In high-performance unidirectional composites, even under static tensile loading, breaking of a fiber is a locally dynamic process which leads to propagation of stress waves in the interface, matrix and neighboring fibers. Current Finite Element modeling approaches consider the fiber break to be a quasi-static process and do not account for these wave propagation mechanisms. To gain better understanding of this event, a fiber-level finite element model of a 2-dimensional array of S2-glass fibers embedded in an elastic epoxy matrix with interfacial cohesive traction law is developed. The brittle fiber fracture results in release of stored strain energy as a compressive stress wave that propagates along the length of the broken fiber at speeds approaching the axial wave-speed in the fiber (6 km/s). This wave induces an axial tensile wave with a dynamic tensile stress concentration in adjacent fibers that diminishes with distance. Inclusion of these dynamic effects shows that there is not only a significant increase in the peak stress concentrations, but also a 5x increase in the the zone-of-influence of a single fiber break. The FE modeling approach adopted here enables us to visualize the dynamic wave propagation mechanisms associated with brittle fracture within the composite. The results are qualitatively compared with experimental observations of damage evolution within unidirectional composites and they are consistent with the experiments.


This paper contributes to the empirical understanding of the concept of commitment and the role it plays in shaping India's social policy implementation. Taking the case of the landmark policy, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), the paper analyses in-depth qualitative information from four states – Chhatisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Assam. The paper examines the puzzle of differing outcomes in these four states, despite the same design and implementation mechanisms, through a political economy lens. It presents a nuanced and rich analysis of the characteristics of commitment that can be seen in different states, linking these to how they play out in shaping the implementation dynamics of MGNREGA from a comparative lens. The paper contributes to the existing body of literature on policy implementation and the role that commitment plays at the level of the sub-national state in delivering welfare policy in India.


Immersion cooling is making a resurgence for use in server applications driven by an increase in chip densities and the need for reduction in overall data center power usage. This thesis focuses on pool boiling characteristics from an array of heaters which simulate electronic chips on a vertically-oriented printed circuit board. A pool boiling study was conducted on an array of four bare die using two different dielectric fluids; namely Novec-649 and HFE-7100, both with low global warming potential (GWP). Tests were conducted at two die spacings; 25 mm and 10 mm under two different pool conditions: saturated and 15◦C subcooled representing a start-up transient. Data were collected for increasing and decreasing heat flux cycles. The flux dissipated was found to be 14.6 W/cm and 14.2 W/cm with Novec-649 and HFE-7100 respectively for the test board with 10 mm die spacings under subcooled conditions. These values are recorded at self-imposed maximum surface temperatures that ensured operation well below the critical heat flux. These flux values are quite high especially since they are attained without the need to modify the surface or add heat sinks. In an effort to increase thermal performance, tests were also conducted on dies spaced 25 mm apart augmented with two different enhanced heat sinks featuring microporous and microfinned surfaces. Enhanced heat sinks performed better than bare die and the flux dissipated was found to be 18.87 W/cm and 18.31 W/cm using Novec-649 and HFE-7100 respectively under subcooled conditions. Additionally, these values were achieved at surface temperatures 15◦C lower than the surface temperatures recorded by the bare die for the same heat flux. Additionally, a batch of Novec-649 was intentionally contaminated using high levels of dioctyl phthalates to address the effect of contamination. The superheat required to dissipate 10 W/cm with contaminated fluid was found to be 10◦C greater than


If at the beginning of the last century the landscape was perceived mostly as artistical, functional, ambiental, economical, social, at the beginning of this millennium it gains in addition a new quality, given by cultural weight and the mark it leaves by the utility and the ''consumption'' of the landscape. Cultural and daily landscape falls within the line of sight of urban and landscape architects, sociologist, geographers, anthropologists , and in all domains of activity that are linked to landscape, requiring special measures for its protection and conservation (European Convention of Landscape – Florence 2000). Representing an important component of ecological, social, and cultural domain, the landscape is also a resources that contributes to improving the quality of human lives, and it could generate economical activities in the context of maintaining the harmonious balance between social, economical and environmental needs. In terms of the super- technologization of most activities, outdoor recreation becomes a physiological need for people in general and teenagers in particular. Social studies show that, in the urban environment, time spent outdoors is greater at the end of the week than during it, and the social groups who frequent these urban and suburban landscapes are mostly teenagers and children (Iliescu, 2003). These social groups (in personal development) need special attractions, capable to spark their interest and to compensate for their need of adrenaline. In this context, our study succeeded in answering social challenges to create in a small place, but sufficiently big enough to be declared the biggest in Romania, the first landscaped Dirt Park that's made by the technical and constructive requirements of spaces for extreme sports on bikes, but also for spending time outside. It's about a landscaping project for a surface of 5000s.m., designed to attract teens from the northern part of the capital, passionate bikers, and thought as a challenge by the fact that we wanted to implement it in a public-private partnership. The landscaping project of the first Dirt Park of this size in Romania was carried out by its construction on the field, so in two months after the theme debut, it was finalized and officially opened.


The proportion of total water loss that is due to leakages and bursts in a district metered area in the Baifikrom supply network in the Central region of Ghana was investigated using the minimum night flow method. Legitimate customer night use was estimated specifically for the study area based on social habits, active population at night and demographic characteristics of two categories of night-time users identified – water closet users and ventilated improved pits users. It was estimated that 12% of the daily supply volume was lost through leakage indicating that apparent losses constitute 28%. This suggests that the water utility has to investigate the components of apparent losses and plan measures to reduce them in addition to reducing leakage.


Many diseases are caused by a simple point mutation - they are the result of a single defective gene. Gene therapy is the attempt to replace a defective gene with a good copy or to add a good gene to compensate for the bad. Although this procedure has proven to be extremely hazardous, of all the technologies provided by the new biology, gene therapy holds much potential for curing disease. Dealing with one of the most controversial aspects of the new biology, Gene Therapy explores the development and future of this area of research and explains why it is considered such a promising branch of science. This encyclopedia presents an overview of genetic defects, viruses, and gene therapy in a way that students and general readers will find easy to understand. Comprehensive in scope, this book provides an account of the research leading to the first successful gene therapy trial and discusses the worldwide attention and subsequent controversy caused by the tragic death of a patient receiving gene therapy, as well as the future prospects and general ethics of gene therapy. Biographies of influential researchers in this field, a list of further reading, a glossary, and an index round out this timely reference.


General circulation models constrained by past meteorological records have been run as part of a major community effort, using datasets from 1958 to the present date, to produce consistent gridded atmospheric databases known as reanalysis data. We derive linear regression models to transfer reanalysis gridded data to high elevation weather stations in Europe using daily observations from 1994 to 2001. The models are then used to reconstruct daily mean, minimum and maximum air temperatures since 1958 at the weather stations. The regression models use principal components of reanalysis temperature and pressure variables in addition to local (nearest grid point) temperature and pressure variables. An all-subsets regression technique in conjunction with cross validation is used to find the best model. The accuracy of the approach is verified using observed monthly data from 1980 to 1990 at 29 stations, and monthly data since 1958 at 8 stations. The verification results indicate that retrodiction to 1980 is good at all stations. However, validation at 3 alpine stations shows large differences between observed and reconstructed temperatures prior to 1970. Nevertheless, the basic spatio-temporal warming pattern we reconstruct for the European mountains has many simi- larities to that for the European 'lowlands'. We find regional climatic trends for the period 1958 to 2001 of typically 0.7°C per 100 yr for minimum temperatures and twice that for maximum temper- atures. These trends are probably underestimated. Our reconstructions suggest that there has been an increase in the diurnal temperature range in European mountains in addition to the overall warming.


As any etymologist knows, the word 'text' is derived from the past participle of the Latin verb texere, to weave. Text is therefore something that is 'woven'. It's a persuasive metaphor, to imagine writing in terms of the warp and weft of ideas and words, of narrative threads woven together to become a piece of fabric. The idea of history as fabric brings together a whole different set of tropes, not just of weaving, but of the very materiality of fabric. Does the fabric have a nap, or a pattern? Is it cut with the grain, or on the bias? What of its folds, its seams? All these qualities of fabric have application in the interpretation of history, and some of these images are already familiar in historical discourse.


To examine whether selective exposure occurs when people read news attributed to an algorithm author, this study conducted a 2 (author attribution: human or algorithm) × 3 (article attitude: attitude-consistent news, attitude-challenging news, or neutral story) × 2 (article topic: gun control or abortion) mixed-design online experiment ( N = 351). By experimentally manipulating the attribution of authorship, this study found that selective exposure and selective avoidance were practiced when the news article was declared to be written by algorithms. Results revealed that people were more likely to select attitude-consistent news rather than attitude-challenging news and rated attitude consistent news stories as more credible than attitude challenging news for stories purportedly written by both algorithms and human journalists. For attitude-consistent gun-rights stories, people were more likely to expose themselves to human attribution stories rather than algorithmic attribution stories. Results also showed that source credibility partially mediated the influence of issue partisanship on selective exposure for gun stories. This study bears implications on the selective exposure theory and the emerging field of automated journalism.


Abstract. Organic matter deposited in ancient, ice-rich permafrost sediments is vulnerable to climate change and may contribute to the future release of greenhouse gases; it is thus important to get a better characterization of the plant organic matter within such sediments. From a Late Quaternary permafrost sediment core from the Buor Khaya Peninsula, we analysed plant-derived sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) to identify the taxonomic composition of plant organic matter, and undertook palynological analysis to assess the environmental conditions during deposition. Using sedaDNA, we identified 154 taxa and from pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs we identified 83 taxa. In the deposits dated between 54 and 51 kyr BP, sedaDNA records a diverse low-centred polygon plant community including recurring aquatic pond vegetation while from the pollen record we infer terrestrial open-land vegetation with relatively dry environmental conditions at a regional scale. A fluctuating dominance of either terrestrial or swamp and aquatic taxa in both proxies allowed the local hydrological development of the polygon to be traced. In deposits dated between 11.4 and 9.7 kyr BP (13.4–11.1 cal kyr BP), sedaDNA shows a taxonomic turnover to moist shrub tundra and a lower taxonomic richness compared to the older samples. Pollen also records a shrub tundra community, mostly seen as changes in relative proportions of the most dominant taxa, while a decrease in taxonomic richness was less pronounced compared to sedaDNA. Our results show the advantages of using sedaDNA in combination with palynological analyses when macrofossils are rarely preserved. The high resolution of the sedaDNA record provides a detailed picture of the taxonomic composition of plant-derived organic matter throughout the core, and palynological analyses prove valuable by allowing for inferences of regional environmental conditions.


Despite the increasing application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to business over the past decade, there are mixed views regarding their contribution. Assessing the contribution of AI to business has been difficult, in part, due to lack of evaluation criteria. In this study, we identified general criteria for evaluating this body of literature. Within this framework, we examined applications of AI to business forecasting and prediction. For each of the seventy studies located through our search, we evaluated how effectively the proposed technique was compared with alternatives (effectiveness of validation) as well as how well the technique was implemented (effectiveness of implementation). We concluded that by using acceptable practice and providing validated comparisons, 31% (22) of the studies contributed to our knowledge about the applicability of the AI techniques to business. Of these twenty-two studies, twenty supported the potential of AI in forecasting. This small number of studies indicates a need for improved research in this area.


Confident protein identifications derived from high-throughput bottom-up and top-down proteomics workflows depend on acquisition of thousands of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra with adequate signal-to-noise and accurate mass assignments of the fragment ions. Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) using 193 nm photons has proven to be well-suited for activation and fragmentation of peptides and proteins in ion trap mass spectrometers, but the spectral signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is typically lower than that obtained from collisional activation methods. The lower S/N is attributed to the dispersion of ion current among numerous fragment ion channels (a,b,c,x,y,z ions). In addition, frequently UVPD is performed such that a relatively large population of precursor ions remains undissociated after the UV photoactivation period in order to prevent overdissociation into small uninformative or internal fragment ions. Here we report a method to improve spectral S/N and increase the accuracy of mass assignments of UVPD mass spectra via resonance ejection of undissociated precursor ions after photoactivation. This strategy, termed precursor ejection UVPD or PE-UVPD, allows the ion trap to be filled with more ions prior to UVPD while at the same time alleviating the space charge problems that would otherwise contribute to the skewing of mass assignments and reduction of S/N. Here we report the performance gains by implementation of PE-UVPD for peptide analysis in an ion trap mass spectrometer.


Gradient-based routing using Bloom filters is an effective mechanism to enable data-centric queries in multihop networks. A node compressively describes its data items as a Bloom filter, which is then diffused away to the other nodes with information decay. The Bloom filters form an information potential that eventually navigates queries to the source node by ascending the potential field. The existing designs of Bloom filters, however, have critical limitations with respect to the feasibility of gradient-based routing. The compressed routing entries appear to be noisy. Noise in unrelated routing entries is very likely to equal to even outweigh information in right routing entries, thus blinding a query to its desired destination. This work addresses the root cause of the mismatch between the ideal and the practical performance of gradient-based routing using Bloom filters. We first investigate the impact of decaying model on the effectiveness of routing entries, and then evaluate the negative impact of noise on routing decisions. Based on such analytical results, we derive the necessary and sufficient condition of feasible gradient-based routing using Bloom filters. Accordingly, we propose a receiver-oriented design of Bloom filters, called Wader, which satisfies the necessary and sufficient condition. The evaluation results demonstrate that Wader guarantees the correctness and efficiency of gradient-based routing with high probability.


Rolling upgrade is a widely-used industry technique for updating software while a service provided by multiple instances of the software remains available. In cloud deployments of software, it is usual to implement the update step for rolling upgrade by replacing entire virtual machine instances. During the process of rolling upgrade, various failures may occur due to the complexity of software stack and the uncertainties of cloud platforms. Instance health checking and replacement are standard functionalities in most cloud infrastructures, though these create uncertainty in the duration of the whole upgrade procedure. In contrast, software and configuration errors are not usually detected by infrastructure functionalities, and if these happen, the entire rolling upgrade normally is unsuccessful and the system is left in an unsuitable state. In this paper, we propose an approach, named R2 C, which innovates the stat of the art with our early error detection and predictability to increase the robustness of rolling upgrade on cloud platforms. We evaluate our techniques through real life testing in Amazon Web Service (AWS) and through a simulation.


Complete tutorial for database developers! Thorough coverage of PL/SQL Practical "cookbook" techniquesEffectively create and manage complex databases with Oracle! Systems and database expert Kevin Owens explores PL/SQL, Oracle's answer to the Structured Query Language (SQL), and teaches you what you need to know to build robust and complex databases for your business.Using easy-to-follow instructions and examples, this book presents techniques to take advantage of Oracle features such as triggers and stored procedures-features that allow your databases to incorporate business rules which are easy to manage and modify as the business evolves. Topics covered include: Viewing constraints in the data dictionary Complex rule enforcement PL/SQL program units and language features Data types and composite structure Error handling and exceptions Inter-process communications Declarative constraints, including primary key, unique, foreign key, check, and much moreProgramming Oracle Triggers and Stored Procedures, Third Edition, is an invaluable resource for database developers, designers, and project leaders looking to build and maintain truly intelligent, complex databases


This fully-updated second edition provides a comprehensive survey of public international law, with useful references throughout to current events, classic and contemporary cases and scholarship. It is designed as a stand-alone text or as a complement to all the major casebooks on the topic. The first section of the book addresses the fundamental structure, actors, and history of international law; the second section focuses on the interface of international law and national law; and the final section covers key subject matter areas: human rights, the law of the sea, international environmental law, international criminal law, and the use of force.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
Bacterial gastroenteritis seems to be a risk factor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The incidence of post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS) was reported to be in the range of 7-31%, but few studies have reported long term follow-up results. So, we investigated the clinical course and prognosis of PI-IBS three years after shigella infection.

METHODS
The subjects were recruited from our previous study, in which we investigated the incidence and risk factors of PI-IBS. We had a questionnaire based on interview with 120 controls and 124 patients who had shigella infection three years ago. Both groups were evaluated for the presence of IBS, functional bowel disorders (FBD) except IBS before, one and three years after the infection, respectively.

RESULTS
Ninety-five patients (76.6%) and 105 controls (87.5%) completed the questionnaire. In patients group, 7 cases had IBS prior to infection (previous IBS), 12 cases (13.8%) had IBS after 1 year (PI-IBS). Four cases developed IBS newly after 3 years (new IBS). Thirteen cases (14.9%) in patients and 4 cases (4.5%) in controls had IBS over 3 years (OR 3.93: 1.20-12.86). The recovery rate over 3 years were 50.0% (2/4) in previous IBS and 25% (3/12) in PI-IBS. The incidence of PI-IBS after 3 years in previous FBD subjects was 28.6% and was 10.6% in normals (p<0.05). The female gender was a risk factor for FBD.

CONCLUSIONS
Bacterial gastroenteritis is a trigger factor of IBS. About a quarter of PI-IBS patients are recovered over 3 years. Previous FBD except IBS is a risk factor after 3 years.


Jorge Luis Borges, one of the indisputably great writers of the twentieth century, was born in Buenos Aires in 1899. Never having been awarded the Nobel Prize, which his readers worldwide believed he deserved, this story writer, poet, essayist, and man of letters died at age eighty-six. This anthology of interviews with him features more than a dozen conversations that cover all phases of his life and work. Conducted between 1964 and 1984, the interviews reveal Borges to be a remarkably candid, humorous man, by turns skeptical and enthusiastic, and always a singularly incisive and adventurous thinker. He discusses his blindness, his family and childhood, early travels, literary friends, and struggles to find his literary identity. In depth he examines the meanings and intentions of his own famous stories and poems, and he speaks of the writers whose works he has loved-Dante, Cervantes, Emerson, Dickinson, H. G. Wells, Kafka, Stevenson, Kipling, Whitman, Frost, and Faulkner-and of those whom he disliked, such as Hemingway and Lorca. Borges expresses his contempt for Peron and assesses the tumultuous politics of Argentina. He speaks also of the imagination as a type of dreaming, about issues of collaboration and translation, about philosophy, and about time. Many of the interviews were conducted by notable figures, including Alastair Reid, Willis Barnstone, and Ronald Christ. As Borges speaks in these conversations, readers who have fallen under the spell of his magical prose and poetry will find additional sustenance.


The perspective of learning is changing dramatically with the advent of various electronic media and computing devices. E-learning refers learning through electronic devices, which are two dimensions in nature. The need of another dimension is inevitable in our changing life style to acquire knowledge through E-learning. Producing 3D interactive models is becoming a greater challenge every day. Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) provides a platform independent file format for specifying the geometry, lighting and material properties of a 3D environment, as well as a scripting interface for specifying object behaviours. Our attempt in this paper is to use the tools and techniques available within VRML for a dynamic e-learning environment.


Security verification for the physical implementation of a cryptography system is an important step to ensure the security level promised by theory. As has been shown many times, any physical device has characteristics and behavior that deviate from theoretical expectations. Frequently, those lead to new security loopholes. This thesis presents three experimental studies of attacks on quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The first is the detection efficiency mismatch on free-space systems, which takes advantage of alignment imperfections in Bob's detector to control detection efficiencies. The experiment was done on a polarization-encoding free-space receiver to find the detection efficiencies of each detector for different spatial modes of an incoming photon. Those results were put into an optimization program, which modeled an intercept-andresend attack on a non-decoy Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. The result shows that an adversary is able to gain information about the key without being detected by Alice and Bob. The second study is an experimental test of reliability of a spatial filter (a pinhole), which is proposed as a countermeasure for the previous attack. The result shows that, by sending a high-power laser beam focused on the pinhole, the pinhole can be widened without affecting other components in the receiver. Thus, the ability to perform a spatial mode detection efficiency-mismatch attack is recovered. The last experiment is a demonstration of Eve's ability to force a commercial system to distill a key from a raw key of a short length, where the asymptotic assumption of security claimed by the manufacturer might not hold. It was shown that this could be done by inducing transmission loss in the channel at an appropriate time.


The Uşak–Güre basin is a NE–SW-trending extensional basin located in the northern part of the Menderes Massif, in western Anatolia. The Uşak–Güre basin contains a Lower to Upper Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession that records the unroofing of the metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Metamorphic Core Complex. We propose a new structural mechanism based on geological mapping and detailed kinematic fault analysis from each of the evolutionary phases. We also propose that north- to NE-dipping low-angle detachment surfaces define the basin boundaries and have identified three stages of deformation throughout the Miocene: the Early Miocene deformation phase (D2) is characterized by low-angle normal faulting (Simav detachment fault) in the supra-detachment Uşak–Güre basin, which marks the initiation of the extensional tectonics during the latest Oligocene; the Middle Miocene deformation phase (D3) refers to volcano-tectonic activities during accumulation of the İnay Group; the Late Miocene deformation phase (D4) is related to late Miocene tectonic activity widely responsible for deposition of the Asartepe Formations and uplift of the metamorphic rocks in the Uşak basin margin. In addition, we propose that the eastern part of the Menderes Massif was delimited by the 'Uşak–Muğla transtensional transfer zone' from Middle Miocene time throughout the eastern part of the Menderes Metamorphic Core Complex.


This paper proposes a new method for a measure of coherent similarity between temporal multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and its implementation to change detection application. The method is based on mutual information (MI) from information theory. The MI measures the amount of information in common between coherent temporal multichannel SAR acquisitions. In order to develop an algorithm for all kinds of SAR images, such as interferometric SAR, polarimetric-interferometric SAR (PolInSAR), and partial PolInSAR, first, the joint density function of temporal multichannel images based on their second-order statistics has been derived. Then, the derived joint density function is used to calculate an analytical expression for the MI between temporal images, which is assumed to be maximal if the temporal images are identical. Although, in this paper, a new coherent similarity measure has analytically been derived for temporal polarimetric SAR images based on complex Wishart process in time, since the mathematical formulation is general, it can equally well be implemented into any kind of multivariate remote sensing data, such as multispectral optical and interferometric images after small continuation. This derived quantity has been implemented for change detection application whose aim is to characterize the temporal behavior of the acquisitions. A comparison between the proposed and the other well-known change detection methods by means of scene characterization is shown, describing the advantages due to the fact that the proposed change detector involves almost every facet of applied change detection.


High temperature operation limits the life of fluid film bearings; hence the need to quantify the effect of pad material on the performance of tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs). The paper presents measurements of performance conducted on a copper-pads bearing (C-PB) and a steel-pads bearing (S-PB). Both bearings have the same geometry and differ on the pads' backing material, copper vs. steel, and slightly in the assembled cold clearance. The journal diameter D = 102 mm, and a bearing has five pads with length L = 0.4D, nominal radial clearance 0.064 mm, and pad preload of 0.42. The pads are 12.3 mm in thickness and have a 50% offset pivot, ball-in-socket type. The bearings operate at four shaft speeds ranging from 6 krpm (32 m/s surface speed) to 14 krpm (74 m/s) and under multiple specific loads ranging from 0.17 MPa to 2.1 MPa. ISO VG 32 oil, at a supply temperature of 49 °C, lubricates a test bearing configured with end seals (flooded bearing). At the highest load (on pad) and low shaft speed, the S-PB static eccentricity is up to 37% higher than that for the C-PB. The oil exit temperature rise is similar for both bearings, the maximum difference reaches 6 °C. For all operating conditions, the pads' peak temperature rise, having a maximum difference of 5 °C to 16 °C, is larger for the S-PB. The S-PB produces a ∼ 5% lower drag power loss than that in the C-PB. Drag power in both bearings increases with shaft speed and is largely independent of applied load. From dynamic load tests with multiple excitation frequencies to 250 Hz, the C-PB direct stiffness KYY (along the load direction) is up to 30% higher than the S-PB stiffness, while the difference in KXX between the C-PB and the S-PB ranges from 60% to 90%. Similar to the stiffness results, the C-PB produces larger direct damping coefficients; CYY and CXX are up to 25% and 40% larger than those for the S-PB. Both bearings, however, show symmetry in the damping coefficients, i.e., CXX ∼ CYY. Virtual mass coefficients (MXX, MYY) are significant in magnitude though having a large uncertainty. A computational physics model predicts the TPJB performance under identical conditions. The exhaustive comparison conducted with a sound dimensional characterization of parameters reveals that predictions agree well with measurements of journal eccentricity, oil exit temperature, pad surface temperatures, and stiffness and damping force coefficients. The differences amount to 20% or less. The model relies on specifying the material properties for pads and pivots and the operating (hot) clearance to produce accurate thermo-mechanically induced deformations that affect bearing performance at high loads and high surface speed operation.


Some recent empirical studies concerning the perception of tonal melodies are based upon the theoretical assumption that it is adequate to distinguish "tonal" from "atonal" tunes with reference to diatonic and chromatic pitch collections, respectively. Such a principal of demarcation, however, fails to account for the intuitive sense that melodies may display relative degrees of "tonal-ness" and that chromaticism may function to establish and reinforce tonal centers. What appears necessary for the evaluation of results of such studies, as well as for the formulation of further experiments, is a tonal-functional theory of chromaticism that will allow the distinction between "tonal" and "atonal" to be appropriately clarified. This article presents an informal model for a functional theory of chromaticism based upon a "tonal chromatic" scale. Drawing upon a critique of a functional model formulated by Deutsch and Feroe, this study develops concepts central to the notion of chromatic function. These concepts are then employed in a critique of four proposed forms of chromatic scales, specifying weaknesses in each. Following this, the author proposes a "tonal chromatic" scale which overcomes difficulties inherent in previously proposed scale forms. Analytical examples are offered that illuminate the structural implications of the model.


Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are usually considered to be initiated by planetary wave activity. Here it is asked whether small-scale variability (e.g., related to gravity waves) can lead to SSWs given a certain amount of planetary wave activity that is by itself not sufficient to cause a SSW. A highly vertically truncated version of the Holton–Mass model of stratospheric wave–mean flow interaction, recently proposed by Ruzmaikin et al., is extended to include stochastic forcing. In the deterministic setting, this low-order model exhibits multiple stable equilibria corresponding to the undisturbed vortex and SSW state, respectively. Momentum forcing due to quasi-random gravity wave activity is introduced as an additive noise term in the zonal momentum equation. Two distinct approaches are pursued to study the stochastic system. First, the system, initialized at the undisturbed state, is numerically integrated many times to derive statistics of first passage times of the system undergoing a transition to the SSW state. Second, the Fokker– Planck equation corresponding to the stochastic system is solved numerically to derive the stationary probability density function of the system. Both approaches show that even small to moderate strengths of the stochastic gravity wave forcing can be sufficient to cause a SSW for cases for which the deterministic system would not have predicted a SSW.


The most common type of intersection improvement considered by many state departments of transportation is signalization. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) uses a system called the Intersection Priority Array, which was originally developed by Ching. This system provides a tool for objectively considering numerous intersections. Although the system is useful, it only addresses the need for and relative priority of a signal. It does not address other actions that may improve the safety and efficiency of the intersection. The goal of this research project was to develop a system for analyzing the need for left- and/or right-turn lane improvements to an intersection and prioritizing the severity of that need. Development of the system was based on two questions it would have to answer about the intersection: (1) Is a left- or right-turn lane recommended for a particular intersection? This question is answered on the basis of traffic conditions and accident history. Threshold values for volume and accident history are determined from published engineering studies. (2) How severe is the need for a turn lane compared to other intersections being considered? To answer this question, the system assigns dollar values to delay conditions and accident history specific to the intersection. Dollar values are assigned to accidents over the worst 12-month period in a 3-year accident history. The system then calculates the reduction in delay that would result from installing the left- or right-turn lanes by using regression equations from published engineering studies or standards such as the Highway Capacity Manual. The scaled sum of the accident and delay costs is the severity score for the specific intersection improvement. The benefits of this system are that it is an objective method of ranking intersections against others and it is easy to use. It requires data that are easily obtainable from resources available at most traffic offices.


The Launceston Chinese community makes up only a small proportion of the Launceston population,
yet inspite of this fact it remains an active, cohesive cultural group. The community, however, in
spite of being identifiably a group made up of a specific, racially defined, sector of the Launceston
community is not exclusive. The group, although Chinese, is equally Australian and the members
consider themselves "middle people", with a unique perspective on two vastly different cultures,
which allows them to function socially with more alternatives than the either the Chinese living in
China or Europeans living in Australia, a culturally European-based society.
Contributing factors for the existence of this situation come from many sources. The culture
of the Australia as essentially a European colony, and the history of China, particularly in the last 160
years have both influenced immigration patterns. The political and social turmoil that China has
undergone during this era has proved a powerful motivating factor for Chinese to emigrate.
Australian history is of equal importance. The Australian demand for labour and the goldrushes
provided economic prospects for Chinese and this proved a motivating factor inattracting Chinese to
immigrate to Australia.
Tasmania's history of differences from other colonies and states provided opportunities for
economic prospects without the same extent of racial antagonism experienced in other areas of
Australia. Thus the Tasmanian tin industry drew much Chinese secondary immigration, and the
concentrations of Chinese in the North East gave them the cultural freedom and security to develop a
harmonious and even mutually beneficial relationship with European immigrant sectors of the
community.
The Chinese community of the twentieth century, particularly the post World War II era, saw
the Tasmanian Chinese community linked more strongly with some of the problems between Asians
and Europeans in other parts of Australia. This was because of Federation in 1901 and the jurisdiction
for immigration legislation passing from the hands of the colonial government to that of the federal
government. Legislative persecution of Tasmanian Chinese inspired by racial disputes that originated
in different colonies ensued.
In the era 1966- 1973 changing attitudes led to the dismantling of the legislation, known as
the White Australia Policy and a wave of educated, enterprising and entrepreneurial Chinese
immigrants began to arrive in Launceston. Through an examination of the composition of the modern
Launceston Chinese community, its concerns, organisations and activities, this study will portray a
community neither fully Chinese nor fully Australian; neither assimilated nor isolated, and also not
strictly both Australian and Chinese. Instead they are a "middle people" who have synthesised their
own unique culture out of comparing and reconciling aspects of both Australian and Chinese culture
and thus synthesising something completely new.


Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is designed to serve the dual purposes of allowing the industrialised countries to earn credits by investing in project activities that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while contributing to sustainable development in developing countries via the flows of technology and capital. The fact that the geographic distribution of CDM projects is highly uneven motivates this research into whether certain geographic endowments matter for the CDM development. This research suggests that CDM credit flows in a country is positively affected by those in its neighbouring countries. Countries with higher absolute latitudes and elevations tend to initiate more CDM projects, whereas countries having richer natural resources do not seem to undertake more CDM projects. This finding sheds light on the geographic determinants of uneven CDM development across countries, and has implications for developing countries in terms of international cooperation and national capacity building to effectively access the CDM


Packages are complex entities and it can be difficult to understand them as they play different roles (e.g., core package, UI class container, tests package . . . ). In particular, package interdependencies make difficult their management (substitution, evolutions, deprecation). Understanding whether a package has high or low impact on the system is another valuable piece of information. In addition, package organization represents the backbone of large software system. It is is usually agreed that packages should form layered structures. However, identifying such layered structure is difficult since packages are often in cycles. Several approaches propose to recover software structure or to visualize classes or files organization. Only few approaches provide layered organization and in particular take cycle into account. In this paper, we propose an approach which provides (i) a strategy to highlight dependencies which break Acyclic Dependency Principle and (ii) an organization of package (even in presence of cycles) in multiple layers. While our approach can be run automatically, it also supports human inputs and constraints. We validate our approach with a preliminary study on the structure of the Moose software analysis platform: it shows promising results.


In the last two decades, Asia has become the world's fastest economically growing area. Countries in Southeast Asia are growing at an increasing rate. For instance, the average annual income is increasing from 4% to 8%, population from 2% to 3%, urbanization from 4% to 6%, and meat consumption from 4% to 8%. In this region, pork is the most important source of meat, accounting for approximately 58% of total meat output. However, pig production in the region is small in scale with more than 70% being smallholders. Regional and national goals to reach the international market threaten traditional pig production due to its perceived low standard of output. Alongside, natural resources are under high pressure from heavy pollution emanating from pig production. Industrialization has caused the migration of the pig population from rural areas to the outskirts of big cities like Manila, Ho Chi Minh, and Siemriep, or Phnom Penh. Industrialization has also resulted in air, soil, and water pollution in these cities. In addition, the region shares a huge area of the South China Sea and by intensive pig keeping, surplus nutrients and minerals flow into that sea. This paper aims to: 1) provide an overview of the current pig production situation in certain selected ASEAN countries, namely Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, and Vietnam; 2) analyze how these changes may occur over the coming years and how it will affect the livelihoods of different types of pig farmers (large, medium, small); 3) identify some of the constraints that will need to be overcome (e.g., environmental impact, disease challenge, breed loss, effect of globalization, marginalization of small farmers, climate change issues); and 4) to pinpoint certain guidelines for drawing up a regional strategy on pig production.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This analysis from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) assessed the phenotypic and pathology characteristics of proteinuric patients undergoing kidney biopsy and defined the frequency and factors associated with complete proteinuria remission (CRever).

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
We enrolled adults and children with proteinuria ≥0.5 g/d at the time of first clinically indicated renal biopsy at 21 sites in North America from April 2010 to June 2014 into a prospective cohort study. NEPTUNE central pathologists assigned participants to minimal-change disease (MCD), FSGS, membranous nephropathy, or other glomerulopathy cohorts. Outcome measures for this analysis were (1) CRever with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) <0.3 g/g with preserved native kidney function and (2) ESRD. Continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th, 75th percentile). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess factors associated with CRever.

RESULTS
We enrolled 441 patients: 116 (27%) had MCD, 142 (32%) had FSGS, 66 (15%) had membranous nephropathy, and 117 (27%) had other glomerulopathy. The baseline UPC was 4.1 g/g (IQR, 1.9, 7.7) and the eGFR was 81 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (IQR, 50, 105). Median duration of observation was 19 months (IQR, 11, 30). CRever occurred in 46% of patients, and 4.6% progressed to ESRD. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher prebiopsy proteinuria (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.5) and pathology diagnosis (FSGS versus MCD; hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.5) were inversely associated with CRever. The effect of immunosuppressive therapy on remission varied by pathology diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS
In NEPTUNE, the high frequency of other pathology in proteinuric patients affirms the value of the diagnostic kidney biopsy. Clinical factors, including level of proteinuria before biopsy, pathology diagnosis, and immunosuppression, are associated with complete remission.


Sedimentary sequences composed of selenite gypsum, mudstone, and dolomite microbialites cropping out in the eastern part of the Madrid Basin were deposited in a mudflat – saline-lake system during the Miocene. In some dolomite beds enriched in detrital grains, dolomite crystals occur intergrown with framboidal pyrite clusters that in many cases are arranged along the associated phyllosilicate cleavages, which accounts for the mineral disaggregation, and eventually for the mineral replacement. High-resolution FE-SEM investigations across the interface between the pyrite and the phyllosilicate show that a single phyllosilicate is replaced by iron sulphides in different microsites, with retention of some aspects of the parent structure. Pyrite formed in the sediment as texturally complex framboids, coexisting with amorphous to poorly crystalline iron-rich sulphide phases, and include carbonaceous filaments with biogenic isotopic signatures (δ13C = −22.95‰). Microprobe analytical data indicate the weathered phyllosilicates to be significantly depleted in Fe relative to Si and Al. The selective release of Fe has not involved the mineral transformation to secondary phyllosilicates, which suggests a preferential microbial colonization of the Fe-bearing minerals rather than a thermodynamically driven degradation of those minerals. Depleted δ34S values in pyrite further suggest that sulphate microbial reduction to sulphide was active within the sediment during the alteration of the silicates.

This paper gives new insight into the microbial weathering of phyllosilicates and the subsequent formation of pyrite through a sequence of intermediate products enriched in iron. These processes were coeval with the microbially-mediated precipitation of dolomite, which further reinforces the role of the microbes in the formation of the sulphides.


This facsimile collection features eight satirical fictions from eighteenth-century Britain, which use Japan as their main setting. The authors of this fiction include Jonathan Swift, Tobias Smollett, and George Psalmanazar, the most famous literary fraud and imposter of the eighteenth century. English translations of various European works of the period which became very popular in England have also been included within this collection, which will be a valuable primary source to all students of eighteenth-century English literature, and those interested in the image of Japan and the Japanese held by British writers in the early Modern period.


In Suburban Sweatshops, Jennifer Gordon paints a bleak picture of the current state of undocumented workers' rights in suburban America's service industry. As immigration law is increasingly interpreted to limit the rights of undocumented workers, undocumented immigrants are having a harder time organizing to demand workplace rights. In the face of this increasing exploitation, however, Gordon ands hope in alternatives to the traditional union structure. She focuses on the efforts of the Workplace Project, a Long Island worker center, to advocate for immigrant workers through participation in the political process and geographic organization. This Book Review examines the legal framework in which suburban sweatshops thrive and explores the effectiveness of alternative organizing groups, such as the Workplace Project, in effecting change for undocumented workers. Through the political process and geographic organization, worker centers around the nation have met with limited success in combating the abuse of undocumented immigrant workers.


An overall coordination between the expressions of genes is required for the proper development of an individual. Although most genes are expressed from both the constituent alleles of the genome, a small subset of autosomal genes are preferentially expressed from only one of the parental alleles, a phenomenon known as genomic imprinting. The imprinted H19 and Igf2 genes are considered paradigms of genomic imprinting as their monoallelic expression pattern is coordinated by a short stretch of sequence located upstream of H19, known as the imprinting control region (ICR). This region shows differential methylation, with hypermethylation specifically on the paternal allele. On the maternal allele this region acts as an insulator and harbours maternal specific hypersensitive sites. The hypersensitive sites were identified as the result of association of the vertebrate insulator protein CTCF with the region. This association was investigated in both an in vitro episomal system and in an in vivo mouse model system by mutating the CTCF target sites at the H19 ICR. The importance of CTCF for the insulator property of the region was confirmed in both instances. In the mouse model, the disruption of the binding was also observed to affect the methylation profile of the ICR, which ultimately resulted in the de-repression of the maternal Igf2 allele.The relevance of multiple CTCF target sites in higher vertebrates for the proper insulator function was investigated using another knock-in mouse model with mutation at a single CTCF target site in the H19 ICR. The investigation confirmed the cooperation between the target sites for the establishment of a functional insulator on the maternal allele. Target sites in the ICR were also analysed for their differential binding affinity for the CTCF protein.The utilisation of the CTCF target sites was examined in different human tumours and cell lines. Methylation analysis conveyed a lack of correlation between the loss of insulator function and methylation status of the ICR with the loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2. Investigations also identified a novel mechanism, which neutralised the chromatin insulator function of the H19 ICR without affecting its chromatin conformation. This principle might also help in explaining the loss of IGF2 imprinting observed in some instances.In conclusion, this thesis confirms the importance of CTCF in the formation of an epigenetically regulated chromatin insulator at the ICR, which in turn controls the expression pattern of H19 and Igf2. The studies also confirm the role of CTCF in the maintenance of the methylation profile of the region. Investigations into the loss of IGF2 imprinting in human cancer indicate the involvement of other novel mechanisms besides CTCF in the regulation of insulator function.


This paper describes a theoretically driven approach uniquely suited for the development of research partnerships between university teams and local communities serving children enrolled in Head Start programs. A literature review on dimensions of successful research partnerships provides a backdrop for presenting the Resilience Partnership-Directed Approach (RPA) to conducting wellness research, with a specific emphasis on issues that arise when working with ethnic minority populations. RPA involves four stages that capture the evolution of collaborative research initiatives involving university-based research teams and community partners. Key methods and expected outcomes for each stage are reviewed and examples from a parent involvement project illustrate how attention to core processes of collaboration can produce data that benefit both the practitioner and research communities. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding the use of RPA and a discussion of a research partnership's effects on training for undergraduate and graduate students.


Objective
The objective of this study was to develop a sonographic technique for the measurement of fetal interorbital distance (IOD) for gestational age (GA) determination and to establish a normogram of IOD for the local population.

Methods
The fronto-transverse sonographic technique was established as a feasible and reproducible technique for IOD measurement. Two independent and experienced sonographers tested the technique and had a coefficient of variation of 17.64% and 19.72%, respectively, which is statistically insignificant. The established technique was used to measure the IOD of 320 fetuses from the 13th week to 40th week GA, while standard technique was used to measure biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and femur length (FL) of the fetuses. The data obtained were used to determine the regression equation GA = 6.24 + 4.89 IOD for the prediction of the gestational age.

Results
There was good correlation between IOD, BPD, HC and FL. The predicted normogram of IOD was compared with normogram of the Caucasian population. The result showed that there was no statistical difference between them (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Results from the study suggest that the fronto-transverse technique is a feasible and reproducible technique for IOD measurement and the established normogram of IOD can be a veritable statistic for GA prediction in our locality.


Purpose of the article: The article is focused on the use of Pareto's rule "80–20" in streamlining of sales range. It is based on the assumption that 80% of the impact is due to 20% of the causes. The application of this rule on the chosen problem can be expressed as a question: "Which products from an assortment of shop bring the highest share of the sales?"
Scientific aim: The primary aim is to develop a methodology for evaluating of assortment effectiveness in retail stores with food, based on analysis of contribution of individual items range on margins and sales volumes.
Methodology: The general procedure of analysis using Pareto's rule is based on secondary data which come from scientific works done by other researchers in the area. The universal procedure was further modified for the investigated problem. The outcome is a methodology for evaluating of the range saleability. The method of case study was applied to verify the practical application of the methodology.
Findings: The proposed methodology is practically useful as a tool for evaluation of the shop assortment in an effort to achieve higher sales efficiency and customer value. The principles, the application and the evaluation of the methodology are demonstrated by the case study called "The analysis of the sales range in a retail food shop".
Conclusions: The research focuses on the food retail. Therefore the proposed methodology suited to condition in this field. For other retail or wholesale areas would be the methodology applicable only after proper changes in segmentation of assortment and the calculation formula.


Fifteen years ago, Canada and the United States entered into a historic commitment: to facilitate and manage the growing integration of their two markets on a bilateral, rather than a multilateral, basis. The result was the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which entered into force on January 1, 1989. Five years later, they agreed to add Mexico to the mix and convert the FTA into the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By 2004, Canadians could look back on fifteen years of experience under the new arrangement. What have we learned from that experience? Let me share six lessons that fifteen or more years of involvement in the free trade project have taught me, and draw out some guidance for the future. Three of the lessons are largely political, while the other three are more academic or intellectual in their scope. They can be summarized, briefly, in the following way: 1. Projects of this nature require an unique partnership of political leader and policy entrepreneur. Without political leaders of courage, conviction, and vision, it would not have proved possible to confront the deeply entrenched but false fears that are so critical to the continued appeal of protectionism and nationalism, and without policy entrepreneurs prepared to challenge the purveyors of conventional wisdom in government and academia, freer trade in North America would have remained captive of incrementalism and multilateralism. 2. Success on this project relied on the support of business in all three countries which dared to dream big; it was important to listen to their diagnosis of the problems that needed to be addressed and equally important to ignore their prognosis of what to do about them. 3. So-called civil society groups added spice to this project and reminded us all that there is more to North America than trade and economics, but the project would not have succeeded if political leaders and negotiators alike had not learned to keep the views of the most trenchant civil society groups in perspective; theirs was usually a different agenda. 4. Economists were generally right about the benefits of free trade, but have not always proved helpful in finding the best way of achieving them. 5. Political scientists were generally wrong about the threats posed by freer trade, but they can make an important contribution to designing the institutional underpinnings required to gain the full benefits of freer trade. 6. Finally, it is important to involve the lawyers, but only if you keep them in their place. A Partnership of Vision and Knowledge For many people, the most admired politician of the twentieth century was Winston Churchill. It is not difficult to understand why. Churchill exemplified the best qualities of leadership: vision, courage, and bulldog determination. He demonstrated that if a project is worth doing it must be done, regardless of the politics. He also understood that leadership requires the ability to draw out the best in others and an understanding that most major projects can only be accomplished through the cooperative efforts of many individuals. North American free trade was such a project. It required the vision of an exceptional generation of political leaders prepared to swim against the tide of the postwar Keynesian consensus, but it also took the dogged determination of policy entrepreneurs in all three capitals ready to reject the conventional wisdom of entrenched bureaucracies. Remarkably, the 1980s produced both groups of people in Ottawa, Washington, and Mexico City: political leaders like Brian Mulroney, Ronald Reagan, George Herbert Bush, and Carlos Salinas de Gortari, who were prepared to reject the easy path of ever-growing statism; and advisors and policy entrepreneurs capable of translating their priorities and values into workable policies and programs. The result was a fundamental re-ordering of the relationship between government and society. …


The Satires of Horace (65 8 BC), written in the troubled decade ending with the establishment of Augustus' regime, provide an amusing treatment of men's perennial enslavement to money, power, glory and sex. Epistles I, addressed to the poet's friends, deals with the problem of achieving contentment amid the complexities of urban life, while Epistles II and the Ars Poetica discuss Latin poetry its history and social functions, and the craft required for its success. Both works have had a powerful influence on later western literature, inspiring poets from Ben Jonson and Alexander Pope to W. H. Auden and Robert Frost. The Satires of Persius (AD 34 62) are highly idiosyncratic, containing a courageous attack on the poetry and morals of his wealthy contemporaries even the ruling emperor, Nero.


AIM
To obtain an overview of existing evidence on quality criteria, instruments, and requirements for nursing documentation.

DESIGN
Systematic review of systematic reviews.

DATA SOURCES
We systematically searched the databases PubMed and CINAHL for the period 2007-April 2017. We also performed additional searches.

REVIEW METHODS
Two reviewers independently selected the reviews using a stepwise procedure, assessed the methodological quality of the selected reviews, and extracted the data using a predefined extraction format. We performed descriptive synthesis.

RESULTS
Eleven systematic reviews were included. Several quality criteria were described referring to the importance of following the nursing process and using standardized nursing terminologies. In addition, some evidence-based instruments were described for assessing the quality of nursing documentation, such as the D-Catch. Furthermore, several requirements for formats and systems of electronic nursing documentation were found that refer to the importance of user-friendliness and development in consultation with nursing staff.

CONCLUSION
Aligning documentation with the nursing process, using standard terminologies, and using user-friendly formats and systems appear to be important for high-quality nursing documentation. The lack of evidence-based quality indicators presents a challenge in the pursuit of high-quality nursing documentation.

IMPACT
There is uncertainty in nursing practice about which criteria have to be met to achieve high-quality documentation. Aligning documentation with the nursing process, using standard terminologies, and using user-friendly formats and systems appear to be important. These findings can help nursing staff and care organizations enhance the quality of nursing documentation.


Abstract Qualitative methods are presented as a candidate for a new paradigm in psychology. Thomas Kuhn's ideas about the role of paradigms and their stagnation and replacement in science are applied to 20th century events in psychology -- principally the shifts from structuralist introspection to behaviourism and then to cognitive science. For heuristic purposes, I suggest that the quantitative emphasis, with its identified shortcomings, may have reached the replacement stage with so-called big-Q research as the new paradigm. Following Kuhn's analysis, I discuss the reasons why new paradigms are difficult to accept even though they may, in the end, answer questions left untouched by ossified approaches. The earth's crust is made up of huge segments called tectonic plates that float on the mantle below. Their movement is responsible for such slow but momentous changes as continental drift and the building of mountains, and the sudden changes represented by earthquakes. The characteristics of tectonic change include an appearance of ordinary life at the surface, while far below forces are at work, grinding toward a minor tremor, or a major quake that can change the surface for good. Only careful monitoring with sophisticated instruments will disclose to those on the surface the possibility of sudden and perhaps cataclysmic change. For most, it is business as usual until the pictures start falling from the walls. In this paper I want to use the metaphor of tectonic change to describe the tension between two paradigms in psychological research: quantitative and qualitative. Thought experiments explore what the situation might look like if some state of affairs were the case. What forces might empower qualitative research to become, if not the dominant paradigm in psychology, at least closer to sharing dominance with hypothesistesting quantitative research? The idea of tectonic change is similar to Thomas Kuhn's notion of paradigm shifts in science. In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970) he described the shifts in scientific thinking from Ptolemaic to Copernican astronomy, from Newton's dynamics to Einstein's, and the shifts in perspective necessary for a range of discoveries including oxygen, x-rays, and the neutrino. I will begin by defining paradigm as Kuhn uses the term. Then I will talk about the grounds for thinking of qualitative research as a viable candidate for an alternative paradigm. Since the acceptance of a new paradigm would involve some supplanting of the present hypothesis-testing quantitative model, I will offer reasons why paradigms lose their grip on a domain. Then I will ask what sorts of people tend to challenge the dominant paradigm, and, finally, why change is so fiercely resisted. Kuhn, a physicist, was unsure whether the social sciences could even be said to have paradigms, and hence to experience paradigm change. For instance, he commented: "In parts of biology - the study of heredity, for example - the first universally received paradigms are... recent; and it remains an open question what parts of social science have yet to acquire such paradigms at all" (p. 15). Only mature sciences, in Kuhn's view, qualify as having paradigms. One knows that a science is mature when it is no longer comprehensible to the general, intelligent public. Kuhn may have thought that the social sciences were still too accessible to qualify. He said that paradigmatic normal science is marked by its incomprehensibility outside the fraternity; "...most... fields of physical science ceased to be generally accessible [to the public] in the nineteenth [century]. Similar transitions can be isolated in the various parts of the biological sciences. In parts of the social sciences they may well be occurring today" (p. 20-21). Kuhn's view of the social sciences is that of an outsider; contrary to his musings, most historians of psychology (e.g., Benjafield, 1996; Hergenhahn, 1997; Leahy, 1997) do think of the discipline as having paradigms, and having undergone 20h century paradigm shifts - in particular from behaviourism to cognitive psychology. …


Woods, Nathan Michael. M.S.Egr. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, 2007. Phase Locked PIV Investigation of the Effects of Blowing Ratio of a Pulsed Vortex Generator Jet in a Low-Pressure Turbine. At very high altitudes the Reynolds number flow through the low pressure turbine section of the gas turbine engine can drop below 25,000. At these low Reynolds numbers the flow is laminar and extremely susceptible to separation which can lead to increased losses and reduced lift. Small jets of air injected through the suction surface of the airfoil, called Vortex Generator Jets (VGJs), have been shown successful in suppressing separation and maintaining attached flow. Pulsing of these jets has been shown to be as effective as steady jets while reducing the amount of mass flow needed. An experiment using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was set up to study the interaction of the VGJ flow with the main flow. A cascade of Pratt and Whitney Pack-B turbine blades were mounted in the test section of a low speed wind tunnel at Wright Patterson Air Force Base. On the middle six blades were rows of 1mm VGJ holes. The VGJ holes were oriented with a 30 pitch angle and 90 skew angle. The pitch angle is the angle the jet makes with the surface of the turbine blade while the skew angle is the angle the jet makes with the cross-flow. Blowing ratios, a ratio of the jet velocity to the cross-flow velocity, of 0.5, 1, and 2 were examined. These three blowing ratios were selected because they represent when the cross-flow momentum dominates the fluid interaction (B=0.5); when the momentums of the jet flow and cross-flow are equal (B=1); and when the momentum of the jet flow dominates the interaction. Blowing ratios of 0.5 and 1 were studied for pulsing frequencies of 10Hz and 0.4Hz while the blow ratio of 2 was studied only with 10Hz pulsing. A duty cycle of 50% was used for both pulsing frequencies. The two pulsing frequencies allowed data to be taken to show how the pulsed VGJ maintains attached flow (10Hz) and how the pulsed VGJ suppresses the separation bubble (0.4Hz). Results show that jets interacting with separated flow are able to suppress the separation bubble almost immediately for a blowing ratio of 1 and 0.5. The results for suppression and separation growth show the response of the crossflow is very similar in magnitude and timing between the two blowing ratios. The results for the 10Hz pulsing frequency show blowing ratios of 0.5, 1, and 2 are effective. A blowing ratio of 2 is undesirable because it carries more momentum than is needed and would therefore use more massflow than the B=1 or 0.5 case. Results from the B=0.5 case suggest that a blowing ratio of 0.5 is near the minimum effective blowing ratio.


This study documents the effect of the Super Bowl on the stock returns of firms that are geographically associated with the competing teams. We find significant upward return drift in the 9 trading days leading up to the Super Bowl, a pattern consistent with investors trading in anticipation of the game itself. The "anticipatory behavior" among investors leads to widespread pregame returns, which is not documented in prior studies. These pre-event abnormal returns are positive and statistically and economically significant for all firms, and the size of pre-event returns varies according to each team's favored status. In addition, firms associated with the winning team exhibit significant positive return drift over the 10-day period after their win. Firms associated with the losing team exhibit moderate downward drift. Our findings are strongest among the smallest quintile of firms and are robust to various risk adjustments and using a matched sample control group. The collective findings suggest that only by standing on the sideline will investors avoid winning around the Super Bowl.


Problem Solving in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering with POLYMATH™, Excel, and MATLAB®, Second Edition, is a valuable resource and companion that integrates the use of numerical problem solving in the three most widely used software packages: POLYMATH, Microsoft Excel, and MATLAB. Recently developed POLYMATH capabilities allow the automatic creation of Excel spreadsheets and the generation of MATLAB code for problem solutions. Students and professional engineers will appreciate the ease with which problems can be entered into POLYMATH and then solved independently in all three software packages, while taking full advantage of the unique capabilities within each package. The book includes more than 170 problems requiring numerical solutions.This greatly expanded and revised second edition includes new chapters on getting started with and using Excel and MATLAB. It also places special emphasis on biochemical engineering with a major chapter on the subject and with the integration of biochemical problems throughout the book.General Topics and Subject Areas, Organized by Chapter Introduction to Problem Solving with Mathematical Software Packages Basic Principles and Calculations Regression and Correlation of Data Introduction to Problem Solving with Excel Introduction to Problem Solving with MATLAB Advanced Problem-Solving Techniques Thermodynamics Fluid Mechanics Heat Transfer Mass Transfer Chemical Reaction Engineering Phase Equilibrium and Distillation Process Dynamics and Control Biochemical Engineering Practical Aspects of Problem-Solving Capabilities Simultaneous Linear Equations Simultaneous Nonlinear Equations Linear, Multiple Linear, and Nonlinear Regressions with Statistical Analyses Partial Differential Equations (Using the Numerical Method of Lines) Curve Fitting by Polynomials with Statistical Analysis Simultaneous Ordinary Differential Equations (Including Problems Involving Stiff Systems, Differential-Algebraic Equations, and Parameter Estimation in Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations) The Book's Web Site (http://www.problemsolvingbook.com) Provides solved and partially solved problem files for all three software packages, plus additional materials Describes discounted purchase options for educational version of POLYMATH available to book purchasers Includes detailed, selected problem solutions in Maple™, Mathcad®, and Mathematica™


Background: High levels of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in instant noodles have been reported in many countries, leading to temporary bans of several popular brands across the globe. There have been no studies analyzing the heavy metal contamination of instant noodles available in Canada to assess the risk for Canadians. As these contaminants are ubiquitous, their presence in food products is inevitable. A diet high in Pb, As, and Cd can cause permanent health conditions and death, as these metals are highly toxic even in small amounts and cannot be metabolized by the body. Methods: 30 packets of instant noodles were purchased from 6 different brands available in Walmart and T&T. Individual packs of noodles, and the accompanying dry seasoning packs, were ground using a blender and stored in sterile Ziplock bags. The samples were processed using an acid digest and then analyzed using ICP-MS/MS. Concentrations of lead, arsenic, and cadmium were measured for a comparison with FDA recommended levels, a cross comparison between wheat and rice noodles, and across all 6 brands. Results: The results show that the levels of Pb, As, and Cd found in instant noodles do not exceed the maximum allowable limits set forth by the FDA and EFSA. A significant difference between rice and wheat noodles is noted for As and Pb concentrations, where rice > wheat (p<0.05). A significant difference between brands is also noted for all three metals (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although the results did not find Pb, As, and Cd concentrations to exceed the recommended levels, the results of this study are inconclusive due to the low power of the analyses. It has been established that rice noodles contain overall higher levels of Pb and As than their wheat counterparts, and the levels vary significantly between different brands. The results indicate a wide window of variability of exposure for Canadians and the low power of the study indicates a larger need for further studies to confirm the findings.


In two independent yet complementary studies, the current research explored the developmental changes of young children's conceptualization of learning, focusing the role of knowledge change and learning intention, and its association with their developing theory of mind (ToM) ability. In study 1, 75 children between 48 and 86 months of age (M = 65.45, SD = 11.45, 36 girls) judged whether a character with or without a genuine knowledge change had learned. The results showed that younger children randomly attributed learning between genuine knowledge change and accidental coincidence that did not involve knowledge change. Children's learning judgments in familiar contexts improved with age and correlated with their ToM understanding. However, the correlation was no longer significant once age was held constant. Another sample of 72 children aged between 40 and 90 months (M = 66.87, SD = 11.83, 31 girls) participated in study 2, where children were asked to judge whether the story protagonists intended to learn and whether they eventually learned. The results suggested that children over-attributed learning intention to discovery and implicit learning. Stories with conflict between the learning intention and outcome appeared to be most challenging for children. Children's intention judgment was correlated with their ToM understanding, and ToM marginally predicted intention judgment when the effect of age was accounted for. The implication of the findings for school readiness was discussed. Training studies and longitudinal designs in the future are warranted to better understand the relation between ToM development and children's learning understanding.


The application of expected utility theory to construct adaptive agents is both computationally intractable and statistically questionable. To overcome these difficulties, agents need the ability to delay the choice of the optimal policy to a later stage when they have learned more about the environment. How should agents do this optimally? An information-theoretic answer to this question is given by the Bayesian control rule—the solution to the adaptive coding problem when there are not only observations but also actions. This paper reviews the central ideas behind the Bayesian control rule.


A trophobiotic relationship between two species of phloem-feeding plataspid bugs and an ant, Meranoplus mucronatus, was discovered on tree trunks in Malaysia. Similar relationships were found between coreid bugs and Crematogaster sp. and Anoplolepis longipes, on bamboo in the same area. The ants recruit to groups of the bugs and feed on the liquid, sugar-rich faeces of the larvae, stimulating release of the honeydew by tactile signals. They protect all stages of the bugs from disturbance by biting and by the use of defensive scretions. Phloem-feeding bugs in the families Plataspidae and Coreidae need long stylets to pierce the thick bark of their host tree. The different methods of accommodating the resting stylets in these two families are described. The plataspids are described as Tropidotylus servus sp. nov. and T. minister sp. nov. A coreid previously reported in association with M. mucronatus in Malaya is described as Hygia cliens sp. nov. The coreids on bamboo were determined as Cloresmus spp. and N...


Cancer immunotherapy generally offers limited clinical benefit without coordinated strategies to mitigate the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. Critical drivers of immune escape in the tumor microenvironment include tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which not only mediate immune suppression, but also promote metastatic dissemination and impart resistance to cytotoxic therapies. Thus, strategies to ablate the effects of these myeloid cell populations may offer great therapeutic potential. In this report, we demonstrate in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that inhibiting signaling by the myeloid growth factor receptor CSF1R can functionally reprogram macrophage responses that enhance antigen presentation and productive antitumor T-cell responses. Investigations of this response revealed that CSF1R blockade also upregulated T-cell checkpoint molecules, including PDL1 and CTLA4, thereby restraining beneficial therapeutic effects. We found that PD1 and CTLA4 antagonists showed limited efficacy as single agents to restrain PDAC growth, but that combining these agents with CSF1R blockade potently elicited tumor regressions, even in larger established tumors. Taken together, our findings provide a rationale to reprogram immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations in the tumor microenvironment under conditions that can significantly empower the therapeutic effects of checkpoint-based immunotherapeutics.


This study brings together evidence and discussions assembled by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. It identifies some key challenges that need addressing in order to start moving towards a fairer, more rational and adequate system of funding. It deliberately avoids proposing a radical redesign of the whole system, though there is a case for that. Rather it provides a platform for sensible discussion of how to design improvements in the funding system.


The concept of "prosecutorial discretion" appears in the immigration statute, agency memoranda and court decisions about select immigration enforcement decisions. Prosecutorial discretion extends to decisions about which offenses or populations to target; whom to stop, interrogate, and arrest; whether to detain or release a noncitizen; whether to initiate removal proceedings; and whether to execute a removal order; among other decisions. Similar to the criminal context, prosecutorial discretion in the immigration context is an important tool for achieving cost-effective law enforcement and relief for individuals who present desirable qualities or humanitarian circumstances. Yet there is a dearth of literature on the role of prosecutorial discretion in immigration law. This article describes the theory, history, and current standard of prosecutorial discretion in immigration matters. Drawing on important and relevant lessons from the criminal and administrative law paradigms, this article shows why the existing model of prosecutorial discretion in immigration affairs is inadequate and in some instances misguided. Recognizing the striking impact of arbitrary immigration enforcement decisions on undocumented noncitizens and their families, this article advocates for a bolder standard on prosecutorial discretion and greater mechanisms for oversight and accountability when such standards are ignored. Moreover, this article recommends that the Department of Homeland Security recognize select acts of prosecutorial discretion as a substantive rule, where the actions operate as a de facto benefit to individuals who satisfy an identifiable set of criteria and favorable equities. This article is divided into five sections: 1) Legal Background and History, 2) Lessons from Criminal Law, 3) Lessons from Administrative Law, 4) Limitations of Prosecutorial Discretion, and 5) Recommendations. Some overlap was unavoidable.


Most indoor radon (Rn) surveys concentrated on residential Rn, so far. People spend, however,
significant part of their lifetime at work, in places different from home. Thus, Rn exposure at work
places can contribute importantly to overall Rn exposure. Consequently, new Rn regulations such as
the European Basic Safety Standards, emphasize limiting Rn exposure at work alike the one at home.
A particularly important workplace is school, equally for students as for teachers and other staff.
Several countries, therefore, started early with surveying Rn in schools and kindergartens.
In addition, sampling schools is logistically simpler than residential surveys, so that school surveys
may serve as surrogates of residential Rn surveys, which are far more demanding on resources.
One largely open question is, whether or to which degree there is a spatial relationship between
Rn concentrations in schools and in homes. If there is one between these variables, it would allow
estimating one from the other, or using both in joint spatial estimation. For physical reasons –
because home and school Rn have partly the same sources, namely the ground below the buildings –
one would expect that such relation or association exists. Other sources and controlling factors,
specific to schools and homes and different between these types of buildings, may however obscure
the relation. A further cause, which contributes to concealing that relation, is that naturally, schools
and homes cannot be located at the same site, but in some distance from each other, over which the
geogenic control can also vary. In fact, it is known that the geogenic radon potential is subject to high
small-scale variability. The resulting problem of "non-collocated data" renders the analysis
particularly complicated and affords specific statistical techniques.
In this contribution, we investigate four georeferenced bivariate (home, school) datasets with this
respect: one originating from a pilot study in Sokobanja district, Serbia (where statistical association
of the variables has been demonstrated); a dataset from Macedonia; one from Banja Luka, Republika
Srpska, and one of a regional school survey in Upper Austria together with the values
of the Rn potential (standardized residential indoor concentration) in that region.
As methods of spatial analysis applied to recover statistical association of spatially non-collocated
variables, we apply different techniques, among them nearest-neighbour association, correlation
of spatially aggregated means, cross-variography and categorical association. If successful, the result
can be used for bivariate cross- and co-estimation of the variables.
We demonstrate methodology and first results, which show that the statistical association is not
quite easy to recover. Weak association has the consequence that estimation of one from the other
implies high uncertainty. We also propose physical reasons for our findings.


Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe standards for evidence-based reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women. Design/methodology/approach The literature on reproductive healthcare in the US criminal justice system and recommendations from professional organizations were reviewed and critical areas of concern were identified. Within these areas, studies and expert opinion were synthesized and policy recommendations were formulated through an iterative process of group discussion and document revision. This brief specifically addresses women's incarceration in the USA, but the recommendations are grounded in a human rights framework with global relevance. Findings Women who are incarcerated have health needs that are distinct from those of men, and there is a clear need for gender-responsive reproductive healthcare within the criminal justice system. This brief identifies five core domains of reproductive healthcare: routine screening, menstruation-related concerns, prenatal and postpartum care, contraception and abortion, and sexually transmitted infections. The recommendations emphasize the continuity between the criminal justice system and the community, as well as the dignity and self-determination of incarcerated women. Originality/value This brief provides a unique synthesis of the available evidence with concrete recommendations for improving the reproductive healthcare for incarcerated women.


Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are among the most high profile species in San Diego Bay, California, and understanding impacts of coastal development and industry is essential to the management and conservation of this local population. Here we describe power plant changing energy production and its impact on turtle habitat use and our ability to research and manage this population. For over 20 years, green sea turtles have been captured, assessed, and tagged near the South Bay Power Plant (SBPP) in the San Diego Bay; from 2002–2011, 104 turtles were captured on 212 occasions. As the 50-year-old SBPP generates less energy, effluent patterns change and water temperatures decrease, presumably to more natural conditions. There has been a concurrent decrease in turtle-capture success, perhaps due to lesser visitation to the effluent site where nets are tended. Seasonal catch-per-unit-effort declined from a high of 4.14 turtles per monitoring day, to a nine-year low of 1.33 during the 2010–2011 season. It is already apparent that management decisions related to energy policy are affecting the habitat and behavior of this stock of endangered turtles. Green turtles are expected to remain in the San Diego Bay after the SBPP becomes inoperative and continuing research will monitor future impacts and distribution shifts resulting from the expected changes in thermal pattern within south San Diego Bay. Research efforts to study this population (i.e., capture methods and locations) will require modification in response to these changes. Lessons learned here are applicable to the immediate coastal development of San Diego, as well as at similar interactions between marine turtles and industrial thermal effluent discharge throughout Southern California, the United States, and beyond.


Research supports extensive reading (ER), which draws on incidental learning, as a primary tool for second/foreign language vocabulary knowledge development. However, while it is deemed useful for vocabulary learning, the claim that ER on its own is sufficient for learners to experience significant lexical gains has been challenged. Instead, a more fitting measure appears to be a combination of incidental and intentional vocabulary learning, with ER followed by explicit vocabulary study. Given the issue of Malaysian tertiary students lacking English vocabulary knowledge, this quasi-experimental study implemented a method incorporating ER using graded readers and explicit vocabulary study (READ+) to observe its effectiveness for receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge development, as compared against another method (READ) in which only ER was utilised. The study was conducted in a Malaysian public university employing two groups of participants. Each group comprised 14 Malaysian undergraduates of the MUET Band 1 to Band 3 cohort undergoing a preparatory English language course at the university. Pre-, post- and delayed post-testings were carried out using the Vocabulary Knowledge Scale. Results from statistical analyses indicate that the READ+ group performed significantly better than the READ group for both receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge recall and retention.


The Catholic priest, journalist, political analyst and playwright Ján Palárik was also involved in the Slovak national-awareness process in the 19th century. In the context of the Slovak political thinking, he is known as the founding personality of the liberal project of addressing the Slovak issue. This paper deals with three levels of this project. The first level concerns his liberal concept of the Slovak national politics. This concept was developed on the background of the liberal theory of the relationship between freedom and law as developed by the French philosopher Ch. Montesquieu. The basis of the second level of this project was in the differentiation in the ranks of the Catholic clergy, which manifested itself in the spring of 1848 in the Habsburg monarchy. Palárik developed the requirement that the Catholic priests could actively participate in public and political life in the interest of the Church, the faith, the believers and to develop the idea of religious ecumenism. The third level concerned the democratization of the Slavic ideology in Slovakia and Historic Hungary. His reform efforts aimed at removing from this idea a negative label of "Russian Panslavism" while at the same time gaining the dimension of realistic inter-Slavic cooperation.


In this paper we consider the influence of some image processing techniques on the watermark detection rate. Even today's state of the art watermarking methods are still very sensitive to complex degradation attacks such are JPEG compression, or print-scan process, so the detection rate of a watermark method decreases considerably after such attacks on a watermarked image. To improve the detection rate we reduce the degradation of the image by using unsharp, Laplacian or deconvolution filter. For the experiment dataset of 1000 images were watermarked and then compressed or printed and scanned. Degraded images were enhanced using unsharp, Laplacian and blind deconvolution filter. The watermark detection rate before and after enhancement was measured and compared. The results show that the enhancement filtering improves the watermark detection rate for almost 10 % for print scan attack and 8 % for JPEG compression.


This paper provides a state law perspective on the post-scandal, post-reform audit committee. Federal law, along with NYSE and Nasdaq (together, "SRO") rules, recently have made sweeping changes in corporate governance, including numerous provisions that bear on audit committees. These changes are unprecedented and dramatic, and rightly have received wide attention and careful study. Certain basic principles underlying the governance functions and duties of audit committees, however, originate in, and are still determined by, state law. Moreover, state law applies to all corporations; federal law and SRO rules on audit committees apply only to those companies coming under federal law or SRO coverage. This article describes how audit committees fit in to the governance arrangement ordained by state corporate statutes; how longstanding state fiduciary duties will affect post-reform audit committees; and how, on a variety of issues, federal law and SRO rules will interact with the pre-existing state law system to alter what audit committees do and how their conduct is assessed. It closes with some brief observations on how audit committee reforms dovetail with other reform efforts - such as the new SEC "reporting up" rule - to reflect a reconsideration of the lawyer's ethical/legal role in corporate governance.


Comprising more than one million words, the 2nd edition of the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics encompasses the full range of the contemporary field of linguistics, including such areas as historical, comparative, formal, mathematical, functional, and philosophical linguistics. Special attention is given to interrelations within branches of linguistics and to relations of linguistics with other disciplines. Areas of intersection with the social and behavioral sciences-ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and behavioral linguistics-receive major coverage, as does interdisciplinary work in language and literature, mathematical linguistics, computational linguistics, and applied linguistics (particularly as it is concerned with language education). The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics is available in four print volumes and as an e-reference edition at www.oxford-linguistics.com. Longer entries in the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, ranging up to four thousand words, survey the major fields of study-for example, anthropological linguistics, history of linguistics, semantics, and phonetics. Shorter entries treat specific topics within these fields, such as code switching, sound symbolism, and syntactic features. Other short entries define and discuss technical terms used within the various subfields or provide sketches of the careers of important scholars in the history of linguistics, such as Leonard Bloomfield, Roman Jakobson, and Edward Sapir. Line drawings, maps, tables, and diagrams are generously employed to illustrate the text of many articles. A major emphasis of the work is its extensive coverage of languages and language families. From those as familiar as English, Japanese, and the Romance languages to Hittite, Yoruba, and Nahuatl, languages from all corners of the world receive treatment. Languages that are the subject of independent entries are analyzed in terms of their phonology, grammatical features, syntax, and writing systems. Language lists attached to each article on a language group or family enumerate all languages, extinct or still spoken, within that group and provide detailed information on the number of known speakers, geographical range, and degree of intelligibility with other languages in the group. In this way, virtually every known language receives coverage. For ease of reference and to aid research, the articles are alphabetically arranged, each signed by the contributor, supported by up-to-date bibliographies, and readily accessible via a system of cross-references and a detailed index and synoptic outline. Authoritative, comprehensive, and innovative, the 2nd edition of the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics will be an indispensable addition to personal, public, academic, and research libraries and will introduce a new generation of readers to the complexities and concerns of this field of study.


The development of industrial area in Medan City, North Sumatera impact for the increasing soil polluted by heavy metal at the area. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology for cleaning up contaminated sites, which is inovatif, cost effective, safety and has aesthetic advantages and long term applicability. The important aspect to be noted was the plant should not be used for consumption crops. The goal of our research was to develop the phytoremediation technology by testing different ornamental plant planting under different concentration contaminated soil. So that the plant can use as a phytoremediator agent to recover the land condition at Medan Industrial Area. The experiments included eight ornamental crops such as: Sanseviera trifasciata, Dracaena fragrans, Diffenbachia sp., Phylodendron hederaceam, Agave sp.Codiatum variegatum, :Anthurium crystallium and Chrysalidocarpus lutescens The parameters are biomass production and heavy metal uptake by plant. The result showed that the greatest increase in biomass production contained in Diffenbachia sp. followed by Codiatum variegatum, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Sanseviera trifasciata and Dracaena fragrans respectively. Uptake heavy metal is higher at Codiatum variegatum (291 mg/kg) followed by Diffenbachia sp. (246 mg/kg), Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (185 mg/kg), Sanseviera trifasciata (162 mg/kg) and Dracaena fragrans (102 mg/kg).Keyword : phytoremediation, ornamental plant


The greatest paintings in today's most famous museums were once part of a fluid exchange determined by volatile political fortunes. In the first half of the 17th century, masterpieces by Titian, Raphael, and Leonardo, among others, were the objects of fervent pursuit by art connoisseurs. Francis Haskell traces the fate of collections extracted from Italy, Spain, and France by King Charles I and his circle, which, after a brief stay in Britain, were largely dispersed after the Civil War to princely galleries across the Continent. From vivid case studies of individual collectors, advisers, and artists, and acute analysis of personality and motive, Haskell challenges ideas about this episode in British cultural life and traces some of the factors that forever changed the artistic map of Europe.