Commercial waste collection activities are critical from environmental, societal, as well as economic perspectives. Logistic activities carried out in any large or small human settlement, must be efficient by passing through obstacles while optimizing rare and valuable resource usages. With the advent of the Internet of Things and smart waste management ideas, the concept of static waste collection resource optimization and more specifically vehicle routing problem are being exposed to a fortunate mutation. This study introduces a dynamic waste collection optimization model and its solution for a unique type of waste collection problem. Unlike public waste collection, which is made up of homogeneous customers, commercial waste collection has to consider other factors, relating to the quality or time of service, while considering the socio-economic characteristics of the customers. Moreover, the paper has completed a comprehensive literature review over the waste collection filed to emphasize the singularity of the problem and the proposed mathematical model. The data-driven model proposed in this paper targets the optimization of costs in the embedded solver with invoking real-time data generated by filllevel sensors integrated into waste containers. The outputs of the model are dynamic and time-wise vehicle routing chains for efficient waste collection under the field official guidelines, constraints, and priorities. In order to scrutinize the scalability, applicability and validity of the proposed model, a real-life network in Luxembourg with multiple vehicles, stops, as well as a depot and a disposal site has been considered. The partnership with a waste management company, called Polygone, benchmarking results with real data conclude the merits, excellence, and findings of the paper.


At the beginning of the Civil War many individuals who held positions under the United States government submitted resignations which, in their minds, allowed them to assume positions with the so-called government of the Confederate States of America. One of the few individuals who did not do so, but nevertheless assumed a position under the Confederate States of America was U.S. District Judge West H. Humphreys. After the Confederacy was formed, he continued to hold court in the same courtroom but under the guise of a Confederate States Judge. This presented two problems for President Lincoln and the Unionists. First, without even the thin reed of resignation to attempt to protect him, this made Humphreys a visible and active traitor. Second, though one could argue that Humphreys had functionally vacated the U.S. District Court judgeship, others could make arguments that as long as Humphreys had not resigned there was no vacancy for President Lincoln to fill.Apparently with pressure from the Unionists of Tennessee, a decision was made to pursue impeachment proceedings against Judge Humphreys. The House voted for impeachment and elected as one of the managers future 14th Amendment author John A. Bingham. (R-OH.) He was the principle lawyer examining witnesses in the trial before the U.S. Senate. While it was a relatively short trial, it gave Bingham experience that no doubt proved useful later in the impeachment proceeding against Andrew Johnson.Judge Humphreys was ultimately convicted and removed from office, thus creating an opening for Unionist Connolly F. Trigg to be appointed judge in his place. Moreover, Judge Humphreys unintentionally earned a footnote in history as the first official who was not only convicted, but also permanently barred from holding any office under the United States government. This article tells the story of Congressman Bingham's prosecution of the trial to a successful conclusion.


Recently, empty hydrate structures sI, sII, sH, and others have been proposed as low-density ice structures by both experimental observations and computer simulations. Some of them have been synthesized in the laboratory, which motivates further investigations on the stability of such guest-free clathrate structures. Using semiempirical and ab initio-based water models, as well as dispersion-corrected density functional theory approaches, we predict their stability, including cooperative many-body effects, in comparison with reference data from converged wave function-based DF-MP2 electronic structure calculations. We show that large basis sets and counterpoise corrections are required to improve convergence in the interaction/binding energies for such systems. Therefore, extrapolation schemes based on triple/quadruple and quadruple/quintuple ζ quality basis sets are used to reach high accuracy. Eleven different water structures corresponding to dodecahedron, edge sharing, face sharing, and fused cubes, as a part of the WATER27 database, as well as cavities from the sI, sII, and sH clathrate hydrates formed by 20, 24, 28, and 36 water molecules, are employed, and new benchmark energies are reported. Using these benchmark sets of interaction energies, we assess the performance of both analytical models and direct DFT calculations for such clathrate-like systems. In particular, seven popular water models (TIP4P/ice, TIP4P/2005, q-TIP4P/F, TTM2-F, TTM3-F, TTM4-F, and MB-pol) available in the literature, and nine density functional approximations (3 meta-GGAs, 3 hybrids, and 3 range separated functionals) are used to investigate their accuracy. By including dispersion corrections, our results show that errors in the interaction energies are reduced for most of the DFT functionals. Despite the difficulties faced by current water models and DFT functionals to accurately describe the interactions in such water systems, we found some general trends that could serve to extend their applicability to larger systems.


Objectives: Research suggests that mode of communication plays an integral part of a deaf persons' identity. Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory (EVT) proposes that individuals adopt various strategies of 'psycholinguistic distinctiveness' and that such strategy have important linguistic correlates such as maintenance, promotion or extinction of a language. EVT suggests that a person's view of their languages status, demographic strength and institutional support make up the vitality of an Ethno-linguistic minority group. Since, British Sign Language (BSL) has only recently been recognised in Britain as a language in its own right, the primary objective of this research is to explore the implications of recognition of BSL in terms of subjective vitality of the language and its relationship with social identity of the deaf people in the UK.
Design: The research is qualitative, based on a naturalistic approach utilising semi-structured,
in-depth interviews to explore deaf identities and uncover the meaning of language use for individuals in the deaf community.
Methods: An opportunity sample of seven research participants who were born profoundly deaf and whose preferred method of communication was BSL, were recruited by a combination of methods. Interview questions were interpreted into BSL for three out of seven of the participants. Signed responses were translated by the interpreter and recorded onto audiotape. The researcher followed an interview guideline that contained questions relating to participants' identity and their usage and perceptions of BSL.
Results: A thematic analysis identified three central themes within the data: 1. Processes of identity; 2. Strategies used to maintain positive identities; and 3. Tokenisms in recognition of BSL.
Conclusions: BSL plays an integral part in the identity for participants in the current study. Participants felt that BSL is important for the future identities of deaf children born to hearing families for communication ease, a sense of inclusion and a positive deaf identity. However, it was also apparent that the participants viewed official recognition of BSL as a token rather than a positive step toward promotion and access to the language.


This Article examines the politics of lawyer regulation and considers why some states will adopt lawyer regulation that protects the public, when others will not. It uses the debates over how to regulate uninsured lawyers as a lens through which to examine the question. Clients often cannot recover damages from uninsured lawyers who commit malpractice, even when those lawyers cause serious harm. Yet only two states require that lawyers carry malpractice insurance. This Article uses case studies to examine the ways in which six states recently have addressed the issue of uninsured lawyers to understand this regulatory failure. It uses interest group theory and cultural capture to explain why state supreme courts and legislatures rarely initiate efforts to regulate lawyers in this context, and why lawyer regulation is so dependent on the organized bar. The case studies suggest when some state bars will act to regulate lawyers in this context, and factors that affect whether states will ultimately adopt public-regarding laws. The Article concludes that if courts and legislatures will not initiate or support lawyer regulation that is unpopular with the bar, other means are needed to inject the public's interests into the regulatory process. It suggests two ways to do so.


Recently, interpretation of causative sources using components of the gravity gradient tensor (GGT) has had a rapid progress. Assuming N as the structural index, components of the gravity vector and gravity gradient tensor have a homogeneity degree of -N and (N+1), respectively. In this paper, it is shown that the eigenvalues, the first and the second rotational invariants of the GGT (I1 and I2) are homogeneous with the homogeneity degree of (N+1), -2(N+1) and -3(N+1), respectively. Furthermore, the product of M homogeneous functions with a homogeneity degree of (N+1) itself is homogeneous with the degree of –M(N+1), and their summation do not change the homogeneity degree. Therefore, the Euler deconvolution of these functions can be used to estimate the location and type of the source, simultaneously. The advantage of using Euler deconvolution of invariants compared to other methods that use invariants is that the only parameters involved in location approximation are invariants and their derivatives. Therefore, it is completely independent of the orientation of the coordinate system as well as having little sensitivity to random noise. In this study, the model is tested on synthetic models with and without noise. Finally, application of the method has been demonstrated on measured gravity gradient tensor data set from the Blatchford Lake area, Southeast of Yellowknife, Northern Canada.


"This exceptionally strong collection is the best single book yet to appear on the reform process in the postsocialist economies. Although it will primarily interest economists, it is also accessible to students of political science." - P. Rutland, Choice Transition and Growth in Post-Communist Countries documents the first ten years of economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe. It examines economic growth, stabilization policies and the reformation of social safety nets in the formerly communist countries. The analysis is presented by prominent architects of the economic transition who have been directly involved in both designing and implementing the programme of economic reforms. Using theoretical and empirical analyses the volume concludes that the countries which have successfully implemented major programmes of macroeconomic stabilization and institutional restructuring have experienced a much faster growth of national income and wealth than the non-reformers. This authoritative volume will be compelling reading to those interested in emerging market economies, the economics of transition, and international political economy. Researchers, lecturers and students of international macroeconomics and international political relations will also find the book useful. Contents: Preface Part I: Uneven Reforms - Unbalanced Growth Part II: Financial Openness and Approaches to Monetary Integration Part III: Reforming Social Safety Nets Part IV: Political Challenges of Transition Index Contributors: N. Barr, L. Bokros, A. Bratkowski, M. Dabrowski, M. Dmitriev, S. Fischer, S. Golinowska, S. Gomulka, D. Gros, D. Lipton, L.T. Orlowski, J. Rostowski, M. Rutowski, R. Sahay, V. Schmahl, M. Suhrcke, A.M. Warner, S. Wellisz


Although quite many qualitative studies on painting in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been conducted, there is a lack of quantitative studies, examining the ability to paint in people with AD in relation to disease stages, and to what extent instructions are associated with actual performance. The present study aimed at investigating the capability to paint among nonartist AD participants (N = 17) in an instructed painting condition versus a noninstructed painting condition. Differences in time spent and area of canvas used in the two painting conditions were assessed and related to scores on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Test. Number of colors used and color preferences were also assessed. A withinsubjects experimental design was used. Analyses revealed a statistically significant difference between time and area used in the two painting conditions, where both time and area were used more in the noninstructed condition. MMSE scores and scores on the Clock Test correlated significantly with time spent in both conditions. Higher scores predicted longer painting sessions. Mean number of colors used was 5. Color preferences were bright colors in general and green in particular. Possible artistic development was noted. The overall conclusion is that people with AD have a preserved capability to paint, with and without instructions, even those in the later stages of the disease. The results also indicate that an artistic development is possible and that painting can be used as an appreciated and beneficial activity for people with AD.


One of the earliest markers of anterior asymmetry in vertebrate embryos is the transcription factor Hex. We find that Hex is a transcriptional repressor that can be converted to an activator by fusing full length Hex to two copies of the minimal transcriptional activation domain of VP16 together with the flexible hinge region of the (lambda) repressor (Hex-(lambda)VP2). Retention of the entire Hex open reading frame allows one to examine Hex function without disrupting potential protein-protein interactions. Expression of Hex-(lambda)VP2 in Xenopus inhibits expression of the anterior marker Cerberus and results in anterior truncations. Such embryos have multiple notochords and disorganised muscle tissue. These effects can occur in a cell non-autonomous manner, suggesting that one role of wild-type Hex is to specify anterior structures by suppressing signals that promote dorsal mesoderm formation. In support of this idea, over-expression of wild-type Hex causes cell non-autonomous dorso-anteriorization, as well as cell autonomous suppression of dorsal mesoderm. Suppression of dorsal mesoderm by Hex is accompanied by the down-regulation of Goosecoid and Chordin, while induction of dorsal mesoderm by Hex-(lambda)VP2 results in activation of these genes. Transient transfection experiments in ES cells suggest that Goosecoid is a direct target of Hex. Together, our results support a model in which Hex suppresses organiser activity and defines anterior identity.


Most of the common techniques in text mining are based on the statistical analysis of a term, either word or phrase. Statistical analysis of a term frequency captures the importance of the term within a document only. However, two terms can have the same frequency in their documents, but one term contributes more to the meaning of its sentences than the other term. Thus, the underlying text mining model should indicate terms that capture the semantics of text. In this case, the mining model can capture terms that present the concepts of the sentence, which leads to discovery of the topic of the document. A new concept-based mining model that analyzes terms on the sentence, document, and corpus levels is introduced. The concept-based mining model can effectively discriminate between nonimportant terms with respect to sentence semantics and terms which hold the concepts that represent the sentence meaning. The proposed mining model consists of sentence-based concept analysis, document-based concept analysis, corpus-based concept-analysis, and concept-based similarity measure. The term which contributes to the sentence semantics is analyzed on the sentence, document, and corpus levels rather than the traditional analysis of the document only. The proposed model can efficiently find significant matching concepts between documents, according to the semantics of their sentences. The similarity between documents is calculated based on a new concept-based similarity measure. The proposed similarity measure takes full advantage of using the concept analysis measures on the sentence, document, and corpus levels in calculating the similarity between documents. Large sets of experiments using the proposed concept-based mining model on different data sets in text clustering are conducted. The experiments demonstrate extensive comparison between the concept-based analysis and the traditional analysis. Experimental results demonstrate the substantial enhancement of the clustering quality using the sentence-based, document-based, corpus-based, and combined approach concept analysis.


Objectives: To evaluate whether the presence of leukoaraiosis or multiple lacunes is associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and 90-day outcome after thrombolytic treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Methods: Data were from a Canadian national registry of thrombolyzed patients with ischemic stroke. A total of 820 scans were assessed, blind to clinical features, for the presence of severe vs no/moderate leukoaraiosis, and of multiple (>2) vs no/single lacunar infarcts. Logistic regression was used to determine if an independent interaction existed between the presence and degree of leukoaraiosis/lacunes and risk of symptomatic ICH, and to evaluate the predictive role of leukoaraiosis and lacunes in relation to 90-day outcome. Results: An overall symptomatic ICH rate of 3.5% was observed. The rate of symptomatic ICH increased up to 10% in patients with severe leukoaraiosis and multiple lacunes. A significant association was observed between ICH risk and either severe leukoaraiosis (RR = 2.7 [95% CI 1.1 to 6.5]) or multiple lacunes (RR = 3.4 [95% CI 1.5 to 7.6]). Patients with multiple lacunes, but not leukoaraiosis, had higher mortality at 90 days compared to those with one or no lacunes (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.2, p = 0.008). No difference was observed in the good outcome rate among patients with and without leukoaraiosis or lacunes or both. Conclusion: The presence of small vessel disease on CT scan does not affect overall clinical outcome at 3 months in routine community use of tPA for ischemic stroke. A significant increase in the risk of symptomatic ICH is observed.


Objective: Aim of the study was to analyze 10 managed cases of Primary Histoplasmosis of Larynx, over a period of 10 years. Design: Retrospective, non-randomized, interventional case series. Patients and Method: This study was conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology S.M.S Medical College from 2002 to 2011. The study consisted of evaluation of self-reported and referred patients who presented to ENT OPD and emergency. In all the cases a detailed history and clinical examination was done. All the patients underwent fiber optic laryngoscopy and subsequent direct laryngoscopy and biopsy. CT Scans were obtained for few cases. The study was a retrospective analysis of 10 treated cases. Main Outcome and Measures: Success of the treatment was defined as resolution of symptoms, differ-entiation from malignancy, no recurrence and regular follow up. Result: A total of 10 cases were managed between 2002 and 2011 and were reviewed. The main presentation was hoarseness of voice, with lesion simulating malignancy. Most common site of involvement was false cord and aryepiglottic fold (6 cases). Primary laryngeal Histoplasmosis was essentially a disease of adult males in all 10 cases. Treatment was exclusively medical with use of Itraconazole as drug of choice in 7 cases. Conclusion: Isolated laryngeal Histoplasmosis is a rare entity. Because of its simulation with malignancy it needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of neoplasm both benign and malignant. Our study clearly limits this kind of disease to adult males most commonly involving false cord and aryepiglottic fold in an endophytic pattern. Though it looks like cancer; biopsy confirms the diagnosis. The treatment is mainly medical with Itraconazole being the drug of choice.


Marketers represent a particularly significant class of colleagues that corporate ethnographers must engage with, with a central role both in commissioning fieldwork and converting its findings into marketplace offerings. This paper explores the interaction between the two functions, asking, "What is the relationship between marketing and design ethnography and how does each function inform—or inhibit—the other?" A review of the various streams of academic literature related to marketing's role in product development and innovation is presented, with particular emphasis on scholars' growing attention to the cultural context(s) of consumption as well as the use of ethnography in consumer research. Consonant with the 2008 conference theme of (In)Visibility, the paper considers how the divergent perspectives of marketers and corporate ethnographers create mutual tension and can render each discipline "blind" to the value of the other's work.


Abstract. A newly developed ice nucleation experimental set up was used to investigate the heterogeneous ice nucleation properties of three Saharan and one Spanish dust particle samples. It was observed that the spread in the onset relative humidities with respect to ice (RHi) for Saharan dust particles varied from 104% to 110%, whereas for the Spanish dust from 106% to 110%. The elemental composition analysis shows a prominent Ca feature in the Spanish dust sample which could potentially explain the differences in nucleation threshold. Although the spread in the onset RHi for the three Saharan dust samples were in agreement, the active fractions and nucleation time-lags calculated at various temperature and RHi conditions were found to differ. This could be due to the subtle variation in the elemental composition of the dust samples, and surface irregularities like steps, cracks, cavities etc. A combination of classical nucleation theory and active site theory is used to understand the importance of these surface irregularities on the nucleability parameter, contact angle that is widely used in ice cloud modeling. These calculations show that the surface irregularities can reduce the contact angle by approximately 10 degrees.


Cinnamaldehyde, a bioactive component of cinnamon, is increasingly gaining interest for its preventive and therapeutic effects against metabolic complications like type-2 diabetes. This study is an attempt to understand the effect of cinnamaldehyde in high-fat diet (HFD)-associated increase in fasting-induced hyperphagia and related hormone levels, adipose tissue lipolysis and inflammation, and selected cecal microbial count in mice. Cinnamaldehyde, at 40 µM dose, prevented lipid accumulation and altered gene expression toward lipolytic phenotype in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell lines. In vivo, cinnamaldehyde coadministration prevented HFD-induced body weight gain, decreased fasting-induced hyperphagia, as well as circulating leptin and leptin/ghrelin ratio. In addition to that, cinnamaldehyde altered serum biochemical parameters related to lipolysis, that is, glycerol and free fatty acid levels. At transcriptional level, cinnamaldehyde increased anorectic gene expression in hypothalamus and lipolytic gene expression in visceral white adipose tissue. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde also decreased serum IL-1β and inflammatory gene expression in visceral white adipose tissue. However, cinnamaldehyde did not modulate the population of selected gut microbial (Lactobacillus, Bifidibaceria, and Roseburia) count in cecal content. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde increased adipose tissue lipolysis, decreased fasting-induced hyperphagia, normalized circulating levels of leptin/ghrelin ratio, and reduced inflammation in HFD-fed mice, which augurs well for its antiobesity role.


Purpose: This paper aimed to contribute to fill the gap of the strategic decision-making process framework in the context of an SME. Not only adds a new perspective in the strategic decision-making process framework, but also suggests new perspectives of firms, environment, institutions and indigenous characteristics as the new approach that magnifies strategic decision-making's models with respect to SMEs' scale. Design/methodology/approach: The purposive sampling method has been used in this study. First, we used the CEO as the respondent to fulfilll decision involvement criteria. Second, the samples were selected based on the criterion that the last project of this SME has finished in the last 3 years. Then we choose a project bidding decision from construction SMEs to minimize decision bias. Finally, from 4253 SMEs listed in Papua, we finished with 350 respondents. The study had collected 156 SME's project decisions. Findings: The Heuristic decision, that previously neglected because of information bias and short decision process, deemed to be the most profound dimension in strategic decision making and demonstrated significant results toward SMEs' project performance. All variables, exclude institution, shows good and significant results. The research uses project decision in the construction industry as the main unit analysis. Practical implications: Exploring strategic decision-making theory in the SME context could convince SME's CEO to evaluate its external factors before taking a project, processing all the information needed toward its project performance. Originality/value: This heuristic measurement scale is the first valid and reliable tool, based on several previous researches (Busenitz and Barney, 1997; Artinger et al., 2015), that could identify and measure the heuristic process in a strategic decision process.


. This article revisits the fundamental problem of parameter selection for Gaussian process interpolation. By choosing the mean and the covariance functions of a Gaussian process within parametric families, the user obtains a family of Bayesian procedures to perform predictions about the unknown function, and must choose a member of the family that will hopefully provide good predictive performances. We base our study on the general concept of scoring rules, which provides an effective framework for building leave-one-out selection and validation criteria, and a notion of extended likelihood criteria based on an idea proposed by Fasshauer and co-authors in 2009, which makes it possible to recover standard selection criteria such as, for instance, the generalized cross-validation criterion. Under this setting, we empirically show on several test problems of the literature that the choice of an appropriate family of models is often more important than the choice of a particular selection criterion (e.g., the likelihood versus a leave-one-out selection criterion). Moreover, our numerical results show that the regularity parameter of a Matérn covariance can be selected effectively by most selection criteria.


An intracavity polarimeter for measuring small optical anisotropies is described. It is based on an optically pumped sodium dimer ring laser that supports two counterpropagating, orthogonally polarized modes. The optical anisot-ropy of an intracavity sample is detected by its effect on the beat frequency between the two modes. An analysis of the noise shows that a phase-retardation sensitivity of 6 × 10−8 rad can be achieved. A preliminary measurement of the Kerr effect in CO2 is reported.


This paper highlights the need for explicit instruction in visual data commentary within ESP environments, positing its status as a multi-skill and cross-disciplinary practice. It reviews the state of the art in linguistic and didactic research and reports on a preliminary case study conducted at the School of Aeronautical Engineering of Madrid (Universidad Politecnica) which involves samples written by fifty-seven second-year students. Findings reveal: (a) a scarce use of metadiscourse and presentational constructions with the adoption of compensatory tactics, (b) a strong preference for common-core and pre-modified superordinate nouns, and (c) certain collocational interferences with the L1. A final outline of pedagogic directions is provided following the principles of Systemic Functional Grammar and Discourse Analysis.


Abstract: "An interesting problem in chemical reactor theory is finding bounds or targets on a given performance index in a reacting system. Moreover, performance of the reactor subsystem has a key impact on the design of other processing subsystems. It determines the recycle structure of the process, the separation sequence and has a strong influence on the energy and environmental considerations. However, this area of process synthesis has seen relatively little development when compared to heat integration and separation synthesis. As with the design of heat exchanger networks, this approach has evolved into the (discrete and continuous) optimization of network superstructures as well as the performance targeting of the optimal network prior to its construction. In this study we review both methods for reactor network synthesis but concentrate on advances with the latter approach. The targeting approach is based on geometric interpretations of reaction and mixing. It uses a constructive approach to find the attainable region; that is, it effectively captures all possible reactor structures and finds the bounds on the performance of a reacting system. The approach also generates reactor structures which are candidates for the optimal system. It is however severely limited by the dimensionality of the problem and in practice only 2 and 3 dimensional problems have been solved. Nevertheless, insights gained from this geometric approach have led to an understanding of more general properties of optimal reactor structures. In particular the reactors that make up optimal structures are parallel -- series systems of plug flow reactors, CSTR's and differential side stream reactors. Furthermore, the number of parallel structures is related to the dimensionality of the problem. In addition, these properties can be embedded within optimization formulations in order to deal with more complex problems. In particular, we describe several formulations that incorporate simpler properties derived from attainable region concepts. At this point, this approach is not as rigorous as the geometric approach but readily extendable to more complex reaction systems. In addition, it can be integrated with other process subsystems and allows for simultaneous approaches for heat integration, separation structures and reactor network design. In this way, trade-offs resulting from different parts of the process are properly taken into account in the optimization. All of these concepts will be illustrated with numerous examples. Finally, future work will concentrate on the extension of geometric concepts to more general reactor systems as well as to separation systems. These will also lead to more compact optimization formulations and the consideration of larger and more complex process problems."


OBJECTIVE
To determine the incidence of pathological and intracranial pressure (ICP) changes during the acute posttraumatic period in severe head injury patients presenting with lesions Types I-II (TCDB classification) in the admission CT scan with the aim of defining the most appropriate strategy of sequential CT scanning and ICP monitoring for detecting new intra-cranial mass effect and improving the final outcome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
56 patients (ages 15-80 years) consecutively admitted during a 2 years period were included. All had the initial CT scan < 24 hours after injury (mean interval = 150 min), several CT controls within the first days of the course and ICP monitoring after admission. Different epidemiological, clinical and radiological variables were recorded and deterioration defined as the development of sustained ICP over 20 mmHg requiring aggressive medical and/or surgical treatment was considered the dependent variable. Uni and multivariate analyses were made for determining the correlation between different parameters and the occurrence of deterioration and the final outcome as assessed with the GOS.

RESULTS
The mean GCS score was 5 and 37% of the patients showed pupillary changes; 52.3% had peritraumatic hypotension-hypoxemia, 16.1% anemia and 12.3% coagulation changes. 50% of the patients showed petechial hemorrhages in the white matter or the brainstem, 66% SAH, 40% HIV, 39.3% brain contusion and 21.4% small extraaxial hematomas. 57.1% of the patients showed CT changes through the acute post-traumatic period consisting of new contusion (26.8% of the cases), growing of previous contusion (68.2%) or previous extraaxial hematoma (10.7%), and generalized brain swelling (10.7%). 64.9% of the patients made a favourable and 35.7% an unfavourable outcome. Overall, 27 (48.9%) patients developed deterioration, 21 (37.5%) with concurrent CT changes and 6 (10.7%) without new pathology as seen by the CT control. The remaining 29 (51.7%) patients in this series did not develop deterioration in spite that 11(19.6%) showed CT changes. The age, the initial score, the occurrence of peritraumatic hypotension-hypoxemia and coagulation disorders did not correlate with the risk of deterioration. By contrast, the presence of contusion at the initial CT scan (p= 0.01) and the occurrence of CT change (only generalized brain swelling, p= 0.003) significantly correlated with the risk of deterioration; in his turn deterioration increased by a factor of 10 (OR = 9.8) the risk of death and 7 out of the 8 patients who died developed intractable intracranial hypertension. The 8 (14.2%) patients requiring surgery showed simultaneous ICP deterioration and CT changes, but another 11 patients in a similar condition could be managed without surgery. With or without ICP deterioration, patients showing CT changes had a worse outcome than those without new pathologies, but the difference did not reach statistical significance,

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Over 50% of the patients with initial Type I-II lesions developed new CT changes and nearly 50% showed intracranial hypertension during the acute posttraumatic period. Considering the high incidences of ICP and CT deterioration through the course, along with the absence of strong predictors and the discordances between CT and ICP changes (which were seen in 30.3% of the cases) we recommend ICP monitoring after admission in all patients and serial CT scanning at 2-4, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after injury with additional controls as indicated by clinical or ICP changes in all cases. Though it is clear that the presence of severe intra-cranial hypertension significantly increased the risk of death, the small size of the sample in this series prevented to assess to what extent the occurrence of new mass effect and/or raised ICP contributed to the development of moderate and severe disability in the survivors which were mainly due to the occurrence of diffuse axonal injury. Finally, demonstrating that sequential CT scanning and ICP monitoring improve the final outcome in this type of patients would require a prospective randomized trial which is impracticable for different reasons, among them the ethical ones.


We present FEVER, a new evaluation platform for entity resolution approaches. The modular structure of the FEVER framework supports the incorporation or reconstruction of many previously proposed approaches for entity resolution. A distinctive feature of FEVER is that it not only evaluates traditional measures such as precision and recall but also the effort for configuring (e.g., parameter tuning, training) a good entity resolution approach. FEVER thus strives for a fair comparative evaluation of different approaches by considering both the effectiveness and configuration effort.


In today's net-based technology culture, a new way of learning/teaching, accessing or preparing learning materials is finding root in Education. It is enabling individuals and institutions to play a more powerful and attractive role in the education process, referred to as e-learning. E-learning is internet-enabled learning that uses net work technology to design, deliver, select, administer and extend learning. Though there are observable increase for multimedia education in various subject fields, the e-learning/e-teaching of statistics and its application to some subject areas is lacking. Statistics as the science of obtaining, processing, and interpreting information from highly complex structural data is often difficult for learners. It requires skills in handling quantitative, graphical as well as mathematical ability. Developing e-learning/e-teaching tool to address these concerns is a powerful and attractive way in which statistics and its application will benefit from e-learning. This thesis is based on such a tool, the MD*Book. It constitute two sections, • Chapters 1 to 4: Introduces e-learning/e-teaching concept, the MD*Book tool and the XploRe Quantlet Client (XQC) techniques. I exemplify the application of MD*Book: e-learning/e-teaching with an implementation to a Finance Introductory Course, FIC MD*Booklet. The implementation herein is a reflection of one of the several enhanced examples on statistical methods and analysis in course content using the XploRe quantlet technology. • Chapters 5 to 6: Explores criteria for e-learning evaluation, investigates e-learning/e-teaching with FIC MD*Booklet through an evaluation study on its learning innovation and outline some suggestions and remarks on the findings. Chapter 7 presents a conclusion on the project in this thesis.


BACKGROUND
A question that often arises in daily practice is whether a psychiatric patient should be considered as still fit to drive.

AIM
To describe the Dutch regulations concerning psychiatric patients' fitness to drive and to evaluate the scientific basis of these regulations.

METHOD
Information about the current regulations was collected and summarised and the specialist literature was reviewed.

RESULTS
The regulations in the Netherlands are rather strict and as a result persons with a psychiatric illness can sometimes have their driving license withdrawn for a long period. The literature that was reviewed reveals that there is much uncertainty concerning the relationship between psychiatric illness and its effects on fitness to drive.

CONCLUSION
The specialist literature indicates that some of the Dutch regulations are unfair and too rigid. In this article the consequences for daily practice are considered and a plea is made for more research and for laws and regulations that have a more solid basis.


Buck and His Truck is part of Walker Starters, the wonderfully fun and friendly series for beginner readers. "Buck's truck is the BEST!" "Larry's lorry is the GREATEST!" Buck the truck-driver and Larry the lorry-driver are rivals. One day they are both asked to do the same job. Could they have more in common than they'd thought? This is a charming and uplifting story told through a range of writing styles, including hand-lettered speech bubbles, postcards and posters. The illustrations, which appear on every page, are lively and stylish, and play an active part in helping children understand the text.


The authors investigate the fault diagnosis problem for a class of nonlinear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with uncertainty. Under some geometric conditions, the system is transformed into two different subsystems with uncertainty. The first one is in the generalized observer canonical form, which is not affected by actuator/sensor faults. Nonlinear robust observer or sliding mode observer can be constructed for this subsystem depending on different assumptions on the uncertainties. The second subsystem, whose states can be measured, is affected by the faults. The observation scheme is then used for actuator/sensor fault estimation with good accuracy. Finally, a flexible joint robotics example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.


Recently, a variety of regularization techniques have been widely applied in deep neural networks, which mainly focus on the regularization of weight parameters to encourage generalization effectively. Label regularization techniques are also proposed with the motivation of softening the labels while neglecting the relation of classes. Among them, the technique of knowledge distillation proposes to distill the soft label, which contains the knowledge of class relations. However, this technique needs to pre-train an extra cumbersome teacher model. In this paper, we propose a method called Knowledge Refinery (KR), which enables the neural network to learn the relation of classes on-the-fly without the teacher-student training strategy. We propose the definition of decoupled labels, which consist of the original hard label and the residual label. To exhibit the generalization of KR, we evaluate our method in both fields of computer vision and natural language processing. Our empirical results show consistent performance gains under all experimental settings.


Epidemiological processes leave a fingerprint in the pattern of genetic structure of virus populations. Here, we provide a new method to infer epidemiological parameters directly from viral sequence data. The method is based on phylogenetic analysis using a birth-death model (BDM) rather than the commonly used coalescent as the model for the epidemiological transmission of the pathogen. Using the BDM has the advantage that transmission and death rates are estimated independently and therefore enables for the first time the estimation of the basic reproductive number of the pathogen using only sequence data, without further assumptions like the average duration of infection. We apply the method to genetic data of the HIV-1 epidemic in Switzerland. STADLER, Tanja, et al. Estimating the basic reproductive number from viral sequence data. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2012, vol. 29, no. 1, p. 347-57 DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msr217


While programmed cell death, apoptosis, occurs as a necessary and natural event for multicellular organisms, necrosis is a form of unplanned cell death as a result of pathological or chemical trauma. There are numerous molecular and morphological differences between these two forms of cell death, whose decision is based on the type and dose of the stress. As apoptosis is critical for homeostasis of an organism, i.e. for development to adult stage, disease progression, or response to different stimuli, it is being studied more extensively in the area of basic research and clinics, and the need for quick detection of apoptosis and well established criteria for the discrimination of apoptosis have also gained more popularity. Here, we review our knowledge on the most commonly used methods for both qualitatively and quantitatively measuring apoptosis, including morphological imaging (i.e. through light, fluorescence, phase contrast or electron microscopy), immunohistochemical (i.e. Annexin V-FITC, TUNEL, M30 antigen or caspase 3 detection), biochemical (i.e. DNA- or protein-based electrophoresis or flow cytometry-based methods), immunological (i.e. ELISA), and molecular biology techniques (i.e. array-based techniques) while focusing on the differences for distinction between the two forms of cell death. Indeed, one has to confirm that cell death occurs through apoptosis based on more than one of these protocols depending on the specific purpose of the user.


POTENTIAL INTERACTION ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY AREAS AND BREEDING AVIAN SPECIES ON THE US MID-ATLANTIC COAST Jeri Lynn Wisman Old Dominion University, 2018 Director: Dr. Sara Maxwell Due to increasing US interest in developing wind energy sites in offshore waters, we synthesized existing data on colonial breeding seabird populations with the potential risk of interacting with lease areas in the mid-Atlantic. Previous efforts by BOEM and NOAA have predicted avian density using at-sea survey data; we seek to complement this work by focusing specifically on birds during the critical and energetically demanding breeding life history stage. We combined colony size and location for each species along the mid-Atlantic coast with buffers around the colonies that correlate with the species' foraging range. We integrated population size, vulnerability to offshore wind, and foraging areas to create a multi-species vulnerability model and overlaid this model onto current BOEM lease areas. Our model determined areas of highpredicted vulnerability in the northern and southern ends of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, southern to mid-areas of the New Jersey coastline, and western Long Island of New York. Out of the total study area, 31.73% of the high-predicted vulnerable areas overlapped with currently leased areas for offshore wind energy development. We also compared our model to NOAA's predicted density models and found they could be used together to identify areas with both high predicted density and high vulnerability as they overlapped 38.54% in our study area. The differences between these two models also suggest that simply relying on predicted density as a metric for determining impacts may miss areas that are critical for breeding birds. We also collected GPS location data on common terns (Sterna hirundo) at Dawson Shoals, Virginia during their 2017 nesting season. We analyzed their movement and behavior in relation to offshore wind sites. We determined that common terns most often utilized an area roughly half the size of the suggested foraging range found in the literature, and that some traditional riskmodels may be overestimating the potential impacts of offshore wind development on seabirds.


Regarding the increased complexity and dynamics of environmental factors and rapid changes, traditional organizations are not longer able to match with such changes and are destroying. Hence, as a tool for survival and matching with these changes, learning organizations are highly considered by many firms and corporations. What you are reading, is a summary of theoretical basics and findings of a research about the rate of organizational learning of schools. Present research is based on reviewing the rate of organizational learning of public and non-profit high schools. To obtain the research aims, this hypothesis was considered: "there is a difference between the rate of organizational learning of public and non-profit schools." To collect the data and find the characteristics of learning organization (high school) library method and to review the rate of organizational learning, a structured questionnaire (after determining the reliability and validity) were utilized. Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical method including frequency indices, frequency percent, mean and inferencial statistics such as Mann-Whitney test. Findings of Mann-Whitney test show that there is a meaningful difference between the rate of organizational learning of public and non-profit schools: "in all achieved characteristics, the rate of organizational learning of non-profit schools is more than public schools."


A thrombus is a blood clot that forms on a surface, and can grow and detach, presenting a high risk for stroke and pulmonary embolism. This risk increases with blood-contacting medical devices, due to the immunological response to foreign surfaces and altered flow patterns that activate the blood and promote thromboembolism (TE). Abnormal blood transport, including vortex behavior and regional stasis, can be assessed from Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS). LCS are flow structures that bound transport within a flow field and divide the flow into regions with maximally attracting/repelling surfaces that maximize local shear. LCS can be identified from finite time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields, which are computed from velocity field data. In this study, the goal was to use FTLE analysis to evaluate LCS in the left ventricle (LV) using velocity data obtained from flow visualization of a mock circulatory loop. A model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was used to investigate the effect of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support on diastolic filling and transport in the LV. A small thrombus in the left ventricular outflow tract was also considered using data from a corresponding LV model. The DCM LV exhibited a direct flow of 0.8 L/cardiac cycle, which was tripled during LVAD support Delayed ejection flow was doubled, further illustrating the impact of LVAD support on blood transport. An examination of the attracting LCS ridges during diastolic filling showed that the increase is due primarily to augmentation of A wave inflow, which is associated with increased vortex circulation, kinetic energy and Forward FTLE. The introduction of a small thrombus in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) of the LV had a minimal effect on diastolic inflow, but obstructed systolic outflow leading to decreased transport compared with the unobstructed LVOT geometry. Localized FTLE in the LVOT increased dramatically with the small thrombus model, which reflects greater recirculation distal to the thrombus location. The combination of the thrombus and the LVAD increased stasis distal to the thrombus, increasing the likelihood of recurring coagulation during Series flow conditions. The extension of the results of the previous studies with this analysis provides a more sensitive indicator of TE risk than the Eulerian velocity values do, and may provide an important tool for evaluating medical device design, surgical implantation, and treatment options.


Many of the motivations in favor of contextualism about knowledge apply also to a contextualist approach to counterfactuals. I motivate and articulate such an approach, in terms of the context-sensitive 'all cases', in the spirit of David Lewis's contextualist view about knowledge. The resulting view explains intuitive data, resolves a puzzle parallel to the skeptical paradox, and renders safety and sensitivity, construed as counterfactuals, necessary conditions on knowledge.


The metalloendopeptidase EP24.15 (EC188.8.131.52) is a neuropeptide-metabolizing enzyme present in neural and endocrine tissues, presumably functioning extracellularly. Because the majority of the EP24.15 activity is identified in the soluble fraction of cellular homogenates, suggesting that the enzyme is primarily an intracellular protein, we addressed the issue of how EP24.15 arrives in the extracellular environment. We utilized a model system of neuroendocrine secretion, the AtT20 cell. According to both enzymatic activity and immunologic assays, EP24.15 was synthesized in and released from AtT20 cells. Under basal conditions and after stimulation by corticotropin-releasing hormone or the calcium ionophore A23187, EP24.15 activity accumulated in the culture medium. This secretion was not attributable to cell damage, as judged by the absence of release of cytosolic enzyme markers and the ability to exclude trypan blue dye. Pulse-chase analysis and subcellular fractionation of AtT20 cell extracts suggested that the mechanism of EP24.15 secretion is not solely via classical secretory pathways. Additionally, drugs which disrupt the classical secretory pathway, such as Brefeldin A and nocodazole, blocked A23187-stimulated EP24.15 release yet had no effect on basal EP24.15 release, suggesting differences in the basal and stimulated pathways of secretion for EP24.15. In summary, EP24.15 appears to be secreted from AtT20 pituitary cells into the extracellular milieu, where the enzyme can participate in the physiologic metabolism of neuropeptides.


In sacred forests of indigenous communities, landscapes are deemed sacred and are protected through social norms and spiritual values. The main objective of this study was to analyze the woody species composition of Shawo forest and explore the traditional governing systems that safeguard the sacred forest up to the present. Systematic sampling method was used to collect data. Accordingly, 42 quadrats each with 400 m2 (20 m X 20 m)  was laid along the 14 transect lines. All woody plant species were collected and identified in each of these quadrats. Vegetation parameters such as DBH an Height of each quadrat were recorded. Interview and group discussion were held with local community to gather socio-cultural information. From the result,  16 plant species were found. The average plant density was  499 individual ha-1 with  DBH and H value of  9.21 cm and 10.43 m respecitively.. The  maximum mean plant height was 39.43 m (Syzygium guineense).The total basal area of all plant species was found to be 56.1 m2.ha-1. From the total plant species of Shawo forest Syzygium guineense has the largest basal area 35.77 m2.ha-1 (63.77%) occurring in all 42 plots. The most important plant species of Shawo forest was Syzygium guineense with important value index (IVI) of 151.7 contributing to  50.57% of  total IVI. For future sustainability of Shawo forest, community traditional conservation practices should be appreciated and supported.


My ongoing research into the recent history of development in Africa indicates that there are no satisfactory periodizations for this aspect of the continent's modern history. This article suggests principles for such a periodization and proposes a set of periods based on these principles for the latter part of the twentieth century. The examples, data, and literature referenced here are suggestive rather than comprehensive. The intent of this article is to promote debate on periodization in this emerging area of historical study. Critical response to the principles and the periods proposed here is expected.The definition of the term 'development' is hotly debated, but for purposes of this article a working definition is necessary. The starting point is activity undertaken with the intent to develop, that is to cause certain kinds of change in societies.1 The intention to develop is oriented by visions of the good life, and action to achieve these visions is variously entrusted to, taken up by, or seized upon by a range of more and less formal organizations. This multiplicity of actors name their intent to develop in different ways. However, as Cowen and Shenton note, even those who reject the term 'development' in favour of ones like transformation or revolution, share a fundamental goal: "a surplus population is to be made productive and mass poverty eliminated through some form of empowerment, both through and against the state."2 In current development terminology, this basic goal translates as the enhancement of peoples' well-being, and of their capacity to do and to be things that they value.3 However, as the aim of this periodization is to cover as wide as possible a range of intentional development actors, including some who may dispute this general goal, the working definition adopted here is a broader one suggested by Nederveen Pieterse: Development is "organized intervention in collective affairs" on the basis of "a standard of improvement."4 The impacts of development action - for instance, levels of well-being and capacity, the current standards for improvement - are generated through the intended and unintended consequences of these interventions. They are also affected by the activities of actors that are not engaged in intentional development. Before setting out principles for an alternative periodization of development based on this definition, it will be helpful to outline the existing periodization.I. Existing Periodizations of Development HistoryThe standard periodization of development is global, rather than specific to any region. It generally begins in 1945 with U.S. President Truman's Inaugural Address, whose fourth point is seen to have inaugurated the "development age" or the global "development project."5 The contemporaneous creation of the United Nations and Bretton Woods organizations, plus the institutionalization of key aid practices via the Marshall Plan, laid the foundation for an architecture re-purposed for development when post-war reconstruction was done. While a few, like Cowen and Shenton, trace the roots of development back into the nineteenth century, or explore development in specific countries between the late nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century, their insights tend not to be incorporated into the standard periodization.6The standard periodization jumps from 1945 to the 1960s. It identifies the recent independence of developing countries and the Cold War as the context for development. Modernization is identified as the approach to development in this period, with Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth (1960) the iconic work. The primary foci were the economy, and the role that financial aid and technical assistance could play in industrialization and the transformation of agriculture. The construction of large scale infrastructure and the role of the state in planning and implementing development, plus the policy of importsubstituting industrialization were other characteristics. …


Today, active control technology is about to emerge from the research labs into products in various areas. It has become an attractive method where passive techniques have low impact at low frequencies and adding active control to that part is often an attractive solution. The active control technique has been enabled by the rapid development of digital signal processors over the last decades. The focal point in this thesis is active vibration and noise suppression. Two different industrial applications have been subjected to active control to reduce unwanted disturbances. In cutting operations, active vibration suppression has been applied to both external turning and boring operations with successful results. Turning operations, and in particular boring operations, are typical examples of chatter prone machining. In order to implement active vibration control in boring operations a thourough investigation of the boring process has been made in the first two parts in this thesis. The following two parts of the thesis treat active vibration suppression in external turning operations and in boring operations. The second industrial application treats the noise in a fork-lift truck. In the final part of the thesis, active noise suppression has been implemented in the cabin of a fork-lift truck.


This review of the South Pennine Orefield (SPO) draws together the findings from many years of underground field observations and petrographical study. Mineralization is of the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and is concentrated within an area of some 200 km2, mainly along the eastern margins of a large inlier, the Derbyshire High, in Carboniferous platform carbonate host rocks. The inlier covers some 390 km2, forms an up-dip promontory of a larger structure, the East Midlands Shelf, and is surrounded by shales and sandstones of the Millstone Grit and Pennine Coal Measures groups. Mineralization probably began during the late Westphalian (Moscovian, Mid Pennsylvanian), when subsidence due to thermal sag resulted in the limestone being buried to depths of c. 4 km beneath younger strata. A palaeohydraulic reconstruction is presented from analysis of mineralized palaeokarst features, which are interpreted as representing hypogenic or deep-seated karst formed by the interstratal circulation of hydrothermal water in a mostly confined hydrodynamic setting. It is reasoned that Variscan inversion of N–S faults to the east of the SPO resulted in erosion of Namurian and Westphalian (Upper Mississippian–Middle Pennsylvanian) rocks and created a hydraulic gradient inclined towards the south-west. Acidic F-Ba-Pb-Zn enriched fluid evolved in the Namurian basinal rocks and migrated into fractured limestone. The resultant wall-rock dissolution along existing wrench faults led to the formation of a maze of stratiform mineral deposits (flats) and more irregular spongework-shaped structures (pipes). The presence of hydrocarbon accumulations in the limestones and evidence from fluid inclusions indicates that the mineralizing fluids were chloride/fluoride-rich and compositionally typical of oilfield brine. Isotope evidence demonstrates a sulphate evaporite source of sulphur, mainly from the Chadian (Visean, Middle Mississippian) Middleton Anhydrite Formation. By the late Cenozoic, karstification of exposed carbonate rocks began and the current pattern of epigenic karst drainage started to develop as the regional hydraulic gradient reversed, assuming its present eastward inclined attitude. The mineralized hypogenic karst was overprinted by later drainage systems as the hydraulic gradient changed, and placer deposits were formed from the erosion of existing mineralization. This was accompanied by circulation of meteoric water and resulted in the supergene weathering of the sulphide ore minerals. Eastward underflow of meteoric groundwater also exploited the same mineralization flow paths. There is evidence that pre-mineralization hypogenic karst was also significant in the formation of orebodies in the North Pennine Orefield and the Halkyn–Minera Orefield of NE Wales.


Climate is one of the principal controls setting rates of continental erosion. Here we present the results of a provenance analysis of Holocene sediments from the Indus delta in order to assess climatic controls on erosion over millennial time scales. Bulk sediment Nd isotope analysis reveals a number of changes during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (at 14–20, 11–12 and 8–9 ka) away from erosion of the Karakoram and toward more sediment flux from the Himalaya. Radiometric Ar-Ar dating of muscovite and U-Pb dating of zircon sand grains indicate that the Lesser Himalaya eroded relatively more strongly than the Greater Himalaya as global climate warmed and the summer monsoon intensified after 14 ka. Monsoon rains appear to be the primary force controlling erosion across the western Himalaya, at least over millennial time scales. This variation is preserved with no apparent lag in sediments from the delta, but not in the deep Arabian Sea, due to sediment buffering on the continental shelf.


This paper traces the development of numerical climate models in the United Kingdom from 1963, when the U.K.'s Meteorological Office first took up climate modelling, to the mid-to-late 1970s, when climate change became politicized in the United Kingdom. The central question posed is how U.K. climate modellers developed rhetoric, managed expectations, and weighed their professional and political responsibilities in the face of growing political interest in climate change. Whilst the modellers were reluctant to allow the modelling results to be used for political ends, U.K. civil servants saw climate modelling as a modern tool for a new problem. As scientific and political agendas diverged, the director of the Meteorological Office, John Mason, found himself caught between his position as a government employee in a service organization and his responsibility as a gatekeeper between climate models and their potential uses. Ultimately, as Mason and his modellers were forced to admit, their climate models became cultural and political as well as scientific objects.


Many tests of asset-pricing models address only the pricing predictions, but these pricing predictions rest on portfolio choice predictions that seem obviously wrong. This paper suggests a new approach to asset pricing and portfolio choices based on unobserved heterogeneity. This approach yields the standard pricing conclusions of classical models but is consistent with very different portfolio choices. Novel econometric tests link the price and portfolio predictions and take into account the general equilibrium effects of sample-size bias. This paper works through the approach in detail for the case of the classical capital asset pricing model (CAPM), producing a model called CAPM + . When these econometric tests are applied to data generated by large-scale laboratory asset markets that reveal both prices and portfolio choices, CAPM+ is not rejected.


OBJECTIVE Metformin is actively transported into the liver by the organic cation transporter (OCT)1 (encoded by SLC22A1). In 12 normoglycemic individuals, reduced-function variants in SLC22A1 were shown to decrease the ability of metformin to reduce glucose excursion in response to oral glucose. We assessed the effect of two common loss-of-function polymorphisms in SLC22A1 on metformin response in a large cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (DARTS) database includes prescribing and biochemistry information and clinical phenotypes of all patients with diabetes within Tayside, Scotland, from 1992 onwards. R61C and 420del variants of SLC22A1 were genotyped in 3,450 patients with type 2 diabetes who were incident users of metformin. We assessed metformin response by modeling the maximum A1C reduction in 18 months after starting metformin and investigated whether a treatment target of A1C <7% was achieved. Sustained metformin effect on A1C between 6 and 42 months was also assessed, as was the time to metformin monotherapy failure. Covariates were SLC22A1 genotype, BMI, average drug dose, adherence, and creatinine clearance. RESULTS A total of 1,531 patients were identified with a definable metformin response. R61C and 420del variants did not affect the initial A1C reduction (P = 0.47 and P = 0.92, respectively), the chance of achieving a treatment target (P = 0.83 and P = 0.36), the average A1C on monotherapy up to 42 months (P = 0.44 and P = 0.75), or the hazard of monotherapy failure (P = 0.85 and P = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS The SLC22A1 loss-of-function variants, R61C and 420del, do not attenuate the A1C reduction achieved by metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.


Herpesviruses have co-speciated with several vertebrate and invertebrate animals throughout the history of evolution. In the immunocompetent human host, primary infection is usually benign, whereafter the virus is brought into life-long latency. Viral reactivation can however cause severe disease in immunocompromised, and rarely also in immunocompetent, patients. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the immunologic effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infection in neurocognitive disorders.CMV is known to promote T-cell differentiation towards a more effector-oriented phenotype, similar to what is seen in the elderly. We have addressed the frequency of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we have investigated whether AD patients present with a different CMV-specific immune profile, overall CD8 phenotype or inflammatory cytokine response to anti-CD3/CD28 beads, CMV pp65 and amyloid beta. Subjects with AD presented with a lower proportion of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells compared to non-demented (ND) controls, but no differences in overall CD8 differentiation were seen. Overall, AD subjects presented with a more pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype. When PBMCs were challenged with CD3/CD28-stimulation, CMV seropositive AD subjects presented with more IFN-γ release than both CMV seronegative AD subjects and CMV seropositive ND controls.For effective screening of humoral herpesvirus immunity, both in research and in clinical practice, efficient immunoassays are needed. We have addressed the methodology of multiplex herpesvirus immunoassays and related bioinformatics and investigated antibody levels in AD patients and ND controls. Subjects with AD presented with lower levels of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) IgG. However, there was no difference in HHV-6 DNA levels in PBMCs between the groups.Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a devastating disease, where antiviral treatment has greatly decreased mortality but not eliminated the associated long-term neurocognitive morbidity. We have investigated the correlation between N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) autoimmunity and recovery of neurocognitive functions after HSE. Approximately one quarter of all HSE cases developed NMDAR autoantibodies within 3 months after onset of disease. Antibody development was associated with an impaired neurocognitive recovery during the two year follow-up and could become an important therapy guiding factor in the future.


Rail grinding continues to be one of the most effective techniques for extending rail life, improving wheel/rail contact behavior, and reducing the overall cost of track maintenance. While the ability to more effectively implement improved rail grinding programs continues to expand, the understanding of the grinding mechanism itself has not kept pace with the improved implementation. Thus, while railroad engineering and maintenance personnel have learned to better develop grinding patterns and profiles through empirical testing and field evaluation, the fundamental theoretical bases for the improved grinding performance have not kept pace. One such fundamental area of understanding is the modeling of the rail grinding process itself, both individually, as a function of a single grinding motor on the head of the rail, and in the more complex configuration of multiple grinding motors in a range of patterns. This paper presents the results of research directly aimed at better understanding these mechanisms and then utilizing this better understanding to develop a detailed rail grinding model that allows for the accurate analysis of not only an individual grinding motor but also a full grinding train application, as a function of pattern and speed. In the case of the single grinding motor on the head of the rail, this research looks at the fundamental mechanism associated with each cutting abrasive grinding grain in the grinding stone, and then expands that mechanism to a full 10 inch diameter grinding wheel as it cuts into the rail head at a defined angle and speed. Using actual rail profile data and grinding data, a theoretical grinding wheel model is developed and then calibrated with wheel test data and actual grinding (field) data. This single motor model is then expanded into a full grinding train model, such as for a 96 stone grinding train with 48 motors per rail, where it is able to analyze the full sequence of 48 motors as each motor individually and sequentially removes metal from the rail head. The resulting analysis is sensitive to such key factors as grinding speed, and the key pattern parameters of motor angles, sequence and power. The model is then calibrated to and compared with actual full scale rail grinding metal removal data from a major Class 1 railroad. Such an analysis tool allows railroads to analyze the performance of different grinding patterns in a real world operating setting, to improve their rail grinding practices and take further advantage of new technologies in rail grinding to better manage the grinding process and improve planning of grinding activities.


The structure of oceanic crust is surprisingly uniform, which suggests that crustal accretionary processes at mid-ocean ridges must be broadly similar, despite their different spreading rates and seafloor morphologies. Seismic studies have revealed the presence of sub-axial magma chambers at fast, slow and intermediate spreading ridges, but constraints on their shape and size are generally restricted to the fast spreading East Pacific Rise. The aim of this study is to compare the processes of crustal accretion at fast, slow and intermediate ridges by investigating the detailed crustal structure and magma chamber geometry of a magmatically active intermediate spreading ridge, the Valu Fa Ridge. A multidisciplinary geophysical experiment was conducted over the Central Valu Fa Ridge and its overlap with the Northern Valu Fa Ridge during R/V Maurice Swing Cruise EW9512, and wide-angle seismic data, recorded on a set of digital ocean bottom seismometers, were used to generate velocity-depth models on two across-axis, two along-axis and two axis-parallel profiles. These models were further constrained by modelling of the normal incidence seismic and gravity data and the resulting combined models of crustal structure were interpreted to reveal that a composite magma chamber exists beneath the Valu Fa Ridge crest. The magma chamber consists of a thin, narrow (1-1.5 km) melt lens, with an interconnected melt fraction, overlying a wider (-4 km) region of hot rock or low melt fraction. A reflection from the top of the melt lens is identified on both the normal incidence seismic and wide-angle seismic data and delay- time modelling indicates that velocities as high as 5.5 km s(^-1) are achieved -250 m below the top of the melt lens. The main body of the magma chamber corresponds to the region of hot rock below the melt lens and is delineated by anomalously low velocities, extending down through seismic layer 3 to within 1.5-2 km of the Moho. Moho reflections from beneath the overlapping spreading centre and a low on the mantle Bouguer anomaly map implies that this region is currently, or has recently been, the site of enhanced magmatism. This observation is contrary to popular models of ridge segmentation and melt delivery. The transition from pre-rift crust (both island arc and back-arc crust) to post-rift material, marked by considerable thinning of seismic layer 2, has also been uniquely identified in this study and describes the limit of VFR-generated crust. The size and temporal stability of magma chambers are largely dependent on their magma budget and the Valu Fa Ridge magma chamber model, developed as part of this study, may bridge the gap between the large, long-lived magma chambers identified at the East Pacific Rise and the more transitory magma chambers proposed at slow spreading ridges. Melt ascends as small isolated pockets through the main body of the magma chamber at the Valu Fa Ridge and resides in the melt lens until eruption. Seismic layer 2 is constructed solely from material 'erupted' from the melt lens, with the main body of the magma chamber cooling to form seismic layer 3. Convection currents, induced by large thermal gradients at the sides of the magma chamber, both accelerate the cooling process, thus limiting its size, and helps to generate the thick layered sequences as observed in ophiolite studies. The entire crust is emplaced within the axial region and a distinct Moho is formed at -0 Ma.


Background Many people with the Huntington's disease (HD) gene, both pre-manifest and manifest, experience low mood, anxiety and other psychological difficulties. Medication can alleviate these difficulties to some extent, but it is not effective for everyone, and is not always the preferred option. Psychological interventions may provide an alternative or additional way of alleviating distress. Aims To see if a particular type of psychological therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), is an acceptable and useful way of alleviating psychological distress for people with the HD gene who are pre-manifest or at an early disease stage. Methods To date 10 pre-manifest HD gene carriers have completed an 8 week course of MBCT led by an experienced mindfulness teacher. The course consisted of weekly 2 hour sessions and up to an hour of home practice every day. Quantitative measures of anxiety, depression, stress and mindfulness were administered pre- and post-course. Qualitative data about participants' experiences were gathered via semi-structured interview. We are currently recruiting for a second course and aim to run this in Autumn 2016. Results Mean depression levels were low pre-course and thus, unsurprisingly, little change was observed in mean depression post course. However, large effect sizes were seen for mean changes in anxiety and stress and in five aspects of mindfulness (describing, non-judging, non-reacting, observing and acting with awareness). The interview data (and participants' regular attendance) also suggested that participants found the course acceptable. Furthermore they reported that they thought it beneficial for their wellbeing now and also that the skills they had learnt would be useful in the future. Conclusions MBCT appears to be an acceptable psychological approach for some pre-manifest individuals with the HD gene. Early results indicate that learning mindfulness is possible and can be beneficial. Further research is needed with larger samples to show if it can significantly reduce psychological distress and would benefit from including more individuals with raised depression at baseline to enable changes in depression to be detected. Some recruitment difficulties were encountered and these and the possible implications for future courses will be presented.


Indian art has gone through a boom period in parallel with the extraordinary economic rise of the subcontinent from an agrarian state to a high tech axis of the new global economy. With new money came a new gallery system. With bigger spaces came bigger art and the sheer scale of ambition led to a break into the international market, which is always keen to find a new spectacular presence in the art world. The new art has also been created against a background of communal tension and violence. The exploration of identity, a common enterprise for artists internationally, is all the more challenging in the context of India under transformation. Above all Indian artists are faced with the legacy of their history and the ghosts of the Raj. This work features an introduction by Zehra Jumabhoy.


This paper examines the efficiency of the different segments of India's financial system using firm-level data on corporate financing patterns. Firms are increasingly relying on external funds to finance their investment in most recent years. Empirical analyses indicate that (1) the financial system in India is not channeling funds into industries with higher external finance dependence; (2) the debt financing system does not allocate funds according to firms' external finance dependence, while equity financing system does; and (3) firms in an industry that are more dependent on external finance grow more slowly.


The duty of the insolvent estate and the trustee with regards to maintenance of the insolvent and his family
Specific focus is placed on the right of the insolvent's children to education and further education versus the right of the creditors of the insolvent estate to payment out of its proceeds. Must a reasonable amount for the further education of the insolvent's children be paid out of the insolvent estate before the creditors of the insolvent estate's claims are paid out? The law of insolvency is currently based on the important principle of "advantage of the creditors". The rule is that everything that takes place during the sequestration process must be to the advantage of the concursus creditorum. On the other hand, children enjoy protection in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. What is the position in the event of the sequestration of the estate of the parents? The authors are of the opinion that the Insolvency Act should contain a provision that a fair and reasonable amount of maintenance, which must be determined with due consideration of all circumstances, must be paid out of the estate by the trustee. If circumstances allow, such maintenance must include an amount for the tertiary education of the child. It is further understood that in cases in which it is, with consideration of the circumstances of the insolvent, not possible to provide an amount for the tertiary education of the insolvent's child(ren), the state has a constitutional duty to provide for the child(ren). It is submitted that this duty must include the duty of the provision of further education. It is undeniable that the state does not currently have the ability or the means to provide tertiary education to every child in the country who is in need thereof. The authors are of the opinion that there are circumstances in which such a duty must be put into operation as soon as possible, inter alia in the case of sequestration.


Abstract. We present two new products from near-infrared Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) observations: lowermost tropospheric (LMT, from 0 to 2.5 km) and upper tropospheric–stratospheric (U, above 2.5 km) carbon dioxide partial column mixing ratios. We compare these new products to aircraft profiles and remote surface flask measurements and find that the seasonal and year-to-year variations in the new partial column mixing ratios significantly improve upon the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) and GOSAT (ACOS-GOSAT) initial guess and/or a priori, with distinct patterns in the LMT and U seasonal cycles that match validation data. For land monthly averages, we find errors of 1.9, 0.7, and 0.8 ppm for retrieved GOSAT LMT, U, and XCO2; for ocean monthly averages, we find errors of 0.7, 0.5, and 0.5 ppm for retrieved GOSAT LMT, U, and XCO2. In the southern hemispheric biomass burning season, the new partial columns show similar patterns to MODIS fire maps and MOPITT multispectral CO for both vertical levels, despite a flat ACOS-GOSAT prior, and a CO–CO2 emission factor comparable to published values. The difference of LMT and U, useful for evaluation of model transport error, has also been validated with a monthly average error of 0.8 (1.4) ppm for ocean (land). LMT is more locally influenced than U, meaning that local fluxes can now be better separated from CO2 transported from far away.


EU's trade sanctions against Russia came into force 1.8.2014. Sanctioned products were exported to Russia at a value of 22 billion euros during the time period 2001–2017. The most important exporting countries were Ukraine, China, South Korea, Germany and the United States. Exports of banned products from a country to Russia may be very high in some years and very small in other years. Some products have been exported even during the years 2015–2017 at a value of 2,2 billion euros because export contracts which were made before 1.8.2014 are still in force and the ban on exports of sensitive technology concerns only products, the destination of which is forbidden projects in the oil sector. The exports of the sanctioned products from the whole world to Russia fell substantially in the year 2015 from 1,6 billion euros in the previous year to 0,7 billion euros, which corresponded to the level in 2005. Finland exported banned products to Russia during the years 2001–2017 at a value of 0,57 billion euros. In the years 2010–2011, there were exceptionally big deliveries at a value of 0,2 billion euros. In relation to our total export of goods to Russia, this accounted for a share of 6,6 percent in the year 2010, the corresponding share for the whole world was one percent. In the other years before the sanctions, Finland's percentage share has been substantially smaller than the average share of the whole world and after they have been imposed Finland's share has fallen less than in other countries. We draw the conclusion that Finland has suffered less from the trade sanctions than the rest of the world on average.


The measurement of scattered signals at W Band can be exploited to form images of small deformations with precisions in the order of tenths of micrometers. In this paper an Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar setup is proposed to form high resolution reflectivity images and deformation maps of dielectric or metallic surfaces. First, the system geometry of observation based on a linear motion of the radar antennas is described. A CW frequency domain measurement provides the wide band required for high resolution imaging. The scattered field data is focused on the surface spatial domain using a combination of range compression based on Inverse Fourier Transform combined with a backprojection algorithm to form the synthetic aperture with a high cross range resolution. The focusing performance has been assessed by numerical simulations and experimental measurements of simple scattering objects like spheres and trihedrals. Interferometric images of controlled displacements have been obtained showing a good agreement between real and measured displacements. A representative surface deformation test has been also carried out using a metallic rough surface. The interferometric phase difference between acquisitions can be used to image local deformations in the order of tens of micrometers from a range of several meters. Likewise the interferogram coherence shows the degree of decorrelation of the radar reflectivity which provides valuable information for surface random change assessment.


Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease associated with severe pelvic pain and subfertility. Genetic variation contributes to disease risk and gene mapping studies offer an important approach to understanding the biology of endometriosis. Candidate gene studies have not identified any genes robustly associated with endometriosis, since most published studies had limited power to detect the modest effects expected for individual risk variants. Linkage studies for the disease identified several linkage peaks, but the gene(s) contributing to these linkage signals have not been identified. Genome-wide association studies provide a powerful approach to the discovery of genes or variants contributing to disease risk and several groups have now conducted genome-wide association studies for endometriosis. While these studies have highlighted a number of chromosomal areas harboring interesting candidate genes that should be investigated further, based on experience with other diseases we will need to collect further large and well-characterized samples for endometriosis to identify a comprehensive set of the variants contributing most to endometriosis risk.


Traditionally, community affairs and administration has been the domain of men. This is evident from the gender imbalance of leaders and office bearers across community,
local council and associations. Women have not been active in local politics and are relatively inactive in public processes due to institutional, socio-economic and cultural
constraints. However, times are changing. There is now an acceptance that women can and do play a vital role in community affairs, particularly in contributing to the achievement of community security, development and progress. This article documents the experiences of three female leaders in their quest to unite and lead their peers in the betterment of their communities. This qualitative research employed various methodologies such as in-depth
interviews, observations and document analysis. Specifically, the research findings described and analyzed the leadership understanding and styles, reasons for becoming leaders, barriers of women leadership and strategies employed by these women leaders in developing the community.


Gray leaf spot is a serious disease of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) turf in the United States. Isolates of Pyricularia grisea causing the disease in perennial ryegrass were characterized using molecular markers and pathogenicity assays on various gramineous hosts. Genetic relationships among perennial ryegrass isolates were determined using different types of trans-posons as probes. Phylogenetic analysis using Pot2 and MGR586 probes, analyzed with AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance), showed that these isolates from perennial ryegrass consist of three closely related lineages. All the isolates belonged to a single mating type, MAT1-2. Among 20 isolates from 16 host species other than perennial ryegrass, only the isolates from wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (× Triticosecale), showed notable similarity to the perennial ryegrass isolates based on their Pot2 fingerprints. The copy number and fingerprints of Pot2 and MGR586 in isolates of P. grisea from perennial ryegrass indicate that they are genetically distinct from the isolates derived from rice (Oryza sativa) in the United States. The perennial ryegrass isolates also had the same sequence in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the genes encoding ribosomal RNA as that of the wheat and triticale isolates, and exhibited rice isolate sequence polymorphisms. In pathogenicity assays, all the isolates of P. grisea from Legacy II perennial ryegrass caused characteristic blast symptoms on Marilee soft white winter wheat, Bennett hard red winter wheat, Era soft white spring wheat, and Presto triticale, and they were highly virulent on these hosts. An isolate from wheat and one from triticale (from Brazil) were also highly virulent on perennial ryegrass and Rebel III tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). None of the isolates from perennial ryegrass caused the disease on Lagrue rice, and vice versa. Understanding the population structure of P. grisea isolates infecting perennial ryegrass and their relatedness to isolates from other gramineous hosts may aid in identifying alternate hosts for this pathogen.


Lip reading is used to understand or interpret speech without hearing it, a technique especially mastered by people with hearing difficulties. The ability to lip read enables a person with a hearing impairment to communicate with others and to engage in social activities, which otherwise would be difficult. Recent advances in the fields of computer vision, pattern recognition, and signal processing has led to a growing interest in automating this challenging task of lip reading. Indeed, automating the human ability to lip read, a process referred to as visual speech recognition (VSR) (or sometimes speech reading), could open the door for other novel related applications. VSR has received a great deal of attention in the last decade for its potential use in applications such as human-computer interaction (HCI), audio-visual speech recognition (AVSR), speaker recognition, talking heads, sign language recognition and video surveillance. Its main aim is to recognise spoken word(s) by using only the visual signal that is produced during speech. Hence, VSR deals with the visual domain of speech and involves image processing, artificial intelligence, object detection, pattern recognition, statistical modelling, etc.


After the European Union's accession to the European Convention on Human Rights the EU will become subject to legally binding judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and participate in statutory bodies of the Council of Europe (Parliamentary Assembly; Committee of Ministers) when they act under the Convention. Convention rights and their interpretation by the ECtHR will be directly enforceable against the EU institutions and against Member States when acting within the scope of EU law. This will vest the ECHR with additional force in a number of Member States, including Germany and the UK. All Member States will further be subject to additional constraints when acting under the Convention system. The article considers the reasons for, and consequences of the EU's primus inter pares position under the Convention and within the Council of Europe, and the likely practical effect of the EU's accession for its Member States.


Background Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity and excess mortality, yet vaccine coverage in the UK remains below target. Community pharmacies are increasingly being promoted as an alternative to vaccination by GPs. Aim To explore and verify the factors that influence the relative performance of pharmacies providing NHS influenza vaccinations. Design and setting A mixed methods study utilising qualitative, semi-structured interviews and quantitative analysis of predictors of vaccination numbers in community pharmacies in Wales. Method Interviews were conducted with 16 pharmacists who participated in the Welsh national pharmacy influenza service in 2013–2014. A purposive sampling strategy was used. Qualitative findings were analysed using framework analysis. Potential predictors of vaccination numbers were identified from interviews and a literature review, and included in a multivariable regression model. Results The contribution of community pharmacies towards vaccination in Wales is small. Findings suggest that community pharmacies reach younger at-risk individuals, in whom vaccine uptake is low, in greater proportion than influenza vaccination programmes as a whole. Extended opening hours and urban locations were positively associated with the number of vaccinations given, although pharmacists reported that workload, vaccine costs, unforeseen delays, lack of public awareness, and GPs' views of the service limited their contribution. Pharmacists, aware of the potential for conflict with GPs, moderated their behaviour to mitigate such risk. Conclusion Before community pharmacies take greater responsibility for delivering healthcare services, obstacles including increasing pharmacist capacity, vaccine procurement, health service delays, managing GP–pharmacy relationships, and improving public awareness must be overcome.


During 24 h, water samples were taken for determination of a number of key parameters in a water system containing high concentrations of FeII at circumneutral pH. None of the major constituents (Ca, Mg, Na, K and sulfate) showed diurnal variations, while dissolved oxygen and pH increased during the night. This increase could entirely be explained by the decrease in water temperature. However, the concentration of FeII slightly increased at constant concentration of total Fe during the night, opposite to earlier observations in other systems where the presence of FeII was shown to be controlled by photoreduction. Nocturnal peaks of FeII have also been observed in other systems with high iron concentrations, however, at acidic pH, but without obvious explanation. The mechanisms for this process therefore need further investigation.


Limestone megaclasts up to hundreds of metres in size are present within the Gwna Group melange, North Wales, UK. The melange has been interpreted as part of a Peri-Gondwanan fore-arc accretionary complex although the age of deposition remains contentious, proposals ranging from Neoproterozoic to Early Ordovician. This paper uses strontium isotope chemostratigraphy to establish the age of the limestone blocks and thus provide a maximum age constraint on melange formation. Results show that, although the carbonates are locally dolomitized, primary 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios can be identified and indicate deposition sometime between the late Tonian and earliest Cryogenian. This age is older than that suggested by stromatolites within the limestone and indicates that the limestone did not form as cap carbonate deposits.


The report "Russia and the World: 2021. Annual Forecast: Economy and Foreign Policy" continues the series of yearly publications of the Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) and Foundation for Prospective Studies and Initiatives. It consists of two parts: "Economy" and "Foreign Policy". Part I focuses upon Russian foreign trade-economic relations and analysis and forecast of the world (Russia, Europe, the USA, Japan, India) economic trends in 2020-2021, including international financial markets and main Russian export markets. The report is based on the decades long IMEMO experience in forecast research. Part II presents the forecast of international relations for 2021, it analyzes main challenges for Russia and options to respond them.


When the Supreme Court ordered the City of Birmingham to desegregate its schools in 1954, it failed to consider the long range implications of its mandate. School districts across the country responded to the Court's order by adopting race-preference school assignment plans, created to designate the particular public elementary or secondary school a student should attend. Now that these plans have successfully achieved their goals of desegregating classrooms, the question has become whether the continuation of the very programs that helped achieve those goals remain legal? In other words, as Justice Ginsburg recently said in arguments before the Supreme Court, could it now be that "what's constitutionally required one day gets constitutionally prohibited the next day?" Under the Court's current strict scrutiny test, the Court can only uphold race-preference programs if they meet one of two stated compelling governmental interests; remedying present effects of past discrimination or achieving "viewpoint diversity" in a classroom of higher education. This article argues that if the school desegregation plans fail to satisfy either of the Court's two stated compelling interest tests the Court should consider evaluating the programs under a new third compelling interest. Given the Court's commitment to enforcing social justice, the article proposes that the Court should find a compelling governmental interest in upholding a race-preference plan in instances where abolishing the plan would threaten a return to the de facto segregation the plan originally sought to cure. Part I of this article will define the historical evolution of the strict scrutiny test and the Court's willingness to allow the context of a particular race-preference issue to drive the definition of a compelling governmental interest. Part II of this article will consider appellate court responses to the applicability of the Court's two articulated compelling governmental interests particularly in cases considering challenges to race-preference student assignment plans. Finally, Part III will argue that the Court must create a new compelling governmental interest for evaluation of race-preference student assignment plans, since invalidation of these school board plans would cause a return to the social conditions that originally necessitated their creation.