Private companies exert considerable control over the flow of information on the internet. Whether users are finding information with a search engine, communicating on a social networking site or accessing the internet through an ISP, access to participation can be blocked, channelled, edited or personalised. Such gatekeepers are powerful forces in facilitating or hindering freedom of expression online. This is problematic for a human rights system which has historically treated human rights as a government responsibility, and this is compounded by the largely light-touch regulatory approach to the internet in the West. Regulating Speech in Cyberspace explores how these gatekeepers operate at the intersection of three fields of study: regulation (more broadly, law), corporate social responsibility and human rights. It proposes an alternative corporate governance model for speech regulation, one that acts as a template for the increasingly common use of non-state-based models of governance for human rights.


Coral reefs are facing intensifying stressors, largely due to global increases in seawater temperature and decreases in pH. However, there is extensive environmental variability within coral reef ecosystems, which can impact how organisms respond to global trends. We deployed spatial arrays of autonomous sensors across distinct shallow coral reef habitats to determine patterns of spatiotemporal variability in seawater physicochemical parameters. Temperature and pH were positively correlated over the course of a day due to solar heating and light‐driven metabolism. The mean temporal and spatial ranges of temperature and pH were positively correlated across all sites, with different regimes of variability observed in different reef types. Ultimately, depth was a reliable predictor of the average diel ranges in both seawater temperature and pH. These results demonstrate that there is widespread environmental variability on diel timescales within coral reefs related to water column depth, which needs to be included in assessments of how global change will locally affect reef ecosystems.


The topology of this molecular interface provides a foundation for the design of therapeutics against autoreactive B cells. Complement receptor 2 (CR2), found in B cells and follicular dendritic cells, binds to a ligand, C3d, which is bound to antigen. The antigen simultaneously binds to the B cell antigen recognition complex such that this coligation enhances the antibody response. A previously published crystal structure of the CR2:C3d complex possibly represented a nonphysiological interaction. Hence, van den Elsen and Isenman report a structure in which the molecular details of the interface are more consistent with biochemical data, supporting physiological relevance and providing a foundation for rational design of therapeutics against autoreactive B cells. J. M. H. van den Elsen, D. E. Isenman, A crystal structure of the complex between human complement receptor 2 and its ligand C3d. Science 332, 608–611 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The pioneering contributions of Daphne Oram to visual music, notably the construction of her unique synthesiser known as the Oramics Machine during the 1960s, have yet to be fully recognised. The development of this synthesiser, in terms of both the creative objectives that inspired its design and also the functional characteristics of the resulting technology, is all the more remarkable for being the product of highly individual endeavour, working entirely without the support and resources normally provided by an institution or a commercial manufacturer. Oram's background in both music and electronics was to prove invaluable in this regard, and her appointment as the founding director of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in 1958, having previously lobbied within the organisation for such a facility for several years, provides testament to her standing in both regards. Her decision within a year of appointment to resign from this post and establish her own private studio specifically to develop Oramics is indicative of her determination and commitment to explore new horizons in the medium of electronic music, and this paper provides a perspective of her achievements, drawing on materials in the Oram archive that have hitherto not been studied.


The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that a finite state cellular automata model is suitable for modeling rainfall in the space-time plane. The time-series properties of the simulated series are matched with historical rainfall data gathered from Whenuapai, NZ. The spatial scale of the model cells in related to land-area by optimizing the cross-correlation between sites at lag 0 relative to rainfall data collected from Auckland, NZ. The model is shown to be adequate for simulation in time, but inadequate in spatial dimension for short distances.


To date, the federal initiatives for renewable energy primarily focus on tax incentives and credits. State incentives comprise most of the other renewable energy incentives. Chief among these are Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs), feed-in tariffs, net metering, and system benefit charges/trust funds (SBCs). Government lacks the power to do anything it chooses. And this is especially true with the current state policy to build a new power infrastructure. The new energy infrastructure is all about renewable energy. Both SBC and RPS programs raise revenue by a charge reflecting the amount of power produced or transacted, and then distribute that revenue to certain businesses, in several states based on geographic discrimination. The SBC program involves a direct tax or charge, while the RPS program has the government create a virtual attribute that must be purchased by suppliers of power. In-state consumers of power ultimately bear the entire cost of those charges.This article examines RPS and SBC state programs, the two most popular state renewable energy incentives, against the significant caveats of the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. While the mechanism in each program is somewhat different, the legal issues presented are similar. If these programs imposed just a tax — fine. As long as a state taxes only in-state services, a state can use the tax or surcharge revenues to benefit its own citizens. Therefore, it is important that states structure their SBC charges to apply only to the in-state distribution of power over in-state power lines.If this were just a subsidy — fine. However, state renewable energy programs that discriminate against power in interstate commerce bear some resemblance to earlier discriminatory programs that states set up for giving preferences to in-state dairy and other interests. These former state programs were declared by the Supreme Court to violate the U.S. Constitution. Here, similarities, at the very least, put some of these state renewable energy policies in constitutional play.As examined in detail, many of these programs restrict eligibility of out-of-state sited projects from participation. Several states are now being challenged on the legality of their renewable energy policies. And to date, the states have failed in several instances to justify the legality of their discriminatory programs. These challenges have taken on the most sophisticated states, which can muster ample legal defense: New York, California, Massachusetts, Colorado, and New Jersey.However, state RPS and SBC programs also can feature key distinctions that might create a safe harbor from a successful constitutional challenge. It is in these legal interstices that the legal future of American energy policy will be sculpted. This article climbs into the comparative reality of American legal policy and examines these interstices, comprising the American legal foundation for renewable energy policy.


The history of women has been defined by a world enmeshed in woes, frustration, oppression, maltreatment and inequalities. Feminism as a philosophy of change sought to fight, end and change this woeful scenario of women that denied their self respect, dignity and led to a loss of self confidence. Fundamentally, feminist philosophy sought for explanations and justifications why women were denied a voice and why they were historically not treated as coequals of men. The basis of inequality is historically rooted in cultural and philosophical falsities that were not evidenced based but were used to justify oppression against women. The Universal Declaration of human rights gave women and the world the platform that empowered them with rights and led to fresh processes that sought to end oppression and their underdevelopment inspired by inequality, iniquities, denial of opportunities for growth and empowerment. The millennium development goal of ending inequality and oppression against women should achieve equality and women's empowerment in Africa. Since the declaration of the MDGS, considerable gains had been made inAfricabut challenges and problems are still identified in the areas of cultural inequality complicated by the weakness of the major governance institutions and corruption. Other challenges centre on women's lack of genuine empowerment, violence against women, trafficking in women, denial of human rights, lack of participation in policy and governance. Since empowerment is the key to achieving mainstreaming and gender equality, this paper seeks to redefine the concept of empowering women as the platform to ending inequality, social injustice and achieving equality in the context of the unique challenges of underdevelopment facingAfrica. It will identify the policy implications of establishing empowerment structures that address multiple challenges facing gender inequality and how these structures will assist in building the necessary feminine human resources that will make women as partners of sustainable growth and development after 2015.


In order to understand how Synechococcus in the estuarine environment (Chesapeake Bay) are phylogenetically related to other known marine Synechococcus, partial rbcL gene sequences from 25 strains of Synechococcus spp. isolated from estuarine, coastal and oceanic waters were sequenced. The rbcL gene phylogeny showed that Chesapeake Bay Synechococcus isolates together with other marine Synechococcus spp. formed a monophyletic group which belongs to the form IA RuBisCO. All the Chesapeake Bay Synechococcus were able to grow in a wide range of salinity (0 to 30‰), and most of them belong to the Marine Cluster B (MC-B). Interestingly, several phycoerythrin (PE)-containing Synechococcus isolated from the bay were clustered in the MC-B group, which had previously only contained the non-PE Synechococcus. A set of PCR primers was developed to specifically amplify the rbcL gene from natural marine Synechococcus populations. After screening 232 clones randomly selected from 5 clone libraries (built on 5 estuarine samples respectively), at least 7 different rbcL genotypes or the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Despite the great genetic diversity among the OTU sequences, they were all clustered with 13 Chesapeake Bay isolates. The distribution frequency of these OTUs varied dramatically from the upper to lower bay. Our results suggest that the Chesapeake estuary provides an ideal environ- ment for the MC-B type Synechococcus populations to thrive. Marine Synechococcus appear to adapt well to various ecological niches, and a clear boundary solely based on phenotypic features may not exist when more and more novel ecotypes and genotypes are unveiled with molecular tools.


Abstract. Current volcanic reconstructions based on ice core analysis have significantly improved over the past few decades by incorporating multiple-core analyses with a high temporal resolution from different parts of the polar regions into a composite common volcanic eruption record. Regional patterns of volcanic deposition are based on composite records, built from cores taken at both poles. However, in many cases only a single record at a given site is used for these reconstructions. This assumes that transport and regional meteorological patterns are the only source of the dispersion of the volcanic products. Here we evaluate the local-scale variability of a sulfate profile in a low-accumulation site (Dome C, Antarctica), in order to assess the representativeness of one core for such a reconstruction. We evaluate the variability with depth, statistical occurrence, and sulfate flux deposition variability of volcanic eruptions detected in five ice cores, drilled 1 m apart from each other. Local-scale variability, essentially attributed to snow drift and surface roughness at Dome C, can lead to a non-exhaustive record of volcanic events when a single core is used as the site reference, with a bulk probability of 30 % of missing volcanic events and close to 65 % uncertainty on one volcanic flux measurement (based on the standard deviation obtained from a five-core comparison). Averaging n records reduces the uncertainty of the deposited flux mean significantly (by a factor 1∕  √  n); in the case of five cores, the uncertainty of the mean flux can therefore be reduced to 29 %.


Butterfly data from the UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) terrestrial sites. Counts of individual species are recorded. These data are collected while walking a defined transect at all of ECN's terrestrial sites using a standard protocol. They represent continuous weekly records from 1993 to 2015. ECN is the UK's long-term environmental monitoring programme. It is a multi-agency programme sponsored by a consortium of fourteen government departments and agencies. These organisations contribute to the programme through funding either site monitoring and/or network co-ordination activities. These organisations are: Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru - Natural Resources Wales, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Environment Agency, Forestry Commission, Llywodraeth Cymru - Welsh Government, Natural England, Natural Environment Research Council, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Government and Scottish Natural Heritage.


In this paper, we will explore the role of network information in intellectual capital measures, focusing specifically on data from lender-borrower relationships. Our analysis found as follows: First, Japanese lenders who judge the creditworthiness of firms, place a great deal of importance on network boundary information in comparison to human resources and technology. Second, while Japanese lenders confront difficulties in accessing and evaluating a firms' human resources and technology, they comprehend that both resources are essential performance generators for firms. Third, lender perceptions show that both human resources and technologies are highly correlated to the larger network information. How do we interpret these local practices to help explain the surrounding societal context? This paper provides three possible interpretations as follows: First, Western philosophical and scientific perspective leads us to postulate that lenders are efficient, rational decision makers. Second, the New Institutionalism concludes that lenders make decisions in accordance with social norm determinants, rather than for personal optimization. Third, a pragmatic interpretation of the phenomenal use of network information from the more traditional philosophical awareness and rejection of the perfect measurement idea can be as follows: Lenders make decisions based on their daily practice and reflection on firms' human resources and technology within the socially shared context.


The article substantiates the necessity to study the criterion-content and level structure regarding the formation of readiness of future elementary school teachers to organize dialogic teaching. While creating the program of the experimental work the author has taken into account the basic postulations of psychological and pedagogical science, concerning the problem of the readiness of future specialists to organize dialogic teaching, professionalism of activity and communication and dialogic pedagogical communication. The article offers indicative criteria for studying the readiness of future elementary school teachers to organize dialogic teaching of students: need-motivational, cognitive, social-communicative, reflexive-value and operational-activity, as well as indicators of their detection. The levels of readiness of future elementary school teachers to organize dialogic training are determined - high, medium and low. The author presents the results of the empirical study of the state of students' readiness for dialogic teaching of primary school students according to the need-motivational criterion. The results of diagnostics of future teachers' motivation of achievement, understanding of their motivational structure of dialogic teaching, internal motivation of their readiness for self-development, resistance to external influences (in particular, results of ranking by the degree of importance of motives of future pedagogical professional activity) are presented. It is proved that the introduction into the process of training of primary school teachers of the author's model allows to change substantially the motivation of future specialists for future professional activity.


Reading comprehension is one of the language skills that is learned by the students in senior high schools in Indonesia and is believed as the hardest English skill. The purpose of this research is to find out the reading comprehension difficulties faced by the students of MAN Model Banda Aceh and the teacher's efforts to overcome those problems. This research used descriptive qualitative method and the data collection was done by means of a written test and an interview. The written test was done to find out the difficulties faced by the students in reading comprehension which scoped into five categories namely finding main idea, factual information, vocabulary, reference and inference. Additionally, the result shows that the biggest problem faced by the students was finding main idea and the least problem was vocabulary. Furthermore, the interview was conducted to find out the teacher's efforts such as previewing, predicting, skimming, and scanning, guessing from the context and paraphrasing to assist the learners. The most common efforts made by the teacher to overcome the students' difficulties in reading comprehension were skimming and scanning, using contextual clue, and predicting.


A phase-locked diode-laser system based on master-slave coupling of two-dimensional vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays by injection locking is presented. Frequencies and phases are adjusted by laser-trimmed microresistors. Additional beam-transformation optics consisting of two diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and a Fourier lens concentrates most of the far-field power in a nearly diffraction-limited beam. Both the VCSEL array and the microlens array are monolithically integrated and mounted in a compact module. With an array of 21 slave lasers a system coherence of 95% (for several hours) and of nearly 90% (for several months) has been demonstrated without any active phase control. The scalability of the output power has been verified by locking of an array of 77 slave lasers with a system coherence of 78%. The optical system efficiency is 20-23%; with beam-transformation optics this efficiency could be improved to 44%.


In the present study, the seasonal and inter-annual fish assemblage structure of intertidal mudflats of Indian Sundarbans was analysed during tidal cycles. A total of 31 fish species belonging to 22 families and 9 orders were collected during high tide, whereas only 12 were recorded during low tide. Fish assemblage descriptions were based on several community descriptors, namely diversity (H′), species richness (S), species dominance (D), and species evenness (J) and on an ecological guild classification. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to evaluate the relationship between estuarine habitat and fish assemblages in the mudflat habitat during inundated and exposed conditions. All the diversity indices showed marked seasonal and inter-annual variations. Temporal variations were also found in fish assemblage structure in both tidal conditions. Estuarine species were the most important ecological guild of the mudflats during both high and low tides. Of all the abiotic variables examined, CCA showed that salinity, pH and nutrients were the most important influencing fish assemblage during high tide. Total dissolved solids, water temperature and salinity were significant during low tide. Considering the importance of mudflats in supporting fish diversity, the present study emphasizes the increased efforts for conservation of this habitat in the Indian Sundarbans.


The standard version of the Taylor rule includes the inflation gap and the GDP gap in the right-hand side. I describe a modified version of it, where the exchange rate growth also determines the interest rate change. I estimate this version for a number of IT and non-IT countries in the periods before and after the financial crisis of 2008. First, countries of both groups are leading the similar politics post 2008. Second, if a central bank pays more attention to the inflation gap and GDP growth, it has a higher probability of an inflation target achievement.


The increasing interest in social networks, knowledge graphs, protein-interaction, and many other types of networks has raised the question how users can explore such large and complex graph structures easily. Current tools focus on graph management, graph mining, or graph visualization but lack user-driven methods for graph exploration. In many cases graph methods try to scale to the size and complexity of a real network. However, methods miss user requirements such as exploratory graph query processing, intuitive graph explanation, and interactivity in graph exploration. While there is consensus in database and data mining communities on the definition of data exploration practices for relational and semi-structured data, graph exploration practices are still indeterminate. In this tutorial, we will discuss a set of techniques, which have been developed in the last few years for independent purposes, within a unified graph exploration taxonomy. The tutorial will provide a generalized definition of graph exploration in which the user interacts directly with the system either providing feedback or a partial query. We will discuss common, diverse, and missing properties of graph exploration techniques based on this definition, our taxonomy, and multiple applications for graph exploration. Concluding this discussion we will highlight interesting and relevant challenges for data scientists in graph exploration.


We consider a class of random loop models (including the random interchange process) that are parametrised by a time parameter $\beta\geq 0$. Intuitively, larger $\beta$ means more randomness. In particular, at $\beta=0$ we start with loops of length 1 and as $\beta$ crosses a critical value $\beta_c$, infinite loops start to occur almost surely. Our random loop models admit a natural comparison to bond percolation with $p=1-e^{-\beta}$ on the same graph to obtain a lower bound on $\beta_c$. For those graphs of diverging vertex degree where $\beta_c$ and the critical parameter for percolation have been calculated explicitly, that inequality has been found to be an equality. In contrast, we show in this paper that for graphs of bounded degree the inequality is strict, i.e. we show existence of an interval of values of $\beta$ where there are no infinite loops, but infinite percolation clusters almost surely.


Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that has the promising power to change our future. Due to the market pressure, IoT systems may be released without sufficient testing. However, it is no longer acceptable to release IoT systems to the market without assuring the quality. As in the case of new technologies, the quality assurance process is a challenging task. This paper shows the results of the first comprehensive and systematic mapping study to structure and categories the research evidence in the literature starting in 2009 when the early publication of IoT papers for IoT quality assurance appeared. The conducted research is based on the most recent guidelines on how to perform systematic mapping studies. A set of research questions is defined carefully regarding the quality aspects of the IoT. Based on these questions, a large number of evidence and research papers is considered in the study (478 papers). We have extracted and analyzed different levels of information from those considered papers. Also, we have classified the topics addressed in those papers into categories based on the quality aspects. The study results carry out different areas that require more work and investigation in the context of IoT quality assurance. The results of the study can help in a further understanding of the research gaps. Moreover, the results show a roadmap for future research directions.


Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are a class of materials that can exhibit up to 10% recoverable strain as a result of the application of either magnetic field or compressive stress. This unique property makes MSMAs potentially suitable for commercial applications such as sensors, power harvesters, or actuators. Before any commercial applications are fully realized, effective models capable of accurately predicting the magneto-mechanical behavior of MSMAs need to be developed. This paper builds on an existing thermodynamic based constitutive model for MSMAs by accounting for the three-dimensional nature of the demagnetization phenomenon. In particular, the importance of using a demagnetization factor that comes from a solution to the three-dimensional magneto-static boundary value problem is highlighted. Also, the magnetic field present in directions other than that applied because of demagnetization is included in the model. Finally, this work proposes a more flexible means of calibrating thermodynamic based constitutive models for MSMAs.


Symmetry is an important visual feature for humans and its application in architecture is completely evident. This paper aims to investigate the role of symmetry in the aesthetics judgment of residential building façades and study the pattern of eye movement based on the expertise of subjects in architecture. In order to implement this in the present paper, we have created images in two categories: symmetrical and asymmetrical façade images. The experiment design allows us to investigate the preference of subjects and their reaction time to decide about presented images as well as record their eye movements. It was inferred that the aesthetic experience of a building façade is influenced by the expertise of the subjects. There is a significant difference between experts and non-experts in all conditions, and symmetrical façades are in line with the taste of non-expert subjects. Moreover, the patterns of fixational eye movements indicate that the horizontal or vertical symmetry (mirror symmetry) has a profound influence on the observer's attention, but there is a difference in the points watched and their fixation duration. Thus, although symmetry may attract the same attention during eye movements on façade images, it does not necessarily lead to the same preference between the expert and non-expert groups.


Climate change is a challenge to society and to cope with requires assessment tools which are suitable to evaluate new technology options with respect to their impact on climate. Here we present AirClim, a model which comprises a linearisation of the processes occurring from the emission to an estimate in near surface temperature change, which is presumed to be a reasonable indicator for climate change. The model is designed to be applicable to aircraft technology, i.e.~the climate agents CO2, H2O, CH4 and O3 (latter two resulting from NOx-emissions) and contrails are taken into account. It employs a number of precalculated atmospheric data and combines them with aircraft emission data to obtain the temporal evolution of atmospheric concentration changes, radiative forcing and temperature changes. The linearisation is based on precalculated data derived from 25 steady-state simulations of the state-of-the-art climate-chemistry model E39/C, which include sustained normalised emissions at various atmospheric regions. The results show that strongest climate impacts from ozone changes occur for emissions in the tropical upper troposphere (60 mW/m²; 80 mK for 1 TgN emitted), whereas from methane in the middle tropical troposphere (?2.7% change in methane lifetime; ?30 mK per TgN). The estimate of the temperature changes caused by the individual climate agents takes into account a perturbation lifetime, related to the region of emission. A comparison of this approach with results from the TRADEOFF and SCENIC projects shows reasonable agreement with respect to concentration changes, radiative forcing, and temperature changes. The total impact of a supersonic fleet on radiative forcing (mainly water vapour) is reproduced within 5%. For subsonic air traffic (sustained emissions after 2050) results show that although ozone-radiative forcing is much less important than that from CO2 for the year 2100. However the impact on temperature is of comparable size even when taking into account temperature decreases from CH4. That implies that all future measures for climate stabilisation should concentrate on both CO2 and NOx emissions. A direct comparison of super- with subsonic aircraft (250 passengers, 5400 nm) reveals a 5 times higher climate impact of supersonics.


Margaret M. McGuinness, known to just about everyone as "Maggie" has served American Catholic Studies as Co-Editor since 2000, when the journal transitioned from Records of the American Catholic Historical Society to American Catholic Studies. She has brought her energy, enthusiasm, intelligence, and overall editorial savvy to every aspect of the journal, and has done so with unfailing good humor. During these years she has also authored Called to Serve: A History of Nuns in America (New York University Press, 2013), Neighbors and Missionaries: A History of the Sisters of Christian Doctrine (Fordham University Press, 2012), and contributed to and co-authored with James T. Fisher, The Catholic Studies Reader: Catholic Practice in North America (Fordham University Press, 2011). She has also gone from Professor of Religion at Cabrini College to Professor and Chair of the Religion Department at LaSalle University, and currently serves as Executive Director of LaSalle's Office for Mission Integration. All who are associated with American Catholic Studies are most grateful for all she has contributed. We are also pleased that Maggie is not leaving the journal, but will move from Co-Editor to Associate Editor. We welcome Thomas F. Rzeznik, Associate Professor, Department of History, Seton Hall University, as our new Co-Editor. Tom has been a member of the Committee on Publications for the journal and during the past year has been contributing most admirably to the editorial process of the journal. Readers of American Catholic Studies are already familiar with the excellence of Tom's work that has appeared in our pages and elsewhere, and can look forward to his book, Church and Estate: Religion and Wealth in Industrial-Era Philadelphia appearing from Penn State Press this fall. I also want to acknowledge Leigh Anne McCabe, a distinguished graduate of Cabrini College who became Editorial Assistant for American Catholic Studies eight years ago, and was named Managing Editor for the journal this year. Leigh Anne is a superbly professional managing editor who has with grace and cheer produced every issue on its deadline. Thank you Maggie, Tom, and Leigh Anne.


"Spinning and Spinning Wheels" traces the evolution of the ancient skill of spinning, from the early spindle, through the introduction of the wool and the flax wheel, to the numerous variations of the wheel in Europe and North America. The author surveys these different models and explains the principles of spinning that have essentially remained the same for generations. Providing insight into the mechanics of the U-flyer and the tools and accessories used in the craft, this volume is a timeless and valuable source of information to craftsmen, collectors and historians.


We develop a novel way to assess how individuals perceive and utilize their local environment. Specifically, we query local residents in Scotland's Cairngorms National Park regarding their preferences for different characteristics of their environment and examine how these preferences correlate with environmental behaviors and opinions. We identify groupings of preferred characteristics as distinct environmental tastes that, drawing upon Bourdieu's theory of taste, represent general dispositions, preferences, or orientations regarding the environment. We then test whether these tastes are useful for explaining environmental behaviors and opinions. We introduced this idea previously using survey data drawn from residents of a hyper-arid ecosystem. Here, we seek to establish whether our framework has potentially universal applications generalizable to other socio-ecological settings. We analyze survey data collected from inhabitants of the Cairngorms and, using data reduction methods, identify four distinct environmental tastes. We demonstrate how tastes constitute significant correlates of private sphere environmental behavior, engagement in outdoor activities, opinions about development, perceived economic benefit from the environment, and environmental concerns. Environmental tastes defined for the Cairngorms are similar to those drawn from previous research and we find several parallels between the two different settings in the associations between tastes and opinions and behavior. There are similarities in the way individuals with certain profiles of environmental tastes are more inclined to have certain opinions and to engage in certain activities. We suggest that tastes can be elucidating for understanding diverse preferences for environmental characteristics and their broader implications for how humans interact with the landscape. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Correlated networks of amino acids have been proposed to play a fundamental role in allostery and enzyme catalysis. These networks of amino acids can be traced from surface-exposed residues all the way into the active site, and disruption of these networks can decrease enzyme activity. Substitution of the distal Gly121 residue in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase results in an up to 200-fold decrease in the hydride transfer rate despite the fact that the residue is located 15 Å from the active-site center. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation experiments are used to demonstrate that dynamics on the picosecond to nanosecond and microsecond to millisecond time scales are changed significantly in the G121V mutant of dihydrofolate reductase. In particular, picosecond to nanosecond time scale dynamics are decreased in the FG loop (containing the mutated residue at position 121) and the neighboring active-site loop (the Met20 loop) in the mutant compared to those of the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that these loops are dynamically coupled. Changes in methyl order parameters reveal a pathway by which dynamic perturbations can be propagated more than 25 Å across the protein from the site of mutation. All of the enzyme complexes, including the model Michaelis complex with folate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate bound, assume an occluded ground-state conformation, and we do not observe sampling of a higher-energy closed conformation by (15)N R2 relaxation dispersion experiments. This is highly significant, because it is only in the closed conformation that the cofactor and substrate reactive centers are positioned for reaction. The mutation also impairs microsecond to millisecond time scale fluctuations that have been implicated in the release of product from the wild-type enzyme. Our results are consistent with an important role for Gly121 in controlling protein dynamics critical for enzyme function and further validate the dynamic energy landscape hypothesis of enzyme catalysis.


This paper proposes to generate and provide wide field of view (FOV) augmented reality (AR) imagery by mosaicing images from smaller fields of moving views in "desktop" tangible AR (DTAR) environments. AR systems usually offer a limited FOV into the interaction space, constrained by the FOV of the camera and/or the display, which causes serious usability problems especially when the interaction space is large and many tangible props/markers are used. This problem is more apparent in DTAR environments in which an upright frontal display is used, instead of a head mounted display. This can be solved partly by placing the camera at a relatively far location or by using multiple cameras and increasing the working FOV. However, as for the former solution, the large distance between the interaction space and the fixed camera decreases the tracking and recognition reliability of the tangible markers, and the latter solution introduces significant additional set-up, cost, and computational load. Thus, we propose to use a mosaiced image to provide wide FOV AR imagery. We experimentally compare our solution, i.e. to offer the entire view of the interaction space at once, to other nominal AR set-ups. The experimental results show that, despite some amounts of visual artifacts due to the imperfect mosaicing, the proposed solution can improve task performance and usability for a typical DTAR system. Our findings should contribute to making AR systems more practical and usable for the mass.


Abstract Mantle xenoliths from the Calatrava Volcanic District (CLV), central Spain, are characterized by a wide compositional range that includes lherzolites (prevalent), as well as minor amounts of wehrlite, olivine (ol)-websterite and rare dunites. They generally have a bulk-rock Mg# of less than 89, lower than any primordial mantle estimates. Intra-suite variations in modal proportions are inconsistent with those predicted by melting models irrespective of the starting composition; mineral and bulk-rock variation diagrams show inconsistencies between the CLV compositions (anomalously enriched in Fe–Ti) and those predicted from the partial melting of primordial mantle material. Processes other than pure melt extraction are confirmed by the whole-rock REE (rare earth element) budget, typically characterized by LREE enrichments, with LaN/YbN (up to 6.7), probably related to pervasive metasomatism. CLV mantle clinopyroxenes (cpx) generally display fractionated REE patterns with upwards-convex shapes, characterized by low HREE (Tm–Lu) concentrations (typically <6× chondrite) and enrichments in middle–light REE (MREE–LREE) (NdN/YbN up to 7, LaN/YbN up to 5). These 'enriched' cpx compositions either result from re-equilibration of primary mantle cpx with an incoming melt, or represent cpx crystallization directly from the metasomatic agent. The latter was plausibly generated at greater depths in the presence of residual garnet (from peridotite or eclogite starting materials). Separated cpx have homogeneous 87Sr/86Sr compositions between 0.7031 and 0.7032; 143Nd/144Nd ranges from 0.51288 to 0.51295 (ϵNd 4.74–6.07) and 176Hf/177Hf is in the range 0.28302–0.28265 (ϵHf −3.6 to 9.0). Unlike mantle xenoliths and alpine-type peridotites from other Iberian occurrences, which range in composition from the depleted mantle (DM) to the enriched mantle (EM), the CLV mantle cpx approach the composition of the HIMU mantle end member, the genesis of which is generally interpreted as the result of long-term recycling of oceanic basalts/gabbros (or their eclogitic equivalent) via ancient subduction. A model is proposed for the mantle evolution under central Iberia, where sublithospheric convective instabilities – possibly triggered by the neighbouring subduction along the Betic collisional belt – could have remobilized deep domains from the mantle 'transition zone' (410–660 km), which may include relicts of older subducted slabs. Within these remobilized domains, characterized by the coexistence of peridotite and eclogite and referred to as a 'piclogite' association, the eclogites melt preferentially generating Fe–Ti rich melts characterized by a HIMU isotopic signature that infiltrates and metasomatizes the shallower lithospheric mantle.


We use a massive, matched employer-employee database for the United States to analyze the contribution of firms to the rise in earnings inequality from 1978 to 2013. We find that one-third of the rise in the variance of (log) earnings occurred within firms, whereas two-thirds of the rise occurred due to a rise in the dispersion of average earnings between firms. However, this rising between-firm variance is not accounted for by the firms themselves but by a widening gap between firms in the composition of their workers. This compositional change can be split into two roughly equal parts: high-wage workers became increasingly likely to work in high-wage firms (i.e., sorting increased), and high-wage workers became increasingly likely to work with each other (i.e., segregation rose). In contrast, we do not find a rise in the variance of firm-specific pay once we control for the worker composition in firms. Finally, we find that two-thirds of the rise in the within-firm variance of earnings occurred within mega (10,000+ employee) firms, which saw a particularly large increase in the variance of earnings compared with smaller firms.


Previous election reforms designed to increase turnout have often made voting more convenient for frequent voters without significantly increasing turnout among infrequent voters. A recent innovation—Election Day vote centers—provides an alternative means of motivating electoral participation among infrequent voters. Election Day vote centers are nonprecinct-based locations for voting on Election Day. The sites are fewer in number than precinct-voting stations, centrally located to major population centers (rather than distributed among many residential locations), and rely on county-wide voter registration databases accessed by electronic voting machines. Voters in the voting jurisdiction (usually a county) are provided ballots appropriate to their voter registration address. It is thought that the use of voting centers on Election Day will increase voter turnout by reducing the cost and/or inconvenience associated with voting at traditional precinct locations. Since 2003 voters in Larimer County, CO have balloted at one of 32 vote centers. Precinct voting in Larimer ended in 2003. To test the efficacy of Election Day vote centers, we have collected individual vote histories on voters in Larimer and a control county (i.e., Weld, CO) that used precinct voting on Election Day for the years 1992–2004. We find significant evidence to support the hypothesis that Election Day vote centers increase voter turnout generally, and among infrequent voters in particular.


Tears are formed by a group of glands and ocular epithelia collectively named the lacnmal gland system. The lacrimal glands are paired orbital structures which in the rat consist of an intraorbital and exorbital component. The exorbital gland is responsible for secreting the aqueous components of the tear film, consisting of water, electrolytes and proteins which are responsible for keeping the cornea buffered, lubricated, nourished and protected. Ageing has been associated with lacrimal gland dysfunction, resulting in reduced aqueous tear production, which is associated with dry eye conditions.
However, very little is known about ageing effects on the lacrimal gland and in particular the lacrimal gland acinar cells.
This study employed light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemical, radiobiological and physiological techniques to investigate ageing changes in the morphology and function of the lacrimal gland and acinar cells. In all experiments animals of 3-5 months were considered normal, control.
The light microscopical studies revealed that with ageing to 28 months the gland underwent progressive morphological changes, including; thickening and deposition of the interlobular connective tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammation, necrosis, enlargement of ducts, patchy destruction of acinar, vascular and ductal tissues and luminal swelling of the acini. These changes were most apparent at 20, 24 and 28 months, only changes to the interlobular connective tissue was observed at 12 months and very little was observed at 9 months. However, in all age groups there was a change in the
type and distribution of the acinar cell. Three distinct types of acinar cells were observed in the lacrimal glands; serous, seromucous and mucous (Draper et aL, 1998; 1999).


Seizure disorders may complicate HIV disease, either as a direct result of HIV or as a manifestation of a secondary opportunistic infection. Unless a reversible cause of seizure activity can be discerned, current treatment guidelines recommend the use of anticonvulsant drugs in these patients. The concurrent use of antiretrovirals and anticonvulsants is a poorly studied area. Controlled clinical trials examining drug-drug and drug-disease interactions in this area are scant, leaving clinicians a therapeutic dilemma in terms of drug selection. Most studies have been retrospective in nature. Generalized seizures appear to be most common and occur most frequently in patients with more severe disease as indicated by lower mean CD4(+) cell counts. In short follow-up periods, seizures appear to recur relatively frequently. Treatment of seizures in this population is hindered by a lack of clear data and numerous reports of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. In order to best provide evidence-based care, controlled clinical trials are needed to discern which anticonvulsants are best suited for use in this population. Trials should also examine appropriate dose adjustments that may be warranted when anticonvulsants and antiretrovirals agents are used concurrently. Unless an identifiable and reversible cause of seizures is identified in this patient population seizures should be treated with standard therapy and close follow-up and monitoring. Newer anticonvulsants (i.e., gabapentin, tiagabine) with fewer drug interactions may be better alternatives when compared to older anticonvulsant agents. Clinicians might avoid valproic acid given some conflicting reports regarding potential for increasing viral replication.


Objective: To assess the safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b/polyribosylribitol phosphate-Tetanus (Hib/PRP-T) liquid vaccine in healthy adults. Methods: An open label prospective intervention phase I study was conducted in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from November to December 2010. Healthy adults aged 18−40 were eligible to participate. Participants received one dose of Hib/PRP-T liquid vaccine. Blood samples were taken before, 4 days and 1 month after vaccination. For a 28-day period following vaccination, solicited adverse events were collected in the subjects' diary and assessed afterward. Results: Neither local reactions nor immediate systemic events were observed during a 30-minute period after immunization. There were no serious local or systemic reactions in this study. All of local and systemic reactions observed were slight, transient, self-limiting in time, without lasting for more than 72 hrs. after the administration of the vaccine, and resolved without any medical intervention. Hematologic and biochemical indices before and 4 days after vaccination showed in normal limits. All subjects (100%) reached protective levels of antibodies (seroprotectivity) against Hib. All subjects demonstrated antibodies performing high bactericidal activities 1 month after immunization. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that liquid Hib/PRP-T vaccine is highly immunogenic and have a beneficial safety when administered to healthy adults. Keywords: Adults, Hib vaccines, immunogenicity, safety DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v3n2.584


Abstract The Afrotropical Cynipoidea are represented by 306 described species and 54 genera in four families: Cynipidae, Figitidae, Liopteridae and Ibaliidae, the latter represented by a single introduced species. Seven of these genera are only represented by undescribed species in the region. Seven new genus-level synonymies, one genus resurrected from synonymy, 54 new combinations, one combination reinstated, and one new replacement name are presented. We provide identification keys to the families, subfamilies and genera of cynipoid wasps occurring in the Afrotropical region (Africa south of the Sahara, including Madagascar and southern Arabian Peninsula). Online interactive Lucid Phoenix and Lucid matrix keys are available at: http://www.waspweb.org/Cynipoidea/Keys/index.htm. An overview of the biology and checklists of species for each genus are provided. This paper constitutes the first contributory chapter to the book on Afrotropical Hymenoptera.


Only one rodent specimen has been previously described from the late Hemphillian ZX Bar local fauna from Sioux County, Nebraska-the holotype of the heteromyid Perognathus coquorum Wood. A re-examination ofthis speci men has led to its allocation to the dipodomyine heteromyid genus Prodipodomys Hibbard. An additional specimen of a fossil rodent has been recognized from the ZX Bar fauna that is referable to a new species of the primitive geomyid Pliogeomys, P. russelli.


This essay explores the function of sentimentality in popular nineteenth-century narrative poetry by focusing on Tennyson's Enoch Arden and Longfellow's Evangeline, two poems that have suffered relative critical neglect due to their status as sentimental verse. It argues that both texts, in their stories of exile, alienation and eventual recuperation, set up their hero and heroine as role-models for ways of feeling and use them to examine the possibility of using personal feeling as a conduit for communal sentiment. While both poems deploy the standard tropes of Victorian sentimentality, the ambiguous conclusions of Enoch Arden and Evangeline , I argue, call into question the cliches of sentimental discourse. The fates of Enoch and of Evangeline offer, to some extent, a darker vision of the potential for sentimental responses to an individual's suffering to create feeling communities either within or without the poem.


U.S. politicians often work the topic of oil import independence into their campaign rhetoric as an ideal that would help separate U.S. economic prosperity and military responsibility from the volatility of Middle Eastern politics. In theory, oil independence would mean that events such as the Iranian revolution or internal political unrest in key Arab oil producers would have much less direct impact on the flow of oil to the United States, and thus U.S. prosperity (even if, in a global market for oil, the price impact of any supply disruption is shared by all consuming countries). More importantly, intra-state conflicts such as the Iraq–Iran war or the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait would not necessarily require large-scale U.S. military involvement to ensure oil production and exports to the United States and its allies. This linkage between U.S. oil import dependence and military commitment to the Gulf region has given rise to a myth favored by policymakers, markets, and the public that if the United States could attain oil independence, we could also reduce our military responsibilities around the world. Recent and ongoing changes in both the oil sector and in political-military strategy are for the first time in forty years combining in a manner that is leading some to believe this story could come true. Three circumstances augur change. The first is the current supercycle in North American oil production, which includes tremendous growth in U.S.


The Lagonegro units are characterized by Late Triassic and Jurassic pelagic facies. The distal ones (Madonna del Sirino, Lagonegro succession) are made by the Calcari con Selce fm (late Ladinianlate Norian) and by the Scisti Silicei fm (Rhaetian-Tithonian). Reworked calcarenites are rare and the Scisti Silicei fm is very condensed. In the intermediate facies (Sasso di Castalda, Pignola), the Calcari con Selce fm is sometimes dolomitized; the Scisti Silicei fm contains calcirudites and coarse grained calcarenites. In the proximal facies (M. Pierno, S. Fele). the Calcari con Selce fm and the lower part of the Scisti Silicei fm are replaced by thin-bedded, cherty dolostones followed by massive dolostones (Norian to Toarcian). This dolostones are a transitional element between the typical Lagonegro facies and the Molise facies (Mt. Marrone). The Scisti Silicei fm (Middle and Late Jurassic) contains a large amount of calcarenites and calcirudites. The sedimentary environment was a deepening-upward basin, bordered in the northern side by carbonate platforms (Apenninic and Apulian platforms). This basin was a marginal part of the southwestern branch of the Tethys Ocean (Ionian Tethys).


INTRODUCTION: In Nepal, the firstcase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was reported in 1988, since then the epidemic is driven by sexual transmission and intravenous drug use. The aim of this research is to study various associated factors with HIV/AIDS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from May 2009 – April 2010 at three Anti-retroviral treatment centers (B.P.K.I.H.S, Dharan, Koshi Zonal Hospital, Biratnagar and Mechi Zonal Hospital, Bhadrapur). A purposive sampling technique was applied to include all 234 seropositive patients who were under medication from these centers. RESULTS: Males represented 71% of the patients. More than 75%of the patients fell in the age group of 20-39 years. 35.9% of them had visited commercial sexual workers and similar proportion of them had shared needles during intravenous drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Unsafe high risk behavior with commercial sexual worker and needle sharing habit were found to be the associated with HIV/AIDS patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i3.8667 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(3):95-98


This collection of essays examines English language learning in formal education contexts from pre-school to lower secondary level. Focused on an in-service teacher education project that aimed to enhance the teaching of English in a group of schools, it takes into account the perspectives of multiple stakeholders – heads of school, teachers, parents and children. Its novelty lies in the variety of themes it covers, such as the account of a vertical implementation of a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) project at three school levels, teachers' attitudes to using picturebooks in L2 settings, cultural differences in the presentation of content in textbooks, and the role of the native language assistant. "English for Young Learners" makes a valid contribution to research on a matter of crucial importance in Italian education in the 21st century, the improvement of the teaching and learning of English. It will be of interest to student teachers, educators, practitioners and researchers.


In this paper, an efficient method based on genetic algorithms is developed to solve the multiprocessor scheduling problem. To efficiently execute programs in parallel on multiprocessor scheduling problem must be solved to determine the assignment of tasks to the processors and the execution order of the tasks so that the execution time is minimized. Even when the target processors is fully connected and no communication delay is considered among tasks in the task graph the scheduling problem is NP-complete. Complexity of scheduling problems dependent of number of processors (P), task processing time Ti and precedence constraints. This problem has been known as strong NP-hard intractable optimisation problem when it assumes arbitrary number of processors, arbitrary task processing time and arbitrary precedence constraints. We assumed fixed number of processors and tasks are represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) called "task graph".


Changing an established role in a classroom is difficult. It involves constructing a new set of relations within a community. In this article we investigate how students with newly developed interest and experience in programming developed outside the classroom pick up and establish their roles as experts in programming within the classroom community. More specifically, we focus on how two 11-year-old software designers shifted their established roles in their classroom to gain status as expert programmers. We use an identity lens to understand how peer expertise was established in the context of a classroom community, adopting a multifaceted perspective of identity by focusing on an individual's narrativization of self, full, or peripheral participation among a group of people, and individuals' social recognition by others. Our findings point to the importance of both positive positioning by authority figures in the classroom and activities and roles that provide opportunities to establish intersubjectivity among peers in facilitating students' identities as experts in the classroom. Students' willingness to take up a new position in the established activity system also played a role. We consider implications of how making roles flexible within classroom stratification may provide opportunities for more students see themselves as experts.


Emotional involvement with nature characterizes the extent to which people have an affective relationship to the natural world: positive feelings when in contact with the natural environment, and negative feelings (distress) as a response to destruction or degradation of nature (e.g. Kals, 1998; Chawla, 1998). Another concept referring to nature-related positive feelings is restorative environmental experience (Kaplan, 1995). Several theoretical models include emotional involvement with nature as a component of environmental consciousness and as a predictor of environmental attitudes, beliefs and pro-environmental behavior (Chawla, 1998, Kals, 1998, Kollmus & Agyeman, 2002). Restorative nature experiences are also considered as significant motivators of environmentalism (Hartig et al., 2001). The aim of our study was to investigate the associations of emotional involvement with several other measures of environmental consciousness and its relative impact on pro-environmental behavior. The data is based on a survey study which was carried out in 2002. The sample (N=987) represents age, sex and territorial distribution of the population of Estonia. Self-administered questionnaires in Estonian and Russian languages comprised a large set of measures concerning environmental attitudes, beliefs and pro-environmental behavior. Emotional involvement was measured using a 10 items scale (adapted from Kals et al. 1998). Perceived restorativeness of nature was measured with a specially constructed "forest attitude" scale (which includes "fascination" and "being away" items from restorative experience scale (Laumann et al., 2001) in addition to items concerning perceived threat and pragmatic attitudes to forest). Factor structure of the emotional involvement scale is in accordance with the theoretical model (Kals, 1998) being divided into 2 factors: affinity towards nature (comprising positive feelings) and responsibility related emotions (negative feelings in reaction to perceived environmental destruction). Forest attitude scale is structurally divided into 2 factors representing utilitarian and non-utilitarian attitudes to forest. The latter consists of items related to perceived restorativeness of the forest environment. On the basis of factor analysis indexes of nature related positive and negative emotions, and a restorativeness index were computed. Mean values of these indexes differed significantly across all sociodemographic categories (except educational level): emotional reactions towards nature were more strong among Russsians compared to Estonians, among women compared to men, among older respondents compared to younger ones, among less affluent compared to the more wealthy. Place of residence did not differentiate positive emotions, whereas negative emotions were more intense among urban (vs. rural) inhabitants. Forest has more strong restorative meaning for Russians (vs. Estonians), for older persons and for the less wealthy. There were no differences related to gender or place of residence in the experienced restorativeness. As predicted, past and present experiences of nature had also significant effects on emotional involvement (the measures included: having contacts with nature at work, keeping pets at home, gardening, frequency of outdoor activities). The following psychological variables had the highest correlations with emotional involvement indexes: self-efficacy, generalized trust, collective self-esteem, collectivism and general values (biospheric, altruistic and tradition values measured with the short version of Schwartz' value scale). Emotional involvement with nature was significantly correlated with all measures of environmentalism. It had significant positive correlations with environmental concern, ecocentrism, moral commitment to protect nature, pro-environmental behavior intentions and habitual self-reported pro-environmental behavior. Emotional involvement had negative correlations with anthropocentrism and scepticism towards individual capacity to have any pro-environmental effect. Positive emotions had stronger associations with other indicators of environmentalism than negative (responsibility related) emotions. The pattern of correlations of experienced restorativeness of forest with other measures of environmentalism was similar. Both emotional involvement and perception of restorative qualities of forest are strongly related to animistic and religious beliefs: those persons who do not believe in the inherent spirituality of nature experience significantly less both positive and negative emotions in nature. Several regression analyses were performed to compare the relative importance of emotional and rational determinants of environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.


Background/Context Nationally, almost a quarter of charter school students attend a school managed by a for-profit education management organization (EMO). EMOs have full executive authority over the operation and management of schools, including curriculum and instruction decisions. Because charter schools are funded with public dollars, critics argue that the profit motive may divert funds away from academics and have a negative impact on student achievement. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This study compares the academic achievement of EMO-managed charter schools with other charter schools and traditional public schools in Arizona. Whereas prior EMO research has focused on total scores in mathematics and reading as the academic achievement variables, this study delves further by analyzing subtest scores that distinguish between basic and complex thinking skills. We use more sensitive test data in an effort to examine the differential impact of the educational practices of EMO-managed charter schools on academic achievement. Research Design Student-level longitudinal test data are used for Arizona students who were enrolled in Grades 2–6 in 2001 and who remained in the same sector (EMO, non-EMO charter, or traditional public school) for the next 3 years. The test data include total scores for reading and mathematics, as well as subtest scores divided into basic and complex thinking skills. The analyses are based on a model that estimates the level of academic achievement in Year 3 using the sector of attendance as predictors and a twice-lagged achievement variable along with the other student-level covariates. Findings/Results For students who remained in the same sector for 3 consecutive years, attendance in non-EMO-managed charter schools had a positive effect on achievement results in total mathematics. The outcome was driven by higher scores in mathematics procedures, the basic skills subtest. For students who remained in the same sector and same school for 3 consecutive years, EMO-managed charter schools exhibited a positive effect in reading vocabulary, a basic skills subtest, and a negative effect in reading comprehension, the complex thinking subtest. Conclusions/Recommendations Previous research has illuminated many common teaching and learning characteristics of EMO-managed charter schools, such as drill and practice and standardized curricula that can be delivered by less experienced teaching staffs. Our results are the first empirical indication that the academic environments of EMO-managed charter schools may be associated with higher levels of academic achievement in basic skills at the expense of achievement in complex thinking skills, at least in reading. In all, the results are modest, but they deepen the available evidence about the academic impact of EMO-managed charter schools.


The present study re-evaluates the relationship between street art and the value-based approach to heritage conservation. The research presents the limitations of the value-based approach, which relate to its conceptualisation of stakeholders, experts and tangible preservation, as well as its distinction between present and past, and tangible and intangible heritage. In response, the paper suggests a performative approach to street art heritage conservation theory and practice. First, the paper introduces the notion of performativity within non-representational theory and its temporary, affective and relational aspects. Drawing further on the performativity approach, street art and urban studies, the paper illustrates and argues that the aesthetic experience of street art does not distinguish between past and present or tangible and intangible; instead, the experience is relational, socio-spatial, temporary and affective. Finally, the research offers a performative methodology for practising relations between street art and heritage.


The high-performance requirements needed to implement the most advanced functionalities of current and future Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are challenging the development processes of CPSs. On one side, CPSs rely on model-driven engineering (MDE) to satisfy the non-functional constraints and to ensure a smooth and safe integration of new features. On the other side, the use of complex parallel and heterogeneous embedded processor architectures becomes mandatory to cope with the performance requirements. In this regard, parallel programming models, such as OpenMP or CUDA, are a fundamental brick to fully exploit the performance capabilities of these architectures. However, parallel programming models are not compatible with current MDE approaches, creating a gap between the MDE used to develop CPSs and the parallel programming models supported by novel and future embedded platforms.The AMPERE project will bridge this gap by implementing a novel software architecture for the development of advanced CPSs. To do so, the proposed software architecture will be capable of capturing the definition of the components and communications described in the MDE framework, together with the non-functional properties, and transform it into key parallel constructs present in current parallel models, which may require extensions. These features will allow for making an efficient use of underlying parallel and heterogeneous architectures, while ensuring compliance with non-functional requirements, including those on real-time performance of the system.


The Mexico City Policy, also known as the Global Gag Rule (GGR), is an executive-based foreign assistance policy that constrains USAID financial aid for family planning programs in developing countries. It has had enormous unconscionable impact on the lives of individuals and to the operations of foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The policy has compromised women's health and welfare, jeopardized children's well-being, and adversely affected victims of HIV/AIDS. It unjustly has denied women's rights to self-determination and dignity with respect to reproductive matters. The GGR also has caused NGOs to curtail programs vital to maintaining health clinics and essential to delivery of critical healthcare services. It financially has threatened the existence of some foreign NGOs, has caused the demise of others, and has precluded alliances of NGOs essential for solving public health crises. The GGR has chilled the speech and stifled expressive associations of foreign NGOs, which likely would be constitutionally impermissible with respect to domestic NGOs. The many problematic consequences of the policy have been contrary to U.S. national interests in advancing the spread and stability of political democracies, free markets, and in enhancing the health, education and economic well-being of populations in developing countries. And, as a foreign assistance policy not true to the best U.S. traditions adopted from Judeo-Christian precepts, the GGR has tainted the image of the U.S. as a model democracy. Its real, but objectionable, contribution has been only to the self-interests of several U.S. presidents. So, now the Senate and House of Representatives, with their recently installed Democratic majorities, should enact legislation to reject the GGR.


─Abstract ─ Several previous studies emphasised the importance of marketing orientation in achieving firmscompetitive position, and many efforts have been focused on investigating Marketing Orientation-organizational performance relationship. However, the majority of previous researches have been conducted in Western cultures and within industrial contexts. This research is an attempt to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the adopted levels of Marketing Orientation (MO) for each mobile telecommunication service provider (TSP) in Jordan, and to assess its effects on achieving competitive advantage -through integrated perspective- taking into account the attitudinal and behavioural views.


Immune therapy has now been incorporated into the standard of care for non-small-cell lung cancer based on randomized trials showing superiority of anti-PD1 antibodies compared with chemotherapy. Thus there is a renewed interest in immune approaches to treating lung cancer. One promising approach is with oncolytic viruses that either naturally or through engineering, preferentially infect or kill cancer cells. In preclinical models of different thoracic cancers, it has been found that these viruses can induce immune responses through multiple mechanisms. Thus, in addition to their direct cytolytic effects, oncolytic viruses can also promote antitumor immunity. This review will discuss the immune effects of oncolytic viruses lung cancers and the approaches that are underway to augment immune therapy in clinical testing.


Success in the use of electronic ticketing technology in the public transport sector such as the Octopus Card in Hong Kong and the Oyster Card in London have induced many European cities to consider the smartcard as a viable possibility. The Netherlands is the first country to have the stated intention to introduce the smartcard nationwide. The technology would provide opportunities for public transport authorities and operators to increase patronage, to improve operating performance and to develop innovative fare schemes to enhance the financial results. The Dutch experience has provided invaluable insights how research studies can support product development and assist in the formulation of nationwide implementation strategy. In December 2005, the smartcard project had a successful roll-out in the Rotterdam region. It was first introduced on the metro system operated by the municipal public transport company RET and on two bus routes operated by the regional bus company Connexxion in Voorne Putten and Hoeksche Waard. The phased introduction of the smartcard is part of a strategy adopted by the Dutch government in close collaboration with other stakeholders that included the 19 public transport authorities, the 5 major transport operators and consumer organisations. At present, 3 types of smartcard are on sale: anonymous, personalised and dispoable. Although the smartcards (for marketing purposes) are different in the detailed design to give a unique signature, the ticketing technology is compatible and the cards themselves are inter-operable in all regions. Since the 2005 roll-out, the contactless smartcard ticketing system has been extended to the Netherlands Railway line between Rotterdam and Hook of Holland and to the metro system in the Amsterdam agglomeration. A number of studies undertaken by the Dutch Transport Ministry in conjunction with the stakeholders have provided important guidelines to enhance policy development and the design of supporting measures. These study findings will be reported in the paper. In June 2006, on the basis of the progress reports and practical experiences in field trials, the Transport Minister had gained the support of the Dutch Parliament to endorse a GO-decision. The declared intention is to have nationwide implementation of the smartcard by January 2009. At present, there are over 45,000 smartcards in use in the Amsterdam region. RET has embarked on a marketing campaign to increase the number of personalised smartcard in use in Rotterdam to 300,000 by early 2007. The smartcard technique is also being tested in actual use on buses and trams in Rotterdam and in Amsterdam. The paper will provide comprehensive reporting of the main featuress of smartcard ticketing, how the system works, the marketing strategy and the results so far. Findings from scenarios' studies and insights gained have provided useful management information for decision-takings regarding what are the consequences of introducing different fare structures and how best to optimise usage. Because public acceptance is a major issue, the paper will present the results of a user survey in Rotterdam. Research objectives were to ascertain passenger reactions to the electronic payment system in general and to appraise user friendliness for different user groups in particular. For the covering abstract see ITRD E137145.


This paper describes the GTAP Land Use Data Base designed to support integrated assessments of the potential for greenhouse gas mitigation. It disaggregates land use by agro-ecological zone (AEZ). To do so, it draws upon global land cover data bases, as well as state-of-the-art definition of AEZs from the FAO and IIASA. Agro-ecological zoning segments a parcel of land into smaller units according to agro-ecological characteristics, including: precipitation, temperature, soil type, terrain conditions, etc. Each zone has a similar combination of constraints and potential for land use. In the GTAP-AEZ Data Base, there are 18 AEZs, covering six different lengths of growing period spread over three different climatic zones. Land using activities include crop production, livestock raising, and forestry. In so doing, this extension of the standard GTAP Data Base permits a much more refined characterization of the potential for shifting land use amongst these different activities. When combined with information on greenhouse gas emissions, this data base permits economists interested in integrated assessment of climate change to better assess the role of land use change in greenhouse gases mitigation strategies.


Varieties of German are spoken all over the world, some of which have been maintained for prolonged periods of time. As a result, these transplanted varieties often show traces of the ongoing language contact as specific to their particular context. This thesis explores one such transplanted German language variety – Springbok- German – as spoken by a small subset of German Lutherans in South Africa. Specifically, this study takes as its focus eight rural German communities across two South African provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, which were founded in the second half of the 19th century. The study employs a broadly ethnographic approach and integrates participant observation with interviews and (limited) questionnaire data. On the one hand, it addresses issues of language maintenance and shift, and on the other, presents findings from an analysis of grammatical features, that is morphosyntactic and syntactic features, of this particular German language variety. The thesis explores the domains where speakers continue to make use of German, by discussing practices at home, within the church and community, and at school. It also briefly considers German media consumption. The findings reveal that the home and the church/community constitute the strongholds of German language maintenance, although intermarriage is having an increasing impact on these patterns. Changes in the demographics of the communities, e.g. out-migration of younger speakers and barely any in-migration, are also shown to be detrimental to the continued survival of German in this region. Conceptualising these communities as ethnoreligious ones where (Luther) German functions as a 'sacred variety' (cf. Fishman, 2006a) helps to account for the prolonged maintenance patterns as exhibited by the communities. The study explores how the communities are shaped by their German Lutheranism and a 19th century understanding of Volkstum, and how this resulted in an insistence on preserving the German language and culture at all costs. This is still transparent today. This study also seeks to provide new insights into the structure of Springbok- German, and, for this purpose, explores a number of (morpho)syntactic features, including case marking, possessive constructions, word order, and infinitive complements. Although the overall findings indicate that Springbok-German is (still) relatively conservative, there are clear indications of emerging structural changes. While reduction in the case system, for example, is not as advanced as in other transplanted German varieties, the accusative/dative distinction is becoming increasingly blurred. Changes are also apparent in possessive constructions and word order. In this context, the study considers the fundamental question of the role language contact plays in such situations, i.e. whether the respective changes can plausibly be attributed to contact with Afrikaans and/or English, or whether they are best seen as the result of language-internal tendencies. The conclusion follows that it is difficult to ascertain the precise role of external influence vs. internal developments. The developments in Springbok-German are best seen as resulting from a combination of both, shaped furthermore by the social conditions as prevalent in this particular language contact setting.


We report the crystal structure of nuclear import receptor Importin-9 bound to its cargo, the histones H2A-H2B. Importin-9 wraps around the core, globular region of H2A-H2B to form an extensive interface. The nature of this interface coupled with quantitative analysis of deletion mutants of H2A-H2B suggests that the NLS-like sequences in the H2A-H2B tails play a minor role in import. Importin-9•H2A-H2B is reminiscent of interactions between histones and histone chaperones in that it precludes H2A-H2B interactions with DNA and H3-H4 as seen in the nucleosome. Like many histone chaperones, which prevent inappropriate non-nucleosomal interactions, Importin-9 also sequesters H2A-H2B from DNA. Importin-9 appears to act as a storage chaperone for H2A-H2B while escorting it to the nucleus. Surprisingly, RanGTP does not dissociate Importin-9•H2A-H2B but assembles into a RanGTP•Importin-9•H2A-H2B complex. The presence of Ran in the complex, however, modulates Imp9-H2A-H2B interactions to facilitate its dissociation by DNA and assembly into a nucleosome.


Purpose
Treatment non-adherence leads to negative therapeutic outcomes and financial burdens on the healthcare system. This study aims to compare the mean adherence scores among patients with five dermatological diseases and four treatment types and to identify the associated patient-related factors.

Patients and methods
This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2019 to August 2019. The questionnaire was distributed among patients attending the outpatient dermatology clinic at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It included 2330 patients who were over 16 years old and diagnosed with any of the five dermatological diseases (psoriasis, chronic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, hair growth disorders, and vitiligo). The 12-item Medication Adherence Scale was used to quantify the mean adherence score.

Results
Patients with psoriasis or chronic dermatitis were less adherent to treatments than patients with acne vulgaris, hair growth disorder, or vitiligo. Oral treatment and phototherapy had higher mean adherence scores than injection or topical treatment. High adherence was found in female, single patients; those who did not feel stigmatized from using treatment; those who did not have bad experience with the treatment; those who did not suffer from forgetfulness; those who connected receiving treatment with a habit; those who did not lack treatment responsiveness; those who had an excellent relationship with a dermatologist; and patients with a lesion in an exposed area. Stepwise multiple linear regression was also used to identify the independent variables related to adherence score.

Conclusion
Psoriasis and chronic dermatitis patients had the lowest mean adherence scores. Patient who were on oral medication had the highest adherence score, while those on topical medication had the lowest score. The thoughtful consideration of factors associated with high adherence is important for optimal therapeutic outcomes.


Contents include: Test-Based Accountability: The Promise and the Perils Tom Loveless (Brookings) Can the Federal Government Improve Education Research? Brian Jacob (Harvard University) and Jens Ludwig (Georgetown University ) Realizing the Promise of Brand-Name Schools Steven F.Wilson (Harvard University) School Choice: How an Abstract Idea Became a Political Reality Joseph P. Viteritti (Hunter College, CUNY) Education Reform and Content: The Long View E.D. Hirsch Jr. (Core Knowledge Foundation) Evidence-Based Reading Policy in the United States: How Scientific Research Informs Instructional Practices Reid Lyon and Vinita Chhabra (National Institutes of Health) and Sally E. Shaywitz and Bennett A. Shaywitz (Yale University)


Granular materials are ubiquitous in both everyday life and various engineering and industrial applications, ranging from breakfast cereal to sand to rice to medical pills. However, despite the familiarity of granular materials, their behavior is complex and efforts to characterize them are currently broad research areas in physics and engineering. Research of granular materials, as is the case with the research of other engineering materials such as rocks and metals, is beset with two gaps: the gap between reconciling macroscopic behavior with microscale (particle-scale, in the case of granular materials) behavior, and the gap between reconciling experimental and computational results. In this dissertation, we bridge these gaps through the "avatar paradigm." The avatar paradigm is a two-step process that numerically characterizes (from experimental images) and simulates the shapes and behavior of individual particles, which we call avatars. First, we validate that our avatars are indeed capable of faithfully capturing particle kinematics and interparticle contact, then apply the characterization process, level set imaging (LS-imaging), to two experimental specimens to compute particle kinematics and contact statistics. We then detail a computational method, the level set discrete element method (LS-DEM), that is able to simulate the behavior of avatars, and apply it (and LS-imaging) to two other experimental specimens, calibrating the model to one specimen and using the results to predict the behavior of the other, thus providing some reconciliation between experimental and computational results. Finally, we use the avatar process to characterize and simulate yet another experimental specimen, this time analyzing the results at length scales ranging from particle behavior to local behavior to macroscopic behavior, further validating the ability of the avatar paradigm to bridge experiments and computations and showing its power to reconcile different length scales.


Executive Summary. Although both housing and stock values have been studied for their impacts on consumer spending, as well as their effects on financial institutions, capital spending, and the macroeconomy, there have been few studies on how the two assets co-move. In this study, I apply the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model to housing and stock values in the G-7 countries (except Japan, where time series properties inhibit parameter convergence). I find that correlations increased sharply after the 2007 crisis, and that co-movement spiked during the recessions of the 1980s. This indicates that the financial turmoil of a contraction pushes returns on the two assets closer together (and down). Real estate investors and other financial institutions with exposure to both markets will want to prepare and set capital and liquidity standards with the potential for such a "double hit" in mind.


ligands orchestrate a myriad of cellular events, among them cell trafficking and migration. Further, altered expression of GPCR and their ligands has been implicated in different autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Apart from natural ligands, it has recently been shown that autoantibodies targeting GPCR might play a role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). Based upon previous findings it is assumed that high concentrations of anti-CXCR3 and anti-CXCR4 antibodies act in a protective manner, while high concentrations of anti-ETAR and anti-AT1R aggravate inflammatory mechanisms. We want to show those effect of antibodies against CXCR3, CXCR4, ETAR and AT1R in a murine model of atherosclerosis.Methods: We injected IgG preparations containing different levels of autoantibodies directed against CXCR3/4 or ETAR and AT1R from patients with SSc and from healthy controls into a passive murine model of atherosclerosis (C57BL/6, Apoe-/-, high fat diet). Using red oil staining of the atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta, flow cytometry, differential blood count via Vet abc plus, ELISA and immunohistology analyses, it will be examined if those IgG preparations are able to modify leukocyte migration into different tissues like lung and spleen in comparison to peripheral blood.Results: Preliminary findings of the ELISA indicates migration of leukocytes into the spleen modulated by the anti-GPCR IgG. More preliminary findings, like some results of the red oil staining and the flow cytometry analyses will be shown.Conclusion: We assume an interplay between anti-AT1R/anti-ETAR & anti-CXCR3/4 and their receptors mediates organotropism of leukocytes in inflammatory & autoimmune diseases. In addition, membrane extracts of CHO cells overexpressing CXCR3/4, ETAR and AT1R will be applied in the same murine model to compare passive and active immunization schemes.


In this Paper, we propose an automatic speech disorders recognition technique based on both speech and visual components analysis. First, we performed the pre-processing steps required for speech recognition then we chose the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC's) as features representing the speech signal.On the other hand, we studied the visual components based on lipsmovements analysis. We propose a new technique that integrates both the audio signal and the video signal analysis techniques for increasing the efficiency of the automated speech disorders recognition systems. The main idea is to detect the motion features from a series of lipsimages. A new technique for lips movement detection is proposed. Finally we use the multilayer neural network as a classifier for both speech and visual features.We propose a new technique for speech disorders correction systems, especially for Arabic language. Practical experiments showed that our system is useful when dealing with Arabic language speech disorders.


Black holes in general relativity carry an entropy whose value is given by the Bekenstein-Hawking formula, but whose statistical origin remains obscure. Such horizons also possess an entanglement entropy, which has a clear statistical meaning but no a priori relation to the dynamics of gravity. For free minimally-coupled scalar and spinor fields, these two quantities are intimately related: the entanglement entropy is the one-loop correction to the black hole entropy due to renormalization of Newton's constant. For gauge fields, the entanglement entropy and the one-loop correction to the black hole entropy differ. This dissertation addresses two issues concerning the entanglement entropy of gauge fields, and its relation black hole entropy. First, for abelian gauge fields Kabat identified a negative divergent contribution to the black hole entropy that is not part of the entanglement entropy, known as a ``contact term''. We show that the contact term can be attributed to an ambiguous expression for the gauge field's contribution to the Wald entropy. Moreover, in two-dimensional de Sitter space, the contact term arises from an incorrect treatment of zero modes and is therefore unphysical. In a manifestly gauge-invariant reduced phase space quantization of two-dimensional gauge theory, the gauge field contribution to the entropy is positive, finite, and equal to the entanglement entropy. This suggests that the contact term in more than two dimensions may also be unphysical. Second, we consider lattice gauge theory and point out that the Hilbert space corresponding to a region of space includes edge states that transform nontrivially under gauge transformations. By decomposing these edge states in irreducible representations of the gauge group, the entanglement entropy of an arbitrary state is shown to be a sum of a bulk entropy and a boundary entropy associated to the edge states. This entropy formula agrees with the two-dimensional results from the reduced phase space quantization. These results are applied to several examples, including the ground state in the strong coupling expansion of Kogut and Susskind, and the entropy of the edge states is found to be the dominant contribution to the entanglement entropy.


The research had the purpose to determine the effects of pruning time in July, August, September and October of 2004/05 and 2005/06, with and without irrigation, in the fig trees 'Roxo de Valinhos', located in Botucatu/SP/Brazil. The experimental design was in split plots with 5 replications at random in lines, where the plots consisted in the treatments with and without irrigation and the subplots were composed of the pruning accomplished in the four months of the year. It was evaluated the yield and fruits quality. These characteristics could be used to evaluate the irrigation necessity. The August month with irrigation was the best time to the fig trees pruning, enhancing the yield (3.513,8 g plant-1 in 2004/05 and 4.110,7 g planta-1 in 2005/06). Without irrigation the pruning made in July, August and September (2004/05) and in July and August (2005/06) was similar.


Geochemical analysis of two distinctive bentonites and their constituent apatite crystals from the Late Llandovery of Gotland, has provided unique chemical signatures for each bentonite. These data have allowed the beds to be correlated across the island. The chemical composition of constituent apatite crystals indicates that apatite crystallized in a transitional alkaline environment. Chemical and mineralogical evidence suggests that the earlier Lusklint Bentonite originated from a potassic magma generated in a waning subduction zone, while the later Ireviken Bentonite was not consanguinous with its predecessor, but was derived from a medium-K calc-alkaline magma produced in a continental margin environment. The volcanoes which gave rise to these bentonites probably lay in the Tornquist Sea, during its late stages of closure, somewhere between southern Poland and Denmark. These chemically distinct bentonites could act as sensitive chemostratigraphic tools for correlation of Late Llandovery horizons elsewhere in Northern Europe.


The article analyses the degree of substantive representation by immigrant-origin MPs in Germany's national and state parliaments. To test the expectation that an immigration background increases the likelihood of engaging with migration-related topics, an analysis is undertaken of all parliamentary questions (PQs) formally asked by immigrant-origin MPs in Germany's national and state parliaments between 1987 and 2009. By controlling for several time-invariant and time-variant factors, the longitudinal analysis confirms that a visible immigration background results in asking more migration-related PQs. While several contextual, party-political and personal (career) factors influence the likelihood of asking such questions in parliament, there is no evidence for a decrease over time. Presence effects are significant and of lasting nature. This means that the parliamentary presence of immigrant-origin MPs with a visible background goes beyond sheer symbolic representation.


Weller (2011) proposes that it is the responsibility of educators to identify which technologies are likely to be significant to their students in their future careers and integrate them into their teaching practices. For some scholars, this will involve a range of activities including blogging, the cultivation of peer and student networks on social media sites such as Twitter, and the creation of Open Educational Resource (OERs) such as podcasts (Pearce et al, 2010; Veletsianos and Kimmons, 2012). Despite the reluctance of many academics to engage in these forms of 'digital scholarship' (Procter et al, 2010; Weller, 2011), there has been an increasing interest in how information and communication technologies (ICTs) might be used by teachers to facilitate student learning. There have been two major conceptual frameworks that have emerged from the widespread adoption of technology by HE institutions in the past decade. First, there is the concept of e‐learning, which has focused predominantly on the use of ICTs and institutional Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) in the teaching of distance learning students (Sangra et al, 2012, Conole, 2010). Second, the 'blending' of online and face‐to‐face pedagogic approaches has been conceptualised as an appropriate response to the varying learning styles of an increasingly cosmopolitan student body (see Sharpe et al, 2006 for an overview). A critique of this 'blended learning' approach has emerged that suggests that it is 'ill‐defined,' focusing on the resources made available to students rather than their actual learning experiences (Oliver and Trigwell, 2005). Nevertheless, there has been some evidence to suggest that online resources have high pedagogic value for both campus‐based and distance learning students. Recent research has indicated that the use of e‐tivities for the purposes of formative assessment can help students develop more effective learning strategies (Armellini and Aiyegbayo, 2009). Podcasts have also been found to be effective in supporting students during the preparation of their assessed work and reducing the number of non‐academic enquiries sent to
academic members of staff (Fothergill, 2008; Nie et al, 2010; Sutton‐Brady et al, JOURNAL FOR EXCELLENCE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 2 2009). This paper sets out to provide further empirical data on 'blended' pedagogic approaches through a focus group and questionnaire‐based study of students who had received support for their PGT dissertations via a combination of face‐to‐face meetings with their supervisor and a series of
resources uploaded to the institutional VLE at appropriate milestones during their projects. It does so by reviewing the issues raised by staff and students in relation to learning materials in 2010/11, outlining the resources created for the revamped MS7012 Dissertation Blackboard site, and presenting the results from
the questionnaire and focus groups conducted between June and July 2012.


The making of clay bricks was a major industrial activity at the penal settlements of Port Arthur and Maria Island. The silicate minerals in the clays used were mainly
illite and kaolin as is usual in brickmaking. All bricks examined had more than 1.2% of Potassium Oxide and so the surface clay at the Port Arthur settlement, which is montmorillonitic and
low in potassium, was not used. Many of the bricks made at Port Arthur are soft due to
underfiring and unaltered clay minerals have been detected in some.
Much of the brickwork of the ruins at Port Arthur has disintegrated due to the lack
of strength in the bricks and due to the presence of more than 1% salt, mainly NaCl,
which, as the result of exposure to rain wind and sun, has crystallized near exposed
surfaces. Bricks, collected from inside a continuously occupied building and thus not
exposed to any source of salt or water, were sound but contained 1 2% salt. As the
salt is similar in composition to that of seawater, it is concluded that at least some of
the bricks were made from clay that had been puddled with seawater.
An old photograph of the Penitentiary with its roof still intact and hence taken
before the 1898 bushfires shows deterioration of the exposed bricks at that early date.
It would appear that a large number of the bricks manufactured at Port Arthur during
occupation of the settlement were of such inferior quality that they could not be expected
to last for centuries.