Whether dealing with social work, humanitarian assistance, solidarity or cooperation, the multilingual linguistic resources necessary for supporting social mediators within the domain of humanitarian work are significantly lacking. Institutional infrastructures which could be capable of fulfilling these needs end up being excessively rigid and sluggish in responding to the complex linguistic situations in which people in vulnerable circumstances find themselves immersed. As such, in times of need and of assistance following a natural disaster, or as a consequence of armed conflict or due to reasons of social injustice, the traditional, linear and hierarchical processes of terminology production prove inadequate when the tools critical for dealing with urgent situations must be provided.Unlike the methods typically used in industrial societies, the "network society" proposes new models of collaborative work patterned on virtual communities. This article takes as its premise that the hacker spirit, a key aspect of the "network society" (Castells 2011), is an exceptional point of reference around which new processes for terminology work can be developed. The goal of the article is to explore this terrain and show how these ideas have actually been implemented in practice through the creation of the collaborative platform Humanterm.


Recently, trust-based routing has received much attention as an effective way to improve security of wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs). Although various trust metrics have been designed and incorporated into the routing metrics, as far as we know, none of the existing works have used mathematical tools such as routing algebra to analyze the compatibility of trust related routing metrics and routing protocols in WANETs. In this paper, we first identify unique features of trust metrics compared with QoS-based routing metrics. Then, we provide a systematic analysis of the relationship between trust metrics and trust-based routing protocols by identifying the basic algebraic properties that a trust metric must have in order to work correctly and optimally with different generalized distance-vector or link-state routing protocols in WANETs. Moreover, we extend our framework to model the interactions between different trust-based routing protocols. Finally, our results are applied to check the compatibility of the trust metrics proposed in previous literature and the popular routing protocols used in WANETs.


Marks are traditionally said to serve three functions that are separate from the goals of other forms of IP: source identification, advertising, and guarantee of quality. The story, however, that patents and copyrights incentivize creation and that trademarks do not fulfill that purpose does not withstand scrutiny. This Article argues that brands have evolved in such a way that they serve important incentivizing purposes of their own, and that trademark law influences their ability to do so. This Article identifies three generally neglected functions of trademarks. The first pertains to the creation of original, unique marks and brands in and of themselves. Indeed, this Article contends that marks and brands possess a fan base that engages in artistic and other appreciation similar to the enjoyment derived from copyrighted works. The second underexplored function of trademarks and brands is to combine with products and provide new hedonic experiences to consumers in a way that is qualitatively little different from experiences of copyrighted or patented goods. Third, and perhaps most controversially, trademarks and brands — in part, but not exclusively, through the creation of status goods — may incentivize socially desirable behavior such as hard work and productivity that may increase overall economic welfare. This Article thus seeks to restore, or rather construct for the first time, as a theoretical matter the stature of trademarks as a full member of the family of intellectual property. The conclusion results that any future changes to trademark law and policy must account for effects on the incentivizing functions of marks.


This is a small sampling of Mark Twain's life-long fulminations against the editors, printers, and proofreaders who, subtly or grossly, altered his work and shrouded his intentions as they transmitted his writing from manuscript to type. Through unauthorized changes and inadvertent errors, Mark Twain's first publishers brought out texts full of thousands of errors in form and content. Later publishers then based their reprints on these corrupt editions and added errors of their own. It is the aim of the Iowa-California edition to strip away this accretion of error and present texts faithful to the author's intention. By comparing all the life-time version of Mark Twain's works, the editors are able to isolate the author's revisions from the printers and publishers' changes. The record of this comparison supplies not only the evidence for editorial decisions, but also the history of the author's efforts to shape his work. In addition, these volumes include previously uncollected work, work that has long been out of print, and such unpublished writing as related drafts, working notes, and marginalia. The texts are established at the Center for Textual Studies at the University of Iowa or at the Mark Twain Papers in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. The costs for editorial work have been met by generous support from the Editing Program of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency, and other institutional and private donors. The edition is published by the University of California Press with financial assistance from the Graduate College at the University of Iowa. All volumes are submitted to the Center for Editions of american Authors, or to its successor, the Committee for Scholarly Editions, for examination and approval.


This paper studies whether structural properties of friendship networks affect individual outcomes in education. We first develop a model that shows that, at the Nash equilibrium, the outcome of each individual embedded in a network is proportional to her Katz-Bonacich centrality measure. This measure takes into account both direct and indirect friends of each individual but puts less weight to her distant friends. We then bring the model to the data by using a very detailed dataset of adolescent friendship networks. We show that, after controlling for observable individual characteristics and unobservable network specific factors, the individual's position in a network (as measured by her Katz-Bonacich centrality) is a key determinant of her level of activity. A standard deviation increase in the Katz-Bonacich centrality increases the pupil school performance by more than 7 percent of one standard deviation.


The seasonal distributions of humpback and blue whales (Megupteru novaeungliae and Balaenoptera musculus, respectively) in the North Atlantic Ocean are not fully understood. Although humpbacks have been studied intensively in nearshore or coastal feeding and breeding areas, their migratory movements between these areas have been largely inferred. Blue whales have only been studied intensively along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and their seasonal occurrence and movements elsewhere in the North Atlantic are poorly known. We investigated the historical seasonal distributions of these two species using sighting and catch data extracted from American 18th and 19th century whaling logbooks. These data suggest that humpback whales migrated seasonally from low-latitude calving/ breeding grounds over a protracted period, and that some of them traveled far offshore rather than following coastal routes. Also, at least some humpbacks apparently fed early in the summer west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, well south of their known present-day feeding grounds. In assessing the present status of the North Atlantic humpback population, it will be important to determine whether such offshore feeding does in fact occur. Blue whales were present across the southern half of the North Atlantic during the autumn and winter months, and farther north in spring and summer, but we had too few data points to support inferences about these whales' migratory timing and routes.


OBJECTIVE
The ease of online searching has diminished people's expectations of privacy and the ability to control access to information about oneself, which can alter basic assumptions about the therapy relationship.

METHOD
This grounded theory study explored psychotherapists' experiences of searching online for patients and being searched for by patients, among 28 clinicians of primarily psychodynamic orientation.

RESULTS
Many therapists search online for information about patients, but often minimize or rationalize this action and do not share it with their patients. Meanwhile, while they believe their patients search for them, they find it difficult to raise the topic directly in therapy. Thus, when it comes to online searching and discovery of information, an air of secrecy pervades the therapeutic relationship.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the serious implications that the pervasiveness of online searching has for the treatment relationship, therapists lack sufficient support for exploring their motivations, curiosities, and urges surrounding this action.


President Trump has used emergency powers to achieve key parts of his policy agenda, exemplified by his travel ban, funding for the border wall, and tariffs on many imports He has also declared the 2020 coronavirus pandemic a national emergency, but has taken relatively little action under this declaration to date This Essay examines how the Administration has invoked emergency powers in these and other settings, along with the responses of the courts This Essay also considers how these actions could be used as precedents by future Presidents, such as declaring a climate change emergency Finally, this Essay discusses the risks of normalizing the use of emergency powers, along with the forces that may impel Presidents in that direction Although overuse of emergency powers is the problem that has received most attention, Trump's response to the coronavirus illustrates the possibility for abusing discretion in the opposite direction The discretion inherent in emergency powers may sometimes prevent needed government actions when taking them would be politically unpalatable to the President Thus, whether a power is exercised or not, reposing unlimited discretion in the President comes with serious risks as well as possible benefits


This article will explore how the negative discourses surrounding asylum seekers and
refugees in Britain since the mid-1990s has been conditioned by the operation of certain
logics of postcolonialism and neo-liberal modernity. Sensationalist headlines about 'asylum
shopping' in the run up to the institution of the Dublin conventions, and continuing
curtailments upon the freedom of movement of those seeking asylum across as well as within
borders, signify a more fundamental insecurity in the identity of the neo-liberal subject. The
article explores how erosions of collective models of solidarity and a dominant discourse
promoting entrepreneurialism of the self have contributed to a negative and unjust asylum
discourse in Britain. In this, outrage at asylum seekers' perceived exercising of choice and
freedom of movement have been indexed to deep-seated fears and uncertainties about the
future, aspirations and opportunities (paranoia) and nostalgia for a more secure national or
social identity in the past (melancholia). However, in drawing attention to the tenuous
boundaries between neoliberal freedoms and controls upon choice, the news media and
political discourses on 'asylum shopping' harbours a potential to subvert the very boundaries
they ostensibly reinforce. Drawing upon post-Marxist and cultural studies theory this paper
will seek to highlight the instabilities and fissures in dominant discourses surrounding asylum
and refugee issues in Britain from which possibilities for new, more progressive perspectives
might be articulated.


PURPOSE
To project intermediate and long-term clinical outcomes of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging screening for breast cancer in women with BRCA1 gene mutations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A microsimulation model was developed to compare three annual screening strategies versus clinical surveillance: (a) mammography, (b) MR imaging, and (c) combined MR imaging and mammography. Input parameters were obtained from the published medical literature, existing databases, and expert opinion. The model was calibrated to targets from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (1975-1980) compiled during a period prior to the onset of widespread mammographic screening. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of uncertainty in parameter estimates.

RESULTS
With clinical surveillance, the estimated median diameter of invasive breast cancers at presentation was 2.6 cm. Average life expectancy was 71.15 years. With annual screening with mammography, MR imaging, or combined mammography and MR imaging, median invasive tumor diameters at diagnosis decreased to 1.9, 1.3, and 1.1 cm, respectively. Annual screening with mammography, MR imaging, or combined mammography and MR imaging increased average life expectancy by 0.80 year, 1.10 years, and 1.38 years, respectively, and decreased relative mortality from breast cancer (16.8%, 17.2%, and 22.0%, respectively). Program sensitivity was greater than 50% only with MR imaging screening strategies. The majority of women undergoing screening had one or more false-positive screening examinations (53.8%, 80.2%, and 84.0% for mammography, MR imaging, and combined mammography and MR imaging, respectively). Many women also underwent one or more biopsies for benign disease (11.3%, 26.3%, and 30.3%, respectively). Results were sensitive to BRCA1 penetrance estimates and to MR imaging sensitivity in the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ.

CONCLUSION
Annual screening with combined mammography and MR imaging provides BRCA1 mutation carriers with the greatest life expectancy gain and breast cancer mortality reduction. However, an important trade-off of this strategy is an increased rate of false-positive screening results and biopsies performed for benign disease.


In international political economy, international institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are often looked upon as significant forces, capable of imposing their will on sovereign governments. Through the onerous conditions attached to their loans and assistance, these institutions, it is argued, are able to interfere in the economic and political affairs of a country, with significant implications. This thesis assesses this claim with reference to Papua New Guinea (PNG) in the 1990s. It suggests that while severe demands were certainly placed on the government on the occasions assistance was requested, owing to the unique socio-political structure of PNG , demands in some critical areas have been circumvented or even ignored. It appears, therefore, that at least in the case of PNG , these institutions have not been wholly successful in imposing their agendas. In the light of this, the wider assertion of the IMF and World Bank being all-powerful should be treated with some caution.


Visual Education is emerging as a field of education driven by changing practice, contemporary society and technology. It recognises that today's students have an increasing need to be visually proficient within an understanding of aesthetic, artistic and cultural concepts, in order to effectively express themselves and communicate in the contemporary world. Visual Education essentially extends and repositions visual arts and design education with other traditional and emerging disciplines that are unified by the primacy of the visual. Since the educational field is emergent, the nature of Visual Education is powerfully revealed by attending to the practices, thoughts and ideas of those working in the area. In Australia, the team of researchers who conceived of Visual Education have assembled a suite of case studies that are based on classroom observations of pedagogical practices that were conducted across the country. In this paper, the concept of Visual Education is further developed and elucidated through case studies that reveal pedagogical practices used by exemplary visual educators who are committed to visually educating students across all years of compulsory schooling.


OBJECTIVE To characterize mortality in persons diagnosed with primary pulmonary hypertension and to investigate factors associated with survival. DESIGN Registry with prospective follow-up. SETTING Thirty-two clinical centers in the United States participating in the Patient Registry for the Characterization of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. PATIENTS Patients (194) diagnosed at clinical centers between 1 July 1981 and 31 December 1985 and followed through 8 August 1988. MEASUREMENTS At diagnosis, measurements of hemodynamic variables, pulmonary function, and gas exchange variables were taken in addition to information on demographic variables, medical history, and life-style. Patients were followed for survival at 6-month intervals. MAIN RESULTS The estimated median survival of these patients was 2.8 years (95% Cl, 1.9 to 3.7 years). Estimated single-year survival rates were as follows: at 1 year, 68% (Cl, 61% to 75%); at 3 years, 48% (Cl, 41% to 55%); and at 5 years, 34% (Cl, 24% to 44%). Variables associated with poor survival included a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class of III or IV, presence of Raynaud phenomenon, elevated mean right atrial pressure, elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure, decreased cardiac index, and decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Drug therapy at entry or discharge was not associated with survival duration. CONCLUSIONS Mortality was most closely associated with right ventricular hemodynamic function and can be characterized by means of an equation using three variables: mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean right atrial pressure, and cardiac index. Such an equation, once validated prospectively, could be used as an adjunct in planning treatment strategies and allocating medical resources.


This research looks at how 11 women aged 18-25 talk about femininity and the feminine body. The analysis is based on interview data collected in 2000, in Palmerston North and Napier, New Zealand. A discursive approach was used in analyzing the texts. The main assumption was that the meanings the women give to events and people when talking about femininity are likely to be related to their constructions of their bodies. Four main areas were looked at: the first was how the women talk of their bodies in relation to their evaluative sense of self; the second was how the women talk about the standards of beauty that are presented to them in the media; the third being how the women talk about themselves as consumers of fashion and beauty products; and the last was how the women talked about their understanding of femininity. Women generally constructed their physical appearance as relating closely to their sense of self, particularly their self-esteem. Beauty standards, especially those portrayed in the media were constructed as standards of physical attractiveness that are impossible to live up to. As a result of this, the women talked about depression and anxiety. In order to attempt to live up to these standards of beauty, women also talked of the ways they altered their appearance, particularly in regards to weight-loss, as well as the use of fashion and cosmetics. The concept of femininity was difficult for the women to talk about, as many had never given the idea much thought. Stereotypic notions of femininity as passive and self sacrificing were usually used, along side new ways of thinking about the concept, which often involved adopting valued masculine traits, such as independence and describing them as now relating to being a woman.


Users are being embraced as partners in developing computer services in many current computer supported cooperative work systems. Many web-based applications, including collaborative authoring tools like wikis, place users into collaborations with unknown and distant partners. Individual participants in such environments need to identify and understand others' contributions for collaboration to succeed and be efficient. One approach to supporting such understanding is to record user activity for later access. Issues with this approach include difficulties in locating activity of interest in large tasks and the history is often recorded at a system-activity level instead of at a human-activity level. To address these issues, this dissertation introduces CoActIVE, an application-independent history mechanism that clusters records of user activity and extracts keywords in an attempt to provide a human-level representation of history. CoActIVE is integrated in three different software applications to show its applicability and validity. Multiple visualization techniques based on this processing are compared in their ability to improve users' location and comprehension of the activity of others. The results show that filmstrip visualization and visual summarization of user activity show significant improvement over traditional list view interfaces.
CoActIVE generates an interpretation of large-scale interaction history and provides the interpretation thorough a variety of visualizations that allow users to navigate the evolution of collaborative work. It supports branching history, with the understanding that asynchronous authoring and design tasks often involve the parallel development of alternatives. Additionally, CoActIVE has the potential to be integrated into a variety of applications with little adjustment for compatibility. Especially, the comparison of visualizations for locating and comprehending the work of others is unique.


Magnesium alloys are known to be one of the lightest structural alloys and hence they are of interest to the potential applications in aerospace and automobile industry. However, widescale commercial usage of magnesium alloys is limited given its low formability at room temperature. Conventional processing techniques fail to alter the formability and other mechanical properties significantly. A severe plastic deformation processing technique called friction stir processing (FSP) developed on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW) is touted to significantly change the microstructure, texture and hence the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys. This thesis is primarily based on investigating the mechanisms of microstructure and texture evolution during FSP of a commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy. The work presented in the thesis comprise of four projects, all under the broad theme of investigating the microstructure and texture evolution in AZ31 alloy: (i) Microstructural origin of friction stir processed zone in a magnesium alloy, (ii) Microstructural evolution during multipass friction stir processing of a magnesium alloy, (iii) Friction stir processing under different thermal history, and (iv) Study of grain structure evolution during annealing of a twin roll cast AZ31 Mg alloy. In (i) microstructural and texture evolution at the edge regions of a friction stir processed (FSP) magnesium alloy AZ31 was studied which was aimed at explaining the mechanism of the microstructural evolution during FSP. A model of microstructural development through grain boundary sliding of the ultra-fine grains was proposed based on the texture and microstructural observations in the concerned regions. Further, in (ii) the microstructure and texture developments and also prediction of texture using visco-plasticself-consistent (VPSC) modelling of commercial magnesium alloy AZ31 being friction stir processed through multi-pass and multi-directional (unidirectional, reverse and transverse tool movements) was studied. Later, in (iii) the effect of various coolant mediums viz. air, liquid nitrogen and water on the microstructural and thermal profiles in the friction stir processed zone was investigated. Experimental observations, on the process zone dimensions and temperature profiles, showed significant differences: which highlighted the effect of the thermal history. A numerical simulation was made using multi-physics finite element method. A three-dimensional steady-state coupled laminar fluid flow and heat transfer model was developed, which could capture the experimentally observed process zone dimensions and temperature profiles. Lastly, in (iv) evolution of microstructure under static annealing at 300°C and 500°C for different times of twin-roll-cast (TRC) magnesium alloy AZ31 was outlined. Grain path envelope analysis was used for quantitatively analyzing the microstructural evolution. Twin-rolled structure had bimodal grain size which was preserved after annealing at 300°C. However, annealing at 500°C led to a unimodal grain size. A deformation induced recrystallization recovery (DIRR) model was proposed which could explain the observed microstructural features.


The ability to control the movement and assembly of particles in liquid crystals is not only an important route to design functional materials, but also sheds light on the mechanisms of colloidal interactions. In this study we place micron-sized particles with "Saturn ring" defects near a wall with hills and dales that impose perpendicular (homeotropic) molecular anchoring. The strong splay distortion at the wall interacts with the distortion around the particles in the near field and favors their migration towards the dales via the so-called "lock-and-key" mechanism. We demonstrate experimentally that the lock-and-key mechanism can robustly localize a particle at specific topographical features. We observe the complex trajectories traced by the particles as they dock on the dales, estimate the binding energy, and explore a range of parameters that favor or disfavor the docking event, thus exploiting the capabilities of our experimental system. We extend the study to colloids with homeotropic anchoring but with an associated point defect instead of a Saturn ring and show that they find a different preferred location, i.e. we can place otherwise identical particles at well defined sites according to their topological defect structure. Finally, for deep enough wells, confinement drives topological transitions of Saturn rings to dipoles. This ability to tailor wall geometry to guide colloids to well defined sites within nematic liquid crystals represents an important new tool in directed assembly.


Seagrasses are core components of the nearshore environment and there is sustained interest in developing mapping and monitoring techniques of their extent and condition for management purposes. An identified gap in mapping methods is the capacity to monitor at landscape scales, that is, areas that are larger than the 1 m2 quadrat and smaller than those covered by broad area mapping (approximately 5km2 or greater). Monitoring at the landscape scale is required to investigate the dynamic patterning and patchiness present in seagrass beds, as well as providing inputs and validation for predictive modelling. However, the acquisition and use of remote sensing images for these purposes provides many challenges to the practitioner. The primary aim of this thesis is to develop effective optical remote sensing techniques for mapping and monitoring seagrass habitats in shallow temperate marine waters, over depth ranges of approximately 0-10 m and spatial scales of hundreds of square metres. Image capture is often compromised because of environmental conditions, such as sun glitter, water clarity, cloudiness and wind. Small format digital aerial photography was selected as the remote sensing platform for its flexibility and responsiveness regarding deployment when environmental conditions are favourable and its low cost, rapid access to imagery. To address the problem of sun glitter, a simplified algorithm was developed that allows the precise prediction of the extent of sun glitter on vertical, downward-looking imagery with the readily available inputs of sun elevation angle, wind speed and sensor field of view (FOV). Subsurface illumination was also investigated via the modelling of reflection and refraction at the water surface. These improvements and investigations enable more efficient and accurate image capture. Problems are also typically encountered during image interpretation, in part due to the characteristics of the seagrass habitats, including the common occurrence of uncertain boundaries and the high variability of vegetation density. Limitations on the detectability of the maximum depth limit (MDL) of seagrass were examined, with the discovery that if imagery is captured when water clarity is higher than the annual average, the limiting factor is the contrast between the seagrass and the surrounding substrate or submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). A simple and inexpensive measurement of water clarity, Secchi depth (Zsd), was found to be suitable when applying this monitoring method. These findings have substantially increased the feasibility of monitoring seagrass condition and extent via the MDL, as well as the water quality parameter of average annual water clarity (Kz). A major challenge for image interpretation is presented by the high attenuation of light in water, which often means that spectral methods of image analysis, such as image classification, produce poor results. In response, an improved depth correction approach was developed that uses digital bathymetry (DEM) to assist in removing the spectral attenuation of light by the water column. The method lifted the accuracy of mapping seagrass epiphyte abundance (i.e. the amount of associated algae including epiphytic and drift algae present, related to biomass) by an average 25% to an overall average accuracy of 75%, though it made no difference to the accuracy of SAV density mapping (Note: SAV density relates to the proximity and length of the SAV blades such that high density SAV obscures the substrate and creates high levels of shadowing while lower densities have less shadowing and allow the substrate to be observed.). The improved depth correction method also enabled, for the first time from aerial photography, the production of a spatially explicit map of epiphytic biomass in the form of a continuous prediction surface with values ranging from 4 to 58 g dried weight m-2. In response to the shortcomings of the existing field observation measurements of seagrass density and cover for image interpretation purposes, a new measurement was created, called SAV structural density or SSD, which is designed to improve thematic coherence between aerial photography and field observations, such as downward-looking benthic videography or dive quadrats. This new measurement enabled the consistent discrimination of high and low density SAV with average overall accuracies of 77%, which supports the assessment of seagrass condition, particularly when complemented by the new maps of epiphyte abundance. This thesis presents methods that improve the quality of remote sensing of shallow marine habitats and provides a more reliable basis for further investigation of habitat change detection via spatial metrics and predictive modelling at landscape scales.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a sailing rehabilitation program on the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of patients with severe mental disorders. The study adopted a randomized, crossover, waiting-list controlled design. The participants enrolled in the study were outpatients diagnosed with severe chronic mental disorders. The participants (N=40) exposed to rehabilitation with sailing took part in a series of supervised cruises near the gulf of Cagliari, South Sardinia, and showed a statistically significant improvement of their quality of life compared to the control group. This improvement was comparable to the improvement in psychopathologic status and social functioning as shown in a previous report of the same research project. The improvement was maintained at follow-up only during the trial and for a few months later: after 12 months, patients returned to their baseline values and their quality of life showed a worsening trend. This is the first study to show that rehabilitation with sailing may improve the quality of life of people with severe chronic mental disorders. In all likelihood, a program grounded on learning how to manage a sailing vessel - during which patients perform cruises that emphasize the exploration of the marine environment by sailing - might be interesting enough and capture the attention of the patients so as to favour greater effectiveness of standard rehabilitation protocols, but this should be specifically tested.


In Kosovo prostitution is by many considered to be a social problem that primarily affects women. To counteract prostitution is a political priority and as a result the purchase of sexual services is prohibited by law. Since the law that prohibits the purchase of sexual services entered into force it has been continuously debated and widely disputed. The aim of this thesis is to compare the image of prostitution found in the travail preparatory of the law with four sex workers' view of the phenomenon. A discourse analysis is performed to establish which images of prostitution appear in theory and in practice. The results show that the images of prostitution in the travail preparations of the law differ widely from the views expressed by the interviewees. The discourses identified in the travail preparatory unanimously emphasize the injurious effects of the prostitution and the exposed situation of the sex workers. In the discourses identified in the interview material the businesslike aspects of prostitution and the sex workers' autonomy is emphasized. The results raise questions about the completeness of the travail preparatory and bring the need for studies where different groups of sex workers are questioned to the fore.


The decentralization of responsibilities from the central government to lower levels of government or semi-autonomous institutions has become an increasingly common strategy for improving the performance of health systems in developing countries and ultimately for improving the health status of developing country populations. However efforts to monitor and evaluate the implementation and functioning of decentralization programs are often hampered by poor or incompatible data by the absence of sound research designs and by the sheer scope of the reform which can encompass all aspects of health system functioning. This work presents a conceptual framework for identifying key areas for evaluation of decentralization programs and the pathways – and potential barriers – by which decentralization can affect health systems. It also identifies ways to evaluate the impact of decentralization in achieving key objectives – improved efficiency accessibility equity community participation and health status. The work outlines the types of data that can be collected and a detailed set of indicators in several broad areas – political administrative and fiscal – that can be useful for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Most of the indicators described can be collected from existing data collection techniques although to date many of these data are not part of routine data collection in many countries. Numerous data collection tools are also described as are the types of analyses – including impact evaluations of decentralization – that can be undertaken with that data. (authors)


This Article explores the intersection of race and disability in the context of employment discrimination, arguing that people of color with disabilities can and should obtain more robust relief for their harms by asserting intersectional discrimination claims. Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw first articulated the intersectionality framework by explaining that Black women can experience a form of discrimination distinct from that experienced by White women or Black men, that is, they may face discrimination as Black women due to the intersection of their race and gender. Likewise, people of color with disabilities can experience discrimination distinct from that felt by people of color without disabilities or by White people with disabilities due to the intersection of their race and disability. Yet often our legal and cultural institutions have been reluctant to acknowledge the intersectional experience, preferring instead to understand people by a singular trait like their race, gender, or disability. While courts have recognized the validity of intersectional discrimination claims, they have offered little guidance on how to articulate and prove the claims, leaving compound and complex forms of discrimination unaddressed. This Article thus offers an analysis of how courts and litigants should evaluate claims of workplace discrimination based on the intersection of race and disability, highlighting in particular the experience of Black disabled individuals. Only by fully embracing intersectionality analysis can we realize the potential of antidiscrimination law to remedy the harms of those most at risk of being denied equal opportunity.


Introduction: The objective of this study was to understand and assess the perception of communities, organized civil society, health professionals, and decision-makers of several governmental institutions, regarding vulnerabilities and health impacts in drought prone municipalities of Brazil. Methods: This study was carried out through a qualitative investigation in eight municipalities in the Brazilian Semiarid region. Data collection was done through semi-structure and structure interviews, and discussion with local actors, which included communities groups, health professionals, governmental managers and organized civil society. Results The results point to the local actors' concerns and to the fragility of the health sector in the planning of integrated actions directed towards risks and impacts associated with drought conditions on human health. Discussion: The lack of a specific knowledge contributes to making invisible the process that determines the impacts of drought on health, leading to an acceptance of drought in those municipalities, reducing the capacity of the health system to respond to droughts. Keywords: drought, vulnerability, risks, health, perception, Brazilian Semiarid, resilience


With the increase in the environment legislation during the last three decades, awareness about sustainable construction is growing around the globe. This study benchmarks sustainable construction courses offered by accredited Construction Management Programmes in the USA. This study also identifies commonly used sustainable construction techniques used by the industry. Recognition through awards also helped to promote environmentally responsible construction techniques. Findings from the study indicate that the study of sustainable or 'green' construction needs to be added to the Construction Management curriculum in the context of estimating scheduling and building techniques to prepare Construction Management professionals for construction in the 21st century. Commonly used sustainable construction practices and project attribute have also been compiled for interested readers. The constructors have used various methods to deal with the sensitivity of the environment and surrounding area of the project. Few examples consist of sustainable construction, LEED certification, pollution prevention and addressing community concerns through community involvement during various stages of the project. Findings from the study indicate that the proactive role played by the construction industry needs to be reciprocated by education providers, by offering sustainable construction courses to budding project managers who graduate from accredited Construction Management Programmes in the USA. Better preparedness of Construction Management workforce in sustainable design techniques and practices is expected in the 21st Century. The outcome of this study would benefit faculty belonging to Construction Management education programmes and general contractors interested in competing for awards prevalent in the construction industry.


Symmetrical human faces are attractive. Two explanations have been proposed to account for symmetry preferences: (i) the evolutionary advantage view, which posits that symmetry advertises mate quality and (ii) the perceptual bias view, which posits that symmetry preferences are a consequence of greater ease of processing symmetrical images in the visual system. Here, we show that symmetry preferences are greater when face images are upright than when inverted. This is evidence against a simple perceptual bias view, which suggests symmetry preference should be constant across orientation about a vertical axis. We also show that symmetry is preferred even in familiar faces, a finding that is unexpected by perceptual bias views positing that symmetry is only attractive because it represents a familiar prototype of that particular class of stimuli.


Sociologists of science have argued that due to the institutional reward system negative research results, such as failed experiments, may harm scientific careers. We know little, however, of how scientists themselves make sense of negative research findings. Drawing from the sociology of work, the author discusses how researchers involved in a double-blind, placebo, controlled randomized clinical trial for methamphetamine dependency informally and formally interpret the emerging research results. Because the drug tested in the trial was not an effective treatment, the staff considered the trial a failure. In spite of the disappointing results, the staff involved in the daily work with research subjects still reframed the trial as meaningful because they were able to treat people for their drug dependency. The authors of the major publication also framed the results as worthwhile by linking their study to a previously published study in a post hoc analysis. The author concludes that negative research findings offer a collective opportunity to define what scientific work is about and that the effects of failed experiments depend on individual biography and institutional context.


Primary active transporters, such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, directly utilize the free energy released upon the hydrolysis of ATP to pump substrates against a concentration gradient. The fundamental biological role of the ABC is to couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to an impressively large variety of essential biological phenomena comprising not only transmembrane transport but also several non-transport-related processes such as translation elongation, translation regulation, ribosome biogenesis, and DNA repair. The nature of the substrates handled by ABC transporters is extraordinarily wide, including mono-and oligosaccharides, organic and inorganic ions, amino acids and short peptides, iron-siderophores, metals, polyamine cations, opines, and vitamins. The major finding is that the ABC proteins or domains fall into three main subdivisions or classes: class 1 comprises systems with fused ABC and IM domains, class 2 comprises systems with two duplicated fused ABC domains and no transmembrane domains, and class 3 contains systems with IM and ABC domains carried by independent polypeptide chains. It can be speculated that at least some membrane proteins C (BMPCs) might be involved in the uptake of an as-yet unidentified monosaccharide. Genes encoding the ATPase of ABC systems constitute about 2% of total genes in most Bacteria and Archaea. A closer look at the distribution of ABC systems among the sequenced genomes reveals several interesting features. Efforts are required to experimentally analyze in detail the functions of ABC transporters.


Financial aid for the worst-off victims of earthquakes and other catastrophes seems to be a morally unquestioned principle for the allocation of public funds. This paper shows however, that this principle is ambiguous if the decision is viewed as a dynamic choice problem where such resources need to be allocated in two periods: before and after the event takes place (before and after uncertainty is resolved). The literature on social choice suggests that utilitarian principles fare better in such situations. This paper provides a uniform formal framework to relate one such result, namely a multi-profile version of Harsanyis 1955 theorem by Mongin (1994) to another one by Myerson (1981), stated in a somewhat unconventional social choice framework. It shows that the linearity condition, that is met only by welfare functions of the utilitarian type, has a natural interpretation in terms of an equivalence of ex-ante and ex-post evaluation, a concept that is related to but not equivalent with dynamic consistency.


This paper seeks to demonstrate that there is a deliberate and intentional link between residential housing patterns and crime and mass incarceration, and that government plays a strong role in allowing and formalizing this link. Using historical examples, this paper attempts to document the role of government and policy in furthering residential segregation through the processes of gentrification and disinvestment. By contributing to the destruction of low-income communities and the invasion of gentry through covert partnerships with the private sector to develop land and design cities, government has prioritized commercial interests over the needs of the community at all income levels. Finally, this paper examines the role of gentrification in defining criminal behaviors among communities, the effects of increased police surveillance, and the impact on perceived crime rates.


The most common source of genetic variation that can lead to evolution is certainly single-nucleotide mutations. But less frequent events like gene duplication are likely also important, as they allow more dramatic changes that result in rewiring of genetic regulatory networks. Isalan et al. explored in bacteria the repercussions of duplication events that would allow splicing of a regulatory promoter sequence of one gene with the open reading frame of another gene. They engineered almost 600 such events in genes encoding transcription factors and monitored effects on survival, growth, and evolvability of the bacterial strains. The remarkable robustness of gene regulatory networks was confirmed by the fact that over 95% of these changes did not prevent viability of the bacteria. Only 16% of the strains showed any change in growth, and some grew even better than wild-type bacteria. The authors also subjected the strains to selective pressures in the lab over many generations and found that even their relatively small (in evolutionary terms) sampling of 600 new networks yielded a dozen or so with apparent evolutionary advantages in fitness. Although some of the rewiring events caused new positive or negative transcriptional feedback loops, these did not cause changes in the amounts of green fluorescent protein–tagged proteins produced from the experimental genes. This suggests that the regulatory networks themselves can compensate for such a change and emphasize that posttranscriptional mechanisms should not be underestimated in comparison with transcriptional control mechanisms. Bennett and Hasty add valuable commentary, noting that you would not want to try such rewiring of processing units in your home computer (analogies between biological control mechanism and systems design in modern technology go only so far) and that advocates of "intelligent design" who claim that the complexity of biological systems would cause them to fail in the presence of randomly generated changes will have to take into account these new data to the contrary. M. Isalan, C. Lemerle, K. Michalodimitrakis, C. Horn, P. Beltrao, E. Raineri, M. Garriga-Canut, L. Serrano, Evolvability and hierarchy in rewired bacterial gene networks. Nature 452, 840-845 (2008). [PubMed] M. R. Bennett, J. Hasty, Genome rewired. Nature 452, 824-825 (2008). [PubMed]


In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the scientific world in the emergence of centenarians as they are seen as a valid example of individuals experiencing successful ageing. Among these studies, several researches have also regarded Sardinian centenarians. However, the presence of centenarians in the island has shown to be heterogeneous and exceptional longevity (especially of males) was identified particularly in a mountainous area of Sardinia between the municipalities of Nuoro and Lanusei. Within the municipalities identified in this area of longevity, so called Blue Zone, the village of Villagrande Strisaili emerges as the one where the highest level of longevity is observed. Despite very high infant and child mortality rates (around 30%), for the cohorts between 1866 and 1915 it was found that a newborn out of five reaches the age of 80 years. More than 2,000 newborns in these cohorts have been followed until death using complete validated data. Data were gathered from civil registers and population registers (anagrafe). For approximately 90% of these individuals the exact date of death was found. The high percentage of coverage reached has to be partially attributed to family formation strategies of the inhabitants of Villagrande Strisaili which are characterized by a high endogamy but also to the completeness of used data sources. Through the use of family reconstruction data and crossed information for the male population from the military lists, it will possible the estimate the impact of early life conditions on the probability for individuals born in Villagrande between 1866 and 1915 to reach the age of 80 and 90 years. Different variables have been included in the analysis, which attain to the individual, to family and to contextual level. The results from this analysis will be compared with recent findings in other populations.


In this paper, we consider the design of linear precoding in MIMO (multiple input multiple output) PLC (power line communication) system. For that, first we considered mutual information of MIMO-PLC system with impulsive noise. Here we proposed a novel approach to design the precoding scheme for MIMO-PLC system to increase (improve) performance in terms of maximizing mutual information value with low complexity and better speed of operation. Specifically our work primarily includes the following two contributions: (1) we accept right unitary matrix that is product of two fix unitary matrices, which only depend on modulation index. So, the result only depends on modulation mode. And thereby reduces computational complexity. (2) For power allocation matrix, we reduced the computational complexity and improve speed of operation by reducing the iteration for optimization. For that, we used exhaustive search method for maximization of mutual information. In regards to computational complexity of analysis, we conclude that, the proposed precoding matrix design scheme has low complexity and is easy to implement with better speed. Moreover the numerical results are proven to demonstrate the performance of proposed precoding design scheme. Keywords— Precoding Design, MIMO-PLC, Impulsive Noise, Finite Alphabet Input.


Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) is generally regarded as a highly successful public health measure. It was officially added to the UK newborn screening programme for phenylketonuria in 19811 though many areas had already started. A two-tier protocol based on assay of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) was recommended, with a second blood-spot sample taken at 2–6 weeks of age from babies with borderline initial results. As found elsewhere in Europe, the incidence of screening-detected cases in the early years was approximately double that of the clinically diagnosed disorder (table 1).

View this table:

Table 1
Incidences of clinically diagnosed and screening presumptive-positive cases of congenital hypothyroidism

Presumptive-positive rates (cases referred for clinical evaluation) have increased further over time, partly because many laboratories lowered their primary cut-offs as more sensitive TSH assays became available.6–9 However, other changes have contributed as the Sheffield newborn screening laboratory has experienced increased presumptive-positive rates even though the primary cut-off has remained unchanged.

The Sheffield region laboratory serves the East Midlands and South Yorkshire and has screened between 55 000 and 75 000 babies a year. The screening protocol (figure 1) follows the outline scheme recommended in 1981.1 Between 1980 and 1985 (inclusive), the Pharmacia Phadebas Dry-Spot TSH assay was used, with 10 mU/L primary and second sample cut-offs and 40 mU/L as the secondary cut-off leading to immediate clinical referral. Incidence and sex ratios were broadly similar to those recorded for 1982–1984 by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Register5 and from Wales10 and Scotland11 over longer periods.

Figure 1
Outline of the laboratory protocol for screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Usually the primary cut-off value is used also for the second-sample cut-off. TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

From August 2001 onwards, Sheffield used the Perkin-Elmer DELFIA assay, with either AutoDELFIA or Perkin-Elmer Genetic Screening Processor instrumentation, and a secondary cut-off of 20 mU/L …


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the use of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in level three neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in northeastern Brazil.

METHODS
This observational cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 2009 to January 2010 in all level three NICUs in northeastern Brazil that are registered in the Brazilian Registry of Health Establishments (Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde, CNES) of the Ministry of Health. Questionnaires about the use of NIPPV were sent to the NICU directors in each institution. Statistical analysis was conducted using the software Epi-Info 6.04 and double data entry. A chi-square test was used to compare variables, and the level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS
This study identified 93 level three NICUs in northeastern Brazil registered in CNES, and 87% answered the study questionnaire. Most classified themselves as private institutions (30.7%); 98.7% used NIPPV; 92.8% adapted mechanical ventilators for NIPPV and used short binasal prongs as the interface (94.2%). Only 17.3% of the units had a protocol for the use of NIPPV. Mean positive inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure were 20.0 cmH2O (standard deviation [SD]: 4.47) and 5.0 cmH2O (SD: 0.84).

CONCLUSION
NICUs in northeastern Brazil use nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, but indications and ventilation settings are not the same in the different institutions.


An inventory of Greek manuscripts housed in the Ambrosiana Library was prepared in about 1607-1608 and provides information on the provenance and arrangement of the Greek manuscript collection before the official opening in 1609. Part of the inventory was discovered in a miscellany and though incomplete was published a few years ago. Another fragment has now turned up in another miscellany (Ambr. L 43 inf., fasc. 10) and is published here. The total number of Greek manuscripts recorded in the two fragments amounts to 347.


A delegation of the College of Radiologists of the overarching Colleges of Medicine of South Africa observed the spring sitting of the Part 2B Examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR) in London, in April 2016. Although the principal focus of the Observership was the Part 2B examination, the delegates also assessed broader aspects of the FRCR. This report presents an overview of current FRCR practices, including the findings of an independent review of the FRCR, and reflects on the implications for the South African Fellowship examination. The report is based on discussions with key Royal College role players, direct observation of the Part 2B examination and web-based documentation. It allows appreciation of the continued close alignment of the FC Rad Diag(SA) (Fellowship of the College of Radiologists of the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa) with the FRCR and highlights expected trends in the FC Rad Diag(SA). It also documents the increasing human resources required for successful conduct of examinations. It is hoped that the report will be of interest and relevance to the broad South African radiological community and to those contemplating specialist training in the discipline. It is trusted that it will encourage wider involvement of radiological and medical physics colleagues in the various FC Rad Diag(SA) examination processes.


We investigate whether the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure (CARD) Act of 2009 influenced the debt structure of consumers. By debt structure, we mean the proportion of total available credit from credit cards for each consumer.The act enhances disclosures of contractual and related information and restricts card issuers' ability to raise interest rates or charge late or over-limit fees, primarily affecting non-prime borrowers. Using the credit history via the Federal Reserve Bank of New York/Equifax Consumer Credit Panel during 2006–2016, we find that the average ratio of credit limit on cards to total consumer debt declined for non-prime borrowers in comparison to prime borrowers after the introduction of the CARD Act. The decline did not occur before the bill was first introduced in Congress; it took place afterward and continued through the end of our sample period. The results suggest that the CARD Act likely had an adverse effect on non-prime borrowers.


A numerical scheme based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method for predicting the displacement of one liquid by another has been verified versus electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and ultrasonic velocity profile (UVP) measurements for the displacement of yoghurt by water. The scheme using the VOF method predicts the skewed phase distribution as measured using ERT and the global structure of the velocity profile as measured using UVP. The phase distribution using the VOF method was compared with the results using the species transport model which allows for mixing between the phases. The species transport model was found to be less suitable for predicting the displacement of yoghurt by water since the turbulence model was unable to accurately predict the turbulent viscosity in the mixing zone between yoghurt and water, which resulted in a too high rate of mixing.


The concept of plagiarism is not uncommonly associated with the concept of intellectual property, both for historical and legal reasons: the approach to the ownership of 'moral', nonmaterial goods has evolved to the right to individual property, and consequently a need was raised to establish a legal framework to cope with the infringement of those rights. The solution to plagiarism therefore falls most often under two categories: ethical and legal. On the ethical side, education and intercultural studies have addressed plagiarism critically, not only as a means to improve academic ethics policies (PlagiarismAdvice.org, 2008), but mainly to demonstrate that if anything the concept of plagiarism is far from being universal (Howard & Robillard, 2008). Even if differently, Howard (1995) and Scollon (1994, 1995) argued, and Angelil-Carter (2000) and Pecorari (2008) later emphasised that the concept of plagiarism cannot be studied on the grounds that one definition is clearly understandable by everyone. Scollon (1994, 1995), for example, claimed that authorship attribution is particularly a problem in non-native writing in English, and so did Pecorari (2008) in her comprehensive analysis of academic plagiarism. If among higher education students plagiarism is often a problem of literacy, with prior, conflicting social discourses that may interfere with academic discourse, as Angelil-Carter (2000) demonstrates, we then have to aver that a distinction should be made between intentional and inadvertent plagiarism: plagiarism should be prosecuted when intentional, but if it is part of the learning process and results from the plagiarist's unfamiliarity with the text or topic it should be considered 'positive plagiarism' (Howard, 1995: 796) and hence not an offense. Determining the intention behind the instances of plagiarism therefore determines the nature of the disciplinary action adopted. Unfortunately, in order to demonstrate the intention to deceive and charge students with accusations of plagiarism, teachers necessarily have to position themselves as 'plagiarism police', although it has been argued otherwise (Robillard, 2008). Practice demonstrates that in their daily activities teachers will find themselves being required a command of investigative skills and tools that they most often lack. We thus claim that the 'intention to deceive' cannot inevitably be dissociated from plagiarism as a legal issue, even if Garner (2009) asserts that generally plagiarism is immoral but not illegal, and Goldstein (2003) makes the same severance. However, these claims, and the claim that only cases of copyright infringement tend to go to court, have recently been challenged, mainly by forensic linguists, who have been actively involved in cases of plagiarism. Turell (2008), for instance, demonstrated that plagiarism is often connoted with an illegal appropriation of ideas. Previously, she (Turell, 2004) had demonstrated by comparison of four translations of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar to Spanish that the use of linguistic evidence is able to demonstrate instances of plagiarism. This challenge is also reinforced by practice in international organisations, such as the IEEE, to whom plagiarism potentially has 'severe ethical and legal consequences' (IEEE, 2006: 57). What plagiarism definitions used by publishers and organisations have in common – and which the academia usually lacks – is their focus on the legal nature. We speculate that this is due to the relation they intentionally establish with copyright laws, whereas in education the focus tends to shift from the legal to the ethical aspects. However, the number of plagiarism cases taken to court is very small, and jurisprudence is still being developed on the topic. In countries within the Civil Law tradition, Turell (2008) claims, (forensic) linguists are seldom called upon as expert witnesses in cases of plagiarism, either because plagiarists are rarely taken to court or because there is little tradition of accepting linguistic evidence. In spite of the investigative and evidential potential of forensic linguistics to demonstrate the plagiarist's intention or otherwise, this potential is restricted by the ability to identify a text as being suspect of plagiarism. In an era with such a massive textual production, 'policing' plagiarism thus becomes an extraordinarily difficult task without the assistance of plagiarism detection systems. Although plagiarism detection has attracted the attention of computer engineers and software developers for years, a lot of research is still needed. Given the investigative nature of academic plagiarism, plagiarism detection has of necessity to consider not only concepts of education and computational linguistics, but also forensic linguistics. Especially, if intended to counter claims of being a 'simplistic response' (Robillard & Howard, 2008). In this paper, we use a corpus of essays written by university students who were accused of plagiarism, to demonstrate that a forensic linguistic analysis of improper paraphrasing in suspect texts has the potential to identify and provide evidence of intention. A linguistic analysis of the corpus texts shows that the plagiarist acts on the paradigmatic axis to replace relevant lexical items with a related word from the same semantic field, i.e. a synonym, a subordinate, a superordinate, etc. In other words, relevant lexical items were replaced with related, but not identical, ones. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates that the word order is often changed intentionally to disguise the borrowing. On the other hand, the linguistic analysis of linking and explanatory verbs (i.e. referencing verbs) and prepositions shows that these have the potential to discriminate instances of 'patchwriting' and instances of plagiarism. This research demonstrates that the referencing verbs are borrowed from the original in an attempt to construct the new text cohesively when the plagiarism is inadvertent, and that the plagiarist has made an effort to prevent the reader from identifying the text as plagiarism, when it is intentional. In some of these cases, the referencing elements prove being able to identify direct quotations and thus 'betray' and denounce plagiarism. Finally, we demonstrate that a forensic linguistic analysis of these verbs is critical to allow detection software to identify them as proper paraphrasing and not – mistakenly and simplistically – as plagiarism.


Men and women in Swaziland who are engaged in multiple or concurrent sexual partnerships, or who have sexual partners with concurrent partners, face a very high risk of HIV infection. Ninety-four in-depth interviews were conducted with 28 Swazi men and women (14 of each sex) between the ages of 20 and 39 to explore participants' sexual partnership histories, including motivations for sexual relationships which carried high HIV risk. Concurrency was normative, with most men and women having had at least one concurrent sexual partnership, and all women reporting having had at least one partner who had a concurrent partner. Men distinguished sexual partnerships that were just for sex from those that were considered to be 'real relationships', while women represented most of their relationships, even those which included significant financial support, as being based on love. Besides being motivated by love, concurrent sexual partnerships were described as motivated by a lack of sexual satisfaction, a desire for emotional support and/or as a means to exact revenge against a cheating partner. Social and structural factors were also found to play a role in creating an enabling environment for high-risk sexual partnerships. These factors included social pressure and norms; a lack of social trust; poverty and a desire for material goods; and geographical separation of partners.


It is important to ensure that the implementation of modern European educational bilingualism be based on sound theoretical underpinnings. We discuss the development of L2 competence, as evidenced in sentence and text grammar, gauging the extent to which the incidental language learning favoured by a CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) approach appears to satisfy the requirements of content learning. Secondary CLIL learners were given writing prompts designed to produce short passages of academic type language. The resulting texts are employed to discuss (a) the alignment of content and grammar and the primacy of semantic considerations; (b) transfer between L1 and L2 and the undeniable role of the L1, and (c) interlanguage levels and the need for realistic attainment models. They also serve to illustrate the importance of communicative need in CLIL-type approaches.


Abstract. The delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries foreseen by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a factor of economic growth, effective management of the coastal and ocean environment and the cornerstone for maritime spatial planning. Maritime zones and boundaries form the outermost limits of coastal states and their accurate delineation and cartographic portrayal is a matter of national priority. Although UNCLOS is a legal document, its implementation -at first place- is purely technical and requires -amongst others- theoretical and applied background on Geodesy, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for those involved. This paper provides a brief historical background of the evolution of the UNCLOS, presents the various concepts of the Convention and identifies the problems inherent in the maritime delimitation process. Furthermore, it presents solutions that will facilitate the cartographer's work in order to achieve unquestionable results. Through the paper it becomes evident that the role of the cartographer and the GIS expert is critical for the successful implementation of maritime delimitation.


Of the two major capacitances contributing to electrochemical storage devices, pseudo-capacitance, which results from the reversible faradaic reactions, can be much higher than the electric double layer capacitance. Transition metal compounds are emerging electrode materials for pseudo-capacitors due to their multiple oxidation states and different ions. As one of the most well-known electroactive inorganic materials, nickel based materials are being developed for this purpose. Nickel based materials have been intensively investigated and evaluated as potential electrode materials for pseudo-capacitors due to their thermal stability and chemical stability, high theoretical specific capacity, low price and environment friendliness. A variety of synthetic methods such as hydrothermal/solvothermal methods, sol–gel, electrodeposition, and the spray deposition method have been successfully applied to prepare nickel based compounds and composite materials. In this review, comprehensive summaries and evaluations have been given to show the recent progress. And we introduce the nickel based compounds and composites electrode materials for supercapacitors via synthesis methods, the electrochemical performances of the electrode materials and the devices.


Much research has been done in the last few decades in clinical research, medicine, life sciences, etc. leading to an exponential increase in the generation of data. Managing this vast information not only requires integration of the data, but also a means to analyze, relate, and retrieve it. Ontology, in the field of medicine, describes the concepts of medical terminologies and the relation between them, thus, enabling the sharing of medical knowledge. Ontology-based analyses are associated with a risk that errors in modeling may deteriorate the results' quality. Identifying flawed practices or anomalies in ontologies is a crucial issue to be addressed by researchers. In this paper, we review the negative sides of ontology in the field of medicine. Our study results show that ontologies are perceived as a mere tool to represent medical knowledge, thus relying more on the computer science-based understanding of medical terms. While this approach may be sufficient for data entry systems, in which the users merely need to browse the hierarchy and select relevant terms, it may not suffice the real-world scenario of dealing with complex patient records, which are not only grammatically complex, but also are sometimes documented in many native languages. In conclusion, more research is required in identifying poor practices and anomalies in the development of ontologies by computer scientists within the field of medicine.


Information systems researchers have shown an increasing interest in the notion of sociomateriality. In this paper, we continue this exploration by focusing specifically on entanglement: the inseparability of meaning and matter. Our particular approach is differentiated by its grounding in a relational and performative ontology, and its use of agential realism. We explore some of the key ideas of entanglement through a comparison of two phenomena in the travel sector: an institutionalized accreditation scheme offered by the AA and an online social media website hosted by TripAdvisor. Our analysis centers on the production of anonymity in these two practices of hotel evaluation. By examining how anonymity is constituted through an entanglement of matter and meaning, we challenge the predominantly social treatments of anonymity to date and draw attention to the uncertainties and outcomes generated by specific performances of anonymity in practice. In closing, we consider what the particular agential realist concept of entanglement entails for understanding anonymity, and discuss its implications for research practice.


After the Second World War the goal was to produce a lot of dwellings for the people. In this moment in time the quantity was important. Now the visions are changing and the (sustainable) quality of the houses that are built becomes more important. This leads to problems for housing corporations, when they on the one hand have to provide housing for lower incomes and on the other hand have to invest to meet the sustainable desires. In this research there was looked at the different conditions that play a role during the decision moment if a postSecond World War housing complex is suitable or not for sustainable upgrading. This leads to the introduction of a decision table to advise the housing corporation make the choice.


Abstract Both female and male mosquitoes consume sugar meals to obtain carbohydrates used for energy. This behavior has recently been identified as a possible mosquito control target, as the World Health Organization has urged for the development of integrated vector management. This is critical as many medically important mosquito species are developing insecticide resistance, resulting in current control strategies becoming less effective. Additionally, the traditional use of insecticides is detrimental to many beneficial insects such as pollinators. The main goal of this study was to develop an attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) to limit the populations of a local invasive mosquito, Aedes j. japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae). An ATSB is a lure bait composed of an attractant odorant, a toxic component, and sugar that the mosquitoes can feed on. ATSBs are cost-effective, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and can be species-specific. Mosquitoes were isolated into cages or cups and each group had access to either a toxic sugar solution (containing boric acid), a control solution or a choice between the two. We tested multiple fruits, including mango, peach, blueberries, and blackberries, as well as a soda and grape juice and monitored their survival for 96 h. We found that this species fed on all tested fruit solutions and that the groups that imbibed toxic solutions died within 48 h, indicating that boric acid is an effective oral toxin against Ae. j. japonicus. Further experiments will be conducted in the field to determine the ATSBs efficacy and to monitor potential effects on off-target species.


We present a droplet-based microfluidic platform to automatically track and characterize the behavior of single cells over time. This high-throughput assay allows encapsulation of single cells in micro-droplets and traps intact droplets in arrays of miniature wells on a PDMS-glass chip. Automated time-lapse fluorescence imaging and image analysis of the incubated droplets on the chip allows the determination of the viability of individual cells over time. In order to automatically track the droplets containing cells, we developed a simple method based on circular Hough transform to identify droplets in images and quantify the number of live and dead cells in each droplet. Here, we studied the viability of several hundred single isolated HEK293T cells over time and demonstrated a high survival rate of the encapsulated cells for up to 11 hours. The presented platform has a wide range of potential applications for single cell analysis, e.g. monitoring heterogeneity of drug action over time and rapidly assessing the transient behavior of single cells under various conditions and treatments in vitro.


1. Gravid females of some North American freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae) display highly modified mantle margins and other reproductive structures which mimic small fish, terrestrial insects, or aquatic macro-invertebrates. We report the responses of fish to these lures, based on the results of laboratory encounters between the following pairs of displaying mussels and fishes: Lampsilis cardium and Micropterus coosae; L. perovalis and M. coosae; and Villosa nebulosa and Percina nigrofasciata. In all three encounters, the lures elicited attacks from fish.

2. Encounters between Lampsilis spp. and M. coosae resulted in gill infestations of the fish by larval mussels, which are obligate parasites on fish. An encounter between V. nebulosa and P. nigrofasciata did not result in infestation.

3. The use of these lures to attract fish may greatly increase the chances of parasite/host encounters and may also reduce the chances of infestation of unsuitable hosts.


The Council of European Energy Regulators has been publishing Benchmarking Reports on the Quality of Electricity Supply since 2001 on a regular basis. For the 5 th edition of the Benchmarking Report the 29 member countries of CEER were joined by the 9 NRA's from the Energy Community and the NRA from Switzerland. This paper contains the main results, findings and recommendations on commercial quality from this latest edition of the Benchmarking Report.


The School came into operation in September 1974 with the amalgamation of four single sex schools. Two Grammar and two Secondary Modern , came together on one site to form an eight form entry Comprehensive School catering for children of 12+ to 18 years . It is important to note that the City of Lincoln Divisional area operates a middle school system and transfer to senior school takes place a year later than in the surrounding county areas. Organisation within the school is on a Faculty basis and the Craft and Design Department operates under the Umbrella of the Creative Studies Faculty. This faculty is fortunate to be housed in the new extensive additions made to the buildings of the original boys Grammar School .


The study of primases from model organisms such as Escherichia coli, phage T7 and phage T4 has demonstrated the essential nature of primase function, which is to generate de novo RNA polymers to prime DNA polymerase. However, little is known about the function of primases from other eubacteria. Their overall low primary sequence homology may result in functional differences. To help understand which primase functions were conserved, primase and its replication partner helicase from the pathogenic Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were compared in detail with that of E. coli primase and helicase. The conserved properties were to primer initiation and elongation and included slow kinetics, low fidelity and poor sugar specificity. The significant differences included S. aureus primase having sixfold higher kinetic affinity for its template than E. coli primase under equivalent conditions. This naturally higher activity was balanced by its fourfold lower stimulation by its replication fork helicase compared with E. coli primase. The most significant difference between the two primases was that S. aureus helicase stimulation did not broaden the S. aureus primase initiation specificity, which has important biological implications.


Context-specific adaptation (Shelhamer M, Clendaniel R. Neurosci Lett 332: 200-204, 2002) explains that reflexive responses can be maintained with different "calibrations" for different situations (contexts). Which context cues are crucial and how they combine to evoke context-specific adaptation is not fully understood. Gaze stabilization in birds is a nice model with which to tackle that question. Previous data showed that when pigeons (Columba livia) were hung in a harness and subjected to a frontal airstream provoking a flying posture ("flying condition"), the working range of the optokinetic head response [optocollic reflex (OCR)] extended toward higher velocities compared with the "resting condition." The present study was aimed at identifying which context cues are instrumental in recalibrating the OCR. We investigated that question by using vibrating stimuli delivered during the OCR provoked by rotating the visual surroundings at different velocities. The OCR gain increase and the boost of the fast phase velocity observed during the "flying condition" were mimicked by body vibration. On the other hand, the newly emerged relationship between the fast-phase and slow-phase velocities in the "flying condition" was mimicked by head vibration. Spinal cord lesion at the lumbosacral level decreased the effects of body vibration, whereas lesions of the lumbosacral apparatus had no effect. Our data suggest a major role of muscular proprioception in the context-specific adaptation of the stabilizing behavior, while the vestibular system could contribute to the context-specific adaptation of the orienting behavior. Participation of an efferent copy of the motor command driving the flight cannot be excluded.


Introduction New tools and approaches are necessary to facilitate public policy planning and foster the management of innovation in countries' public health systems. To this end, an understanding of the integrated way in which the various actors who produce scientific knowledge and inventions in technological areas of interest operate, where they are located and how they relate to one another is of great relevance. Tuberculosis has been chosen as a model for the present study as it is a current challenge for Brazilian research and innovation. Methodology Publications about tuberculosis written by Brazilian authors were accessed from international databases, analyzed, processed with text searching tools and networks of coauthors were constructed and visualized. Patent applications about tuberculosis in Brazil were retrieved from the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) and the European Patent Office databases, through the use of International Patent Classification and keywords and then categorized and analyzed. Results/Conclusions Brazilian authorship of articles about tuberculosis jumped from 1% in 1995 to 5% in 2010. Article production and patent filings of national origin have been concentrated in public universities and research institutions while the participation of private industry in the filing of Brazilian patents has remained limited. The goals of national patenting efforts have still not been reached, as up to the present none of the applications filed have been granted a patent. The analysis of all this data about TB publishing and patents clearly demonstrates the importance of maintaining the continuity of Brazil's production development policies as well as government support for infrastructure projects to be employed in transforming the potential of research. This policy, which already exists for the promotion of new products and processes that, in addition to bringing diverse economic benefits to the country, will also contribute to effective dealing with public health problems affecting Brazil and the World.


The purpose of this research is to identify the key differences between German and American refugee policies as they relate to the ability of each country's native population to successfully integrate refugees into their society. This body of work looks specifically at the German and American Refugee Resettlement Programs submitted to the United Nations. As shown in this research, new legal policy that can fight systematic distrust and discrimination becomes achievable by identifying the practices that contribute to in- and out-group dynamics between host country and refugees. Such policies will allow for the building of stronger, more integrated societies in the future. While Germany and the United States display both strengths and weakness in varying aspects of their respective refugee policies, neither has a significantly superior Refugee Resettlement Program.


Tundikeri or tonsillitis is a common throat problem in young children and not uncommon in adults too. It greatly affects the comfort of the person due to pain, burning sensation, dysphagia, swelling, sore throat, fever etc. It may present as an acute or a chronic condition. It leads to many complications such as recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, growth retardation, bronchial asthma, rheumatic heart disease etc. In contemporary science, treatment principles include antibiotics, analgesics and surgical excision. Tankana Bhasma (Borax) a well known kshara dravya (alkaline substance) has got potent anti inflammatory and healing properties. Hence, it has been used as a treatment in chronic tonsillitis in the form of a gargle. To ensure scientific validity of the efficacy, a comparative study was conducted between Aspirin tablet and Tankana bhasma which was statistically analyzed. In the study Tankana bhasma showed significant relief of symptoms that were statistically significant.


BACKGROUND
Although ischemic heart failure is a major cause of mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the factors that may influence the nonrecovery of left ventricular function (LVF) after an AMI are still unclear. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of nonrecovery of LVF in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as an echocardiographic ejection fraction (EF)<40%) complicated with AMI who undergo successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

METHODS AND RESULTS
LVF recovery was defined as improvement of LVEF more than 10% compared with baseline LVEF at follow-up. One hundred and eight patients with LV dysfunction after AMI were divided into 2 groups according to the LVF recovery at follow-up: patients with LVF recovery (n=64) vs patients without LVF recovery (n=44). The follow-up LVEF was measured at 8+/-4 months after PCI. Patients without LVF recovery were older (76+/-13 years vs 59+/-14 years, p=0.023) and the baseline peak monocyte count, creatine kinase, and troponin I levels were significantly higher in patients without LVF recovery than in patients with LVF recovery. Delta LVEF (follow-up LVEF-baseline LVEF) correlated with baseline peak monocyte count (r=-0.417, p<0.001), baseline peak creatine kinase (r=-0.269, p=0.005), and baseline peak troponin I levels (r=-0.256, p=0.007). Multivariate analyses showed that baseline peak monocyte count and old age were the independent predictors of nonrecovery of LVF (hazard ratio; 3.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16-5.43, p=0.012, and hazard ratio; 2.38, 95% CI: 1.09-4.87, p=0.025, respectively).

CONCLUSION
Peripheral monocytosis is associated with nonrecovery of LVF in patients with LV dysfunction complicating an AMI who underwent successful primary PCI. These results suggest an important role of monocytes in the expansion of the infarct and the development of chronic ischemic heart failure after reperfusion therapy.


This paper presents a multicast algorithm for peer-to-peer dissemination of events in a distributed topic-based publish-subscribe system, where processes publish events of certain topics, organized in a hierarchy, and expect events of topics they subscribed to. Our algorithm is "data-aware" in the sense that it exploits information about process subscriptions and topic inclusion relationships to build dynamic groups of processes and efficiently manage the flow of information within and between these process groups. This "data-awareness" helps limit the membership information that each process needs to maintain and preserves processes from receiving messages related to topics they have not subscribed to. It also provides the application with means to control, for each topic in a hierarchy, the trade-off between the message complexity and the reliability of event dissemination. We convey this trade-off through both analysis and simulation.


Significance: Analysis of modern large-scale, multicenter or diseased data requires deformable registration algorithms that can cope with data of diverse nature. Objective: We propose a novel deformable registration method, which is based on a cue-aware deep regression network, to deal with multiple databases with minimal parameter tuning. Methods: Our method learns and predicts the deformation field between a reference image and a subject image. Specifically, given a set of training images, our method learns the displacement vector associated with a pair of reference–subject patches. To achieve this, we first introduce a key-point truncated-balanced sampling strategy to facilitate accurate learning from the image database of limited size. Then, we design a cue-aware deep regression network, where we propose to employ the contextual cue, i.e., the scale-adaptive local similarity, to more apparently guide the learning process. The deep regression network is aware of the contextual cue for accurate prediction of local deformation. Results and Conclusion: Our experiments show that the proposed method can tackle various registration tasks on different databases, giving consistent good performance without the need of manual parameter tuning, which could be applicable to various clinical applications.


China needs to reduce its carbon emissions if global climate change mitigation is to succeed. Conventional economic analysis views cutting emissions as a cost, creating a collective action problem. However, decarbonization can improve productivity and provide co-benefits that accord with multiple national policy objectives. We track China's progress in reducing the emissions intensity of the economy, and construct a macro scenario with China's carbon emissions peaking in the 2020s. Investment in greater energy productivity and economic restructuring away from heavy industries can bring productivity gains, and decarbonization of energy supply has important co-benefits for air pollution and energy security. Combined with lower climate change risks and the likelihood that China's actions will influence other countries, this suggests that cutting carbon emissions is not only in China's self-interest but also in the global interest. To properly identify the true costs and benefits of climate change action requires new thinking in economic analysis.


The tumor suppressor p53 is widely dysregulated in cancer and represents an attractive target for immunotherapy. Because of its intracellular localization, p53 is inaccessible to classical therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, an increasingly successful class of anticancer drugs. However, peptides derived from intracellular antigens are presented on the cell surface in the context of MHC I and can be bound by T-cell receptors (TCR). Here, we report the development of a novel antibody, T1-116C, that acts as a TCR mimic to recognize an HLA-A*0201-presented wild-type p53 T-cell epitope, p5365-73(RMPEAAPPV). The antibody recognizes a wide range of cancers, does not bind normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and can activate immune effector functions to kill cancer cells in vitroIn vivo, the antibody targets p5365-73 peptide-expressing breast cancer xenografts, significantly inhibiting tumor growth. This represents a promising new agent for future cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2699-711. ©2017 AACR.


Food security in Malawi is generally equated with adequate maize production, the country's main staple crop, which accounts for more than 60 percent of total food production. However, reliable estimates of maize consumption are also useful measures for assessing food security. Further, information on the level of dietary diversity in the country can be used by policymakers and program managers to evaluate progress towards nutrition goals. This policy brief is based on a triangulation exercise evaluating alternative data sources for estimating maize availability and consumption as proxy measures of food security in Malawi. Data sources used for the comparison estimates include the Integrated Household Survey, the Food and Agriculture Organization's Food Balance Sheets, and documentation from the Malawi office of the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee. The brief also examines how best to use information from the country's second Integrated Household Survey to assess the level of dietary diversity in Malawi as a measure of nutrition security. Comparative statistics are applied to assess the reliability and accuracy of available production, consumption, and dietary diversity data, with particular emphasis on maize.


The Manus of New Guinea's Pere village were Margaret Mead's most favored community, the people to whom she returned five times before she died in 1978. "Kinship in the Admiralty Islands" is the classic and only thorough description of their complex rules of marriage and family relations. It draws on Mead's 1928-1929 field work, conducted with her second husband, New Zealander Reo Fortune, and benefits by her being able to cross-check her data with his. Written in 1931, "Kinship" followed Mead's first and very popular book on the Manus, "Growing Up in New Guinea," which was criticized by other anthropologists for being too general in scope. In "Kinship" Mead succeeded in demonstrating her thorough knowledge of this Melanesian group in the specific terms prized by her scholarly colleagues, while also describing in depth Manus social structure. "Kinship in the Admiralty Islands" describes an intricate system of social restraints and kinship ties and their impact on the local economy. The Manus' predilection for adoption, for example, allows surrogate fathers to make extended marriage payments, while in the next generation their adopted sons will take on the same responsibility for other young men in the new kin network. Mead reviews other kinship rules, such as avoidance behavior between in-laws of the opposite sex, early betrothals, other forms of adoption, and a range of deference behavior and joking relations among kin. In this work, Mead walks a fine line between functionalist kinship analysis of the British school of Radclife Brown and the cultural-and-personality orientation of Americans in the school of Franz Boas. Jeanne Guillemin's new introduction provides a lively in depth description of Margaret Mead's career in the early days of anthropology, the sometimes negative reactions of her contemporaries to her work, and her reasons for writing "Kinship in the Admiralty Islands," as well as Mead's later reactions to how "her Manus" entered the modern world. Margaret Mead was noted for directing her writings to both scholar and laymen alike. "Kinship in the Admiralty Islands" will be of interest to anthropologists and general readers interested in the peoples of the South Pacific. Margaret Mead was curator of ethnology of the American Museum of Natural History. She was the author of many books including "Continuities in Cultural Evolution" (available from Transaction), "The Study of Culture at a Distance, The Mountain of Arapesh," and "From the South Seas: Studies of Adolescence and Sex in Primitive Societies." Jeanne Guillemin is a professor of anthropology at Boston College and editor of "Anthropological Realities: Readings in the Science of Culture," also available from Transaction.