The purpose of this study was to identify the health education services provided by oral hygienists working in private dental practices. A questionnaire was designed, pilot tested and posted to all hygienists registered with the SAMDC. Thirty eight per cent returned the questionnaire. Results indicated that an average of only 6 to 10 minutes was spent on oral hygiene instruction per patient. The reasons given for this were identified as lack of time and resistance of patients to change their habits. Education procedures most often performed were the demonstration of brushing and flossing techniques. The least performed procedures included the use of disclosing agents and periodontal measurements. A statistical significant correlation was found between the number of patients consulted per day and salary paid by the dentist. Hygienists who earn more treat more patients per day, but do not spend less time on providing oral hygiene information. Patient resistance is an obstacle to oral hygiene instruction and more emphasis should be placed on the psychological approach to behavioural change than on techniques of oral hygiene. More time should be spent on oral health education and follow-up appointments should be scheduled to support patients in maintaining good oral health care.


The effect of various integrated crop management practices on productivity (fruit yield, grade, and size) and returns of 'Washington Navel' oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] was determined in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Seventy-two combinations of treatments comprised of three irrigation levels [80%,100%, and 120% evapotranspiration demand (ETc)], three N fertilizer levels (low, medium, and high based on 2.3%,2.5%, and 2.7% leaf N, respectively), gibberellic acid (±), miticide (±), and fungicide-nematicide (±) were included in the analysis. Using a partial budgeting procedure returns after costs were calculated for each treatment combination. Costs of treatments, harvesting, packing, and processing were subtracted from the value of the crop. The value of the crop was calculated as the sum of returns of crop in each size and grade category. The overall result indicated that returns after costs were higher for the +fungicide- nematicide treatment and also were generally more with increased irrigation. The combination of 120% ETc, +fungicide- nematicide, medium or high N, - miticide, and ‐ gibberllin showed the highest return of all treatment combinations. Second highest returns were obtained with high N or with miticide and gibberellin used together.


Studies in both human and nonhuman primates indicate that motor and premotor cortical regions participate in auditory and visual perception of actions. Previous studies, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), showed that perceiving visual and auditory speech increased the excitability of the orofacial motor system during speech perception. Such studies, however, cannot tell us which brain regions mediate this effect. In this study, we used the technique of combining positron emission tomography with TMS to identify the brain regions that modulate the excitability of the motor system during speech perception. Our results show that during auditory speech perception, there is increased excitability of motor system underlying speech production and that this increase is significantly correlated with activity in the posterior part of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). We propose that this area primes the motor system in response to heard speech even when no speech output is required and, as such, operates at the interface of perception and action.


This paper analyses metadata practices and needs in the French research community. It focuses on PhD theses whose life-cycle is totally controlled by the academic institutions. It uses information treatments dealing with setting up research policy as samples for an eresearch orientation. Several case-studies illustrate the fundamental role of various repositories containing affiliations, authorities or linguistic items. ARTIST, the collective author of this paper, is introduced.


We investigate the material fluxes in space and time as a result of exhumation and erosion processes at the ongoing Yakutat–North American collision in southeast Alaska. Many thermochronologic studies using a variety of sampling strategies are challenged by the widespread ice cover that limit field observations and accessibility. This paper reviews new and published low-temperature thermochronological data from southeast Alaska to give a comprehensive interpretation of the exhumation patterns through time and how they are influenced by surface processes and climate change. We find that the southeastern margin of Alaska was exhumed and eroded long before the late Miocene–Pliocene Yakutat collision, but since the beginning of the subduction of the Yakutat lithosphere in the Oligocene/early Miocene. Today there is a distinct pattern of exhumation in southeast Alaska with a localized very rapid and deep-seated exhumation at the Yakutat plate corner (St. Elias syntaxis), where strike slip motion changes to convergence. Exhumation is also rapid, but less deep along the dextral Fairweather fault, and in the evolving fold and thrust belt. We present a re-interpretation of the exhumation pattern in the fold and thrust belt and suggest that mass transport by exhumation is parallel to the observed active thrust faults and oblique to the suture zone and orogenic strike. The locus of most rapid exhumation migrated from northwest to southeast with Recent exhumation occurring near the St. Elias syntaxis. Exhumation of the Chugach terrane rocks is still active, however to a lesser degree than on the south side of the orogen where precipitation rates are much higher. The Wrangellia terrane to the north has experienced little exhumation and has essentially formed the backstop for terrane accretion in southeast Alaska since the Early Cretaceous. Apatite U-Th/He ages give the first evidence that rocks of the Wrangell Range have only been recently uplifted and eroded as a consequence of the continuing Yakutat collision. In general the thermochronology in southeast Alaska reveals that climate variations across the region as well as changes through time have a limited influence on the pattern of erosion and that the location of deep exhumation is primarily influenced by tectonic processes.


Programs written in managed languages are compiled to a platform-independent intermediate representation, such as Java bytecode. The relative high level of Java bytecode has engendered a widespread practice of changing the bytecode directly, without modifying the maintained version of the source code. This practice, called bytecode engineering or enhancement, has become indispensable in transparently introducing various concerns, including persistence, distribution, and security. For example, transparent persistence architectures help avoid the entanglement of business and persistence logic in the source code by changing the bytecode directly to synchronize objects with stable storage. With functionality added directly at the bytecode level, the source code reflects only partial semantics of the program. Specifically, the programmer can neither ascertain the program's runtime behavior by browsing its source code, nor map the runtime behavior back to the original source code. This research presents an approach that improves the utility of source-level programming tools by providing enhancement specifications written in a domain-specific language. By interpreting the specifications, a source-level programming tool can gain an awareness of the bytecode enhancements and improve its precision and usability. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach by making a source code editor and a symbolic debugger enhancements-aware.


In this paper we present an analysis strategy and a dedicated tool to determine the exclusion confidence level for any scenario involving multiple heavy extra quarks with generic decay channels, as predicted in several extensions of the Standard Model. We have created, validated and used a software package, called XQCAT (eXtra Quark Combined Analysis Tool), which is based on publicly available experimental data from direct searches for top partners and from Supersymmetry inspired searches. The code will soon be publicly available and will be upgraded to include data from new searches. By means of this code, we recast the limits from CMS on new heavy extra quarks considering a complete set of decay channels. The resulting exclusion confidence levels are presented for some simple scenarios with multiple states and general coupling assumptions. Highlighting the importance of combining multiple topology searches to obtain accurate re-interpretations of the existing searches, we discuss the reach of the SUSY analyses so as to set bounds on new quark resonances. In particular, we report on the re-interpretation of the existing limits on benchmark scenarios with one and multiple pair-produced top partners having non-exclusive couplings to the third Standard Model generation of quarks.


This paper proposes to determine a sufficient number of images for reliable classification and to use feature selection to select most relevant features for achieving reliable steganalysis. First dimensionality issues in the context of classification are outlined, and the impact of the different parameters of a steganalysis scheme (the number of samples, the number of features, the steganography method, and the embedding rate) is studied. On one hand, it is shown that, using Bootstrap simulations, the standard deviation of the classification results can be very important if too small training sets are used; moreover a minimum of 5000 images is needed in order to perform reliable steganalysis. On the other hand, we show how the feature selection process using the OP-ELM classifier enables both to reduce the dimensionality of the data and to highlight weaknesses and advantages of the six most popular steganographic algorithms.


The enzyme α1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT or GGTA1) synthesizes α1,3-galactose (α1,3Gal) epitopes (Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-R), which are the major xenoantigens causing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Complete removal of α1,3Gal from pig organs is the critical step toward the success of xenotransplantation. We reported earlier the targeted disruption of one allele of the α1,3GT gene in cloned pigs. A selection procedure based on a bacterial toxin was used to select for cells in which the second allele of the gene was knocked out. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that knockout of the second allele of the α1,3GT gene was caused by a T-to-G single point mutation at the second base of exon 9, which resulted in inactivation of the α1,3GT protein. Four healthy α1,3GT double-knockout female piglets were produced by three consecutive rounds of cloning. The piglets carrying a point mutation in the α1,3GT gene hold significant value, as they would allow production of α1,3Gal-deficient pigs free of antibiotic-resistance genes and thus have the potential to make a safer product for human use.


Novel information on silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) foliar element contents and their seasonal, between-habitat and leaf level variations are provided by applying fine-scaled element mapping with micro X-ray fluorescence. In the monthly leaf samples collected from May to October from six different habitats, pairwise scatter plots and Spearman's rank correlations showed statistically significant positive correlations between Si, Al and Fe, and covariations between also many other pairs of elements. Of the ten elements studied, seven showed statistically significant changes in their average levels between May and June. The contents of P, S and K decreased in most habitats during the later season, whereas Ca and in some habitats also Mn and Zn increased. Comparing habitats, trees in the limestone habitat had relatively low content of Mg, strongly increasing levels of P until the late season, and high content of Ca and Fe. Other habitats also revealed distinctive particularities in their foliar elements, such as a high relative content of S and a low content of Ca at the seashore. Mn was high in three habitats, possibly due to bedrock characteristics. Except for P, the contents of all elements diverged between the midrib and other leaf areas. Zn content was particularly high in the leaf veins. Mn levels were highest at the leaf margins, indicating a possible sequestration mechanism for this potentially harmful element. Si may help to alleviate the metallic toxicities of Al and Fe. Because the growing season studied was dry, some trees developed symptoms of drought stress. The injured leaf parts had reduced levels of P, S and K, suggesting translocation of these nutrients before permanent damage.


AIM
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the expression of stathmin in different histological grades and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging of Oral carcinoma and various grades of oral dysplasia. The study also aims at observing the stathmin expression with respect to lymph node metastasis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 90 histopathologically confirmed tissue sections were acquired, of which 30 sections of oral dysplasia, 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and 30 normal tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically with stathmin. The tissue sections, were categorized into different grades of oral dysplasia and OSCC based on histopathological examination. For estimation of stathmin expression, manual examination of 300 cells was done in a minimum of five different areas of tissue section and a mean proportion of positive-stained cells were determined. The statistical analysis of the results was done using ANOVA test.

RESULTS
A statistically significant increase in mean staining scores of stathmin in OSCC group compared to dysplasia and control groups. A statistically significant difference was observed in different grades of dysplasia and OSCC groups. Stage III and stage IV OSCC tissue sections showed high intensity staining scores of stathmin expression.

CONCLUSION
An increased expression of stathmin was detected in various grades of OSCC and also with respect to staging of oral cancer. Half the cases of OSCC with lymph node metastasis showed high intensity scores of stathmin. Based on the above facts, stathmin expression was indicated as a potential tool for predicting the outcome of oral cancer patients with lymph node metastasis and its expression was increased in the group with poor prognosis.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Any damage/mutation to stathmin can result in defects in cell division resulting in aneuploidy and in turn cancers. In this study, the results showed that there is a differential expression of stathmin in the early and the advanced grades and different TNM stages of OSCC. A high expression of stathmin was observed in all the cases with lymph node metastasis. These observations prove that stathmin has an important role in the progression, tumorigenicity, and prognosis of the oral cancer.


We propose a framework for automatic enhancement of group photographs by facial expression analysis. We are motivated by the observation that group photographs are seldom perfect. Subjects may have inadvertently closed their eyes, may be looking away, or may not be smiling at that moment. Given a set of photographs of the same group of people, our algorithm uses facial analysis to determine a goodness score for each face instance in those photos. This scoring function is based on classifiers for facial expressions such as smiles and eye-closure, trained over a large set of annotated photos. Given these scores, a best composite for the set is synthesized by (a) selecting the photo with the best overall score, and (b) replacing any low-scoring faces in that photo with high-scoring faces of the same person from other photos, using alignment and seamless composition.


Based on a qualitative study of four organisations involving 47 respondents following the extensive 2010 - 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, this paper presents some guidance for human resource practitioners dealing with post-disaster recovery. A key issue is the need for the human resource function to reframe its practices in a post-disaster context, developing a specific focus on understanding and addressing changing employee needs, and monitoring the leadership behaviour of supervisors. This article highlights the importance of flexible organisational responses based around a set of key principles concerning communication and employee perceptions of company support.


This study examines the cointegration between BIST 30 index and MSCI emerging market index from January 2003 to July 2017 by employing Johansen cointegration test. The MSCI emerging markets index is created by Morgan Stanley Capital International and consists of indices from 24 emerging countries. Since the MSCI index is considered as a benchmark in emerging markets, the relationship between Borsa Istanbul and this index is very important for portfolio managers. In addition, to analyze the long-term impact of the recent global financial crisis between Borsa Istanbul and emerging markets, the sample period is divided into two sub-periods : pre and post crisis. For the whole period, there does exist a significant long term relation between Borsa Istanbul and MSCI emerging market index while there is no evidence of cointegration in the pre-crisis period. However, the results for the post crisis period indicate that Borsa Istanbul and MSCI index are cointegrated that means they move together in the long run. This may suggest that there are limited benefits for portfolio diversification between these markets due to increased globalization of financial markets in recent years.


From the heart is a studio art project--and a text. The two parts of this thesis radically relate in a postmodern linear/non-linear format that offers varied points of entry and a multiplex of reading possibilities, including the notion that the previous statement may be unreadable. Alternatively, the two parts illustrate each other with a minimum of fuss. From the heart is a folk tale and occasional dirty joke. It is an urban/rural legend about a life being lived (my own) and a life that was lost (my brother's). It tells a very specific story about the fundamental interconnectedness of all things, and it affirms the role of love as a powerful, healing force in the world. From the heart speaks with seven voices, who describe processes of loving, seeing, learning, analyzing, deconstructing, reconstructing and loving once more, each from their various points of view. From the heart documents a personal/political struggle of becoming oneself and learning how to support the struggles of others. Fundamentally, from the heart challenges western/mainstream assumptions about "the way it is." However, evolution has a tendency to occur, and from the heart is not excepted. Many questions could be asked but there are no definitive answers offered, other than as polemic and opinion--and so, reader dear, you must make up your own mind. Many possible choices/directions lie before me. I, the author of my own story, stand at the crossroads, love-struck and lugging a big backpack. How will I decide which way to go?


The objective of this study is to analyze publication's evolution on the topic of client satisfaction using the Scopus database in the English language for the period 1954-2016. The methodology used in this paper is a literature review conducted on 2753 scientific articles and 156 journals. After establishing 100 top publications topics on client satisfaction, the contributors find that authors used almost the same methods of research and data collection. The main results demonstrate the increase of interest over the theme in different social and economic sciences, as well as in different countries. Important scientific journals also increase the number of publications on client satisfaction. Besides the high interest over this theme in the academia, the international literature reviews are still scarce. The approach, based on the construction of a database using a systematic selection process that was applied to the English language publications on social and economic science areas, is a valid tool that can be applied for literature reviews in all areas within social and economic sciences. To the contributors knowledge, the bibliometric analysis is applied for the first time on client satisfaction, so this is also a novel aspect of the paper to highlight.


Drawing upon the theoretical framework of social identity theory and literature on physical intimacy, consumer neuroscience, and social cognitive and affective neuroscience, responses to images featuring same-gender and other-gender pairs are explored through examination of self-reported attitudes and neural activity associated with attention, memory, and emotion. Under the pretense of pretesting the effectiveness of images to be used in a national advertising campaign, participants viewed still images while neuroelectric brain responses were recorded. Each image featured two women, two men, or a man and a woman presented in positions of physical intimacy. Results indicated that event-related brain potentials (ERPs) associated with attention did not differ overall based on couple composition. However, ERPs associated with working memory and emotion were enhanced when processing images with two men. Preference for these images was reflected in self-reported attitudes.


Data races are a common source of errors in multithreaded programs. In this paper, we show how to protect a program from data race errors at runtime by executing multiple replicas of the program with complementary thread schedules. Complementary schedules are a set of replica thread schedules crafted to ensure that replicas diverge only if a data race occurs and to make it very likely that harmful data races cause divergences. Our system, called Frost, uses complementary schedules to cause at least one replica to avoid the order of racing instructions that leads to incorrect program execution for most harmful data races. Frost introduces outcome-based race detection, which detects data races by comparing the state of replicas executing complementary schedules. We show that this method is substantially faster than existing dynamic race detectors for unmanaged code. To help programs survive bugs in production, Frost also diagnoses the data race bug and selects an appropriate recovery strategy, such as choosing a replica that is likely to be correct or executing more replicas to gather additional information. Frost controls the thread schedules of replicas by running all threads of a replica non-preemptively on a single core. To scale the program to multiple cores, Frost runs a third replica in parallel to generate checkpoints of the program's likely future states --- these checkpoints let Frost divide program execution into multiple epochs, which it then runs in parallel. We evaluate Frost using 11 real data race bugs in desktop and server applications. Frost both detects and survives all of these data races. Since Frost runs three replicas, its utilization cost is 3x. However, if there are spare cores to absorb this increased utilization, Frost adds only 3--12% overhead to application runtime.


This study analyzes 157 unduplicated Cambodian television advertisements for differences in gender representation. The findings indicate gender differences for several variables, including the degree of dress (more men than women were fully dressed and more women than men were suggestively dressed), the setting (more women than men were at home and more men than women were in the workplace), voiceovers (male voiceovers clearly outnumbered female ones), and product categories (women were featured in advertisements for body care/toiletries/cosmetics/beauty products, and men were in advertisements for alcoholic drinks and automotive/vehicles/transportation/accessories products). Most of these gender differences were expected in the patriarchal society of Cambodia, where there are traditionally strict codes of conduct for men and women. However, some results (equal numerical representation, age) ran counter to most previous research. The potential effects of such representations on audiences are discussed based on social cognitive theory and cultivation theory.


This article traces the rise and development of intercultural Biblical exegesis in Africa, especially with regard to New Testament interpretations. Different trends of Biblical exegesis practiced in Africa are explored, whereafter the different phases of intercultural exegesis are discussed. The focus falls on inculturation hermeneutic as an important method of interpreting the Bible in an African context. The different proponents of this method are discussed and differences in approach are noted and appraised as a healthy tension.


One of the most remarkable and hitherto unnoticed developments in nineteenth-century British thought, was Isaac Butt's (1) attempt to combine Mountifort Longfield's theory of profit (2) with the general utility teachings of Jean Baptiste Say (3) and thereby develop one of the earliest presentations (if not the earliest) of the marginal utility theory of imputation. The idea that the valuation of productive resources is inextricably linked to the value of the commodities they help produce constitutes a theme throughout all of Say's writings on economics. However, the more technical question of exactly how this "value created" is exactly apportioned among the productive factors is one that Say himself did not attempt to answer. The answer to this question depended on (i) finding some method of individually assessing the relative importance of resources that are employed in combination and (ii) demonstrating that the spontaneous forces of the market do in fact reward factors in accordance with their relative importance. Longfield had provided such principles in the course of his own account of how the national product is distributed among the three great classes of society--the landlords, capitalists, and workers. (4) It remained for Longfield's disciple Isaac Butt to combine the technical apparatus provided by his teacher with the general utility orientation of Say and thereby arrive at an early version of what in the latter part of the nineteenth century became a leading doctrine of the utility school--the marginal utility theory of imputation. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century and thereafter, there sprang up an extensive literature on the historical origins of the doctrines of the marginal utility school of economics. (5) For almost half a century, the search for "precursors," (which uncovered such giants as von Thunen, Gossen, and Cournot) bypassed completely the writings of a small but unquestionably original group of economists who wrote and lectured at Trinity College, Dublin, during the first part of the nineteenth century. The creation of the Whately Chair of Political Economy at that college in 1832 made it financially possible for a variety of talented minds to turn their energies to the subject matter of this nascent science. However, despite the preponderance of original ideas and discoveries in their published lectures, the economic writings of authors such as Longfield and Butt remained obscure and without much influence outside Ireland. (6) This oversight was largely remedied when in 1903 E. A. G. Seligman published his now famous essay, "On Some Neglected British Economists." (7) Seligman lauded the value and distribution theories of the two earliest Irish professors, Longfield and Butt, and declared that they had made important contributions to the early development of marginalist doctrine. Years later, in 1945, R. D. Collison Black went a step further and established the fact that "something closely approaching a 'subjective value school' existed at Dublin University in the mid-nineteenth century." Black reviewed practically the whole of the published writings of the early line of Whately professors at Trinity College, Dublin, and found them more congenial to the utility theory than the writings of their English contemporaries across the channel. (8) Seligman and Black's complementary interpretations were taken over and reinforced by Schumpeter in his History of Economic Analysis. (9) When assessing Butt's individual contribution to economics, Black was reluctant to credit him with having advanced the utility doctrine beyond the state in which it was left by his precursor Longfield. Black writes that "there is no considerable development of [utility] ideas in Butt's work, but he uses them as an introduction to a novel theory of original prices, based upon productivity considerations, after the method of Longfield." (10) Neither Black nor any other writer has developed this statement further and the contemporary reader is apt to overlook the fact that by working out a "novel theory of original prices," Butt was actually (with the aid of Longfield's analytic apparatus) presenting an embryonic version of the marginal utility theory of imputation. …


Background: Obesity, physical inactivity, and altered estrogen metabolism play integrated role contributing to the disease risk profiles of postmenopausal women (PMW). Aim: To study the correlation of body fat and blood lipids with autonomic nervous system activity in PM Indian women. Subjects and Methods: A total of 60 PM sedentary women without any gross systemic disease were selected as a control group and 23 PMW, who were regularly doing morning walk for 1-year was selected as a study group. Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip (W/H) ratio were recorded; lipid profile analyzed, and conventional autonomic function tests were carried. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: There was a significant difference in BMI, W/H ratio, lipid profile, autonomic function tests between the two groups. Aging and menopausal duration (MD) were positively correlated with pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, orthostatic tolerance test (OTT), and negatively correlated with Valsalva ratio (VR), deep breath test (DBT), 30:15 relative risk (RR) intervals ratio, isometric hand-grip test (HGT), cold pressor test (CPT). BMI and W/H ratio were positively correlated with TC, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, OTT, and negatively correlated with isometric HGT, CPT. TC and LDL were negatively correlated with VR, deep breath difference test, 30:15 RR interval ratios, isometric HGT, CPT, and positively correlated with OTT. Multiple regression analysis revealed LDL cholesterol as the only significant independent explanatory variable of DBT. LDL cholesterol and age were the significant independent explanatory variables of 30:15 RR interval ratios, CPT. TC, LDL cholesterol, and age were the significant independent explanatory variables of isometric HGT. Conclusions: Aging, MD, BMI, and W/H ratio all contribute significantly to worsening of autonomic functions and lipid profile. Multiple regression analysis revealed LDL cholesterol as the most significant contributor of worsening of autonomic functions in PM females and regular exercise can improve these parameters significantly.


We consider a vector-Laplace problem posed on a 2D surface embedded in a 3D domain, which results from the modeling of surface fluids based on exterior Cartesian differential operators. The main topic of this paper is the development and analysis of a finite element method for the discretization of this surface partial differential equation. We apply the trace finite element technique, in which finite element spaces on a background shape-regular tetrahedral mesh that is surface-independent are used for discretization. In order to satisfy the constraint that the solution vector field is tangential to the surface we introduce a Lagrange multiplier. We show well-posedness of the resulting saddle point formulation. A discrete variant of this formulation is introduced which contains suitable stabilization terms and is based on trace finite element spaces. For this method we derive optimal discretization error bounds. Furthermore algebraic properties of the resulting discrete saddle point problem are studied. In particular an optimal Schur complement preconditioner is proposed. Results of a numerical experiment are included.


Abstract. This paper describes a method to automatically generate a large ensemble of air quality simulations. Such an ensemble may be useful for quantifying uncertainty, improving forecasts, evaluating risks, identifying process weaknesses, etc. The objective is to take into account all sources of uncertainty: input data, physical formulation and numerical formulation. The leading idea is to build different chemistry-transport models in the same framework, so that the ensemble generation can be fully controlled. Large ensembles can be generated with a Monte Carlo simulations that address at the same time the uncertainties in the input data and in the model formulation. This is achieved using the Polyphemus system, which is flexible enough to build various different models. The system offers a wide range of options in the construction of a model: many physical parameterizations, several numerical schemes and different input data can be combined. In addition, input data can be perturbed. In this paper, some 30 alternatives are available for the generation of a model. For each alternative, the options are given a probability, based on how reliable they are supposed to be. Each model of the ensemble is defined by randomly selecting one option per alternative. In order to decrease the computational load, as many computations as possible are shared by the models of the ensemble. As an example, an ensemble of 101 photochemical models is generated and run for the year 2001 over Europe. The models' performance is quickly reviewed, and the ensemble structure is analyzed. We found a strong diversity in the results of the models and a wide spread of the ensemble. It is noteworthy that many models turn out to be the best model in some regions and some dates.


Thinking and policy on corporate regulation have been in flux during recent decades. Whereas the neoliberal discourse of the 1980s emphasized deregulation and corporate rights, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda of the 1990s stressed corporate self-regulation and voluntary initiatives involving, for example, codes of conduct, improvements in occupational health and safety, environmental management systems, social and environmental reporting, support for community projects and philanthropy. As the limits of self-regulation became apparent, and as the regulatory capacity or willingness of developing country governments, international bodies and trade unions continued to decline, alternative regulatory approaches have emerged. These have centred on coregulation, in which a combination of government, multilateral, civil society and business interests engage in public-private partnerships (PPPs) and multistakeholder initiatives (MSIs) associated with standard setting, reporting, monitoring, auditing and certification. More recently there have been increasing calls for corporate accountability and a renewed interest in international regulation of transnational corporations (TNCs). From the perspective of development and good governance, how effective are these different approaches?


The overconsumption of calorie-dense foods high in added salt, sugar, and fat is a major contributor to current rates of obesity, and methods to reduce consumption are needed. Prolonged water-only fasting followed by an exclusively whole-plant-food diet free of added salt, oil, and sugar may reduce the consumption of these hyper-palatable foods, but such effects have not been quantified. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary study to estimate the effects of this intervention on salty and sweet taste detection and recognition thresholds and perceived taste intensity after at least five days of fasting and at refeed day three. We also assessed the effects on sweet, salty, and fatty food preference and overall dietary consumption 30 days after the day three refeed visit. Based on this data, we estimated that 10 days after the start of the fasting, salty taste recognition, sweet taste detection, and sweet taste recognition thresholds decreased significantly, salty taste intensity ratings increased significantly, and sweet taste intensity ratings decreased significantly. We also have preliminary data that prolonged water-only fasting followed by refeeding on an exclusively whole-food-plant diet may reduce salty/fatty and sweet/fatty food liking, reduce sugar intake, and increase vegetable intake. These results support further research into the effects of fasting and diet on taste function and food likability and consumption.


A history of the collapse of the savings and loan industry. The authors contend that FSLIC's institutional structures, established decades ago, made a thrift crisis inevitable. Poorly designed incentive structures strongly encouraged regulators and thrift managers to delay proper action when thrifts became insolvent. The authors present recommendations to prevent a recurrence of the crisis.


We analyze exchange-rate management by the central bank when it makes the FX market for the sake of social-welfare objectives. It is assumed that markets are incomplete, so that agents are exposed to exchange-rate volatility against which they cannot fully hedge. It follows that the central bank may provide insurance by smoothing the exchange rate. However, smoothing the exchange rate also creates arbitrage opportunities for spec-ulators. We show that the central bank cannot smooth the exchange rate and deter speculation at the same time. A Tobin tax may provide a way out.


The issue of plagiarism in education has existed for many years, however, advances in technology resulting in easy access to a multitude of information sources has reduced the effort required to incorporate the work of others into an essay or report. A Plagiarism Advisory Service has been established to provide advice and guidance on all aspects of plagiarism prevention and detection. This article presents the background to the Advisory Service and the associated electronic Plagiarism Detection Service. The nature and operation of the detection software is such that it should always be viewed as an additional element of any plagiarism prevention strategy. Future plans for the Advisory Service include the development of tools aimed at improving students referencing and citation practice and encouraging academics to audit their own assessment practice.


Norris et al.'s claim that feedback is unnecessary is compromised by (1) a questionable application of Occam's razor, given strong evidence for feedback in perception; (2) an idealization of the speech recognition problem that simplifies those aspects of the input that create conditions where feedback is useful; (3) Norris et al.'s use of decision nodes that incorporate feedback to model some important empirical results; and (4) problematic linking hypotheses between crucial simulations and behavioral data.


This study examines how fear of crime is altered in regards to crime-preventive strategies and programs among individuals within businesses. The study also investigates whether perceived risk, previous victimization, and demographics influence the individuals within the businesses fear of crime against their businesses. Based on a theoretical discussion derived from the Vulnerability Perspective, Indirect and Direct Experience with Crime, Ecological Perspective, and the Situational Crime Prevention perspective, this study assesses how individuals within businesses fear of crime affects the business crime-preventive strategies and programs, and vice versa. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with high level participants and business owners from different industries. It is concluded that the general fear of crime among the interviewees businesses are considered as none, or very low. Most security measures in regards to these types of crimes are used because of standards, rather than influenced by fear. However, some security measured have had been established and altered because of previous victimization. The most fear inducing crimes among the interviewees were those types of crimes which involved intoxicated offenders, where violent outcomes with regards to the employees were considered to be high. Only the high risk businesses representatives had this type of fear, because of prior direct victimization. In some regards, the security measures used by the businesses provide the business representatives with the feeling of being in control, which causes the levels of fear of crime to be low. Another reason for the low level of fears among the business representatives is that the crimes committed towards their organizations are not seen as a personal victimization; instead it is regarded to be frustrating, as it causes economic damages and more work. It also appears that the more vulnerable the business is to become victimized by crime, the more security measures are applied.


The Alien Tort Statute (ATS) provides foreign plaintiffs with the sole means of obtaining jurisdiction in U.S. courts for alleged human rights abuses. These plaintiffs increasingly seek to hold corporations accountable for complicity in some of the most notorious violations of international law occurring overseas. Prior to 2010, U.S. courts routinely entertained ATS claims against corporations without question. Yet, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. recently held that the ATS does not provide foreign plaintiffs redress against corporate entities. The Second Circuit relied solely on international law in making this finding. This Note examines whether international or domestic law should control a court's determination of which defendants may be held liable under the ATS. This Note analyzes the established choice of law principles for determining what constitutes a "violation of the law of nations" and the recent split between circuits on who can be liable for such a violation. From this discussion, this Note advocates a new approach to choice of law principles based on the difference between conduct and remedies under the ATS. The U.S. Supreme Court undoubtedly requires lower courts to consider international law in determining whether a defendant's conduct violates international law. Once this is established, domestic law provides the means for holding that defendant—whether an individual or corporate entity—accountable.


Abstract Health research is highly regulated and controlled. The South African legal framework consists of the Bill of Rights, the National Health Act, and two sets of Department of Health guidelines, Medical Research Council Ethical Guidelines Book 1, and South African Health Professions Council General Ethical Guidelines for Health Researchers (Booklet 6) add an ethical overlay to the care and protection of research participants. These acts, regulations and guidelines are based on accepted international ethical guidelines and principles. This article notes the historical background to the development of these guidelines, evaluates the South African Acts/regulations/guidelines as they pertain to anaesthesia and ICU research, and discusses attendant difficulties and pitfalls with reference to informed consent in this context. There are general requirements for participants' consent and health research ethics oversight, but a waiver of individual consent is possible under certain circumstances. The regulations/guidelines restrict ICU research on temporary incompetent patients to minimal risk therapeutic research. Yet, there is increasing need for fundamental clinical ICU research which falls outside this limitation. Health research ethics committees (HRECs) generally apply their minds and may allow surrogate decision making (i.e. consent by a person other that the participant), but this can also be problematic since relatives may not know what the participant may have wanted, may object to the added responsibility of providing consent for research on top of consent for clinical treatment, and other surrogates may be subject to conflicts of interest. The regulatory framework should be brought into line with the requirements of the real world, international trends and practices. Section 71 of the NHA was recently promulgated. If applied, it would mandate informed consent in all health research, disallowing surrogate consent and waivers of consent, and would halt almost all research on children since ministerial approval would be required for all non-therapeutic research. The hope is that ministerial approval might be delegated to health research ethics committees.


In societies marred by conflict, the propensity of populations to be harmed by climate hazards is likely to be increased by their exposure to violence and other coercive practices. Stakeholder assessments of climate vulnerability, as reported here for the Gaza Strip, can capture the qualitative experience of harm caused by conflict-related practices as these relate to, and interact with, forecasted climatic risks. The key pathways of climate vulnerability identified by stakeholders in Gaza relate above all to expected impacts on food security and water security. Exploration of these vulnerability pathways reveals conflict-structured non-climatic risks overwhelming forecasted climate risks. The prevalence in Gaza of short-term 'enforced coping' prevents the development of long-term adaptive capacity. Climate vulnerability assessments in (post)conflict environments should acknowledge the methodological and political-policy challenges caused by chronic, non-climatic sources of harm.


Buyer–seller negotiations (BSN) are the fundamental mechanism of deal-making in business markets. However, it is well-known that many such negotiations fail to exploit their integrative potential and remain inefficient. Therefore, defining, measuring, and understanding the causes of BSN efficiency are of great consequence to researchers, managers, and policy makers. Based on an assessment of the shortcomings in extant measures, we posit the conceptual and analytical desiderata for any measure of negotiation efficiency. Specifically, we refine the conceptual understanding of BSN efficiency beyond the standard economic viewpoint and extend it to encompass a) affective responses to complement economic outcome measures, b) resources expended to reach these outcomes, and c) the multi-dimensional nature of both the outcome and input (resource) aspects. We propose Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as a means to measure our conceptualization of BSN efficiency to alleviate the shortcomings identified. We use two studies to illustrate the face validity and additional insights that employing DEA provides compared to traditional outcome measures. We conclude by discussing the directions for future research.


The 2008-09 crisis has shown that some euro area member countries were unable to sufficiently stabilize their economies which has given rise to a debate about deeper fiscal integration in Europe. In this paper, we analyze the redistributive and stabilizing effects of two scenarios of fiscal integration in the Eurozone, namely the introduction of i) a joint tax and transfer system that replaces 10 per cent of national systems and ii) a system of fiscal equalization that equalizes 10 per cent of differences in taxing capacity. Based on the European tax-benefit calculator EUROMOD and representative household micro data for the current 17 euro area member states, our conceptual experiment shows that a joint tax and transfer system would only lead to moderate gains in terms of stabilization while redistribution would flow especially towards the Eastern European member states. In contrast, a fiscal equalization mechanism that redistributes revenues across countries could even lead to destabilizing effects.


The article introduces a new method for the empirical analysis of cultural phenomena, called multi-lectic anatomy. It is applied to two key culture-political "art actions" by Leningrad/Saint Petersburg artist Timur Novikov (1958–2002), who gained fame through a wide range of symbolic conceits, creating assumed satirical intentions, cynical denials, kynic hoaxes, and spoofs. The article models actual audiences' differing judgments of Novikov's performances. The case studies introduce the formal vocabulary of multi-lectic anatomy, expand Alexei Yurchak's well-known discussion of stiob and the performative shift, and adapt the Russian concept of poshlost' to discuss perceptions of moral and aesthetic bad faith. Many observers took delight in Novikov's postmodern games and paradoxes. The article describes these as elaborate cultural expressions of a banal vacuum of values, and raises questions concerning the wider historical significance of Novikov's supposedly dangerous artistic strategies.


causes. If it is caused by carbon build-up, our first thought is to cut or offset greenhouse gas emissions. Our thinking then glides logically on to finding ways of doing so, especially adopting new energy technologies and launching carbon trading markets (which are key to stimulating innovative solutions, to lowering the costs of abatement, to helping end the north-south impasse). All this is essential. But it is not enough. Safeguarding the environment requires other levers, levers that are simple, fast, potentially adept, highly powerful. This power can only come from shifting the balance of forces in the larger society, balances beyond the limited circle of the problem's immediate constituents. The most basic balance, the first tradeoff society makes, is between the two primary factors of production. Should we use more labor or more natural resources (energy, materials, and land)? For decades, we have been tilting the scale ever more steeply in favor of using things, not people. We define "productivity" in terms of how little labor we can use in production, rather than thinking about how we can maximize value by finding whatever mix of inputs will do so. In the U.S., more or less by accident, we have sent a giant "use things, not people" price signal as payroll taxes have increased from 1% to almost 40% of federal revenues over the last several generations. And now, in some of the current proposals to finance health care reform, we are considering further increases. This tilt is even worse in most other countries. As a result of this incentive drift towards using things more and people less, the global system is consuming natural resources very aggressively. Therefore, acceler-


Increased resource and materials consumption, waste generation and food shortages have characterized the world's rising population. The situation is worsened by inadequate waste management alternatives, declining non-renewable fuel stocks alongside controversies surrounding some renewable fuel sources, and increased food prices due to expensive animal feedstocks. These trends are expected to further increase with population growth as they exacerbate environmental pollution, climate change and other social-economic stresses. This paper presents a review of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) and its circular economy model as a possible solution, focusing on its life cycle attributes and applications in organic waste management, biodiesel and animal feed production. Organic waste management is reviewed in terms of negative effects reduction, and biodiesel production in terms of BSF larvae (BSFL) fat profile, content and replacement potential of conventional biodiesel feedstock crops. Animal feed production, on the other hand, is reviewed in terms of replacement potential of conventional animal feed with BSFL meal. Ultimately, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies of the BSF process are reviewed, comparing conventional biodiesel feedstock with BSFL feedstock and conventional animal feed with BSFL meal in terms of land use, energy use and global warming potential (GWP). BSF considerably reduces waste biomass quantity, odours, trace elements, metals, nutrients and volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, its fatty acids profile shows suitability for replacement of crop-based biodiesel feedstock while BSFL meal shows suitability for conventional animal feedstock replacement of up to 36%. From an LCA perspective, overall the BSF process is a beneficial addition in the organic waste management chain, and is advantageous over crop-based biodiesel feedstock and conventional animal feedstock in terms of land use, environmental emissions and GWP. However, further research with focus on large scale application is recommended.


We quantified the relative influence of maternal fidelity to feeding grounds and natal fidelity to breeding grounds on the population structure of humpback whales Megaptera novae - angliae based on an ocean-wide survey of mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity in the North Pacific. For 2193 biopsy samples collected from whales in 10 feeding regions and 8 breeding regions dur- ing the winter and summer of 2004 to 2006, we first used microsatellite genotyping (average, 9.5 loci) to identify replicate samples. From sequences of the mtDNA control region (500 bp) we identified 28 unique haplotypes from 30 variable sites. Haplotype frequencies differed markedly among feeding regions (overall FST = 0.121, ΦST = 0.178, p < 0.0001), supporting previous evidence of strong maternal fidelity. Haplotype frequencies also differed markedly among breeding regions (overall FST = 0.093, ΦST = 0.106, p < 0.0001), providing evidence of strong natal fidelity. Although sex-biased dispersal was not evident, differentiation of microsatellite allele frequencies was weak compared to differentiation of mtDNA haplotypes, suggesting male-biased gene flow. Feeding and breeding regions showed significant differences in haplotype frequencies, even for regions known to be strongly connected by patterns of individual migration. Thus, the influence of migra- tory fidelity seems to operate somewhat independently on feeding and breeding grounds over an evolutionary time scale. This results in a complex population structure and the potential to define multiple units to conserve in either seasonal habitat.


This thesis draws on findings from four case studies conducted in Kenya, East Africa, to investigate the entrepreneuring process associated with community-based tourism. This is accomplished by examining the influences of the historical, social, and political context, community needs, and the actors involved on the creation and development of community-based tourism (CBT) enterprises. The thesis is informed by a recognition that little has been written on CBT enterprise creation and development processes. Instead, the majority of CBT analyses have focused on outcomes; yet understanding how CBT enterprises are created and developed is crucial to determining not only their success, but also their importance as social institutions. Practice theory represents a suitable framework for interpreting the complex web of interactions that underlies the process of CBT enterprise establishment and functioning. Using a multiple case study approach, this thesis investigates four Kenyan CBT enterprises by drawing on in-depth interviews, supplemented by document data and participant observations. A total of 48 interview participants were drawn from across several key role-groups, including CBT founders, community members, and members of government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The combined data indicate that CBT enterprise creation in each of these four cases was driven by the need to address serious problems faced by the community, such as poverty, drought, human-wildlife conflict, and loss of access to traditional land. These findings strongly suggest that the creation and development of CBT enterprises is underpinned by a purposive process of creation. Viewed through an entrepreneuring lens, such creation can be interpreted as a form of coping and surviving within actors' and communities' lived environments. The process unearthed in these case studies is one of complex interaction between various actors from within and outside the communities, and the situational demands of these settings. Furthermore, it is characterised by drawing on learnable concepts such as practical wisdom, analogising and improvisation, being community-focused, built on trust, and addressing unequal power relations. This thesis contributes to CBT theory by articulating possible means by which CBT could address poverty, and enhance community agency and solidarity. It also highlights the significance of practice theorisation in understanding the processes of building local community institutions in marginal rural settings. The research reveals new possibilities of approaching CBT as a complex field involving innovative partnerships and collaborations that are able to address local issues in an agentic manner; it also shows CBT to be a means of community development by which historically and culturally embedded structural limitations to socio-economic change can be overcome in diverse peripheral localities. The findings may prove applicable beyond the field of CBT.


This paper presents theories of strategic nonmarket participation in majority-rule and executive institutions and develops from those theories a set of principles for nonmarket strategy. The theories are based on models of vote recruitment in client and interest-group politics and on models of common agency. The basic strategies developed are majority building, vote recruitment, agenda setting, rent-chain mobilization, majority protection, and competitive agenda setting and vote recruitment.


This paper focuses on the application of low temperature bonding to the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) massively parallel signal processors for high performance infrared imagers. We review two generations of the 3D heterogeneous integration process. The first generation process, compatible with pixel sizes in the 20 to 30 µm range, relies on low temperature epoxy bonding that is followed by the formation of copper-filled through-silicon vias (TSVs). The second generation process, scalable to pixel sizes of 10 µm and smaller, employs solid–liquid diffusion bonding of copper–tin to copper at 250 °C; the bonding follows TSV fabrication. To demonstrate the second generation process, we fabricated 3D test vehicles in the form of 640 × 512 arrays of vertical interconnects composed of TSVs and metal–metal bonds on a 10 µm pitch. We characterized electrical conductivity of the interconnects, the isolation resistance between the interconnects, and the operability and yield of the arrays. The successful demonstration of the interconnect technology paves the way to a functional demonstration of 3D signal processors in infrared imagers with 10 µm pixels.


Previous research has demonstrated that bullying is a significant problem experienced by students. Bullying can be categorized as direct or indirect. Direct bullying is overt and may involve actions such as physical or verbal aggression; indirect bullying is covert and may involve actions such as spreading rumors about others or socially excluding others from group activities. This study examined differences in perceptions for different types of bullying based on sex. Participants read scenarios that depicted different types of bullying. After each scenario, participants responded to several questions that assessed their perceptions of seriousness of the bullying in the scenario and the likely emotional outcome for the victim in the scenario. Two 2 (male or female) x 2 (type of bullying) mixed model ANOVAs were used to examine differences in perceptions of seriousness and emotional outcome for the victim based on sex across type of bullying behavior. Significant sex differences in ratings of perceived seriousness and emotional outcome for bullying behaviors were found. Males rated perceived seriousness and emotional outcome lower than females regardless of type of bullying behavior. Results also indicated a significant difference in perceived seriousness and emotional outcome of direct versus indirect bullying behaviors. Participants, regardless of sex, perceived direct bullying as more serious and likely to have a more significant emotional outcome than indirect bullying. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to examine additional sex differences. The results of exploratory analyses and implications for future research will be discussed in the paper.


ADAMS, SEYMOUR WEBSTER (1 Aug. 1815-27 Sept. 1864), pastor (1846-64) of Cleveland's FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, was born in Vernon, N.Y. His father, a farmer, was a deacon in the Baptist church, and his mother was a niece of Noah Webster. Adams decided on the ministry as a youth, attending Hamilton Theological Seminary after graduating from Hamilton College. Ordained in 1843, Adams served in 3 churches in New York before accepting First Baptist's second call to him, serving there from Nov. 1946 until his death. Adams was a carefully prepared sermonizer and an active pastor who oversaw the growth of First Baptist and the new congregations that spun off from it. He was perceived by his contemporaries as scholarly, shy, and retiring, yet an example of moral rectitude and high purpose to his fellow citizens so potent that he was still mourned 50 years after his death. During 1858-59, he wrote a memoir of Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick, founder of the Hamilton Theological Seminary. Adams married 3 times: first to Caroline E. Griggs, who died in 1847; then in 1849 to Mrs. Cordelia C. Peck, a widow, who died in 1852; and finally to Augusta Hoyt in 1855. In the summer of 1864, he joined other volunteers of the U.S. Christian Commission in nursing Union soldiers in Washington, D.C. where he contracted a fatal case of typhoid. Bishop, J. P. Memoir of Rev. Seymour W. Adams, D.D. (1866).


The mineralization processes in the Peloritani Belt (Southern Sector of the Calabria- Peloritani Arc), related to Pre-Variscan intracontinental rifting, produced sedextype Pb, Zn, F (Ag), Cu, W (As, Sb) ores. This paper focuses on the metalliferous stratabound mineralization outcropping in the Al`? area (Tripi locality). It is part of sulphide ores, concordant with the regional foliation of the hosting unit (Fv2), very widespread in the Mandanici Unit (MaU). This unit is characterized by a Variscan low-P, polyphasic and plurifacial metamorphic overprint involving the basement. This metamorphic overprint exhibits a prograde zoning, from a chlorite zone of greenschist facies to an oligoclasealmandine zone of amphibolite facies. The metalliferous mineral association is formed by galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and covellite. Quartz and fluorite among non-metalliferous minerals are predominant. Some minerals like quartz, fluorite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite are present in two generations, the second of which can be related to intense hydrothermal activity involving the whole Peloritani Belt. Trace-element contents of sulphide ores detected by Atomic Absorption and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry on powdered and selected samples of minerals have been determined. Major elements have been analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The Ag content is quite high in galena, relative to the same mineral of other Peloritani deposits in which this content is around 1000 ppm. Galena shows a high content of Sb (¯x= 621) and lower values of Cd (¯x=132) and Cu (¯x=108) whereas in sphalerite the Sb content (¯x= 134) is lower than Cd (¯x= 1118) and Cu (¯x= 1127). Mn is scarcely present in sphalerite, while galena shows higher contents. Fe content in sphalerite is about 6%, in agreement with Pressure-Temperature conditions of the Unit.


Endophytes are microbes that live within plants without causing detectable illness. These microorganisms can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), airborne signaling molecules that can significantly affect plant growth. Despite the prevalence of endophytes and their VOCs, little is known about these factors important to plant health. With this in mind I isolated fungal endophytes from leaves of Populus trichocarpa and Populus fremontii, tree species with economic and environmental uses, to determine if endophyte communities are reserved between the closely related tree species and over seasons. Surface sterilized leaf fragments were plated onto malt extract agar and the resulting fungi were DNA sequenced and vouchered once significant biomass grew. I sequenced the ITS region of rDNA to determine fungal and tree species. Ultimately, I found that the host species had a slight effect of endophyte community composition during the summer. I also found that there was no significant seasonal difference in foliar endophyte communities of P. fremontii during the summer and fall. Taxa of interest included Penicillium, Mycosphaerella, Cladosporium, and Marssonina. Following endophyte isolation, I assayed the VOC profiles of the aforementioned taxa. The microbial VOC profiles were assessed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and GCMS techniques. SPME fibers were inserted airtight tubes containing malt extract agar and two weeks of fungal growth for an hour. Fibers were then subjected to a GCMS run where absorbed VOCs were desorbed into the GCMS to be identified via the NIST molecular library. Penicillium and Cladosporium released styrene, a compound known for its antimicrobial effects. Marssonina and Mycosphaerella emitted phenylethyl alcohol, a compound with multiple industrial uses. Marssonina also released aristolochene and valencene, known precursors to mycotoxins. Through this work, I have shown that poplar foliar microbiomes are influenced by hosts and that foliar microbes can produce volatile compounds with economic and botanical significance.


The analysis of performance and design of the pavement structure for the North-South runway at Nome Airport is based on the mechanistic approach. In the mechanistic approach, calculated strains at critical locations in the pavement structural section are limited to acceptable levels for a specified number of load repetitions (i.e., the design life). Knowledge of stress and strains under design loading conditions at critical locations in a pavement structure allows an estimate of design life to be made or the structural adequacy of the pavement to be assessed. Based on the results obtained in the study, the following conclusions are appropriate: (1) A structural section of three in. of AC overlaying nine in. of CBC will perform satisfactorily over the design-life of the runway, (2) the structural performance of the pavement is not appreciably improved by increasing the thickness of AC from three to four in., (3) the structural performance of the pavement is appreciably improved by a six-in. CTB layer beneath the three in. of AC.


This article answers two of the most urgent and important questions facing the contemporary law of armed conflict. First, how certain must a soldier be that a given individual is a combatant and not a civilian before attacking that individual? Second, what risks must soldiers accept to themselves and to their mission in order to reduce the risk of mistakenly killing civilians? In the absence of clear legal rules, leading states, scholars, and practitioners have embraced a Balancing Approach according to which both the required level of certainty and the required level of risk vary with the balance of military and humanitarian considerations. However, this article shows that the Balancing Approach ignores the moral asymmetries between killing and letting die and between intentionally and unintentionally killing civilians. As a result, in a wide variety of situations, the Balancing Approach would permit soldiers to intentionally kill individuals who are probably, much more likely, or almost certainly civilians rather than combatants. These implausible implications expose the fatal defects of the Balancing Approach and demonstrate the need for a morally defensible alternative. To meet this need, this article develops a deontological account of both the required level of certainty and the required level of risk. The first part of this new account, Deontological Targeting, prohibits a soldier from intentionally killing an individual whom she believes is a civilian or whom she does not reasonably believe is a combatant. These constraints establish a minimum threshold of certainty that soldiers must reach before using deadly force. Above the reasonable belief threshold, the required level of certainty varies with the relative costs of error but, crucially, also reflects the moral asymmetry between killing and letting die. In particular, except in rare cases, targeted killing operations against individuals who pose no immediate threat are permissible only if there is conclusive reason to believe that the individuals are combatants. The second part of this new account, Deontological Precaution, requires, at a minimum, that soldiers take as much risk as necessary to reach the required level of certainty. In addition, soldiers must take further precautions unless doing so would increase the risk to the soldiers substantially more than doing so would decrease the risk to civilians. If soldiers are unwilling or unable to reach the required level of certainty or accept the required level of risk then they must hold their fire. The article concludes by distilling these complex moral principles into new legal rules, reinterpretations of existing legal rules, and model rules of engagement in which soldiers can be trained and that can guide soldiers through the fog of war.


The literature on Base of the Pyramid (BoP) strategies emphasizes that creating social value requires collaborative, multi-stakeholder business approaches. However, there is limited understanding of how businesses can successfully coordinate such value creation processes in the developing economies that face significant institutional voids. This study adopts a business model perspective for analyzing social value creation processes that span organizational boundaries. We introduce a novel, theoretically grounded business model framework that helps conceptualize social value by locating the various loci of value creation, and the stakeholders that partake in creating and capturing this value. We subsequently analyze the mechanisms of social value creation in M-Pesa, a renowned boundary-spanning mobile money system that has advanced financial inclusion among tens of millions of users in Kenya. The results show that information and communications technology can help advance social value creation by reducing the cost of coordinating boundary-spanning business models that integrate diverse societal stakeholders. The results further point to uneven distributional outcomes in self-governing social value creation strategies where the focal firm plays a coordinating role.


Resilience of Critical Infrastructure (CI) has been a research focus for several years now, with efforts being made to develop methods for the analysis and assessment of CI resilience. However, these efforts are often carried out without consideration of enriching societal risk or resilience assessments with knowledge of the resilience of CI. Bearing in mind that the definition of CI according to the EU reflects the fact that it exists to deliver vital societal functions, the consideration of its resilience in isolation of the community it serves is only addressing part of the problem. The Horizon 2020 project IMPROVER has already developed methodologies for assessing and managing CI resilience. This paper proposes an evolution of the management framework for CI resilience which enriches societal resilience assessment with knowledge of the CI resilience. The framework and societal resilience analysis methodology are both described along with an application of the analysis method.


Disturbances in electrolyte homeostasis are a frequent adverse side-effect of the administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin, and the antineoplastic agent cis-platinum. The aims of this work were to further elucidate the site(s) and mechanism(s) by which these drugs may produce disturbances in the renal reabsorption of calcium and magnesium. These investigations were undertaken using a range of in vivo and in vitro techniques and models. Initially, a series of in vivo studies was conducted to delineate aspects of the acute and chronic effects of both drugs on renal electrolyte handling and to select and evaluate an appropriate animal model: subsequent investigations were focused on gentamicin. In a study of the acute and chronic effects of cis-platinum administration, there were pronounced acute changes in a variety of indices of nephrotoxic injury, including electrolyte excretion. Most effects resolved but there were chronic increases in the urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium. The renal response of three strains of rat (Fischer 344, Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Wistar) to a ranges of doses of gentamicin was also investigated. Drug administration produced substantially different responses between strains, in particular marked differences in calcium and magnesium excretion. The results suggested that the SD rat was an appropriately sensitive strain for use in further investigations. Acute infusion of gentamicin in the anaesthetised SD rat produced rapid, substantial increases in the fractional excretion of calcium and magnesium, while sodium and potassium output were unaffected, confirming previous results of similar experiments using F344 rats. Studies using lithium clearance measurements in the anaesthetised SD rat were undertaken to investigate the effects of gentamicin on proximal tubular calcium reabsorption. Lithium clearance was unaffected by acute gentamicin infusion, suggesting that the site of acute gentamicin-induced hypercalciuria may not be located in the proximal tubule. Inhibition of Ca2+ ATPase activity was investigated as a potential mechanism by which calcium reabsorption could be affected after aminoglycoside administration. In vitro, both Ca2+ ATPase and Na+/K+ ATPase activity could be similarly inhibited by the presence of aminoglycosides, in a dose-related manner. Whilst inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase could be demonstrated biochemically after in vivo administration of gentamicin, there were no concurrent effects on Ca2+ ATPase activity, suggesting that inhibition of Ca2+ ATPase activity is unlikely to be a primary mechanism of aminoglycoside-induced reductions of calcium reabsorption. Histochemical studies could not discern inhibition of either Na+/K+ ATPase or Ca2+ ATPase activity after in vivo administration of gentamicin. Selection of renal cell lines for further investigative in vitro studies on the mechanisms of altered cation reabsorption was considered using MTT (3-(4,5,-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and Neutral Red cytotoxicity assays. The ability of LLC-PK1 and LLC-RK1 cell lines to correctly rank a series of nephrotoxic compounds with their known nephrotoxic potency in vivo was studied. Using these cell lines grown on semi-permeable inserts, alterations in the paracellular transport of 45Ca was investigated as a possible mechanism by which gentamicin could alter calcium reabsorption in vivo. Short term exposure (I h) of LLC-RK1 cells to gentamicin, via both cell surfaces, resulted in a reduction in paracellular permeability to both transepithelial 3H-mannitol and 45Ca fluxes. When LLC-RK1 cells were exposed via the apical surface only, similar dose-related reductions were seen to those observed when cells were exposed to the drug from both sides. Short-term basal exposure to gentamicin appeared to contribute less to the observed reductions in 3H-mannitol and 45Ca fluxes. Experiments investigating transepithelial movement of 45Ca and 3H-mannitol on LLC-PK1 cells after acute gentamicin exposure were inconclusive. Longer exposure (48 h) to gentamicin caused an increase in the permeability of the monolayer and a consequent increase in transepithelial 45Ca flux in the LLC-RK1 cell line; increases in permeability of LLC-PK1 cells to 45Ca and 3H-mannitol were not apparent under the same conditions. The site and mechanism at which gentamicin, in particular, alters calcium reabsorption cannot be definitively described from these studies. However, indirect evidence from lithium clearance studies suggests that the site of the lesion is unlikely to be located in the proximal tubule. The mechanism by which gentamicin exposure alters calcium reabsorption may be by reducing paracellular permeability to calcium rather than by altering active calcium transport processes.


An Active Learning Approach to Teaching the Main Ideas in Computing Explorations in Computing: An Introduction to Computer Science and Python Programming teaches computer science students how to use programming skills to explore fundamental concepts and computational approaches to solving problems. Designed for CS0 and CS1 courses, the book gives beginning students an introduction to computer science concepts and computer programming. Prepares Students for Advanced Work in Computer Science A revised and updated version of the authors Explorations in Computing: An Introduction to Computer Science, this text incorporates two major differences. It now uses Python, instead of Ruby, as the lab software so that students can seamlessly transition from introductory projects to more advanced studies in later courses. The book also introduces Python programming, providing students with sufficient programming skills so they can implement their own programs. Practical, Step-by-Step Projects The interactive lab projects in each chapter allow students to examine important ideas in computer science, particularly how algorithms offer computational solutions to problems. Students can type expressions, view results, and run experiments that help them understand the concepts in a hands-on way. Web Resources The Python software modules for each lab project are available on the authors website. The modules include data files and sample Python code that students can copy and modify. In addition, the site provides a lab manual of installation instructions and tips for editing programs and running commands in a terminal emulator.


Building energy models usually employ a constant, room-temperature-measured value for the thermal resistance of fiberglass roof insulation. In summer, however, the mean temperature of roof insulation can rise significantly above room temperature, lowering the insulation`s thermal resistance by 10% to 20%. Though the temperature dependence of the thermal resistance of porous materials like fiberglass has been extensively studied, it is difficult to theoretically predict the variation with temperature of a particular fiberglass blanket, from first principles. Heat transfer within fiberglass is complicated by the presence of three significant mechanisms - conduction through air, conduction through the glass matrix, and radiative exchange within the matrix - and a complex, unknown internal geometry. Purely theoretical models of fiberglass heat transfer assume highly simplified matrix structures and require typically-unavailable information about the fiberglass, such as its optical properties. There is also a dearth of useful experimental data. While the thermal resistances of many individual fiberglass samples have been measured, there is only one practical published table of thermal resistance vs. both temperature and density. Data from this table was incorporated in the DOE-2 building energy model. DOE-2 was used to simulate the roof surface temperature, roof heat flux, and cooling energy consumption of a school bungalow whose temperature and energy use had been monitored in 1992. The DOE-2 predictions made with and without temperature variation of thermal conductivity were compared to measured values. Simulations were also run for a typical office building. Annual cooling energy loads and annual peak hourly cooling powers were calculated for the office building using both fixed and variable thermal conductivities, and using five different climates. The decrease in the R-value of the office building`s roof led to a 2% to 4% increase in annual cooling energy load.


Psalms is a book in the Old Testament, which is negotiated as a collection of sacred songs to be sung. Bible scholars approach it as poetic composition because of its tone and form. They consider the Book of Psalms as a hymn that disseminates the joyous celebration of the psalmist. The Book of Psalms is treated as an anthology of individual songs, which are composed by the psalmist, David. But this fact has been rejected by many Bible scholars. Still, it is considered a debatable area in the study of the Bible. The content of the books talks about the love of God and the relationship between the psalmist and God. Also, the Psalms comfort the heavy-laden heart and soul. The poetic language and technique employed in the Book of Psalms are what keeps it different from the other books of the Bible. The narrative technique and formused in the compositions sound significant enough to be explored. The present research aims at researching the narrative technique used in Psalm 91. The author of the Psalm 91chapter is unknown but the poetic form and narrative technique have spurred to carry out the present research.


The Olympic Games are among the most followed events in the world, so athletes who participate there are exceptionally interesting for the media. This research investigated Olympians' social media use, sport journalists' attitudes about Olympians' social media use, and the role of social media in the relationship between Olympians and sport journalists in Hungary. The findings suggest that most Hungarian Olympians do not think that being on social media is an exceptionally key issue in their life, and a significant portion of them do not have public social media pages. However, sport journalists would like to see more information about athletes on social media platforms. The Hungarian case offers not only a general understanding of the athlete–journalist relationship, and the role of social media in it, but also insight into the specific features of the phenomenon in a state-supported, hybrid sport economy.


We present a new family of exchangeable stochastic processes, the Functional Neural Processes (FNPs). FNPs model distributions over functions by learning a graph of dependencies on top of latent representations of the points in the given dataset. In doing so, they define a Bayesian model without explicitly positing a prior distribution over latent global parameters; they instead adopt priors over the relational structure of the given dataset, a task that is much simpler. We show how we can learn such models from data, demonstrate that they are scalable to large datasets through mini-batch optimization and describe how we can make predictions for new points via their posterior predictive distribution. We experimentally evaluate FNPs on the tasks of toy regression and image classification and show that, when compared to baselines that employ global latent parameters, they offer both competitive predictions as well as more robust uncertainty estimates.


This chapter describes the initial findings of an investigation into the understanding of graphical interfaces by blind and visually impaired computer programmers. It has five objectives: 1) To help the reader understand the methods by which blind and visually impaired people are able to work with visual computer interfaces; 2) To inform educational methodologies for teaching students who are blind and visually impaired; 3) To help the reader understand more about the design of educational interfaces for blind and visually impaired people; 4) To highlight the need for more equality in education with computers; 5) And finally, to highlight the issue of equality for all disabled people when considering the design and use of technology in general. In order to address these objectives, this chapter discusses the findings of a series of four case studies of successful, professional computer programmers who were registered blind and formed the pilot study of a project given the acronym COMBINE (Computing and Blindness in Education). This project was designed to explore these programmers' cultural experiences of education in the use of computers, their understanding of visual computer interfaces and also the cognitive models they employed when designing programs and interfaces.


Federated Learning is a distributed learning paradigm with two key challenges that differentiate it from traditional distributed optimization: (1) significant variability in terms of the systems characteristics on each device in the network (systems heterogeneity), and (2) non-identically distributed data across the network (statistical heterogeneity). In this work, we introduce a framework, FedProx, to tackle heterogeneity in federated networks. FedProx can be viewed as a generalization and re-parametrization of FedAvg, the current state-of-the-art method for federated learning. While this re-parameterization makes only minor modifications to the method itself, these modifications have important ramifications both in theory and in practice. Theoretically, we provide convergence guarantees for our framework when learning over data from non-identical distributions (statistical heterogeneity), and while adhering to device-level systems constraints by allowing each participating device to perform a variable amount of work (systems heterogeneity). Practically, we demonstrate that FedProx allows for more robust convergence than FedAvg across a suite of realistic federated datasets. In particular, in highly heterogeneous settings, FedProx demonstrates significantly more stable and accurate convergence behavior relative to FedAvg---improving absolute test accuracy by 22% on average.


Jurisdiction refers to those tasks or responsibilities that are seen as central to and exclusively controlled by a profession. When library work is examined, what is the proper jurisdiction for professional, masters-level librarians? This study examines the definition of professional with respect to library workers by using data from a national survey of competencies for library support staff and by comparing American Library Association-approved competencies for beginning MLS librarians and certified support staff. According to this analysis, professional librarians are those who know context (history, theory), do research, educate patrons, and manage people and collections. They are not necessarily those who provide direct services.


There is a high mortality rate in Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and it ranges between 5%-15%. At present, there is no definite consensus regarding treatment in SJS although the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin's (IVIg) and immunosuppressive like cyclosporine have generated new hopes in the lives of these patients. But the options of combination therapy of steroids, IVIg and Placentrex gel have not been fully exercised in SJS. Henceforth, we report a case of Nimesulide induced SJS; managed successfully with a combined approach without any recurrence during a 12 months follow-up.


This essay's close interrogation of James Baldwin's 1956 novel
 Giovanni's Room allows us to see one aspect of how
 sexual shame functions: it shows how shame exposes anxiety not only about the
 feminizing force of homosexuality, but about how being the object of the gaze is
 feminizing—and therefore shameful. It also shows that the paradigm of the
 closet is not the metaphor of privacy and enclosure on one hand and openness and
 liberation on the other that it is commonly thought to be, but instead is a site
 of illusory control over whether one is available to be seen and therefore
 humiliated by being feminized. Further, the essay reveals the paradox of denial,
 where one must first know the thing that is at the same time being disavowed or
 denied. The narrative requirements of fictions such as Giovanni's
 Room demonstrate this, as it requires that the narrator both know,
 in order to narrate, and not know something at the same time.


The rainbow connection number, $rc(G)$, of a connected graph $G$ is the minimum number of colors needed to color its edges, so that every pair of vertices is connected by at least one path in which no two edges are colored the same. Our main result is that $rc(G)\leq \lceil\frac{n}{2}\rceil$ for any 2-connected graph with at least three vertices. We conjecture that $rc(G)\leq n/\kappa+C$ for a $\kappa$-connected graph $G$ of order $n$, where $C$ is a constant, and prove the conjecture for certain classes of graphs. We also prove that $rc(G)\leq(2+\varepsilon)n/\kappa+23/\varepsilon^2$ for any $\varepsilon>0$.


This Article examines two distinct but related questions regarding race and emotions. The first raises the possibility that there are certain emotions that are so closely tied to racial experiences that they can be said to demonstrate and typify an emotional dimension to the construct of race. The second asks how such quintessentially racial emotions can be analyzed and evaluated, employing three theories of emotion that have developed in various disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. These theories reveal that racial emotions are not idiosyncratic and elusive, but instead relate to reason and values, to social membership and hierarchy, and to political behavior. Understanding racial emotions in these more rigorous ways can enrich our views on both race and equality and present new avenues to achieve inclusion.


Recent decades have seen increased melting of the Greenland ice sheet. On 11 July 2012, nearly the entire surface of the ice sheet melted; such rare events last occurred in 1889 and, prior to that, during the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Studies of the 2012 event associated the presence of a thin, warm elevated liquid cloud layer with surface temperatures rising above the melting point at Summit Station, some 3212 m above sea level. Here we explore other potential factors in July 2012 associated with this unusual melting. These include (1) warm air originating from a record North American heat wave, (2) transitions in the Arctic Oscillation, (3) transport of water vapor via an Atmospheric River over the Atlantic to Greenland, and (4) the presence of warm ocean waters south of Greenland. For the 1889 episode, the Twentieth Century Reanalysis and historical records showed similar factors at work. However, markers of biomass burning were evident in ice cores from 1889 which may reflect another possible factor in these rare events. We suggest that extreme Greenland summer melt episodes, such as those recorded recently and in the late Holocene, could have involved a similar combination of slow climate processes, including prolonged North American droughts/heat waves and North Atlantic warm oceanic temperature anomalies, together with fast processes, such as excursions of the Arctic Oscillation, and transport of warm, humid air in Atmospheric Rivers to Greenland. It is the fast processes that underlie the rarity of such events and influence their predictability.


Abstract Background The selection of bioengineering platform strains and engineering strategies to improve the stress resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains a pressing need in bio-based chemical production. Thus, a systematic effort to exploit genotypic and phenotypic diversity to boost yeast's industrial value is still urgently needed. Results We analyzed 5,400 growth curves obtained from 36 S. cerevisiae strains and comprehensively profiled their resistances against 13 industrially relevant stresses. We observed that bioethanol and brewing strains exhibit higher resistance against acidic conditions; however, plant isolates tend to have a wider range of resistance, which may be associated with their metabolome and fluxome signatures in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. By deep genomic sequencing, we found that industrial strains have more genomic duplications especially affecting transcription factors, showing that they result from disparate evolutionary paths in comparison with the environmental strains, which have more indels, gene deletions, and strain-specific genes. Genome-wide association studies coupled with protein-protein interaction networks uncovered novel genetic determinants of stress resistances. Conclusions These resistance-related engineering targets and strain rankings provide a valuable source for engineering significantly improved industrial platform strains.


Three tilapiine species belonging to the endemic Lake Malawi species flock known as' chambo'Oreochromis (Nyasalapia) karongae, O. (N.) lidole and O. (N.) squamipinnis and the species Oreochromis (Oreochromis) shiranus were collected from the wild. These four species were analysed at 43 enzyme loci using starch gel electrophoresis. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed after correcting for multiple simultaneous testing. The expected heterozygosity (He) was lowest in O. (O.) shiranus (He=0.082). The three chambo species had higher levels: He=0.103 to He=0.116. The three chambo species as a whole were polymorphic (99%) at 16 different loci sharing 10 of these in common. No fixed differences between the three chambo species were observed but highly significant allele frequency differences existed between all the chambo species. The FST calculated for the three chambo species was 0051, closer to intra-specific than to inter-specific levels. O. (O.) shiranus could be clearly separated from all chambo species at five fixed loci. Comparison of the allozyme data from these species with five species from the same sub genera support the hypothesis that the chambo form a monophyletic group and that O. (N.) macrochir or a related species represents the sister taxon.


American Indians (AIs) have lower higher education enrollment and completion rates than Whites and most minority groups. AI women, however, participate at higher rates than AI men, White women, and White men. Research has not examined what contributes to their higher education aspirations. This study explored the middle and high school experiences of educationally successful AI women to determine how academic factors-activities within and beyond school and relations with peers, teachers, and counselors-affected their enrollment decisions. Findings indicate that academic engagement, community and culture, resiliency to challenges, and knowledge of higher education contribute to aspirations. Implications are discussed.


The aims in this research were to determine the perceptions of school climate
held by educators of primary schools in the southern Cape. Six primary schools with a staff complement of 178 educators participated in the investigation. Two instruments were used: the Organisational Climate Description Questionnaire Rutgers Elementary (OCDQ-RE) and Dimensions of Organisational Health Inventory of Elementary Schools (OHI-E). The results indicated that primary school educators in the southern Cape perceived their relations with their principals as closed, while educator-educator relations were perceived as more open. An engaged school climate was taken as the typical prototype for the relevant primary
schools. Average health profiles were drawn for the overall organisational health of primary schools. A significant relationship was found between primary schools' perceptions of organisational climate and organisational health. A significant difference was found between perceptions held by educators from different primary schools regarding the various dimensions of organisational climate and health. These findings have significant implications for the implementation of change in schools, educators' job satisfaction, motivation,
productivity, well-being, and learner achievement. Keywords : educators' perceptions; health profiles; job satisfaction; organisational climate; organisational health; productivity; school climate; school health South African Journal of Education Vol. 29 (1) 2009: pp. 33-52


The increasingly complex challenges of making water management more sustainable require a critical and detailed understanding of the social organisation of water. This paper examines the hitherto neglected role that 'intermediary' organisations play in reshaping the relations between the provision and use of water and sanitation services. In response to new regulatory, environmental, social, and commercial pressures the relationships between water utilities, consumers, and regulators are changing, creating openings for both new and existing organisations to take on intermediary functions. Drawing on recent EU-funded research we provide the first systematic analysis of intermediary organisations in the European water sector, examining the contexts of their emergence, the ways they work, the functions they perform, and the impacts they can have. With a combination of conceptual and empirical analysis we substantiate and elaborate the case for appreciating the often hidden work of intermediaries. We caution, however, against over-simplistic conclusions on harnessing this potential, highlighting instead the need to reframe perspectives on how water is organised to contemplate actor constellations and interactions beyond the common triad of provider, consumer, and regulator.