Since 1831, Indian nations have been viewed as Domestic Dependent Nations located within the geographical boundaries of the United States. Although Chief Justice John Marshall acknowledged that Indian nations had a certain amount of sovereignty, the exact extent of such sovereignty as well as the place of tribes within the federal system has remained ill-defined. This Article examines what has been the role of the Supreme Court in integrating Indian nations as the third Sovereign within our federalist system. The Article accomplishes this task by examining the Court's Indian law record in the last 30 years. The comprehensive survey of Indian law decisions indicates that the Court has had difficulties upholding the federal policy of respecting tribal sovereignty and encouraging tribal self-government. After categorizing the cases between victories and losses, the Article divides the cases into four categories: Federal common law, statutory interpretation, constitutional law, and procedural law. The cases are then further divided into four general areas: 1. Tribal Sovereign/Political rights, 2. Economic Rights (treaty/property rights), 3. Rights derived from the trust relationship, and 4. Cultural/Religious rights.
The Article next focuses on the interaction between the Court and Congress concerning the incorporation of tribes as the third sovereign within the federalist system. This Part first evaluates Congress's response to Supreme Court cases and then looks at the Court's response to congressional legislation. The Article ends by arguing that through its disproportionate use of federal common law in its Indian law decisions, the Court has not attempted to reach a consensus with Congress about the place of Indian nations within our federalism. Instead, it has aimed to establish what the Court perceives should be the proper equilibrium between tribal interests on one hand and the non-Indian/state interests on the other.


The landmark federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was passed in 2001 with broad bipartisan support. In the years since then, however, it has come under sharp attack, not only from those on the left and right who never liked standardsbased reform in the first place but also from moderates who find several elements of NCLB untenable. In Improving on No Child Left Behind , leading authorities assess the evidence around three central critiques of the act: that NCLB is underfunded; that the standards, testing, and accountability provisions are deeply flawed; and that provisions designed to allow students to transfer out of failing public schools are not working well. Going beyond mere critique, the contributors provide concrete and workable solutions to each of these challenges. Their proposals should help inform the congressional renewal of the legislation in the near future. The book represents an effort to put the sound idea of standards-based education reform back on track. The book includes an introduction by the volume's editor, Richard D. Kahlenberg; chapters by William Duncombe and John Yinger (Syracuse University) and Anna Lukemeyer (University of Nevada-Las Vegas) on the underfunding of NCLB; by Lauren Resnick, Mary Kay Stein, and Sarah Coon (University of Pittsburgh) on the standards, testing, and accountability provisions of NCLB; and by Amy Stuart Wells (Teachers College, Columbia University) and Jennifer Holme (University of Texas-Austin) on the right of students in low-performing public schools to transfer to better-performing schools.


The inexistent process. Kafka «In the Penal Colony» and elsewhere.
«In the Penal Colony», as well as in other works, space and time are beyond the facts and the reality of facts. Not Aristotle, with his transcendent concepts, nor Kant, with his transcendental concepts. But Kafka, with his concepts gathered from a mighty literary imagination and from a life lived in solitude also when he had tenderness for Felice and Milena. In Kafka, it's a literary and political dream to imagine that the judges make always a process before condemning. A dream of democracy, against the absence of law and law-court. A dream and a moral obligation: to escape from the anti-democracy in the name of the legal warranty.


That local job creation within a large urban labour market does not have a significant long term influence on the unemployment rates of local residents has long been documented (for example in Cheshire, 1979; Burridge & Gordon 1981; Gordon & Lamont, 1982). Urban ?regeneration policy? continues, nevertheless, to be targeted at small areas within large cities. This has been a continuing element in British urban policy, for example, since the Innner Urban Areas Act of 1978. An explicit aim of such urban policy has been to ?regenerate local economies and provide jobs for local people?. Increasingly European regional policy has also attempted to intervene on the basis of smaller areas within large urbanised regions. In the literature two mechanisms have been explored to explain the failure of local job creation to influence the unemployment rates of local residents. The operation of housing markets and social housing systems and the way that these generate social segregation means that the source of unemployment differentials across urban areas is primarily that poor neighbourhoods are where those with a higher propensity to be unemployed are concentrated. In addition it has been shown that interaction between local labour markets linked by significant commuting flows means that any differential opportunities that result from local job creation are quickly diffused throughout the set of interacting labour markets. Commuting flows adapt so that characteristic specific unemployment rates tend to equality throughout the urbanised region. This paper examines evidence relating to an additional mechanism: local migration. Data were collected for one area of regeneration in west London - Harlesden. This area was the recipient of a City Challenge grant of ?37.5 million running over 5 years from 1993. It is quite typical of disadvantaged neighbourhoods within large British cities. It grew up on the back of a successful industrial economy which has now been subject to 35 years of decline. It has a large concentration of ethnic minorities and - despite evidence of some success in local job creation - a relatively worsening unemployment rate over the 5 year regeneration period. Data for three samples of people of working age were collected: a sample of those who had lived within the area throughout the period of the regeneration; a sample of ?outmovers?; and a third of ?inmovers?. The samples were large enough for statistical analysis and the differing labour market experience of the samples over the five year period was compared. Differences were very substantial, with the out-movers having far the greatest labour market success. The results reinforce the important role of housing markets in articulating overall social inequality to generate the observed geographical patterns of poverty and social exclusion in urbanised regions. They also reinforce the need to distinguish between the goals of regenerating local economies within cities and that of improving the lives of the most disadvantaged. They also underline the need to think more carefully about what exactly is meant by the aim of providing jobs for local people. These and other implications for policy are explored. Burridge, P. and Gordon, I. (1981) Unemployment in the British Metropolitan Labour areas. Oxford Economic Papers, 33, 274-97. Cheshire, P.C. (1979) Inner areas as spatial labour markets: a critique of the inner area studies. Urban Studies, 16(2), 29-43. Gordon, I. and Lamont, D. (1982) A model of labour-market interdependencies in the London region. Environment and Planning A, 14, 238-64.


Even though many employers believe that health insurance and health affect employees' productivity and firms' performance, health economists typically overlook and rarely measure firms' returns on health-related investments. Some research, however, suggests that firms may benefit economically by providing health insurance coverage for workers and their families. For example, health coverage may help employers recruit and retain high-quality workers. Health may contribute to productivity by reducing the costs of absenteeism and turnover and by increasing workers' productivity. This article reviews the evidence and proposes an agenda for future research. A better understanding of the benefits to employers of offering health coverage to workers may help clarify employers' behavior and help private employers and public officials make appropriate investments in health.


Abstract : Presently, U.S. border security endeavors are compartmentalized, fragmented, and poorly coordinated. Moreover, international collaborations are extremely limited; success hinges on effective international cooperation. This thesis addresses U.S. border security management using complexity theory and a systems approach, incorporating both borders and all associated border security institutions simultaneously. Border security research has rarely viewed all stakeholders as a holistic unit up to this point, nor has border security been thoroughly examined using a systems approach. This research scrutinizes the current U.S. border security paradigm in an attempt to determine the systemic reasons why the system is ineffective in securing U.S. borders. Additionally, the research investigates the current level of international cooperation between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. This thesis increases awareness and will possibly create dissent among established agencies, which is the first step in instituting needed changes that will ultimately increase North American security. The thesis contends that the establishment of a tri-national-United States, Canadian, and Mexican-border security agency, in addition to legalizing drugs and reestablishing a guest worker program, will be more effective and cost-efficient in securing North American borders.


Together with a number of other countries including China Germany has a two-tier board system, i.e. its stock corporation law provides for the division between the management board and the supervisory board. This is different from most other countries, for example the USA, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and others. Both board systems have their assets, yet in principle both fulfill adequately the task of control over management; there is no clear superiority of one of the two of them. The national board systems are highly path-dependent. Germany has had the supervisory board ever since the late 19th century when the state gave up its concession system, i.e. the approval and supervision of corporations by the state, and introduced a mandatory supervisory board to take over this task from the state. Germany strictly refuses to give shareholders the option to choose between the two systems. Labor codetermination in the supervisory board may be one of the reasons for this refusal. While European legislators have been rather prudent in regulating board matters, there has been a considerable de facto convergence between the two systems. Yet path-dependent divergences remain, as to Germany this is true particularly in respect of quasi-parity and full parity labor codetermination in the board of corporations, but also as regards stakeholder orientation and a codified law of groups of companies featuring corresponding board duties for both parent and subsidiary companies. The German Stock Corporation Act and the German Corporate Governance Code contain extensive provisions on both the management board and the supervisory board. The provisions on the supervisory board have been considerably reformed since the late 1990s. Today, German corporate governance under the two-tier board system is more or less in line with international good corporate governance. In Germany there are considerable controversies concerning (i) the diversity requirements of 2015, (ii) the definition of independence for supervisory board candidates, (iii) the pros and cons of mandatory quasi-parity and full-parity labor codetermination and (iv) the role of the nonbinding German Corporate Governance Code. The article pursues two goals: It informs a non- German audience on the regulation of the supervisory board in Germany, both by law and code, highlighting major current problems and controversies, and it undertakes a functional assessment of the experience with and the functioning of the supervisory board in a comparative perspective.


The engineering process that underlies software development is examined. A brief summary of how information technology has affected both institutions and individuals in the past few decades is given. Engineering with models and metrics is then discussed. Improving software quality, making software engineering technology more transferable, and transferring software technology into an organization are addressed.<<ETX>>


Information Systems (IS) practices are often 'institutionally contested' when introduced into organizations. They run counter to the status quo and disrupt organizational stability. Furthermore, they contravene the normative, regulatory, and culturalcognitive legitimacy in existing institutionalized processes. This research explores contested practices, examining the struggles and techniques IS organizations use to legitimize and institutionalize them. Using an institutional change and translation perspective, we investigate a case of Enterprise Architecture (EA) implementations in a US state government, highlighting the struggles in translating new practices to connect to potential users and in connecting new practices to existing norms, regulations, and cultural values. We elucidate two key techniques to overcome these struggles: inductive communication to make new practices relatable to users, and the deployment of experts to local contexts to facilitate knowledge transfer. The research shows how institutional change unfolds and informs practitioners of how to legitimize EA practices.


abstract Hydrothermal plumes are widely distributed throughout the global spreading ridges, yet few of them are microbiologically explored. The ultraslow-spreading ridges, recently recognized as a unique, new class of mid-ocean-ridge system, have provided surprises and new insights in hydrothermal system research. A suite of water column samples including both hydrothermal plume samples and ambient seawater were collected at different depths from the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) in 2010. We use molecular approaches such as clone libraries, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative PCR to determine microbial community compositions and their spatial variability within the hydrothermal plume and seawater. Phylogenetic analysis showed that plume samples were mainly dominated by members of α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria and members of marine group I group within the Crenarchaeota. Within the hydrothermal plume, archaeal populations were spatially homogeneous, while bacterial compositions were heterogeneous and remarkably distinct at different depths. Moreover, several lineages, closely related to known Mn(II) oxidizers were found to be abundant and even predominant within the plume bacterial communities. DGGE band patterns showed that there was no significant difference in microbial compositions between the samples of hydrothermal plume and ambient seawater. Taken together, we inferred that microbial communities in the SWIR hydrothermal plumes were sourced from ambient seawater rather than from seafloor vent-derived niches. This is the first report on the characteristics of microbial community structures in hydrothermal plume and ambient seawater in the Southwest Indian Ridge.


Primary infection with virus can stimulate a vigorous cytotoxic T cell response. The magnitude of the antigen-specific component versus the bystander component of a primary T cell response remains controversial. In this study, we have used tetrameric major histocompatibility complex–peptide complexes to directly visualize antigen-specific cluster of differentration (CD)8+ T cells during the primary immune response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans. We show that massive expansion of activated, antigen-specific T cells occurs during the primary response to this virus. In one individual, T cells specific for a single EBV epitope comprised 44% of the total CD8+ T cells within peripheral blood. The majority of the antigen-specific cells had an activated/memory phenotype, with expression of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR, CD38, and CD45RO, downregulation of CD62 leukocyte (CD62L), and low levels of expression of CD45RA. After recovery from AIM, the frequency of antigen-specific T cells fell in most donors studied, although populations of antigen-specific cells continued to be easily detectable for at least 3 yr.


Identification of people with elevated body temperature can reduce or dramatically slow down the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. We present a novel fever-screening system, F3S, that uses edge machine learning techniques to accurately measure core body temperatures of multiple individuals in a free-flow setting. F3S performs real-time sensor fusion of visual camera with thermal camera data streams to detect elevated body temperature, and it has several unique features: (a) visual and thermal streams represent very different modalities, and we dynamically associate semantically-equivalent regions across visual and thermal frames by using a new, dynamic alignment technique that analyzes content and context in real-time, (b) we track people through occlusions, identify the eye (inner canthus), forehead, face and head regions where possible, and provide an accurate temperature reading by using a prioritized refinement algorithm, and (c) we robustly detect elevated body temperature even in the presence of personal protective equipment like masks, or sunglasses or hats, all of which can be affected by hot weather and lead to spurious temperature readings. F3S has been deployed at over a dozen large commercial establishments, providing contact-less, free-flow, real-time fever screening for thousands of employees and customers in indoors and outdoor settings.


Insulin resistance in patients with diabetes mellitus Cause complications such as cardiovascular disease and kidney. The studies have indicated that ginseng is effective in hyperglycemia control and prevention of the complications of diab etes through improving insulin sensitivity and reduce blood pressure, inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and obesity. The current study aimed to review the available studies regarding the effect of ginseng on improving glycemic status and other related parameters. This review study was done by searching on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Persian databases as the SID and Magiran by using of key words: Inflammation, Ginseng, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Dyslipidemia. In this study, the articles publ ished between the years 1995-2014 were used. The study€s results show that ginseng and ginsenosids (active compunds of ginseng) can reduce hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Although some studies did not support the effects of ginseng. One of the reasons for inconsistent results between studies is different combinations between types of ginseng (Asian, American,...) So, due to few studies and conflicting results in this reg ard, more research is suggested.


The paper aims at reconsidering the famous Le Cam LAN theory. The main features of the approach which make it different from the classical one are: (1) the study is non-asymptotic, that is, the sample size is xed and does not tend to infinity; (2) the parametric assumption is possibly misspecified and the underlying data distribution can lie beyond the given parametric family. The main results include a large deviation bounds for the (quasi) maximum likelihood and the local quadratic majorization of the log-likelihood process. The latter yields a number of important corollaries for statistical inference - concentration, confidence and risk bounds, expansion of the maximum likelihood estimate, etc. All these corollaries are stated in a non-classical way admitting a model misspecification and finite samples. However, the classical asymptotic results including the efficiency bounds can be easily derived as corollaries of the obtained non-asymptotic statements. The general results are illustrated for the i.i.d. set-up as well as for generalized linear and median estimation. The results apply for any dimension of the parameter space and provide a quantitative lower bound on the sample size yielding the root-n accuracy. We also discuss the procedures which allows to recover the structure when its e ective dimension is unknown.


In twentieth century, especially during the Cold War era, the two ideas of Nationalism and Internationalism were the main competitor approaches in different schools of thought in the field of international studies. However, global integration between states and nations from economic, cultural, and communicational aspects has created a new magnificent world which is more integrated and the interests of political units are more incorporated. Based on this new world order, the major rival trends in the world arena are two recent dominant approaches of globalism and regionalism. The appearance of the successful regionalism regimes in Europe and also in the South East Asian region while they have tried to keep their correlations with the global trends, have prepared a suitable model for other regions to construct regional unities in a globalized framework. This paper aims to examine one of the most important issues in the SCO region - the exploration and transportation of energy - in the framework of regionalism and globalism approaches. Regarding to this matter, the outlook of the energy cooperation between the SCO countries and the position of the other powerful players in the region will be analyzed. The opportunities and challenges confronted with the producers and consumers of this strategic commodity to achieve energy security in this region also will be discussed.


Future construction of concrete floating platforms for offshore oil exploration and development off the East Coast of Canada may lead to a substantial increase in the use of high strength lightweight (HSLW) concrete in Canada. While HSLW concrete has been extensively used in other areas of the world such as Norway, its use to date in Canada has been limited. HSLW concrete with its improved durability and lightweight characteristics is a very much sought after material in the construction of concrete floating platforms. However, the efficient use of HSLW concrete in Canada is limited by the following two restrictions in the Canadian concrete design code A23.3 (2): first, in calculating the bar development length the maximum permissible value for the compressive strength of the concrete is limited to 64 MPa, secondly for lightweight concrete the minimum development length must be increased by 30%. The objective of this research was to determine the bond strength characteristics of 25 mm and 35 mm deformed reinforcement bars embedded in 80 MPa HSLW concrete and to assess whether or not the code restrictions are justified. -- The experiment consisted of performing a total of 72 pullout and push-in test to evaluate the bond behavior under both monotonic and cyclic loading. The effect of tension and compression along with various rates of loading were investigated for the monotonic tests as well as changing the rate of loading for the cyclic tests. Each of the specimens was confined with 10 mm stirrups, representing a well-confined member that is typical in an offshore floating platform. The concrete used in the experiment had an average compressive strength of 83.1 MPa. The results were evaluated and compared to the work by other researchers on high strength normal weight (HSNW) concrete as well as to the Australian, American and Canadian design codes. -- The results indicated that HSLW concrete behaves very similar to HSNW concrete and the maximum bond stress for HSLW concrete is greater than that of normal strength lightweight concrete. The bond stress versus displacement curve indicates a sharp nearly linear ascending portion of the curve followed by a steep descending portion indicating very brittle behavior, which is characteristic to high strength concrete. The cyclic tests indicated that cyclic loading does not have a significant effect on the bond strength provided that the maximum cyclic displacement is less than the peak load displacement in the monotonic test. A comparison of the test results to the various code equations indicates that the current codes are too conservative for HSLW concrete. In particular it is proposed that the concrete density modification factor for lightweight concrete in the Canadian design code be reduced from 1.30 to 1.10 for the case of HSLW concrete. Finally, it was determined that an expression based on the cubic root of the concrete compressive strength rather than the square root better describes the bond behavior of HSLW concrete.


Zeolite confined nanostructured dinuclear ruthenium clusters as a novel material were prepared by a simple three step procedure: (i) the ion-exchange of Ru3+ ions with the extra-framework Na+ ions in zeolite-Y, (ii) reduction of the Ru3+ ions within the cavities of zeolite with borohydride ions in aqueous solution all at room temperature, (iii) drying the isolated samples under aerobic conditions at 100 ± 1.0 °C. The composition, morphology and structure of zeolite confined nanostructured dinuclear ruthenium clusters, as well as the integrity and crystallinity of the host material, were investigated by using ICP-OES, XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, TEM/EDX, Raman, FTIR, Ru K-edge XANES, EXAFS spectroscopies, and N2-adsorption/desorption technique. The results of these multi-pronged analyses reveal the formation of nanostructured dinuclear ruthenium clusters within the cavities of zeolite-Y, in which each ruthenium center exists in the oxidation state of 3+ and is surrounded by one oxygen of the zeolite framework and three hydroxyl ligands, without causing alteration of the framework lattice, mesopore formation, or loss of crystallinity of the host material. The catalytic use of zeolite confined nanostructured dinuclear ruthenium(III) clusters was tested in the aerobic oxidation of activated, unactivated and heteroatom containing alcohols to carbonyl compounds and found to provide exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity under mild conditions (80 °C and 1 atm O2 or air).


i»?Several countries have employed countercyclical fiscal policy to ameliorate the impact of the global financial crisis. This study identifies some of the issues and policy implications associated with this policy response in developing countries. Included are case studies of four developing countries in the Asian region—Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore. The findings point to a rich diversity in both the size and composition of fiscal stimulus and the challenges which are confronted. This study suggests several steps that countries might take to improve the impact of expansionary fiscal policy in response to future downturns. These include (i) embedding automatic stabilizing impulses through the provision of social safety nets; (ii) increasing tax revenues collected from personal and corporate taxes, by reducing labor market informality through improvements in the business environment; (iii) safeguarding fiscal sustainability; (iv) rebalancing growth by strengthening other sectors of the economy; (v) reducing expenditures on subsidies; and (vi) ensuring smooth and efficient budget execution.


The notion of Lp sampling, and corresponding algorithms known as Lp samplers, have found a wide range of applications in the design of data stream algorithms and beyond. In this survey we present some of the core algorithms to achieve this sampling distribution based on ideas from hashing, sampling and sketching. We give results for the special cases of insertion-only inputs, lower bounds for the sampling problems, and ways to efficiently sample multiple elements. We describe a range of applications of Lp drawing on problems across the domain of computer science, from matrix and graph computations, as well as to geometric and vector streaming problems.


Interference alignment (IA) is a promising technique for interference management in wireless networks. However, most of the existing IA works are based on symmetric multiuser networks. To meet the requirements of practical applications, we consider asymmetric networks where the location of each user is randomly distributed. When the path loss is large, interference may become sufficiently weak, and aligning the interference via IA becomes unnecessary. In this paper, a spectrum-efficient topology management (TM) scheme is proposed for asymmetric interference networks. In this scheme, for a user far away from others, solely adopting spatial multiplexing (SM) as a point-to-point multiple-input and multiple-output subnetwork is more spectrum efficient. On the other hand, for the users close to each other, jointly comprising an IA subnetwork can be the better choice. Thus, we first present the decision criterion, which is used for reinterpreting the network as a graph. Then, the TM scheme is elaborated with the graph theory. In addition, we present the designs of the precoding and decoding matrices for the IA and SM subnetworks. Simulation results show that the proposed TM scheme is much more spectrum efficient than the conventional IA scheme in asymmetric interference networks.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Given its accessibility, familiarity amongst urologists, and long-term experience, the use of prostate cryoablation as a focal therapy modality is growing. Focal cryoablation has been predominantly performed with "visual registration" and estimation of treatment margins. This is challenging as it requires cognitive fusion planning in 3 dimensions, taking into consideration multiple cryoprobes with differing isotherm treatment volumes. MR/Ultrasound fusion-guided prostate cryoablation is novel technique that allows for accurate treatment planning with visualization and guidance of cryoablation of a pre-segmented target lesion. METHODS: MR/US fusion-guided focal cryoablation technique in a 74 year old male with PSA of 9.5 and Gleason 4+3=7 prostate cancer and tertiary pattern 5 prostate cancer confined to an MRI region of interest is demonstrated. Treatment planning was performed with Dyncad for segmentation of the MR-visible lesion at 10mm treatment margin. A novel electromagnetic transperineal fusion biopsy platform (UroNav, Invivo, Gainesville, FL) was used for MR/US fusion guidance. Cryoablation was performed with the Galil Medical Visual Ice Cryoablation system. RESULTS: Successful fusion-guided focal cryoablation was performed with 2 freeze thaw cycles with confirmation of the iceball extending 5mm beyond the segmented treatment margin. The patient was discharged home with a catheter for 3 days and experienced no postoperative complications within 90 days. Postoperative prostate MRI at 2 weeks and 6 months confirmed complete tumor ablation. Repeat prostate biopsy at 6 months post-treatment demonstrated no evidence of disease. Patient's PSA declined to 1.6ng/mL and remains low at 1 year. His International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) as well as his Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) returned to baseline at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Fusion-guided focal cryoablation for localized prostate cancer is feasible and safe, with satisfactory short-term outcomes. It allows for accurate targeting of both the lesion and a margin of ablation while minimizing treatment of non-target tissue. Long-term follow-up regarding this technique is needed to further evaluate functional and oncologic outcomes. Source of Funding: None


Many viruses of interest, such as influenza A, have distinct segments in their genome. The evolution of these viruses involves mutation and reassortment, where segments are interchanged between viruses that coinfect a host. Phylogenetic trees can be constructed to investigate the mutation-driven evolution of individual viral segments. However, reassortment events among viral genomes are not well depicted in such bifurcating trees. We propose the concept of reassortment networks to analyze the evolution of segmented viruses. These are layered graphs in which the layers represent evolutionary stages such as a temporal series of seasons in which influenza viruses are isolated. Nodes represent viral isolates and reassortment events between pairs of isolates. Edges represent evolutionary steps, while weights on edges represent edit costs of reassortment and mutation events. Paths represent possible transformation series among viruses. The length of each path is the sum edit cost of the events required to transform one virus into another. In order to analyze ¿ stages of evolution of n viruses with segments of maximum length m, we first compute the pairwise distances between all corresponding segments of all viruses in O(m2n2) time using dynamic programming. The reassortment network, with O(¿n2) nodes, is then constructed using these distances. The ancestors and descendents of a specific virus can be traced via shortest paths in this network, which can be found in O(¿n3) time.


In this article, the authors examine claims that using more than one method in research automatically enhances validity. They argue that if the findings from different methods are the same this does not automatically prove the study is valid. It may show that the researchers looked only for evidence that supported the findings from one method. Complementarity of methods does not mean that different methods have to produce the same findings. That different methods work together as equal partners has to be demonstrated rather than assumed. A study of self-care in relation to people with diabetes is used to draw out some of the issues in the operationalisation of multiple method validation.


This study investigates the industrial pattern of "herding" in emerging countries including Pakistan, Philippine and Thailand. The uniqueness of the study is the utilization of a rich database from the three above mentioned countries with appropriate industrial classification. Return dispersion model including CSAD, CSSD linear model, non-linear regression and the bullish and bearish effects were applied on the daily returns of 262 companies from 6 sectors over a period of 2009 to 2016. The main findings of the study reveal that there are no signs of herding detected in the linear CSSD except in the energy sector of Pakistan. Moreover, in the linear CSAD model the only sign of herding was observed within the energy sector of Pakistani Stocks. The regression analysis revealed the presence of herding behavior in all 6 sectors of emerging countries except information technology sector. The study also provides evidence on the presence of herding behavior across bullish and bearish market conditions


This article addresses a series of important questions involving the fiduciary obligations and personal liability of bankruptcy trustees and directors of debtors in possession. The article begins by noting the uncertainty of lawyers representing directors of chapter 11 debtors. These lawyers must advise individual directors on their possible liability for decision making post petition. The article continues with a review of basic corporate governance of companies preceding and following the filing of a chapter 11 petition. The article focuses on the content of the fiduciary obligations of care and loyalty of directors of the bankrupt companies. Supreme Court opinions indicate that the fiduciary obligations of the debtor in possession are to be mirrored on the obligations of the trustee in bankruptcy. As a result, the article argues that the business judgment rule, as it is commonly applied to non bankrupt companies, is not appropriately applied to directors of chapter 11 companies. Although directors should be given broad discretion, it is not equivalent to the discretion they may have had prior to filing the petition. The article evaluates cases involving trustees in bankruptcy in the course of reaching conclusions regarding the obligations of directors of the debtor in possession. In addition, the article suggests that trustees in bankruptcy and directors of chapter 11 companies ought to be subjected to a duty of impartiality. This latter duty is necessary because chapter 11 creates a host of beneficiaries of the bankruptcy trust, creating a set of conflicting interests for trustees and directors. The article demonstrates how trustee-based fiduciary obligations would operate in the course of decision making by directors of the debtor in possession. In particular, the article hypothesizes a chapter 11 airline in which directors ponder significant changes to the debtor's business model. Finally, the article parses through the chaotic set of federal opinions concerning the personal liability of bankruptcy trustees, and directors of chapter 11 debtors. The article argues that the distinction drawn by some courts between breaches of the duty of care (for which trustees are rarely liable) and breaches of the duty of loyalty (for which trustees are usually liable) is incorrect. A breach of a fiduciary obligation to a beneficiary of the bankruptcy trust (creditors, et. al) should result in liability. Directors of debtor in possession should be treated in the same manner as trustees. The author continued his treatment of the duties and liability of trustees and directors of chapter 11 companies in two additional articles: Finding the Still Small Voice: The Liability of Bankruptcy Trustees and the Work of the National Bankruptcy Review Commission, 102 Dick. L. Rev. 703 (1998), and Unexpected Gifts of Chapter 11: The Breach of a Director's Duty of Loyalty Following Plan Confirmation and the Post Confirmation Jurisdiction of Bankruptcy Courts, 72 Am. Bankr. L. J. 303 (1998).


Summary
Plague appeared in Thailand in 1904 and has been endemic ever since. Two epidemics of plague, one at the end of 1951, and the other early in 1952, prompted the Thai Department of Health to establish permanent laboratories for plague detection and control in each of the three known plague areas of Thailand. Routine procedures of control and prevention were used.
The present report discusses the work of these laboratories between February, 1952, and September, 1953, during which period a total of 48,553 domestic rats, Rattus exulans concolor, were obtained by live-trapping. These and some animals collected from the fields and forests were tested for the presence of plague which was detected only in R. exulans and its flea, Xenopsylla cheopis. Indices of this vector were computed monthly and an attempt was made to treat with DDT all villages, cities, or sections of cities, whenever the local X. cheopis index rose above 1.0. The major city in each area was studied in detail; wide oscillations were observed in the flea populations which may or may not have been due to the DDT treatment. Notes are given on the other species of rodents associated with R. exulans.


This study profiled the understandings and perceptions of implementation and effectiveness of the communicative language teaching (CLT) approach by nine university teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) in China" Four research questions were proposed: how do the nine university teachers define and understand CLT? What strategies, activities and material have they used in their teaching practice to reflect their understandings of CLT? If they have practiced CLT, what are the factors that influence their choice of using it? If they have rarely or never used it, what are the constraints that hinder their employment of CLT? -- The primary data collection method used in this study was in-depth interviewing which was conducted face to face, by phone and on the Internet The nine EFL university teachers were selected from six different universities or institutions in China, which are located in regions from the northeast to the very south – Hong Kong" They were interviewed through a number of questions proposed in the Interview Guide" Follow-up interviews were taken at the data analysis stage to clarify potential misunderstandings and to verify the participants' viewpoints" -- The interpretations of the findings revealed that all the nine EFL teachers are aware of certain aspects of communicative language teaching pedagogy" Some of their understandings and interpretations exactly correlate with those presented in the literature" However, the findings suggested that most teachers had incomplete and inaccurate interpretations of communicative competence and CLT" They narrowed down the meaning of "communicative competence" by overlooking its social and cultural aspects. Many of them perceived an equivalence of "communicative skills" with "listening and speaking abilities" or "getting ideas across". They overlooked "appropriateness of language use" (Hymes, 1972a), i.e., the ability to use the target language appropriately in socially and culturally determined situations. The teachers' lack of knowledge of and emphasis on social and cultural aspects of CLT was also reflected from their discussions on communicatively oriented language activities. They listed role-play, discussions, music, drama, story-telling and use of computer and Internet as communicative activities. These activities are, in a restricted sense, linguistically rather than communicatively-oriented, because certain linguistic patterns or drills were usually required in their communicative activities, which resulted in no truly genuine communication involving the social and cultural backgrounds of the target language and the students' real communicative needs. The teachers neglected some important aspects of CLT, like meaningful tasks, purposeful interaction, intellectual stimulation, focus on the whole learner, etc. -- A conclusion was drawn that there is a great need for communicatively oriented teacher training courses and professional development in China. On the one hand, the teachers had misinterpretations and inaccurate understandings of CLT; on the other hand, CLT seems to be more highly regarded in China than it was a few years ago and many teachers are willing to make a change from a teacher-centered instructional approach to more student-centered pedagogy, but they feel powerless to do so due to their inadequate knowledge of communicative teaching. Another conclusion was that an adapted CLT approach might be beneficial to Chinese English learners. Most teachers held the opinion that a pure communicative approach is not applicable to China's present EFL education background and situations, due to a list of constraints that arise from cultural conflicts and different pedagogical theories and practices when CLT is implemented in China, but a combination of CLT with a traditional teaching method or an adaptation of this approach to China's specific education contexts may be beneficial to Chinese learners' development of communicative competence. -- Recommendations for educational practice were made concerning how to organize teacher training courses, CLT -directed teacher training programs in particular. Another educational practice for Chinese educators could be their attempt to try the communicative approach in English language teaching at the primary school level. Recommendations for educational research and development were made concerning conducting research on how to adapt CLT to specific education situations in China and, if CLT is to be combined with another method, what methods can be combined with CLT and how they can be effectively combined so that the resulting hybrid is still focused on developing students' communicative competence. To establish a new instructional method, researchers also need to develop a theoretical basis for it. Therefore, one or more language researchers teams need to be set up to develop English teaching theories more suitable for China's EFL contexts. Research could also be conducted exploring how to develop a model of communication-centered teaching pedagogy and curriculum design that Chinese EFL teachers could follow.


This fish and benthic composition database is the result of a multifaceted effort described below.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Biogeography Branch, in consultation with NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (ORandR) and other local and regional experts, is conducting an ecological characterization of the marine ecosystem around Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. The assessment will support effective management and conservation of marine resources in Vieques as a whole. To date a spatially comprehensive assessment of coral reef and hardbottom habitat around Vieques has been lacking. To fill this gap, the Biogeography Branch is expanding long term monitoring efforts to Vieques to collect detailed information about the benthic habitats, fish, and invertebrate communities. Spatially comprehensive information on reefs and hardbottom is vital to future management of the marine resources around Vieques. The collected data will be used to quantify the abundance and spatial distribution of fish, corals, and benthic invertebrates on hardbottom habitats around Vieques. Further, with regular monitoring, changes in the composition and condition of Vieques reefs over time can be detected.Data is collected using established protocols and monitoring efforts consistent with NOAA's National Coral Reef Monitoring Program and the Biogeography Branch's long-term monitoring efforts in southwest Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands since 2000 and 2001, respectively. The intent of this work is: 1) To spatially characterize and monitor the distribution, abundance, and size of both reef fishes and macro-invertebrates (conch, lobster, Diadema); 2) To relate this information to in-situ data collected on associated benthic composition parameters; and 3) To use this information to establish the knowledge base necessary for enacting management decisions in a spatial setting. It is critical, with recent changes in land and maritime use in Vieques (i.e., transfer of former Navy lands to the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Municipality in Vieques, and the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust) that action is taken now to accurately describe and characterize the fish/macro-invertebrate populations in these areas.To quantify patterns of spatial distribution and make meaningful interpretations, we must first have knowledge of the underlying variables determining species distribution. The basis for this work, is the nearshore benthic habitats maps (less than 100 ft depth) created by NOAA's Biogeography Program in 2001 and NOS' bathymetry models. Using ArcView GIS software, the digitized habitat maps are used to select reef/hardbottom habitat that is further stratified by proximity to former land use and geographic side of the island (i.e., north vs. south) to select sampling stations. Sites are randomly selected within these strata to ensure coverage of the entire study region and not just a particular reef. At each site, fish, macro-invertebrates, and benthic composition information is then quantified following standardized protocols. By relating the data collected in the field back to the habitat maps and bathymetric models, the Biogeography Branch is able to model and map species level and community level information. These protocols are standardized throughout the US Caribbean to enable quantification and comparison of reef fish abundance and distribution trends between Vieques and the other locations. Knowledge of the current status of fish/macro-invertebrate communities coupled with longer term monitoring will enable evaluation of management efficacy, thus it is essential to future management actions.


The chemical composition of fossil foraminiferal shells (tests) is widely used as tracers for past ocean chemistry. It is, therefore, important to understand how different (trace) elements are transported and incorporated into these tests from adjacent seawater. The elemental distribution within the walls of foraminiferal tests might be used to differentiate between proposed transport mechanisms. Here, the microdistribution of Mg, Mn, Na, S, and Sr in tests of three species of foraminifera, known to have contrasting test chemistry, is investigated by a combination of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS), micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF), and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μXANES) analyses. The three investigated species are the symbiont-barren Ammonia sp. T6 and Bulimina marginata, which precipitate a low-Mg calcite test, and the symbiont-bearing species Amphistegina lessonii, which produces a test with intermediate Mg content. Because all analyzed tests were formed under controlled and identical laboratory conditions, the observed distributions of elements are not due to environmental variability but are a direct consequence of the processes involved in calcification or, in the case of A. lessonii, possibly symbiont activity. Despite some variability in elemental microdistribution between specimens from a given species, our combined dataset shows species-specific distributions of the elements (e.g., peak heights and/or band-widths) and also a systematic colocation of Mg, Na, S, and Sr for all three species, suggesting a coupled or simultaneous uptake, transport, and incorporation of these elements during chamber addition. The observed trace element patterns generally reflect a laminar calcification model, suggesting that heterogeneity of these elements is intrinsically linked to chamber addition. Although the incorporation of redox-sensitive Mn depends on the Mn concentration of the culture medium, the Mn distribution observed in Ammonia sp. suggests that Mn transport is similarly linked to laminar calcification dynamics. However, for B. marginata, Mn banding was sometimes anticorrelated with Mg banding, suggesting that (bio)availability, uptake, and transport of Mn differ from those for Ammonia sp. Our results from symbiont-bearing A. lessonii suggest that the activity of symbionts (i.e., photosynthesis/respiration) may influence the incorporation of Mn owing to alternation of the chemistry in the microenvironment of the foraminifera, an important consideration in the development of this potential proxy for past oxygenation of the oceans.


We cast the problem of source localization on graphs as the simultaneous problem of sparse recovery and diffusion kernel learning. An ℓ1 regularization term enforces the sparsity constraint while we recover the sources of diffusion from a single snapshot of the diffusion process. The diffusion kernel is estimated by assuming the process to be as generic as the standard heat diffusion. We show with synthetic data that we can concomitantly learn the diffusion kernel and the sources, given an estimated initialization. We validate our model with cholera mortality and atmospheric tracer diffusion data, showing also that the accuracy of the solution depends on the construction of the graph from the data points.


This thesis investigates the nature and evolution of the Brazilian income distribution during the 1980s and first half of the 1990s. The thesis presents a profile of the Brazilian income distribution, of the level and structure of poverty and inequality, and analyses how these have changed over time, making wider comparisons of social welfare. The empirical results are derived through application of best practice techniques of distributional analysis to micro-data from a large, annual and nationally representative household survey that permits estimation of comparable measures of poverty and inequality over time. Chapter 1 provides the background to the debate on poverty and inequality in Brazil, reviewing recent macroeconomic policy and performance and key empirical studies from the 1960s onwards. Chapter 2 presents and discusses the household data set, methodological issues in measuring incomes, poverty and inequality and presents the main tools of analysis that are applied in subsequent chapters. Chapter 3 analyses levels and changes in incomes, poverty and inequality, and tests the statistical significance of changes over time and robustness of results to assumptions about the degree of household economies of scale and to variations in the poverty line. Chapter 4 examines the structure of inequality focussing on a number of characteristics of the household and household head, including location and family type of the households, and age, gender, race and education of the household head. Changes in the structure of inequality are also analysed. Chapter 5 investigates the structure of poverty, examining the role of key characteristics of the population and how these have changed between 1981 and 1995. Chapter 6 concludes, discussing the policy implications of the results and possible avenues of further research.


BACKGROUND
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium has been demonstrated as a potential gene delivery vector. Previous findings induce the necessity to optimize tumor selectivity and bacterial dosing in relation to tumor volume and intratumoral therapeutic gene expression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Attenuated Salmonella VNP20009 and VNP20047 (expressing cytosine deaminase) were systemically administered to tumor-bearing rats. The bacteria were quantified in tumor and normal organs. Conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil was evaluated using thin layer chromatography.

RESULTS
Tumor colonization efficiency was dependent on Salmonella density, administration route and tumor volume. Colonization of normal tissues gradually decreased with time, while intratumoral proliferation of bacteria remained high during the follow-up period. The Optimal Therapeutic Dose (OTD) was found to be 5.10(7) cfu/rat. Intratumoral VNP20047-expressed CDase leading to the conversion of 5-FC to 5-FU was detected in vivo.

CONCLUSION
Our results indicate the need to define an OTD, probably for each species, when using genetically engineered Salmonella as a tumor- and species-selective vector in cancer therapy.


Background: Recording personal experiences of ill health
within an illness narrative enables individuals to document
how their condition has impacted on their lives and helps to
illuminate the steps they have taken to overcome adversity.
Objectives: To gain an understanding of the role of the
internet in the personal experience of living with ALS/MND.
Methods: 161 print and internet narratives identified as a
result of a detailed systematic search strategy were subject to
content and thematic analysis. Data management was aided
by Nvivo 7 software.
Results: A number of key themes emerged. This paper
focuses on the use of modern technology by people diagnosed
with ALS/MND in their attempts to cope with the disease.
Being isolated pervades many narratives, as authors retreat
from their everyday activities. The emergence of the internet
and the availability of chat rooms and discussion groups
specifically for people with ALS/MND have opened up
numerous opportunities for interaction with the outside
world. This has helped to ease the sense of isolation
experienced by many authors as their condition deteriorates.
New virtual friendships develop as traditional friendships fall
away. Those authors experiencing dysarthria comment on
how it removes them from spontaneous interaction with
others. Communication becomes a matter of need rather
than a social exchange. An inability to convert one's thoughts
into the spoken word results in a sense of increasing isolation
from the world. Accessing the internet allows authors to
overcome their disabilities, even if only momentarily.
Discussion and Conclusion: Illness narratives about life
with ALS/MND allow individuals to document how they have
adjusted to the effects of the disease. These findings indicate
that, despite their disabilities, those diagnosed with the illness
can continue to involve themselves within society on a number
of levels through accessing the internet.


This chapter is based on a research project which used the case study of KCC Live, a volunteer youth-led community radio station situated in Knowsley, neighbouring Liverpool, UK. The station typically has a 14-25 year old volunteer base, although at the time of conducting this research all volunteers were over the age of 16, and there were a number of volunteers over the age of 25. I conducted this research using a mixed methods approach, employed through a participatory design. I have drawn on a range of qualitative and quantitative methods, namely: 18 months of observant participation at KCC Live; interviews with management at KCC Live and Knowsley Community College; interviews and focus groups with volunteers; a listener survey; listener diaries; and follow-up interviews with listeners. I chose the above methods as they enabled engagement with the broad range of communities involved in KCC Live, including the listening audience, as well as the volunteer body and staff. In addition, these methods were well suited to the ethnographic nature of the research, allowing for in-depth exploration of the research topic. In this chapter, I reflexively detail how the methods evolved within the field, owing to the participatory design of the project. I problematise the alleged emancipatory potential of participatory research and, in detailing the co-production of audio artefacts in this project, I argue that the meaning of 'participatory' in participatory research should be determined in communication with study participants. Only then can research be considered truly participatory.


Title of Thesis : The Dry Removal Process of Sulfur Dioxide From Flue Gases Using Aluminum Oxide Ching-Hwang Lu , Master of Science in. Chemical Engineering, 1984 Thesis directed by : Dr. W. T. Wong, Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and absorption on aluminum oxide pellet as 4 mean of removing sulfur dioxide from flue gas was studied in a packed bed reactor at various temperatures, residence times, SO 2 inlet concentrations ( ppm level ), and, particle sizes. Three different experiments were conducted : (i) sulfation with oxygen/ozone, (ii) sulfation with oxygen only in the presence of UV radiation ( 254 nm or 366 nm ), (iii) sulfation with oxygen only. In all the experiments substantial absorption of sulfur dioxide by alumina pellet was observed. Sulfation with oxygen/ozone give the highest absorption of SO2' followed by sulfation with oxygen in the presence of UV radiation, while sulfation with oxygen only had the lowest absorption. In all these experiments, the absorption of SO 2 decreases with increasing SO 2 concentration , increases with increasing residence time, and increases with decreasing particle size, At SO2 concentration of 8,352 ppm, residence time of 0.018 sec., and particle size of 0.3175 cm, sulfation with oxygen/ozone and sulfation with oxygen only in the presence of UV radiation attain maximum absorption at about 275 °C, whereas sulfation with oxygen only attains maximum absorption at about 640°C. The Dry Removal Process Of Sulfur Dioxide From Flue Gases Using Aluminum Oxide


Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain tumor and is diagnosed in approximately 15,000 people each year in the United States alone. No cure for this type of cancer exists, and the current standard of care treatments provide little benefit and are associated with debilitating side effects. Recent evidence shows that a large number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) invade the GBM tumor mass and secrete factors that directly and indirectly promote tumor growth. TAMs express a panel of unique receptors that could be targeted for therapeutic benefit. One such receptor, cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), is a member of the endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system, and its activation has been shown to tightly control the migration and phenotype of both macrophages and microglia. Additional receptors, also engaged by eCBs and cannabinoid-like compounds, are expressed by macrophages and microglia. These receptors also control cell migration and phenotype, but exhibit distinct pharmacological profiles and operate through a different mechanism of action. Strong evidence accumulated over the past decade indicates that membrane receptors expressed by TAMs represent novel targeting opportunities to treat GBM tumor progression. Here we review studies that significantly increased our understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of receptors engaged by eCBs and cannabinoid-like compounds expressed by GBM tumor cells and TAMs. This evidence provides a strong rationale for developing new therapeutics that target the eCB signaling of TAMs for the treatment of GBM while minimizing the typical side effects associated with standard care. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2014,3:39–51. doi: 10.1002/wmts.101

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.


This contribution examines an incident at a roadblock which took place in November 2004, documented in a short video and was also reproduced as a still in Israeli media. This image immediately became broadly discussed and contested. It shows a young Palestinian man playing a violin at a check point while a group of Israeli soldiers are standing and guarding the place. This image was drawn into larger clusters of signification where the rhetorical strategies employed become both quite complex and ambiguous. The image became contextualized within discourses of conflict, creating what Walter Benjamin in his Passagenwerk termed "constellations." – Besides presenting this notion and its hermeneutic potentials my article examines the historical associations of the image, arguing that the associations with the Holocaust are actually a way to minimize the pain and suffering of the Palestinians under Israeli occupation rather than highlighting them in a broader universal context. – Another aspect of this image is connected to the technologies of creating and disseminating images of conflict/occupation and how they affect the ethical discussions surrounding this incident. I will argue that historical constellations tend to obscure rather than sharpen the ethical dimensions of images like the Palestinian violin player at the check point. – A number of graffiti paintings on the separation wall, in particular by the British graffiti artist Bansky, as well as a cellphone advertisement featuring the separation wall will be examined in order to contextualize the discourses of conflict and occupation.


Cation–π interaction is an important determinant in protein structure and function. Among the three proteinogenic aromatic amino acids, tryptophan (Trp) is the strongest cation–π donor. We reported the asymmetric syntheses of tryptophan regioisomers in which the amino acid side chain is attached at different position of the indole moiety. These new tryptophan regioisomers can effect a different mode of cation–π interaction. In nature, dramatic increases in binding affinity can be achieved through multivalent binding. Following a fragmentation-dimerization approach, we synthesized Taxol-based dimer in which the baccatin III core of Taxol is coupled with flexible PEG linker. However, microtubule assembly assay suggested that these new dimers are not capable of effecting bivalent binding to the Taxol binding sites in microtubules. Memory of chirality (MOC) is an emerging theme in asymmetric synthesis in which the dynamic chirality of the reactive intermediate "memorizes" the static chirality of the reactant. Using dynamic 1D and 2D NMR and density functional theory (DFT) methods, we studied the MOC effect of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones. Reconstruction of the reaction pathway using DFT calculations supported our proposed contra steric, retention of configuration mechanism.


Recent decades have witnessed an upsurge in transborder environmental problems, as well as the creation of a large number of international arrangements to meet these challenges. From this has come scientific and political interest in understanding the actual factors that determine the effectiveness and successful implementation of international environmental agreements. These agreements have been negotiated without explicit measures to resolve the frequently conflicting goals of overlapping economic regimes. This raises the question of how such overlap may affect the formation and subsequent implementation of environmental regimes. The focus in this article is on the overlap between one environmental and one trade-related regime. These are the international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) [1] and the trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In response to the worldwide loss of species and ecosystem decay, the CBD was agreed to in Rio in 1992 and entered into force in 1993. One year later, the TRIPs agreement under the WTO was formally established. The CBD is concerned with conservation of biological diversity and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the world's genetic resources. [2] TRIPs, being part of a trade regime, seeks to discourage policies that obstruct trade liberalization in any area--including that of biotechnology, which is based on the utilization of genetic resources. How do the functional scopes of these institutions overlap and what are the implications for the operation of the CBD? I will argue that the overlap between the CBD and TRIPs conc erns both diverging norms and diverging regulations pertaining to the same issue area. At present, we lack both systematic mapping of types of institutional overlap and mapping of effects from overlap. There is little knowledge about how institutional overlap may affect the effectiveness of international environmental cooperation. [3] Clearly, within the scope of an article it is hardly possible to provide a full answer to these questions. The aim here is to propose a typology for approaching analysis of institutional overlap, develop some assumptions, and apply these to the analysis of the CBD and TRIPs. In the first part of the article, I propose a typology based on compatible and diverging norms and rules, in order to determine the scope and type of overlap. Against this backdrop, I develop assumptions concerning the scope for synergy and conflict in different situations of institutional overlap. In the second part, I study the two regimes--the CBD and TRIPs--in light of this framework, in order to illustrate how the typology may be used. Finally, I discuss the analytical implications of el aborating or diverging from traditional regime theory. The analysis of several regimes active in a single issue area may bring about lessons other than those that an isolated regime study might engender. This discussion is confined to how the overlapping regime approach may add to our understanding of the regime formation process, as it is premature to draw conclusions about impacts in the implementation phase. Overlapping International Institutions: Analytical Framework The analytical approach builds on theoretical contributions from the field of institutionalism and international relations--more specifically, regime and implementation studies. Regimes are often defined as "implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given issue-area." [4] The term implementation is used to indicate deliberate efforts by national authorities to follow up their international commitments in domestic policies within the specific issue area. [5] Domestic implementation involves ratification, legislation establishing domestic policies, and programs aimed at following up international commitments at the national level. …


In this paper, Newton-Raphson Method and Genetic algorithm for the solution of the optimal power flow (OPF) is studied. Traditionally, classical optimization methods were used to effectively solve OPF. But more recently due to incorporation of Flexible A.C. Transmission System (FACTS) devices and deregulation of a power sector, the traditional concepts and practices of power systems are superimposed by an economic market management. So OPF have become complex. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence methods (GA etc) have emerged which can solve highly complex OPF problems. 30-bus system has been studied to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.


We study the role of limited commitment in a standard auction environment. In each period, the seller can commit to an auction with a reserve price but not to future reserve prices. We characterize the set of equilibrium profits attainable for the seller as the period length vanishes. An immediate sale by efficient auction is optimal when there are at least three buyers. For many natural distributions two buyers is enough. Otherwise, we give conditions under which the maximal profit is attained through continuously declining reserve prices. (JEL D44, D82)


In this project we numerically simulate electrophysiological models for cardiac applications by means of Isogeometric Analysis. Specifically, we aim at understanding the advantages of using high order continuous NURBS (Non-UniformRational B-Splines) basis functions in the approximation of the traveling waves of the action potential. As application, we consider the numerical simulations on the human left atrium modeled as a surface. Firstly in our analysis, we consider a benchmark time dependent diffusion-reaction problem describing a traveling front in a two dimensional domain, for which we aim at understanding the role of NURBS basis functions in the approximation of the conduction velocity. Then, we extend the analysis to more complex electrophysiological models, in particular to the numerical approximation of the monodomain equation. The latter is a Partial Differential Equation and a system of Ordinary Differential Equations. We consider the Aliev-Panfilov model and we analyze the different aspects related to its numerical approximation, including the role of high order continuous NURBS basis functions in the simulation of cardiac excitation models. Then, we consider realistic simulations of the Mitchell-Schaeffer model on the human left atrium represented as a surface for which the strong anisotropic behavior of the action potential, due to the fiber orientation of the cardiac tissue, is taken into account


To bridge the gap between 1D and 2D hydraulic models for regional scale assessment and global river routing models, we coupled the CaMa-Flood (Catchment-based Macro-scale Floodplain) model and the regional hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model) as a tool for large-scale flood risk assessments. As a proof-of-concept study, we tested the coupled models in a meso-scale catchment in Germany. The Mulde River has a catchment area of ca. 6,171 km 2 and is a sub-catchment of the Elbe River. The modified CaMa-Flood model routes the sub-basin-based daily runoff generated by SWIM along the river network and estimates the river discharge as well as flood inundation areas. The results show that the CaMa-Flood hydrodynamic algorithm can reproduce the daily discharges from 1991 to 2003 well. It outperforms the Muskingum flow routing method (the default routing method in the SWIM) for the 2002 extreme flood event. The simulated flood inundation area in August 2002 is comparable with the observations along the main river. However, problems may occur in upstream areas. The results presented here show the potential of the coupled models for flood risk assessments along large rivers.


The 40 essential tips that all Excel users need to know. Crowdsourced by more than 300 contributors who collaborated on choosing the 40 best Excel tips, MrExcel XL provides users with a concise book that can be absorbed in under an hour. Includes a bonus 30 tips, keyboard shortcuts, Excel jokes, Excel cocktails. Anyone who uses Excel will be able to turn to any page and pick up tips that will save them hours of work.


Electrochemical
transistors have recently gained significant attention in the field of
bioelectronics. In particular, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), a
device that employs organic semiconductors as the active material, has been
widely investigated as biosensors due to their low operational potentials, ability
to operate in aqueous environments, biocompatibility, and the amplification of low-lying
biological signals owing to the OECTs' large transconductance. As such, OECTs
have been utilized as biochemical sensors for monitoring of biomarkers or
metabolites, with potential application for health monitoring for wearable
devices in combination with internet of things (IoT).

The current working
principle of biosensors based on OECTs relies on the reaction between the
channel material and the analyte or intentionally generated intermediates that
undergo direct or indirect electron transfer reactions with the channel
material. This electron transfer reaction results in changes of the device
channel conductivity with respect to the concentration of the analyte in a
sample. While recent work has shown progress in development of biosensors based
on this approach, it introduces several complications and disadvantages, namely
unintended and uncontrolled chemical and electrochemical side reactions. First
and foremost, this configuration does not allow the signal amplification one
expects from a transistor device, thus invalidating the most often (and we show
here erroneously) stated advantages of using OECTs for biosensing. Further,
devices designed using this approach can rapidly degrade during the operation but
more importantly, the results and their interpretation can lead to incorrect conclusions
and render current devices unreliable for applications in health monitoring.

Our work addresses these
challenges by i) isolating the chemical reaction from the OECT channel on a
separate compartment and ii) employing enzymatic reactions to form intermediates
that drives a reaction to power the OECT. In addition, this device architecture
eliminates the need for an external gate voltage so only a single power source
is required to monitor changes of the conductivity of the OECT channel material.
Doing so also allows us to truly amplify the reaction current on the fuel
cell from µA up to mA across the OECT (with ON/OFF ratios of 104), presenting
significant improvements over conventional OECT biosensors that operate in the
nA range,
thereby eliminating the need for sophisticated measurement instrumentation. Our
work goes in depth in elucidating general materials design parameters for the fuel
cell OECT. Furthermore, the device operation mechanism was rationalized using electrochemical
and electrical measurements of a variety of state-of-the-art materials for
OECTs.

The development of this
new device architecture presents an exciting new direction for sensing of
metabolites and a low power, low cost and simple alternative approach to current
technologies. Importantly, we also challenge some of the current thinking in
the field of OECT-based biosensing. We believe that our findings will be of
great interest to researchers in the fields of bioelectronics, biofuel cells
and organic electronics. Additionally, our findings shine light on the working
mechanism of enzymatic biosensors with OECTs. We believe that our approach will
pave the way for implementation of OECT biosensors in real life applications due
to the simplification of the backend circuitry that powers and synchronizes the
gate and drain voltages.


Speaking in Galesburg, Illinois, in January, President Clinton proposed a federally funded job-training program "to keep the American Dream alive in the 21st century." Cost to American taxpayers: $3.5 billion a year. If he had driven about an hour north, Clinton could have visited a college campus that proves his program is unnecessary. DeVry Institute of Technology, headquartered in Oakbrook, Illinois, makes a handsome profit by offering a first-rate technical education to working-class students. This little-known school shows how private businesses outperform government in providing good job training. On 13 campuses from Atlanta to Los Angeles, more than 15,000 students--35 percent of whom are black or Latino--are earning their bachelor's of science degrees at DeVry. Ninety-four percent of the school's graduates land jobs in their fields of study within six months, with an average starting salary exceeding $24,000 a year. DeVry's alumni enjoy cutting-edge technical careers. At Hughes Communications, the nation's largest satellite company, 22 of the 30 engineers responsible for orbit maintenance are DeVry graduates. KLA Instruments, which designs quality-control systems for the manufacture of microchips, boasts that a fifth of its 1,000 employees graduated from DeVry. All this at an annual cost per student of $2,500 less than similar staterun programs. And DeVry posted a $12-million profit on revenues of $211 million last year to boot. SELLING JOB OPPORTUNITY Since its founding in 1931 by Herman DeVry, the inventor of the portable motion-picture projector, the institute has specialized in technical training that leads to lucrative careers. DeVry, which grants accredited bachelor's degrees, is a for-profit venture whose stock trades on the NASDAQ exchange. In short, it sells job opportunity. Five years ago, when Zaneta Rizzo graduated from a small high school in rural Louisiana, she "knew less than nothing" about computers, thought DOS was pronounced "dose," and was terrified of automatic-teller machines. After two years of bouncing among jobs in fast-food restaurants, Rizzo enrolled at DeVry's Dallas campus. Recently she graduated with a bachelor's degree in computer information systems and is deciding between several job offers with computer-training firms. Before DeVry, Rizzo's salary peaked at $760 a month. Her current offers are for $25,000 a year--a 275 percent pay hike. When Jeri Gomez graduated from high school near Fresno, California, she enrolled in a local community college to study the health sciences and dance, but classes were constantly being canceled, so she enlisted in the army. After serving in Desert Storm, Gomez enrolled at DeVry's Pomona campus. She is now deciding among several job offers in software programming that pay more than $30,000 a year. Rizzo's and Gomez's stories are typical of DeVry students, many of whom field multiple job offers before their commencement. In fact, more than 95 percent of engineering and accounting majors are placed in their fields within six months of graduation--a success rate many of the nation's top schools never approach. How does DeVry do it? By running the college like a business. Unlike most colleges, DeVry receives no direct government money or alumni gifts. Nearly all revenues, and therefore profits, come from tuition. And DeVry has found that the best way to attract more students--over half of whom are the first in their families to attend college--is to secure high-paying jobs for graduates. Dennis Keller, DeVry's chief executive officer, says the school avoids anything that doesn't help students find careers. To this end, DeVry maintains an enormous placement system with more than 100 staffers and a database of thousands of employers. While most other schools in the country assign placement officers to handle a broad spectrum of careers, DeVry has found that employers prefer to communicate with staffers who understand their particular needs. …


The pulse energy in the ultrafast soliton fiber laser oscillators is usually limited by the well-known wave-breaking phenomenon owing to the absence of a desirable real saturable absorber (SA) with high power tolerance and large modulation depth. Here, we report a type of microfiber-based MoTe2 SA fabricated by the magnetron-sputtering deposition (MSD) method. High-energy wave-breaking free soliton pulses were generated with pulse duration/pulse energy/average output power of 229 fs/2.14 nJ/57 mW in the 1.5 μm regime and 1.3 ps/13.8 nJ/212 mW in the 2 μm regime, respectively. To our knowledge, the generated soliton pulses at 1.5 μm had the shortest pulse duration and the highest output power among the reported erbium-doped fiber lasers mode locked by transition metal dichalcogenides. Moreover, this was the first demonstration of a MoTe2-based SA in fiber lasers in the 2 μm regime, and the pulse energy/output power are the highest in the reported thulium-doped fiber lasers mode locked by two-dimensional materials. Our results suggest that a microfiber-based MoTe2 SA could be used as an excellent photonic device for ultrafast pulse generation, and the MSD technique opens a promising route to produce a high-performance SA with high power tolerance and large modulation depth, which are beneficial for high-energy wave-breaking free pulse generation.


Distribution networks are becoming increasingly 'smarter', as well as more complex, with the addition of power electronic devices, information and communication technologies, smart meters, and more. As a result, advanced control strategies to manage such networks are becoming necessary. These strategies need to be thoroughly tested and validated, before they can be implemented in a real network. For this reason, a smart grid control algorithm testing chain is proposed, that aims to gradually test control algorithms, in all their development stages, using increasingly advanced laboratory setups. In addition, the interfacing options and challenges of each stage of the chain are highlighted. The proposed testing chain is substantiated in an optimal centralised coordinated voltage control (CVC) algorithm and the final stage of the chain, namely the combination of control and power hardware-in-the-loop simulation, is presented in this study. As a specific example, the management technique for a storage system is implemented as part of the CVC algorithm. The laboratory results demonstrate that the proposed setup, despite its high complexity, enables the algorithm to be effectively and realistically tested as part of the overall system.


This study is based on an architecture studio that examines culture as an integral part of architectural production, on the theory that achieving a deeper level of sustainability requires a thorough-going engagement with culture. Believing that culture encompasses and is a society's approach to all the pillars (ecological, social, economic) of sustainable development. Achieving this requires deeper insight into the myriad ways in which culture can shape architecture, which in turn shapes culture. While the link between culture and sustainability is increasingly accepted, what culture is relative to architecture needs more careful analysis. We will first review how studying artifacts beyond the confines of architectural production sparked deeper understandings of how culture is both persistent and dynamic across time and circumstance. Our focus, however, will be Kengo Kuma's theory of how pattern and layering are potent vehicles for enacting culture as sustainability--"The rediscovery of the heritage of traditional Japanese patterns and boundaries can unveil new horizons and new challenges to sustainability in world's architecture. Through layering we can protect ourselves from natural elements, without detaching us from nature" (Liotta & Belfiore, 94). We will show how our own "riff" on this through analyses and making exercises—helped students internalize qualitative and quantitative sustainability values. Students embarked on project design ready to test how culture, as embodied in things like food growing and preparation, climatic and seasonal awareness aligned with patterns of activity, and layered spatial practices, could inform sustainable approaches. This enhanced mode of design thinking will enable them to function more meaningfully, as well as pragmatically, out in the world. This is a case study based on qualitative methods of evaluation.


Abstract During the early years of the Penny Press, the concept of freedom of the press faced grave threats from government and citizens as journalism became more commercial and accessible. Horace Greeley, founder of the New-Yorker and the New-York Tribune and one of the most influential publishers of this era, stood up to these challenges in the 1830s and 1840s through numerous libel lawsuits, battles with the postmaster, and threats of physical violence from the public and political rivals. Greeley used his platform as a publisher and editor to link these dangers to press freedom as threats to American freedom and democracy that limited the ability of the press to serve as a watchdog and agent of social reform. This study, which examines Greeley's thoughts and actions when dealing with government and social constraints on publication in the pre-Civil War era, details Greeley's role in shaping modern understanding of press freedom in the formative years of the Penny Press.


Saccades made between targets at optical infinity require both eyes to rotate by the same angle. Nevertheless, these saccades are consistently accompanied by transient vergence eye movements. Here we have investigated whether the dynamics of these vergence movements depend on the trajectory of the coincident conjugate movement, and whether moving the head during eye-head gaze shifts modifies vergence dynamics. In agreement with previous reports, saccades with more symmetric (i.e., "bell-shaped") conjugate velocity profiles were accompanied by stereotyped biphasic vergence transients (i.e., a divergence phase immediately followed by a convergence phase). However, we found that saccades with more asymmetric, oscillatory-like dynamics (characterized by a typical conjugate reacceleration of the eyes following the initial peak velocity) were systematically accompanied by more complex vergence movements that also exhibited oscillatory-like dynamics. These findings could be extended to conditions where the head was free to move: comparable conjugate and vergence oscillations were observed during head-restrained saccades and combined eye-head gaze shifts. The duration of the vergence oscillation increased with gaze shift amplitude, such that as many as four vergence phases (divergence-convergence-divergence-convergence) were recorded during 55 degrees gaze shifts (approximately 240 ms). To quantify these observations, we first determined whether conjugate and vergence peak velocities were systematically correlated. Conjugate peak velocity was linearly related to the peak velocity of the initial divergence phase for saccades and gaze shifts of all amplitudes, regardless of their dynamics. However, for more asymmetric saccades and gaze shifts, the subsequent convergence and divergence peak velocities were not correlated with either the initial peak conjugate velocity or the peak velocity of the conjugate reacceleration. Next, we determined that the duration of the different conjugate and vergence oscillation phases remained relatively constant across all saccades and gaze shifts, and that the conjugate and vergence profiles oscillated together at approximately 7.5-10 Hz. Using computer simulations, we show that a classic feed-forward model is unable to reproduce vergence oscillations based solely on peripheral mechanisms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that small modifications to the gain and delay of a simple feedback model for saccade generation can generate conjugate oscillations, and propose that such changes reflect the influence of lowered alertness on the tecto-reticular pathways. We conclude that peripheral mechanisms can only account for the initial divergence that accompanies all saccades, and that the conjugate and vergence oscillations observed during asymmetric movements arise centrally from an integrative binocular controller.


For the EU, though, coping with the challenge of migration has a double
meaning: first, it implies envisaging solutions to a phenomenon that is here to
stay. Second, it entails figuring out which kind of security actor the EU is and is
likely to be in the future: will it be an inward- looking entity committed to 'securing'
its homeland; or will it consider the security of migrants (and their rights) as
equally relevant to the values it upholds and the external image it wants to
project? Both objectives are strategic, as they pertain to the future of the EU and
the European capability to face core challenges collectively. Hence, this chapter
focuses on the key questions framing the contributions to this collection: What is
the EU's ambition as a security actor in the migration domain? Is the EU an
autonomous security actor vis- a-vis its member states in this domain? Is the
EU strategy with respect to migration internally consistent and comprehensive?
Does the EU deliver policies consistent with its security rhetoric and, if not, why
and with what consequences?


In Islamic philosophy the relationship between God and the Human subject has been an interesting and difficult problem. While mystics claim a direct connection with God, philosophers and other theologians find that the use of reason creates a distance between God and the Human subject. This is reflected in the way Islamic philosophy attempts to ground itself through the concept of selfevidence. Avicenna, who was a follower of Aristotle, believed that existence is self-evident, and the reason for the existence of all beings is God.  But this approach maintains a gap between God and the human being. Suhrawardi was interested in Avicenna's problem and the importance of the concept of self-evidence. But he considers form, essence or quiddity as self-evident. He uses a philosophy of Illumination to demonstrate the unity of quiddity with God. This allows him to posit a direct connection between human thinking and the Divine. The human subject or the "I" does not perceive existence directly, but perceives light directly. Light is self-evident and God is the Light of Lights. Based on this insight, he introduced a new kind of knowledge which he called Presential knowledge (huduri) or knowledge as presence. This researcher will explain Suhrawardi's approach to Presential knowledge, but will attempt to demonstrate that neither Avicenna's grounding of self-evidence in existence nor Suhrawardi grounding it in essence or light is completely successful. It will contend that the "I" is prior to both existence and essence, and our knowledge of God as perfection emerges within the "I" through a dialectic of perfection and imperfection.


Aim: to know whether placental chorionic villous-derived stem cells can grow in xenofree medium. In this study, we did explant culture of human chorionic villous in alphaminimal essentialmedium(MEM) supplemented with humanAB serum. Experimental: The chorionic villouswas washed briefly, and minced in complete alpha MEM medium, which contained penicillin/streptomycin, amphotericin B, 1%L-glutamine and 10%human AB serum. Two to three explants (diameter 2-3 mm) was placed in each well of a 12 well plate, and several drops of the complete medium were added. Further, the plate was incubated and when the explant attached to the base of the well, 0.5 mL fresh medium was added. Further, medium changes were done every 2-3 days. Observation was done daily to detect cell growth, and cell morphology. The day when fibroblastic cell growth and appearance of various morphologies of cells in each well was first detected was noted and tabulated. Results: Two types of cells were grown, i.e. fibroblastic and non-fibroblastic cells. The fibroblastic cells began to grow and attach on day-3 to day-5. The various morphologies of cells were apparent on day-5 to day-7. Long-term explant culture, more than four weeks, showed that hematopoietic stem cell derived osteoclast-like multinuclear non-fibroblastic cells were prominent and dominated the culture field. Conclusion: Placental chorionic villous explant culture can grow well in 10% human AB serum containing alpha MEM, but when washing is inadequate, the growing cells were dominated by osteoclastlike cells.


This article describes the way a multidisciplinary research team set about 'Aboriginalising' their research processes in the initial phase of a project that aimed to develop a culturally appropriate model of care for urban Aboriginal people with diabetes. Although academic conventions and protocols tended to dominate, the project incorporated the innovative approach that the Aboriginal researchers brought to the process of recruiting and facilitating focus groups, which they likened to 'hunting and gathering'. In developing and strengthening partnerships between research institutions and Aboriginal communities, it is important that Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal researchers challenge the conventional academic models of research in ways that are culturally appropriate and informed by Aboriginal scholarship. This article illustrates the difficulties and challenges on both sides of the partnership. It concludes by outlining the key principles learnt during the first phase of the project.


This work examines the system of co-ordination of national social security laws in the European Union from a gender perspective. The central question that it raises concerns the level of social security protection enjoyed by women moving throughout the Union in cases of work interruption or marriage dissolution. Women's social security protection has traditionally been based on two criteria, namely economic activity and family/marriage. Work interruptions, in particular for child-rearing, challenge the invocation of economic activity as an effective basis for social security rights. Changing social and family conditions, including the emergence of atypical relationships and increasing divorce rates, challenge the criterion of family/marriage. Efforts have been made within the framework of the national systems of the Member States to address these challenges, often unsuccessfully. So, how successful has the European system of co-ordination, the aim of which is to provide a sufficient level of protection to migrant workers and their families, been in addressing these challenges? The book contains comprehensive discussion of the phenomenon and legal institution of social security, as well as a thorough analysis of the current state of European Community law concerning co-ordination, with a particular focus on gender. It identifies several problematic areas where solutions must be worked out and action taken. The book fills a gap in the legal literature on the social security field and will appeal to those with an interest in social security, including academics, policy-makers and practitioners.


The notion of the temporal window of integration, when applied in a multisensory context, refers to the breadth of the interval across which the brain perceives two stimuli from different sensory modalities as synchronous. It maintains a unitary perception of multisensory events despite physical and biophysical timing differences between the senses. The boundaries of the window can be influenced by attention and past sensory experience. Here we examined whether task demands could also influence the multisensory temporal window of integration. We varied the stimulus onset asynchrony between simple, short-lasting auditory and visual stimuli while participants performed two tasks in separate blocks: a temporal order judgment task that required the discrimination of subtle auditory-visual asynchronies, and a reaction time task to the first incoming stimulus irrespective of its sensory modality. We defined the temporal window of integration as the range of stimulus onset asynchronies where performance was below 75% in the temporal order judgment task, as well as the range of stimulus onset asynchronies where responses showed multisensory facilitation (race model violation) in the reaction time task. In 5 of 11 participants, we observed audio-visual stimulus onset asynchronies where reaction time was significantly accelerated (indicating successful integration in this task) while performance was accurate in the temporal order judgment task (indicating successful segregation in that task). This dissociation suggests that in some participants, the boundaries of the temporal window of integration can adaptively recalibrate in order to optimize performance according to specific task demands.


Abstract The Rum Igneous Centre comprises two early marginal felsic complexes (the Northern Marginal Zone and the Southern Mountains Zone), along with the later central ultrabasic–basic layered intrusions. These marginal complexes represent the remnants of near-surface to eruptive felsic magmatism associated with caldera collapse, examples of which are rare in the North Atlantic Igneous Province. Rock units include intra-caldera collapse breccias, rhyolitic ignimbrite deposits and shallow-level felsic intrusions, as well the enigmatic 'Am Màm intrusion breccia'. The latter comprises a dacitic matrix enclosing lobate basaltic inclusions (~1–15 cm) and a variety of clasts, ranging from millimetres to tens of metres in diameter. These clasts comprise Lewisian gneiss, Torridonian sandstone and coarse gabbro. Detailed re-mapping of the Am Màm intrusion breccia has shown its timing of emplacement as syn-caldera, rather than pre-caldera as previously thought. Textural analysis of entrained clasts and adjacent, uplifted country rocks has revealed their thermal metamorphism by early mafic intrusions at greater depth than their present structural position. These findings provide a window into the evolution of the early mafic magmas responsible for driving felsic magmatism on Rum. Our data help constrain some of the physical parameters of this early magma–crust interaction and place it within the geochemical evolution of the Rum Centre.