, they would pay up to 4.4 ETB per month per percentage improvement. Residents also were willing to pay for urban nature restoration programs, up to 7.64 ETB per month for each percent improvement of urban forest cover. They prefer urban forest conservation to rivers and streams rehabilitation. Our results highlight that city planners should consider the variations in residents' preferences for urban green spaces and the services they provide. JEL Codes: Q57, Q26, Q51


Novel online file sharing technologies have created new market dynamics and posed a great challenge to the music industry to try and retain customers. Consumers have created anonymous online networks to exchange audio files at little cost, which has led to millions of shared, illegal copies of music files and related sales losses to the industry. Legal efforts to counter this trend have lagged the advances in technology. This research presents an analysis of selling strategies that can increase a music seller's revenues as online piracy continues to flourish. We study and compare scenarios of traditional music store selling with those of online-based strategies. We model and analyze pure per-unit, pure subscription and mixed strategies for online music services. Analytical modeling, empirical study and simulation analysis were used to investigate the issues in detail. Our results suggest that the quality of pirated music and search effort have a significant impact on viable strategies. For instance, as the quality of pirated music approaches that of a legal online seller, the per unit service becomes the least viable option. An interesting finding was that strategies that minimize piracy do not necessarily maximize revenues. In fact, both revenues and social welfare can be maximized in the subscription-based environment, even though they may lead to higher levels of piracy. Our research findings not only offer insights into an online experience market, but can also serve as a contemporary reflection on other similar information markets.


The Western States Roofing Contractors Association (WSRCA), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) roofing manufacturers, and the National Research Council Canada started a TPO Weathering Farm Project in 2000 to examine weathering characteristics of TPO roof membranes by exposing them to various weather conditions of four distinctly different climatic regions in the Western United States. The goal was to provide technical and performance information to the Western States Roofing Contractors Association membership, and the North American roofing community at large, regarding TPO roof membranes' attributes, performance properties, and resistance to weathering. The results are applicable to other regions in North America as the roofs are in four distinctive climate zones (hot and dry, hot and humid, cold and damp, moderate with wet and dry periods). The results and laboratory analyses (thickness, DMA, FTIR, TG/DTG) performed on the TPO roof membranes that were exposed for seven years in the various conditions will be summarized.


Abstract Background. Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology while Oral Lichenoid Reaction (OLR) is a condition mimicking OLP. As these conditions are exposed to oxidative stress, they could release reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are implicated in the pathogenesis of a plethora of inflammatory conditions to lethal diseases. We evaluated and compared the levels of a series of oxidative stress markers in patients with OLP and OLR with that of normal controls and tried to identify the role of these oxidative stress markers in these conditions. Methods. Protein thiol oxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant activity were estimated in both the groups (OLP and OLR) and compared with that of normal subjects. Results. There were significantly lower levels of serum protein thiols in OLP (p < 0.005) while in patients with OLR the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.489) when compared with controls. Serum MDA levels were significantly higher in OLP (p < 0.001) and OLR (p < 0.001) than in controls. However, there was no significant difference in serum MDA levels between OLP and OLR patients (p >0.05), but with a significant difference in serum thiol levels between the two (p < 0.047). Total antioxidant levels were lower in OLP (p < 0.016) and OLR (p < 0.017) when compared to normal subjects, while between the study group total antioxidant levels were not significantly different (p < 0.632). Conclusions. The findings from the present study demonstrate involvement of ROS in the pathogenesis of OLP and OLR, though both these disease conditions have a different clinical course.


Concur Mobile Book travel and prepare expense reports on your mobile device. Take photos of your receipts and save them to your Available Receipts area. Approvers can also approve expense reports. Using Concur Mobile [2] TripIt Pro Get real-time flight alerts and notifications. TripIt Pro automatically organizes any travel confirmation emails you forward into your daily itineraries. Share specific plans or your entire itinerary with others. Check directions, maps, and weather from the itinerary. TripIt Pro is free if you activate it through the Concur Travel & Expense System. Using TripIt Pro [3] Available Receipts Area Store images of your receipts until you're ready to add them to the appropriate expense reports. You can save receipts to the Available Receipts area by emailing them to firstname.lastname@example.com [4], by taking pictures of them with Concur Mobile, or by uploading scanned images. Attaching Documents Using the Available Receipts Area [5] Delegates: Emailing Receipts to the Available Receipts Area [6]


Background The readiness of academics to engage in the service-learning (SL) institutionalisation process is not accentuated in research on SL institutionalisation in South Africa. The argument has been advanced that SL scholarship and willingness of key stakeholders are crucial for SL institutionalisation at the academic programme level. Aim The research focus of the study being reported here was on readiness of respondents to embed SL in the curricula of the nursing programme. Method This study used a quantitative, exploratory and descriptive design. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a stratified sample comprising 34 respondents. The data were analysed for descriptive statistics using SPSS 19. Results The demographic profile of the respondents indicated that 31 (66%) were between 31 and 50 years old; 36 (75.16%) had a minimum of 10 years' nursing experience; 19 (39.6%) had a master's degree, two (4.2%) had a doctorate; and 29 (60.4%) had been employed by the school for a maximum of five years. The results indicated that the nurse educators were in need of SL capacity-building because 9 (18.8%) had limited or no knowledge of SL and 24 (50%) confused SL with other forms of community engagement activities. However, only 15 (33%) of the clinical supervisors and 13 (27%) of the lecturers indicated a willingness to participate in such a programme. Conclusion The school was not ready to embed SL in the academic programme because of a lack of SL scholarship and willingness to remediate the identified theory–practice gaps.


Plague is a re‐emerging zoonotic disease and a major public health concern in several portions of the world, especially in Madagascar. We report on the presence of different subtypes of Yersinia pestis co‐occurring in the same locality. After confirmation of a human plague case in Ambohitromby Commune (Ankazobe District) via isolation of Y. pestis, we undertook small mammal trapping to identify the circulation of Y. pestis amongst rodents in this locality; blood samples were collected from rodents for seroprevalence analysis. Of the 60 individuals of Rattus rattus captured, one yielded an isolate of Y. pestis, 13 others were positive for F1 antigen of Y. pestis using a rapid diagnostic test, and 4 were PCR positive targeting the caf1 and pla genes; 28/60 (46.7%) of the captured R. rattus were seropositive for Y. pestis. Whole‐genome SNP analyses revealed that the two isolates obtained from the human case, and the R. rattus belonged to two different subtypes of Y. pestis (s05 and s13, respectively) that were circulating concurrently in Ambohitromby in 2016. Three Y. pestis subtypes (s03, s05 and s13) have now been isolated from Ambohitromby. Subtype s05 had been persisting there for >10 years but one or both of the other subtypes may have been introduced from the Central Highlands region as they were not observed in previous years (s13) or only observed once previously (s03). High seroprevalence against Y. pestis in R. rattus suggests that a portion of the local murine population may have acquired resistance to Y. pestis. Future research should focus on genomically characterizing Y. pestis strains circulating in Ankazobe District and other plague‐endemic regions of Madagascar to better understand the overall phylogeography of Y. pestis.


A bibliographic database comprising 17 604 references on biogeochemistry and distur- bances in coastal ecosystems was compiled for the period 1971 to 2004 from the Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts and the Web of Science databases. The coastal ocean received increased atten- tion starting in the early 1990s, as shown by the increase in the rate of publication, both in absolute number (2-fold increase of the yearly rate) and relative to the publication rate of all disciplines (3-fold increase). The number of publications on each ecosystem type and the geographic location of study sites are not proportional to their respective surface area. By this measure, estuaries and the open continental shelf are, respectively, over- and under-investigated, and the research effort is dispropor- tionately high in some areas (e.g. the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, the subjects of 41% of the publications) and low in other areas (e.g. high-latitude coastal zones and the western Pacific). The cycling of inorganic nutrients is the biogeochemical process receiving the highest research effort (46% of the publications). Although controversial, exchanges with the atmosphere, including CO2, have been poorly investigated, with only 1.3% of the publications. The magnitude of scientific community publishing increased 13-fold during the period of investigation, also demon- strating the growing interest in coastal biogeochemistry and disturbances. Moreover, the lists of authors have become longer, perhaps indicating research projects wider in scope. Senior authors from 137 countries contributed papers; the EU25 and the USA contributed about 1 ⁄3 of the publications each. The number of publications per million inhabitants is highly correlated to the gross domestic product per inhabitant, but some countries perform better (the Scandinavian countries, Australia, New Zealand and Canada) or less well (Japan, the USA and Italy) than average. The number of cita- tions of the publications is highly variable and indicates that barriers between disciplines still exist. At least 2 specialized journals (Estuaries and Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science) are among the most relevant journals, but Marine Ecology Progress Series is the single most important source of lit- erature in the fields of coastal biogeochemistry and disturbances. This diagnostic should be useful to the research community and funding agencies to address the present imbalances in research alloca- tion and to steer attention to geographical areas and processes that remain poorly investigated. Only then can the role of the coastal ocean on the global biogeochemical cycles and its response to climatic and anthropogenic disturbances be clarified.


Many large semantic systems can be described as semantic grids of semantic grids with large amounts of relatively static services and associated semantic information combined with multiple dynamic regions (sessions or subgrids) where the semantic information is changing rapidly. We design a hybrid Information Service supporting both the scalability of large amounts of relatively slowly varying data and a high performance rapidly updated information service for dynamic regions. We use the two Web service standards UDDI and WS-Context in our system.


ABSTRACTThis paper presents chemical characteristics of diesel particulate matter (DPM). A heavy-duty diesel engine was tested in ETC cycle with an engine dynamometer. The DPM was sampled with quartz fiber membrane and organic membrane filter. Quartz fiber membrane was used for total carbon (TC) and particle-phase PAHs (p-PAHs) measurement, while the organic membrane was used for inorganic elements measurement. On the quartz fiber membrane, the total of 15 elements detected were 11% of DPM mass. Ca, Si, Na and Al were the major components, accounted for 79% of the 15 elements mass. On the organic membrane, total carbon (elemental carbon + organic carbon) was 90% of total DPM mass. Three-ring p-PAHs were the major components (66%) of total p-PAHs mass followed by four-ring (18%) and two-ring (16%). The FLT/(FLT + PYR) ratio was 0.62, indicative of diesel vehicle emissions.