Influenced by the early to mid-twentieth century modernization, the Iranian cities experienced urban transformations that laid extensive effects on the social and physical human activities that have remained until today. Mobility is one of such issues that are broadly under the influence of the transformed urban form. This paper claims that the new Iranian urban planning encourages the city dwellers to drive personal cars because the neighborhoods and their centers lost importance after the urban form modernization efforts in 1930-1960. Neighborhoods with districts centers used to be basic elements of the traditional Iranian urban form. This study indicates the capabilities of the small-scale traditional urban forms like neighborhood arrangement in solving modern mobility problems. The theoretical approach that this study discusses over is that strengthening neighborhoods and Neighborhood Unit Centers (NUCs) can promote sustainable transportation, namely pedestrian travels. As a result the urban travels will be shortened and localized. The dominant view of automobile-oriented planning is needed to be replaced by a more humanist strategy, such as neighborhood-oriented planning. This ideology uses the neighborhoods to enhance sustainable mobility. To test this hypothesis, micro-scale and city-scale quantitative and empirical observations are suggested to prove the capacities of neighborhoods and their centrality in making the city-level travels more sustainable and decrease traffic congestion.


Conducting drainage or imbibition experiments in a centrifugal force field has long been recognized as a valid and efficient way to determine capillary pressure–saturation and relative permeability–saturation relationships. Experiments involving multiphase flow of immiscible fluids in porous media are sped up because the centrifugal acceleration is many times greater than Earth's gravitational acceleration. In addition, the fact that centrifugal force is a body force and that experiments can be performed under well‐controlled conditions are considered advantages over other techniques. During the past few decades, transient‐flow centrifuge methods have been developed and applied in petroleum geosciences, while in the soil and environmental sciences the focus has been on steady‐state centrifuge methods. To inform both groups of each others' work, the different instrumental approaches used are described. The theoretical background for modeling multiphase fluid flow of immiscible fluids through porous media in a centrifugal force field is then reviewed. This background forms the basis for understanding analytical and numerical formulations to interpret both steady‐state and transient‐flow centrifuge experiments. Research on the effects of compaction, menisci deformation, boundary conditions, corrections for early‐time production data, the selection of measurable variables, and nonuniqueness of the data interpretation is discussed. A numerical example application of the transient‐flow centrifuge method is presented. Finally, the major conclusions that can be drawn from the literature are discussed and potential areas for future research are identified.


Abstract Unsolicited Bulk Email (UBE), or as it is more commonly known, spam, has in a few short years become arguably the most annoying, frustrating and even hated aspects of life on the Internet today, turning what was once considered the Internet's "killer app" into a technical and security disaster of global proportions. Although significant international research has been done into studying the effects of UBE and ways of preventing it, very little is known about the impact it has within New Zealand.Unsolicited Bulk Email (UBE), or as it is more commonly known, spam, has in a few short years become arguably the most annoying, frustrating and even hated aspects of life on the Internet today, turning what was once considered the Internet's "killer app" into a technical and security disaster of global proportions. Although significant international research has been done into studying the effects of UBE and ways of preventing it, very little is known about the impact it has within New Zealand. This research document details an exploratory investigation into how UBE is affecting organisations and their employees within New Zealand, by choosing two organisations from completely different industries in Auckland, New Zealand, and conducting in-depth comparative case studies into the economic cost of UBE to the organisations, and the effect it has on the employees who are receiving it. The primary goals were to calculate the economic cost of UBE to each organisation with their current anti-spam system(s), an estimated cost if no anti-spam system was in place, and to try and measure the attitudes and effective states of the employees who are receiving UBE. Key findings of the research indicate that for an organisation receiving high volumes of UBE, use of a properly configured and maintained anti-spam system (or layered systems) will provide a considerable economic saving over no system at all, but an incorrectly configured and maintained system can actually be no better or worse than having no antispam system at all, and high levels of UBE or false positives are resulting in customer orders being accidentally deleted. Just as importantly, the main effect UBE has on employees is to cause work-related stress in the form of anger and frustration, not only about the UBE received, but also the number of false positives the anti-spam systems are generating in attempts to prevent it.


A Fourier analysis was performed on three hundred and fifty two specimens of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. obtained from eleven sedimentary rock samples of the Pleistocene Santa Barbara Formation. Statistical analytical methods, including Chi square values, Q-mode cluster analysis, O-mode factor analysis and discriminant function classification, were also carried out on these specimens. Two natural groups are recognized which can be correlated with the assemblages previously defined as warm and cool Neogloboquadrina pachyderma phenotypes, as recognized by microscope. The amplitude values of the second, third, fourth, and seventh harmonics of the warm phenotype specimens are greater than those of the cool phenotype specimens. On the other hand, the amplitude values of the fifth harmonic of the warm phenotype specimens are less than those of the cool phenotype specimens. Only the second harmonic is statistically significant in describing the shape differences between the warm and cool phenotypes. Increased compaction of the cool phenotype tends to decrease elongation, resulting in low amplitude values for the second harmonic. An intergradational form between the warm and cool water phenotypes comprises 9.4 percent of the specimens. This intergradation, albeit narrow, identified by Fourier analysis and the discriminant function indicates that the controlling factors in the shape variation of the test are local, and are caused by variation in seasonal surface circulation patterns. The warm and cool water phenotypes of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma are therefore ecophenotypic varients within a single species.


Most of low grade (LG) bladder tumors will experience disease recurrence and very few of them (<2%) will experience disease progression. Therefore active surveillance (AS) for LG non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has emerged. The goal of our study was to provide a literature review of AS for LG NMIBC including inclusion criteria, modalities and oncological outcomes. We conducted a systematic review (registered in PROSPERO: CRD42018102935) using MEDLINE and EMBASE between June 2018 and August 2018 with the following terms: LG, NMIBC, AS, urothelial neoplasm. Overall, 6 studies that reached our scope of review were included cumulating 403 patients with 2 prospective trials. Inclusion criteria were: recurrent LG (G1 and G2) Ta or T1 NMIBC, with a negative cytology, a low volume (<10 mm) and low number (<5) of tumors. Cystoscopy every 3 months during the first 2 years and every 6 months afterwards were required. AS dropout criteria were presence of tumor-related symptoms, a positive cytology, a modification of tumor morphology or size and patient's request. Pooled data showed an overall 65% reclassification rate where 15% of patients were reclassified based on grade and 10% on stage with a median follow-up of 32 months (IQR, 24–42 months). Only one study reported on progression to MIBC in 4 patients out of 186 (2%). Most of patients enrolled in an AS protocol for recurrent LG NMIBC will undergo a TURBT eventually. Many patients may be eligible to this therapeutic approach but current knowledge does not support its use in daily practice outside of a clinical trial.


ABSTRACT Introduction The presence of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Areas covered This review provides an overview of the relationship between CTO and ventricular arrhythmias, arrhythmogenic mechanisms, and the effect of revascularization. Expert opinion Studies in recipients of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) have shown that a CTO is an independent predictor of appropriate ICD therapy. The myocardial territory supplied by a CTO is a pro-arrhythmogenic milieu characterized by scar tissue, large scar border zone, hibernating myocardium, residual ischemia despite collaterals, areas of slow conduction, and heterogeneity in repolarization. Restoring coronary flow by revascularization might be associated with electrical homogenization as reflected by a decrease in QT(c) dispersion, decrease in T wave peak-to-end interval, reduction of late potentials, and decrease in scar border zone area. Future research should explore whether CTO revascularization results in a lower burden of ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, risk stratification of CTO patients without severe LV dysfunction is interesting to identify potential ICD candidates. Potential tools for risk stratification are the use of electrocardiographic parameters, body surface mapping, electrophysiological study, and close rhythm monitoring using an insertable cardiac monitor.


This research sought to determine whether a blended information literacy learning and teaching intervention could statistically significantly enhance undergraduates' information discernment compared to standard face-to-face delivery. A mixture of face-to-face and online activities, including online social media learning, was used. Three interventions were designed to develop the information literacies of first-year undergraduates studying Sport and Exercise at Staffordshire University and focused on one aspect of information literacy: the ability to evaluate source material effectively. An analysis was devised where written evaluations of found information for an assessment were converted into numerical scores and then measured statistically. This helped to evaluate the efficacy of the interventions and provided data for further analysis. An insight into how the information literacy pedagogical intervention and the cognitive processes involved in enabling participants to interact critically with information is provided. The intervention which incorporated social media learning proved to be the most successful learning and teaching approach. The data indicated that undergraduate students' information literacy can be developed. However, additional long-term data is required to establish whether this intervention would have a lasting impact.


The conflict regarding enduring donor control over property gifted for charitable uses implicates issues of current relevance to donors and nonprofit charitable organizations, and to those who represent them. Not surprisingly, these issues, and the possible ways of both addressing and accounting for their resolution, vary by circumstance. In this Article, I frame the issues and explore the relevant circumstances by reference to the particular stage in the lifecycle of a donor's restricted gift at which conflict might arise. That lifecycle spans the time from initial negotiation of the gift to its potential modification or termination due to unanticipated circumstances. In between, of course, is the period during which the charitable organization is actively engaged in managing the restricted gift in pursuit of the organization's broader mission.Framing the issues in this manner permits an exploration of several important ideas and offers insights into the concerns that affect restricted giving and the management of restricted gifts. First among these is the question of whether restricted gifts can, in fact, be viewed as having a particular lifecycle comprised of discrete stages. The answer, not surprisingly, is yes, as elaborated upon in Part II of this Article. Second, acknowledging this restricted gift lifecycle focuses attention on specific influences driving the noted dead hand dynamic at various stages in that evolution, with resulting implications for both the donor and recipient organization. These influences and implications are the subject of Parts III and IV, with particular emphasis in Part IV upon the fiduciary duties attendant to a charitable organization's management of a restricted gift. Finally, the forced effort to evaluate a given influence as relevant to only one stage in the noted lifecycle is difficult to maintain. It is, in other words, impossible to isolate a particular consideration as playing a limited role at a single, finite point in the evolution of a charitable organization's ongoing efforts to accommodate donor directives. This evaluative effort, however, ultimately highlights the pervasive relevance of each such influence throughout the organization's dealings with the donor and her enduring demands. This, in turn, suggests that a more comprehensive donor and organizational perspective towards their restricted gift dealings might at all times illuminate more mutually advantageous choices and opportunities, thus reducing the overall level of conflict throughout the life of that gift. Demonstrative of these points is the ongoing dispute between Princeton University and certain descendants of Charles and Marie Robertson, which dispute is explored more fully in Parts V and VI.


Dynamic mechanisms are a powerful technique in designing revenue-maximizing repeated auctions. Despite their strength, these types of mechanisms have not been widely adopted in practice for several reasons, e.g., for their complexity, and for their sensitivity to the accuracy of predicting buyers' value distributions. In this paper, we aim to address these shortcomings and develop simple dynamic mechanisms that can be implemented efficiently, and provide theoretical guidelines for decreasing the sensitivity of dynamic mechanisms on prediction accuracy of buyers' value distributions. We prove that the dynamic mechanism we propose is provably dynamic incentive compatible, and introduce a notion of buyers' regret in dynamic mechanisms, and show that our mechanism achieves bounded regret while improving revenue and social welfare compared to a static reserve pricing policy. Finally, we confirm our theoretical analysis via an extensive empirical study of our dynamic auction on real data sets from online adverting. For example, we show our dynamic mechanisms can provide a +17% revenue lift with relative regret less than 0.2%.


In this perspective, I review methods for computing (ro-)vibrational energy levels and wavefunctions of molecules with more than four atoms. I identify three problems one confronts (1) reducing the size of the basis; (2) computing hundreds of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a large matrix; (3) calculating matrix elements of the potential, and present ideas that mitigate them. Most modern methods use a combination of these ideas. I divide popular methods into groups based on the strategies used to deal with the three problems.


Abstract The question of whether international humanitarian law (IHL) has an impact on how armed conflicts are conducted is a controversial one. Sceptics claim that the law is virtually irrelevant in determining State behaviour in armed conflict. Proponents point to its importance in mitigating the suffering caused by war. This paper looks at recent scholarship from historians, political scientists, economists and lawyers that challenges traditional narratives held dear by the law's sceptics and proponents alike. It then discusses implications of these approaches for a current understanding of the role of IHL in today's armed conflicts. The new perspectives allow for a broader understanding of IHL's central issues and permit us to ask more pertinent questions when looking at the law with the aim of putting it to use for the protection of civilians.


Advance your everyday proficiency with Word 2016. And earn the credential that proves it! Demonstrate your expertise with Microsoft Word! Designed to help you practice and prepare for Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS): Word 2016 Core certification, this official Study Guide delivers: In-depth preparation for each MOS objective Detailed procedures to help build the skills measured by the exam Hands-on tasks to practice what youve learned Practice files and sample solutions Sharpen the skills measured by these objectives: Create and manage documents Format text, paragraphs, and sections Create tables and lists Create and manage references Insert and format graphic elements About MOS A Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) certification validates your proficiency with Microsoft Office programs, demonstrating that you can meet globally recognized performance standards. Hands-on experience with the technology is required to successfully pass Microsoft Certification exams.


The Bristol doctor James Cowles Prichard (1786-1848) is acknowledged as
Britain's foremost student of anthropology and ethnology in the early
nineteenth century. At a time when European scholars increasingly embraced
racial theories to account for cultural diversities, Prichard was a stout defender
of monogenism. Being was brought up as a Quaker, he later converted to
Anglicanism, embracing the Evangelical wing of the church. He regarded the
unity of mankind as a necessary precondition in the struggle to uphold
Christian morality under threat of materialism and Utilitarianism. Oddly, his
theories have often been misrepresented, in particular their opposition to
contemporary racial theorizing has been underestimated. My dissertation, the
first study dedicated exclusively to Prichard, explores his notions of man's place
in nature and puts them in the context of contemporary European learning.
This comprises an investigation into his theories of insanity as well as his
ethnological writings laid down in his Researches into the Physical History of
Mankind and other works. In order to support monogenism Prichard became a
self-taught expert in philology and mythology, adding the latest results of
continental scholarship to the knowledge acquired at Edinburgh University.
He studied German comparative philology years before the method
spread in Britain, availing himself of methods deemed by many as theologically
dangerous. Yet, synthesizing German Romantic theories with
Edinburgh learning, Prichard's anthropology remained within the framework
of Christian piety, culminating in the assertion that mankind was a unity due
to its common "psychology" which Prichard inferred from his observation that
all human tribes believed in a life after death. The concept of the atonement, so
important for early nineteenth-century Evangelicals, came to stand at the core
of Prichard's anthropology. But his conflation of science and theology appeared
increasingly unacceptable. By delineating the debates Prichard was engaged in,
the thesis adds to the understanding of the development from eighteenth-century
thought to secularized mid-nineteenth-century theories of man.


The search for a second genesis of life outside Earth is now well and truly underway with the first rocky exoplanets detected in the central star's liquid water habitable zone. Recent results based on population studies show that small planets are abound in our galaxy. With the next generation of space- and ground-based telescopes on the horizon, it is critical to determine the best candidate exoplanets to follow up on for potential habitability and life. This PhD thesis shows how colors of extreme Earth-like planets can be
used as a first characterization when prioritizing exoplanets for spectroscopic follow up. We build a strong interdisciplinary link between geomicrobiology and observational astronomy, by exploring the color signatures of extremophiles as well as the various extreme niches that those organisms inhabit on Earth. In addition, we provide the first database of surface signatures of terrestrial life for a broad range of pigmented microorganisms, including ones isolated from Earth's most extreme environments. Our spectral library provides a broader and more realistic guide for the search for surface features of extraterrestrial life. The work presented in this thesis provides a first step toward characterizing a second Earth, in preparation for the next generation of space- and ground-based instruments, which will increase the chances of detecting life.


Conventional tumor markers are unsuitable for detecting carcinoma at an early stage and lack clinical efficacy and utility. In this study, we attempted to investigate the differences in serum metabolite profiles of gastrointestinal cancers and healthy volunteers using a metabolomic approach and searched for sensitive and specific metabolomic biomarker candidates. Human serum samples were obtained esophageal (n = 15), gastric (n = 11), and colorectal (n = 12) cancer patients and healthy volunteers (n = 12). A model for evaluating metabolomic biomarker candidates was constructed using multiple classification analysis, and the results were assessed with receiver operating characteristic curves. Among the 58 metabolites, the levels of nine, five and 12 metabolites were significantly changed in the esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer patients, respectively, compared with the healthy volunteers. Multiple classification analysis revealed that the variations in the levels of malonic acid and L-serine largely contributed to the separation of esophageal cancer; gastric cancer was characterized by changes in the levels of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and pyruvic acid; and L-alanine, glucuronoic lactone and L-glutamine contributed to the separation of colorectal cancer. Our approach revealed that some metabolites are more sensitive for detecting gastrointestinal cancer than conventional biomarkers. Our study supports the potential of metabolomics as an early diagnostic tool for cancer.


This case study research attempts to examine the pedagogical approaches for the teaching of English and mathematics with information communication technology (ICT) in a primary school in Singapore. The study uses the learning with and learning from ICT framework in reporting and analysing how ICT has been used in the teaching of English and mathematics. This framework also looks into the level of production (i.e., students' creation of digital work) and collaboration when learning with and/or from ICT. From the review of documents and lesson plans; interviews with teachers; group interviews with students; and questionnaire survey of the students on their frequency of ICT use, the findings seem to suggest a difference in the pedagogical approach adopted by English and mathematics teachers. The frequency of ICT use was also reported to be significantly higher in English lessons compared with mathematics lessons. Mathematics teachers primarily adopted the learning from ICT pedagogy with occasional learning with ICT approach. However, English teachers facilitated the students to learn from and also with technology, with production and also with elements of collaboration. This case study illuminates the usefulness of the learning with and from ICT as a conceptual framework in guiding both researchers and teachers to be more aware of the pedagogical implications when ICT is added in the teaching and learning process. This case study also once again suggests the pivotal role of the teacher.


HADZHINIKOLOVA, L., G. MIHAILOVA and A. IVANOVA, 2015. Content of macrominerals and trace elements in the meat of carp grown in different production systems. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement 1, 21: 175–179 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the content of macrominerals and trace elements in the meat of carp, reared in different production systems. The experiments for fatty acids content of lipids were carried out in 2012-2013 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for human consumption reared in production systems with various level of intensifi cation (semi-intensive, intensive, super-intensive) and farming techniques (earth ponds, dam lakes, net cages). The content of the primary macrominerals and trace elements in carp meat and its specifi city related to the used production system has been established. It was demonstrated that the prevailing macrominerals were the potassium (2713.86 – 3552.22 mg.kg–1) and the phosphorus (2261.18 – 2417.86 mg.kg–1). Out of the studied trace elements, carp meat had a higher content of iron (4.43 – 7.14 mg.kg–1) and zinc (2.22 – 8.88 mg.kg–1). The results from this study could be used as objective information for evaluation of the nutritional value of carp meat with regard to the content of macrominerals and trace elements.


This document describes version 0.10 of TorchAudio: building blocks for machine learning applications in the audio and speech processing domain. The objective of TorchAudio is to accelerate the development and deployment of machine learning applications for researchers and engineers by providing off-the-shelf building blocks. The building blocks are designed to be GPU-compatible, automatically differentiable, and production-ready. TorchAudio can be easily installed from Python Package Index repository and the source code is publicly available under a BSD-2-Clause License (as of September 2021) at https://github.com/pytorch/audio. In this document, we provide an overview of the design principles, functionalities, and benchmarks of TorchAudio. We also benchmark our implementation of several audio and speech operations and models. We verify through the benchmarks that our implementations of various operations and models are valid and perform similarly to other publicly available implementations.


This thesis highlights the benefits to occupants and owners of buildings who utilise
daylight effectively. Many cases of absence are related to depression or Seasonal
Adjustment Disorder(SAD) which results from inadequate exposure to daylight in the
work place. The use of artificial lights has been linked to minor as well as more serious
ailments such as cancer and increases in cases of miscarriage.
The use of daylight in buildings from economic and environmental perspectives is the
main concern of the thesis. The work and analysis of this thesis have produced two new
illuminance models. In addition detailed illuminance and irradiance data for Central
Scotland were recorded which has previously not been available.
A comprehensive study of luminous efficacy research was undertaken in Chapter 3 which
evaluated a complete range of models. Furthermore the luminous efficacy of various UK
and international sites were compared to examine climatic differences. The development
of a new slope illuminance model which more accurately predicts external illuminance for
all sky conditions was shown to perform consistently better than previous models. This
was due to the new model's treatment of the sky background diffuse component utilising
an anisotropic form as opposed to the traditional assumption of an isotropic sky
background diffuse component.
The availability of sky luminance distribution data from introduction of sky scanners
enabled innovative daylight illuminance factors to be developed. These factors model the
distribution of the sky's hemisphere under all levels of cloud cover and calculate the
internal illuminance taking into account window size, glazing type, orientation and time
of the day. The development of the daylight illuminance factors has been shown to
significantly improve the energy efficient design of buildings in comparison to the current
practice of employing the sky factor method.
The daylight illuminance factors were used in a modelled building design scenario to
assess their performance and to examine energy efficient design. Lighting controls and
various glazing types were analysed to study their impact on a buildings energy
consumption. This study also incorporated an embodied energy analysis which
considered the energy consumption of windows in manufacture and operation.


Hans Landsberg and Sam Schurr each led research teams that produced two important energy futures policy studies that were published in 1979. The conclusions, policy recommendations, and energy demand, supply, and price forecasts contained in these studies are reviewed. Developments in U.S. energy policy over the last 25 years are discussed and compared with the recommendations contained in the two studies. The projections of energy demand, supply, and prices for 2000 contained in the studies are presented and compared to actual realizations. The nature, magnitudes, and reasons for the differences between the studies forecasts and what actually emerged 25 years later are discussed. All things considered, the Landsberg and Schurr studies have stood the test of time very well.


In recent years, global corporations and national governments have been enacting a growing number of codes of conduct and public regulations to combat dangerous and degrading work conditions in global supply chains. At the receiving end of this activity, local producers must contend with multiple regulatory regimes, but it is unclear how these regimes interact and what results, if any, they produce. This paper examines this dynamic in the sugar sector in Brazil. It finds that although private and public agents rarely communicate, let alone coordinate with one another they nevertheless reinforce each others' actions. Public regulators use their legal powers to outlaw extreme forms of outsourcing. Private auditors use the trust they command as company insiders to instigate a process of workplace transformation that facilitates compliance. Together, their parallel actions block the low road and guide targeted firms to a higher road in which improved labor standards are not only possible but even desirable.


A new CYP3A5 variant, CYP3A5*11, was found in a white European subject by DNA sequencing. The CYP3A5*11 allele contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (g.3775A>G) in exon 2, which results in a Tyr53Cys substitution, and a g.6986A>G splice change, the latter SNP previously reported in the defective CYP3A5*3 allele. However, the CYP3A5*3 is not a null allele because this variant is associated with leaky splicing, resulting in small amounts of functional protein still being produced. Therefore, we constructed a cDNA coding for the newly identified CYP3A5.11 protein by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed it in Escherichia coli, and partially purified it. Whereas bacteria transformed with wild-type CYP3A5*1 cDNA expressed predominantly cytochrome P450 (P450), those transfected with CYP3A5*11 expressed a significant amount of denatured cytochrome P420 in addition to P450, suggesting the protein to be unstable. CYP3A5.11 exhibited a 38% decrease in the Vmax for nifedipine metabolism, a 2.7-fold increase in the Km, and a 4.4-fold decrease in the CLint of nifedipine compared with CYP3A5.1. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping procedure was developed and used to genotype DNA of 500 white individuals for CYP3A5*11. No additional examples of this allele were identified. In summary, individuals carrying the rare CYP3A5*11 allele are predicted to have lower metabolism of CYP3A5 substrates than individuals expressing CYP3A5*3.


The essay explores the often-ignored histories of the indigenous people who resided on the confluence of the Merrimack and the Concord rivers up to the 1650s. This place is characterized by a significant bend in the Merrimack River as it changes its southerly flow into an easterly direction. Today, the area includes the modern city of Lowell, Massachusetts, and its surroundings. While the 1650s saw the creation of a Native American "praying town" and the incorporation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's towns of Chelmsford and Billerica, it is the diverse and complex indigenous past before this decade which North American and global historians tend to neglect. The pre-colonial and early colonial eras, and how observers have described these periods, have shaped the way we understand history today. This essay problematizes terminology, looks at how amateur historians of the 19th and early 20th centuries have shaped popular perceptions of Native Americans, and explores how researchers have told the history before the 1650s. The materials available to reconstruct the history of the region's Native Americans are often hard to find, a common issue for researchers who attempt to study the history of indigenous peoples before 1500. Thus, the essay pays special attention to how incomplete primary sources as well as archeological and ethnohistorical evidence have shaped interpretations of this history and how these intellectual processes have aided in the construction of this past.


The Mount Keith region of the Agnew-Wiluna belt in Western Australia is perhaps best known for hosting the giant komatiite-associated disseminated Ni sulfide deposit known as MKD5. It also hosts the sizeable Cliffs massive Ni sulfide deposit, which is the eighth largest in the Archean Yilgarn block. A concerted program of regional-scale three-dimensional model construction has integrated a plethora of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data and led to a much better understanding of the tectonic and volcanic architecture of this ancient greenstone belt.

The disseminated MKD5 orebody occupies a curvilinear thickening in the olivine adcumulate core of the host Mount Keith ultramafic unit. The orebody plunges shallowly to the south from surface, over a distance of 3.5 km, before bending sharply to plunge steeply to the north-northwest at depth. The thickest part of the orebody and the best Ni grades are associated with the bend in the overall ore trend. This also marks the approximate intersection point of two growth faults that appear to control the thickness variations in the adcumulate core and the plunge variations in the ore trend. The olivine adcumulate core is mantled by olivine orthocumulate rocks, which are best developed above and below the flanks of the orebody, and a fractionated sequence of pyroxenitic and gabbroic rocks occurs at the top of the Mount Keith ultramafic unit above the inside of the bend in the ore trend. These observations suggest a strong volcanological control on the position of the MKD5 orebody, and the local curvilinear thickening in the adcumulate core is interpreted as a fluid pathway, the locus of which was in turn controlled by the intersection of two broadly orthogonal growth faults.

The Cliffs ultramafic unit consists of a lower olivine ortho- to mesocumulate unit, which varies in thickness along strike, overlain by a sequence of thin, spinifex-textured komatiite flow units intercalated with variably sulfidic tuffaceous shales. The Cliffs massive Ni sulfide deposit occurs at the base of a relative thickening (to ~100 m) in the lower olivine ortho- to mesocumulate unit. The orebody is typically less than 6 m thick, 500 m wide and plunges gently south from surface over a distance of 1.5 km, terminating in a structurally complex zone across which there are marked differences in the internal stratigraphy and thickness of the Cliffs ultramafic unit. The orebody has relatively low tenor (maximum ~8% Ni, typically ~5% Ni) and the tenor is strongly zoned with extremely low tenors (1–3% Ni) developed on the flanks. A barren exhalative massive Fe sulfide unit is typically present at the base of the Cliffs ultramafic unit on the flanks of the orebody and probably acted as a source of sulfur. The tenor zonation pattern suggests that the melting and entrainment of the underlying exhalative sulfide horizon occurred more vigorously in the center of the lava pathway. The structurally complex zone at the southern end of the Cliffs orebody is interpreted as a possible vent location; this would explain the relatively low tenor of the orebody and the tenor zonation (through limited mixing and entrainment of melted exhalative iron sulfide melt with the komatiite lava), the poorly incised nature of the lava pathway and the abrupt change in internal komatiite stratigraphy across this zone.

There is good evidence that the southern terminations of both the MKD5 and the Cliffs orebodies are marked by growth faults. At a belt scale these points correspond roughly with the intersection of NNE- and NW-trending lineaments. These lineaments are on the order of 5 to 10 km in strike length and are visible in regional geophysical datasets (both gravity and magnetics). They are likely to mark the position of accretionary structures that were active at the time of volcanism and that probably controlled the volcanic architecture of the komatiite flow field and the location of Ni sulfide accumulations within komatiite lava pathways. Repeated reactivation of these early crustal-scale structures during subsequent orogenesis resulted in their upward propagation as sets of late brittle structures. Of broader significance to the understanding of the generation of komatiite-associated nickel sulfide deposits is the conclusion that many such deposits may be developed proximal to vent rather than in a distal setting, as has been proposed for the Kambalda camp.


The authors studied a group of older carers of aging adults with Down syndrome (DS) to ascertain what effects such caregiving may have on them given the presence or possibility of age-associated decline or dementia. The study also examined the comparative levels of care provided, key signs noted when decline was beginning, the subjective burden experienced, and what were the key associated health factors when carers faced a changed level of care. The authors found that this group was made up of long-term, committed carers who have decided early on to look after their relative with DS over their lifetime. When faced with the onset and ongoing progression of dementia, their commitment was still evident as evidenced by adopting physical accommodations and finding ways to continue to provide care at home, while also seeking help from outside sources. Most saw a family or group home environment as the place of choice for their relative with DS when they decided they could no longer offer care. The study did not ascertain any burn-out or significant health related problems associated with their continued caregiving save for their concerns about day-to-day strain and what will happen in the future.


In this paper, we have studied non-iconic reduplication in Eastern Gbe languages (viz., Fongbe and Gungbe) and Suriname creoles (viz., Sranan and Saramaccan). We have shown that in the Surinam Creoles, as well as in the Gbe languages, such non-iconic reduplication is conditioned by a unique syntactic structure which derives both verbal nouns (or gerunds) and (verbal) adjectives. Put another way, we analyze reduplication as a morphological process (i.e. affixation) conditioned by structural properties. We further show that the resulting reduplicated items correlate with a change in meaning that often varies from process/event to state/result, and can therefore not be accounted for in terms of iconicity. With regard to the issue of the emergence of reduplication in creoles, we show that the development of these non-iconic reduplications in the Surinam creoles derive partially from substrate influence from Eastern Gbe, while showing some properties of gerunds and past participles in English. Under this view therefore, reduplication, far from being a fast and cheap morphological operation available to a creole emerging from a pidgin state, represents a constrained morphosyntactic process.


Models for individual-tree basal area growth were constructed for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), pubescent birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing in drained peatland stands. The data consisted of two separate sets of permanent sample plots forming a large sample of drained peatland stands in Finland. The dependent variable in all models was the 5-year basal area growth of a tree. The independent tree-level variables were tree dbh, tree basal area, and the sum of the basal area of trees larger than the target tree. Independent stand-level variables were stand basal area, the diameter of the tree of median basal area, and temperature sum. Categorical variables describing the site quality, as well as the condition and age of drainage, were used. Differences in tree growth were used as criteria in reclassifying the a priori site types into new yield classes by tree species. All models were constructed as mixed linear models with a random stand effect. The models were tested against the modelling data and against independent data sets.


This book challenges the notion that the open university is a recent invention and argues that in Britain there is a long and varied tradition of similar developments, and that there has been a significant 20th century reduction in the openness of universities, particularly in the period from the 1950s to the 1970s. Selected examples of open universities from the 19th and 20th centuries are examined and compared. Particular attention is paid to: (1) the provision made by the University of London in its 19th-century role as an examining board, and later through its external degree system; (2) to the similar role performed, for very different reasons, by the Royal University of Ireland before World War I; and (3) to the work of St. Andrews University in offering an external degree-level qualification for women between 1877 and 1931. Other examples discussed range from Oxford and Cambridge, in their pre-World War ii guise, and the 19th-century Scottish universities, to the correspondence colleges and the university extension movement. The book also gives consideration to the present Open University and to other contemporary models of distance education and open learning. It also provides a historical and theoretical framework within which these developments can be better understood. Contains over 260 references and an index.


This paper considers the selection of capacities, in two classes of open queueing network models of computer communication systems: 1) local-balanced queueing networks with multiple classes of customers and 2) the Reiser-Kobayashi diffusion approximation model. The problem of selecting optimal bandwidths for communication lines and switches and computing machinery is difficult due to 1) the economy of scale exhibited by components (i.e., the bandwidth per dollar increases with the total cost of the component) and 2) the discrete nature of computer/communication components (for instance it is possible to lease communication lines with 2400-Bd or 4800-Bd band-widths but not one with a 2401.3-Bd bandwidth). This paper develops aun algorithm to select servers taking both of these characteristics of server costs into account. The contribution of this paper is to discuss 1) the optimization of more general network models with 2) the consideration of more realistic tariffs and 3) more constraints on network behavior than were previously analyzed.


Combining history, autobiography, and ethnography, Georges Woke Up Laughing provides a portrait of the Haitian experience of migration to the United States that illuminates the phenomenon of long-distance nationalism, the voicelessness of certain citizens, and the impotency of government in an increasingly globalized world. By presenting lively ruminations on his life as a Haitian immigrant, Georges Eugene Fouron—along with Nina Glick Schiller, whose own family history stems from Poland and Russia—captures the daily struggles for survival that bind together those who emigrate and those who stay behind.

According to a long-standing myth, once emigrants leave their homelands—particularly if they emigrate to the United States—they sever old nationalistic ties, assimilate, and happily live the American dream. In fact, many migrants remain intimately and integrally tied to their ancestral homeland, sometimes even after they become legal citizens of another country. In Georges Woke Up Laughing the authors reveal the realities and dilemmas that underlie the efforts of long-distance nationalists to redefine citizenship, race, nationality, and political loyalty. Through discussions of the history and economics that link the United States with countries around the world, Glick Schiller and Fouron highlight the forces that shape emigrants' experiences of government and citizenship and create a transborder citizenry. Arguing that governments of many countries today have almost no power to implement policies that will assist their citizens, the authors provide insights into the ongoing sociological, anthropological, and political effects of globalization.

Georges Woke up Laughing will entertain and inform those who are concerned about the rights of people and the power of their governments within the globalizing economy.

"In my dream I was young and in Haiti with my friends, laughing, joking, and having a wonderful time. I was walking down the main street of my hometown of Aux Cayes. The sun was shining, the streets were clean, and the port was bustling with ships. At first I was laughing because of the feeling of happiness that stayed with me, even after I woke up. I tried to explain my wonderful dream to my wife, Rolande. Then I laughed again but this time not from joy. I had been dreaming of a Haiti that never was."—from Georges Woke Up Laughing


Maharjan, R. 2017. New Insights in Adrenal Tumourigenesis. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1345. 54 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0009-2. Unilateral cortisol producing adenoma (CPA) is the most common cause of ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome and is surgically curable. On the other hand, adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare and aggressive tumours. Although the overall survival of the patients with ACC is very poor, the outcome can be heterogeneous and vary significantly between the patients. This thesis comprises studies showing genetic and genomic events occurring in CPAs and ACCs, their functional impact and clinical correlations. The Wnt/β-catenin and cAMP/PKA signalling pathways are crucial in adrenal homeostasis and frequent mutations in members of these pathways (CTNNB1, GNAS, and PRKACA) are found in CPAs. Mutational analysis revealed that ~60% of the CPAs harboured mutations in either of these genes. Transcriptome signature exhibited increased expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis in PRKACA/GNAS mutated (Cluster1) tumours in comparison to CTNNB1 mutated /wildtype (Cluster2) tumours. In addition we have also observed that gain of chromosome arm 9q was the most frequent arm level copy number variation (CNV) occurring in CPAs and were exclusively present in Cluster2 tumours. We also discovered novel PRKACA mutations occurring in ACCs, causing activation of cAMP/signalling pathway. Comprehensive analysis of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in ACCs revealed novel interstitial deletions occurring in CTNNB1 leading to deletion of the N-terminus of β-catenin. This is a novel and yet another frequent event leading to activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling and downstream targets in ACCs. Both, mutations occurring in CTNNB1 and nuclear expression of its protein were associated with poor overall survival. Through multiregional sampling approach we discovered intra-tumour heterogeneity in ACC tumours. Although all the multiregions within a tumour showed presence of shared basal CNVs, they encompassed private CNVs, different ploidy levels and private mutations in known driver genes. We found intra-tumour heterogeneity in CTNNB1, PRKACA, TERT promoter and TP53 mutations as well as ZNRF3 and CDKN2A/2B homozygous deletions.


Nobody could have guessed that Barbara Hepworth's contact with a surgeon would suddenly produce, after the second world war, an outstanding series of drawings inspired by hospital operations.1 She was, after all, renowned for her controversial achievements as an abstract sculptor. So why did she start work on these powerful images of surgeons, while tirelessly visiting operating theatres in Exeter and London as her fascination with the subject deepened?

Hepworth's involvement with operations began in 1944, when her young daughter Sarah had osteomyelitis. After Sarah was bandaged "in plaster of Paris from head to toe," Hepworth's anxiety became intense. But even then, she was fascinated enough to notice that "the moulding of plaster jackets . . . was very near to my own profession." As Sarah's illness became protracted, Hepworth and her husband Ben Nicholson found the medical bills ever more daunting. Yet she received heartwarming sympathy and support from the surgeon Norman Capener. Unlike so many British art lovers of that period, he relished modern art at its most adventurous. Capener was an amateur painter, and was particularly fascinated by the mutually rewarding relation between avant-garde art and music. He told Nicholson that Hepworth's sculpture had "a very striking similarity to Bach's more abstract work." Capener began purchasing her art, and he also backed up their friendship by waiving his surgeon's fee.

In the summer of 1947, Capener sensed that Hepworth's central involvement with the structure of the human body might mean that she would find stimulus in observing an operation. He had transferred the ailing Sarah from a modest Cornish hospital, near Hepworth's home in St Ives, to the far larger Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Hospital in Exeter. Capener seized his moment when he stayed in St Ives to recover from jaundice. Visiting Hepworth, he asked her if …


For most Europeans and Americans, Latin America is still little more than their underdeveloped sibling, its inhabitants pitching up on its shores or struggling across the Rio Grande into the USA. It's a place of exuberant music, mesmerising football, extravagant beauty, fantastic literature, drug trafficking and guerrilla warfare – in short, exotic, dangerous and exciting.
In this counterintuitive and fascinating book, Oscar Guardiola-Rivera, who teaches international Law and International Affairs at London University, shows how, unafraid to turn its back on some commonly held economic views that have now lost their currency, Latin America is in fact making its presence felt from Lima to Shanghai, from Brazilia to London and from Buenos Aires to New York.
While the world acknowledges the continuing importance of the US in international affairs, few people have noticed that with Spanish language and culture in the ascendant the US is quietly but quickly becoming the next Latin American country. In fact, Guardiola-Rivera argues, the next Barack Obama is as more than likely to be of Latino origin.
Both a hidden history of the modern world from the silver peso (the world's first truly global currency) to the recent shift away from globalism and an imaginative vision rooted in a sure understanding of the past, What If Latin America Ruled the World? is certain to provoke interest and controversy.


Lumps arising in the head and neck constitute an important diagnostic category in children. As neoplasia is such a rare cause of head and neck swellings in this age group, lumps can be broadly divided into those having a congenital origin and those due to inflammatory or infective causes. Some knowledge of the embryological development of the neck is important in understanding how a substantial proportion of these lumps arise. It becomes even more important if these are to be surgically excised—the usual treatment.

Commonest causes of neck lumps in children by age.

The branchial arches are well developed ridges that are visible in the cervical region of the embryo from the fourth to the eighth week of gestation. Each consists of a mesodermal cartilaginous centre, an intervening ectodermal cleft, an internal pouch, and a parent nerve. They are believed to recapitulate gill-like structures (Greek, branchia—gills). Although comparative anatomists can identify six such structures, only the first four are distinct in humans. The mandible, eustachian tube, and some bones of the middle ear are derived from the first branchial arch, while the second arch and its internal pouch form the hyoid bone and the tonsillar fossa respectively.

Branchial arches in human embryo (left) and usual sites of branchial remnants in child (right).

These may take the form of cysts, sinuses, or cartilaginous remnants, and it is possible to identify the relevant branchial arch from the anatomical position. Strangely, although most remnants have usually been present since birth, branchial cysts most commonly present in adolescence or adulthood.

Preauricular and first branchial remnants—Small sinuses and cartilage remnants just in front of the ear are the commonest finding but are probably not of branchial origin. Such preauricular pits may be blind but occasionally lead to a racemose collection of small cysts or to …


________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (AnGR) have great potential to contribute to increased food security and improved livelihood of poor people in developing countries. However, indigenous livestock which are well adapted to local conditions are often underutilized, and with few exceptions systematic breeding programmes are lacking. This is due to lack of a "critical mass" of people trained and informed in issues relating to AnGR, in addition to insufficient policy support and institutional frameworks. To address these shortages the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in collaboration with the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and supported by Sida (Sweden), launched a project "training the trainers", for university lecturers and NARS in developing countries. So far, more than 100 scientists from 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and 15 countries in South and South East Asia have been trained in refresher courses and workshops. An Animal Genetics Training Resource (Web & CD) has also been developed, containing case studies from the tropics, generic information on livestock genetic improvement, breeding programme design, research, science communication and teaching methods. In general, very positive outcomes of the training courses and resources developed have been reported by participants on their teaching, research and on supportive activities for better use of AnGR. Despite these effects there is a huge demand for expanded activities in this area. ________________________________________________________________________________


Sight-reading is an important skill for amateur and professional musicians. Several factors seem to play a role in sight-reading skills, such as expertise level, ear training, mental speed and improvisation skills. If we are right in supposing that these factors cannot easily be generalized for all musicians, one of the reasons for this must surely lie in the fact that different musical instruments set different technical requirements for the player. The purpose of this study was to investigate which factors help cello students have better sight-reading abilities. Amateur cello students (N = 79) were tested for position knowledge, use of tonal and positional approaches and actual sight-reading ability, and their sight-reading performance was measured by counting pitch and fluency errors they made in short pieces of varying complexity. This study used a partly correlational (use of tonal/positional approaches, technical level, experience, and position knowledge) and a partly experimental repeated-measures design (key complexity). The findings suggest that position knowledge shows a very strong negative correlation with the number of sight-reading errors and a weak correlation with pauses. Use of positional approaches shows no significantly stronger correlation with the number of sight-reading errors than the use of tonal approaches. In addition, it appears that an increase in the key complexity leads to more sight-reading errors and more pauses. Finally, the position knowledge and technical level of participants explain 83% of the variation in the total pitch errors. Experience and use of tonal approaches explain 40% of the variation in the number of short pauses.


Language was important to Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted to make spoken and written language so simple as to be understood by workers in the field, yet he also wanted to explore the possibility of expressing the most complex philosophical notions through language. Although aware of the limitations of his facility with Gujarati, he wrote his most important works in this language, and also supervised their translations into English. His awareness of the importance of language made him particularly conscious of problems of translation, and this was borne out by his own experiences translating Tolstoy and Ruskin into Gujarati and rendering his own philosophical text Hind Swaraj into English. This paper examines Gandhi's own translations and the translations of his works that he supervised and authenticated, so as to gain an understanding of the process through which he moved between languages and philosophical discourses to convey the originality of his thought and practice to the world.


Municipal water distribution maintenance is very important for sustainable urban development. Water pipe-breaks result not only in disrupting service but also in significant loss of water, which otherwise could have been sold to the consumer. In countries where water is scarce, such as South Africa, water losses can be detrimental to the living standard of people. Water pipe-breaks can furthermore cause extensive damage to nearby lower-lying properties. Existing decision support systems available in the field of water distribution system maintenance mainly focus on leak detection and pipe rehabilitation/replacement strategies. These existing systems, however, do not address the actual causes of pipe-breaks. This paper reports on the development of a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for pipe-break susceptibility analysis. The engineer (or public works administrator) can apply the SDSS to model the complex pipe-break phenomena in a municipal water distribution system in order to identify pipes susceptible to breaking. This should promote more informed decision-making on preventative maintenance measures to be taken and their prioritisation. The SDSS has already been successfully applied to the water distribution system of Paarl (a medium-sized town in South Africa).


Abstract Habitat use by members of a wild population of American mink (Mustela vison) was evaluated by continuous monitoring of individuals that were live trapped and radiotracked year round in the Upper Thames region, United Kingdom. Spatially lagged autoregressive models were used to investigate the relationship between population abundance and measured habitat variables. Resident mink were found in places characterized by rich tree cover, plenty of scrub, rank grasses, and especially abundant rabbits, and they avoided open habitat characterized by farming activities. These trends were not detected, however, in either transient adults or juveniles. The presence of the opposite sex did not appear to influence the presence of resident mink of the other sex. The single most important feature influencing the presence of resident mink was the size of rabbit warrens. Warrens were, overall, the most important den sites for mink, especially for breeding females. Because the distribution of rabbit warrens seemed to be strongly affected by riverside farmland management, this might eventually determine the distribution and local population growth of feral mink in the Upper Thames region.


Background. Evidence supports peroneal nerve functional electrical stimulation (FES) as an effective alternative to ankle foot orthoses (AFO) for treatment of foot drop poststroke, but few long-term, randomized controlled comparisons exist. Objective. Compare changes in gait quality and function between FES and AFOs in individuals with foot drop poststroke over a 12-month period. Methods. Follow-up analysis of an unblinded randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01087957) conducted at 30 rehabilitation centers comparing FES to AFOs over 6 months. Subjects continued to wear their randomized device for another 6 months to final 12-month assessments. Subjects used study devices for all home and community ambulation. Multiply imputed intention-to-treat analyses were utilized; primary endpoints were tested for noninferiority and secondary endpoints for superiority. Primary endpoints: 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and device-related serious adverse event rate. Secondary endpoints: 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), GaitRite Functional Ambulation Profile, and Modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (mEFAP). Results. A total of 495 subjects were randomized, and 384 completed the 12-month follow-up. FES proved noninferior to AFOs for all primary endpoints. Both FES and AFO groups showed statistically and clinically significant improvement for 10MWT compared with initial measurement. No statistically significant between-group differences were found for primary or secondary endpoints. The FES group demonstrated statistically significant improvements for 6MWT and mEFAP Stair-time subscore. Conclusions. At 12 months, both FES and AFOs continue to demonstrate equivalent gains in gait speed. Results suggest that long-term FES use may lead to additional improvements in walking endurance and functional ambulation; further research is needed to confirm these findings.


The aim of this study is to determine if views of university students about the quality of faculty life differ depending on variables such as gender, age, grade, preference, being a member of a certain student community or not. In this study "Scale of Quality of Faculty Life" was used. 690 students from different faculties of Ankara University were included in the study. When we examined differences between faculties, the study showed that significant differences were not in the dimension of "Class Atmosphere and Satisfaction with Relations to Students", but in those of "Satisfaction with Instructors", "Satisfaction with Faculty" and in the "Total" score. It was determined that there were no significant differences in the dimension of "Satisfaction with Instructors" depending on gender, whereas significant differences were in "Class Atmosphere and Satisfaction with Relations to Students", and "Satisfaction with Faculty" and in the total score


Nowadays organizations perform a great deal of their work online that requires Information Systems. Although the availability of ready-to-use software applications has greatly reduced the acquisition timesof these systems, organizations still have to spend significant time and resources in their implementation and management. These applications are only offered as a part of generic software packages and organizations have to customize them according to their unique requirements. This requires gathering the requirements of the organization and then customizing the applications accordingly. The customization phase of software implementation can be challenging because the organization has to typically rely on a small team of programmer of its IT department and the process involves a great deal of learning. This paper shows that theexisting approaches of software development and project management are insufficient for the distinct challenges of this setting. The analyticalmodels of the paper provide insights into these challenges and show how this process can be streamlined. The paper also provides the complexity class of theproblems that corresponds to these challenges. A numerical analysis is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.


We look at non-classical negations and their corresponding adjustment connectives from a modal viewpoint, over complete distributive lattices, and apply a very general mechanism in order to offer adequate analytic proof systems to logics that are based on them. Defining non-classical negations within usual modal semantics automatically allows one to treat equivalent formulas as synonymous, and to have a natural justification for a global version of the contraposition rule. From that perspective, our study offers a particularly useful environment in which negative modalities and their companions may be used for dealing with inconsistency and indeterminacy. After investigating modal logics based on arbitrary frames, we extend the results to serial frames, reflexive frames, functional frames, and symmetric frames. In each case we also investigate when and how classical negation may thereby be defined.


This thesis consists of four research parts: a literature review that covers Salmonella spp., one of the more prominent foodborne pathogens that represents a major risk to humans (chapter 1). Understanding the growth of Salmonella serovars and strains is an important basis for more in depth research. In this case we studied a) the aerobic and anaerobic growth responses of multiple strains from six different serovars, b) how the spent media from different serovars, more importantly S. Heidelberg, affect the growth of S. Typhimurium, and c) determined whether or not two different serovars undergo competitive interactions when they were grown together (chapter 2). Growth responses of four Salmonella serovars, Heidelberg, Kentucky, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis in enrichment and non-enrichment media were compared to determine the effectiveness of a non-selective enrichment media, such as Luria Bertani broth over selective enrichment methods (chapter 3). Since antimicrobial resistance continues to be one of the major concerns about Salmonella, and consumers are demanding more natural antimicrobials we studied the effectiveness of five essential oils against Salmonella Heidelberg. Besides being one of the top five Salmonella enterica serovars associated with human infections, S. Heidelberg is the primary focus for our research (chapter 4). Given that Salmonella enterica are important facultative intracellular pathogens that are widely known to be isolated from poultry and to cause infections in humans, understanding the ability of this pathogen to attach and invade different cell types is of great importance. We studied the adhesion and invasion of four different strains to chicken macrophage (HD11), and human epithelial (Caco-2) cells (chapter 5).


The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta-analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widens the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remain unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Underlying the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass-ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps.


The author extracts from several measurement projects some of the important lessons he has learned about measurement in general and design measurement in particular. He synthesizes from these lessons a design-measurement framework in an attempt to communicate his personal measurement experience to other software engineers. The lessons he has learned fall into three areas: (1) how measurement must be applied in individual experiments or case studies; (2) how measurement can help continuously improve an organization's state of the practice; and (3) why measurement requires automated support.<<ETX>>


Introduction(1) The addition of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to Canada's Constitution in 1982 triggered a debate among scholars over the role of the Supreme Court in Canadian politics. At the center of this debate was the issue of whether the Charter would transform the Canadian Court from a passive tribunal occupied mainly with settling federal-provincial jurisdictional disputes into an activist defender of civil rights and liberties (Manfredi 1993; Harvie and Foster 1990; Gold and Fuerst 1992). The question was, as Verney has aptly stated, "would the American system of judicial review become the model for Canada?" (1987, 190). Initially, some scholars used pre-Charter practices under the 1960 statutory Bill of Rights to predict the future role of the Court under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. MacKay (1983) argued that the Canadian Supreme Court probably would not disregard its past judicial habits when making future Charter decisions, suggesting that the Court's weak civil libertarian record under the Bill of Rights would dictate a future philosophy of judicial restraint. Slattery (1987) agreed, yet, unlike MacKay, he argued that the Court would not overrule majoritarian legislative decisions given the qualifying sections within the text of the Charter (Section 1 and Section 33) and Canada's tradition of parliamentary supremacy. Other scholars predicted that the Canadian Court would move in a decisively pro-civil rights direction after the Charter was added to the Constitution (Bender 1983; Russell 1982). Bender argued that since the general configuration of protected rights in Canada and the United States is similar in scope and range, activism on the part of the Canadian Court was inevitable. After analyzing the Constitution Act of 1982, Russell (1982) concluded that the Charter had sanctioned a major shift of power from the legislature to the judiciary and, thus, judicial activism would necessarily follow. Indeed, subsequent studies have indicated that there are already signs of a more activist Canadian Court (Morton 1987; Morton et al. 1994; Morton et al. 1991; Knopff and Morton 1992; Manfredi 1993; Epp 1996). In this debate, Verney (1987) and Monahan (1987) have argued that, instead of assuming that the Canadian Court would adopt the American style of judicial review, one must understand the changes taking place under the Charter in the Canadian cultural context. Thus, it is the belief of some scholars that, although the Canadian Court has moved in an activist direction in protecting individual rights in the post-Charter years, such a movement is bound to be limited in scope since the underlying cultural values of Canada and the United States are very different. The Canadian Culture Context as a Limiting Force on Individual Rights Some scholars, such as Lipset (1990) and Glendon (1991), believe Canada is a society based on a different organizing principle and value system than the United States. According to Lipset, since Canada derived its authority from the British monarchy and was initially comprised largely of Tory loyalists, it is not surprising that it formed a counterrevolutionary monarchical society which valued hierarchy in class relations and deference in politics so as to effect the collective good (2). He also argued that the spirit of such values can be found in the British North America Act, which enshrined the collective values of peace, order, and good government (8). Consequently, Canadians have historically emphasized a person's rights and obligations to the community at large rather than the rights of the individual (Lipset 1990). Subsequent authors, such as Maryanne Glendon, have argued that since Canadians are not as rights-conscious as Americans, they are more apt to balance individual rights with a person's duties and responsibilities to the community (12). As a result, they have developed a rational political discourse that encourages compromise and fosters more productive communication in confrontational situations. …


369 Gibbons and colleagues' article (1) in this issue highlights an emerging methodology of considerable value to psychiatric services. Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) has multiple advantages over standard paper-and-pencil assessment tools (2). CAT uses existing data to streamline and individualize the measurement process. By selecting items of particular relevance to an individual respondent, CAT applications simultaneously reduce the number of needed questions, increase measurement precision, and decrease respondent burden. CAT's applicability has been demonstrated, but its full potential for psychiatric services has yet to be realized. Streamlining and individualizing assessment of diagnosis and symptoms offer many potential benefits to psychiatric services research and practice. Asking fewer questions improves efficiency, freeing time for clinical care or more comprehensive assessments. Computerized assessment can give clinicians real-time data that can be put to immediate use. Individualized assessment, which takes an individual's prior symptoms and functioning into account, can increase the precision of ongoing outcome monitoring and enhance the personalization of disease management programs. The multidimensional approach to assessment that is reflected in the bifactor model can improve the evaluation of comorbid conditions and integrate dimensional and categorical diagnostic paradigms. Creating item banks that aggregate data across populations and settings makes it possible to equate assessments conducted with different items to enrich available evidence about the prevalence of disorders, course of illness, and the impact of interventions. One can envision multiple applications of CAT in clinical and research settings. For example, a computer kiosk in a primary care waiting room could be used to screen patients for common mood and anxiety disorders. After a brief interaction with a touchscreen monitor, each patient's results could be available to primary care providers by the time the patient reaches the exam room. Longitudinal follow-up assessments in a drug trial could be tailored to each patient's previously reported symptoms and be administered and recorded by an interviewer using a handheld device communicating with a distant item bank. A Web-based depression management program could elicit patient-reported assessments individualized to each participant's prior experiences and convert responses to the metrics of other standardized measures. Unfortunately, the technology and infrastructure needed to implement CAT are currently beyond the reach of most clinicians and researchers. Basic computer equipment is often unavailable. Assessments are frequently conducted in settings where computer use is impractical. Existing CAT software is highly technical. Implementation of CAT relies on large banks of previously collected and calibrated responses to multiple measures. Banks of items relevant to psychiatric services are not widely available, and when they exist, they are not readily accessible. Considerable collaborative effort is needed to develop the infrastructure that would make mental health–focused CAT widely available and accessible. Ongoing work provides a foundation for needed development. The National Institutes of Health is currently sponsoring the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (2), which provides a basic CAT infrastructure for measuring health outcomes. PROMIS includes an item bank and a Web-based interface for selection, administration, and management of CAT and associated paper-and-pencil outcome measures, all of which are in the public domain. PROMIS now focuses on general outcomes applicable to a range of chronic diseases. However, the PROMIS project's strategies and methods could be integrated with developing item banks of mental health measures. Continued investment in flexible and accessible technology that would make CAT a reality in psychiatric services could yield multiple benefits.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. A significant number of patients present with disease involving mediastinal lymph nodes. As survival after surgery alone for stage III disease is poor, radiation therapy and chemotherapy have been evaluated in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings to improve outcomes. The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in the subgroup of patients with N2 disease is uncertain. Small randomized trials enrolling patients with stage III disease have shown a benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy over surgery alone. Whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy is superior to adjuvant chemotherapy is under investigation. Furthermore, whether neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is superior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is controversial, and few randomized studies comparing these approaches have been reported. Nevertheless, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy appears to be associated with higher rates of resection, higher rates of clearance of mediastinal nodal disease, and better local/regional control. The use of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) has declined since the publication of the 1998 meta-analysis suggested a detriment in survival with this strategy. However, radiation techniques are improving and emerging data support the use of carefully delivered PORT. Finally, it remains unclear whether surgical resection offers an advantage over definitive chemoradiotherapy alone for stage III disease. In summary, locally advanced NSCLC remains a formidable challenge with few cures, and optimal treatment requires the careful use of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.


High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a promising technology for a variety of therapeutic applications. This concept initiated in 1942 by Lynn Zwemer [1]. HIFU has long been known as a minimal invasive or non-invasive procedure that destroys tissue through ablation. However, it is only in recent years that clinical applications are becoming feasible, with the development of high power ultrasound transducers compatible with the MRI scanner which is used to monitor these non-invasive HIFU applications. New technologies, combined with more sophisticated treatment methods and monitoring methods allow non-invasive procedures in many areas such as the brain, eye, breast, kidney, liver, pancreas, thyroid, uterine fibroids and pancreas. Meanwhile, new investigations are underway for treading cardiac arithmia, strokes, palliative pain treatment of bone metastases and brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and neuropathic pain. These optimistic investigations have encouraged physicians and provided them new valuable tools for medical research.


When land was first cleared in the southwest of Australia, the soils were P deficient. This deficiency has been corrected by the application of P fertilisers to the extent that most current P fertilisers are applied at maintenance rates or rate which balances out the amount of P removal in grain. The current P fertiliser practices have been achieved by conducting soil test measurements for P and the use of P fertiliser decision support systems for making P recommendations. In general, this approach has resulted in the efficient use of P fertiliser. However, in some coastal agricultural areas of the region, over-use of P fertiliser has resulted in eutrophication of estuarine waters. Minimal tillage with crop residue retention (conservation farming) has been widely adopted in Western Australia. This practice has the potential to reduce soil bound P loss (Particulate P) but can result in an increase in dissolved P loss due to the surface concentration of nutrients. As a result, agriculture is under increasing pressure to develop management practices to minimise P loss. Currently P decision support systems for grain cropping do not have routines for making predictions of P runoff into the environment.

The aim of this paper is to outline the key components that need to be considered when developing fertiliser decision support systems to predict P runoff based on an extensive review of the latest literature.


The lack of a clear method to judge a researcher's contribution has recently [1] led to the proposal of a new metric, called Peer Reputation (PR) metric. PR ties the selectivity of a publication venue with the reputation of the first author's institution. In [1], the authors compute PR for a number of networking research publication venues and argue that PR is a better indicator of selectivity than a venue's Acceptance Ratio (AR). We agree that PR is an idea towards the right direction and that it offers substantial information that is missing from AR. Still, we argue in this paper that PR is not adequate by itself in giving a solid evaluation of a researcher's contribution. In our study, we discuss and evaluate quantitatively the points on which PR does not sufficiently serve its purpose. To evaluate PR, we have gathered data for 11 conferences belonging to different research fields (networking, informatics and electronics), between 2008-2011. We also use three different rankings of doctoral programs in USA and two world university rankings, to study how they influence the PR results.


This paper revises the broadband-filter method originally proposed by Wyszecki to evaluate the relative spectral responsivity of photodetectors. The new mathematical procedure consists of representing the responsivity curve by a spline function to reduce the number of free parameters and to preserve the approximation accuracy. Consequently, performance of the calculated spectral responsivity vs experimental errors turns out to be satisfactory. Extended simulated examples show the capabilities of this new approach.


This book is about how the design of institutional change results in unintended consequences. Many post-authoritarian societies have adopted decentralization-effectively localizing power-as part and parcel of democratization, but also in their efforts to entrench "good governance." Vedi Hadiz shifts the attention to the accompanying tensions and contradictions that define the terms under which the localization of power actually takes place. In the process, he develops a compelling analysis that ties social and institutional change to the outcomes of social conflict in local arenas of power. Using the case of Indonesia, and comparing it with Thailand and the Philippines, Hadiz seeks to understand the seeming puzzle of how local predatory systems of power remain resilient in the face of international and domestic pressures. Forcefully persuasive and characteristically passionate, Hadiz challenges readers while arguing convincingly that local power and politics still matter greatly in our globalized world.


ABSTRACT Purpose: A United States industry-specific gap analysis survey of the death care sector—which comprises organizations and businesses affiliated with the funeral industry and the handling of human remains— was developed, the results analyzed, and training and education needs in relation to highly infectious disease mitigation and management were explored in an effort to identify where occupational health and safety can be enhanced in this worker population. Methods: Collaborating national death care organizations distributed the 47-question electronic survey. N = 424 surveys were initiated and results recorded. The survey collected death care sector-specific information pertaining to the comfortability and willingness to handle highly infectious remains; perceptions of readiness, current policies and procedures in place to address highly infectious diseases; current highly infectious disease training levels, available resources, and personal protective equipment. Results: One-third of respondents have been trained on how to manage highly infectious remains. There was a discrepancy between Supervisor/Management and Employee/Worker perceptions on employees' willingness and comfortability to manage potentially highly infectious remains. More than 40% of respondents did not know the correct routes of transmission for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Conclusions: Results suggest death care workers could benefit from increasing up-to-date industry-specific training and education on highly infectious disease risk mitigation and management. Professional death care sector organizations are positioned to disseminate information, training, and best practices.


The high linear correlation between the smartphone magnetometer readings in close proximity can be exploited for physical human contact detection, which could be useful for such applications as infectious disease contact tracing or social behavior monitoring. Alternative approaches using other capabilities in smartphones have aspects that do not fit well with the human contact detection. Using Wi-Fi or cellular fingerprints have larger localization errors than close human contact distances. Bluetooth beacons could reveal the identity of the transmitter, threatening the privacy of the user. Also, using sensors such as GPS does not work for indoor contacts. However, the magnetometer correlation check works best in human contact distances that matter in infectious disease transmissions or social interactions. The omni-present geomagnetism makes it work both indoors and outdoors, and the measured magnetometer values do not easily reveal the identity and the location of the smartphone. One issue with the magnetometer-based contact detection, however, is the energy consumption. Since the contacts can take place anytime, the magnetometer sensing and recording should be running continuously. Therefore, how we address the energy requirement for the extended and continuous operation can decide the viability of the whole idea. However, then, we note that almost all existing magnetometer-based applications such as indoor location and navigation have used high sensing frequencies, ranging from 10 Hz to 200 Hz. At these frequencies, we measure that the time to complete battery drain in a typical smartphone is shortened by three to twelve hours. The heavy toll raises the question as to whether the magnetometer-based contact detection can avoid such high sensing rates while not losing the contact detection accuracy. In order to answer the question, we conduct a measurement-based study using independently produced magnetometer traces from three different countries. Specifically, we gradually remove high frequency components in the traces, while observing the correlation changes. As a result, we find that the human coexistence detection indeed tends to be no less, if not more, effective at the sampling frequency of 1 Hz or even less. This is because unlike the other applications that require centimeter-level precision, the human contacts detected anywhere within a couple of meters are valid for our purpose. With the typical smartphone battery capacity and at the 1 Hz sensing, the battery consumption is well below an hour, which is smaller by more than two hours compared with 10 Hz sampling and by almost eleven hours compared with 200 Hz sampling. With other tasks running simultaneously on smartphones, the energy saving aspect will only become more critical. Therefore, we conclude that sensing the ambient magnetic field at 1 Hz is sufficient for the human contact monitoring purpose. We expect that this finding will have a significant practicability implication in the smartphone magnetometer-based contact monitoring applications in general.


The primary goal of this dissertation is to investigate the structural and mechanical properties and dynamical fracture in SiSe2 nanowires using the moleculardynamics (MD) simulation technique. The present work is the first study of SiSe2 nanowires. Large-scale simulations reported in this thesis are carried out with parallel multiresolution schemes for the long-range Coulomb and the three-body covalent potentials. The multiresolution scheme reduces the computational complexity from 0(N2) to O(N). Using an effective interatomic potential containing both 2and 3-body interactions, MD simulations are performed for SiSe2 nanowires composed of finite (1 64) number of chains. Under small uniaxial strain, the nanowires are found to be highly crystalline and they remain in the elastic deformation regime. The macroscopic mechanical behavior is determined by intra-chain interactions. Under large uniaxial strain, we find local amorphization followed by fracture of nanowires. Initially broken edge-sharing bonds are found in the chains at the outermost layer. These broken bonds induce cross-linking among the neighboring chains and lead to the presence of comersharing tetrahedra. Results for the time evolution of amorphization and crack initiation and propagation are presented.


This study aims to examine the difference of financial behaviour on demographic background among Kolej MARA Kuala Nerang (KMKN) students. A sample of 350 active students was selected to complete an internet survey, consisting of questions on students' demographic background and financial behaviour.T-test and ANOVA analysis shows different gender and course enrolled significantly demonstrate the different financial behaviour.While other demographic backgrounds (hometown, recent CGPA, previous school, parents' monthly income and education background) do not provide any differences of financial behaviour. This finding may assist policymakers in developing programmes to encourage the good financial behaviour.


Abstract The adenovirus vaccine and benzathine penicillin G (BPG) have been used by the US military to prevent acute respiratory diseases (ARD) in trainees, though these interventions have had documented manufacturing problems. We fit Poisson regression and random forest models (RF) to 26 years of weekly ARD incidence data to explore the impact of the adenovirus vaccine and BPG prophylaxis on respiratory disease burden. Adenovirus vaccine availability was among the most important predictors of ARD in the RF, while BPG was the ninth most important. BPG was a significant protective factor against ARD (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67–0.70), but less so than either the old or new adenovirus vaccine (IRR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.38–0.39 and IRR = 0.11, 95% CI 0.11–0.11), respectively. These results suggest that BPG is moderately predictive of, and significantly protective against ARD, though to a lesser extent than either the old or new adenovirus vaccine.


Introduction: Surgery for morbid obesity is constantly gaining popularity around the world, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is among the most accepted standard procedures. Lately, growing evidence for long-term complications has been reported with this particular technique. While band erosion is described in 1% of patients, complete transmural migration is scarce but may lead to acute intestinal obstruction. Case Description: We present the case of a 55-year-old man with the rare but potentially life-threatening late complication of a complete band migration and consecutive intestinal obstruction 12 years after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Intraoperative findings showed ischemic pressure ulcers and kinking of a small bowel loop due to adhesions and the migrated band device; thus, partial jejunal resection was necessary. The development of a pronounced wound infection required prolonged ambulatory wound care, but ultimately there was no permanent morbidity. Discussion: Our report aims to raise awareness of possible long-term problems in bariatric surgery, especially after gastric banding. It demonstrates the importance of continuous supervision of obesity patients including regular assessments to avoid and detect complications even years after surgery.


Corporate corruption threatens democracy and endangers the advancement of entrepreneurship as one of the fundamental traits of economic life in the United States. In this article, Carl J. Schramm proposes zero tolerance for unethical business behavior. Compared with war or medicine, business ethics seem relatively simple. Honor contracts. Treat customers fairly. Be truthful about the condition of a commodity. Be transparent to investors. This is just to say, there is a high price to pay for low ethics. Carl J. Schramm, "The High Price of Low Ethics: How Corruption Imperils American Entrepreneurship and Democracy," Journal of Markets & Morality 9, no. 2 (Fall 2006): 277-291


Stress is defined as a challenge to homeostatic equilibrium by physical or psychological events, generating a coping response consisting of central and peripheral changes, with the aim of exerting control over the threatening events. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is well known as a hypothalamic factor which controls the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis during basal activity and stress. CRF also serves a neurotransmitter function in the brain, where it is implicated in a range of stress-related behaviours. The measurement of local cerebral glucose utilisation (LCGU) using radiolabelled 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) provides an estimate of cellular activity in the brain. 2DG competes with glucose in its metabolic pathway, but is not fully metabolised, instead accumulating within astrocytes where it can be quantified. After consideration of available modifications to the LCGU technique, the effect of manipulating the CRF system on LCGU was studied, in order to test the hypothesis that CRF and other endogenously expressed CRF-related peptides would induce different patterns of LCGU, and to examine the involvement of CRF receptors in any response. The CRF1 receptor has been implicated in the mediation of stress- and anxiety-related behaviour, while recent evidence has suggested a role for CRF2 in mediating the delayed effects of stress, although it has previously been postulated that CRF2 may be involved in the attenuation of stress-related behaviour. CRF and the endogenous CRF-related peptide Urocortin 1 both induced increases in LCGU in a number of brain regions associated with the CRF system, with concomitant activation of the HPA axis. CRF induced increases in LCGU in the dissected hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus, while Urocortin 1 induced a significant increase in LCGU in a dissected hindbrain region, with trend-like effects in frontal cortex and hippocampus. These regions contain components of the CRF system, or receive projections from regions involved in the CRF system, and have been implicated in stress-related function. The effects of CRF on LCGU appear to be mediated by the CRF2 receptor, as they were abolished by the selective CRF2 antagonist antisauvagine-30, but persisted in mice lacking CRF1 and were unaffected by a selective CRF1 antagonist. However, neither of the endogenous CRF-related peptides selective for CRF2, Urocortin 2 and Stresscopin, affected LCGU, which may indicate ligand-specific effects within the CRF system. In contrast to the effects of CRF, restraint stress reduced LCGU, while activating the HPA axis, and this response was unaffected by a selective CRF1 antagonist. This data suggests that the role of CRF receptors in restraint-induced LCGU changes may be overshadowed by effects on other neurotransmitter systems. These studies support the hypothesis that CRF and other endogenously expressed CRF-related peptides would induce different patterns of LCGU, and highlight the involvement of particular brain regions in the response to CRF receptor stimulation. Furthermore, these studies provide evidence suggesting ligand-specific effects within the CRF system.


Abstract : The United States requires a national security strategy and a force posture that reflect the nation's economic and emotional capacity to implement the strategy. Recently published strategic concepts fail to accommodate these requirements. Current Secretary of Defense guidance to the Services is to develop a strategically balanced joint force capable of spanning the full spectrum of conflict. The U.S. Joint Forces Command interpretation of the Department of Defense vision is to expand military capability in an economic environment where defense budgets will almost certainly contract. In response, U.S. Joint Force and Army Capstone Concepts articulate development of a force that is not optimized toward specific threats but rather depends on rapid adaptability to threats as they are revealed. These concepts demand vigorous debate on their risk and affordability implications. This paper explores a risk-based approach to a strategically balanced force that assesses alternative postures and the viability of competing force concepts in mitigating national risk in a resource-constrained environment. This assessment also examines alternate definitions of balance and the continued relevance of U.S. conventional capabilities and nuclear deterrence.


More than 1000 rivers account for most plastic emissions, ranging from small urban drains to large rivers. Plastic waste increasingly accumulates in the marine environment, but data on the distribution and quantification of riverine sources required for development of effective mitigation are limited. Our model approach includes geographically distributed data on plastic waste, land use, wind, precipitation, and rivers and calculates the probability for plastic waste to reach a river and subsequently the ocean. This probabilistic approach highlights regions that are likely to emit plastic into the ocean. We calibrated our model using recent field observations and show that emissions are distributed over more rivers than previously thought by up to two orders of magnitude. We estimate that more than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global annual emissions, which range between 0.8 million and 2.7 million metric tons per year, with small urban rivers among the most polluting. These high-resolution data allow for the focused development of mitigation strategies and technologies to reduce riverine plastic emissions.