Offroad vehicle use and in particular offroad motorcycling has been established as a significant source of injury both within Australia and internationally. However, Queensland's police road crash statistics typically do not report crashes that occur in off-road circumstances. The aim of the current investigation was to compare this under-reported subset of crashes with on-road crashes. The data used was sourced from interviews conducted in Northern Queensland with serious injury patients hospitalised for 24 hours or more after a rural road crash. Of the classifiable crashes, approximately half were motorcycle crashes, of which a half again were offroad crashes. Of the crashes involving cars, roughly 15% were offroad crashes. Results showed males constituted the majority of all motorcycle crashes, with younger males particularly involved in offroad motorcycle incidents. Offroad motorcycling was identified particularly with greater proportions of riding for pleasure, unlicensed riding, unregistered vehicle use and travelling on an unfamiliar track or road. In terms of illegal behaviours, just under 10% of all subgroups reported recreational drug use. Non-use of helmets and seatbelts was higher for offroad compared to onroad groups, though a notable proportion of onroad users also reported non-use. Offroad motorcyclists were more likely to be unlicensed to ride, riding unregistered vehicles and unfamiliar with the area or road. The results are discussed in relation to how this data can inform official crash data sources and the development of interventions to target specific high-risk sub-groups in rural and remote areas.


Upon legal evaluation of regulation of the status of a well-known trade mark in the Republic of Lithuania, it can be concluded that basically the legal rules of the Republic of Lithuania comply with the relevant requirements for well-known trade marks set forth in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and 20 March 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. However, they are not precisely approximated with the relevant provisions of the First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Directive) and Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community Trade Mark (Regulation), which has impact on the volume of the proprietary rights to the registered or well-known trade mark, accordingly. The reputed trade mark is a new legal term in Community law, for which there is no official definition so far. It is also a new term in the Lithuanian trade mark law. Also there is no intention in the Directive and Regulation to unify the criteria for identification of a well-known trade mark, except by providing a reference that the term of a well-known trade mark meets the term provided in article 6 bis of the Paris Convention. Therefore, practice of identification of well-known and reputed trade marks may differ significantly from state to state in the EC and may be defined unilaterally only upon a decision of the European Court of Justice. The tendency is that the definition of the reputed Community trade mark will mainly deal with the reputation of a mark (qualitative criterion) and not its notoriety. The quantitative criterion of notoriety will likely serve as an indicator of a trade mark's reputation but not as a precondition with a fixed minimum degree of notoriety within the trade circles concerned. In the law of the Republic of Lithuania, likewise in the relevant EC law, criteria for identification of "trade mark having a reputation" are not established. Presumably, in practice it will cause many problems for court when solving whether a particular trade mark is a well-known or has a reputation. Evaluating the scope of the rights granted by the Law on Trade Marks of the Republic of Lithuania the difference of a trade mark having a reputation from the registered well-known trade mark is not clear.


An inclusive search for supersymmetry (SUSY) using the razor variables is performed using a data sample of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1, collected with the CMS experiment in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of √ s = 13 TeV. The search looks for an excess of events with large transverse energy, large jet multiplicity, and large missing transverse momentum. The razor kinematic variables are sensitive to large mass differences between the parent particle and the invisible particles of a decay chain and help to identify the presence of SUSY particles. The search covers final states with zero or one charged lepton and features event categories divided according to the presence of a high transverse momentum hadronically decaying W boson or top quark, the number of jets, the number of b-tagged jets, and the values of the razor kinematic variables, in order to separate signal from background for a broad range of SUSY signatures. The addition of the boosted W boson and top quark categories within the analysis further increases the sensitivity of the search, particularly to signal models with large mass splitting between the produced gluino or squark and the lightest SUSY particle. The analysis is interpreted using simplified models of R-parity conserving SUSY, focusing on gluino pair production and top squark pair production. Limits on the gluino mass extend to 2.0 TeV, while limits on top squark mass reach 1.14 TeV. Published in the Journal of High Energy Physics as doi:10.1007/JHEP03(2019)031. c © 2019 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. CC-BY-4.0 license ∗See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members ar X iv :1 81 2. 06 30 2v 2 [ he pex ] 1 2 M ar 2 01 9 1


"Kobbe's Complete Opera Book" has been the opera-lover's bible from its first appearance in its seventy-fifth year, it has been subjected to the most thorough revision in its history. "The New Kobbe's Opera Book" has been redesigned and extended, numerous existing entries have been completely rewritten, and the book now incorporates some 200 new operas. The total number of works covered is now nearly 500, including important new works like John Adams' "Nixon in China", Harrison Birtwistle's "Gawain" and Thomas Ades's "Powder Her Face", and a number of half-forgotten works that are now undergoing revival. 46 new composers are featured. Lord Harewood's strongly individual commentaries, together with his unparalleled knowledge of and enthusiasm for opera, are complemented by substantial contributions from his co-editor Antony Peattie. The "New Kobbe" is a guide in volume to virtually every opera the reader is likely to come across.


Drawing on the example of bovine tuberculosis (bTb), this paper examines the geographies of animal health promotion. Using theories from the sociology of health, the paper outlines how the spatial practices of animal health promotion have had adverse policy consequences – what the paper refers to as an 'ecological paradox'. Analysis of ethnographic interviews with 61 farmers in England and Wales provides a range of reasons why farmers do and do not implement biosecurity. Drawing on the concept of lay epidemiology and ideas of 'the candidate'– that is, the terms by which someone/thing is most likely to suffer from a particular illness – the paper shows how farmers construct farmers, cattle and badgers as likely to be a candidate for bTb; and how aspects of luck and fatalism are significant elements of candidature. These effects are traced to a clash of spatial practice within the different knowledge articulated by official attempts to promote animal health and farmers' understandings. In failing to consider these cultural understandings of disease, the paper argues that the state's attempts to promote animal health have served to reinforce the explanatory power of candidacy and traditional understandings of bTb, thereby overriding attempts to promote biosecurity. The resulting negative consequences for badgers, cattle and farmers are defined as the ecological paradox.


We investigate the dynamics of a greedy forager that moves by random walking in an environment where each site initially contains one unit of food. Upon encountering a food-containing site, the forager eats all the food there and can subsequently hop an additional S steps without food before starving to death. Upon encountering an empty site, the forager goes hungry and comes one time unit closer to starvation. We investigate the new feature of forager greed; if the forager has a choice between hopping to an empty site or to a food-containing site in its nearest neighborhood, it hops preferentially towards food. If the neighboring sites all contain food or are all empty, the forager hops equiprobably to one of these neighbors. Paradoxically, the lifetime of the forager can depend non-monotonically on greed, and the sense of the non-monotonicity is opposite in one and two dimensions. Even more unexpectedly, the forager lifetime in one dimension is substantially enhanced when the greed is negative; here the forager tends to avoid food in its local neighborhood. We also determine the average amount of food consumed at the instant when the forager starves. We present analytic, heuristic, and numerical results to elucidate these intriguing phenomena.


Rpn13 is a novel mammalian proteasomal receptor that has recently been identified as an amplification target in ovarian cancer. It can interact with ubiquitin and activate the deubiquitinating enzyme Uch37 at the 26S proteasome. Since neither Rpn13 nor Uch37 is an integral proteasomal subunit, we explored whether either protein is essential for mammalian development and survival. Deletion of Uch37 resulted in prenatal lethality in mice associated with severe defect in embryonic brain development. In contrast, the majority of Rpn13-deficient mice survived to adulthood, although they were smaller at birth and fewer in number than wild-type littermates. Absence of Rpn13 produced tissue-specific effects on proteasomal function: increased proteasome activity in adrenal gland and lymphoid organs, and decreased activity in testes and brain. Adult Rpn13−/− mice reached normal body weight but had increased body fat content and were infertile due to defective gametogenesis. Additionally, Rpn13−/− mice showed increased T-cell numbers, resembling growth hormone-mediated effects. Indeed, serum growth hormone and follicular stimulating hormone levels were significantly increased in Rpn13−/− mice, while growth hormone receptor expression was reduced in the testes. In conclusion, this is the first report characterizing the physiological roles of Uch37 and Rpn13 in murine development and implicating a non-ATPase proteasomal protein, Rpn13, in the process of gametogenesis.


A short while ago, an interested reader inquired about one of my articles on the topic of jihad and terrorism. I am thankful for the inspiring question. The reader asked me to clarify why there seems to be no difference between terrorism and jihad nowadays, and why this boundary has disappeared in debates by many people in the social media and in other places...


We provide an example of an analysis to explore the optimization of observations of transiting hot Jupiters with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to characterize their atmospheres based on a simple three-parameter forward model. We construct expansive forward model sets for 11 hot Jupiters, 10 of which are relatively well characterized, exploring a range of parameters such as equilibrium temperature and metallicity, as well as considering host stars over a wide range in brightness. We compute posterior distributions of our model parameters for each planet with all of the available JWST spectroscopic modes and several programs of combined observations and compute their effectiveness using the metric of estimated mutual information per degree of freedom. From these simulations, clear trends emerge that provide guidelines for designing a JWST observing program. We demonstrate that these guidelines apply over a wide range of planet parameters and target brightnesses for our simple forward model.


In Australia, there is growing interest in the potential for voluntary initiatives by industry to contribute to environmental policy objectives. This dissertation reviews the manner in which three different voluntary approaches (environmental management systems, the Greenhouse Challenge and the mining industry's Code for Environmental Management) have functioned, to assess whether or not voluntary approaches can lead to improved environmental outcomes compared to other policy instruments, and to define the conditions under which these improved outcomes can be achieved. The research indicates that the contribution of voluntary approaches is likely to be limited in situations where voluntary approaches are adopted as the sole policy instrument. That is, there is a need for other policy instruments such as command and control or economic instruments to ensure that organisations meet minimum standards of performance. However, voluntary approaches can make a significant contribution in situations where they provide a transitional function (for example, as a precursor to the implementation of legislation) or where they are used as a tool to assist organisations meet the goals specified in policy or regulations. While the proponents of voluntary approaches have argued that voluntary approaches offer the potential for economic efficiency, reduced administration costs, competitive advantage and innovation, there is limited evidence from the three case-studies to suggest that these benefits are achieved in practice. Soft effects such as education, placing environmental issues on the business decision-making agenda, and improving relationships between business and regulatory authorities appear to be the most important direct outcomes from successful voluntary approaches. The research indicates that, for voluntary approaches to be effective policy instruments, they should contain specific objectives and targets, clearly define the business as usual scenario, include credible monitoring and measuring processes, and be underpinned by suitable enforcement mechanisms.


Why do businesses contribute to political parties? Is money a universal language? Do business contributions to political parties convey different messages in different countries? This book answers these questions based on intensive case studies of Australia, Canada, and Germany, as well as data from other countries. Business money does talk politics. In liberal Australia and Canada, the competitive short-term focus of firms generated substantial demand for private goods that could help firms develop an advantage over their rivals. Thus, business financing of parties conveyed a pragmatic message: in exchange for small but certain financial benefits, contributing businesses expect, as a reciprocation, to receive special consideration of their lobbying efforts. Australia's left-right party system created an awareness of policy risk, which motivated ideological payments, but there was no ideological bias in business financing of politics in centrist Canada. In Germany's co-ordinated economy, the most important policies for firms tend to be the public goods defined, championed, and delivered by their business associations. In this context, the pragmatic motivation for contributions to political parties is weak. The combination of consensual political institutions and constrained parties means there is a very low risk of major policy change from election to election. So, there is also little interest in ideological financing of political parties. If money talks, what does it say? places business financing of political parties in the context of debates about political corruption and offers advice on political reform. Comparative Politics is a series for students, teachers, and researchers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. Global in scope, books in the series are characterised by a stress on comparative analysis and strong methodological rigour. The series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research. For more information visit: www.ecprnet.eu The Comparative Politics series is edited by Professor David M. Farrell, School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Kenneth Carty, Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, and Professor Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Institute of Political Science, Philipps University, Marburg.


This short technical paper presents an alternate mathematical approach for determining the blinking frequency of our universe. The source for this alternate idea comes from an email sent to this author in May 2015. The source author prefers to remain anonymous. Basically, Let's think about the fundamental unit of the universe as a classical entity. The energy of such a classical entity, using the equipartition theorem, translates the number of degrees of freedom into "units" of k_B*T (where T is the temperature and k_B is the well-known Boltzmann constant). In this way, we find that the fundamental energy is 3*k_B*T (6 d.o.f.). We use a foundational temperature, consistent with the anthropic principle, of the freezing point (and melting point) of the essential object for existence - water. Using this temperature, we obtain a fundamental energy of ~70.6 meV. Calculation is as follows: 70.6 meV / (\hbar \pi^4) = 1.1 THz. Note that the \pi^4 in general is \pi^D, where D is the number of spacetime dimensions in existence. Each reader must comprehend that our universe is literally blinking off and on, at 1.1 trillion times every second (THz). For those unconvinced that our universe is blinking, please read "The First Periodic Table for Elementary Particles," or "1024 Elementary Particles" which provides compelling mathematical evidence. Also see youtube: Colonel Philip Corso, THE DAY AFTER ROSWELL; author comments on the Army's investigation of the 1947 Roswell vehicle; "We were never able to figure out how the propulsion system works... We only know it has something to do with blinking."


OBJECTIVE To examine the structure and correlates of diabetes-specific locus of control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Study participants were 165 adult patients from a comprehensive outpatient diabetes education program who completed a research protocol at the outset of the program. The protocol included measures of diabetes locus of control (DLC), glycemie control, self-care behavior, and emotional well-being. RESULTS Scales measuring internal and powerful other DLC each had two components. One component of internal DLC, autonomy, was significantly associated with positive outcomes, and the other component, self-blame, was related to negative outcomes. The two components of powerful other DLC were differently correlated with various aspects of strict regimen adherence, and chance DLC was associated with a variety of measures reflecting a pattern of dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The concept of DLC appears to have explanatory power in accounting for health outcomes, especially when internal DLC measures of autonomy and self-blame are differentiated. It is important to find educational interventions that work effectively with patients who believe that health outcomes are controlled by chance, because they seem to be at special risk for health-related problems.


The North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea are prominent sinks of atmospheric CO_2 today, but their roles in the past remain poorly constrained. In this study, we attempt to use B/Ca and δ^(11)B ratios in the planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral variety) to reconstruct subsurface water pH and pCO_2 changes in the polar North Atlantic during the last deglaciation. Comparison of core-top results with nearby hydrographic data shows that B/Ca in N. pachyderma (s) is mainly controlled by seawater B(OH)_4−/HCO_3− with a roughly constant partition coefficient (K_D = [B/Ca]_(CaCO_3) / [B(OH)_4−/HCO_3− (seawater)) of 1.48 ± 0.15 × 10^(−3) (2σ), and δ^(11)B in this species is offset below δ^(11)B of the borate in seawater by 3.38 ± 0.71‰ (2σ). These values represent our best estimates with the sparse available hydrographic data close to our core-tops. More culturing and sediment trap work is needed to improve our understanding of boron incorporation into N. pachyderma (s). Application of a constant K_D of 1.48 × 10^(−3) to high resolution N. pachyderma (s) B/Ca records from two adjacent cores off Iceland shows that subsurface pCO_2 at the habitat depth of N. pachyderma (s) (~50 m) generally followed the atmospheric CO_2 trend but with negative offsets of ~10–50 ppmv during 19–10 ka. These B/Ca-based reconstructions are supported by independent estimates from low-resolution δ^(11)B measurements in the same cores. We also calibrate and apply Cd/Ca in N. pachyderma (s) to reconstruct nutrient levels for the same down cores. Like today's North Atlantic, past subsurface pCO_2 variability off Iceland was significantly correlated with nutrient changes that might be linked to surface nutrient utilization and mixing within the upper water column. Because surface pCO_2 (at 0 m water depth) is always lower than at deeper depths and if the application of a constant KD is valid, our results suggest that the polar North Atlantic has remained a CO_2 sink during the calcification seasons of N. pachyderma (s) over the last deglaciation.


ABSTRACT Background Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) may influence growth during and recovery from moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), however, biomarkers to assess these relations have yet to be identified. Objectives The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop a score for EED based on host fecal mRNA transcripts, 2) compare biomarkers of EED with each other, and 3) examine associations between the EED biomarkers and recovery from MAM and growth outcomes. Methods In a cohort of 520 Sierra Leonean MAM children, biomarkers of EED included the lactulose: mannitol (L: M) test, 15 host fecal mRNA transcripts, and host fecal proteins [α-1-antitrypsin (AAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO)]. Anthropometry data were also collected and z scores were computed for length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-length (WLZ). Recovery from MAM was defined as midupper arm circumference ≥12.5 cm. Factor analysis was used to identify EED scores using the mRNA transcripts, and mixed effects regression was conducted to test for associations. Results The 15 host fecal mRNA transcripts were clustered into 3 scores: gut inflammation (GI) score, gut structure (GS) score, and gut defense (GD) score. We found agreement between certain inflammation markers (GI score and MPO), and permeability markers (GS score and AAT; AAT and the L: M excretion ratio). Antimicrobial gut defense (GD score) was inversely associated with percent lactulose excreted, a measure of intestinal permeability. LAZ (β: –0.08; 95% CI: –0.14, –0.02) and WLZ (β: –0.03; 95% CI: –0.06, –0.01) were negatively associated with GI score. A high GD score (β: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.64) and low AAT (β: –1.35; 95% CI: –2.35, –0.36) were associated with recovery from MAM. Conclusions Scores derived from host fecal mRNA transcript variably correlated with the L: M test and host fecal proteins. Markers of intestinal inflammation, permeability, and defense were associated with growth outcomes and recovery from MAM.


The Ford Motor Company Direct Labor Management System (DLMS) is one major subsystem in a multi-phase Manufacturing Process Planning System (MPPS) intended to assist in all aspects of the manufacturing planning process. DLMS plays a central role by automatically generating detailed plant-floor assembly instructions from high level structured English descriptions and by providing consistent and accurate estimates of the associated labor times. Much of DLMS design was inspired by CONSUL [Mark 81], a system which uses classification-based reasoning in the process of interpreting natural language requests for interactive computing services. The kernel of the DLMS system is a large knowledge base of automotive assembly expertise constructed and maintained by the end-user engineering community. The central Knowledge Base Management System (KBMS) is a classification-based terminological reasoning system implemented on the NIKL model. The KBMS is tightly coupled with a natural language component which interprets the surface language process description and maps it into a set of standard atomic assembly instructions within the knowledge base. The resulting instruction set forms the basis of a knowledge based simulation which generates any auxiliary work elements necessitated by this process script.


Latest embedded bio-signal analysis applications, targeting low-power Wireless Body Sensor Nodes (WBSNs), present conflicting requirements. On one hand, bio-signal analysis applications are continuously increasing their demand for high computing capabilities. On the other hand, long-term signal processing in WBSNs must be provided within their highly constrained energy budget. In this context, parallel processing effectively increases the power efficiency of WBSNs, but only if the execution can be properly synchronized among computing elements. To address this challenge, in this work we propose a hardware/software approach to synchronize the execution of bio-signal processing applications in multi-core WBSNs. This new approach requires little hardware resources and very few adaptations in the source code. Moreover, it provides the necessary flexibility to execute applications with an arbitrarily large degree of complexity and parallelism, enabling considerable reductions in power consumption for all multi-core WBSN execution conditions. Experimental results show that a multi-core WBSN architecture using the illustrated approach can obtain energy savings of up to 40%, with respect to an equivalent single-core architecture, when performing advanced bio-signal analysis.


Abstract : The Pueblo Depot Activity Chemical Demilitarization Facility is located in Pueblo County, Colorado, about 100 miles southeast of Denver and 14 miles east of Pueblo; the Arkansas River is approximately one mile south of the activity. The facility encompasses 22,654 acres and is situated on flat to gently sloped prairie. The surrounding lands are mostly undeveloped ranchlands used for grazing, with some light commercial and residential zoned areas to the south. The Pueblo Depot Activity was established by the Ordnance Corps in 1942 as Pueblo Army Depot with the missions of storage and supply of ammunition and general supplies during World War II. After World War II the depot received the additional missions of rebuilding and maintaining artillery fire control and optical materials; reconditioning transport and combat vehicles; ammunition supply, renovation, and demilitarization; chemical and conventional munitions storage; and maintenance of Sergeant, Pershing, and Nike missiles. The depot is one of eight sites that stores lethal unitary agents in the United States. The missile maintenance mission continued until 1974 when realignment transferred most of those activities to Letterkenny Army Depot in Pennsylvania. At that time, the depot was redesignated as Pueblo Depot Activity; responsibility for the activity was reassigned to Tooele Army Depot in Utah. The activity was recommended for realignment by the Defense Secretary's Commission on Base Realignment and Closure in its December 1988 report.


The central result of this paper is a generalization of the Ehresmann fibration theorem to the infinite-dimensional and/or non-proper setting. With this aim, we introduce the concepts of strong submersion and of mapping with uniformly split kernels. First applications include a global Implicit Function Theorem and a necessary and sufficient version of Hadamard's global invertibility criterion in the setting of Finsler manifolds. Another major application makes use of the idea of asymptotic critical value (not critical point), which helps formulate various generalizations of the Palais-Smale condition for morphisms of Finsler manifolds, not merely functionals. We obtain a critical point theory for morphisms of Finsler manifolds extending many results known only for functionals, notably Ekeland's "variational" principle. These results are used to discuss a new approach to Lagrange multiplier and nonlinear eigenvalue problems, and to develop an intrinsic critical point theory for complex-analytic functionals. The latter reveals an intimate connection between conditions of Palais-Smale type and the structure of polynomial automorphisms (Jacobian Conjecture).


Finalist 2008 in The Image of Research, a competition for students in graduate or professional degree programs at UIC, sponsored by UIC's Graduate College and the University Library. Images of award recipients and honorable mention images on exhibition in the Richard J. Daley Library and the Library of the Health Sciences, May 2-30, 2008. Finalist images on exhibition in Richard J. Daley Library, May 2-30, 2008.


Ken Grant's photographs, made in the context of long-term photographic research into the representation of –and definitions of- working class communities in the Northwest of Britain are drawn from engagement and long term associations with his subjects. The work that contributed to this key exhibition for the Krakow Photo month of Photography was a response to a process of urban 'stripping', in which local men from a disenfranchised region of Birkenhead, Merseyside reclaimed clothes and other resources from waste tips and former industrial locations. Rather than a response to economic conditions, the practice photographed was an integral part of the district's character, with an alternative economy established within close and discreet social circles. Grant's photographs fore-grounded the young men living within the North end of Birkenhead who, despite financial impediments, maintained an integrity through dress and specific styling attempted and referenced in the more affluent circles of fashion culture. The work drew on the use of portraiture and observed documentary photography. It was made in association with -and with the cooperation of- a network of men who deployed unorthodox strategies to build an independent economy for themselves.The work was produced as a series of photographs that formed part of a major exhibition in the Krakow Festival of Photography, Krakow, Poland. Grant worked with the curator Jason Evans to edit and integrate photographs as part of a narrative that challenged accepted/ authorized recent histories of youth culture and social resistance. The exhibition was shown in May 2010, before it traveled to Brighton, to become part of the Brighton Photo Biennial, directed by Martin Parr under the title, New Documents October 2012.


Background: Proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells are regulated by various cell cycle promoting and inhibiting factors. Our knowledge about these proteins and mechanisms regulating cell cycle progression has increased dramatically in recent years. Aim: The present study was undertaken to examine the expression profile of cell cycle regulatory proteins in normal proliferative endometrium, hyperplasias (simple, complex and atypical) and endometrial carcinoma in a quantitative approach as also to assess correlations of Cyclin D1 expression with Ki-67 a proliferation marker. Settings and Design: A retrospective case control study in a tertiary referral centre. Materials and Methods: We evaluated and compared the expression profile of Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expressions in 61 endometrial samples submitted as either endometrial curetting or hysterectomy specimens, which were diagnosed as simple hyperplasia (n =11), complex hyperplasia (n = 13), atypical hyperplasia (n = 7), and endometrial carcinoma (n = 20). Results: There was increased expression of Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 in patients with endometrial carcinoma relative to proliferative endometrium and simple hyperplasia, but there was no such difference between cases of atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expression had a positive correlation with Ki-67 expression. Cyclin D1 together with Ki-67 may be a marker for endometrial carcinogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.


In story writing, the diverse perspectives of the crowd could support an author's search for the perfect character, setting, or plot. However, structuring crowd collaboration is challenging. Too little structure leads to unfocused, sprawling narratives, and too much structure stifles creativity. Motivated by the idea that individual creative leaders and the crowd have complementary creative strengths, we present an approach where a leader directs the high-level vision for a story and articulates creative constraints for the crowd. This approach is embodied in Ensemble, a novel collaborative story-writing platform. In a month-long short story competition, over one hundred volunteer users on the web started over fifty short stories using Ensemble. Leaders used the platform to direct collaborator work by establishing creative goals, and collaborators contributed meaningful, high-level ideas to stories through specific suggestions. This work suggests that asymmetric creative contributions may support a broad new class of creative collaborations.


Laser material processing has been demonstrated as an effective means for machining almost every solid material. The quality of laser machining depends on the processing parameters that dictate material ablation mechanisms. The understanding of the com- plex physics associated with ultrashort pulsed laser (USPL) material interaction and ablation has advanced significantly owing to a great many theoretical and experimental studies in the past 20 years. To date, USPLs have been considered as a novel tool for micro- and nano-machining of bulk or thin film materials and for internal modification of transparent materials via multi-photon absorption in a tiny focal volume. Moreover, USPL material processing is now gaining interest in other applications, such as in sensors, electronics and medical device industries.


Data similarity is a key concept in many data-driven applications. Many algorithms are sensitive to similarity measures. To tackle this fundamental problem, automatically learning of similarity information from data via self-expression has been developed and successfully applied in various models, such as low-rank representation, sparse subspace learning, semisupervised learning. However, it just tries to reconstruct the original data and some valuable information, e.g., the manifold structure, is largely ignored. In this paper, we argue that it is beneficial to preserve the overall relations when we extract similarity information. Specifically, we propose a novel similarity learning framework by minimizing the reconstruction error of kernel matrices, rather than the reconstruction error of original data adopted by existing work. Taking the clustering task as an example to evaluate our method, we observe considerable improvements compared to other state-ofthe-art methods. More importantly, our proposed framework is very general and provides a novel and fundamental building block for many other similarity-based tasks. Besides, our proposed kernel preserving opens up a large number of possibilities to embed high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space.


Government finance reforms in the United States have encouraged public entities to focus on their core mission and to use outsourcing to improve efficiency, yet little is known about whether these reforms impact rural areas differently than nonrural areas. This paper analyzes the provision of one service that is provided either in-house by school districts or outsourced— pupil transportation—and presents a variable cost function for pupil transportation for individual districts in the state of Minnesota. In-house provision of transportation was not shown to be more costly than outsourcing in either rural or nonrural locations; however, small rural districts were much more likely to provide pupil transportation in-house than other types of districts. Large contractors may seek the most profitable contracts in urban and suburban areas, while showing little interest in contracting opportunities in rural school districts.


Praise for the first edition: The impressive nature of these atlases cannot be overstated...the illustrations...are unique and should be considered real works of art. -- Journal of the American Medical Association The authors are to be congratulated on their valuable contribution to both PT and OT literature. This series will be especially helpful to the student of physical therapy or occupational therapy. -- ADVANCE for Physical Therapy Rehab Medicine THIEME Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System, Second Edition is an ideal educational tool for anyone studying anatomy with a focus on the musculoskeletal system. Each anatomic region is presented in a manner that builds understanding: starting with bones, joints, and muscles, followed by vasculature and innervation, and concluding with topographic illustrations to bring it all together. This atlas begins with a concise overview of development, surface anatomy, anatomic terminology, body systems, and the structure of bones, joints, muscles, and the nerves that innervate them. Key Features: * Expanded coverage of tissue structure and development, functional testing, diagnostic imaging, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system* Exquisite full-color illustrations with clear, thorough labeling and descriptive captions* Innovative, user-friendly format in which each two-page spread is a self-contained guide to a topic* Hundreds of clinical applications integrated into the anatomic descriptions, emphasizing the vital link between anatomic structure and function* Summary tables that are ideal for rapid review* Access to WinkingSkull.com PLUS, with over 500 images from the book for "labels-on and labels-off" review and timed self-tests The THIEME Atlas of Anatomy series also features Neck and Internal Organs and Head and Neuroanatomy. Each atlas is available in softcover.


This review examines Kelly Lytle Hernandez's book City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771-1965. The book argues for a recognition of the unacknowledged extent to which so much of our criminal enforcement system — and particularly the growth of the carceral state — embodies a broader settler-colonial project. The enslavement and the continued subjugation of African Americans is an essential component of this story. Hernandez's work situates the legacy of slavery in the broader settler-colonial frame, while simultaneously bringing into focus the ways that the elimination of indigenous peoples and related imperialist foreign policy objectives have also been important ingredients in the evolution of the contemporary criminal enforcement system. She not only provides details of events and developments that are overlooked in some other accounts, but also complicates our understanding of some well-known developments, including the growth of the federal prison system, the development and enforcement of vagrancy laws, and the interplay between immigration enforcement and criminal enforcement.
Hernandez's history of Los Angeles tells a story of the rise of mass incarceration that looks different from the story captured in other widely read, high-level accounts. Her specific and distinctive geographic focus allows her to think about how various bodies of laws and a multiplicity of state actors were interacting in synergistic ways to generate a system of social control that generally served the ends of white settlers of the Los Angeles basin at the expense of its indigenous inhabitants as well as of poor, itinerant workers, Chinese immigrants, Mexicans and Mexican Americans, and black Angelinos. In telling this story, however, Hernandez departs from several conventions of legal academic analysis. First, she ignores formalistic divisions among carceral categories. Second, she blurs more boundaries by interweaving her discussion of sites of incarceration with discussions of broader mechanisms of social control, particularly street policing. Finally, as set forth in section C, she upends the traditional focus on federal crime control policies and programs in favor of a multilevel analysis of governmental policies and practices designed to facilitate the creation of a white settler city. By collapsing the boundaries between interconnected systems and practices that are formally separate, Hernandez illuminates the common logics behind laws and policies that are often treated as unrelated. The intellectual act of drawing connections between these formally unrelated systems and practices is essential to the reform of our current system of criminal enforcement.


This memorandum describes the Mobile Infrastructure Positioning
Protocol, which specifies a protocol for distributing positioning
information from network elements which are in motion. The recipients
of positioning information as described herein are assumed to be other
nodes on the same vehicle and/or external recipients. The emphasis is
on an efficient and reliable way to provide a position reference.


We consider free fermions living on lattices in arbitrary dimensions, where hopping amplitudes follow a power-law decay with respect to the distance. We focus on the regime where this power is larger than the spatial dimension (i.e., where the single particle energies are guaranteed to be bounded) for which we provide a comprehensive series of fundamental constraints on their equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties. First, we derive a Lieb-Robinson bound which is optimal in the spatial tail. This bound then implies a clustering property with essentially the same power law for the Green's function, whenever its variable lies outside the energy spectrum. The widely believed (but yet unproven in this regime) clustering property for the ground-state correlation function follows as a corollary among other implications. Finally, we discuss the impact of these results on topological phases in long-range free-fermion systems: they justify the equivalence between Hamiltonian and state-based definitions and the extension of the short-range phase classification to systems with decay power larger than the spatial dimension. Additionally, we argue that all the short-range topological phases are unified whenever this power is allowed to be smaller.


Neuroeconomics has the potential to fundamentally change the way economics is done. This article identifies the ways in which this will occur, pitfalls of this approach, and areas where progress has already been made. The value of neuroeconomics studies for social policy lies in the quality, replicability, and relevance of the research produced. While most economists will not contribute to the neuroeconomics literature, we contend that most economists should be reading these studies.


Abstract Around Ripon, North Yorkshire, catastrophic subsidence locally occurs because of natural underground dissolution in the Permian gypsum. This airborne study assesses the merits of multispectral scanning (MSS) as a method of detecting incipient subsidence areas and as an aid to geological mapping. The multispectral method indicates subsidence areas by vegetation, soil colour and temperature variations. Computer enhancement of the multispectral images allow some subsidence details not seen by conventional photography to be delineated. The MSS images are two-dimensional and even the most detailed ones have a fairly coarse resolution (1.5–2.0m). Because of this, conventional 3D interpretation of stereo air photographs better indicates the morphology of the subsidence hollows and the geology.


In order to perform an LCA of integrated orange production in the Comunidad Valenciana two representative areas were studied. The functional unit was 1 kg oranges at the farm gate. Eight scenarios were considered according to type of irrigation, the origin of water and the tillage practice. The production of agrochemicals, the production and use of energy in agriculture (for irrigation and machinery), and the agricultural practices were included in the study. Hot spots were detected. Although differences were found between scenarios, it was difficult to establish which one is the best because some practices, such as tillage, are more advisable when considering herbicide production, but the herbicides used are more toxic. The lack of environmental information for agricultural LCA in Spain and the need to adapt some aspects of impact methodology to the Spanish soil and climate characteristics have also been pointed out.


A t by n random matrix A is formed by sampling n independent random column vectors, each containing t components. The random Gram matrix of size n, G_n, contains the dot products between all pairs of column vectors in the randomly generated matrix A; that is, G_n = transpose(A) A. The matrix G_n has characteristic roots coinciding with the singular values of A. Furthermore, the sequences det(G_i) and per(G_i) (for i = 0, 1, ..., n) are factors that comprise the expected coefficients of the characteristic and permanental polynomials of G_n. We prove theorems that relate the generating functions and recursions for the traces of matrix powers, expected characteristic coefficients, expected determinants E(det(G_n)), and expected permanents E(per(G_n)) in terms of each other. Using the derived recursions, we exhibit the efficient computation of the expected determinant and expected permanent of a random Gram matrix G_n, formed according to any underlying distribution. These theoretical results may be used both to speed up numerical algorithms and to investigate the numerical properties of the expected characteristic and permanental coefficients of any matrix comprised of independently sampled columns.


Children in the pediatric intensive care unit are indisputably in a vulnerable position, dependent on nurses to acknowledge their needs. It is assumed that children should be approached from a holistic perspective in the caring situation to meet their caring needs. The aim of the study was to unfold the meaning of nursing care through nurses' concerns when caring for children in the pediatric intensive care unit. To investigate the qualitative aspects of practice embedded in the caring situation, the interpretive phenomenological approach was adopted for the study. The findings revealed three patterns: medically oriented nursing—here, the nurses attend to just the medical needs, and nursing care is at its minimum, leaving the children's needs unmet; parent-oriented nursing care—here, the nursing care emphasizes the parents' needs in the situation, and the children are viewed as a part of the parent and not as an individual child with specific caring needs; and smooth operating nursing care orientation—here, the nursing care is focused on the child as a whole human being, adding value to the nursing care. The conclusion drawn suggests that nursing care does not always respond to the needs of the child, jeopardizing the well-being of the child and leaving them at risk for experiencing pain and suffering. The concerns present in nursing care has been shown to be the divider of the meaning of nursing care and need to become elucidated in order to improve the cultural influence of what can be seen as good nursing care within the pediatric intensive care unit.


Since 1989, international efforts to end protracted conflicts have included sustained investments in the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) of combatants. Yet while policy analysts have debated the factors that contribute to successful DDR programs and scholars have reasoned about the macro conditions that facilitate successful peace building, little is known about the factors that account for successful reintegration at the micro level. Using a new dataset of ex-combatants in Sierra Leone, this article analyzes the individual-level determinants of demobilization and reintegration. Past participation in an abusive military faction is the strongest predictor of difficulty in achieving social reintegration. On economic and political reintegration, we find that wealthier and more educated combatants face greater difficulties. Ideologues, men, and younger fighters are the most likely to retain strong ties to their factions. Most important, we find little evidence at the micro level that internationally funded programs facilitate demobilization and reintegration.


Matching schemes, where a party matches the contribution of others, reduce the effective price of a good and aim to foster its demand. We review the empirical literature on the effectiveness of these schemes in the context of public goods, especially in the field of charitable giving. As different measures of effectiveness are used, we classify results according to (i) the level of public good provision, (ii) the amount of individuals' contributions, (iii) the likelihood to give and (iv) the contribution conditional on contributing a positive amount. Generalizing results is challenging, since context specific factors matter. Predominantly, a match is found to create a significant increase in public good provision without crowding out individuals' contributions, while the effect on the likelihood of giving and contribution condition on contributing a positive amount is nonnegative. The discussion reveals several avenues for future research, as putting stronger emphasizes on long term effects, public good competition or heterogeneity in responses.


The Special Forces (SF) of the Israel Defense Force (IDF) have a long and pioneering history in tactical and medical aspects. Moreover, the importance of medical assistance is highly regarded in the Israeli SF community. Consequently, as current military challenges of Israel increase, the need for SF activity and for its medical support increases as well. Therefore, the authors anticipate that further development of SF medicine (SFM), as a specific branch of military medicine in Israel, will continue.


Aims. The aim of this paper is to try to explain the physical origin of the non-thermal electron distribution that is able to form the enhanced intensities of satellite lines in the X-ray line spectra observed during the impulsive phases of some solar flares. Methods. Synthetic X-ray line spectra of the distributions composed of the distribution of shock reflected electrons and the background Maxwellian distribution are calculated in the approximation of non-Maxwellian ionization, recombination, excitation and de-excitation rates. The distribution of shock reflected electrons is determined analytically. Results. We found that the distribution of electrons reflected at the nearly-perpendicular shock resembles, at its high-energy part, the so called n -distribution. Therefore it could be able to explain the enhanced intensities of Si xiid satellite lines. However, in the region immediately in front of the shock its effect is small because electrons in background Maxwellian plasma are much more numerous there. Therefore, we propose a model in which the shock reflected electrons propagate to regions with smaller densities and different temperatures. Combining the distribution of the shock-reflected electrons with the Maxwellian distribution having different densities and temperatures we found that spectra with enhanced intensities of the satellite lines are formed at low densities and temperatures of the background plasma when the combined distribution is very similar to the n -distribution also in its low-energy part. In these cases, the distribution of the shock-reflected electrons controls the intensity ratio of the allowed Si xiii and Si xiv lines to the Si xiid satellite lines. The high electron densities of the background plasma reduce the effect of shock-reflected electrons on the composed electron distribution function, which leads to the Maxwellian spectra.


Although arsenic has been classified as human carcinogen and its acute toxicity has long been known, the long term health effects of trace arsenic levels have only recently been realized. The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water was consequently lowered from 50 µg/L to 10 µg/L in 2002, resulting in many water utilities needing upgraded to achieve compliance. In groundwater treatment, Fe-Mn oxidation and microfiltration has been recognized as a cost-effective technology since arsenic removal is facilitated during the removal of iron and manganese.This study investigated the efficiency of arsenic removal using Fe-Mn oxidation/microfiltration under various process conditions including iron to arsenic ratio, pH, potassium permanganate dose, contact time, oxidation state of iron, and stirring in dead-end filtration cell. Arsenite removal was relatively insensitive to variations in pH in the range of 6.5-8.0 when only aeration was applied, but the impact of pH was important in the potassium permanganate oxidation. At neutral pH, iron to arsenic ratio of 60 was sufficient to reduce the arsenic concentrations ranging from 25-250 ppb to below 10 ppb (primary MCL for arsenic) with aeration and microfiltration. The oxidation state of iron did not considerably affect the arsenic removal. Oxidation with potassium permanganate facilitated additional arsenite removal compared to aeration alone. Although higher arsenic removals were observed at pH 7.0 than at pH 8.0, identical residual arsenic concentrations were obtained with 0.5 mg/L permanganate dose at both pH values.In experiments with various iron levels, concentrations of iron in the permeate remained around 0.01 mg/L, which is far below the secondary MCL for iron (0.3 mg/L), while the manganese standard (0.05 mg/L) was only met when initial concentration of manganese was 0.2 mg/L. Iron and manganese particles were the primary reason for membrane fouling. The results of this study are important for water treatment systems using groundwater with elevated arsenic and iron concentrations as a raw water source. The proposed technology is much simpler to operate than a conventional coagulation process and chemical requirements are minimized by utilizing existing iron concentration in the raw water.


In western countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, many people with disabilities benefit from the help their assistance dogs provide. In contrast, assistance dogs have not become widespread in Japan. This study explores the perspectives of Japanese people with disabilities, including the obstacles they have experienced when considering acquiring an assistance dog. A paper-based questionnaire was used to investigate the experiences of people with orthopedic, hearing, or visual disabilities. The results showed that a minority of participants with orthopedic (13.9%), hearing (31.6%), or visual (16.0%) disabilities hoped to live with an assistance dog. Younger people (18-59 years of age) hoped to have one more often than older people (over 60 years of age), which was related to their frequency of going out of the house. Younger people were more active in going outside regularly; older women were the least active. People with orthopedic disabilities were less active than those with other disabilities. Younger people were also more experienced in keeping dogs, and liked playing with them more. Younger women showed the greatest interest in living with an assistance dog, and older women the least interest; targeting information and encouragement to younger women may be most productive for placing dogs. Among people who did not hope to acquire an assistance dog, 6.1-11.6% of them felt sorry for dogs that are required to go through training, and 8.3-16.1% of them answered that they hated dogs. Our results indicated that Japanese are influenced by cultural, historical, and environmental contexts, and are not yet fully familiar with and accepting of the concepts of working dogs that are typical in the western countries. Most of the participants who hoped to live with an assistance dog had not actually applied for one. They gave the following reasons: there were inevitable negative aspects of living with dogs and sources of information, training systems, and policies by the governments and/or assistance dog organizations were cumbersome and inconvenient. The overall strategies to provide assistance dogs to people with disabilities need to be more accessible and accommodate the specific needs of the people who have disabilities.


Information and communication technology (ICT) applied in the field of education is diverse in nature, and it is progressing continually. Advances in the development of smart phones in terms of both software and hardware capabilities have been considerable, and have provided new opportunities for e-learning. It can be argued that a key goal of companies is to produce
applications that are productive, and more importantly, user friendly in nature so that they can deliver the best user experience to their customers. This paper reports on an investigation of user preferences when using an e-learning application designed to meet the needs of e-learners. Data was collected to gather evidence of their preferences with respect to both web and mobile applications. This study is part of a large research project, which aim to investigate the potential of e-learning within higher education using multiple e-learning applications. This paper undertakes the first phase of this research project. In the first phase, two user groups with a relatively similar age group (21-30 years) were asked to experiment the use of two different interfaces: one of a mobile application and the second of a web application. Both applications include information that aim to support international
students. The information provided was based on one of the universities located in the USA. The information was obtained from the international office, which included facilities available, directions, events and workshops,
important contacts, etc. Feedback on the use of both mobile and web applications was gathered using semi-structured
interviews. Four interviews were conducted with two participants from each of the user groups within this study. The results indicate that both background and experience of
using ICT applications highly influenced how both (web and mobile) applications were perceived. The analysis show that type of information and its representation play an important role in determining its efficiency and usefulness for the user. This study draws an important insight into the future of both web and mobile applications within the higher education environment. The next phase following this study aims to examine the results gathered in this study on a wider audience. This study provides an important foundation towards support understanding
potentials and limitations for both web and mobile applications.


Abstract This present article is part of a larger study on speaker-hearer allocation of attentional resources in face-to-face interactions. The goal of the paper is twofold: first, we present results concerning the degree of correlation, in computer-mediated conversation, between speaker's timing and intensity of smiling when humor is either present or absent in the conversation. The results were obtained from the analysis of five dyadic interactions between English speakers that were video and audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to establish a baseline of synchronicity of smiling among participants. From the study it emerged that conversational partners engaged in humorous conversations not only reciprocate each other's smiling, but also match each other's smiling intensity. Our data led to the identification of different smiling and non-smiling synchronic behaviors that point to the existence of a synchronous multimodal relationship between humorous events and smiling intensity for conversational partners. Second, in the last part of the paper, we argue for the need of a multimodal conversational corpus in humor studies and present the corpus that is being collected, annotated, and analyzed at Texas A&M University–Commerce. The corpus consists of humorous interactions among dyads of native speakers of English, Spanish, and Chinese for which video, audio, and eye-tracking data have been recorded. As part of this section of the paper, we also present some preliminary results based on the analysis of one English conversation, and some exploratory analysis of Chinese data, that show that greater attention is paid to facial areas involved in smiling when humor is present. This study sheds light on the role of smiling as a discourse marker (Attardo, S., L. Pickering, F. Lomotey & S. Menjo. 2013. Multimodality in Conversational Humor. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 11(2). 400–414.), and therefore as a meaningful device in verbal communication.


AN EXAMINATION OF COGNITIVE PRESENCE AND LEARNING OUTCOME IN AN ASYNCHRONOUS DISCUSSION FORUM by Tan Minh Tran Web-based learning progresses as access to the Internet grows. As learners and educators in virtual learning communities, we strive for ways to measure how well teachers teach and learners learn. While the literature is replete with articles and books discussing online learning from the perspective of social and teaching presence, there are few studies that examine the relationship between cognitive presence and learning effectiveness in an online environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive presence and learning outcome in an asynchronous discussion forum. Thus, this study examined performance in an online course in relation to student interaction and level of cognitive presence in the course. The data were collected from students enrolled in 10 sections of an online class taught at a large public university in the Southeastern United States. The study was mixed-method in nature. It consisted both of qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics with Pearson correlations between the dependent variable (student course module grades) and the independent variables (maximum levels of cognitive presence, number of messages and message lengths). The study resulted in two key theoretical contributions. The first is that maximum level of cognitive presence is a better indicator of student learning than mean level of cognitive presence. The results of the study indicate that students achieved mastery of the subject matter over time. Typically cognitive presence has been measured as a mean score for a course. This strategy is akin to giving the student a pre-test on a body of content at the beginning of the lesson, and a post test at the end, and then averaging these two to determine the student"s grade. Doing so seems to ignore, or at least diminish the fact that learning occurs over time. Student mastery of a content is a better indicator of learning than student progress. Thus, this study suggests that a more appropriate measure of student learning, in terms of cognitive presence, is the maximum level reached by every student, rather than the mean level of all students. The second theoretical contribution is that in on-line learning, a student displaying the cognitive presence "Resolution" stage in a discussion may inhibit others from displaying that stage. When a student has posted a message at the resolution stage during a discussion other students are more likely to respond with messages like "I agree" than they are to restate the resolution stage message. The "I agree" type message would not be coded at the resolution stage, thus the student who posted that message would not be seen to have reached that stage, when in fact, he or she may well have done so. This leads to a faulty perception of the overall level of cognitive presence. It may be difficult to control for this inhibitory effect but some creative structuring of course content and assignments should make it possible. Future studies addressing cognitive presence in online learning environments should take both of these ideas into consideration. AN EXAMINATION OF COGNITIVE PRESENCE AND LEARNING OUTCOME IN AN ASYNCHRONOUS DISCUSSION FORUM by Tan Minh Tran


Most cultivated and characterized eukaryotes can be confidently assigned to one of eight major groups. After a few false starts, we are beginning to resolve relationships among these major groups as well. However, recent developments are radically revising this picture again, particularly (i)the discovery of the likely antiquity and taxonomic diversity of ultrasmall eukaryotes, and (ii)a fundamental rethinking of the position of the root. Together these data suggest major gaps in our understanding simply of what eukaryotes are or, when it comes to the tree, even which end is up.


Among the challenges faced by postcolonial African literature are the presumptions and naïveté of Westerners. The Western reader typically assumes Africans have nothing to write about outside their feelings about Westerners. As much as Africa is shaped by independence and neocolonialism, identity cannot be understood purely as a reaction to Euro American influences any more than by viewing literature produced in contemporary Africa in a vacuum. Rather, much of contemporary African literature seeks to conceptualize identity as an observation of tradition with a vision to the future: identity is formed neither by reminiscing about a Romantic past nor by decontextualizing the past. Many African texts abstract the difficulty of asserting non-colonial identity while overcoming colonial history with the use of magical realism. This paper offers a theoretical and historical background associating the conventions of magical realism with postcolonial texts before providing a close reading of three post-war African novels, Amos Tutuola's The Palm-wine Drinkard (1953), Bessie Head's A Question of Power (1974) and K. Sello Duiker's Thirteen Cents (2013). These novels each deploy magic realism as a way to abstract a project of self-making that appreciates a history of colonialism yet seeks to break free from external identifiers. Through magic realism, these novels demonstrate African literature's interest in self-making and provide a case for a self-constructed African identity that acknowledges and departs from the continent's colonized history.


In times when public and private spheres are mediated more than ever, this volume looks at the way personal and collective memories are employed to revise and reconstruct old and new forms of individual and social life. Considering both retrospective memories and the prospective employment of memories, Memory in a Mediated World examines troubled times that demand resolution, recovery and restoration. The chapters assembled in this volume provide empirically grounded analyses of how media are employed by individuals and social groups to connect the past, the present and the future. The volume argues that experiences of private or public crisis often allow for a projective use of memories, be they individual or collective. Hence, contrary to the idea that such states of exception eliminate memories, the volume examines the ways in which memories in and of traumatic, conflictual or incisive events and experiences are addressed through a productive employment of past experiences, ideas, relationships or strategies.


We describe a free Web-based service for the inflection of single words and multi-word terms for French and German. Its primary purpose is to provide glossary authors (instructors or students) of an open electronic learning management system with a practical way to add inflected variants for their glossary entries. The necessary morpho-syntactic processing for analysis and generation is implemented by finite-state transducers and a unification-based grammar framework in a declarative and principled way. The techniques required for German and French terms cover two typological different types of term creation and both can be easily transferred to other languages.


PURPOSE
To identify the capacities, needs and concerns of the physicist in current radiation oncology workforce and prepare to meet future challenges, improve quality and safety in patient care and slow the rising cost of health care.

METHODS
ASTRO conducted a workforce survey in 2012 in collaboration with AAPM and other specialty societies. All segments of the radiation oncology workforce were surveyed. An expert panel, made up of volunteers from each segment and representatives of the collaborating societies, assisted in developing survey questions. The questions underwent cognitive response testing. The data collection period was approximately three months. 17.6% of the 6,286 physicists receiving the survey responded. In addition to compiling data on the education, board certification, workload and job satisfaction, the participants were also asked about patient safety environment, new technologies they have adopted and their ideas on improving quality and safety in patient care.

RESULTS
This survey mapped out the characteristics of the current radiation oncology workforce, as well as the needs and concerns of the current and future workforces. 93.9% of physicists work full time. 64.4% are ABR certified. On average, 51.5% of a workload related to physicists is patient specific clinical tasks and 26.1% is quality assurance. 58.1% of respondents think their workload is heavy; the mean work week was 46.6 hours. 57.2% of physicists believed that there is an oversupply of physicists in their area vs. 12% of administrators that shared this belief. 73.5% of physicists believed that they should participate in a local CME program which is procedure-specific in order to deliver radiation therapy with high quality/safety and keep up with the development of new technologies.

CONCLUSION
The survey results will be valuable in assisting us in predicting future manpower needs and provide guidance in developing future policies to meet rising demands of radiation therapy.


The multi-functional role of the rural space is gradually being enhanced in recent decades, as agriculture seems to be losing its leading position. The diversification of local economies through the exploitation of natural resources is being highlighted as a fundamental driving force for development. Renewable Energy Resources (RES) and, more specifically, the establishment of Small Hydropower (SHP) stations can also contribute towards integrated local development. The present paper examines the views of citizens in Serres prefecture concerning the present and future development of their area, as well as the impact on local development from the establishment and operation of SHP stations. The research was carried out with the help of a questionnaire distributed in Serres prefecture (Northern Greece), and multivariate statistical methods were used for data processing purposes. Based on the results of the research, we arrive at the conclusion that the respondents are aware of both the developmental and the environmentally friendly role of SHP stations.


The emerged novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has created a global health crisis that warrants an accurate and detailed characterization of the rapidly evolving viral genome for understanding its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and containment. Here, we explored 61,485 sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, a potent diagnostic and prophylactic target, for identifying the mutations to review their roles in real‐time polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis and observe consequent impacts. Compared to the Wuhan reference strain, a total of 1034 unique nucleotide mutations were identified in the mutant strains (49.15%, n = 30,221) globally. Of these mutations, 367 occupy primer binding sites including the 3′‐end mismatch to the primer‐pair of 11 well‐characterized primer sets. Noteworthily, CDC (USA) recommended the N2 primer set contained a lower mismatch than the other primer sets. Moreover, 684 amino acid (aa) substitutions were located across 317 (75.66% of total aa) unique positions including 82, 21, and 83 of those in the RNA binding N‐terminal domain (NTD), SR‐rich region, and C‐terminal dimerization domain, respectively. Moreover, 11 in‐frame deletions, mostly (n = 10) within the highly flexible linker region, were revealed, and the rest was within the NTD region. Furthermore, we predicted the possible consequence of high‐frequency mutations (≥20) and deletions on the tertiary structure of the N protein. Remarkably, we observed that a high frequency (67.94% of mutated sequences) co‐occuring mutations (R203K and G204R) destabilized and decreased overall structural flexibility. The N protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 comprises an average of 1.2 mutations per strain compared to 4.4 and 0.4 in Middle East respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus and SARS‐CoV, respectively. Despite being proposed as the alternative target to spike protein for vaccine and therapeutics, the ongoing evolution of the N protein may challenge these endeavors, thus needing further immunoinformatics analyses. Therefore, continuous monitoring is required for tracing the ongoing evolution of the SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein in prophylactic and diagnostic interventions.


It is difficult to recognize portraits that have been coarsely sampled and quantized. Blurring such images improves recognition. A simple, straightforward explanation is that high-frequency noise introduced by the sampling and quantizing must be removed by low-pass filtering to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and hence signal detectability or recognition. Experiments reported here, suggested on the basis of a different model, show instead that noise bands that are spectrally adjacent to the picture's spectrum are considerably more effective in suppressing recognition.


This paper is essentially an introduction to the use of multivariate time series analyses of the Northern Irish conflict from 1969-1981.It draws on the conceptual work of Paul Smoker to describe systemic conflict relationships between all the parties to this conflict. Using some of the most comprehensive statistical documentation ever compiled on an internal conflict, the authors present an innovative methodology to show the highly structured nature of this conflict over a long period of time. The paper and its ancillary web sites present not only the data archive, but also the univariate, bivariate and multivariate time series programmes used to make the analyses. The outputs are presented in the form of descriptions of associated influence or 'systemograms' which can describe the dynamic and changing conflict ecology where apparently disparate conflict behaviour such as house searches, plastic bullet firings and the killing of military personnel, are highly correlated. Measures of autocorrelation are used to suggest a loss of freedom in the actions of particular conflict participants. Particular attention is given to the use of "less-lethal weapons" and their impact on overall conflict dynamics. What emerges is that sectarian killings form a distinct conflict susbset, whereas the counter-insurgency behaviour of the state security forces act as a conflict driver, ratchet ting up the conflict as each more severe phase of the counterinsurgency programme is introduced. The paper attempts to introduce a whole systems conflict approach which is both dynamic and puzzling, since in many respects it indicates cooperation between the various participants to carry on the conflict at a systemic level. The provisional lessons of this study are that sub-state conflict control measures can prove dysfunctional. The work is very much a case of research in progress and the findings remain tentative. We are re-introducing it at this time since it does open the prospect of repeating the research methodology in other sub-state conflicts such as Israel and Iraq, if reliable data were ever to become available.


ABSTRACT This article critically examines the role of informal sport within attempts to increase sport participation. Informal sport is a contested concept that government and non-government agencies are grappling with. In this article, the focus is on participation that is self-organised and not club based. The research reported reflects that at present, policy makers and practitioners have not seriously considered how informal sport may be positioned as a central facet in efforts to respond to participation objectives and associated health and social policy agendas. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders responsible for promoting community sport participation in Victoria, Australia, the authors explore some of the tensions and challenges that stakeholders experience in supporting and managing informal sport. The findings indicate that current practices limit the potential of informal sport. Drawing on concepts from collaborative governance, the article concludes that changes to both culture and practices within sport development systems are required in order for stakeholders to harness the potential of informal participation.


We study the consumption response to typical labor income shocks and investigate how these vary by wealth and race. First, we estimate the elasticity of consumption with respect to income using an instrument based on firm-wide changes in monthly pay. While much of the consumption-smoothing literature uses variation in unusual windfall income, this instrument captures the income variation that households typically experience. In addition, because it can be constructed for every worker in every month, it allows for more precision than most previous estimates. We implement this approach in administrative bank account data and find an average elasticity of 0.23, with a standard error of 0.01. The increased precision also allows us to address an open question about the extent of heterogeneity by wealth in the elasticity. We find a much lower consumption response for high liquidity households, which may help discipline structural consumption models. Second, we use this instrument to study how wealth shapes racial inequality. An extensive body of work documents a substantial racial and ethnic wealth gap. However, less is known about how this gap translates into differences in welfare on a month-to-month basis. We make progress on this question by combining our instrument for typical income volatility with a new dataset linking bank account data with race and Hispanicity. We find that black (Hispanic) households cut their consumption 50 (20) percent more than white households when faced with a similarly-sized income shock. Nearly all of this differential pass-through of income to consumption is explained in a statistical sense by differences in liquid wealth. Combining our empirical estimates with a model, we show that temporary income volatility has a substantial welfare cost for all groups. Because of racial disparities in consumption smoothing, the cost is at least 50 percent higher for black households and 20 percent higher for Hispanic households than it is for white households.


BACKGROUND
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which abnormal mucus in the lungs is associated with susceptibility to persistent infection. Pulmonary exacerbations are when symptoms of infection become more severe. Antibiotics are an essential part of treatment for exacerbations and inhaled antibiotics may be used alone or in conjunction with oral antibiotics for milder exacerbations or with intravenous antibiotics for more severe infections. Inhaled antibiotics do not cause the same adverse effects as intravenous antibiotics and may prove an alternative in people with poor access to their veins.

OBJECTIVES
To determine if treatment of pulmonary exacerbations with inhaled antibiotics in people with cystic fibrosis improves their quality of life, reduces time off school or work and improves their long-term survival.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry for relevant trials. Date of last search: 15 March 2012We also searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Group's Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register. Date of the last search: 01 June 2012.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials in people with cystic fibrosis with a pulmonary exacerbation in whom treatment with inhaled antibiotics was compared to placebo, standard treatment or another inhaled antibiotic for between one and four weeks.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently selected eligible trials, assessed the risk of bias in each trial and extracted data. Authors of the included trials were contacted for more information.

MAIN RESULTS
Six trials with 208 participants were included in the review. Trials were heterogenous in design and interventions (however, all included trials compared inhaled versus intravenous antibiotic regimens). Risk of bias was difficult to assess in most trials. Results were not fully reported and only limited data were available for analysis. Four trials reported some results on forced expiratory volume at one second and found no significant differences between the inhaled antibiotic and the comparison intervention. In two of these trials using 300 mg of inhaled tobramycin, the change in forced expiratory volume at one second was similar to intravenous tobramycin; and in one trial the time until the next exacerbation was not different. No important adverse effects were reported.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is little useful high-level evidence to judge the effectiveness of inhaled antibiotics for the treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis. The included trials were not sufficiently powered to achieve their goals. Hence, we are unable to demonstrate whether one treatment was superior to the other or not. Further research is needed to establish whether inhaled tobramycin may be used as an alternative to intravenous tobramycin for some pulmonary exacerbations.


One of the motivations to study the behavior of the Internet is to find out the best way to maintain the relative stability of the global network. This leads into the investigations of events that impair the performance of the system such as congestion that occurs whenever the demand for resources exceed the available capacity. When the congestion is left uncontrolled the performance of the whole system degrades through severe delays, lost packets, and even a complete shutdown of the network. Hence, congestion management through monitoring, detection and control is necessary in order to sustain acceptable levels of network performance and this may be done via the transport protocols. Consequently, many modifications of the original TCP protocol have been implemented to manage the control. On the other hand, unlike TCP, UDP has no knowledge of congestion whatsoever and hence unresponsive to the network problems.The work explores the possibility to influence and modify the unresponsive behavior of UDP or similar protocols via the mobile agent paradigm. The autonomous entities are able to migrate across the network and sense the state of the network and when needed tame the intensity of UDP or alike flows to prevent congestion. The proposed model is termed the Combined Model for Congestion Control (CM4CC) and has two different objectives. The first one is to employ the host centric or end-to-end (E2E) congestion control mechanisms for the TCP flows; the second one is to invoke the mobile agent paradigm to manage the non-TCP (or UDP) traffic. Both mechanisms must work together to avoid congestion. When it eventually appears, they have to assist the network in speedy recovery and return to the normal mode of operation. The validity of the CM4CC has been verified through numerous simulation scenarios using the Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET). The results provide the basis for an environment that makes possible the coexistence of responsive and unresponsive flows.


Feature location has long been recognized as an important reverse engineering activity to identify the implementation of a given system functionality in the source code. In this paper, we present a simple yet powerful approach for solving the feature location problem based on impact analysis. The presented approach combines two different sources of information: an execution trace that corresponds to the software feature under study and a static component dependency graph (CDG). Using the CDG, we rank the components invoked in the trace by measuring the impact of a component modification on the rest of the system. Our hypothesis is that the smaller the impact of a component modification, the more likely it is that the component is specific to the feature under study. A case study is presented to support the applicability of our approach


We investigate organisational and environmental factors that influence firms' incentives to develop high-quality internal audit functions (IAFs) by using a unique international sample formed by matching proprietary data from a global internal auditor survey with public data obtained from Worldscope. Concerning organisational factors, we find that a positive relationship exists between IAF quality and firm complexity and confirm that complex firms have a higher demand for monitoring and advising and, therefore, a greater need for formal controls. In addition, IAF quality is positively related to board monitoring and audit committee diligence but negatively associated with CEO power, which suggests that IAF quality is influenced by other key players in corporate governance. Regarding environmental factors, we document that IAF quality is positively associated with industry competition, which implies that a firm's incentive for a high-quality IAF is enhanced when confronted with greater environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, IAF quality has a significantly positive relationship with our self-constructed index of IAF requirements included in national corporate governance codes, which indicates that strong home-country corporate governance codes play a role in fostering IAF development.


Graph embedding methods produce unsupervised node features from graphs that can then be used for a variety of machine learning tasks. Modern graphs, particularly in industrial applications, contain billions of nodes and trillions of edges, which exceeds the capability of existing embedding systems. We present PyTorch-BigGraph (PBG), an embedding system that incorporates several modifications to traditional multi-relation embedding systems that allow it to scale to graphs with billions of nodes and trillions of edges. PBG uses graph partitioning to train arbitrarily large embeddings on either a single machine or in a distributed environment. We demonstrate comparable performance with existing embedding systems on common benchmarks, while allowing for scaling to arbitrarily large graphs and parallelization on multiple machines. We train and evaluate embeddings on several large social network graphs as well as the full Freebase dataset, which contains over 100 million nodes and 2 billion edges.


During the last two decades there has been an increase in using dynamic tariffs for billing household electricity consumption. This has questioned the suitability of traditional pricing schemes, such as two-part tariffs, since they contribute to create marked peak and offpeak demands. The aim of this paper is to assess if two-part tariffs are an efficient pricing scheme using Spanish household electricity microdata. An ordered probit model with instrumental variables on the determinants of power level choice and non-paramentric spline regressions on the electricity price distribution will allow us to distinguish between the tariff structure choice and the simultaneous demand decisions. We conclude that electricity consumption and dwellings' and individuals' characteristics are key determinants of the fixed charge paid by Spanish households Finally, the results point to the inefficiency of the two-part tariff as those consumers who consume more electricity pay a lower price than the others.


The Chinese housing market has grown rapidly following its liberalization in the 1990s, generating significant economic activity and demand for base metals. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the Chinese housing market and quantify its importance for the overall Chinese economy and its linkages to base metal prices. We estimate that the housing boom was responsible for roughly a quarter of the 85 per cent increase in base metal prices from 2002 to 2010. Since 2014, however, a substantial inventory overhang has led to a steep correction in the housing market, which in turn has contributed up to a third of the 25 per cent decline in base metal prices. While the drag on metal prices should ease as the Chinese housing market stabilizes, the level of support from this sector will likely remain minimal compared with the experience of the past decade.


Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and extended range electric vehicles, are under evaluation by the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA) and other various stakeholders to better understand their capability and potential petroleum reduction benefits. PEVs could allow users to significantly improve fuel economy over a standard hybrid electric vehicles, and in some cases, depending on daily driving requirements and vehicle design, PEVs may have the ability to eliminate petroleum consumption entirely for daily vehicle trips. The AVTA is working jointly with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) to assist in the further development of standards necessary for the advancement of PEVs. This report analyzes different methods and available hardware for advanced communications between the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and the PEV; particularly Power Line Devices and their physical layer. Results of this study are not conclusive, but add to the collective knowledge base in this area to help define further testing that will be necessary for the development of the final recommended SAE communications standard. The Idaho National Laboratory and the Electric Transportation Applications conduct the AVTA for the United States Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Program.


PURPOSE
The advent of intravitreal pharmacologic therapies opened a new perspective in the treatment of Irvine-Gass syndrome with potential side effects. In this case report we evaluated the efficacy of steroid sub-Tenon injection treatment in chronic macular edema.

METHODS
Five sub-Tenon injections, each of 0.8 cc of 4 mg betamethasone, were performed at 1-week intervals, followed by a second cycle of 5 sub-Tenon injections with the same cadency injections 4 months after the first cycle in a 52-year-old Caucasian woman with post-cataract surgery macular edema (Irvine-Gass syndrome).

RESULTS
At first examination, the patient showed a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 0.52 (logMAR). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed a foveal thickness of 893+/-4 microm and total macular volume of 15.41 mm3. Eleven months after starting treatment, BSCVA was 0.39 (logMAR) with reduction in metamorphopsia and better color sensitivity. OCT showed a foveal thickness of 217 microm and total macular volume of 8.05 mm3. Differential map between the first and the last OCTs showed a foveal thickness reduction of 660 microm.

CONCLUSIONS
The significant improvement observed in this case of postsurgical macular edema showed how sub-Tenon steroidal injections proved to be useful as a first-step therapy.


Non-doped as well as titanium and lutetium doped zirconia (ZrO2) materials were synthesized via the sol-gel method and structurally characterized with X-ray powder diffraction. The addition of Ti in the zirconia lattice does not change the crystalline structure whilst the Lu doping introduces a small fraction of the tetragonal phase. The UV excitation results in a bright white-blue luminescence at ca. 500 nm for all the materials which emission could be assigned to the Ti3+eg → t2g transition. The persistent luminescence originates from the same Ti3+ center. The thermoluminescence data shows a well-defined though rather similar defect structures for all the zirconia materials. The kinetics of persistent luminescence was probed with the isothermal decay curve analyses which indicated significant retrapping. The short duration of persistent luminescence was attributed to the quasi-continuum distribution of the traps and to the possibility of shallow traps even below the room temperature.


Demand for commercial bee (Apis mellifera) services recently has increased, resulting in greater use of mobile apiaries for crop pollination. When commercial apiaries are moved into areas occupied by black bears (Ursus americanus), conflicts between beekeepers and bears sometimes occur. Commercial pollination often involves moving apiaries among agricultural fields, and, thus, permanent fencing is not a viable option for reducing damage by bears. In 2010, we tested the effectiveness of 4 temporary electric fence designs for excluding black bears from bait sites in northern Michigan. We determined the effectiveness of each fence design by observing bear behavior obtained from 24-hour video surveillance. From >433 minutes of bear–fence interactions (BFI), we recorded 168 BFIs in 73 visits by an estimated 15 bears. The only fence design deemed 100% effective at excluding bears consisted of 3 polytape strands charged with 5,000 V and spaced 0.58, 0.39, and 0.23 m from the ground, respectively. Proper fence construction and maintenance are critical elements of effectiveness, and we provide guidance on each. Our results demonstrate that low-cost temporary fencing can be an effective tool for excluding bears from localized sites, such as apiaries.


In Canada, initial public offerings (IPOs) have decreased sharply over the past twenty years, inducing potentially substantial negative effects on the economy. The reasons for this decrease are controversial. To contribute to the debate, we analyze the Canadian IPO market over three decades (1986-2016). First we illustrate its specificities using IPOs on the main and the venture stock exchanges and using other junior markets a benchmark. We discuss the evolution of the IPOs, which differs considerably between natural resource and non-natural resource firms. We then provide empirical evidence based on 2,145 Canadian IPOs. On average, these IPOs generate three-year negative abnormal returns, and more than 70% report negative abnormal returns. Large issuers reporting profits constitute the only subsample that provides fair returns, but they account for less than 5% of IPOs. We observe a high level of skewness of abnormal returns, consistent with the behavioral finance proposition that investors are often unduly optimistic when valuing lottery stocks. The lemon market characteristics of the Canadian IPO market can probably explain why it is vanishing.


An important goal of accounting research is to provide evidence that improves the analysis of financial statements for predicting future profitability. Research (Sloan 1996; Xie 2001) has found that (1) the persistence of earnings performance depends on the proportions of the cash and accrual components and that (2) a market inefficiency results from the failure of investors to fully appreciate the implications of cash flows and accruals for future earnings performance. In this study we investigate whether these results with respect to accruals can be generalized to another form of growth in net operating assets. We find that growth in long-term net operating assets, like accruals, has a negative association with one-year-ahead return on assets. We also find that the negative associations of both forms of growth (accruals and growth in long-term net operating assets) to one-year-ahead return on assets are attributable to the effect of growth on the denominator of return on assets. Furthermore, we find that the apparent market mispricing of accruals applies to growth in long-term net operating assets and that the severity of the mispricing does not significantly differ between the components of growth. Thus, the results suggest that the accrual anomaly documented in Sloan (1996) is a subset of a larger anomaly with respect to a general market mispricing of growth in net operating assets. Statement Analysis, Market Mispricing


Regular meal consumption, consistent physical activity habits and a diet characterized by a favourable nutrient profile all contribute to a healthy lifestyle. Regrettably, the eating behaviours of adolescents are characterized by high consumption of ready to eat foods, frequent snacking especially of food of low nutrition quality and unhealthy weight loss practices such as skipping meals, more so breakfast. The poor choices on what to eat and snack on, made by the adolescents, puts them at risk of being underweight, overweight and or obese. Under nutrition, overweight and obesity are issues of public health concern, as they world faces the double burden of malnutrition. The aim of the study was to determine the dietary habits and nutrition status of adolescents in mixed day public secondary schools. As such, the study adopted a cross-sectional analytical study design. The study population comprised of adolescents in mixed public day secondary schools in Thika, Kiambu County, Kenya where 212 adolescents responded to the study instruments. Data was collected using researcher administered structured questionnaires. Data on dietary intake was collected using 7-day food diary and a seven-day food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measures of Weight, height; which was used to calculate body mass index and waist circumference as well hip circumference to calculate waist-hip ratio were also taken to determine the nutrition status. Dietary intake data was analysed using nutri-survey, while WHO anthro-plus was used to calculate the nutrition status of the adolescents. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (IBMTM) version 20. The results indicated that adolescent skip meals especially the breakfast meal, consume high sugar food, and carbonated drinks. The average energy intake per day was 2467.1±723.96 Kcal with only 21.1% of boy and 35.9% girls attained the RDA. Majority of the respondents 88.7% had z-scores of between < +1sd and >-2sd, 5.7% were at risk of metabolic disorders as assess using waist circumference while 4.7% had abdominal obesity when waist-hip ratio was determined.