A statistical definition of the natural unemployment rate hypothesis is advanced and tested. A particular illustrative structural macroeconomic model satisfying the definition is set forth and estimated. The model has "classical" policy implications, implying a number of neutrality propositions asserting the invariance of the conditional means of real variables with respect to the feedback rule for the money supply. The aim is to test how emphatically the data reject a model incorporating rather severe classical hypotheses.


Aims and objectives To explore fatigue levels two months after myocardial infarction and examine the associations with other concurrent symptoms, sleep quality and coping strategies. Background Fatigue has been found to be the most frequent and bothersome symptom after myocardial infarction, influencing health‐related quality of life negatively. Design The present study was explorative and cross‐sectional. The focus was on fatigue two months postmyocardial infarction, complemented with a comparative analysis of fatigue dimension levels. Methods The sample included 142 persons (mean age 63 years), treated for myocardial infarction, who responded to a questionnaire package measuring fatigue, depression, health complaints (symptoms), sleep quality and coping strategies. Results The main results showed that a global fatigue score two months postmyocardial infarction was associated with concurrent symptoms, such as breathlessness and stress, and coping strategies such as change in values, intrusion and isolation. In comparisons of present fatigue dimension levels (general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity and mental fatigue) two months postmyocardial infarction with baseline measurements (first week in hospital), the results showed that levels of fatigue dimensions had decreased. In comparisons with levels of fatigue four months postmyocardial infarction in a reference group, we found lower levels of fatigue two months postmyocardial infarction. Conclusion The present findings indicated that postmyocardial infarction fatigue is lowest two months postmyocardial infarction. This may thus be the right time to identify persons experiencing postmyocardial infarction fatigue, as timely fatigue relief support may prevent progression into a state of higher levels of fatigue. Relevance to clinic practice Measuring fatigue two months postmyocardial infarction would enable healthcare professionals to identify persons experiencing fatigue and to introduce fatigue relief support. Tailored rehabilitation support should include stress management and breathlessness relief support. If maladaptive use of the coping strategies isolation and intrusion is observed, these strategies could be discussed together with the patient.


Chronic subdural hematomas in young people is extremely rare and has some provoking factors such as V-P shunts, arachnoid cyst, anticoagulant drug usage, vigorous sports and coagulopathies. A static or dynamic mechanical load is almost always delivered to skull associated with either mild or severe head trauma. A 25-year old-man who was previously healthy has complained of intermittent headache for six months. He had been interested in capoiera (Brazilian exciting sport) for two years and has had no any evidence of head injury. After admission, he was operated immediately because of chronic subdural hematoma. We report a patient who is the first chronic subdural hematoma in the literature due to playing capoeira.


This paper considers the question of explanation in second language acquisition within the context of two approaches to universals, Universal Grammar and language typology. After briefly discussing the logic of explaining facts by including them under general laws (Hempel & Oppenheim 1948), the paper makes a case for the typological approach to explanation being the more fruitful, in that it allows more readily for the possibility of 'explanatory ascent', the ability to propose more general, higher order explanations by having lower-level generalizations follow from more general principles. The UG approach, on the other hand is less capable of such explanatory ascent because of the postulation that the innate, domain-specific principles of UG are not reducible in any interesting way to higher order principles of cognition (Chomsky 1982).


Diverse array of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protists are involved during oil spill. Each microorganism has its own specific function whether it has to degrade or adsorb hydrocarbons. One important microorganism is the Thraustochytrid that is a fungoid protist and are common in marine and estuarine habitats. Numerous studies existed on the biodegradation and adsorption of Thraustochytrids on various substances but not on Bunker C oil. Thus, this study aimed to determine the adsorption capacity and mean biomass of Thraustochytrids in Bunker C oil using different cell densities measured in grams. All of the three treatments or cell densities (1 x 105 cells ml-1 , 1 x 106 cells ml-1 and 1 x 107 cells ml-1) were triplicated and average values were recorded. Oil dispersant was used as a control. It showed that Thraustochytrid with 1 x 107 cells ml-1 showed the highest adsorbed oil (.057 ḡ) among the three cell densities and showed significant difference at p = .01 but comparable to the control (.066 ḡ). In terms of biomass concentration, all cell densities showed no significant difference at p = .01. Thraustochytrid is a promising tool during oil spill because it has the capacity to adsorb oil.


The main objective of the present paper is to derive an easy numerical technique for the analysis of the free vibration through the stepped regions of plates. Based on the utilities of the step by step integration initial values IV and Finite differences FD methods, the present improved Initial Value Finite Differences (IVFD) technique is achieved. The first initial conditions are formulated in convenient forms for the step by step integrations while the upper and lower edge conditions are expressed in finite difference modes. Also compatibility conditions are created due to the sudden variation of plate thickness. The present method (IVFD) is applied to solve the fourth order partial differential equation of motion for stepped plate across two different panels under the sudden step compatibility in addition to different types of end conditions. The obtained results are examined and the validity of the present method is proved showing excellent efficiency and rapid convergence. Keywords—Vibrations, Step by Step Integration, Stepped plate, Boundary.


Since 2001, hundreds of academic studies have examined the "resource curse," meaning the claim that natural resource wealth tends to perversely affect a country's governance. There is now robust evidence that one type of mineral wealth, petroleum, has at least three harmful effects: it tends to make authoritarian regimes more durable, to increase certain types of corruption, and to help trigger violent conflict in low and middle income countries. Scholars have also made progress toward understanding the mechanisms that lead to these outcomes, and the conditions that make them more likely. This essay reviews the evidence behind these claims, the debates over their validity, and some of the unresolved puzzles for future research.


The effects of temperature and "natural disturbance" on growth, seed production, and population density in the facultative hemiparasitic annual Euphrasia frigida (Scrophulariaceae) were examined in the middle alpine zone at Finse, southwest Norway. Experimentally elevated temperature increased growth and seed production significantly. Higher temperatures resulted in a small decrease in population densities during three seasons. The degree of "natural disturbance" did not influence growth and seed production, but population density was highest at intermediate disturbance levels. Thus, while temperature influenced the performance of E. frigida, disturbance affected the population dynamics. The effects of temperature on growth and reproduction may also be indirect on hemiparasites, through improved conditions for the host plants under elevated temperatures. It is hypothesized that the predicted global warming will result in increased seed output from E. frigida plants in the middle alpine zone. Population densities, however, are likely to decrease under elevated temperatures, due to lower disturbance levels by frost heave and increased vegetation cover.


The Republic of Uganda is presently engaged, as many other developing countries, in reform of its intellectual property laws. The process raises a number of questions as to whether it addresses priorities besides the legal framework. What has prompted the reforms and what systems of innovation does the country have so as to harness the power of patents in enhancing Uganda's technological capacity? The article also challenges the philosophy and orthodoxy that underpins the basis for patent protection in facilitating the transfer of technology to developing countries and stimulating innovations. In particular, it is argued that patent legislation reform can be meaningful if it is met with marching reforms outside the ambit of the law.


This article reflects critically on "The Radial Imagination: A Research Project About Movements, Social Change, and the Future," an engaged social movement research project conducted with self-identified "radical" activists in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. In so doing, the authors explore a research strategy that seeks not merely to observe the radical imagination—the ability to envision and work toward better futures—but to convoke it: to mobilize the singular location of academic inquiry to create a research environment within which the radical imagination can be better understood. Through a critical examination of the project's theoretical architecture and methodological framework the authors investigate the promises, possibilities, and difficulties implicated in critical social movement research carried out through a strategy of convocation, contrasting it with more conventional approaches to social movement research.


This chapter is concerned with the role of religion in social entrepreneurship. It takes an institutional perspective and examines the way religious institutions and actors have supported social entrepreneurship. Weber has argued for the role of (protestant) religion in motivating people to take entrepreneurial activity, leading to the rise of capitalism in the West. It has often been observed that religious groups especially sects or minority religious groups such as Quakers or Jews have strong links with entrepreneurial activity – there are a range of factors in the literature which help us explain this. These include in particular the place of high trust networks in facilitating entrepreneurial activity. In addition religious institutions (through leadership discourse and institutional networks) have historically played important roles in shaping the activities of religious members and priests as well as philanthropists. This has operated through religious leadership discourse, for example papal encyclicals orienting priests to support economic solutions to poverty and social problems in their communities, and the direct action of individual priests, institutional development (networks/organisations) and local religious leaders to catalyse entrepreneurial activity. Thus these three dimensions of religious institutions (ideological discourse, networks, and leadership) will be examined in relation to social entrepreneurship. For the sake of simplifying the empirical base of this study, the field of social entrepreneurship will be limited to social enterprise which are co-operatives, mutuals and trading voluntary organisations (or non-profits), since there is a good evidence base of religious involvement in entrepreneurship in this sector, from which a number of cases will be drawn using secondary sources. However the theoretical framework developed will be based on the broader field of literature linking religion and entrepreneurship, thus this theoretical framework should have applicability to broader definitions of the social entrepreneurship field. The chapter covers three religious institutional dimensions underlying social entrepreneurship:
• Institutions and high trust religious networks
• Ideology and religious leadership discourse
• Local religious leaders


ABSTRACT Objectives: Antidepressants have limited efficacy in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment, and psychosocial interventions for this population have been inadequately investigated. Problem Adaptation Therapy (PATH) is a psychosocial intervention for older adults with major depression, cognitive impairment, and disability. Design: This study tests the efficacy of PATH versus Supportive Therapy for Cognitively Impaired Older Adults (ST-CI) in reducing depression (Montgamery Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]) and disability (World Health Organization Disability Assessments Schedule-II [WHODAS-II]) and improving cognitive outcomes (Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]) over 24 weeks (12 weeks of treatment and 12-week post-treatment follow-up). Setting: Participants were recruited through collaborating community agencies of Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry. Both interventions and all research assessments were conducted at home. Participants: Thirty-five older adults (age ≥ 65 years) with major depression and cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND). Interventions: PATH aims to increase emotion regulation by incorporating a problem-solving approach, teaching compensatory strategies, and inviting caregiver participation. Supportive Therapy aims to facilitate the expression of affect, as well as promote empathy. Measurements: Depression was measured using the MADRS, disability using the WHODAS-II, and cognition using the MMSE. Results: PATH participants showed significantly greater reduction in MADRS total score (7.04 points at 24 weeks, treatment group by time interaction: F[1,24.4] = 7.61, p = 0.0108), greater improvement in MMSE total score (2.30 points at 24 weeks, treatment group by time interaction: F[1,39.8] = 13.31, p = 0.0008), and greater improvement in WHODAS-II total score (2.95 points at 24 weeks, treatment group by time interaction: F[1,89] = 4.93, p = 0.0290) than ST-CI participants over the 24-week period. Conclusions: PATH participants had better depression, cognitive, and disability outcomes than ST-CI participants over 6 months. PATH may provide relief to depressed older adults with CIND who currently have limited treatment options.


The work contained within this thesis is a study of inclusion compounds using solid-state NMR. Such compounds typically exhibit static and/or dynamic disorder, which precludes the use of diffraction-based techniques to obtain detailed structural information. Hence, due to its ability to probe local environments, solid- state NMR can be used to provide information which would otherwise be inaccessible. However, the dynamic nature of the guest molecules within inclusion compounds can yield unusual results for routinely applied experiments, such as cross polarisation, heteronuclear dipolar decoupling and dipolar dephasing. Therefore, some of the more fundamental aspects of solid-state NMR have first been explored. The inclusion compounds of particular interest are those which contain urea or thiourea as the host species. The ordering of guest molecules and host dynamics have been investigated via both one- and two-dimensional (^13)C and (^1)H NMR experiments for the 2-hydroxyalkane/urea inclusion compounds. For the 1-fluorotetradecane/urea inclusion compound, an approach involving a combination of (^1)H→(^13)C and (^19)F→(^13)C cross-polarisation experiments, with both single-channel (^H) and double-channel decoupling ((^1)H,(^19)F) has been devised to assign (^13)C resonances and hence deduce guest ordering. Steady-state and transient (^19)F MAS NOE experiments have been used to probe the dynamics of the 1-fluorotetradecane/urea inclusion compound. Using the considerable sensitivity advantage of (^19)F NMR, over that of (^13)C, a detailed study of the conformational dynamics exhibited by fluorocyclohexane molecules included within thiourea has been performed via bandshape analysis, selective polarisation inversion and 2D exchange experiments. Intermolecular distance measurements have been determined for adjacent fluoroalkane molecules within urea tunnels using a series of static (^19)F NMR experiments. From the results obtained, conclusions regarding the mutual orientations of adjacent end-groups in such compounds have been made.


This chapter elucidates how gender is entwined in the spatial and temporal knowledge trajectories through which indigenous fire knowledge is retained and revived using a case study of eastern Australia and California, USA. Fire extends its roots far into the past of indigenous cultures worldwide, extending beyond basic domestic needs to responsible environmental stewardship. Fire has played a key role in the land stewardship practices of Aboriginal Australian and Native American women and men for millennia (Stewart et al. 2002; Gammage 2011). This includes cultural and gendered landscapes, such as indigenous sacred and ceremonial sites off-limits to women or men. However, a 'disconnect' between the past, present and future of both ecological and cultural aspects of fire underpins a tendency among many researchers, policymakers and practitioners to dismiss or ignore fire knowledge that is alive today among indigenous elders and cultural land stewards. This may be attributed to assumptions based on historic events, a lack of current burning and relatively low indigenous populations. Instead guidance is sought from archaeological, anthropological and ethnographic records from the past or from scientific models that project the future. An attitude also prevails that depicts historic use of fire by indigenous people as non-applicable in current-day environments due to environmental and demographic changes (White 2004). Yet, it is important to recognise that culture and knowledge are as dynamic as the environment is. From an applied standpoint, indigenous fire knowledge is fluid (for example, changing with past climatic events or gender-targeted genocide), and the ability to read the landscape to know how, when, why and what to burn comes with proper training. The concept of 'proper training', however, arguably plays out differently today from traditional indigenous fire knowledge trajectories of the past due to the impact of history and politics. It is this marginalised political, technological and institutional position of indigenous peoples' knowledge in many 'developed' countries that makes this chapter relevant to a handbook of gender and development.


Memory polynomials (MP) are demonstrated for modeling of RoF link nonlinearities, within the frequency range from 0.5 to 2 GHz, using a complex-envelope behavioral modeling approach. The model accuracies are studied for different RF frequency and input power cases, with the dependency of the MP model accuracy on the nonlinearity order and memory length parameters discussed. The experimental results show that the RoF link presents more memory effects at some RF frequencies and that the link phase nonlinearity tends to increase with the operating frequency. Excellent agreement between the measured and modeled results is reported for several validated MP models. In comparison with a memoryless polynomial model, the MP model performs significantly better for all experimental cases.


For a generation of anthropologists, the publication of James Scott's Weapons of the Weak was a provocation and a catalyst for the emergence of resistance as an object of ethnographic study. This now classic study of 'everyday' forms of peasant rebellion, together with the work of scholars in the Birmingham School tradition of cultural studies, served to make Gramscian conceptions of hegemony a much more prominent part of the anthropologist's analytical toolkit for studying power, domination and resistance. Foucauldian analytics of power and subjectivity were simultaneously rapidly making headway in anthropology and this, together with greater reflexivity and feminist concerns became interwoven in the ethnographies of resistance that appeared in the subsequent two decades. This presentation seeks to map out this seminal moment in the ethnography of resistance, what scholars at the time thought ethnographic methods had to offer, as well as some of the major points of contention among its advocates. In Sherry Ortner's masterful assessment of the state of the field, published in 1995, it was ironically the lack of ethnographic thickness that most bedeviled the field of resistance studies. I argue that thickness continues to be one of the most valuable contributions that anthropologists can make to resistance studies. I will discuss what thickness means and the challenges it poses drawing from my previous research on minority language activism in the Basque country and my current efforts at intimate ethnography of the memory movement in Spain.


We investigate a mode gap confined dielectric band laser via a 1-D photonic crystal (PhC) nanobeam (NB) nanocavity with lattice gradually shifted PhC mirror. Owing to different modal symmetries, different zeroth-order dielectric mode properties, including quality (Q) factors, mode volumes, lasing thresholds, and slope efficiencies, in nanocavities with two different cavity sizes are investigated. In experiments, single-mode lasing from dielectric bands with low effective lasing thresholds is obtained. Rising of the high-order modes is also observed when we increase the PhC mirror periods for high Q factor of the zeroth-order dielectric mode. In addition, we observe the bonding and antibonding modes in beamwidth mismatched coupled NB nanocavities and switch the dominant lasing mode via spatially nonuniform carrier injection.


Aim: To evaluated the SBS of three resin composites (Tetric Flow, Tetric and Heliomolar) bonded to dentin and cured by different curing modes utilizing light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit. Materials and Method: Buccal dentin of 90 upper premolars was expose and Clearfil SE Bond applied and cured prior to restorative procedure. Samples divided into 9 groups (3 groups for each composite type), photoactivation of groups of each composite was carried out using three modes: Continuous (CO: 600 mW/cm for 40 s), Soft-Start (SS: 100 mW/cm for 10 s + 600 mW/cm for 30 s) and Pulse-Delay (PD: 100 mW/cm for 3 s + 3 min wait + 600 mW/cm for 37 s). Samples thermocycled and loaded at toothcomposite interface at 1 mm/min cross head speed until failure. Results: Two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) followed by Duncan multiple range test revealed that SBS of SS mode (21.5 Kg) is significantly higher than SBS of both CO (18.1 Kg) and PD (18.7 Kg) and its also revealed that although SBS of Tetric Flow (21.2 Kg) is higher than that of Tetric (20.1 Kg) and both are significantly higher than that of Heliomolar (16.9 Kg).Conclusions: Less material's rigidity along with slower polymerization reaction by SS mode result in higher SBS due to lesser contraction stress at the adhesive interface.


Although nanotechnology is a relatively young field, there are countless biomedical applications in use or under investigation. Many specialties have benefitted from nanoscale refinements of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Plastic and reconstructive surgery is an incredibly diverse specialty, encompassing craniofacial and hand surgery; trauma, oncologic and congenital reconstruction; burn care, and aesthetic surgery. Advances in nanotechnology have significantly impacted wound management, topical skin care, implant and prosthetic design, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. Currently, plastic surgeons are researching the utility of nanoscale tools for bone regeneration, bone prosthetics, and drug delivery. Nanotechnology will continue to build upon preceding discoveries, and its biomedical applications in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery will expand significantly.


Although the molecular basis for the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is poorly understood, insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction are physiologic hallmarks of this condition. We sought evidence of a transcriptional or pretranscriptional basis for insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction through measurement of hepatic gene expression (messenger RNA [mRNA]) using high‐density synthetic oligonucleotide microarray analysis (Hu6800 GeneChip, Affymetrix, CA). Global hepatic gene expression was determined in snap‐frozen liver biopsy specimens from 4 groups: (1) patients with cirrhotic‐stage NASH (n = 6), (2) patients with cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) (n = 6), (3) patients with cirrhosis secondary to primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (n = 6), and (4) healthy controls (n = 6). Genes were considered to be expressed differentially in NASH only if there was a greater than 2‐fold difference in abundance of mRNA when compared with each of the control groups. Sixteen genes were uniquely differentially expressed (4 overexpressed and 12 underexpressed) in patients with cirrhotic‐stage NASH. Genes that were significantly underexpressed included genes important for maintaining mitochondrial function (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, aldehyde oxidase, and catalase). Glucose 6‐phospatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, elongation factor‐TU, methylglutaryl coenzyme A (CoA), acyl CoA synthetase, oxoacyl CoA thiolase, and ubiquitin also were underexpressed in NASH. Genes that were overexpressed in NASH included complement component C3 and hepatocyte‐derived fibrinogen‐related protein, potentially contributing to impaired insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence for a transcriptional or pretranscriptional basis for impaired mitochondrial function (attenuated capacity for the dismutation of reactive oxygen species) and diminished insulin sensitivity (increased acute phase reactants) in patients with histologically progressive NASH. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism and the physiologic significance of these findings.


ABSTRACT There is no gold standard diagnostic test for the detection of bovine cryptosporidiosis. Infection is usually highest in 2-week-old calves, and these calves also excrete high numbers of oocysts. These factors may give rise to variations in the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic tests used to detect infection in calves of various ages. An age-stratified Bayesian analysis was carried out to determine the optimum diagnostic test to identify asymptomatic and clinical Cryptosporidium sp. infection in neonatal calves. Fecal samples collected from 82 calves at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks of age were subjected to the following tests: microscopic examination of smears stained with either phenol-auramine O or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody, nested-PCR, and quantitative real-time PCR. The results confirmed a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection, as well as a high level of oocyst excretion, in 2-week-old calves. The sensitivities of all the tests varied with the age of the calves. Quantitative real-time PCR proved to be the most sensitive and specific test for detecting infection irrespective of the age of the calf. The microscopic techniques were the least sensitive and exhibited only moderate efficiency with 2-week-old calves excreting large numbers of oocysts, the majority of which were diarrheic. It was concluded that, when interpreting the results of routine tests for bovine cryptosporidiosis, cognizance should be taken of the sensitivity of the tests in relation to the age of the calves and stage of infection.


Distributed video coding (DVC) is a video coding paradigm that allows for a low-complexity encoding process by exploiting the temporal redundancies in a video sequence at the decoder side. State-of-the-art DVC systems exhibit a structural coding delay since exploiting the temporal redundancies through motion-compensated interpolation requires the frames to be decoded out of order. To alleviate this problem, we propose a system based on motion-compensated extrapolation that allows for efficient low-delay video coding with low complexity at the encoder. The proposed extrapolation technique first estimates the motion field between the two most recently decoded frames using the Lucas-Kanade algorithm. The obtained motion field is then extrapolated to the current frame using an extrapolation grid. The proposed techniques are implemented into a novel architecture featuring hybrid block-frequency Wyner-Ziv coding as well as mode decision. Results show that having references from both temporal directions in interpolation provides superior rate-distortion performance over a single temporal direction in extrapolation, as expected. However, the proposed extrapolation method is particularly suitable for low-delay coding as it performs better than H.264/AVC intra, and it is even able to outperform the interpolation-based DVC codec from DISCOVER for several sequences.


In evaluating ultimate limit states for design, time-domain aeroelastic response simulations are typically carried out to establish extreme loads on offshore wind turbines. Accurate load prediction depends on proper modeling of the wind turbulence and the wave stochastic processes as well as of the turbine, the support structure, and the foundation. One method for modeling the support structure is to rigidly connect it to the seabed; such a foundation model is appropriate only when the sea floor is firm (as is the case for rock). To obtain realistic turbine response dynamics for softer soils, it is important that a flexible foundation is modeled. While a single discrete spring for coupled lateral/rotational motion or several distributed springs along the length of the monopile may be employed, a tractable alternative is to employ a fictitious fixed-based pile modeled as an "equivalent" cantilever beam, where the length of this fictitious pile is determined using conventional pile lateral load analysis in combination with knowledge of the soil profile. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of modeling flexible pile foundations on offshore wind turbine loads such as the fore-aft tower bending moment at the mudline. We employ a utility-scale 5MW offshore wind turbine model with a 90-meter hub height in simulations; the turbine is assumed to be sited in 20 meters of water. For a critical wind-wave combination known to control long-term design loads, we study time histories, power spectra, response statistics, and probability distributions of extreme loads for fixed-base and flexible foundation models with the intention of assessing the importance of foundation model selection. Load distributions are found to be sensitive to foundation modeling assumptions. Extrapolation to rare return periods may be expected to lead to differences in derived nominal loads needed in ultimate limit state design; this justifies the use of flexible foundation models in simulation studies.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


South Sudanese people coming to live in Australia in increasing numbers over the recent years bring with them a great diversity of educational experience. While many South Sudanese have had little or no schooling, there is also a sizeable group who have had sufficient education to access tertiary education after a relatively short period in Australia. This paper takes a people-context situated perspective in order to examine two groups of South Sudanese learners in two distinct learning environments: a women's group in a community literacy course and the first year university students, an entirely male group, also attending learning support units. Using situated learning theory, this chapter explores the different ways in which the women and the men negotiated their expectations of the educational process with their teachers in their respective learning environments and how the interplay between the expectations of educators and students affected participation, as well as the possible effects of these differences on their more general social inclusion.


We present molecular dynamics simulations of the epitaxial growth of high quality crystalline films for photonics applications from triblock Janus colloids. With a featureless substrate, the film morphologies were qualitatively similar to previously reported experimental results, with two stacking polymorphs appearing in nearly equal proportion. However, with a patterned substrate deliberately designed to be easy to fabricate by standard photolithography techniques, both the grain size and selectivity towards the photonically active polymorph were greatly improved. We also evaluated the effect of particle flux to find that lower flux led to higher quality crystals, while higher flux led to frustrated films with smaller crystalline domains. Our results suggest that carefully engineered but simple to manufacture patterned substrates could yield self-assembled single crystals of sufficient quality to exhibit a complete photonic bandgap.


As a rule, regulation is not acquired by "the industry," and it is not designed and operated primarily for its benefit. The mechanisms behind the promulgation of regulations are multiple, and almost all of the time, it greatly matters whether regulators believe that regulations will, all things considered, have good consequences. In terms of understanding the sources of regulations, it would therefore be valuable to obtain more clarity about the sources of the beliefs of regulators — about what information they receive and find credible, and why.


Questions What is the importance of root competition in the competitive abilities of dominant and subordinate species? Location Pair-wise greenhouse experiment based on field data from a semi-natural grassland community in the Swiss Jura Mountains (Col du Marchairuz, Switzerland). Methods The dominance hierarchy from a mountain wood-pasture ecosystem was used to identify five dominant and three subordinate species. These species were grown in pair-wise combinations under full competition and in the absence of root competition, enabling us to calculate indices of competitive effect and response and overall asymmetry. Results Root competition exclusion led to a decrease in the competitive abilities of dominants, whereas subordinates became overall more competitive. Total asymmetry also decreased, indicating reduced competition between the two species groups. The exclusion of root competition increased both below-ground and above-ground growth of subordinates, whereas for dominants below-ground growth was unaffected and above-ground growth decreased. Conclusions We demonstrate that root competition through rootshoot competition interactions is an important factor driving the competitive dominance of species and the structure of grazed grassland communities. Locally, reduction of root competition involved in gap creation might explain persistence of subordinate species within the vegetation community and lead to an aggregated spatial pattern of subordinates involved in species co-existence in grasslands.


Purpose: To determine whether participation in two different post-graduate optometry workshops resulted in a change in practice for the participants. Methods: Thirty-eight optometrists, who had attended a continuing professional development (CPD) workshop on punctal plugs and lacrimal syringing, were surveyed by e-mail and telephone between 4 and 13 months after the workshop to ascertain whether they had made a change in their subsequent practice. A second group of 32 optometrists, who had attended a continuing education and training (CET) workshop on binocular vision, were surveyed by e-mail, telephone and postal mail between 6 and 9 months after the workshop to ascertain whether their practice had changed. Results: After the CPD workshop, 29% (11 of 38) of practitioners had inserted punctal plugs, and 11% (4 of 38) had syringed. After the CET workshop, 37.5% (12 of 32) had made a significant change to their practice. Conclusions: In common with other healthcare professionals, attendance at post-graduate education events does not appear to effect a change in practice for most optometrists. The effectiveness of a workshop cannot, however, be judged entirely on whether or not those attending it subsequently make changes to their practice.


The second workshop in two years on the integration of knowledge-based systems with conventional computer techniques in agriculture and natural resource management (NRM) was held 18-19 August 1989 in Detroit, Michigan, in conjunction with the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The workshop drew scientists from the United States and Canada, working in disciplines from engineering to entomology in universities, government, and industry. Twenty-two papers were presented at the workshop, after which participants were asked to discuss several key questions about the development, delivery, and use of knowledge-based systems in solving problems in agriculture and NRM.


Identification of individuals at increased genetic risk for a complex disorder such as coronary disease can facilitate treatments or enhanced screening strategies. A rare monogenic mutation associated with increased cholesterol is present in ~1:250 carriers and confers an up to 4-fold increase in coronary risk when compared with non-carriers. Although individual common polymorphisms have modest predictive capacity, their cumulative impact can be aggregated into a polygenic score. Here, we develop a new, genome-wide polygenic score that aggregates information from 6.6 million common polymorphisms and show that this score can similarly identify individuals with a 4-fold increased risk for coronary disease. In >400,000 participants from UK Biobank, the score conforms to a normal distribution and those in the top 2.5% of the distribution are at 4-fold increased risk compared to the remaining 97.5%. Similar patterns are observed with genome-wide polygenic scores for two additional diseases – breast cancer and severe obesity. One Sentence Summary A genome-wide polygenic score identifies 2.5% of the population born with a 4-fold increased risk for coronary artery disease.


Interview with John Maytham, The John Maytham Show.

"

Simon is an environmental historian embedded as a Research Fellow in the Imperial College Conservation Science research group.

He's extensively researched and now written a book entitled Burning Table Mountain which chronicles the mountain eco system's need for fire, as it is life and the conflict it poses for the urban sprawl that surrounds it.

Cape Town's iconic Table Mountain and the surrounding peninsula has been a crucible for attempts to integrate the social and ecological dimensions of wild fire. This environmental history of humans and wildfire outlines these interactions from the practices of Khoikhoi herders to the conflagrations of January 2000. The region's unique, famously diverse fynbos vegetation has been transformed since European colonial settlement, through urbanisation and biological modifications, both intentional (forestry) and unintentional (biological invasions). In all the diverse visions people have formed for Table Mountain, aesthetic and utilitarian, fire has been regarded as a central problem. This book shows how scientific understandings of fire in fynbos developed slowly in the face of strong prejudices. Human impacts were intensified in the twentieth century, which provides the temporal focus for the book. The disjunctures between popular perception, expert knowledge, policy and management are explored, and the book supplements existing short-term scientific data with proxies on fire incidence trends recovered from historical records."


Problem – When lean is adopted in traditional organisations it requires a widespread organisational change and many businesses fail to sustain lean practices. Purpose – The purpose of this work was to define lean implementation based on the organisational development (OD) body of knowledge. Approach – The literature in lean and organisational change was reviewed and amalgamated to develop a novel conceptual framework. Findings – Lean implementation begins with a planned changed that is episodic. However, the ultimate goal is to develop a learning organisation where change is continuous and emergent from all levels. Respect for people, everyone in the organisations contribution, is considered key to successful implementation of lean. Implications– Practitioners should not focus on isolated improvements, but foster change from within for a sustained transformation to become a lean learning organisation. Originality - This paper provides new insights into lean implementation and its transformative effect on the organisation. A novel conceptual model is presented that frames lean transformation within the organisational development literature.


With either alanine or a mixture of 15 different amino acids as nitrogen source, the addition of L-leucine inhibited the synthesis of urea by isolated rat liver cells. With alanine present leucine promoted the production of glutamate and glutamine. Comparison of effects of leucine on soluble glutamate dehydrogenase, mitochondria and isolated cells supports the postulate that leucine exerts its effect through activation of glutamate dehydrogenase. It is suggested that this latter enzyme may not be as important for the production of NH3 for carbamoyl phosphate synthesis as has been considered hitherto.


Between June 1985 and January 1987, the Therac-25 medical electron accelerator was involved in six massive radiation overdoses. As a result, several people died and others were seriously injured. A detailed investigation of the factors involved in the software-related overdoses and attempts by users, manufacturers, and government agencies to deal with the accidents is presented. The authors demonstrate the complex nature of accidents and the need to investigate all aspects of system development and operation in order to prevent future accidents. The authors also present some lessons learned in terms of system engineering, software engineering, and government regulation of safety-critical systems containing software components.<<ETX>>


The need for porous materials to function as sorbents in order to allow for bulk uptake (and potential deactivation) of chemical warfare agent (CWA) stockpiles is of significant importance in the world today. Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) represent a class of such sorbents being produced using the facile and tuneable so-called "knitting" procedure. Several HCPs are reported and their properties including apparent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas (SABET) and swellability (Q) against CWA simulants are examined using two reliable swelling methods which we have developed. The HCP derived from fluorobenzene showed the greatest potential for using such materials for CWA uptake and was tested against real agents including isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin, GB) and bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfane (sulfur mustard, HD) revealing uptakes close to 20 mL g−1.


This entry contains formalisations of the answers to three of the six problem of the International Mathematical Olympiad 2019, namely Q1, Q4, and Q5. The reason why these problems were chosen is that they are particularly amenable to formalisation: they can be solved with minimal use of libraries. The remaining three concern geometry and graph theory, which, in the author's opinion, are more difficult to formalise resp. require a more complex library.


Output limits of the power system stabilizer (PSS) can improve the system damping performance immediately following a large disturbance. Due to nonsmooth nonlinearities arising from the saturation limits, these values cannot be determined by the conventional tuning methods based on linear analysis. Only ad hoc tuning procedures can been used. A feedforward neural network (with a structure of multilayer perceptron neural network) is applied to identify the dynamics of an objective function formed by the states and, thereafter, to compute the gradients required in the nonlinear parameter optimization. Moreover, its derivative information is used to replace that obtained from the trajectory sensitivities based on the hybrid system model with the differential-algebraic-impulsive-switched structure. The optimal output limits of the PSS tuned by the proposed method are evaluated by time-domain simulation in both a single-machine infinite bus system and a multimachine power system.


Brutal Intimacy is the first book to explore the fascinating films of contemporary France, ranging from mainstream genre spectaculars to arthouse experiments, and from wildly popular hits to films that deliberately alienate the viewer. Twenty-first-century France is a major source of international cinema-diverse and dynamic, embattled yet prosperous-a national cinema offering something for everyone. Tim Palmer investigates France's growing population of women filmmakers, its buoyant vanguard of first-time filmmakers, the rise of the controversial cinema du corps, and France's cinema icons: auteurs like Olivier Assayas, Claire Denis, Bruno Dumont, Gaspar Noe, and stars such as Vincent Cassel and Jean Dujardin. Analyzing dozens of breakthrough films, Brutal Intimacy situates infamous titles alongside many yet to be studied in the English language. Drawing on interviews and the testimony of leading film artists, Brutal Intimacy promises to be an influential treatment of French cinema today, its evolving rivalry with Hollywood, and its ambitious pursuits of audiences in Europe, North America, and around the world.


Despite the immense ecological, biogeochemical and paleontological/paleoecological importance of living and fossil coccolithophores, fundamental gaps exist in the biological knowledge of this group of marine protists. The traditional approach of examining the morphology of their beautiful skeletons to study their ecology and evolution has important limitations. Simple questions, such as: When did the coccolithophores first appear? How many species exist in the contemporary ocean, and existed in past oceans? What are the phylogenetic links between these species and between the lineages to which they belong? What is their life-cycle, and are they autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms? Are still poorly understood due to a paucity of information on their genotypic and phenotypic (other than the coccoliths) characters?

Analysis of mutations within the DNA of coccolithophores using population genetics, phylogenetic, and genomic approaches may help to answer these questions. Here we synthesize the first conclusions resulting from the still very limited number of molecular studies on coccolithophores and emphasize some of the most important questions that have consequently arisen. We finally propose new approaches using combined optic and genetic techniques to explore the ecology and evolution of coccolithophores at the boundary between molecular biology, oceanography, and paleontology.


This paper makes use of a large sample of individual data obtained from web surveys in the WageIndicator project. Data includes extensive information on the quality of working conditions together with different well-being indicators. The paper emphasizes the role of work-related characteristics as a specific and very important aspect of life. In our analysis, we demonstrate the role of working conditions in the following three domains: overall life-satisfaction; satisfaction with one's job; and satisfaction with the combination of family and work. The paper also contributes to the ongoing debate on web survey data quality, reliability, and validity for scientific use. It demonstrates how social sciences can benefit from the use of web survey data in order to overcome the limits of traditional information sources.


Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is becoming a reality in many organizations. The potential for mobility in voice over wi-fi networks will derive demand for the technology. Wireless VoIP is poised to rival VoIP as an alternative telephony tool. Internet has been used to transport data in the form of packet. In the past, Internet did not support any kind of sophisticated quality of service (QoS) mechanism. Although the type of service (TOS) field in the Internet protocol (IP) header has been existing and has been allowing the differentiated treatment of packets, it was never really used on a large scale. The voice is sensitive to delay and jitter so bandwidth must be guaranteed while transporting it. With the extensive use of Internet for carrying voice, there is a need to add QoS functionality in it. QoS with reference to VoIP has been discussed in the paper. Limited bandwidth and network latency are the issues which need to be considered while using wireless LAN for packetized voice data. Efforts of standards like 802.11e which will take care of these issues, have also been explored. The impact of these technologies on distance education has also been explored in the paper.


The unemployment rate is expected to average 10.2 percent for 2010, 9.1 percent for 2011, and 7.3 percent for 2012. With this in mind, this Issue Brief describes a job sharing tax credit, designed to provide a quick and substantial boost to the economy. It would use tax dollars to pay firms to shorten the typical workweek, while keeping pay constant. This should cause employers to want to hire additional workers. A rough estimate of the impact of this tax credit is between 1.3 and 2.7 million jobs created.


The hypothesis was tested that peak velocity of saccadic eye movements in visual motor tasks varies with variables related to energy regulation. The hypothesis is based on the cognitive-energetical performance model of Sanders. An experimental paradigm was developed in which saccadic peak velocity of task-relevant eye movements is measured while a choice reaction task is carried out. Confounding factors of saccadic amplitude and movement direction were controlled. The task was designed in such a way that in each trial subjects performed a target saccade towards an imperative stimulus and a return saccade after the manual response back to the centre of the screen. For both types of saccades the experimental variables were foreperiod duration (short versus long), knowledge of results (with versus without), postsaccadic demand (low versus high) and time on task (five 30-min intervals). In two experiments, there are main and interaction effects of the task variables on peak saccadic velocity. Return saccades are slower than target saccades, but not in the case of high postsaccadic demand. Knowledge of results increases peak saccadic velocity, but more so for return than for target saccades. Time on task leads to a decrease in peak saccadic velocity, which is much stronger for return than for target saccades; furthermore this effect is more pronounced after short than after long foreperiods. Peak saccadic velocity is changed within seconds. The results support the hypothesis. Peak saccadic velocity of task related eye movements reflects energy regulation during task performance. The paradigm will be developed as a diagnostic tool in workload measurement.


The production of lactic acid from whey by Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-441 immobilized in chitosan-stabilized Ca-alginate beads was investigated. Higher lactic acid production and lower cell leakage were observed with alginate–chitosan beads compared with Ca-alginate beads. The highest lactic acid concentration (131.2 g dm−3) was obtained with cells entrapped in 1.3–1.7 mm alginate–chitosan beads prepared from 2% (w/v) Na-alginate. The gel beads produced lactic acid for five consecutive batch fermentations without marked activity loss and deformation. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of three fermentation parameters (initial sugar, yeast extract and calcium carbonate concentrations) on the concentration of lactic acid. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the fit of the model was good in all cases. Initial sugar, yeast extract and calcium carbonate concentrations had a strong linear effect on lactic acid production. The maximum lactic acid concentration of 136.3 g dm−3 was obtained at the optimum concentrations of process variables (initial sugar 147.35 g dm−3, yeast extract 28.81 g dm−3, CaCO3 97.55 g dm−3). These values were obtained by fitting of the experimental data to the model equation. The response surface methodology was found to be useful in optimizing and determining the interactions among process variables in lactic acid production using alginate–chitosan-immobilized cells. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry


Abstract. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue (DB) collection 5.1 (c5.1) aerosol optical depth (AOD) data were analyzed and evaluated for the first time from an independent research group using eight years of Terra (2000–2007) and Aqua (2002–2009). Uncertainties in the DB AOD were identified and studied, and our results show that the performance of DB c5.1 is strongly dependent on surface albedo and aerosol microphysics. Using data with only "very good" quality assurance, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the DB Terra (Aqua) AOD is 0.24 (0.19) when validated against AERONET. Expanding upon the uncertainty analysis, the potential of applying the DB products for aerosol assimilation was explored. Empirical corrections and quality assurance procedures were developed for North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to create a data assimilation (DA)-quality DB product. After applying those procedures, the RMSE is reduced by 18.1% (18.2%) for Terra (Aqua) DB data. Prognostic error models of 0.069 + 0.175 × AODTerra_DB with no noise floor and 0.048 + 0.182 × AODAqua_DB with a noise floor of 0.104 were found for DA-quality Terra and Aqua DB data, respectively. These procedures were also applied to two months of DB collection 6 (c6) AOD data, and reductions in RMSE were found, indicating that the algorithms developed for c5.1 data are applicable to c6 data to some extent.


The use of optimised resistivity tomography surveys to acquire field data imposes extra constraints on the design strategy beyond maximising the quality of the resulting tomographic image. In this paper, methods are presented to 1) minimise electrode polarisation effects; 2) make efficient use of parallel measurement channels; and 3) incorporate data noise estimates in the optimisation process. 1) A simulated annealing algorithm is used to rearrange the optimised measurement sequences to minimise polarisation errors. The method is developed using random survey designs, and is demonstrated to be effective for use with single and multi-channel optimised surveys. 2) An optimisation algorithm is developed to design surveys by successive addition of multi-channel groups of measurements rather than individual electrode configurations. The multi-channel surveys are shown to produce results nearly as close to optimal as equivalent single channel surveys, while reducing data collection times by an order of magnitude. 3) Random errors in the data are accounted for by weighting the electrode configurations in the optimisation process according to a simple error model incorporating background and voltage-dependent noise. The use of data weighting produces optimised surveys that are more robust in the presence of noise, while maintaining as much of the image resolution of the noise-free designs as possible. All the new methods described in this paper are demonstrated using both synthetic and real data, the latter having been measured on an active landslide using a permanently installed geoelectrical monitoring system.


Aiming at the overall negative surface charge of bacteria, a new strategy of antibacterial agents based on large polymer‐modified graphene oxide (GO) sheets is assessed. The presented flexible, polycationic sheets match the size and charge density of the Escherichia coli surface charge density (2 × 1014 cm−2). These matching parameters create an unspecific but very strong bacteria adsorber by multivalent, electrostatic attraction. Their interaction with bacteria is visualized via atomic force and confocal microscopy and shows that they effectively bind and wrap around E. coli cells, and thereby immobilize them. The incubation of Gram‐negative and ‐positive bacteria (E. coli and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) with these polycationic sheets leads to the inhibition of proliferation and a reduction of the colony forming bacteria over time. This new type of antibacterial agent acts in a different mode of action than classical biocides and could potentially be employed in medicinal, technical, or agriculture applications. The presented microsheets and their unspecific binding of cell interfaces could further be employed as adsorber material for bacterial filtration or immobilization for imaging, analysis, or sensor technologies.


Using a raceclass analysis, which positions race and class as inextricably linked, this reflective and conceptual paper will explore how racialized and classed, or raceclassist, microaggressions impact first-generation and low-income college students of color. Utilizing counterstorytelling and theoretical analysis, the first author shares her counterstory as a starting point to understand and analyze the impact raceclassist microaggressions have on racially and economically minoritized students. We consider the implications of raceclassist microaggressions toward first-generation and low-income college students of color. We also pose recommendations for addressing raceclassist microaggressions in terms of practice in student affairs and institutions of higher education.


This project aims to develop a system that can reconstruct photorealistic 3D model of object automatically from a multi-view image sequence. The whole system consists of four major steps: camera calibration, volumetric modeling, surface model formation and texture mapping. A conservative volumetric object model is first reconstructed based on the shape-from-silhouette approach. Conventional volumetric modeling algorithms for refining the model assume that the object surface is Lambertian but many real objects exhibit both diffuse and specular reflections of illuminated light. We propose a novel volumetric modeling algorithm that can handle the co-existence of both diffuse and specular surfaces. Our algorithm also differs from others that the model is reconstructed by aggregating evidence in the voxel space via the use of voxel mask. We select some real objects for modeling and compare our volumetric modeling algorithm with the well-known Space Carving Algorithm. Reconstructed object models are presented, together with the model reprojection accuracy, to demonstrate the superior performance of the new 3D model reconstruction scheme.


Current marketing literature, regardless of its underlying paradigm/logic, lacks consensus on how to conceptualise value creation, how to define what it entails, along with by whom, how, where and when it is created (Voima et al., 2010). It is no surprise then that the value creation process is often described as a 'black box' (Gronroos, 2011b; Leroy et al., 2013). In this doctoral research the customer's perspective on value creation has been advocated. Research was conducted using mixed methods in the context of digital camera usage. It was found that value creation process consists of inputs (resources, customer and other socio-economic actors), 5 value creation phases (this is actually the content of black box: usage episode initiation, resource selection, resource adjustment, resource integration and evaluation) and outputs (side effects and value-in-use as a mix of instrumental benefits, experiential benefits, symbolic benefits and sacrifices;). Simultaneously to value creation, each consumption episode provides an opportunity for customer's episodic learning that can result in customer's augmented or new knowledge, skills and experience. Research found value to be episodic phenomenon, while value creation consistent with Roggeveen et al. (2012), was found to be cyclical and non-linear, showing how unpredictable the unique value creation path of an individual customer can be. This indicates that a value creation episode can evolve in unique ways depending on the sequence of value creation phases, given that customers may revisit already visited value creation phases (unless resources are not destroyed). In this way, while the study acknowledges the idiosyncrasies of individual customers' approaches, on the other hand, it provides a theoretically structured view of this inherently idiosyncratic process.


Analysis of language as a combination of both a structural and a lexical component overlooks a third all-encompassing aspect: dynamics. Dynamic Linguistics approaches the description of the complexphenomenon that is human language by focusing on this importantbut often neglected aspect.This book charts the belated recognition of the importance of dynamic synchrony in twentieth-century linguistics and discusses two other key concepts in some detail: speech community and language structure. Because of their vital role in the developmentof a dynamic approach to linguistics, the three linguists William Labov,Andre Martinet and Roman Jakobson are featured, in particularMartinet in whose later writings – neglected in the English-speaking world – the fullest appreciation of the dynamics of language to date are found. A sustained attempt is also made to chronicle precursors, between the nineteenth century and the 1970s, who provided inspiration for these three scholars in the development of a dynamic approach to linguistic description and analysis.The dynamic approach to linguistics is intended to help consolidatefunctional structuralists, geolinguists, sociolinguists and all other empiricallyminded linguists within a broader theoretical framework as well as playinga part in reversing the overformalism of the simplistic structuralistframework which has dominated, and continues to dominate, present-day linguistic description.


Background There is a growing appreciation of the role of proteolytic processes in human health and disease, but tools for analysis of such processes on a proteome-wide scale are limited. Furin is a ubiquitous proprotein convertase that cleaves after basic residues and transforms secretory proproteins into biologically active proteins. Despite this important role, many furin substrates remain unknown in the human proteome. Methodology/Principal Findings We devised an approach for proteinase target identification that combines an in silico discovery pipeline with highly multiplexed proteinase activity assays. We performed in silico analysis of the human proteome and identified over 1,050 secretory proteins as potential furin substrates. We then used a multiplexed protease assay to validate these tentative targets. The assay was carried out on over 3,260 overlapping peptides designed to represent P7-P1' and P4-P4' positions of furin cleavage sites in the candidate proteins. The obtained results greatly increased our knowledge of the unique cleavage preferences of furin, revealed the importance of both short-range (P4-P1) and long-range (P7-P6) interactions in defining furin cleavage specificity, demonstrated that the R-X-R/K/X-R↓ motif alone is insufficient for predicting furin proteolysis of the substrate, and identified ∼490 potential protein substrates of furin in the human proteome. Conclusions/Significance The assignment of these substrates to cellular pathways suggests an important role of furin in development, including axonal guidance, cardiogenesis, and maintenance of stem cell pluripotency. The novel approach proposed in this study can be readily applied to other proteinases.


Optical singularities of index Iu=±1/2 associated with lemon, monstar, and star topological structures in π-symmetric fields and singularities of index Ic=±1 associated with radial, circulation (elliptic), spiral, node, and saddle structures in 2π-symmetric vector fields are studied in detail here. The topological structures in the polarization ellipse orientation field, the Stokes field, and the Poynting vector field are derived from the same vector-vortex beam fields, and their interdependencies are explored using a designed experimental setup. We find that the inherently stable topological approach is much more informative for a deeper understanding of complex vector-vortex beam fields.


Phosphoinositides (PIs) play a major role in eukaryotic cells, despite being a minor component of most membranes. This is the first report on PI metabolism in a bryophyte, the moss Physcomitrella patens. Moss PI composition is similar to that of other land plants growing under normal conditions. In contrast to the large number of PIPK genes present in flowering plants, the P. patens genome encodes only two type I/II PIPK genes, PpPIPK1 and PpPIPK2, which are very similar at both the nucleotide and protein product levels. However, the expression of the two genes is differentially regulated, and in vitro biochemical characterization shows that the resulting enzymes have different substrate specificities. PpPIPK1 uses PtdIns4P and PtdIns3P with similar preference and also metabolizes PtdIns(3,4)P(2) to produce PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3), a PI not yet detected in intact plant cells. PpPIPK2 prefers PtdIns as substrate and is much less active towards PtdIns4P and PtdIns3P. Thus, PpPIPK2 shows properties reminiscent of both PtdInsP-kinase and PtdIns-kinases. Moreover, a substitution of glutamic acid by alanine in the activation loop drastically reduced PpPIPK1 activity and altered the substrate specificity to PtdIns5P being the preferred substrate compared with PtdIns4P and PtdIns3P. These findings demonstrate that the substrate specificity of plant PIPKs is determined in a plant-specific manner, which provides new insights into the regulatory modes of PIPK activity in plants.


In this article I make a claim against off shore trusts and foundations as useful estate planning vehicles for Belgian residents. My point is that such structures may end up causing a nightmare both from the perspective of tax law and of civil law. On the fiscal side, the Belgian tax administration makes a strong argument for taxation both on the level of income tax and inheritance tax. Even fully discretionary and irrevocable trusts have a hard time to pass the tough tresholds. The administration has a point: how often is such fully discretionary trust really also in the facts fully discretionary with no power whatsoever for the settlor? This may change dramatically upon the decease of the settlor. At that moment the trust may become genuinely discretionary, in the hands of the trustees. Their fiduciary obligation is towards the goals and objectives set out in the trust deed and defined by the settlor. The latter however is not there anymore to correct or finetune. Hence, on the civil law side, the paradox of the discretion may turn into a true nightmare after the settlor has passed away. In many instances trustees may then rely on the discretionary character and the will of the late settlor to pretty much act as they seem fit. The heirs of the settlor are then at the mercy of the trustees goodwill.


Background Differential expression analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data typically relies on reconstructing transcripts or counting reads that overlap known gene structures. Previously we introduced an intermediate approach called differentially expressed region (DER) finder that seeks to identify contiguous regions of the genome showing differential expression signal at single base resolution that does not rely on existing annotation or potentially inaccurate transcript discovery. However, there were computational challenges involved with performing base-resolution analyses in large numbers of samples at genome scale. Results Here we describe a new version of the derfinder software that allows for: (1) genome- scale analyses in a large number of samples, (2) flexible statistical modeling, including multi-group and time course analyses, and (3) a new, computationally efficient approach to re-analysis at base resolution called expressed-region analysis. We also introduce functionality for annotating and plotting base-resolution data to identify artifacts and confirm results. We apply this approach to public RNA-seq data from the developing human brain to illustrate the types of analyses and results possible using derfinder. Conclusions Single-base and expressed-region RNA-sequencing analysis provides compromise be- tween full transcript reconstruction and gene-level analysis. derfinder is software designed to identify, visualize, and interpret differentially expressed regions. The package is available from Bioconductor at www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/derfinder.html.


Christopher Bakken. After Greece. Truman State University Press 2001. 72 pp. $22.00 Quan Barry. Asylum. University of Pittsburgh Press 2001. 72 pp. $12.95 (paper) Peg Boyers. Hard Bread The University of Chicago Press 2002. 93 pp. $14.00 (paper) Major Jackson. Leaving Saturn. The University of Georgia Press 2002. 75 pp. $15-95 (paper) Sarah Manguso. The Captain Lands in Paradise. Alice James Books 2002. 55 pp. $12.95 (paper) Peggy Penn. So Close. CavanKerry Press 2001. 91 pp. $14.00 (paper) Steve Scafidi. Sparks from a Nine-Pound Hammer. Louisiana State University Press 2001. 64 pp. $22.95 $16.95 (paper) Katherine Starke. Tip to Rump. Mid-List Press 2002. 63 pp. $12.00 (paper) Marc Woodworth. Arcade. Grove Press 2002. 78 pp. $13.00 (paper) Andrew Zawacki. By Reason of Breakings. University of Georgia Press 2002. 72 pp. $15-95 (paper) If I were to herd these eleven debut volumes of poetry under a single umbrella, it would be that provided by the hyperbolic blurbs which shelter every one of these books. One learns over time to read the language of blurbs as one does its close kin, the language of recommendations, so that the ballooning praise deflates a bit, and one actually begins to see what the more restrained blurb-writers may have had in mind. Nonetheless, blurbing (I forbear to quote) has gotten out of hand. Happily, the diction and vision of these ten debut volumes varies more than the hyped-up jargon one encounters on their back covers. But though this clutch of poets displays plenty of contrasts in temperament, theme, and tone, one common feature is that the poets are by and large uninterested in poetic form as conventionally construed-most crucially, in measure. A few villanelles and sestinas crop up, and the rare patch of iambics, but mostly the poets turn to other ways of singing when they want to be most expressive. Any resulting eloquence tends to sound muffled, like a diva who fails to project. It becomes wearying to read so much verse that often doesn't seem to hear itself-verse by poets who rarely choose time-honored prosodic routes to their respective goals. When poets have no time for form, it's often because such conterns seem to them outmoded or cumbersome, stumbling blocks on the way to an epiphany; the poem's matter trumps its manner. Some of the poets in this particular crop, though, seem not agenda-driven but rather fashionably wary of having anything pressing or immediate to say. (Note that all these volumes were completed if not published before September 2001; next season's books may look very different.) Much of their work is distinctly reflexive in mode; some poems ponder poetry, some history, some seek to inhabit the past. A trend I didn't expect is evident in several of these books: the revival, if that's what it is, of the dramatic monologue. Oddly for beginners, some of the poets seem more intent on assuming the voices of others than on finding their own. And yet these doers of the police in different voices can sound oddly flat. Without further ado, let's see what the books have to say for themselves. Steve Scafidi writes with a fluency bordering on the torrential; his poems can be as loud and impenetrable as a waterfall. True, stanza breaks let welcome air into some of the poems. At first I thought Scafidi was using such breaks as punctuation, but in fact his stanzaic poems tend to be written in relatively short sentences anyway. Here are the first two stanzas of "Twilight's Swimmer": Having jumped finally into the river and drunk it up, his body floats for two days in May heat. Is found. Claimed. Cleaned, but not displayed. Is imagined. Now the sun rises over the resting ground and new grass chins with the soft bodies of young crickets. Someone says the syllables of the word crepuscular. Someone else walks down a driveway to the mailbox, laughs at a postcard. …


We propose a fixed-point property for group actions on cones in topological vector spaces. In the special case of equicontinuous actions, we prove that this property always holds; this statement extends the classical Ryll-Nardzewski theorem for Banach spaces. When restricting to cones that are locally compact in the weak topology, we prove that the property holds for all distal actions, thus extending the general Ryll-Nardzewski theorem for all locally convex spaces.
Returning to arbitrary actions, the proposed fixed-point property becomes a group property, considerably stronger than amenability. Equivalent formulations are established and a number of closure properties are proved for the class of groups with the fixed-point property for cones.


The purpose of  this research is to determine the relationship between family's support and coping mechanisms of diabetes mellitus patients at Arifin Achmad Hospital. Methodology on this research is a descriptive correlative with cross sectional approach. The number of sample is 30 respondents who is take by convenience sampling (accidental sampling) technique. The measurement tool of this research is questionnaire which consist of 18 questionnaire of family's support  and 19 questionnaire of coping mechanims.This research use Chi-Square test as bivariate analysis. The results of this research shows 11 respondents (36,7%) have high level of family's support and have adaptive coping mechanisms and 6 respondents (20% ) with maladaptive coping mechanisms. The results also show 3 respondents (10%) have low level of family's support with adaptive coping mechanisms,and 10 respondents (33,3%) have maladaptive coping mechanisms. The results of Chi-Square test get p value 0,058 > 0,05, it means that there is no relationship between family's support and coping mechanisms of patient with diabetes mellitus in Arifin Achmad Hospital Pekanbaru. It is suggested to health care provider to pay attention to patients health's condition not only in physical aspect but also in pyschology. Keywords : Coping mechanisms, diabetes mellitus, family's support


Mortality factors and hatching success of 422 terecay turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) nests on seven beaches in the Nichare and Tawadu Rivers, Venezuela, were studied following the oviposition phase. Beaches (3.4-28.4 km2), predominantly sandy, and bordered by riparian vegetation, were searched to record nest numbers and their distribution. Elevation and surrounding plant cover were measured for each nest. Most nests were found close to the vegetation's edge (0-11 m), at a significant distance from the water's edge (21-80 m), in more open ground, and along the highest points of the beach (1-2.5 m above the water's edge). Nest density was positively correlated with beach elevation but not with beach dimensions. Most nests were concentrated in less than 10% of beach area, along the upper 20% of the beach. Average clutch size was 20.1±1.7 eggs, but larger clutches were found significantly further away from vegetation. No significant correlation between hatching success and clutch size was found.

A large proportion of nests were subject to animal and human predation but environmental factors (especially flooding) affected some. The major cause of egg loss was human predation. Most clutches collected by humans were found away from vegetation, on the upper 10-20% of beaches, in exposed unvegetated sites. Animals preyed upon those nests along the vegetation's margin (1-2 m) in the upper 0-9% of beaches, in sites of high plant cover (75-100%). Nests reaching the incubation phase were mainly located in the open areas, which are more prone to human predation. About three-quarters of nests showed high hatching rates (91-100%). However, hatchability was highest furthest away from the vegetation. Our results indicate that humans are collecting eggs mostly from sites in which nests have the larger clutches and the higher potential hatching success. Because of this relationship between nest viability and location, sustainable yield programmes must consider where harvesting can take place and must avoid the application of standard harvests per nest.


Adenovirus (AdV) capsid organization is considerably complex, not only because of its large size (~950 Å) and triangulation number (pseudo T = 25), but also because it contains four types of minor proteins in specialized locations modulating the quasi-equivalent icosahedral interactions. Up until 2009, only its major components (hexon, penton, and fiber) had separately been described in atomic detail. Their relationships within the virion, and the location of minor coat proteins, were inferred from combining the known crystal structures with increasingly more detailed cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) maps. There was no structural information on assembly intermediates. Later on that year, two reports described the structural differences between the mature and immature adenoviral particle, starting to shed light on the different stages of viral assembly, and giving further insights into the roles of core and minor coat proteins during morphogenesis [1,2]. Finally, in 2010, two papers describing the atomic resolution structure of the complete virion appeared [3,4]. These reports represent a veritable tour de force for two structural biology techniques: X-ray crystallography and cryoEM, as this is the largest macromolecular complex solved at high resolution by either of them. In particular, the cryoEM analysis provided an unprecedented clear picture of the complex protein networks shaping the icosahedral shell. Here I review these latest developments in the field of AdV structural studies.


Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is functionally implicated in the process of infarct healing. Several genetic variation of the MMP9 gene have been described, among which the MMP9 Arg668Gln polymorphism. In the present study, we assessed whether this polymorphism influences outcome after acute myocardial infarction (MI). One thousand forty-nine patients undergoing coronary angiography were genotyped for the MMP9 Arg668Gln polymorphism by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. This population included 154 controls, 161 patients with non ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI), 504 patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI), and 230 patients with angina. Frequency of the MMP9 Arg668Gln polymorphism in the global population was 25.1%, and was comparable between all groups. STEMI patients had higher creatine phosphokinase (CPK), troponin T (TnT) and MMP9 plasma levels and had lower ejection fraction (EF) than NSTEMI patients. However, the polymorphism was not associated with infarct severity as determined by peak CPK and TnT levels, nor with LV remodeling and outcome as assessed by 1-month EF and NYHA class, as well as 2- year mortality. In silico molecular modeling simulations predicted that the MMP9 polymorphism may decrease MMP9 activity, but this could not be verified by plasma determinations. This study investigated for the first time the association between the MMP9 Arg668Gln polymorphism and clinical outcome after acute MI. Our results indicate that the polymorphism does not seem to be associated with clinical outcome and in particular with the development of left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure.


The spreading behavior of new or invasive species is a central topic in ecology. The modelings of free boundary problems are widely studied to better understand the nature of spreading behavior of new species. From mathematical modeling point of view, it is a challenge to perform numerical simulations of free boundary problems, due to the moving boundary, the stiffness of the system and topological changes. In this work, we design numerical methods to investigate the spreading behavior of new species for a diffusive logistic model with a free boundary and a diffusive competition system with free boundaries. We develop a front-tracking method, which explicitly tracks the location of the moving boundary, in one dimension and higher dimensions with spherical symmetry. In higher dimensional cases, we introduce level set method to handle topological bifurcations. Various numerical simulations in one and two dimensional spaces are presented to validate the accuracy, and stability of the proposed numerical methods. To efficiently solve stiff reaction-diffusion equations, we also develop implicit integration factor (IIF) method combining Krylov subspace to solve the diffusive logistic model with a free boundary in one dimension. Compared with different numerical schemes, it can be observed that Krylov IIF is advantageous to other approaches in terms of stability and efficiency by direct comparison through numerical examples.


The English grain aphid is regarded as one of the most important pests of small grain cereals, especially wheat varieties in many parts of the world. The pest has extended its distribution throughout the wheat fields of Iran and in particular the East Azarbaijan province. Five modern Iranian wheat varieties, namely Alamoot, Alvand, Zarrin, Sabalan and Sardari, which are the most extensively cultivated in the province, were used in laboratory screening tests for assessment of their antibiosis resistance to the aphid at the stem elongation growth stage. This work was carried out under greenhouse conditions of 24.2±4.5 0C temperature, 55.7±4.6% R.H. and 16:8 (L: D) light regime. The probable antibiosis was assessed by studying the nymphal survival rate; mean developmental time and adult fecundity (total no. of progeny/ female produced within the first 10 and 15 days of reproductive stage) calculating the relevant intrinsic rate of natural population increase (rm value). The ANOVA of the data indicated that regarding duration of nymphal development time, adult fecundity and also rm values, there were significant differences (p<0.01) between the varieties. Based on this, the highest (7.70±0.47) and lowest (5.75±0.44) mean nymphal development time was calculated on Alvand and Sabalan respectively. The greatest (59.35±2.60 & 88.15±4.81) and the least (38.30±2.20 & 58.60±3.42) numbers of progeny produced per female within the first 10 and 15 days of larviposition period was observed on Sabalan and Sardari respectively. Moreover, the highest rm value (0.4120± 0.0074 & 0.4140± 0.0073) obtained for individuals reared on Sabalan, with the lowest (0.2620 ±0.0034& 0.2670±0.0025) being on Alvand. The present study indicated that at the stem elongation stage, Sabalan appeared to be more susceptible to the aphid whilst Alvand was more resistant and Sardari, Alamoot and Zarrin were regarded as intermediate among the others.


We report a mathematical formulation that successfully describes the holographic photocurrent that is produced, in strongly absorbing photorefractive materials, by the action of a pattern of interference fringes of light vibrating sinusoidally with large amplitude. The large vibrating amplitude produces a sensible enhancement of the photocurrent signal and in this way facilitates measurements. We also show that taking account of the bulk light absorption of the sample is essential for adequately describing the experiment. We measure the first temporal harmonic of the photocurrent, without an externally applied field, as a function of the amplitude and the temporal frequency of the vibrating pattern of fringes and show that these data fit our theoretical model well. From this fit we are able to determine some material parameters for pure and doped photorefractive Bi12TiO20 crystals.


This work presents guidelines on making accessible Rich Internet Applications (RIAs). The guidelines have been developed based on a thorough literature review, summarizing the current accessibility issues related to RIA. Existing solutions and recommendations have been processed and converted into a set of guidelines, aimed at those responsible for developing RIA solutions. Participants working with web development and accessibility evaluated the guidelines. The most important contribution from this project to the field of web accessibility research is strong indications of a need for process oriented accessibility guidelines.


This is a study of the complex problems faced by the authorities when coping with the first major submarine chase in Sweden during the 1980s. The incident was to establish a disturbing pattern for Swedish territorial defence that lasted for the rest of the decade. Having experienced a major `success' in the submarine defence area a year earlier in the so-called `whisky-on-the-rocks' crisis, the Swedish military and political leadership was caught in a credibility trap that closed forcefully as over 400 journalists reported the unsuccessful search-and-surface mission in the small bay of Hårsfjärden. This operative incident turned political crisis was the beginning (and perhaps the trigger) of what would become the number one security issue during the decade. It highlights the consequential interaction between organizations and different government levels in a high-profile security crisis. The framing of the problem confronting the decisionmakers was dominated by the incident handled a year previously. The study takes a cognitive-institutional approach to the decision-making process. The nexus between individual actors, groups and organizations is the focus of analysis, which is conducted taking a sequential view of the decision-making process, the larger picture of the problem being split into decision occasions. This captures best the environment where vital choices were made and shows how the process of analogical reasoning becomes important for the under-standing of the crisis management effort and its consequential results.


ABSTRACT Plasmodium vivax parasites have a unique dormant stage that can cause relapses weeks or months after the initial infection. These dormant parasites are among the main challenges of vivax malaria control as they constitute a reservoir that is difficult to eliminate. Since field studies are confounded by reinfections and possible recrudescence of drug-resistant parasites, most analyses of P. vivax relapses have focused on travelers returning from regions of malaria endemicity. However, it is not clear whether these individuals accurately recapitulate the relapse patterns of repeatedly infected individuals residing in areas of endemicity. Here, we present analyses of vivax malaria patients enrolled in a tightly controlled field study in Cambodia. After antimalarial drug treatment was administered, we relocated 20 individuals to a nontransmission area and followed them for 60 days, with blood collection performed every second day. Our analyses reveal that 60% of the patients relapsed during the monitoring period. Using whole-genome sequencing and high-throughput genotyping, we showed that relapses in Cambodia are often polyclonal and that the relapsing parasites harbor various degrees of relatedness to the parasites present in the initial infection. Our analyses also showed that clone populations differed dynamically, with new clones emerging during the course of the relapsing infections. Overall, our study data show that it is possible to investigate the patterns, dynamics, and diversity of P. vivax relapses of individuals living in a region of malaria endemicity and reveal that P. vivax relapses are much more pervasive and complex than previously considered. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02118090.) IMPORTANCE P. vivax parasites can remain dormant in the liver and relapse weeks or months after the initial infection, greatly complicating malaria control and elimination efforts. The few investigations of this dormant stage have relied on travelers and military personnel returning from areas of malaria endemicity. However, it is not clear whether these individuals, exposed to a limited number of infections, accurately represent the patterns of relapses of individuals living in areas of endemicity, who are repeatedly infected by P. vivax parasites. Our study combined tightly controlled fieldwork with comprehensive genomic analyses, and our report provides a first opportunity to investigate the patterns, dynamics, and diversity of P. vivax relapses directly with individuals living in areas of endemicity. IMPORTANCE P. vivax parasites can remain dormant in the liver and relapse weeks or months after the initial infection, greatly complicating malaria control and elimination efforts. The few investigations of this dormant stage have relied on travelers and military personnel returning from areas of malaria endemicity. However, it is not clear whether these individuals, exposed to a limited number of infections, accurately represent the patterns of relapses of individuals living in areas of endemicity, who are repeatedly infected by P. vivax parasites. Our study combined tightly controlled fieldwork with comprehensive genomic analyses, and our report provides a first opportunity to investigate the patterns, dynamics, and diversity of P. vivax relapses directly with individuals living in areas of endemicity.


Abstract Segmented polyurethanes (PURs), consisting of degradable poly(a-hydroxy ester) soft segments and aminoacid-derived chain extenders, are biocompatible elastomers with tunable mechanical and degradative properties suitable for a variety of tissue-engineering applications. In this study, a family of linear PURs synthesized from poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) diol, 1,4-diisocyanobutane and tyramine with theoretical PCL contents of 65–80 wt% were processed into porous foam scaffolds and evaluated for their ability to support osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Differential scanning calorimetry and mechanical testing of the foams indicated increasing polymer crystallinity and compressive modulus with increasing PCL content. Next, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were seeded into PUR scaffolds, as well as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds, and maintained under osteogenic conditions for 14 and 21 days. Analysis of cell number indicated a systematic decrease in cell density with increasing PUR stiffness at both 14 and 21 days in culture. However, at these same time points the relative mRNA expression for the bone-specific proteins osteocalcin and the growth factors bone morphogenetic protein-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression were similar among the PURs. Finally, prostaglandin E2 production, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin mRNA expression were highly elevated on the most-crystalline PUR scaffold as compared to the PLGA and PUR scaffolds. These results suggest that both the modulus and crystallinity of the PUR scaffolds influence cell proliferation and the expression of osteoblastic proteins.


One feature of the Anthropocene is the rise of large-scale environmental problems produced by human actions. A pressing problem is how to manage these environmental problems effectively. Their governance is often challenging because different stakeholder groups disagree on what the appropriate course of action should be. Furthermore, the problems are often complex, and scientific knowledge about them may contain significant gaps and uncertainties. We are interested in understanding the most challenging of these situations, which are often termed "wicked problems," and what effective environmental governance might look like under those conditions. In this paper, we report on a new, integrative methodology we have developed for analyzing governance processes by examining communications both within an environmental decision-making group and across the stakeholder networks within which the group is embedded. Shaped by a systems perspective, our methodology weaves together multiple theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches, forms of data, and levels of analysis. Very few previous studies have closely examined the actual decision-making process in participatory meetings, or situated these meetings in the broader stakeholder network interactions within which they are embedded. Our approach redresses this significant gap in the literature. For our field site, we selected a commission that was formed to develop recommendations for a new municipal ordinance on hydraulic fracturing (fracking). In order to preserve the anonymity of the commission, we do not identify the geographic region in which the commission was located, other than to say it was in the United States. Fracking exhibits all of the features associated with wicked problems, including multiple stakeholders with conflicting values, scientific uncertainty, and political complexity.


Purpose We sought to determine the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-stroke and myocardial infarction-and congestive heart failure (CHF) in older patients with colorectal cancer, as well as to understand the roles that preexisting comorbidities and cancer therapy play in increasing this risk. Patients and Methods We evaluated individuals from the SEER-Medicare database with incident stage I to III colorectal cancer at age older than 65 years between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2011 (n = 72,408) and compared these patients with a matched cohort of Medicare patients without cancer (n = 72,408). Results Median age at diagnosis of colorectal cancer was 78 years (range, 66 years to 106 years), and median follow-up was 8 years since diagnosis. The 10-year cumulative incidence of new-onset CVD and CHF were 57.4% and 54.5% compared with 22% and 18% for control, respectively ( P < .001). The interaction between hypertension and chemotherapy was significant ( P < .001) for CVD, and that between diabetes and chemotherapy was significant ( P < .001) for CHF. Within the first 2 years since diagnosis, exposure to capecitabine alone increased CHF hazard (hazard ratio [HR], 3.6; 95% CI, 12.76 to 4.38) compared with exposure to fluorouracil alone. Conversely, patients who were treated with fluorouracil alone had a higher CVD hazard at < 2 years and > 2 years since diagnosis compared with patients who received capecitabine alone (< 2 years HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.75; > 2 years HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.84). Conclusion Older patients with colorectal cancer are at increased risk of developing CVD and CHF. Diabetes and hypertension interact with chemotherapy to increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity. Future studies should assess the potential for personalized therapeutic options for those with preexisting morbidities and for structured monitoring for patients with a history of exposure to chemotherapy regimens, as well as explore the management of preexisting comorbidities to address long-term cardiovascular morbidity.


This note describes expected IPv6 host behavior in a network that has
more than one prefix, each allocated by an upstream network that
implements BCP 38 ingress filtering, when the host has multiple
routers to choose from. It also applies to other scenarios such as the
usage of stateful firewalls that effectively act as address-based
filters. This host behavior may interact with source address
selection in a given implementation, but logically follows it. Given
that the network or host is, or appears to be, multihomed with
multiple provider-allocated addresses, that the host has elected to
use a source address in a given prefix, and that some but not all
neighboring routers are advertising that prefix in their Router
Advertisement Prefix Information Options, this document specifies to
which router a host should present its transmission. It updates RFC
4861.


Non-biological experimental variation or "batch effects" are commonly observed across multiple batches of microarray experiments, often rendering the task of combining data from these batches difficult. The ability to combine microarray data sets is advantageous to researchers to increase statistical power to detect biological phenomena from studies where logistical considerations restrict sample size or in studies that require the sequential hybridization of arrays. In general, it is inappropriate to combine data sets without adjusting for batch effects. Methods have been proposed to filter batch effects from data, but these are often complicated and require large batch sizes ( > 25) to implement. Because the majority of microarray studies are conducted using much smaller sample sizes, existing methods are not sufficient. We propose parametric and non-parametric empirical Bayes frameworks for adjusting data for batch effects that is robust to outliers in small sample sizes and performs comparable to existing methods for large samples. We illustrate our methods using two example data sets and show that our methods are justifiable, easy to apply, and useful in practice. Software for our method is freely available at: http://biosun1.harvard.edu/complab/batch/.