At the turn of the century, millions of European women set sail with their families for the United States. Behind them stood a world of peasant agriculture and small town life. Ahead lay the concrete metropolis, swept by the winds of industrial development. Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars tells the story of the Jewish and Italian women who came to inhabit New York's Lower East Side during this period of massive migration. By looking at two generations--mothers born in the Old World, and daughters born in the new--and making extensive use of oral histories, Elizabeth Ewen presents the compelling tale of a metamorphosis in life and in perception.


Abstract In this study, the technical performance of culture, two commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, rapid plate agglutination (RPA) test, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, and eight commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were compared for the detection of avian mycoplasma infections from 3 days postinfection (d.p.i.) through 35 d.p.i. The tests were carried out on samples from specified pathogen-free layers that were infected at 66 wk of age with recent Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) field strains, MS and MG ATCC strains, and Mycoplasma imitans (MIM), respectively. Results showed a high percentage of positive samples in the homologous infected groups and a high percentage of negative samples (100%) in the uninfected and heterologous infected groups during 35 d.p.i. of both culture and PCR tests. For the group infected with the MG 15302 ATCC strain, serology was more sensitive than bacteriology. All MG and MS tests, with the exception of MG ELISA kit D showed a lower percentage of positive samples during 35 d.p.i. for the detection of the MG and MS ATCC strain infection compared with that of the field strains. Also, the number of cross-reactions (false positives) in the serologic tests was lower after infection with an ATCC strain than after an infection with the MG or MS field strain. Contradictory to other studies, the ELISAs and the RPA test using undiluted serum showed a relatively high number of false-positive results. The MG ELISAs (except ELISA kit D) showed more false-positive results (up to 37%) in the MIM-infected group than in the MS-infected groups. This was not unexpected, as MIM and MG have a close antigenic relationship. The results of the serologic tests in this study showed that a certain level of false-positive results can be expected in about any serologic test. Although the level of false-positive results varied between several serologic tests, this study showed that it is not advisable to rely completely on one test (system) only.


Management meted out punishment to enforce rules and encourage adherence. However, the effectiveness depended on how the employees perceive and interpret the policy. This study tested the effect of reducing individual lateness in a plastic factory. Field experiment was conducted to test the behavioral reaction of employees to fines in two different conditions. In the first condition, employees paid fines to employer and in the second condition employees paid fines to co-worker. While the two conditions relied on cost and benefit to reduce misconduct, employees in condition two could also compare the difference of fines received/paid by him and his co-worker. The results showed that the attendance only improved in the second condition and not in the first condition. The result suggested the importance of social norm (e.g. distributive fairness) in the enforcement policy.


Background: Annona muricata L. possesses multitudinous curative benefits and used traditionally to treat diverse ailments including cancer. The current study was undertaken to assess and investigate the physicochemical and phytochemical profile in different parts (rind, pulp, seed, leaf, bark and root) of Annona muricata L. collected from the State of Goa to determine requisite pharmacognostic standards for evaluating the plant material. Methods: Comparative assessment of physico-chemical parameters of plant parts viz. moisture loss, total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and extractives were determined according to WHO recommended parameters for standardization. Phytochemical analysis to evaluate the effect of extractive solvents to determine difference of solvent polarity to phytochemical content, using aqueous, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane as solvents. Results: Physicochemical parameters revealed constants for identification and authentication of plant parts of A. muricata. Phytochemical analysis manifested the presence of salient classes of phytoconstituents. Among the solvents used for extraction, methanol showed the maximum yield of extract for all plant parts. Interestingly, major phytochemicals has polar properties largely extracted by methanol and part of them had semi-polar properties extracted by other polar and semi-polar solvents including alkaloids, flavonoid, saponin, phenol, tannin, proteins, amino acids, quinones and reducing sugars. Phytosterols, coumarins, fixed oils and fats were largely detected in non-polar solvents such as chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane. Conclusion: The findings of the present study form referential data for identification and standardization of the plant material for pharmaceutical applications.


Hapsari L, Kennedy J, Lestari DA, Masrum A, Lestarini W. 2017. Ethnobotanical survey of bananas (Musaceae) in six districts of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 160-174. Ethnobotanical survey of bananas was conducted in six districts of East Java, Indonesia i.e. Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Banyuwangi, Lumajang, Jember and Malang during 2012-2015. Seventy-nine local cultivar names were recorded in the six districts, including local Javanese names and some possible synonyms among the cultivars. Four genomic groups are represented: AA (13), AAA (16), AAB (24) and ABB (16); 10 specimens are uncertain AA/AAA/AAB. Banana cultivar names given by local communities mostly reflect distinct morphological or perceptual characteristics, as well as uses, although some of the names do not refer to appearance or anything at all. Some cultivars were restricted to particular regions. Bananas play important roles in East Javanese socio-economic and cultural life. All parts of the plant are used: for food, fodder, domestic materials, fibers, shelters, ornamentals, medicines, in rituals and ceremonial events and other miscellaneous uses. Banana plants have deep philosophical meaning; their characteristics are associated with the process of life and provide lessons on life ethics. Conservation of local banana cultivars is needed in the face of negative impacts of commercialism. In-situ/on-farm conservation of bananas is a suitable strategy. Conserving the diverse species and varieties of bananas is necessary to maintain their adaptability and resilience to resist biotic and abiotic stresses.


Approximately 20% of early-type galaxies host small nuclear stellar discs that are tens to a few hundred parsecs in size. Such discs are expected to be easily disrupted during major galactic encounters, hence their age serve to constrain their assembly history. We use VIMOS integral-field spectroscopic observations for the intermediate-mass E0 galaxy NGC 4458 and age-date its nuclear disc via high-resolution fitting of various model spectra. We find that the nuclear disc is at least 6 Gyr old. A clue to gain narrow limits to the stellar age is our knowledge of the nuclear disc contribution to the central surface brightness. The presence of an old nuclear disk, or the absence of disruptive encounters since z � 0.6, for a small galaxy such as NGC 4458 which belongs to the Virgo cluster, may be consistent with a hierarchical picture for galaxy formation where the smallest galaxies assembles earlier and the crowded galactic environments reduce the incidence of galaxy mergers. On the other hand, NGC 4458 displays little or no bulk rotation except for a central kpc-scale kinematically-decoupled core. Slow rotation and decoupled core are usually explained in terms of mergers. The presence and age of the nuclear disc constraint these mergers to have happened at high redshift.


Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis and the consumption of undercooked meat is a major risk factor for human infection. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were found in 28.2% (11/39) and 27.8% (5/18) of home-slaughtered goat kids (n = 39) and lambs (n = 18) from four farms in the Czech Republic. The DNA of the parasite was detected in the tissues (diaphragm and/or lung) of 10.3% (4/39) of kids and 16.7% (3/18) of lambs. Although the consumption of kid and lamb meat is low in the Czech Republic, its consumption may become a source of Toxoplasma infection in humans.


This Note argues that the "public accommodations" provision of Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act applies to the Internet. A broad reading of the public accommodation clause in Title III in conjunction with the supporting case law and the statute's legislative history suggests that public accommodations are not limited to physical structures. Therefore, Internet companies that do not provide software compatible with the technology that visually disabled people use to access the Internet are liable for violating the ADA. The Note concludes with a summary of the first litigation on this issue between the National Federation of the Blind and America Online which was settled in July of


Streamer discharges can be used as a primary source of reactive species for plasma-assisted combustion. In this research we investigate positive streamers in a stoichiometric air–methane mixture at 1 bar and 300 K with a three-dimensional particle-in-cell model for the electrons. We first discuss suitable electron scattering cross sections and an extension of the photoionization mechanism to air–methane mixtures. We discuss that the addition of 9.5% methane leaves electron transport and reaction coefficients essentially unchanged, but it largely suppresses photoionization and shortens the photon mean free path. This leads to (1) accelerated streamer branching, (2) higher electric field enhancement at the streamer head, (3) lower internal electric fields, and (4) higher electron densities in the streamer channel. We also calculate the time-integrated energy density deposited during the evolution of positive streamers in background electric fields of 12.5 and 20 kV cm−1. We find typical values of the deposited energy density in the range of 0.5–2.5 kJ m−3 within the ionized interior of streamers with a length of 5 mm; this value is rather independent of the electric fields applied here. Finally we find that the energy deposited in the inelastic electron scattering processes mainly produces reactive nitrogen species: N2 triplet states and N, but also O and H radicals. The production of H2 and O2 singlet states also occurs albeit less pronounced. Our calculation of the primary production of reactive species can for example be used in global chemistry models.


In developed, non-agricultural, unsewered areas, septic systems and fertilizer application to lawns and gardens represent two major sources of nitrogen to coastal groundwater, in addition to atmospheric input. This study was designed to distinguish between these two possible nitrogen sources by analyzing groundwater samples for pharmaceutical residuals, because fertilizers do not contain any of these pharmaceuticals, but domestic wastewater commonly does. In addition, several herbicides and insecticides used in lawn treatment were analyzed as indicators of nitrogen delivery to groundwater from fertilizers. Groundwater samples were taken through piezometres at shoreline sites in unsewered areas surrounding Northport Harbor and in sewered areas adjacent to Manhasset Bay (hereafter referred to as "Northport" and "Manhasset", respectively), both in northwestern Long Island, USA. Excessive nitrogen loading has led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations in Long Island Sound, and the groundwater contribution to the nitrogen budget is poorly constrained. The frequent detection of the anticonvulsant compound carbamazepine in groundwater samples of the Northport Harbor area (unsewered), together with the fact that few pesticides associated with lawn applications were detected, suggests that wastewater input and atmospheric input are the likely sources of nitrogen in the Northport groundwater. High concentrations of nitrogen were also detected in the Manhasset (sewered) groundwater. The low detection frequency and concentration of carbamazepine, however, suggest that the sewer system effectively intercepts nitrogen from wastewater there. The likely sources of nitrogen in the Manhasset groundwater are atmospheric deposition and lawn fertilizers, as this area is densely populated.


In this highly personal account Joy Hendry relates her experiences of fieldwork in a Japanese town and reveals a fascinating cross-section of Japanese life. She sets out on a study of politeness but a variety of unpredictable events including a volcanic eruption, a suicide and her son's involvement with the family of a poweful local gangster, begin to alter the direction of her research. The book demonstrates the role of chance in the acquisition of anthropological knowledge and demonstrates how moments of insight can be embedded in everyday activity. An Anthropologist in Japan illuminates the education system, religious beliefs, politics, the family and the neighbourhood in modern Japan.


This thesis explores how social networking platforms influence the production of identity, status and capital amongst adolescents. This includes an exploration of how some digital communication platforms have negatively impacted on the social experiences of some teenagers and resulted in these users adapting their digital communicative practices to overcome communicative challenges. The study draws upon data collected via 9 semi-structured interviews, 9 focus groups and 84 surveys with boys and girls aged 11-16 from three schools in England. It explores specific social norms which relate to gender, and how they are negotiated within both masculine and feminine interactions through the respective practices of banter and gossip or stalking. These interactional processes are used as a means of negotiating status and of in-group inclusion and out-group rejection (Goffman, 1963). Furthermore they are important elements in the formation of relationships, identity and social capital. For Bourdieu social capital is the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition (1980, 2). The production of social capital is linked to an individual s capacity to manage group norms and approved values. This study demonstrates that online displays of gender are part of adolescents attempts to generate social capital through gaining positive public affirmations (for example in the form of likes). This has led to a new form of capital which has been titled virtual capital , and which is revealed to be a crucial element in adolescents self-worth and status. Although social networking sites can facilitate the creation of these capitals, they can also simultaneously hinder their creation. Facebook s system of widespread automatic information sharing, alongside a lack user of control in managing the flow of data which is received and shared, has led to many teens experiencing challenges in how they produce identity and gain popularity. This has led to negative social experiences, a growing disillusionment with Facebook, and increased use of more contemporary platforms such as Snap Chat which offer a solution to these problems. Therefore this thesis presents findings on how adolescents use social networking to negotiate gender and identity, produce social status and how these attempts can be confounded by the very technology that facilitates their production.


The theory of Emotion Coaching was put forward by Feng Menglong in Late-Ming Dynasty. Since Mid-Ming, the cognition of Ch'ing (emotion) has gone through three phases: rediscovery, development, and explanation on the level of the mind. Deeply influenced by Yangming, the theory of Emotion Coaching focuses neither on Ch'ing (emotion) nor on Li (justice) but the balance of the two. That "Ch'ing (emotion) is the basis of Li (justice) and Li (justice) is the criterion of Ch'ing (emotion)" is taken as the tenet of the theory, which means that Ch'ing (emotion) gives rise to moral behaviour and Li (justice) is the standard. The book The History of Ch'ing (《情史》) fully reflects the theory. Separating emotion and desire, Li (justice) is different from Li (rite). The former is based on human nature. Justice and destiny are the two important principles, rather than the political purposes which infuse the latter. The theory of Emotion Coaching is also reflected in the collection of short novels San Yen ("三言"). In the novel, the details of emotion are fantastic, trying to make sense of emotional varieties. Affective and wanton behaviour are shown differently in order to illustrate the discrepancy between emotion and desire. Justice and destiny are also emphasized. Chiang Hsingge Regained His Pearl Shirt (《蒋兴 哥重会珍珠衫) serves as an example here.


Urban building-stocks use a significant amount of resources and energy. At the same time, they have a large potential for energy efficiency measures (EEM). To support decision-making and planning, spatial building-stock models are used to examine the current state and future development of urban building-stocks. While these models normally focus on specific cities, generic and broad stakeholder groups such as planners and policy makers are often targeted. Consequently, the visualization and communication of results are not tailored to these stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of mapping and representing energy use of urban building-stocks at different levels of aggregation and spatial distributions, to communicate with specific stakeholders involved in the urban development process. This paper uses a differentiated building-stock description based on building-specific data and measured energy use from energy performance certificates for multi-family buildings (MFB) in the city of Gothenburg. The building-stock description treats every building as unique, allowing results to be provided at any level of aggregation to suit the needs of the specific stakeholders involved. Calculated energy use of the existing stock is within 10% of the measured energy use. The potential for EEM in the existing stock is negated by the increased energy use due to new construction until 2035, using a development scenario based on current renovation rates and planned developments. Visualizations of the current energy use of the stock as well as the impact of renovation and new construction are provided, targeting specific local stakeholders.


Biotic factors such as pests create biodiversity effects that increase food production risks and decrease productivity when agriculture specializes. Under free trade, they reduce the specialization in food production that otherwise prevails in a Ricardian two-country setup. Pesticides allow farmers to reduce biodiversity effects, but they are damaging for the environment and for human health. When regulating farming practices under free trade, governments face a tradeoff: they are tempted to restrict the use of pesticides compared to under autarky because domestic consumption partly relies on imports and thus depends less on them, but they also want to preserve the competitiveness of their agricultural sector on international markets. Contrary to the environmental race-to-the-bottom tenet, we show that at the symmetric equilibrium under free trade restrictions on pesticides are generally more stringent than under autarky. As a result, trade increases the price volatility of crops produced by both countries, and, depending on the intensity of the biodiversity effects, of some or all of the crops that are country-specific.


Architecture evolution, a key aspect of software evolution, is typically done in an ad hoc manner, guided only by the competence of the architect performing it. This process lacks the rigor of an engineering discipline. In this paper, we argue that architecture evolution must be engineered — based on rational decisions that are supported by formal models and objective analyses. We believe that evolutions of a restricted form — close-ended evolution, where the starting and ending design points are known a priori — are amenable to being engineered. We discuss some of the key challenges in engineering close-ended evolution. We present a conceptual framework in which an architecture evolutionary trajectory is modeled as a sequence of steps, each captured by an operator. The goal of our framework is to support exploration and objective evaluation of different evolutionary trajectories. We conclude with open research questions in developing this framework.


Standard analysis of mergers in oligopolies along the lines of the popular Farrell-Shapiro-Framework (FSF) relies regarding its policy conclusions sensitively on the assumption that rational agents will only propose privately profitable mergers. If this assumption held, a positive external effect of a proposed merger would represent a sufficient condition to allow the merger. However, the empirical picture on mergers and acquisitions reveals a significant share of unprofitable mergers and economic theory, moreover, demonstrates that privately unprofitable mergers can be the result of rational action. Therefore, we drop this restrictive assumption and allow for unprofitable mergers to occur. This exerts a considerable impact on merger policy conclusions: while several insights of the original analysis are corroborated (f.i. efficiency defence), a positive external effect does not represent a sufficient condition for the allowance of a merger anymore. Applying such a rule would cause a considerable amount of false decisions.


Rachman (1977) suggested that fears may be acquired via three distinct pathways: direct traumatic experience, verbal information received from others, and vicarious learning. In vicarious fear learning an individual learns from another individual by observing their response to a stimulus or situation. Mineka and Cook (1993) showed that in monkeys this observed fear response behaves as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Thus vicarious learning is likely to be similar, in a procedural sense, to classical conditioning and the success of learning is determined by the relative strength of these conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) associations.
Recent studies suggest that vicarious learning plays a role in the development of childhood fears (Askew & Field, 2007; Gerull & Rapee, 2002). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this type of learning and the factors that affect it. Associative learning research shows that the salience of the US (a measure of its effectiveness) is critical for learning, if the US is more salient, learning should be more effective. Therefore, the first group of experiments in this thesis manipulated factors expected to affect US salience and hence vicarious fear learning. Experiment 1 considered the importance of the relatedness of observers and models for US salience, specifically whether greater increases in children's fear-related responses are observed when fear responses are modelled by children's mothers compared to when they are modelled by strangers. It also looked at whether fear beliefs acquired vicariously can be unlearned via vicarious counterconditioning and whether the type of model influenced this. Results showed that children's fear responses for animals increased following fear-related vicarious learning and decreased following positive learning. Similarly, counterconditioning led to unlearning of these responses. Model type did not affect vicarious learning or subsequent vicarious counterconditioning.
Experiment 2 looked at another factor expected to affect US salience: the age of the model relative to the observer. This experiment examined the relative effects of same-age peer modelling and adult modelling in changing children's fear-related responses. Results were nearly identical to the first experiment: learning and unlearning were similar irrespective of whether the model was a peer or an adult. Experiment 3 examined what effect the richness of the information source has on US salience using moving models (on film) compared to still (photographic) images. No significant effect of the threat-relevant vicarious film on children's fear beliefs and attentional bias was found.
The second group of experiments concentrate on characteristics of the CS. Research with adults suggests that when fear-relevant stimuli are used, fear learning will generally be greater (produce a larger conditioned response), occur more rapidly (in fewer trials) and will be more robust (demonstrate superior resistance to extinction) than for fear-irrelevant stimuli (see e.g. Ohman & Mineka, 2001). However, Askew, Dunne, Ozdil, Reynolds, and Field (2013) showed that vicariously acquired conditioned responses for fear-relevant stimuli were not significantly greater than those for fear-irrelevant stimuli in children (6 to 11 years). A further two experiments here examined the speed and robustness of vicariously learned responses for fear-relevant stimuli. Experiment 4 manipulated the number of CS-US pairings children saw and compared vicarious learning for two stimuli of differing fear-relevance. Results found increased fear-related responses for both types of stimuli: the effect was not affected by the fear-relevance of the stimuli, nor the number of CS- US pairings that children were exposed to. Fear beliefs were still found to be raised at follow-up one week later, and no . evidence was found for more robust learning for more fear-relevant stimuli.
The final experiment, Experiment 5, looked at robustness in more detail. The resistance of learnt responses to extinction was compared in two stimuli of varying fear-
-. relevance (animals and flowers). Significant increases in fear-related beliefs and avoidance for animals and flowers were found again, but there was no significant extinction effect observed for avoidance preferences for either CS type. Unexpectedly, significantly greater extinction was observed with fear beliefs for animals compared to flowers.
In summary, the first set of experiments showed that in VL with children, the salience of the US is either not easy to manipulate or, more likely, US salience has little effect on fear learning. The second set of experiments demonstrated that the fear-relevance of the stimulus is also not important for children in VL. These findings may have an evolutionary explanation: for children of this age, acquiring knowledge of a potential threat and acting upon it may be more important in terms of survival than the salience/relevance of the US or CS that facilitates such acquisition.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine would protect calves from infection with virulent BRSV.

DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial.

ANIMALS
27 nine-week-old calves seronegative for BRSV exposure.

PROCEDURE
Group-1 calves (n = 9) were not vaccinated. Group-2 calves (n = 9) were vaccinated on days 0 and 21 with an inactivated BRSV vaccine containing a minimum immunizing dose of antigen. Group-3 calves (n = 9) were vaccinated on days 0 and 21 with an inactivated BRSV vaccine containing an amount of antigen similar to that in a commercial vaccine. All calves were challenged with virulent BRSV on day 42. Clinical signs and immune responses were monitored for 8 days after challenge. Calves were euthanatized on day 50, and lungs were examined for lesions.

RESULTS
Vaccination elicited increases in BRSV-specific IgG and virus neutralizing antibody titers and in production of interferon-gamma. Virus neutralizing antibody titers were consistently less than IgG titers. Challenge with BRSV resulted in severe respiratory tract disease and extensive pulmonary lesions in control calves, whereas vaccinated calves had less severe signs of clinical disease and less extensive pulmonary lesions. The percentage of vaccinated calves that shed virus in nasal secretions was significantly lower than the percentage of control calves that did, and peak viral titer was lower for vaccinated than for control calves.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that the inactivated BRSV vaccine provided clinical protection from experimental infection with virulent virus and decreased the severity of pulmonary lesions. Efficacy was similar to that reported for modified-live BRSV vaccines.


Developing building projects with low environmental impacts is a real challenge, yet a problem faced every day by designers. To that end, in the design process, iteration between propositions and objectives have been used that are complex and time consumption. The impact targets leading to low-carbon buildings have the potential to simplify this complexity and saving time in the building design process. This study introduces a methodology for the definition of impact targets for components and systems of buildings. The definition of impact targets has been envisaged as a two-step process combining top-down and bottom-up approaches. The desired impact target of building is defined by a top-down approach and the targets for components and systems by a bottom-up approach. Impact targets for the Swiss context are defined applying the methodology to the smart living building that aim at reaching the 2050 goals of the 2000-watt society vision. Through this approach, we were able to set up impact targets on the components and systems level for global warming potential indicator. Impact targets can be used as guidelines in the design process for developing component or system one by one without analysing the whole building, which is guided toward low carbon objectives.


This Article considers with a skeptical eye the Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama, U.S., 132 S.Ct. 2455 (2012), finding unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause all laws subjecting murderers who killed before their eighteenth birthdays to a sentence of mandatory life without parole ("LWOP"). Miller and Graham v. Florida, U.S., 130 S.Ct. 2011 (2010), in which the Court voided statutes imposing life without parole on juveniles who committed non-homicide crimes, are striking for several reasons. First, they impact juvenile justice because the Court has continued down the path it took in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), when it ruled the death penalty cruel and unusual for juveniles, regardless of the crimes they committed, and declared categorically that the relative immaturity of juveniles made them less culpable for crime and thus both ineligible for certain very harsh punishments and subject to different procedures than adults for others. Second, the Court's reasoning in Miller and Graham has potentially far-reaching implications for the sentencing of adults. These opinions extend to non-capital crimes the unique body of Eighth Amendment law the Court had hitherto restricted to death penalty cases. And the language of Justice Elena Kagan's majority opinion in Miller casts at least some doubt on the power of legislatures to impose any mandatory sentence, whether of death or a term of imprisonment. This Article contends that, while the results of Miller and Graham are gratifying as sentencing policy, the opinions announcing those results are troubling as a constitutional matter because they are badly theorized and because they are two strands of a web of decisions in which the Court has consistently used doubtful constitutional interpretations to transfer power over criminal justice policy from the legislatures – state and federal – to the courts.


Anderitum reveals some of the complex changes that occurred in Gaul at the very end of the first century B.C.E. and beginning of the first century C.E. Excavation of this site moves the discussion of Romanization, which is normally confined to the elite culture of Gaul, to the largely rural lower class by documenting that people changed their building techniques, ceramic preferences, and social habits through the first and second centuries. By the end of the second century, the town was depopulated, possibly because of an overambitious urbanization project by the Romans. After a period of revitalization, the town declined in late antiquity or the Early Middle Ages. Examination of Anderitum adds texture to the fabric of political, social, and economic life of central France from the Augustan period to the Early Middle Ages and contributes new evidence to the continuing discussion of Romanization.


The composite solid electrolyte, KNO3 dispersed with alumina (Al2O3), has been investigated through XRD, DSC and D.C. Ionic Conductivity techniques. The composite containing 10 m/o alumina exhibits maximum conductivity, about 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of pure KNO3. The enhanced conductivity is attributed to the excess cation vacancies generated in the space charge region of the matrix phase surrounding the alumina particles as a consequence of stabilization of cations at the dispersoid surface due to internal adsorption. XRD and DSC studies reveal that there was no new phase formed.


Comprehensive studies of the spectroluminescence and laser properties of high-concentration photothermorefractive nanoglass-ceramics doped with ytterbium and erbium ions for integrated-optics amplifiers and minilasers have been carried out for the first time. The limiting concentrations of erbium for which amplification is observed have been established, and the influence of the pump power on the gain has been investigated.


Through more than five years of extensive, participatory research the writer became a fully integrated member of the World of Warcraft community he set out to study. By actually living the grounded practices that constitute the everyday life he concludes that the mundane, often repetitive practice has very little to do with the cyber-utopian claim that one can flee the body and become who they want on the Internet. Instead this doctoral thesis argues that the constant transitions of the borders between offline and online, virtual and real, body and avatar, play and work, player and producer are best described with the concept of leakage. Using leakage to describe the perforated borders that surrounds the game not only allows an understanding of World of Warcraft as a powerful site for production of meaning and culture but also places it far from the traditional understandings of separated fun, play and games. Play as an activity has traditionally been described with three intrinsic features: it is separable from everyday life, in particular from work; it is safe, meaning that it isn't productive nor does it carry consequence and finally that play is pleasurable or fun. World of Warcraft doesn't easily admit to these features and should not be understood as neither innocent utopia nor as a devoured mimesis, but rather as an expansion of the life space where players repeatedly and deliberately stretch beyond the producer's intentions and create a world consisting of work, unwritten social norms, creativity and friendship. Players are social laborers that produce the core of what makes World of Warcraft what it is: a serious game.


A thought experiment based on applying "First Generation" withdrawal rate research to PRE-retirees. (First Generation is defined as an initial withdrawal rate with subsequent simple inflation adjustments only applied to the initial dollar amount withdrawn, i.e., no reference back to what that dollar withdrawal's current withdrawal rate is nor associated probability of failure of the current withdrawal rate). Executive Summary: • This paper will discuss a methodology that applies Withdrawal Rate Research (WRR) for pre-retirees, years or preferably decades, before retirement. • Pre-retirees should understand the methods, terminology and practical application of WRR well before reaching retirement when, at that time, they would be more capable to implement their withdrawals. • The difference between longevity based on birth as a reference age, versus the probability of living to some older age based on their current age is discussed. • There is an overlap of two withdrawal groups, one planning to retire at some Planned Retirement Age, and the other already retired with a Current Retirement Age, which raises questions and implications about the application of initial withdrawal rates, versus current withdrawal rates of these overlapping groups of people. • Standardization of the ages are aligned with research distribution periods using a single, logically defined, Mortality-Base Age paradigm; versus non-alignment of ages, since not everyone retires at the same age, that result from a Retirement-Base Age approach.


The Markham Field is a gas accumulation lying within the Southern North Sea and straddling the UK-Netherlands median line. The field is a structural trap comprising a well defined horst in its eastern lobe and a domal feature in the western lobe. The Permian Lower Leman/Slochteren Sandstone reservoir comprises aeolian dune sandstones in the southern part of the field passing northwards and upwards through sabkha deposits into a playa claystone. Diagenesis and reservoir quality are highly dependent on original lithofacies with the aeolian sandstones containing the majority of the net reservoir. The gas, sourced from Carboniferous Coal Measures and sealed by overlying Permian Silverpit claystones, is sweet with 83% methane and a condensate-gas ratio of around 52.2 m 3 /m 3 x 10 6 (9 BBL/ MMSCF). The reservoir is being produced by pressure depletion with wells drilled from two fixed platforms. Recoverable reserves are estimated to be around 19.8 x 109m 3 (700 BCF) of gas.


Since the Second World War, the international community has sought to prevent the repetition of destructive far-right forces by establishing institutions such as the United Nations and by adopting documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Jurisprudence and conventions directly prohibit far-right speech and expression. Nevertheless, recently, violent far-right entities, such as Golden Dawn of Greece, have received unprecedented electoral support, xenophobic parties have done spectacularly well in elections; and countries such as Hungary and Poland are being led by right-wing populists who are bringing constitutional upheaval and violating basic elements of doctrines such as the rule of law.

In light of this current reality, this book critically assesses the international and European tools available for States to regulate the far-right. It conducts the analysis through a militant democracy lens. This doctrine has been considered in several arenas as a concept more generally; in the sphere of the European Convention on Human Rights; in relation to particular freedoms, such as that of association; and as a tool for challenging the far-right movement through the spectrum of political science. However, this doctrine has not yet been applied within a legal assessment of challenging the far-right as a single entity. After analysing the aims, objectives, scope and possibility of shortcomings in international and European law, the book looks at what state obligations arise from these laws. It then assesses how freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association and freedom of assembly are provided for in international and European law and explores what limitation grounds exist which are directly relevant to the regulation of the far-right.

The issue of the far-right is a pressing one on the agenda of politicians, academics, civil society and other groups in Europe and beyond. As such, this book will appeal to those with an interest in International, European or Human rights Law and political science.


Abstract In a world where impoverished urban black youth are under attack from all political factions, rap music lies at the heart of their cultural epicenter. More specifically, Gangsta rap music has taken center stage, dominating the pop charts, moving from the streets of the ghetto to the homes of white suburbia. Studies of Gangsta rap messages and the politics of reception have facilitated the alienation of many youth from mainstream culture. Critics charge Gangsta rap focuses on violent, racist, misogynist lyrics and calls for the censorship, rejection and condemnation of this sub-genre abound. This exploration considers alternative communication perspectives which emphasize the culture created and maintained by the music via use of the dramatistic rhetorical elements: rituals, myths, and social dramas. Using Burkean methods of identification and exploring Llie elements of hierarchy, this essay analyzes the rap lyrics of four of Billboard's top selling artists: Ice Cube, whom Dyson calls, "Gangsta Rap's Visionary"; Snoop Doggy Dogg, Dr. Dre, and 2Pac. Cultural communication perspectives discover a variety of ritualistic, mythological, and social dramatistic elements, embracing complex thematic messages regarding the identity of the black community. Investigating a diverse set of issues, Gangsta rap artists wrestle with questions of survival in urban America via promotion of narratives steeped in the harsh language of the streets. Through rhetorical strategies of metaphors, similes, contextual figurative logic, rappers engage in ritual and myth-building to develop narratives. In the end, examination of the repetitive themes invoked by Gangsta rap lyrics produces a depth of understanding surpassing more simplistic analysis of offensive language choices. Examination of Gangsta rap lyrics concludes that Gangsta rap epitomizes Sliusterman's pragmatic aesthetic, via gaining authenticity of the target audience (poor, inner-city youth) through identification with the symbols and language embodied in the culture. Scholars interested in understanding the complexities of Gangsta rap, are well-served by choosing not to impose the standards of communities outside the target audience, but rather to listen to the standards developed and maintained within the cultural being studied. In the case of rap music, the nature of dialogic criticism serves to counter the dis-empowering possibilities that negative language offers.


In this case study, we aim to provide a framework that includes an innovative survey design, survey instrument, and procedure to identify and measure labor room violence in a resource-poor setting where such acts are seen as normalized behaviors and hardly reported. Although the survey instrument is designed in India, it can be replicated in any setting with a slight modification in accordance with the local health and socio-cultural systems. This case study contributes to the teaching and research methodology in demography, public health, epidemiology, biostatistics, and gender studies.


Objectives: Blood pressure (BP) is a long-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). SBP is used in all widely used cardiovascular risk scores for clinical decision-making. Recently, within-person BP variability has been shown to be a major predictor of CVD. We investigated whether cardiovascular risk scores could be improved by incorporating BP variability with standard risk factors. Methods: We used cohort data on patients aged 40–74 on 1 January 2005, from English general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a research database derived from electronic health records. Data were linked to hospital episodes and mortality data. SBP variability independent of the mean was calculated across up to six clinic visits. We divided data geographically into derivation and validation data sets. In the derivation data set, we developed a reference model, incorporating risk factors used in previous scores and an index model, incorporating the same factors and BP variability. We calculated model validation statistics in the validation data set including calibration ratio and c-statistic. Results: In the derivation data set, BP variability was associated with CVD, independently of other risk factors (P = 0.005). However, in the validation data set, both models had similar c-statistic (0.7415 and 0.7419, respectively), R2 (31.8 and 32.0, respectively) and calibration ratio (0.938 and 0.940, respectively). Conclusion: The association of BP variability with CVD is statistically significant in a large data set but does not substantially improve the performance of a cardiovascular risk score.


I study a standard Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) noisy rational expectations economy, but relax the usual assumption of the normality of fundamental and supply. My solution approach dispenses with the typical \conjecture and verify" method and enables me to analytically solve an entire class of previously intractable nonlinear models that nests the standard model. I show how: (1) price jumps and crashes may arise endogenously, purely due to learning eects, (2) observation of the net trading volume of informed and noise traders may be valuable for investors in the economy as it can provide a renement of the information conveyed by price, (3) the value of acquiring information may be non-monotonic in the number of informed traders, leading to multiple equilibria in the information market, and (4) the relation between disagreement and future returns is ambiguous. In short, many of the results from noisy rational expectations models are not robust. Finally, I introduce monotone likelihood ratio conditions that determine the signs of the various comparative statics, which represents the rst demonstration of the importance of the MLRP for comparative statics


Wet foot. Dry foot. Low foot. High foot. Early readers will enjoy marching in time to the beat of many, many feet with Dr. Seuss' fun exploration of opposites. With his unique combination of hilarious stories, zany pictures and riotous rhymes, Dr. Seuss has been delighting young children and helping them learn to read for over fifty years. Creator of the wonderfully anarchic Cat in the Hat, and ranking among the UK's top ten favourite children's authors, Seuss is firmly established as a global best-seller, with nearly half a million books sold worldwide. This delightful book forms part of the third stage in HarperCollins' major Dr. Seuss rebrand programme. With the relaunch of six more titles in January 2004, such all-time favourites as The Lorax, The Foot Book and Yertle the Turtle now boast bright new covers that incorporate much needed guidance on reading levels: Blue Back Books are for parents to share with young children, Green Back Books are for budding readers to tackle on their own, and Yellow Back Books are for older, more fluent readers to enjoy. The Foot Book belongs to the Blue Back Book range.


Looking ahead to the time when autonomous cars will be common, Dresner and Stone proposed a multiagent systems-based intersection control protocol called Autonomous Intersection Management (AIM). They showed that by leveraging the capacities of autonomous vehicles it is possible to dramatically reduce the time wasted in traffic, and therefore also fuel consumption and air pollution. The proposed protocol, however, handles reservation requests one at a time and does not prioritize reservations according to their relative priorities and waiting times, causing potentially large inequalities in granting reservations. For example, at an intersection between a main street and an alley, vehicles from the alley can take an excessively long time to get reservations to enter the intersection, causing a waste of time and fuel. The same is true in a network of intersections, in which gridlock may occur and cause traffic congestion. In this paper, we introduce the batch processing of reservations in AIM to enforce liveness properties in intersections and analyze the conditions under which no vehicle will get stuck in traffic. Our experimental results show that our prioritizing schemes outperform previous intersection control protocols in unbalanced traffic.


Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE), Obstructive Sleep Apnea syndrome (OSAs) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) are strongly correlated and few studies analyze the role that pacifiers play in such conditions.

 The aim of the study is to evaluate how pacifiers affect sleep apnea among children with a history of ALTE.

 10 subjects between 1 month and 2 years of age with a history of idiopathic ALTE were non-selectively recruited. Patients were subjected to cardio-respiratory monitoring at home for two consecutive nights; during the first night, the pacifier was not used, whereas the second night, the pacifier was used by the child for at least four hours sleep. Parents were given an assessment questionnaire to evaluate and report any irritation due to the pacifier use. All obtained traces were blindly analyzed by a pediatric specialist in sleep disorders, more specifically: Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (FC), Electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of apneas and/or hypopneas were assessed. In order to evaluate the differences between the average values collected from the two groups, a t-test was performed.

 The use of the pacifier resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the number of pathological apneas/night (-1.7%; p = 0,0024), an improvement in the average SpO2 (+ 0.8%; p = 0.3328) and an increase in the value of the minimum SpO2 detected (+ 2%; p = 0.2571).

 The results show that the use of pacifiers improves the respiratory capacity of children that suffer from nocturnal apneas at night.


This study examined the relationship between corporate culture,
leadership style, and performance in Malaysia. This research also
investigated the corporate culture and leadership style in local and foreign
organizations. Organizational culture was measured by using the
Competing Values Framework (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983; Cameron
and Quinn, 1999), leadership style was measured by using the model
developed by Javidan & Dastmalchian {1993} and Dastmalchian (2000),
while performance was measured in terms of profitability. A total of 1 34
companies, comprising of 60 foreign companies and 74 local companies
participated in the study. The Chi-square tests, Pearson correlation, and
cross tabulation tests analysis were carried out to measure the significant
association between the variables. The findings showed that local
companies tend to have a hierarchical culture, while foreign companies
tend to have a clan and result-oriented culture. As for the leadership style,
the results showed the similarity of both local and foreign companies in
practicing an auditor style of leadership. Cross-tabulation results also revealed that there is an association between organizational culture and
leadership style in foreign organizations but no association was found in
local organizations. With regards to the relationship between
organizational culture and performance, it was found that there is no
association between them in foreign or local companies due to other
influencing external factors. In addition, no significant relationship was
found between leadership style and performance in foreign or local
companies.


An important issue in the debate over the desirability of freer capital mobility for developing countries is whether capital flows have significant effects on economic growth. Proponents of capital account liberalization cite the growth-promoting attributes of capital inflows as a key benefit of financial integration for developing countries. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence to confirm or refute this claim, except for several studies that establish a positive link between inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. This paper helps to fill the gap in the literature by investigating the role of private capital flows in the determination of economic growth using panel data for 40 developing countries from 1975–95. Unlike existing empirical work, this paper focuses on the effects of a broad measure of capital flows on economic growth, rather than on a more specific category, such as FDI, and it emphasizes the role played by the domestic financial sector in the process linking capital flows and growth. A dynamic panel-data methodology is used that controls for country-specific effects and accounts for the potential endogeneity of the explanatory variables. This study finds evidence that capital inflows foster higher economic growth, above and beyond any effects on the investment rate, but only for economies where the banking sector has reached a certain level of development. The results thus suggest that the domestic financial sector plays a pivotal role in ensuring that international capital flows do indeed promote economic growth in developing countries.


What the data is: Qualitative (interview-based and ethnographic) data on health-seeking, health-care and medical pluralism in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. How and why collected: Collected as phase 1 of a multi-disciplinary, multi-phase proof-of-concept project (TRUMP), whose purpose was to create a pilot model for a mobile phone application for the self-management of chronic illness in rural India. Data collection for this first phase, used in this publication, combined semi-structured interviews with patients, with key informants (including informal medical practitioners who were the subject of this paper), group discussions, fieldwork conversations, and observations. Fieldwork took place from January to June 2014, under the direction of Prof. Peter Phillimore (Newcastle) and Dr G.V.S. Murthy (IIPH Hyderabad), organised and coordinated by Dr Papreen Nahar (Newcastle) working with Drs Kannuri and Mikkilineni (then both IIPH Hyderabad). Data processing: Data were transcribed and translated from Telugu, and analysed manually to extract themes, such as those which underpin the analysis in this paper.


Now in its completely updated Seventh Edition, this comprehensive review has long been rated as a top study tool. This edition includes fully updated USMLE question formats, using clinical vignette questions. 850 USMLE-style questions are organized into 17 tests of 50 questions each for effective study and practice. Each test includes full explanations of each answer choice. This revised edition also includes more clinically oriented illustrations, and color plates in multiple signatures as seen on the exam. All questions are also available on a free CD-ROM included with the book that provides sorting and scoring features.


The use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for underwater tasks is a promising robotic field. These robots can carry visual inspection cameras. Besides serving the activities of inspection and mapping, the captured images can also be used to aid navigation and localization of the robots. Visual odometry is the process of determining the position and orientation of a robot by analyzing the associated camera images. It has been used in a wide variety of non-standard locomotion robotic methods. In this context, this paper proposes an approach to visual odometry and mapping of underwater vehicles. Supposing the use of inspection cameras, this proposal is composed of two stages: i) the use of computer vision for visual odometry, extracting landmarks in underwater image sequences and ii) the development of topological maps for localization and navigation. The integration of such systems will allow visual odometry, localization and mapping of the environment. A set of tests with real robots was accomplished, regarding online and performance issues. The results reveals an accuracy and robust approach to several underwater conditions, as illumination and noise, leading to a promissory and original visual odometry and mapping technique.


In his paper "Challenges Associated with the Expansion of Deposit Insurance Coverage during Fall 2008" Sebastian Schich of the OECD has written an excellent overview of the current situation of bank deposit insurance in the industrial economies of the world. He finds that, facing a crisis of confidence leading to visible bank runs, bank supervisors nearly everywhere resorted to raising deposit insurance limits, in some cases to "unlimited" status. Some of these changes have limitations of scope or duration, but some of the political changes of recent years (expansion of the European Union, for example) call into question whether any limits will be observed or whether recently granted expansions of deposit insurance will be recalled in due time. There are, however, important lessons to be learned from the American experience with deposit insurance, which has been present in the United States since 1933 but only in recent decades in numerous other developed economies. Alternatives to deposit insurance do exist and still could be tried anywhere, taking regional differences into account, as long as an adequate institutional structure is in place first. In any case, the alternatives would be cheaper and more efficient than the fairly explicit subsidy of the banking industry that present systems of deposit insurance entail.


The paper introduces RPSE, Reification as a Paradigm of Software Engineering, and enumerates the most important theoretical and practical problems of the development and application of this paradigm. Main thesis: Software engineering is the reification (materialization of ideas) via the transformation of mental models into code executed on computers . Within the proposed paradigm: 1.All basic processes of software engineering are concrete variants (implementations) of the process of constructing chains of mental and material models I1, I2,..In, M1, M2, ..Mm. The last most specific model in this chain is, as a rule, program code. 2.The essence of software engineering is the construction of such chains. 3.All main issues of optimizing the development, its cost, and quality can be reduced to the optimization of construction of the corresponding chain of models.


The aim of this pre-project has been to give a "State-of the art" and describe the R&D challenges and documentation needed in order to perform robust NEBA (Net Environmental Benefit Analysis) where SubSea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) is included as an acceptable countermeasure option. In spill scenarios where such NEBA assessments show that SSDI is an appropriate response option, this should be included in the operator's emergency response plans for the specific location on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). SSDI is a response technology that has a potential to be used in connection to subsea releases (blow-outs) from both "shallow" depth (< 400-500 m) as well as deeper releases (>500m). SSDI is considered as a "stand alone" countermeasure technique. The project has been a co-operation between SINTEF and Institute of Marine Research (IMR), and is a result of several scientific meetings with NOROG and individual oil companies. A focus has been on identifying documentation, relevant requirements and regulatory procedures (guidelines) needed as a basis for the national Authorities to consider SSDI as an operative oil spill response option according to present regulations for dispersant use in Norway. The identified gaps are taken into account the present findings from ongoing SSDI-related R&D projects (e.g. projects funded by the Research Council in Norway, API and IPIECA). This pre-project is recommending a R&D program / JIP over the coming 3 years (2016-2018) divided into 6 research areas (work packages) described in this report.


Errors in the Second Language Classroom: Corrective Feedback was written in response to an overwhelming demand from non-native teachers of L2/FL who wish to provide an effective feedback on learner's errors. The main purpose of this book is then to explore and synthesize insights into this issue from classroom-based observational research as well as teacher's experience and reflection. This book provides readers with a collection of original papers covering diverse aspects of error treatment in the second language classroom. In fact, this book provides an in-depth discussion on specific issues of error correction.
This book is intended primarily for all those who teach a second language (L2) or foreign language (FL) anywhere in the world, under any circumstances, and who wish to know more about the issue of corrective feedback. It can also be used as a helpful reference text or handbook for student teachers. Likewhise, it can be used as a sourcebook for teacher educators.


The article is focused on the analysis of the third party contracts as a separate institute of Contract Law, including the introductory remarks to economical assumptions and genesis of the contract. The development of a third party contract, as a separate type of contract is a, result of the emergence and development of socio-economic relations, mostly—expansion of insurance business, in particular, the need to validate the beneficiary's legal status. In order to recognize the rights of third parties the theory had to overcome the traditional doctrine on privacy of contract. The ability to acknowledge the third party's rights is based on the fundamental principles of contract law—consensualism and freedom of rights. The article presents a concept of the specific status of the third party. The author takes the view that the third party (the beneficiary) is an independent contractor who has specific duties and obligations as well as rights and benefits. This argument is based on the modern theory of interdependence of legal rights and obligations. This approach is based by an argument— that no one can obtain any write without undertaking the obligation to legalize it. From the standpoint of the transaction dynamics the independent contractor, the third party enters the contract by expressing its will to accept the benefit stipulated in its favor. The idea is elaborated by analysis of the classical carriage and insurance contracts. These practical examples illustrate the internal legal relations of the contractual parties ant special undertakings that the third party is bound to undertake if it is willing to take the benefit of it. Furthermore, German doctrine of "Contract with protective effects towards third parties" has also been shortly overviewed in order to give a relevant comprehensive view on the analyzed question.


This paper aims to highlight key limitations of The Economist magazine's Big Mac Index (BMI). The Economist markets the BMI as a tool to determine valuation of currencies. This paper shows that the BMI is a misleading measure of currency valuation for economies whose markets are structurally different from the benchmark currency countries.


The health and safety consequences of long workhours have received growing attention during the last 10 years. Two recent reviews (1, 2) show that overtime and extended workdays are associated with cardiovascular disease, self-rated health problems, and fatigue. In addition, results from the third European survey on work conditions shows that long workhours (more than 45 hours of work per week) is associated with insomnia, stress, headache, and various pain symptoms (3).

There have been fewer studies investigating accidents and work-related injuries in relation to long workhours. Hanecke et al (4) observed an exponentially increasing accident risk beyond the 9th hour at work. A similar increase was observed when Swedish occupational injuries were analyzed according to hours at work (5). However, a methodological problem with these studies is the difficulty to establish exposure models. It has been virtually impossible to obtain representative data about how long people work and at what times of the day. Thus the link between accident data and workhour exposure may be somewhat uncertain in previous studies. As a consequence, it has not been possible to estimate workhours in relation to accident risks for specific occupations, although accident data can often be obtained on such a level.

The paper by Dong (6) in this issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health is one of the first studies to present detailed information for both workhour history and injury data collected within the same data set. Another unique advantage with the study is that the sample is nationally representative. The most interesting result is presented in figure 3, which shows the relation between length of workday and injury risk among production occupations in industry. The graph shows that injury risk starts to increase when the workshift exceeds 8 hours. Thus the odds ratio starts to approach 2 when workhours are longer than 12 hours. For really long shifts—over 16 hours—the odds ratio is approximately 3.5. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that weekly workhours above 50 hours had an odds ratio of 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.88–2.05), when gender, age, and other workhour variables were statistically controlled. Unfortunately, the data set did not include any information on when on the shift the injury occurred. However, a best guess may be that the increase in injuries for long workshifts occurred towards the later parts of the workday.

Thus the studies by Dong (6), Hanecke et al (4), and others suggest that long workhours should be regarded as a serious accident-contributing factor. The most likely mechanism would be that long workhours cause elevated levels of fatigue that impair performance. However, there are some alternative hypotheses that need to be considered. It is well known that long workhours are associated with increased work demands and stress (3, 7). Thus some of the association between length of workshift and occupational accidents may be related to stress, workload, or other work conditions. A high workload would result in increased fatigue towards the end of the shift, but may also result in increased risk taking and unsafe work practices. However, the study by Akerstedt and his colleagues (7) also showed that overtime is associated with higher decision latitude and greater possibilities to influence the work situation, at least in white-collar occupations. The higher influence means that it may be easier to take breaks when needed and that the decision to do overtime work is, to some extent, voluntary. This alternative may buffer against negative effects of overtime.

Another important factor can be the break pattern during the workday. A recent study by Tucker et al (8) has shown that the break pattern has a big impact on accident trends across the workday and that regular breaks seems to prevent accidents in industrial settings. Since overtime is often related to high workload, a relation between insufficient rest breaks and overtime is not unlikely. Thus lack of breaks may also account for some of the relation between long workhours and injuries.

Long workhours and overtime is often associated with reduced time for recovery and difficulties to unwind after work (9). In particular, the combination of severe work stress, long workhours, and high amounts of unpaid work at home is likely to cause lack of recovery and sleep loss. Lundberg and his co-workers (10) have shown that parents of small children, and women in general, seem to have around 80 hours of weekly total workhours, including both paid and unpaid work. A working hypothesis could then be that the negative effects of long workhours and overtime are mediated by a lack of rest and relaxation, too little sleep, or disturbed sleep.

To summarize, it is a target for future studies to identify why long workhours and overtime lead to accidents and injuries and, in particular, increase our understanding of whether the relation is modified by stress and workload, other work conditions, break patterns, and insufficient time for recovery.

Nevertheless, the findings of Dong's study have many practical implications. First of all, many recent studies show that overtime work and long workhours are very common in today's worklife. The third European survey on work conditions shows that 17% of full-time employees work 45 hours or more a week (3). Similar data from the most recent Swedish work environment survey shows that 27% works overtime at least once every week, and the figures for certain occupations may be as high as 70% (11). It is also common that workers like to maximize the number of workhours per day in order to increase the number of days off. Thus many workers do not seem to view long workhours as being potentially harmful for their health and safety. Therefore, the public's awareness of the risks associated with long workhours should probably be increased.

Second, the results have implications for workhour regulation. The European Union directive on workhours (93/104) includes a maximum of 48 hours of work per week—but this amount is based on an average across several months. Therefore certain workweeks can be much longer. A workshift can be extended to 13 hours before the regulation concerning daily rest rules are violated. There is also the possibility for "opting out", meaning that agreements between the social partners may circumvent the directive. As a consequence, much longer shifts than 13 hours, or workweeks longer than 48 hours, are possible without the regulation being violated. The results of Dong's study suggest, at least for industrial occupations, that the European workhour directive is not a safe limit for work-related injuries. Considering her findings, as well as the results of other studies, the maximum shift duration should not exceed 12 hours and should probably be shorter for certain shifts (eg, night). The safe limit for a workweek is more difficult to estimate, but, according to Dong's findings, 48 hours is likely to be associated with a considerable increase in injury risk. A best guess may be that the maximum workhours of the workweek should be reduced to 45 hours. Since the European directive on worktimes is under revision, I hope that the research that has been published in recent years, showing a clear link between long workhours, health problems and injuries, attracts serious attention—and that the new workhour legislation provides a basis for a safer workplace and improved public health.


Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is a method for continuous monitoring of brain activity that is increasingly used in the neonatal intensive care unit. aEEG is accessible by non-expert person, and offers continuous bedside cerebral function monitoring (CFM). In its simplest form, aEEG is a processed single-channel electroencephalogram that is filtered and time-compressed. Several classifications are currently in use to describe patient tracings, incorporating voltage criteria, pattern recognition, cyclicity, and the presence or absence of seizures. The main usage of the CFM currently is for monitoring term newborns after birth asphyxia. Another well-established indication for CFM is monitoring for seizure activity with an addition advantage of monitoring the treatment effect. Current evidences demonstrate that aEEG is useful to monitor cerebral background activity, diagnose and treat seizures and predict neurodevelopmental outcomes for newborns. Thus, the main advantages of this device are its simplicity for both application and interpreting on one hand and the possibility of continuous long-term monitoring with real time assessment of clinical events on the other. This review aims to explain the fundamentals behind aEEG and its clinical applications.


Chain drift is the difference between the rate of change calculated by chaining an index over a multi period interval and that obtained using endpoints only. This intransitivity can produce ambiguity in estimated growth rates if the "correct" linking interval is not known. The present paper compares the propensity for chain drift in two leading superlative index number formulas: the Fisher and the Tornqvist. It is shown, both empirically and theoretically, that the Tornqvist index is less affected by chain drift than is the Fisher. Under certain conditions, the sign of chain drift in the Fisher index can be predicted.


In an effort to strengthen the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market, regulators have mandated central clearing of standardised OTC derivatives and work is ongoing on prospective margin requirements for transactions that are not centrally cleared. These reforms are widely expected to increase demand for high-quality assets to use as collateral. This paper expands on our methodology as presented in the Bank of England's June 2012 Financial Stability Report in order to estimate the potential magnitude of the demand for collateral. Recognising that there is considerable uncertainty around how market participants will adapt, we constructed a model that provides a range of quantitative estimates of the total initial margin associated with both centrally cleared and non-cleared (bilateral) OTC derivatives transactions. Our approach allows for factors such as netting assumptions, the impact of restricting rehypothecation, and different market conditions. We limit the product scope to interest rate swaps (IRS) and credit default swaps (CDS) as they account for over 80% of the OTC derivatives market and are particularly suitable to central clearing due to their high degree of standardisation. Our baseline estimates indicate that under normal market conditions and holding the current gross notional amount outstanding fixed, the total initial margin for cleared and non-cleared trades in the IRS and CDS markets may reach between US$200 billion and US$800 billion if 80% of trades are subject to central clearing. The wide range reflects the sensitivity to assumptions around netting efficiency. The demand for collateral, however, will rise only gradually as the OTC reforms will only affect new contracts.


To examine the differences in grazing behaviour when lactating cows eat contrasting types of high quality pastures (Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)) offered at high or low allowances in spring, the behaviour of cows was recorded both manually by visual observation and automatically using sensors that recorded jaw movements. Cows grazing Persian clover at the high allowance grazed longer than cows at the low allowance (p<0.05). Cows grazing Persian clover ruminated less and spent more time not chewing throughout the day (p<0.05) than cows grazing perennial ryegrass. The times recorded by automatic recorders were similar to those recorded by visual observation. The grazing jaw movement rates of cows grazing both pasture types were similar and remained constant during grazing bouts throughout the day. Cows grazing ryegrass had a higher bite rate than cows grazing Persian clover (p<0.05). High quality grass and clover pastures can be eaten at similar, rapid rates but they are eaten in a different manner.


Web Online CopyAccess 2007 security is extremely different than that of its predecessors. For example, Access 2007 security eliminates user-level security. These changes to security have major implications for the applications built by an organization's employees. This Short Cut covers new topics such as using an Access 2007 database in a trusted location, encrypting in Access 2007, and packaging, signing, and distributing an Access 2007 database. It also covers how security works with databases created in other versions of Access. Finally, it covers the process of running unsafe expressions. All of these topics are vital for securing and successfully working with an Access 2007 database. Learn what's new in Access 2007 security Find out how security applies to databases stored in one of the older file formats Get to know the Trust Center Learn how to package and sign a database Discover how easy it is to place a database in a Trusted Location Explore the new encryption feature in Access 2007Table of Contents Why This Short Cut Is Important What's New in Access 2007 Security? What Happened to User-Level Security? Trusting a Database Using a Database Password to Encrypt an Office Access 2007 Database Packaging, Signing, and Distributing an Access Database Using the Trust Center Understanding How Databases Behave When Trusted and Untrusted Working in Sandbox Mode Removing User-Level Security Enabling or Disabling ActiveX Controls Enabling or Disabling Add-ins Adding a Trusted Publisher Practice Examples: Securing an Access 2007 Database


The Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling (TCM) is a suite of graphical editors for a number of graphical notation systems that are used in software specification methods. The notations can be used to represent the conceptual structure of the software - hence the name of the suite.
This manual describes version 1.6 of TCM. TCM runs on Unbc systems with X Windows. The TCM ftp site is ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/tcm. The TCM home page is http:/fwww.cs.vu.nl/~tcm. The use of TCM is free for education, academic research and other non-commercial purposes.
This version of TCM contains graphical editors for several kinds of documents, namely diagrams, tables and trees.

• Editors are available for the following kinds of diagrams: generic graph diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, class-relationship diagrams, state transition diagrams, recursive process graphs, data (and event) flow diagrams, and JSD process structure and system network diagrams.

• Editors are available for the following kinds of tables: generic tables, transaction decomposition tables, transaction-use tables and function-entity type tables.

• Editors are available for the following kinds of trees: generic textual trees and function refinement trees.

The current version of TCM supports constraint checking for single documents (e.g. name duplication, cycles in is-a relationships). TCM distinguishes built-in constraints (of which a violation cannot even be attempted) from immediate constraints (of which an attempted violation is immediately prevented) and soft constraints (against which the editor warns, after it is asked to check the drawing). The current version of TCM does not yet support constraint checking across documents for integrated conceptual modeling. Future versions of TCM will be enhanced with cross-diagram checking functions.
All editors share as much as possible of their user interface, which is designed to be usable without user manual. There is a simple on-line help facility and this user's guide annex reference is supplied with TCM in PostScript format and in HTML format, which can be read by a web browser.
This document describes the user interaction with TCM. It is intended to be a guide for both beginners and advanced users. The last appendix contains a mini-tutorial of the notation techniques supported by this version of TCM. Full information can be found in:
R.J. Wieringa. Requirements Engineering - Frameworks for Understanding. Wiley, 1996. ISBN 0 471 95884 0. http://www.cs.vu.nl/~roelw/books.html.


The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that rapidly amplifies selected subsets of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or complementary DNA (cDNA) from initially complex biological mixtures. The efficiency of amplification or sequence of the amplified material can then be examined for many purposes, including genotyping or the characterisation of new genes, gene expression patterns, mutations or polymorphisms. Quantitative-PCR (QT-PCR) has become practical and popular over the past decade with the generation of libraries of individual primer sets and arrayed sets of primers by commercial entities. QT-PCR machines can assay up to 384 samples at once, permitting the complete analysis of expression of families of genes, such as signalling kinases or cytokines, in a single experiment. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR has also become popular to identify microRNAs (ribonucleic acid). PCR is highly useful in structural biology to rapidly modify the boundaries of protein domains intended for crystallisation and in genomics for high-throughput sequencing.

Key Concepts:

PCR can be conducted on vanishingly small amounts of material.

PCR can be used for rapid genotyping or sequencing.

PCR is useful for quantitative analysis of gene expression of entire gene families or signalling networks in arrayed assays.

PCR is frequently the method of choice for genetic engineering involving mutations, truncations or extensions of existing genes.

PCR is a preferred method for high-thoughput library screens.

Keywords:

RACE-PCR;
RT-PCR;
polymorphisms;
genotyping


Porosity over a broad range (typically 0.001–300 μm in diameter) of tissue scaffolds provides appropriate conditions for diffusion and adsorption of small molecules and macromolecules, migration of cells through the scaffold, and adequate cell proliferative capacity. Characterisation of pores over this large range poses a problem especially when analysing soft polymer hydrogels, as no one methodology can adequately cover the entire range. This work describes a combined technique used for evaluation of the porous structure of a collagen hydrogel (dermal substitute Integra®) on the basis of NMR-cryoporometry (sensitive to nanopores) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging (sensitive to macropores). Thermodesorption of water, diffusion of proteins through a collagen membrane, migration and growth of normal primary human skin fibroblasts, and the interaction kinetics of 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells (using a quartz crystal microbalance) with collagen were analysed with respect to the porous structure of the material. The contribution to the total porosity of pores with a diameter of less than 100 nm is low, at approximately 3–5%, a figure estimated using the methods described above. However, these pores are the main contributor to the specific surface area (S ≈ 120 m2 g−1) as larger diameter macropores, with diameters of 20–200 μm, have a much lower surface area at S ≈ 0.4 m2 g−1 relative to their large pore volume V = 14.4 cm3 g−1.


The purpose of this study is to examine the transfer of training and its
relationship with Trainees' Characteristic, Programme Design and Organization
Support in skills transfer, using two evaluation methods: self-rating and end result
measurement. The barriers of training transfer faced by programme participants were
also studied. In addition, a comparison of mean differences was carried out on selfrating
and end result evaluation method. A total of 52 middle managerial staffs both
academic and non-academic from INTI COLLEGE, Nilai were selected using
stratified random sampling techniques. These respondents participated in computer
skill-training programmes, namely MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint and Internet
conducted by the college in year 2000.
Data was collected using self-administered survey questionnaire. Responses
were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Measures of
Central Tendency, Standard Deviation and frequency were used for descriptive
analysis while Person Product-moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used to
determine the relationship of the variables. Analysis of Paired-samples T-Test was used to determine the differences between the level of transfer of training using selfrating
skill method and the end result measurement.


Seasonal periods of high rainfall have been shown to cause elevated natural organic matter (NOM) loadings at treatment works. These high levels lead to difficulties in removing sufficient NOM to meet trihalomethane (THM) standards, and hence better alternative treatments are required. Here three options for the removal of NOM either by optimising current coagulation and preor post-coagulation have been studied. NOM can be isolated into fractions distinguished by their hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics. Previous studies have shown that certain fractions are more recalcitrant to treatment during the times of high loadings. By optimising coagulation for these fractions a staged coagulation is proposed, the results of which found that although no significant dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) was observed filter run times were significantly increased. Secondly a novel magnetic ion exchange process (MIEX®) developed specifically for the removal of NOM was trialled and the results of a combination of ferric coagulation and MIEX® showed that although the final DOC of the water was not significantly reduced the THM formation potential (THMFP) was reduced by more than 50% for the lower molecular weight (MW) compounds that are known to be untreated by conventional coagulation. Finally the addition of a range of adsorbents including carbons, hydroxides and clays to both the raw water and the isolated low MW fraction showed that an increase in DOC and UV254 removal was achievable. The findings of the three trials showed that at the difficult to treat times of the year, optimised removal for the low MW fractions could prove to be vital if legislation is changed.


PURPOSE
This study was conducted to determine if prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) improves survival in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients with stage III NSCLC without disease progression after treatment with surgery and/or radiation therapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy were eligible. Participants were stratified by stage (IIIA v IIIB), histology (nonsquamous v squamous), and therapy (surgery v none) and were randomly assigned to PCI or observation. PCI was delivered to 30 Gy in 15 fractions. The primary end point of the study was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points were disease-free survival (DFS), neurocognitive function (NCF), and quality of life. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses were used for OS and DFS. The incidence of brain metastasis (BM) was evaluated with the logistic regression model.

RESULTS
Overall, 356 patients were accrued of the targeted 1,058. The study was closed early because of slow accrual; 340 of the 356 patients were eligible. The 1-year OS (P = .86; 75.6% v 76.9% for PCI v observation) and 1-year DFS (P = .11; 56.4% v 51.2% for PCI v observation) were not significantly different. The hazard ratio for observation versus PCI was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.77 to 1.36). The 1-year rates of BM were significantly different (P = .004; 7.7% v 18.0% for PCI v observation). Patients in the observation arm were 2.52 times more likely to develop BM than those in the PCI arm (unadjusted odds ratio, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.32 to 4.80).

CONCLUSION
In patients with stage III disease without progression of disease after therapy, PCI decreased the rate of BM but did not improve OS or DFS.


The main objective of this research project is to perform some experimental procedures to inform the ability of the novel adsorbent used in this project. The chemical modification of the adsorbent is the chemical oxidation of pure powder chitosan using some specific redox pairs which are potassium dichromate and sodium bisulphite. After preparing the modified chitosan, there are some parameters that must be discussed during the adsorption process. The first parameter is the time parameter, showing experimentally the optimum time for adsorption under certain conditions by collecting values of absorbance and concentration of thymol blue adsorbed after the process from the spectrophotometer showing that the optimum time is 120 minutes. While for the optimum pH experiment, it is shown that optimum pH is 4, 0.5% v/v is optimum concentration and 0.05 grams is the optimum dose for the adsorbent. Then after computing these conditions and values of absorbance, some calculations and classifications are done to show the reaction kinetics and isotherm classification of the process. By performing some equations using mathematical rules it is provided that the reaction is not a first order reaction, showing by calculations and graphs that the reaction is a second order reaction. Also, to know the classification of the process other mathematical relations are done calculating slope and R to show whether the process reaction is a Langumir or Frendulish, showing that the reaction process is a Frendulish process having a greater value of R.


This article evaluates how foreign-born residents perceive the Irish health system compared to the Irish-born. Using data from the European Social Survey (2002-2012), the article finds that the foreign-born are more positive than the native-born regarding the Irish health system. This positive attitude is most pronounced in the first years after their arrival and decreases with time spent in Ireland. However, perceptions vary according to the country of origin: Polish migrants are much more positive about the Irish health system than the Irish, while British-born residents rate the system just slightly more positively than Irish natives.


Based on a new options transactions data base from the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Foreign Currency Options Market, this paper examines the importance of the effect of nonsynchronous prices and transaction costs on the usual option market efficiency tests. The tests conducted are based on the transaction cost adjusted early exercise and put-call parity pricing boundaries applicable to the American foreign currency options market. The test results show that the put-call parity boundary tests are sensitive to both nonsynchronous prices and transaction costs. The early exercise boundary tests are sensitive to transaction costs but are not very sensitive to simultaneity of the option price and the underlying spot price. Under the no-transaction costs scenario, a large number of early exercise boundary violations is found even when simultaneous spot and option prices are used. These violations disappear when actual transaction costs are taken into account.


A record of out-crossing in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan
(L.) Millsp.) from 32 locations indicated a large variation within
and across 12 countries of Asia, Africa, and Americas. Pigeonpea
breeders have exploited the natural hybrids within landraces for
developing high yielding inbred cultivars in different countries.
Similarly, natural hybrids selected from wild relatives of
pigeonpea have been used to breed male sterility systems. During
the last 40 years the importance of natural out-crossing in genetic
enhancement of yield in pigeonpea has been well recognized,
particularly in developing commercial hybrid technology; and it
has allowed thousands of Indian farmers to harvest 30-40% more
grains. This review provides an update on various aspects of
natural out-crossing such as pollinating agents, extent of outcrossing,
factors influencing out-crossing; besides this, the
successful role of out-crossing in the genetic enhancement of
yield in pigeonpea has also been discussed.


In the present work, the influence of turbulence and gravity forces on the tower and the rotor of a 5MW onshore wind turbine has been investigated. A full geometry of the turbine has been designed and simulated in a virtual wind farm and then the fluid loads are imported into the structural part by fluid structure interaction (FSI) method. The final results are shown that the gravity force is significantly higher than turbulence loads and should be considered in designing of the large wind turbines.


Measles virus (MV) is highly infectious, and has long been thought to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. However, epithelial cells do not express signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150), which is the high-affinity cellular receptor for wild-type MV strains. We have generated a new recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), based on a wild-type genotype B3 virus isolate from Khartoum, Sudan (KS). Cynomolgus macaques were infected with a high dose of rMVKSEGFP by aerosol inhalation to ensure that the virus could reach the full range of potential target cells throughout the entire respiratory tract. Animals were euthanized 2, 3, 4 or 5 days post-infection (d.p.i., n = 3 per time point) and infected (EGFP+) cells were identified at all four time points, albeit at low levels 2 and 3 d.p.i. At these earliest time points, MV-infected cells were exclusively detected in the lungs by fluorescence microscopy, histopathology and/or virus isolation from broncho-alveolar lavage cells. On 2 d.p.i., EGFP+ cells were phenotypically typed as large mononuclear cells present in the alveolar lumen or lining the alveolar epithelium. One to two days later, larger clusters of MV-infected cells were detected in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and in the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes. From 4 d.p.i. onward, MV-infected cells were detected in peripheral blood and various lymphoid tissues. In spite of the possibility for the aerosolized virus to infect cells and lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract, MV-infected cells were not detected in either the tonsils or the adenoids until after onset of viremia. These data strongly suggest that in our model MV entered the host at the alveolar level by infecting macrophages or dendritic cells, which traffic the virus to BALT or regional lymph nodes, resulting in local amplification and subsequent systemic dissemination by viremia.


The use of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport as a gold standard, as in the article by Halkin et al. (Clin. Sci. 1991; 81, 223–32) [1], should give rise to disquiet because it has been known for a long time that this parameter is influenced by low-density lipoprotein (LDL), by cholesterol and by saturated fatty acids. Recently, it has been clarified that LDL increases the Vmax of this flux [2]. One has to agree that it is interesting that there is an inverse relationship between the ability to dilate blood vessels and Na+/Li+ exchange in the diabetic patient, but actually the basis for this apparent relationship is already known and it is not quite as direct as the authors might wish to imply. It is not native LDL but oxidized LDL [3] that stops the formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) [4], reduces prostacyclin production and even enhances 'tissue factor9 formation by endothelial cells [5]. In fact, the reduced production of EDRF by diabetic patients that is pertinent to atherogenesis can be correlated with a raised plasma level of cholesterol [6] and also with the plasma level of lipid peroxides [7]. In that case there is some basic information missing concerning the effects of lipid peroxides on Na+/Li+ fluxes in erythrocytes. When this is known, it might well explain why this parameter seems to relate to hypertension and/or nephropathy in diabetic patients. Meantime, in a study of this kind [1] we should have been told which of the subjects were smokers, especially as there were two outstanding points on each graph that formed the relationship.


Rim (or tip) driven thrusters with structurally integrated brushless PM motors are now an established technology with an increasing range of applications. In these thrusters, the stator of the motor is housed within the thruster duct, and the rotor forms a ring around the tips of the propeller. Such high pole number motors tend to be very thin radially, have very small axial length to diameter ratios, and have relatively large airgaps to accommodate corrosion protection layers on the surfaces of the rotor and stator. The relatively large diameter stator laminations of such machines tend, therefore, to have a very thin back of core and narrow teeth, which make them expensive and difficult to manufacture. This thesis proposes an alternative motor topology featuring a toothless stator whose laminations are manufactured from a single strip of steel that is edge wound into a spiral. The electromagnetic design of the motor was optimised for maximum efficiency for a given propeller torque and speed. The airgap flux density in was obtained from an analytical solution of Laplace and Poisson's equations of scalar magnetic potential. Electromagnetic torque was calculated for ideal square wave current distribution. Copper and core losses were estimated in the usual manner. Design of the machine was refined using transient finite element analysis, allowing for rotation of the rotor. The design optimisation revealed that there is an optimum radial thickness for the permanent magnet and number of poles at which the efficiency is maximum. A demonstrator machine was built and tested, and yield a 10% lower efficiency when compared with an existing slotted machine of the same diameter, with an increased volume in the slotless machine of 15%. A cost analysis yielded that the slotless edge-wound laminations are cheaper to manufacture than slotted laser-cut laminations, however the costs of the increased magnet material required are higher. This project has demonstrated a potential cost savings in the manufacture of laminations, however, for this specific thruster application the costs are offset by the need for more magnet material.


This paper aims at simulating how "disorganization" affects team problem solving and motivation. The prime objective is to determine how team problem solving varies between an organized and disorganized environment. Using agent-based modeling, we use a real world data set from 226 volunteers at five different types of non-profit organizations in Southwest England in order to define some attributes of the agents. We introduce the concepts of natural, structural and functional disorganization while operationalizing natural and functional disorganization. The simulations show that "disorganization" is more conducive for problem solving efficiency than "organization" given enough flexibility (range) to search and acquire resources. Our findings further demonstrate that teams with resources above their hierarchical level (access to better quality resources) tend to perform better than teams that have only limited access to resources. Our nuanced categories of "(dis-)organization" allow us to compare between various structural limitations, thus generating insights for improving the way managers' structure teams for better problem-solving.
Keywords: agent-based modeling, disorganization, team performance, public service motivation