This study focuses on trade opportunities of climate smart goods and technologies (CSGT) in Asia. Paper mainly highlights the export gaps for climate smart goods and technologies (CSGT) in Asia and identifies the trade opportunities among trade partners in intraregional and interregional. Applying the gravity model we estimate the export gap for the CSGT as the difference between the actual bilateral export flow and the mean value predicted by the model. In other words, 'export gap' is the difference between the actual and predicted export value. There is a scope to increase the export of climate smart goods and technologies with trading partners when the actual trade is below the predicted value ( i.e., negative value of the export gap). This gap actually provides the opportunity to raise the trade and attracting investment in CSGT sector and thereby development takes place. This paper also identifies the export gaps in CSGT for each regional member in its trade with partners within the region, EU, and North America (i.e., the US and Canada). This study contributes to the empirical literature in terms of measuring and identifying the potential trade opportunity of CGST in Asia. The paper also suggests that the climate smart export-led growth model is still valid in emerging Asian countries.


We establish abstract inequalities that give, as particular cases, many previously established Hölder-like inequalities. In addition to unifying the proofs of these inequalities, which, in most cases, tend to be technical and obscure, the proofs of our inequalities are quite simple and basic. Moreover, we show that sharper inequalities can be obtained by applying our results.


With the rise in stress and anxiety among college students, there is a need for more comprehensive and effective counseling options for counselors in college counseling centers. This study investigated the impact of using biofeedback and brief counseling in treating stress and anxiety in an ethnically diverse college student population. Results indicated that participants who received biofeedback training and counseling had greater reduction in anxiety symptoms than did participants who received counseling alone. Implications for augmenting biofeedback training to traditional college counseling model are discussed.


The first question is, I suppose, Why? Why bother, when everyone knows these films are trash? ('Everyone' being the journalist critics, always eager to express their superiority and make themselves look like intellectuals). First, I must confess, personal enjoyment: yes, I actually enjoy these films, or at least some of them (and that 'some of them' immediately suggests that there are discriminations to be made, despite the films' apparent indistinguishability, even their titles being confusing). At least the films are about characters (or, at least, 'types') who are more or less recognizable as related to human beings, and are not made primarily by computers (though one may suspect that some of the screenplays were), as opposed to the dominant genre of Hollywood movies today, which consist mainly of special effects and computer-generated explosions. But am I, at the age of seventy-one, hence doubtless on or beyond the verge of senility, merely reliving my youth? (No, my youth was not remotely like that, I wa s pathologically withdrawn, already gay, riddled with guilt and self-disgust). Fantasizing, then, about the youth I never had? Possibly: I do find something seductive in the films' extrovert energy, and perhaps somewhere in me is an alternative self who wishes he could have enjoyed raunchy all-night house parties, especially when they include the destruction of the bourgeois home. But there is a more intellectually defensible reason for my interest. My central predilection has always been Hollywood, though essentially the classical period (roughly 1930-1960). It's a question of which you value more highly, communal art or personal art. All the richest periods of artistic achievement-- Renaissance Italy, the Elizabethan drama, the Vienna of Haydn. and Mozart--have been instances of communality: the availability of established genres, the constant interaction among artists, the sense of belonging to the culture, of being supported by it, of speaking to and for a wide audience that cuts across all divisions of class and gender. Compare the isolation of the modern artist, the emphasis on self-expression, 'originality', novelty, the audience dwindled to a small elite. But art that is mere 'self-expression' tends to become increasingly impoverished and uninteresting. With Fellini, for example, self-expression reached its apotheosis in 8 1/2, which fully deserves its established position as a modern masterpiece; everything since seems variously (and comparativ ely) thin, repetitive, strained. Bergman's work, which once seemed to me the peak of cinematic achievement, has come to satisfy me less and less. His personal psychodramas in which the characters (aspects of the artist's psyche?) appear totally isolated from all social realities, stripped of all social/political context, come to seem increasingly limited in their interest, while the great films of Hawks, Ford, Hitchcock, McCarey, Preminger, Ophuls, Cukor, Sturges (Preston!), Mann (Anthony!), Ray, Sirk... retain their amazing freshness and vitality today. Aside from Ophuls (who returned to Europe), none of these directors survived the collapse of the classical Hollywood system in the 60s, though some continued making films. One could list with ease 300 films from the classical period that remain of great interest, of which about a third can be claimed as masterpieces; because of the existence of shared conventions, genres, forms, shooting methods, stars, even certain works by otherwise quite undistinguished di rectors retain their vitality and resonance. One would be hardpressed, I think, to find a comparable tally in the last 30-year period. Genre cinema today--deprived of the sustaining base of the star/studio system, replaced by a set of businessmen sitting around a conference table asking 'Well, what made the most money last year?' and constructing a 'package' resembling it as closely as possible but going a little further--obviously survives only in an extremely debased and impoverished form. …


Shell in the UK has a vast network of more than 200 pipelines & umbilicals covering some 3000+ kilometres. Historically, Shell has executed Side Scan Sonar Surveys along these pipelines using a Remotely Operated Towed Vehicle and subsequently followed up with ROV based surveys & inspections. However, in 2018, the respective Geomatics & Subsea Maintenance / Pipelines Departments decided to take advantage of new & emerging innovative technologies and compiled a minimal technical scope & tender document to tap into the latest that the market could offer. Consequently, Shell UK awarded DeepOcean (Norway) with a contract for their "Fast Digital Imaging Service" and embarked on a 45 day survey campaign. In 2019, the same subsea inspection project will be executed once again and the lessons learned ought to inspire and excite many different disciplines and communities, both internally within Shell and externally e.g OGA - Oil & Gas Authority & other valued stakeholders.
 The paper highlights the key technologies that were deployed and how the new deliverables & business insights take us down the road to Digitalisation including scope for future Machine Learning & Automation processes. Challenges arising from the acquisition and managing the associated data sets shall also be discussed. The speaker will spark dialogue at the end by asking the respective communities how robotics and artificial intelligence will change the industry landscape ?


Recent close-interval potential surveys have raised concerns about the accuracy of potential measurements on some older, poorly-coated pipelines. Two significant sources of error were identified: metallic IR-drops and equalization currents. These resulted in measured on and off potentials which differed by hundreds of millivolts from the true potentials, even though the measurements were conducted in accordance with industry best practice. Examples of these phenomena will be discussed and the electrical theory will be explained. Both interrupted test post surveys and close-interval potential surveys are susceptible and these errors can be difficult to detect. This can have a significant impact on interpretation of survey data, External Corrosion Direct Assessments, and remedial program decisions. Guidance for identifying when these issues may be relevant and methods for detecting and compensating for these issues will be provided.


GENERAL INTRODUCTION In the past fifty years, mother and child care in many parts of the world has developed to a high standard, and maternal and perinatal mortality figures have declined dramatically. As complications of illegal abortions, infections and death from postpartum haemorrhage are rarely seen these days in developed countries, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and their complications now rank as the major cause of maternal mortality in this part of the world. In addition, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are strongly associated with fetal growth restriction and prematurity, contributing largely to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Over the past decades, our understanding of this unique clinical syndrome has changed dramatically. In the past, hypertension was seen as the hallmark of the clinical picture. All other clinical features were considered as merely secondary to increased arterial pressure. Today, our view of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is of a systemic disease characterised by widespread endothelial damage which originates from the uteroplacental circulation but ultimately involves a variety of other organs such as the kidney, liver and brain. Despite the progress made in the past decades, the pathophysiology remains largely elusive. Maladaptation of the vasculature of the uteroplacental unit due to impaired trophoblast invasion has often been implicated as the main causal factor, and this view is now widely accepted. Based on this theory, it should be possible to predict which pregnancies are at risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy by using Doppler ultrasonography to analyse the uteroplacental circulation in the second trimester. However, Doppler screening studies which have been conducted in the past with this objective show variable and often disappointing results. In recent years, a new theory has emerged regarding the etiology of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Maladaptation of the uteroplacental vasculature is still seen as an important factor, but it may not play a role in all cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Especially milder forms, in which the onset of symptoms is at or near term, could be the result of underlying (latent) maternal disorders such as essential hypertension, renal disease or diabetes mellitus which render the uteroplacental vasculature vulnerable to accelerated atherosclerosis or increased vascular tone.


The following evaluation report presents findings from a multi-site ethnography of the Wandsworth Community Empowerment Network (WCEN). Development of a theoretical model highlighted that the WCEN approach was theoretically innovative through its development of a preparatory stage prior to coproduction activities. This initial phase is cognisant of the importance of shifting power relationships, developing trust within and across groups in the network, and committing to engaging in these supportive processes over time. This key phase led to a series of specific outcomes for both communities and statutory partners, who worked collectively to coproduce health services in Wandsworth. Findings highlighted that the WCEN model resulted in significant shifts at four key levels: identities, ideas, practices and individuals. Evidence demonstrated that identities of communities have shifted, because of a process of empowerment, which shaped the way communities participated in ventures with one another and with statutory agencies. Statutory agencies views of communities shifted, viewing them as meaningful partners, autonomous actors, with important assets to contribute to mutual engagements. This fed into shifts in the conceptualisation of coproduction. The nature of practices of engagements between statutory and community groups shifted. These changes included the development of safe-spaces, which shifted engagement between statutory agencies and communities within environments for mutual learning and a tangible space to redress imbalances of power.

Barriers to systems change included risk adversity within statutory agencies, primarily around financial risk. However, some evidence suggested that risk adversity might be linked to issues of shifting power to communities. Other barriers included professional values such as a view of the individualisation of health and views of coproduction, that only value nominal participation from communities. Findings also suggested that redistribution of financial resources would help to solidify small systems change currently achieved within the WCEN network. Risks to the future development of the network linked to dangers around scaling-up work before capacity had been built, the need to foster community resilience to shifts in wider political priorities and reforms. The risk of losing organisational identity was also noted as formalisation of the network could affect the qualities of passion and commitments that underpin current engagements. Lastly, concerns were raised around the likelihood of coproduction being positioned solely as a cost-savings activity, which would therefore limit its ability to result in meaningful changes within communities that could lead to a reduction of inequalities. The report concludes with recommendations in three key areas to sustain progress and to build on current strengths in systematic ways. First, there is a need to streamline focus in programmatic areas, in order to avoid burn out of already over-committed, albeit passionate individuals. Secondly, WCEN should work towards distributing leadership across the network. This would even out capacity in community sites that are less developed, and bolster the capacity of well-established sites for the delivery of services. This is critical in supporting future expansion in relation to new coproduction projects. Thirdly, the report suggests WCEN should commit resources to develop mechanisms of accountability within the network. Specifically, efforts should be made to establish a framework of monitoring and evaluation of health improvements and patient outcomes linked to coproduced interventions. The formal health economy in the United Kingdom (UK) is currently facing a series of challenges in maintaining high quality service delivery amidst a climate of restructuring and cost savings.

Statutory bodies including the NHS, Public Health England, and related social care organisations have been called on to reconceptualise models of care in response to increasing levels of austerity and mounting burdens on the health sector. The NHS five year forward view (NHS, 2015) articulates the need for more integrated approaches to treatment, situating community engagement at the heart of a process to tackling health inequalities. In doing so, it conceptualises the 'community' as a critical resource and 'partner' in reducing strains on the health sector, increasing availability of locally relevant care and access to prevention services (NHS, 2015).

This positive view of patient and community involvement has a long legacy within the NHS, albeit under slightly different formulations. Arguments for patient centred care, patient engagement and increased patient ownership, are all united by the premise that individuals should be supported in taking a more active role in their treatment and achievement of well-being (Laverack, 2007). Ideas of patient involvement are taken a step further under the remit of community participation and empowerment discourses, which are driven by arguments espousing the importance of attention to wider dimensions of community life, including access to power, recognition and resources in empowering people to take ownership in their lives (Laverack, 2013, Rifkin, 2012). Within both perspectives, working with communities are viewed as a means to widen the parameters of care, to engage with social determinants of health and to positively change the shape of contemporary health services in the UK (Public Health England, 2015). Coproduction of health care services stands at the intersection of these two fields. As argued by Batalden and colleagues (2015) Coproduction approaches highlight the value of partnerships at multiple levels that is in line with a more complex view of service user-provider relationship to include more complex dynamics of partnerships, power and resources. Co-commissioning, co-design, co-delivery (which includes co-managing and co-performing), in addition to co-assessment and evaluation of services are positioned as the pillars of coproduction approaches (Loeffler, Powere, Bovaird, Hine-Hughes, 2013). It is hoped that through increasing the presence of multi-level partnerships embodied by coproduction, increased attention to the lived experiences of patients, families, and health professionals can be achieved. Beyond this, coproduction discourages the oversimplification of partnerships that are often associated with 'patient engagement' and 'patient centred' approaches (Bovaird, 2007). It also creates a platform to acknowledge the importance of addressing power dynamics and social realities between groups engaged in coproduction, alongside efforts to promote change for individuals, systems, and wider communities. Despite growing evidence of the value of coproduction approaches within public policy settings, (Batalden et al., 2015) there remains a need to evaluate the everyday realities of achieving coproduced services, and the impact this has on the wider health care landscape.


Intersectoral collaboration is important for policy implementation. However, effective collaboration may be difficult to achieve because of poor internal drive to collaborate, disagreements on framing the problem, institutional constraints and poor leadership. This article examines how competitive campaigns stimulate intersectoral collaboration in the context of healthy urban planning. We examine the case of the Creating Hygienic City Campaign in Jingchang, China from 2006 to 2011, illustrating how the city resorted to intersectoral collaboration to achieve the multiple targets and thus improved public and environmental hygiene. The paper argues that a competitive campaign, when well-organized, can overcome some of the barriers to intersectoral collaboration by building a campaign organization team, legitimizing the leadership, and enhancing public awareness and involvement. The article also suggests that the campaign approach in its current form failed to involve local authorities in setting the targets and was unable to sustain certain efforts.


This paper seeks to identify the most promising fiscal strategy to boost long-term economic growth in Argentina and quantify its effects. To this end, the authors updated a growth-diagnostics study for Argentina and corroborated that low appropriability of social returns and insufficient public infrastructure are key constraints to private investment. Further, low appropriability stands out among the key constraints to productivity-enhancing activities. Because low appropriability is largely rooted in macroeconomic volatility, the authors argue that a cycle-adjusted fiscal rule is one of the most promising fiscal reforms the country could implement to tackle this problem, and discuss the specific design features that such a rule could include. Then, the authors construct a model reflecting the stylized facts of the Argentine Republic's fiscal federalism structure to assess the effect that a cycle-adjusted fiscal rule, in different variants, would have on the volatility of key macro variables. The authors find that the rule would meaningfully reduce macroeconomic volatility, thereby contributing to improved appropriability and long-term growth.


Abstract. We present an analysis of the major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic winters 2003/04–2009/10. There were 6 major SSWs (major warmings [MWs]) in 6 out of the 7 winters, in which the MWs of 2003/04, 2005/06, and 2008/09 were in January and those of 2006/07, 2007/08, and 2009/10 were in February. Although the winter 2009/10 was relatively cold from mid-December to mid-January, strong wave 1 activity led to a MW in early February, for which the largest momentum flux among the winters was estimated at 60° N/10 hPa, about 450 m 2 s −2 . The strongest MW, however, was observed in 2008/09 and the weakest in 2006/07. The MW in 2008/09 was triggered by intense wave 2 activity and was a vortex split event. In contrast, strong wave 1 activity led to the MWs of other winters and were vortex displacement events. Large amounts of Eliassen-Palm (EP) and wave 1/2 EP fluxes (about 2–4 ×10 5 kg s −2 ) are estimated shortly before the MWs at 100 hPa averaged over 45–75° N in all winters, suggesting profound tropospheric forcing for the MWs. We observe an increase in the occurrence of MWs (~1.1 MWs/winter) in recent years (1998/99–2009/10), as there were 13 MWs in the 12 Arctic winters, although the long-term average (1957/58–2009/10) of the frequency stays around its historical value (~0.7 MWs/winter), consistent with the findings of previous studies. An analysis of the chemical ozone loss in the past 17 Arctic winters (1993/94–2009/10) suggests that the loss is inversely proportional to the intensity and timing of MWs in each winter, where early (December–January) MWs lead to minimal ozone loss. Therefore, this high frequency of MWs in recent Arctic winters has significant implications for stratospheric ozone trends in the northern hemisphere.


Physical exercise has been shown to have an important role in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension. However, the general exercise recommendations are time consuming, which might be detrimental to exercise adoption. Based on this, minimal doses of exercise have been suggested as an alternative approach and this report investigates the feasibility and effects of low volume and high effort resistance training for hypertensive patients in a hospital setting. This is a pilot non-randomized prospective study where 15 sedentary hypertensive patients (11 women and 4 men) performed 24 resistance training sessions over 12 weeks at a public hospital. The resistance training sessions consisted of two sets of four exercises, with a rest interval of two minutes between sets. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured 10 minutes before and 10 minutes after each training. No injuries or intercurrence were reported during the study. SBP decreased significantly when compared the first and last sessions, when the measures were performed at rest (152 ± 16 mmHg vs. 122 ± 9 mmHg vs, p<0.05), and after (137 ± 13 mmHg vs. 115 ± 5 mmHg, p<0.05) the resistance training session. Similarly, DBP also decreased significantly when the values from the last session were compared with the first session, when measured at rest (83 ± 14 mmHg vs 73 ± 9 mmHg, p<0.05). Low volume and high effort resistance training seems to be a feasible non-pharmacological strategy to help controlling blood pressure in hypertensive patients within a hospital.


BACKGROUND
Previous studies showed that a combination of posttransplant total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG), and a single donor blood transfusion induced tolerance to ACI heart allografts in Lewis rats. All three modalities were required to achieve tolerance. The objective of the current study was to determine the subset(s) of cells in the donor blood that facilitated long-term allograft survival.

METHODS
Lewis hosts received TLI, ATG, and donor cell infusion after heart transplantation. Graft survival, mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), and intragraft cytokine mRNA were studied.

RESULTS
The intravenous injection of 25 x 10(6) ACI peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) significantly prolonged graft survival as compared with that of Lewis hosts given TLI and ATG alone. Injection of highly enriched blood T cells or splenic B cells adjusted for the number contained in 25 x 10(6) PBMC failed to induce significant graft prolongation. Unexpectedly, depletion of monocytes (CD11b+ cells) from PBMC resulted in the loss of graft prolongation activity. Enriched populations of monocytes obtained by plastic adherence were more efficient in prolonging graft survival than PBMC on a per cell basis. Hosts with long-term grafts (>100-day survival) showed evidence of immune deviation, because the MLR to ACI stimulator cells was vigorous, but secretion of interferon-gamma in the MLR was markedly reduced. In situ hybridization studies of long-term grafts showed markedly reduced levels of interferon-gamma mRNA as compared with rejecting grafts.

CONCLUSION
Infusion of donor monocytes facilitated graft prolongation via immune deviation.


GeoComputation is a relatively recent and emergent discipline containing numerous methods and techniques for fields such as electrical engineering, computer science, geography, biology. This thesis set out to describe the development of the research domain for GeoComputation and learning area so, to compare and evaluate the methods conventionally used for problem definition and investigation by those working in the discipline. . In recent years, this field has extended beyond geospatial data processing, analysis and depiction to incorporate refined methods of mathematical modelling (particularly for spatio-temporal data point estimation of discrete and continuous event/instance values) and the anticipation (and prediction) of events in Nature. In some cases that are referenced in this thesis, successful solutions to scientific problems have been generated by combining techniques from geographical information systems with those from emerging computer science research areas such as neuro-computing, data mining (heuristic searching for example) and cellular automata. The methods used for data analysis are examined as they are applied for two case studies and conclusions regarding their worth are outlined.


Though there exists ample support for Design by Contract (DbC) for sequential programs, applying DbC to concurrent programs presents several challenges. In previous work, we extended the Java Modeling Language (JML) with constructs to specify concurrent contracts for Java programs. We present a runtime assertion checker (RAC) for the expanded JML capable of verifying assertions for concurrent Java programs. We systematically evaluate the validity of system testing results obtained via runtime assertion checking using actual concurrent and functional faults on a highly concurrent industrial system from the telecommunications domain.


Abstract. Substantial changes in anthropogenic aerosols and precursor gas emissions have occurred over recent decades due to the implementation of air pollution control legislation and economic growth. The response of atmospheric aerosols to these changes and the impact on climate are poorly constrained, particularly in studies using detailed aerosol chemistry–climate models. Here we compare the HadGEM3-UKCA (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model-United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols) coupled chemistry–climate model for the period 1960–2009 against extensive ground-based observations of sulfate aerosol mass (1978–2009), total suspended particle matter (SPM, 1978–1998), PM10 (1997–2009), aerosol optical depth (AOD, 2000–2009), aerosol size distributions (2008–2009) and surface solar radiation (SSR, 1960–2009) over Europe. The model underestimates observed sulfate aerosol mass (normalised mean bias factor (NMBF) = −0.4), SPM (NMBF = −0.9), PM10 (NMBF = −0.2), aerosol number concentrations (N30 NMBF = −0.85; N50 NMBF = −0.65; and N100 NMBF = −0.96) and AOD (NMBF = −0.01) but slightly overpredicts SSR (NMBF = 0.02). Trends in aerosol over the observational period are well simulated by the model, with observed (simulated) changes in sulfate of −68 % (−78 %), SPM of −42 % (−20 %), PM10 of −9 % (−8 %) and AOD of −11 % (−14 %). Discrepancies in the magnitude of simulated aerosol mass do not affect the ability of the model to reproduce the observed SSR trends. The positive change in observed European SSR (5 %) during 1990–2009 ("brightening") is better reproduced by the model when aerosol radiative effects (ARE) are included (3 %), compared to simulations where ARE are excluded (0.2 %). The simulated top-of-the-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing over Europe under all-sky conditions increased by > 3.0 W m−2 during the period 1970–2009 in response to changes in anthropogenic emissions and aerosol concentrations.


Female reproductive success relies on proper integration of circadian- and ovarian- signals to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in order to synchronize the preovulatory LH surge at the end of the ovarian follicular stage with the onset of the main active period. In this study, we used a combination of neuroanatomical and electrophysiological approaches to assess whether the hypothalamic neurons expressing Arg-Phe amide-related peptide (RFRP-3), a gonadotropin inhibitory peptide, exhibit daily and estrous stage dependent variations in female mice. Furthermore, we investigated whether arginine vasopressin (AVP), a circadian peptide produced by the suprachiamatic nucleus regulates RFRP-3 neurons. The number of c-Fos–positive RFRP-3 immunoreactive neurons is significantly reduced at the day-to-night transition with no difference between diestrus and proestrus. Contrastingly, RFRP neuron firing rate is higher in proestrus as compared to diestrus, independently of the time of the day. AVP immunoreactive fibers contact RFRP neurons with the highest density observed during the late afternoon of diestrus and proestrus. Application of AVP increases RFRP neurons firing in the afternoon (ZT6-10) of diestrus, but not at the same time point of proestrus, indicating that AVP signaling on RFRP neurons may depend on circulating ovarian steroids. Together, these studies show that RFRP neurons integrate both daily and estrogenic signals, which downstream may help to properly time the preovulatory LH surge.


Second year Metabolism and third year Immunology at Griffith University are subjects where a concrete understanding of central concepts is imperative to mastering the complex mechanisms and pathways these topics encompass. The use of traditional teaching methods frequently leaves students seemly unable to grasp these more difficult concepts due to gaps in their basic understanding of how 3D molecules interact in the environment. To overcome this fundamental issue, craft materials such as plasticine, pipe cleaners and pony beads were introduced to small group workshop classes early in semester. In metabolism, activities focused on basic molecular rearrangement and carbon tracking in the central metabolic pathways. In immunology we developed activities that highlight basic molecular structures of immune system components and the fundamental interactions these molecules have. Our anecdotal evidence suggests that these activities are particularly good at engaging all types of pedagogical learning styles, but particularly kinaesthetic and visual learners who make up about 70% of the student body. Students in general appeared to gain a more substantial comprehension of foundation concepts leading to greater success and deeper learning of more complex concepts later in the course. An additional benefit was the ease with which facilitators could quickly identify and correct fundamental flaws in student understanding of critical content concepts based on the models they created.


Abstract Objective Cardiovascular complications including cardiac arrest and arrhythmias remain a clinical challenge in the management of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Still, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics of arrhythmias in patients with acute traumatic SCI. The aim of this prospective observational study was to investigate the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrests in patients with acute traumatic SCI. Methods As early as possible after SCI 24-hour Holter monitoring was performed. Additional Holter recordings were performed 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after SCI. Furthermore, 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained shortly after SCI and at 4 weeks. Results Thirty patients were included. Bradycardia (heart rate (HR) <50 b.p.m.) was present in 17–35% of the patients with cervical (C1–C8) SCI (n = 24) within the first 14 days. In the following 14 days, the occurrence was 22–32%. Bradycardia in the thoracic (Th1–Th12) SCI group (n = 6) was present in 17–33% during the observation period. The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. The mean minimum HR was significantly lower in the cervical group compared with the thoracic group both on 12-lead ECGs obtained shortly after SCI (P = 0.030) and at 4 weeks (P = 0.041). Conclusion Many patients with cervical SCI experience arrhythmias such as bradycardia, sinus node arrest, supraventricular tachycardia, and more rarely cardiac arrest the first month after SCI. Apart from sinus node arrests and limited bradycardia, no arrhythmias were seen in patients with thoracic SCI. Standard 12-lead ECGs will often miss the high prevalence these arrhythmias have.


High-resistance connections in electric drives can cause localized overheating and motor supply voltage unbalance, which degrade the performance, efficiency, and reliability of the system. An enhanced field-oriented control scheme for induction machines that is capable of detecting resistive unbalance due to high-resistance connections, and regulating the negative-sequence current is proposed as the main contribution of this paper. Resistive unbalance is detected and located while maintaining the symmetric drive behavior both under transient and steady-state operating conditions. The negative-sequence regulator adopted in addition to the traditional current regulator for rotor field-oriented control is used to compensate for the voltage unbalance caused by the inherent asymmetries in the cable and stator winding and by the poor contacts. A model that shows the relationship between the resistive unbalance and negative-sequence current components is derived from the analysis of the proposed scheme. The theoretical analysis and the validity of the detection technique are confirmed with an experimental study on a 4-kW induction motor drive.


Purpose: In approaching full trunk flexion (75%-80% of full flexion), myoelectric activity of lumbar erector spinae muscles is reduced or silenced; this response is known as flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP). FRP is a shift in load sharing and spinal stabilization from active structures (erector spinae muscles) to passive ligamentous and articular structures. Static lumbar flexion under constant displacement or load, within the physiological range, elicits creep in lumbar viscoelastic tissues. During a short static lumbar flexion, significant changes are elicited in the muscular activity pattern of the FRP. Laxity in the passive tissues of the spine during prolonged spinal flexion disturbs the spinal stability. This study investigated the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) before and after periods of the static lumbar flexion on the timing of FRP for the erector spinae muscles. Methods: The research was conducted on 22 healthy female college students. The surface electromyographic silence and onset of the erector spinae muscle activities were measured in two states; before the static lumbar flexion and 10 minutes after the static lumbar flexion in two conditions (with and without KT). Results: The results indicate that KT causes erector spinae muscles relaxation earlier in the flexion and later reactivated in the extension. In other words, KT increased flexion relaxation time in erector spinae muscles (P<0.05). The results also indicate that 10 minutes static lumbar flexion will produce relaxation of the erector spinae muscles later during the forward bending activity and earlier reactivation during the extension (P<0.05). Application of KT cannot compensate the effects of 10 minutes static flexion at the onset and the silence of flexion relaxation and over again creep causes FRP occurs later. Conclusion: According to the effects of KT before the creep in reducing the duration of the muscles activity, kinesio tape may be used in reducing muscle spasms and duration of erector spinae muscles activity. It may also improve FRP in the back and the people who are predisposed to the back pain and FRP has not seen in them. Therefore, the need for research on these subjects and other factors, such as the electrical activity of muscles is essential. Although the application of KT cannot substitute the effects of 10 minutes static flexion on the onset and the silence of flexion relaxation, it could be used for protection and reduction of using strained viscoelastic structures. A B S T R A C T


Abstract Cool Springs Environmental Education Center (CSEEC), owned by Weyerhaeuser Company, includes a 591 ha State Significant Natural Area. It is located in Craven County, North Carolina, in the floristically rich Atlantic Coastal Plain. A vascular flora inventory documented the occurrences of 567 species and sub-specific taxa and 303 genera in 118 plant families, including populations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain endemics Pondspice (Litsea aestivalis) and LeBlond's Coastal Goldenrod (Solidago villosicarpa). We identified twenty plant community types, including the uncommon Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Woodland, Bald Cypress–Tupelo Gum (Taxodium distichum – Nyssa aquatica) Swamp, a number of small depression wetland communities, and the novel Sand Laurel Oak-Loblolly Pine (Quercus hemisphaerica – Pinus taeda) Woodland. Soils ranged from excessively drained sands to very poorly drained organics. The order of the soil mapping units according to the number of plant taxa they supported per unit area was TaB > PO > Ln > Mu > DO, MM > Se > KuB. Among five of 12 floristic study sites having positive residuals in the regression of log species richness on log area, CSEEC had the third largest residual. There was no relationship between the residuals from regressions of log species on log area and soil drainage heterogeneity on log area. The occurrences of two rare plant species, a species-rich flora, ten natural plant community types, and an assemblage of wet and dry soils in a variety of geomorphic settings are objective factors justifying the recognition of CSEEC as a State Significant Natural Area.


About this dataset: This dataset contains ionograms in PNG format and covers data from December 01-31, 1984.About the Tromso Ionosonde (1984-1992): During the period 1984-1992 the Ionosonde was situated at 69° 35' N, 19° 13' E at Ramfjordmoen near Tromso, Norway and operated by the Auroral Observatory of the University of Tromso. The instrument operated at this location prior to 1984, and still operates there (as of 2018); see the related publication for details. The instrument was fully digitized and based on a Hewlett Packard 21MX computer. The combination of a low power transmitter and complementary code transmission made the Tromso ionosonde equivalent to a conventional ionosonde (at the time) with 20 µs pulses and 16 kW peak power. Routine operation was one ionogram every 20 min with a frequency sweep from 1 MHz to 12 MHz lasting between 2 and 3 min. For the 100 km altitude region the precision of determining the height of a sporadic E layer is ± 3 km. The ionograms were stored on magnetic tape. A noise discrimination routine in the computer program reduced the stored data to less than 10% of the raw data. In this way one 2400' tape held about 1300 ionograms, equivalent to 18 days' data. The tapes were 4-11 years old when they were read, resulting in around 20% data-loss during the process of transferring to other media. Today, storage is on online disk and with offline an archive on a variety of media.


This article reexamines the well-known Hellenistic statue of Aphrodite from Melos (the Vénus de Milo), drawing on recently published archaeological evidence and archival sources relating to its excavation to propose a new reconstruction of the sculpture's original appearance, context, and audience. Although scholars have often discussed the statue as a timeless ideal of female beauty, the Aphrodite was in fact carefully adapted to its contemporary setting, the minor Hellenistic polis of Melos. With its conservative yet creative visual effect, the sculpture offers a well-preserved early example of the Hellenistic emulation of classical art, and opens a window onto the rarely examined world of a traditional Greek city during a period of dynamic change. The statue, it is argued, was set up within the civic gymnasium of Melos. Furthermore, Aphrodite likely held out an apple in token of her victory in the Judgment of Paris, as newly accessible sculptural fragments found with the statue demonstrate. The sculpture responds to and transforms both classical visual prototypes and earlier narratives of the Judgment, familiar to Greek audiences from the period of Homer onward. And the Aphrodite not only was appropriate for display within a gymnasium but indeed exemplifies a critical aspect of that institution's role during the Hellenistic period: the creation of a standardized and highly selective vision of the past to serve as a model for the present. Thus the statue, analyzed within its original context, greatly enhances our understanding of the reception of classical sculpture and mythological narrative in Hellenistic Greece.


The diffusion of supermarkets in developing countries has profound implications – not only for existing retail stores and informal vendors but also for millions of producers and intermediary traders in the respective supply chains, and for consumers in these countries. Overall, societies are likely to gain from retail modernisation, given that it implies the use of new technologies and exploitation of economies of scale, and thus results in higher productivity, increased convenience and lower consumer prices. However, the fast roll-out of large foreign retail chains in poor countries with very traditional and low-productivity production and retail structures has the potential to destroy the livelihoods of thousands or even millions who currently earn a decent living through traditional farming or intermediary trading or sales. Moreover, manifold trade-offs need to be taken into account: what benefits certain producer or consumer groups may harm others. Developing countries and their international development partners therefore see the challenge ahead as one of managing this transformation in such a way that the harsh effects of structural change are mitigated and local stakeholders have sufficient time and opportunity to adapt to the new business environment. Ignoring retail modernisation and trying to keep modern retailers out of national markets is neither desirable (because the productivity effects will fail to be realised) nor feasible in the long term (due to the prevailing overall trend towards trade and foreign direct investment liberalisation). Delaying the inevitable adaptation of local retail systems to international best practices may imply higher adaptation costs in the future. The challenge is to proactively shape the way national systems adapt to the global retail revolution. Despite the far-reaching impact of the supermarket revolution, this challenge has so far hardly been debated in development policy circles. This omission is possibly due to the cross-cutting nature of the topic: managing the supermarket revolution concerns agricultural development, urban planning and consumer protection alike, and there is usually no central authority or coordinated system for managing the process. Likewise, only a handful of donor agencies tackle retail modernisation, and those that do mainly focus on the micro level – e.g. by training small farmers rather than assisting in the development of comprehensive strategies. Our study reviews a wide range of policy options. It shows that governments have significant leeway for shaping retail modernisation in an inclusive way. Developing country governments display very different attitudes towards retail modernisation and liberalisation, ranging from unconditional liberalisation to bureaucratic overregulation. We argue in favour of a sequenced approach that, on the one hand, supports productivity development and competition and, on the other, fosters technological learning and applies safeguards for the poor. Working collaboratively with retail corporations is, of course, a key element of such an agenda, but this study also presents a host of additional intervention options. It also highlights the potential contribution of donor agencies, which can bring in international expertise, facilitate dialogue and strategy-building, and encourage pilot projects with corporate partners. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of inclusive business and documents how retail corporations can contribute to host country development and improve their performance and corporate image at the same time.


Beyond current conversational chatbots or task-oriented dialogue systems that have attracted increasing attention, we move forward to develop a dialogue system for automatic medical diagnosis that converses with patients to collect additional symptoms beyond their self-reports and automatically makes a diagnosis. Besides the challenges for conversational dialogue systems (e.g. topic transition coherency and question understanding), automatic medical diagnosis further poses more critical requirements for the dialogue rationality in the context of medical knowledge and symptom-disease relations. Existing dialogue systems (Madotto, Wu, and Fung 2018; Wei et al. 2018; Li et al. 2017) mostly rely on datadriven learning and cannot be able to encode extra expert knowledge graph. In this work, we propose an End-to-End Knowledge-routed Relational Dialogue System (KR-DS) that seamlessly incorporates rich medical knowledge graph into the topic transition in dialogue management, and makes it cooperative with natural language understanding and natural language generation. A novel Knowledge-routed Deep Q-network (KR-DQN) is introduced to manage topic transitions, which integrates a relational refinement branch for encoding relations among different symptoms and symptomdisease pairs, and a knowledge-routed graph branch for topic decision-making. Extensive experiments on a public medical dialogue dataset show our KR-DS significantly beats stateof-the-art methods (by more than 8% in diagnosis accuracy). We further show the superiority of our KR-DS on a newly collected medical dialogue system dataset, which is more challenging retaining original self-reports and conversational data between patients and doctors.


Two driving mechanisms were constructed and these characteristics were investigated. The mechanisms utilize force generated in a pin-to-plate gas discharge system that consisted of a rigid pin electrode and a plate electrode. One of the driving mechanisms utilizes force generated at dark discharge region, because attractive force, in the order of 10μN, was induced to the pin electrode due to the Coulomb force at this region. A stator consisted of parallel plate electrodes on a plastic plate and small linear movers were needle and/or plate electrodes on floating plastic plates. Experimental investigation deduced that (1) the speed of the movers was increased at high frequency of the applied voltage and a small air gap, but (2) the motion of the movers were out of tuning over a threshold frequency. Another driving mechanism utilizes force generated at corona discharge, because corona discharge took place over a certain threshold voltage and a relatively large repulsive force, in the order of 100μN, was induced to the pin electrode due to the ionic wind. The force was almost tangential to the pin electrode even when the pin electrode inclined to the plate electrode. This force was utilized for driving small linear and rotational movers on water. The linear mover was an inclined pin electrode on a floating plate and the rotational mover consisted of two inclined pin electrodes on a floating disk at point-symmetrical positions. Experimental investigation deduced that (1) the driving force was induced over the corona onset voltage, (2) the driving force or torque were maximum when the inclination angle was 45 degrees, and (3) the speed of the movers was increased at high applied voltage and a small air gap.


The seismic cycle on a major fault involves long periods of elastic strain and stress accumulation, driven by aseismic ductile deformation at depth, ultimately released by sudden fault slip events. Coseismic slip distributions are generally heterogeneous with most of the energy being released in the rupture of asperities. Since, on the long term, the fault's walls generally do not accumulate any significant permanent deformation, interseismic deformation might be heterogeneous, revealing zones of focused stress buildup. The pattern of current deformation along the Himalayan arc, which is known to produce recurring devastating earthquakes, and where several seismic gaps have long been recognized, might accordingly show significant lateral variations, providing a possible explanation for the uneven microseismic activity along the Himalayan arc. By contrast, the geodetic measurements show a rather uniform pattern of interseismic strain, oriented consistently with long-term geological deformation, as indicated from stretching lineation. We show that the geodetic data and seismicity distribution are reconciled from a model in which microseismicity is interpreted as driven by stress buildup increase in the interseismic period. The uneven seismicity pattern is shown to reflect the impact of the topography on the stress field, indicating low deviatoric stresses (<35 MPa) and a low friction (<0.3) on the Main Himalayan Thrust. Arc-normal thrusting along the Himalayan front and east-west extension in southern Tibet are quantitatively reconciled by the model.


The membrane potential of the Rana oocyte, as determined by intracellular microelectrodes, ranges from approximately −40 to −70 mV (inside negative). Upon removal of external Ca, a large, rapid depolarization in membrane potential occurs. The depolarization is reversible by both Ca and Mg. In the presence of Ca, the magnitude of the membrane potential is primarily dependent on the K distribution across the oocyte membrane with a lesser but significant Na dependence. Upon Ca removal, the Na dependence is greatly increased, indicating an increased Na permeability. Direct measurements of Na, K and Cl permeability by tracer-flux analysis indicate the following. In the presence of Ca the permeabilities are approximately: Na (1.0 × 10−6 cm/sec); K (5.6 × 10−6 cm/sec); Cl (1.4 × 10−6 cm/sec). Upon Ca removal the K and Cl permeabilities are not significantly altered. However, there is an approximately four-fold increase in Na permeability (4.5 × 10−6 cm/sec). This increase explains the observed depolarization in membrane potential upon Ca removal. It has been suggested previously that Ca may regulate the in vivo depolarization observed during transition from oocyte to ovulated egg in the amphibian. The present experiments indicate that, if Ca does play a role, its role is not analogous to the in vitro effect on the oocyte, since the ovulated egg has reduced Na as well as K permeability.


In this work,
nodal-disk segments (4-6 mm in diameter × 5-6 mm in length) were
obtained from established shoot culture, resulted from disinfected tomato
seedlings, and they were suitable to induce different organogenic pathway under
the influence of specific hormonal treatment. Application of BAP (1-2.5 mg/l)
alone or in combination of 0.5 mg/l NAA resulted in induction of shoot formation.
Somatic embryogenesis was rarely appeared (6%) when relatively low
concentration of BAP (1.5 mg/l) with low concentration of IAA (0.5 mg/l IAA)
was applied. Root induction was triggered when nodal explants or shoot cuttings
were cultured on MS medium with (1 mg/l IAA, IBA or NAA) or without auxins, but
the best result was obtained when 1 mg/l IAA was used. Application of 0.5 mg/l
NAA stimulated callus formation but the best result was obtained when the three
different phytohormoes were used (0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 1 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l BAP).
These results indicated that nodal segments, as described in this protocol, can
be used as alternative to other types of explants such as cotyledon, hypocotyl
and leaf explants.


One-hundred and forty-seven new apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) ages are presented from 32 sample locations along the flanks of the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico and Colorado. These data are combined with apatite fission-track (AFT) analyses of the same rocks and modeled together to create well-constrained cooling histories for Rio Grande rift flank shoulders. The data indicate rapid cooling due to extension from ca. 28 to 5 Ma in the Sawatch Range, ca. 28 Ma to Quaternary in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, ca. 25 to 5 Ma in the Albuquerque Basin, and ca. 25 to 10 Ma in the southern Rio Grande rift in southern New Mexico. Rapid cooling of rift flanks followed the Oligocene ignimbrite flare-up, and the northern section of the Rio Grande rift in Colorado exhibits semicontinuous cooling since the Oligocene. Overall, however, rift flank cooling along the length of the rift was out of phase with high-volume magmatism and hence is inferred to have been driven mainly by exhumation due to faulting. Although each location preserves a unique cooling history, when combined with existing AHe data from the Gore Range in northern Colorado and the Sandia Mountains in New Mexico, together these data indicate that extension and exhumation of rift shoulders were synchronous along >850 km of the length of the Rio Grande rift from 25 to 10 Ma. These time-space constraints provide an important new data set with which to develop geodynamic models for initiation and evolution of continental rifting. Models involving northward propagation of rifting and Colorado Plateau rotation are not favored as primary mechanisms driving extension. Instead, a geodynamic model is proposed that involves upper-mantle dynamics during multistage foundering and rollback of a segment of the Farallon plate near the Laramide hinge region that extended between the Wyoming and SE New Mexico high-velocity mantle domains. The first stage of flat slab removal accompanied ca. 40–20 Ma volcanism in the San Juan and Mogollon-Datil ignimbrite centers, which initiated asthenospheric upwelling and circulation. A second stage involved a ca. 30–25 Ma detachment of remaining fragments of the Farallon slab, intensifying asthenospheric upwelling and focusing it along a N-S trend beneath Colorado and New Mexico. By 25 Ma, the North American lithosphere had become weakened critically along this narrow zone, so that extension was accelerated, resulting in the observed 25–10 Ma cooling indicated by the thermochronologic data. This developed a central graben with increased fault-related high strain rates and resulted in maximum sediment accumulation in the Rio Grande rift. Our geodynamic model thus involves Oligocene removal of parts of the Farallon slab beneath the ignimbrite centers followed by a major Oligocene–Miocene slab break that instigated the discrete N-S Rio Grande rift through focused upper-mantle convection beneath the southern Rocky Mountain–Rio Grande rift region.


We present the ongoing project Route of the World Heritage Monasteries in Portugal and emphasize the planned Digital Touristic Platform. It's been created as a partnership between local authorities where those monasteries are located and with higher education institutions and the National Management Institute of Heritage. It is been financed by European funds over 14,4Me. We describe the strategic plan, the key actions and the model of governance. The role of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on growth and on employment related to cultural heritage and tourism is then approached referring to e-business and digital platforms particularly. We present the results and some new start-up projects as a result of the created synergies. The importance of Heritage Economics with the use of ICT as well as the lessons learned so far are analyzed.


This PhD focusses on the body of work that has emerged from the author's compositional practice
between 2008 and 2015. It tackles a range of issues including (dark) tourism, identity and
remembrance, and the tensions between history, narrative and myth; from folklore practices to
postwar Eastern Europe and the Holocaust.

Three extended projects using field recordings and interviews as their primary source material are
examined: a soundscape study of Padstow, a composition dealing with the soundscapes of
historically-charged places, and an ongoing project that further explores issues of memory, narrative,
and myth-making. Through a detailed contextual investigation of these sound-works, the text
endeavours to provide a dialogue between the phonographies of the sites and voices featured in the
compositions and the social, historical, political and economic forces that have contributed to the
making (and metamorphosis) of these places and communities.

The author develops a number of notions including the construction of schizo-narratives: an editing
technique where fragments of interviews are reorganised to create unexpected and non-linear
narratives, and sonic chorographies: the use of field recordings to represent not only the fragmentary
delineations of a soundscape but also to operate a re-scaling of the elements depicted to highlight
crucial aspects of the socio-political fabric of a specific place. These elements lead to an investigation
of the territory of disembodied voices – the phenomenological mechanisms of interaction between
disembodied voices and the sonic environment – as well as a reflection on the perception of
acousmatic identities.

From the multitude of conflicting histories that underpin the origins and beliefs associated with the
Mayday festival to the problematic site transformations that have occurred in Krakow and Auschwitz
as a result of the Holocaust tourist trade; from the dislocated narratives of 'twin language' to the
imagined myths of the lost Jewish community of thirteenth century Hereford, this PhD endeavours to
show how disembodied voices and soundscapes might be creatively and conceptually explored
through plurality and contradiction, as a territory where no element is fixed, where no narrative is
crystallised, where identities are in constant motion, where meaning is always transient.


Internet users are increasingly concerned about their information privacy based on how individuals and organisations access and handle personal information. So far, literature has mostly dealt with information privacy concerns, referring to how individuals perceive organisational privacy practices, or with privacy risks in general. Yet, a deeper understanding is missing regarding the consequences individuals perceive to arise from privacy-invasive practices, i.e. the negative outcomes that people are afraid of due to an infringement of their privacy. To fill this gap in research, we systematically investigate how perceived privacy-invasive data collection and usage can affect individuals. Based on our focus group data, we develop a taxonomy of perceived consequences of privacy-invasive practices. It consists of six identified categories of consequences, namely social, psychological, resource-related, independence-related, legal, and physical consequences, and several privacyspecific subtypes within these categories.


Many of us view language as a tool, a means by which to communicate our thoughts and emotions. But is there more to language than just "talk"? Can learning languages actually change the way you think? In The Language Imperative, best-selling author and linguistic scholar Suzette Haden Elgin examines the power of language to shape our lives. She confronts some of the most pressing issues parents and educators face today: Is it a good or bad idea for Americans to have command of more than one language? Should learning languages be a luxury for only the rich? Or should it be a goal of the public educational system as well? Based on solid science and filled with personal insights, The Language Imperative is required reading for anyone interested in how words shape our lives, both as individuals and as a nation.


Background Medication management of older peoples is of special importance regarding to their sensitivity to adverse drugs effects. Purpose This study compared the medication error rates and the operating costs before and after implementation of an automated unit dose distribution system: before: ward stock system (WSS): prescriptions in paper record, medications prepared by nurses in the ward, after: computerised physician order entry including electronic medication administration record (eMAR), pharmacist interventions, unit dose delivering system robot, automated medications delivering systems. Materials and Methods Medication errors were identified using an observation-based method. Pharmacist attended drugs administration rounds in a randomly selected ward section. Administrations were compared to prescriptions. Error rates and error types were compared according to a chi square method. Clinical severity of errors was assessed. Drug consumptions, costs of pharmaceutical and nursing staffs and equipment were calculated for each period. Results During the WSS period, 28 rounds were attended (148 patients, 615 drugs administrations) versus 31 rounds (166 patients, 783 drugs administrations) during the UDDS period. The rate of medication errors significantly decreased between the WSS period and the UDDS period (12.6% vs 5.2%). During the WSS period, a medication error occurred by 30.4% of the patients (45 patients) compared to 19.9% (32 patients) during the UDDS period (p < 0.05). Most reduced errors during the UDDS period were wrong dose (16 vs 4) and wrong drug (19 vs 1). Drugs consumptions decreased of 11,527€ a year (11.5%) and cost of nurses time saved was assessed at 24,642€ a year. One dose delivered by robot cost 0.56€, 0.41€ excluding robot loan. Safety brought by the automated unit dose distribution system cost 90.4€ for one bed a month, including, staff and equipment. Conclusions Drug safety showed her necessity, this has an additional cost witch must be compared with consequences of medication errors and medicine-related illness. No conflict of interest.


Introduction
Soccer match-play comprises a limited number of substitutions and players are frequently
exposed to a high frequency of games and, consequently, short recovery. This high physical
demand can increase the risk of injury (Carling et al., 2015). Increased player interchanges,
in other intermittent sports, have been associated with a lower physiological load (Moss et
al., 2015) and reduced risk of knee flexor (KF) strain injuries (Orchard et al., 2012). In
2015, the International Football Association Board identified the potential merit of a player
interchange strategy by approving the use of an unlimited "return sub" ruling at grassroots
level soccer. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a player interchanges on
reducing the physical fatigue response to a soccer-specific exercise protocol ([SSEP] Page et
al., 2016).
Methods
Thirteen male soccer players (age 23.2 ± 4.6 yrs) completed, in a counterbalanced order,
a control trial (CONT) comprising 6 x 15 min bouts of the SSEP with a 15 min half time
period, and an interchange trial (INT) comprising 4 x 15 min bouts of the SSEP, with 15
min passive recovery intervening bouts. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE),
uni-axial and tri-axial PlayerLoadTM, and mean (EMGmean) and peak (EMGpeak) bicep
femoris electromyography were measured during each trial. Isokinetic eccentric KF peak
torque (PT) was also measured pre-, post-, and 48-hours post-trial.
Results and Discussion
Significantly lower (P=0.003) HR values were reported during INT (143± 11 b.min-1) com-
pared to CONT (153 ± 13 b.min-1). INT (12 ± 2 a.u) RPE was significantly (P< 0.001)
lower than CONT (13 ± 2 a.u). The interchange trial also elicited significant (P< 0.05)
changes in PlayerLoadTM metrics. PT values were significantly (P=0.04) higher during
INT (180 degs.s-1= 152.11 ± 25.90 Nm; 300 degs.s-1= 154.13 ± 21.52 Nm) compared to
CONT (180 degs.s-1= 141.27 ± 26.29 Nm; 300 degs.s-1= 144.12 ± 21.30 Nm). There was
no diference (P> 0.05) in the EMG data between the two trials.

Conclusion
Player interchanges result in a reduced cumulative physiological, perceptual, and external
load response to soccer-specific activity, with implications for reduced injury risk and im-
proved performance. The post-exercise rate of recovery associated with the KF PT data
was greater in the interchange trial, with implications for training periodization and injury
management (Orchard et al., 2012).


Abstract:Under President Xi Jinping's personalist rule, the CCP's formula for authoritarian resilience has evolved, and so too have the risks it confronts. While Xi has drastically weakened some dimensions of institutionalization—particularly limits on his own power—he has not eliminated all of them. The CCP still commands a high-capacity and selectively adaptive bureaucracy; it has tightened political control; and U.S. animosity toward China has inadvertently helped Xi rally the party and nation behind him. Yet Xi's concentration of personal power has reintroduced the risk of succession battles and amplifies the effects of his ideology and decisions, which are felt not only within the PRC but around the world.


Agroecology is increasingly seen as being able, or even necessary, to transform food systems (HLPE 2019). The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and the CGIAR Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) commissioned this rapid evidence-based review to assess the quality and strength of evidence regarding (i) the impact of agroecological approaches on climate change mitigation and adaptation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and (ii) the programming approaches and conditions supporting large-scale transitions to agroecology and transitions. The review also aims to identify knowledge gaps critical to understand and inform future public and private investment in research, development, and deployment of agroecological approaches. The focus here is on the science of agroecology at the field and landscape level, not on social movement, value chain or business aspects. We use the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 10 elements of agroecology with the Gliessman (2016) framework to identify agroecology practices (transition level 2) and agroecology systems (transition level 3). To assess evidence related to agroecology's climate change outcomes we conducted a systematic literature review of i) synthesis papers and ii) primary empirical studies related to nutrient and pest and disease management. For the latter we documented the presence of evidence for climate change outcome indicators, but not the magnitude or direction of the change. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with representatives from 12 organisations supporting or implementing on-the-ground agricultural development programmes to better understand the feasibility of scaling out agroecology.


Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a stress-activated transcription factor activated by stimuli such as electrophilic compounds and other reactive xenobiotics. Previously, we have shown that the commonly used food additive and Nrf2 activator tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) suppresses interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, CD25 expression, and NFκB activity in human Jurkat T cells. The purpose of the current studies was to determine whether these effects were dependent upon Nrf2 by developing a human Nrf2-null T cell model using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 technology. The current studies show that suppression of CD25 expression by tBHQ is partially dependent on Nrf2, whereas inhibition of IL-2 secretion is largely Nrf2-independent. Interestingly, tBHQ inhibited NFκB activation in an Nrf2-independent manner. This was an unexpected finding since Nrf2 inhibits NFκB activation in other models. These results led us to investigate another more potent Nrf2 activator, the synthetic triterpenoid 1[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazole (CDDO-Im). Treatment of wild-type and Nrf2-null Jurkat T cells with CDDO-Im resulted in an Nrf2-dependent suppression of IL-2. Furthermore, susceptibility to reactive oxygen species was significantly enhanced in the Nrf2-null clones as determined by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability. Importantly, this study is the first to describe the generation of a human Nrf2-null model, which is likely to have multiple applications in immunology and cancer biology. Collectively, this study demonstrates a role for Nrf2 in the effects of CDDO-Im on CD25 and IL-2 expression, whereas the effect of tBHQ on these parameters is complex and likely involves modulation of multiple stress-activated transcription factors, including NFκB and Nrf2.


Blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) can play a critical role in the field of organic electroluminescence (EL). As the most important applications of OLEDs, both new generation full-color flat-panel displays and future energy-saving solid-state lighting sources require blue color EL to fulfill their functions properly. However, considerable challenges still exist in searching for highly efficient, color stable, and long-lifespan materials and devices that emit blue color, especially in the development of deep-blue emitters, which are indispensable for high-quality displays and lighting sources. Encouragingly, great progress has been made in the area of deep-blue OLEDs in recent years with continuous efforts made by scientists, who are responsible for the significant achievements in the field of OLEDs. Hence, in this review, the crucial tactics employed to obtain high performance deep-blue emitters are presented, including polymers, dendrimers, small organic molecules, delayed fluorescent systems, and phosphorescent emitters. Moreover, the future perspectives and ongoing challenges of this research frontier are also highlighted.


Motivation There are many different forms of genomic structural variation that can be broadly classified as copy number variation (CNV) and balanced rearrangements. Although many algorithms are now available in the literature that aim to characterize CNVs, discovery of balanced rearrangements (inversions and translocations) remains an open problem. This is mainly because the breakpoints of such events typically lie within segmental duplications and common repeats, which reduce the mappability of short reads. The 1000 Genomes Project spearheaded the development of several methods to identify inversions, however, they are limited to relatively short inversions, and there are currently no available algorithms to discover large inversions using high throughput sequencing technologies (HTS). Results Here we propose to use a sequencing method (Kitzman et al., 2011) originally developed to improve haplotype resolution to characterize large genomic inversions. This method, called pooled clone sequencing, merges the advantages of clone based sequencing approach with the speed and cost efficiency of HTS technologies. Using data generated with pooled clone sequencing method, we developed a novel algorithm, dipSeq, to discover large inversions (>500 Kbp). We show the power of dipSeq first on simulated data, and then apply it to the genome of a HapMap individual (NA12878). We were able to accurately discover all previously known and experimentally validated large inversions in the same genome. We also identified a novel inversion, and confirmed using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Availability Implementation of the dipSeq algorithm is available at https://github.com/BilkentCompGen/dipseq Contact firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com


a) models and modeling, b) learning environments and c) problem solving. Abstract Mathematics and physics concepts have been closely interrelated since their formal beginnings in ancient times. Moreover, from a wide variety of perspectives, it is possible to identify that the understanding of physics progressed as more complex mathematical ideas became available. In pedagogical practice, there are many instances where the teaching of one of these disciplines might obstruct the understanding of the other; this problem, combined with the difficulty of teaching them inside or outside a classroom, produces a ripe opportunity for educative improvement. After a significant experience of teaching an integrated physics-math course for freshmen undergraduate students, a number of inconsistencies were identified and previously reported. One of those inconsistencies is a trap rooted in language, and it creates worrying cognitive conflicts that interfere with students' learning. Specifically, the use by teachers of different names for the same concepts or ideas (perhaps because they look to relate specific concepts to everyday language) might be helping misconceptions to prevail. In this work, the authors focused on the analysis of terms like mass , force, and torque . To do this, they analyzed various research sources and texts to identify the roots of different names for similar concepts and their uses, and they considered the consequences of differing terminology and meaning to the construction of complex thinking. Raising awareness about the inconsistencies of terminology in mathematics and physics and the resulting consequences is the primary objective of this study. This work was motivated by an authentic concern to facilitate the learning and comprehension of these subjects by students. Accordingly, the authors issue a call for action for a transformation in the teaching and learning of physics and mathematics through reflection on better use of terminology in these fields, so that the terms are negotiated between the disciplines, which results in precise descriptions of what is being taught, free of inconsistencies, confusion, and conflict.


It is significant that parents of children with autism participate in the process of education of their children. In this study, the effects of ADOSEP, which is a family education program prepared to teach parents how to use a research-based discrete trial method, on teaching behaviors of a mother of a child with autism through discrete trial were examined. The results of the study indicated, that mother of child with autism attained the behavior of instructing through discrete trial and she demonstrated this behavior with her own child in her house. Participant mother of the study was pleased with taking place in the program and becoming systematically functional with her son.


This article examines the social and interactional foundations of sign-creation among DeafBlind people in Seattle, Washington. Linguists studying signed languages have proposed models of sign-creation that involve the selection of an iconic gestural representation of the referent which is subjected to grammatical constraints and is thereby incorporated into the linguistic system. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork and more than 190 hours of video recordings of interaction and language use, I argue that a key interactional mechanism driving processes of sign-creation among DeafBlind people in Seattle is deictic integration. Deictic integration restricts the range of contextual values that the grammar can retrieve by coordinating systems of reference with patterns in activity. This process brings language into alignment with the world as it is perceived by the users of that language, making a range of potentially iconic relations available for selection in the creation of new signs.


Experimental observations of the time-dependent mechanical responses of collagenous tissues have demonstrated behavior that deviates from standard treatments of linear or quasi-linear viscoelasticity. In particular, time-dependent deformation can be strongly coupled to strain level, and strain-rate independence can be observed under monotonic loading, even for a tissue with dramatic stress relaxation. It was postulated that this nonlinearity is fundamentally associated with gradual recruitment of individual collagen fibrils during applied mechanical loading. Based on previously observed experimental results for the time-dependent response of collagenous soft tissues, a model is developed to describe the mechanical behavior of these tissues under uniaxial loading. Tissue stresses, under applied strain-controlled loading, are assumed to be a sum of elastic and viscoelastic stress contributions. The relative contributions of elastic and viscoelastic stresses is assumed to vary with strain level, leading to strain- and time-dependent mechanical behavior. The model formulation is examined under conditions of monotonic loading at varying constant strain rates and stress-relaxation at different applied strain levels. The model is compared with experimental data for a membranous biological soft tissue, the amniotic sac, and is found to agree well with experimental results. The limiting behavior of the novel model, at large strains relative to the collagen recruitment, is consistent with the quasi-linear viscoelastic approach. © 2006 Materials Research Society.


Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is one of the most popular data clustering methods which can be viewed as a linear combination of different Gaussian components. In GMM, each cluster obeys Gaussian distribution and the task of clustering is to group observations into different components through estimating each cluster's own parameters. The Expectation-Maximization algorithm is always involved in such estimation problem. However, many previous studies have shown naturally occurring data may reside on or close to an underlying submanifold. In this paper, we consider the case where the probability distribution is supported on a submanifold of the ambient space. We take into account the smoothness of the conditional probability distribution along the geodesics of data manifold. That is, if two observations are close in intrinsic geometry, their distributions over different Gaussian components are similar. Simply speaking, we introduce a novel method based on manifold structure for data clustering, called Locally Consistent Gaussian Mixture Model (LCGMM). Specifically, we construct a nearest neighbor graph and adopt Kullback-Leibler Divergence as the distance measurement to regularize the objective function of GMM. Experiments on several data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of such regularization.


For Siegfried Kracauer, the urban ornament was not just an aspect of design; it was the medium through which city dwellers interpreted the metropolis itself. In Ornaments of the Metropolis, Henrik Reeh traces variations on the theme of the ornament in Kracauer's writings on urbanism, from his early journalism in Germany between the wars to his "sociobiography" of Jacques Offenbach in Paris. Kracauer (1889-1966), often associated with the Frankfurt School and the intellectual milieu of Walter Benjamin, is best known for his writings on cinema and the philosophy of history. Reeh examines Kracauer's lesser-known early work, much of it written for the trendsetting newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung in the 1920s and early 1930s, and analyzes Kracauer's continuing reflections on modern urban life, through the pivotal idea of ornament. Kracauer deciphers the subjective experience of the city by viewing fragments of the city as dynamic ornaments; an employment exchange, a day shelter for the homeless, a movie theater, and an amusement park become urban microcosms. Reeh focuses on three substantial works written by Kracauer before his emigration to the United States in 1940. In the early autobiographical novel Ginster, Written by Himself, a young architect finds aesthetic pleasure in the ornamental forms that are largely unused in the profession of the time. The collection Streets of Berlin and Elsewhere, with many essays from Kracauer's years in Berlin, documents the subjectiveness of urban life. Finally, Jacques Offenbach and the Paris of His Time shows how the superficial -- in a sense, ornamental -- milieu of the operetta evolved into a critical force during the Second Empire. Reeh argues that Kracauer's novel, essays, and historiography all suggest ways in which the subjective can reappropriate urban life. The book also includes a series of photographs by the author that reflect the ornamental experience of the metropolis in Paris, Frankfurt, and other cities.


Storytelling is an ancient practice known in all civilizations throughout history. Characters, tales, techniques, oral traditions, motifs, and tale types transcend individual cultures - elements and names change, but the stories are remarkably similar with each rendition, highlighting the values and concerns of the host culture. Examining the stories and the oral traditions associated with different cultures offers a unique view of practices and traditions."Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore" brings past and present cultures of the world to life through their stories, oral traditions, and performance styles. It combines folklore and mythology, traditional arts, history, literature, and festivals to present an overview of world cultures through their liveliest and most fascinating mode of expression. This appealing resource includes specific storytelling techniques as well as retellings of stories from various cultures and traditions.


Developing countries are home to more than 80% of the world's population, and are the site for growing use of e-commerce. There are theoretical claims that e-commerce could bring significant benefits to firms in developing countries, but we know very little empirically about the actual outcomes of e-commerce implementation. Our article addresses this gap in knowledge through a survey of 92 businesses in South Africa, all of which have moved beyond the basic stage of e-commerce. The findings indicate that e-commerce benefits are, by and large, limited to improvements in intra- and interorganizational communications. More strategic benefits relating to market access, customer/supplier linkages or cost savings were not found in the majority (more than 80%) of organizations surveyed. This therefore limits the likelihood of broader benefits such as incorporation into global supply chains, disintermediation, and improved competitiveness. Turning this somewhat disappointing e-commerce picture around requires a multiprong strategy aimed at building the resources and capabilities of businesses, developing electronic-mediated business routines with partners and customers, and addressing national e-readiness and global trade regulation issues.


ABSTRACT The docking protein FRS2 was implicated in the transmission of extracellular signals from the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. The two members of the FRS2 family, FRS2α and FRS2β, are structurally very similar. Each is composed of an N-terminal myristylation signal, a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, and a C-terminal tail containing multiple binding sites for the SH2 domains of the adapter protein Grb2 and the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2. Here we show that the PTB domains of both the α and β isoforms of FRS2 bind directly to the FGF or NGF receptors. The PTB domains of the FRS2 proteins bind to a highly conserved sequence in the juxtamembrane region of FGFR1. While FGFR1 interacts with FRS2 constitutively, independent of ligand stimulation and tyrosine phosphorylation, NGF receptor (TrkA) binding to FRS2 is strongly dependent on receptor activation. Complex formation with TrkA is dependent on phosphorylation of Y490, a canonical PTB domain binding site that also functions as a binding site for Shc (NPXpY). Using deletion and alanine scanning mutagenesis as well as peptide competition assays, we demonstrate that the PTB domains of the FRS2 proteins specifically recognize two different primary structures in two different receptors in a phosphorylation-dependent or -independent manner. In addition, NGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2α is diminished in cells that overexpress a kinase-inactive mutant of FGFR1. This experiment suggests that FGFR1 may regulate signaling via NGF receptors by sequestering a common key element which both receptors utilize for transmitting their signals. The multiple interactions mediated by FRS2 appear to play an important role in target selection and in defining the specificity of several families of receptor tyrosine kinases.


We offer a new strategy to identify the distribution of treatment effects using data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP), a relatively understudied early-childhood intervention for low birth-weight infants. We introduce a new policy parameter, QCD, which denotes quantiles of the effect distribution conditional on latent neonatal health. The dependence between potential outcomes originates from a new class of factor models where latent health can affect the location and shape of distributions. We first show that QCD depends on quantiles of marginal outcome distributions given latent health. We then achieve identification of these marginal distributions and QCD by proxying latent health with neonatal anthropometrics and accounting for measurement error in these proxies. The effects of enrolling in IHDP are widely distributed across children and depend on neonatal health. Moreover, the large average effects documented in past work for close to normal birth weight children from low-income families are driven by a minority of children in this group.


There is a region with a high risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the northeast of Iran. Previous studies suggest that hereditary factors play a role in the high incidence of cancer in the region. We selected 22 functional variants (and 130 related tagSNPs) from 15 genes that have been associated previously with the risk of ESCC. We genotyped a primary set of samples from 451 Turkmens (197 cases and 254 controls). Seven of 152 variants were associated with ESCC at the P = 0.05 level; these single nucleotide polymorphisms were then studied in a validation set of 549 cases and 1,119 controls, which included both Turkmens and non-Turkmens. The association observed for a functional variant in ADH1B was confirmed in the validation set, and that of a tagSNP in MGMT, the association was borderline significant in the validation set, after correcting for multiple testing. The other 5 variants that were associated in the primary set were not significantly associated in the validation set. The histidine allele at codon 48 of ADH1B gene was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ESCC in the joint data set (primary and validation set) under a recessive model (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.76; P = 4 x 10(-4)). The A allele of the rs7087131 variant of MGMT gene was associated with a decreased risk of ESCC under a dominant model (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.96; P = 0.02). These results support the hypothesis that genetic predisposition plays a role in the high incidence of ESSC in Iran.


"The Lotus Sutra" (Taisho no. 262), translated by Tsugunari Kubo and Akira Yuyama from the fifth-century Chinese version by the scholar-monk Kumarajiva, is one of the most important and revered texts in East Asian Buddhism. With its vivid descriptions of cosmic events and large cast of characters, the Saddharmapundarika-sutra (Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Fine Dharma) unfolds like a magnificent drama. Its twenty-eight chapters offer a combination of doctrine, teachings, stories, and parables, devotional practices, and portraits of the many buddhas and bodhisattvas that inhabit the world of the Lotus Sutra. This text presents an emerging Mahayana vision that affirms the possibility of enlightenment for all.


by Mitchell B. Hart. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. 340 pp. $55.00.Given the horrific legacy of Nazi racial policy, it is not surprising that Jewish historians have been hesitant to investigate how Jews employed racial categories to advance their own ideological and political agendas. The uninformed observer might mistakenly believe that categories of "otherness" based primarily on racial constructs were the exclusive purview of antisemites. Nothing, however, could be further from the truth. As a race-based scientific discourse became the normative interpretive paradigm in the late nineteenth century, Jewish intellectuals, fully acculturated within the European academic setting, utilized this model to evaluate Jewish society. Beginning in the 1880s and continuing unabated until the 1930s, Jewish social scientists actively contributed to the on-going debates about Jewry's essential characteristics and the position of Jews within European society. Mitchell Hart's book on the subject presents a richly detailed account of the "relationship between social science, Jewish scholarship, and Jewish politics".As social scientists developed "objective statistical criteria" to define the abnormal condition of modern Jewry, Jewish social scientists constructed "their own narratives around the statistics about the Jewish present and future". Rather than completely rejecting the pathological descriptions of Jews attributed to them by their Gentile colleagues, Jewish social scientists explained their origins and offered ameliorative prescriptives. Zionists, in particular, used the tools of modern social science to reject the identification of Jews as solely a religious community and to redefine them as "Volk and nation". For both Zionist and non-Zionist Jewish social scientists, the politics of identity formation occupied center stage of their academic enterprises.Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity begins by examining the Verein fur judische Statistik, the institutional basis of Jewish social science. Founded in 1904, the organization was largely, but not exclusively, a Zionist enterprise. The Democratic Faction of the Zionist movement saw the Verein as a mechanism to substantiate the "essential national characteristics" of Jews. The organization's first director, Arthur Ruppin, utilized the Verein to objectify and validate the Zionist discourse.Once the institutional basis of Jewish social science is presented, Hart turns to a thematic analysis of the debates that pre-occupied European and North American social scientists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Fertility, intermarriage, medical imagery, statistics, racial anthropology, iconography, and other topics serve as grist for the social scientific mill. In each case, Jewish social scientists situated themselves within established areas of academic discourse to produce works that addressed specifically Jewish concerns. Each level of analysis reveals the extent to which Jews were completely acculturated within the intellectual environment of the era, but still in need of explaining their foreignness. …


This essay explores a peculiarly Victorian solution to what was perceived, in the middle of the nineteenth century, as a peculiarly Victorian problem: the fragmentation and miscellaneousness of the modern world. Seeking to apprehend the multiplicity and chaos of contemporary social, intellectual, political, and economic life, and to furnish it with a coherence that was threatened by encroaching religious uncertainty, Victorian poets turned to the resources of genre as a means of accommodating the heterogeneity of the age. In particular, by devising ways of fusing the conventions of the traditional epic with those of the newly ascendant novel, poets hoped to appropriate for the novelistic complexity of modern, everyday life the dignifying and totalizing tendencies of the epic. The essay reevaluates the generic hybridity of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh (1856) as an attempt to unite two distinct kinds of length—the microscopic, cumulative detail of the novel and the big-picture sweep of the epic—in order to capture the miscellaneousness of the age and, at the same time, to restore order and meaning to the disjointed experience of modernity.


Technical Engineering and Design Guides, as adapted from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, No. 27 This manual provides critical guidance for constructors and engineers in the supervision and maintenance of earth and rockfill dams. This book outlines the key components that ensure the safety and performance of these dams, including competent and adequate supervision, careful inspection, and control testing. An entire chapter is devoted to field organization and responsibility. Detailed chapters cover every aspect of foundation and abutment treatment, borrow areas and quarries, earthfill and rockfill construction, and miscellaneous construction features such as river diversion, stage construction and service bridge pier foundations. The manual contains an appendix with lists of required and related publications, as well as a bibliography. Additional useful appendices contain methods for relating field density data to desired or specified values, field compaction control forms, instructions for preparing periodic summaries of field compaction control data, and detailed information on instruments used in earth and rockfill dam construction. This detailed and useful manual is an essential information source for engineers and constructors.


Published in French in 1961, and in English in 1964, 'How It Is" is a novel in three parts, written in short paragraphs, which tell (abruptly, cajolingly, bleakly) of a narrator lying in the dark, in the mud, repeating his life as he hears it uttered - or remembered - by another voice. Told from within, from the dark, the story is tirelessly and intimately explicit about the feelings that pervade his world, but fragmentary and vague about all else therein or beyond. Together with "Molloy", "How It Is" counts for many readers as Beckett's greatest accomplishment in the novel form. It is also his most challenging narrative, both stylistically and for the pessimism of its vision, which continues the themes of reduced circumstance, of another life before the present, and the self-appraising search for an essential self, which were inaugurated in the great prose narratives of his earlier trilogy. She sits aloof ten yards fifteen yards, She looks up looks at me says at last to herself all is well, He is working my head, Where is my head, It rests on the table, My hand trembles on the table, She sees I am not sleeping, The wind blows tempestuous, The little clouds drive before it, The table glides from light to darkness, Darkness to light. This title is edited by Edouard Magessa O'Reilly.


The present paper examines whether state and trait cheerfulness represent actual and habitual dispositions for the emotion of exhilaration. In Experiment I, 60 research participants were involved in a 10-minute interaction with a clowning vs. neutral experimenter. Individuals high in trait cheerfulness, as assessed by the State-Trait-Cheerfulness Inventory (STCI), displayed facial signs of exhilaration with higher frequency, intensity, and duration than did low cheerful individuals. In Experiment II (N = 60), the experimenter was instructed to laugh or not laugh at certain preselected scenes while watching a movie. The experimenter's laughter facilitated enjoyment displays among individuals high in state cheerfulness, but not among those low in state cheerfulness. In both experiments, smiling and laughter predicted the subsequent mood level.


Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of source and concentration of Na and Cl on pig growth performance from 7 to 12 kg. In all three experiments, pigs were fed a common diet (0.33% Na and 0.77% Cl) for 7 or 8 d after weaning then randomly assigned to dietary treatments. In Exp. 1, 360 mixed-sex pigs were used in a 14-d study with 15 replications per treatment and six pigs per pen. Treatments included a 10% dried whey diet with 0.60% added salt (0.37% Na and 0.75% Cl); or three diets with 7.2% crystalline lactose with either: 0.35% added salt (0.18% Na and 0.47% Cl); 0.78% added salt (0.35% Na and 0.72% Cl); or 1.15% NaHCO3 and 0.40% KCl (0.35% Na and 0.45% Cl). Pigs fed the 0.78% added salt-lactose diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the 0.35% added salt-lactose diet, with others intermediate. In Exp. 2, 360 barrows were used in a 14-d study with 12 replications per treatment and five pigs per pen. Treatments included two added salt diets (providing 0.13% Na and 0.35% Cl or 0.35% Na and 0.68% Cl), three diets with Na and Cl provided by KCl and NaHCO3 (0.13%, 0.35%, or 0.57% Na and 0.50% Cl), or a diet with NaHCO3 and CaCl2 (0.35% Na and 0.50% Cl). Regardless of Na source, ADG and ADFI increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as dietary Na increased from 0.13% to 0.35%, with no further benefits observed thereafter. There was no evidence for differences among pigs fed NaCl or NaHCO3 nor evidence for differences among pigs fed the different Na and Cl sources at similar concentrations. In Exp. 3, 300 pigs were used in a 21-d trial with 10 replications per treatment and five pigs per pen. Treatments included a control diet with added salt to provide 0.33% Na and 0.55% Cl or five diets with 0.33 % Na and added KCl to provide 0.09, 0.21, 0.32, 0.45, or 0.55% Cl. ADG and G:F increased (quadratic, P < 0.035) as Cl increased from 0.09% to 0.32%. Pigs fed the control diet (added salt) and the 0.55% Cl diet had similar ADG. For ADG and ADFI, the broken line linear model indicated a breakpoint of 0.23% Cl. For G:F, the quadratic polynomial model suggested the maximum at 0.38% Cl. In conclusion, 7 to 12 kg pigs fed diets that contained at least 0.35% Na and 0.38% Cl had greater ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed diets with lower concentrations and minimal effects were observed among the sources of Na or Cl used in these studies.