"The Beauty of the Infinite" is a splendid extended essay in "theological aesthetics." David Bentley Hart here meditates on the power of a Christian understanding of beauty and sublimity to rise above the violence -- both philosophical and literal -- characteristic of the postmodern world. The book begins by tracing the shifting use and nature of metaphysics in the thought of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Lyotard, Derrida, Deleuze, Nancy, Levinas, and others. Hart pays special attention to Nietzsche's famous narrative of the "will to power" -- a narrative largely adopted by the world today -- and he offers an engaging revision (though not rejection) of the genealogy of nihilism, thereby highlighting the significant "interruption" that Christian thought introduced into the history of metaphysics. This discussion sets the stage for a retrieval of the classic Christian account of beauty and sublimity, and of the relation of both to the question of being. Written in the form of a dogmatica minora, this main section of the book offers a pointed reading of the Christian story in four moments, or parts: Trinity, creation, salvation, and eschaton. Through a combination of narrative and argument throughout, Hart ends up demonstrating the power of Christian metaphysics not only to withstand the critiques of modern and postmodern thought but also to move well beyond them. Strikingly original and deeply rewarding, "The Beauty of the Infinite" is both a constructively critical account of the history of metaphysics and a compelling contribution to it.


The aim of this article is to open discussion by analysing the cognitive reception of PISA in six European countries which were studied in the European collective research project KNOWandPOL (Knowledge and Policy in Education and Health Sectors). Reception does not mean here a simple vertical transmission of messages from the international level to the national one, but a cognitive activity when messages are constantly accepted, refused or renegotiated by actors. The adjective 'cognitive' means that the focus is on the cognitive aspects of this constant process of redefinition, trying to understand what kind of knowledge actors talking about PISA in the public debate mobilise, in which context and for what reasons. To do so, the author proposes a specific theoretical framework which largely draws on some concepts and theoretical tools from the sociology of translation and their adaptation in policy analysis).


Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a disorder in which many tiny fragments (microliths) of a compound called calcium phosphate gradually accumulate in the small air sacs (alveoli) located throughout the lungs. These deposits eventually cause widespread damage to the alveoli and surrounding lung tissue (interstitial lung disease) that leads to breathing problems. People with this disorder can develop a persistent cough and difficulty breathing (dyspnea), especially during physical exertion. Affected individuals may also experience chest pain that worsens when coughing, sneezing, or taking deep breaths.


In the past, persons diagnosed with cancer were thought to need to prepare for death. Currently, the five-year survival rate for all cancers has increased to 66.2% from 2005 to 2011 as compared to 49% from 1975 to 1977. This increased survival rate can be attributed to earlier diagnosis, improved treatments, and the supportive care provided today. Cancer has become one of the most disabling and costly conditions affecting Americans today. A prevalent cause of disability and emotional distress in cancer survivors is physical dysfunction, and cancer survivors frequently report many unmet needs. This information suggests potential opportunities for rehabilitation professionals to help meet the needs of cancer patients. Rehabilitation for cancer patients may occur along the continuum of care including acute care services, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing facilities, home- health and outpatient therapy services. This editorial describes how rehabilitation professionals could become involved in the care of patients dealing with a diagnosis of cancer.


Abstract A fiscal rule imposed when the budget is not transparent yields more creative accounting to circumvent it and less fiscal adjustment, generating hidden deficits/debts in public sector. This study focuses on creative accounting practices of governments and adds to the literature by measuring hidden debts of the Turkish public sector ranging from the period 1989 to 2010. The author shows that the IMF has been misinformed, indeed has been misled by the Turkish authorities regarding the magnitude of public debt stock in the late 90's. The lacking information deteriorated the IMF's forecasts, which might be one of the main reasons for the failure of the IMF's planned fiscal consolidation at the outset of 2000–2001 crisis. The author's methodology can easily be adapted to any other country in order to identify the different margins on which governments can cheat and manipulate the Government Finance Statistics.


The study of how ideas and discourse evolve within international organizations is one of the most important frontiers of global social policy theory. Setting forth an ideational approach to understanding their behavior, the article argues that international organizations are more open systems than most realists and structuralists believe. Their constantly evolving discourse and ideas can directly impact domestic policy. In order to stress this reality, drawing on the case of pension privatization, the article compares these organizations with ideologically driven domestic think tanks which, as far as pension privatization is concerned, have proved much more rigid in their policy prescriptions than the World Bank and other international organizations traditionally associated with the global pension privatization campaign.


This paper develops a framework for the quantitative analysis of individual income dynamics, mobility and welfare. Individual income is assumed to follow a stochastic process with two (unobserved) components, an i.i.d. component representing measurement error or transitory income shocks and an AR(1) component representing persistent changes in income. We use a tractable consumption-saving model with labor income risk and incomplete markets to relate income dynamics to consumption and welfare, and derive analytical expressions for income mobility and welfare as a function of the various parameters of the underlying income process. The empirical application of our framework using data on individual incomes from Mexico provides striking results. Much of measured income mobility is driven by measurement error or transitory income shocks and therefore (almost) welfare-neutral. A smaller part of measured income mobility is due to either welfare-reducing income risk or welfare-enhancing catching-up of lowincome individuals with high-income individuals, both of which have economically significant effects on social welfare. Decomposing mobility into its fundamental components is thus seen to be crucial from the standpoint of welfare evaluation. ∗We are grateful to seminar participants at Columbia, Harvard and Pennsylvania State University for many useful comments. Particular thanks to Francois Bourguignon, Francisco Ferreira, Gary Fields, and the other participants at the World Bank/Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Workshop on Mobility for very helpful discussions. Our appreciation to Edwin Goni and Mauricio Sarrias for inspired research assistance. This work was partially supported by the Regional Studies Program of the Office of the Chief Economist for Latin America and the World Bank Research Support Budget.


ABSTRACT Although human rights are often framed as the result of centuries of Western Christian thought, many English evangelicals are wary of the U.K.'s recent embrace of rights-based law. Yet this wariness does not preclude their use of human rights instruments in the courts. Drawing upon fieldwork with Christian lobbyists and lawyers in London, I argue that evangelical activists instrumentalise rights-based law so as to undermine the universalist claims on which they rest. By constructing themselves as a marginalised counterpublic whose rights are frequently 'trumped' by the competing claims of others, they hope to convince their fellow Britons that a society built upon the logic of equal rights cannot hope to deliver the human flourishing it promises. Given the salience of contemporary political conservatism, I call for further ethnographic research into counterpublic movements, and offer my interlocutors' instrumentalisation of human rights as a critique of the inconsistencies of secular law.


Second-price auctions with reserve play a critical role in the revenue of modern search engine and popular online sites since the revenue of these companies often directly depends on the outcome of such auctions. The choice of the reserve price is the main mechanism through which the auction revenue can be influenced in these electronic markets. We cast the problem of selecting the reserve price to optimize revenue as a learning problem and present a full theoretical analysis dealing with the complex properties of the corresponding loss function. We further give novel algorithms for solving this problem and report the results of several experiments demonstrating their effectiveness.


SUMMARY 1. Lung function was studied in fifty-six symptom-free asthmatic subjects after the inhalation of urea, an agent not previously used for asthma provocation. The effects of urea were compared with those produced by the inhalation of methacholine and of isoprenaline. 2. After urea ventilatory capacity was impaired in 68% of subjects and improved in 16%. This response was a relatively constant phenomenon in the same subject. Urea appears to possess the unusual property of being able to produce both bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation. The response could not be related to any of the clinical or other physiological variables examined. 3. Mild hypoxaemia, ventilation-blood-flow inequality and impairment of gas transfer also occurred after urea administration. 4. Methacholine produced considerable impairment of ventilatory capacity with consistent hyperinflation but with variable changes in ventilatory pattern and distribution of ventilation. 5. Isoprenaline rapidly and completely reversed the changes which occurred after urea and methacholine administration.


Recent studies in the innovation literature show that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) enhances innovations in recipient countries through spill-over effects. In this paper we extend the existing literature by incorporating the corruption index in the estimation procedure. Using a cross-country analysis from the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, covering 57 countries over the period of 1995–2010, we find no evidence of FDI spill-over effects on innovations, when corruption is endogenously modelled in the regression. Interestingly, we find that corruption and expenditure on education sector are positively related to the number of patents applications, suggesting anti-corruption programs encourage innovations that promote economic growth. Our study shed light on the national innovations and anti-corruption programs.


Public policy in the United States is the product of decisions made by more than 500,000 elected officials, the vast majority of them elected on days other than Election Day. And because far fewer voters turn out for off-cycle elections, that means the majority of officials in America are elected by a politically motivated minority of Americans. Sarah F. Anzia is the first to systemically address the effects of election timing on political outcomes, and her findings are eye-opening. The low turnout for off-cycle elections, Anzia argues, increases the influence of organized interest groups like teachers' unions and municipal workers. While such groups tend to vote at high rates regardless of when the election is held, the low turnout in off-cycle years enhances the effectiveness of their mobilization efforts and makes them a proportionately larger bloc. Throughout American history, the issue of election timing has been a contentious one. Anzia's book traces efforts by interest groups and political parties to change the timing of elections to their advantage, resulting in the electoral structures we have today. Ultimately, what might seem at first glance to be mundane matters of scheduling are better understood as tactics designed to distribute political power, determining who has an advantage in the electoral process and who will control government at the municipal, county, and state levels.


Recently, it has become evident that stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis plays a crucial role in early T lymphocyte activation. We have investigated the effects of the nonmitogenic lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on several parameters associated with PI hydrolysis in human T cells. It was found that WGA was as effective as anti-T3 antibody and PHA in producing a rise in cytosolic free Ca++ ((Ca++)i) in blood T cells and in cells of the T cell line CCRF-CEM. It was inferred that identical cells within the blood T cell preparation responded to each of the three agents, refuting the contention that WGA only stimulated a subfraction of circulating mature T lymphocytes. WGA-induced, but not PHA-induced rises in (Ca++)i could be blocked completely by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, demonstrating that the sugar-binding characteristics of the lectin dictate its action on T lymphocytes. Anti-T3 antibody, PHA, and WGA all initiated inositol phosphate formation in blood T cells, indicating that each of the agents stimulated PI hydrolysis. The combination of WGA with nonmitogenic amounts of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate resulted in strong mitogenicity. It is concluded that WGA, like anti-T3 antibody and PHA, is a pan-T activator of PI hydrolysis.


Titania is widely considered as an alternative constituent for replacing heavy metal oxides in optical glasses. Its effect on optical properties, however, is complex. This is due to the dielectric properties of the prevalent ionic species, Ti4+, the potential co-existence of trivalent titanium, Ti3+, giving rise to intrinsic and extrinsic charge transfer reactions, and the existence of different coordination polyhedra, depending on matrix composition. Here, we present a systematic study of the optical properties of the soda-lime-silicate glass system as a function of TiO2 addition. We consider the silica-rich region of the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-TiO2 quaternary, which may be taken as model for a variety of technical glasses. Trends are described in the refractive index, the Abbe number, the optical bandgap and the Urbach energy. The addition of TiO2 increases the refractive index and the optical dispersion while it lowers the optical bandgap and the Urbach Energy. Results are discussed in relation to relevant literature data towards using titania silicate glasses as high-index replacements for heavy metal – containing oxide glasses.


With the explosive proliferation of smart devices that may be connected to the fast Internet, virtual desktop interfaces(VDI) are being implemented in enterprises allowing employees to work anywhere anytime in the same technological environment. As this kind of systems are intended to raise the work performance, a research model is constructed from the review of research literature on service quality and work design. The model consists of VDI system service quality (ubiquity, availability, compatibility, security and ease of use), system satisfaction, task performance and job satisfaction. As VDI is designed as a support system for cooperative work, the task interdependence adopted from the work design theory is postulated here as moderating the effect of user satisfaction on task performance and job satisfaction. 147 data points were collected by a survey of VDI users in a global firm and subjected to PLS analysis. Interestingly, ubiquity and compatibility seem to be not statistically significant for user satisfaction while availability, security and ease of use of VDI system are statistically significant. Task interdependence is found to be a relatively strong mediator between system user satisfaction and task performance, however, interestingly, the coefficient come out as negative. This may indicate that the influence of VDI user satisfaction on task performance would not be high in highly interdependent tasks. Considering that VDI is intended for supporting `interdependence` in cooperative work, this finding is a bit surprising. In-depth discussions are made in the discussion followed by future research directions.


Imagine that the table is set and dinner is ready. It's time to sit down and share the moment. That is what we do also in terms of sharing a one time pattern change in the tablecloth, and in terms of sharing each others' mobile phone activity. Incoming phone calls and messages are not notified by the phones themselves, but through a burned out pattern in the tablecloth, in between our plates. The Burning Tablecloth serves as a design example of the design technique for irreversible patterns, expressing colour and structure-changes in a knitted textile. The Burning Tablecloth changes colour and structure according to mobile phone signals (calls and text messages) with burned out patterns and acts as a medium for raising questions about interactive tactile and visual expressions in textiles. The project is a design example of research into three fields, knitted circuits, textile patterns and peoples' relation to computational technology. The tablecloth is knitted with cotton yarns and a heating wire in a Stoll flatbed knitting machine. The pattern that appears when using the tablecloth is built up as squares with the potential of becoming chess-patterned over the whole tablecloth surface. The table-cloth is connected to a microcontroller and various electronic components. The heating wire knitted in the table-cloth is the active material; when heated it is able to change the colour and structure of the table-cloth. The burning tablecloth reacts to mobile phone signals by getting warm so that colour and eventually structure changes is appearing in the tablecloth. The experiment demonstrates a design example where visual and tactile interactive properties are expressed in a tablecloth by mobile phone signals. Combined in a material structure, textile circuits are controlled by external stimuli adding an aesthetical value to the textile expression. With a foundation of experienced knowledge from latter experiments, the tablecloth shows an example developed by the design technique for irreversible patterns. The Burning Tablecloth also demonstrates how information can be expressed in an esthetical way through textiles, acting as an interactive colour and structure changing ambient textile display.


Historians have generally dismissed the ministry of Henry Addington as an absurd interlude in the political career of William Pitt, the Younger, and the few attempts to rehabilitate Addington have been unable to overcome the weight of this negative historiography. The focus of contemporary and historical criticism has centred on the foreign and war policies of the ministry, but this has failed to take into account the serious and interrelated diplomatic, military, social, and political problems faced by the government. Social unrest caused largely by high prices of grain, political pressure from interests that had been hurt by the closure of European markets to British trade, and a poor diplomatic and strategic position meant that peace was highly desirable but that concessions were necessary to obtain it. While the end of the war helped to resolve the social pressures upon the government and enabled it to implement some useful reforms, continued French aggression created new diplomatic problems and led to the resumption of war. The disadvantageous terms of the peace treaty and the difficulties that the ministry faced preparing for a French invasion when the war resumed fostered political opposition to the government within Parliament. These opponents of the ministry had unrealistic expectations of what the British government could accomplish because they did not understand the complexity of the problems that it faced. Lacking sufficient debating and parliamentary management skills, however, the ministry was unable to restrain a political assault led by the most talented and influential men in Parliament. Thus despite pursuing policies that were largely sensible considering the various political pressures and several of which were continued or reintroduced by future ministries, Addington chose to resign to avoid defeat in the House of Commons.


A quasi-one-dimensional compressible-flow theory for controlling shock position in a diverging flow passage with supersonic inlet flow was reported in Part 1 (Sarimurat, M. N., and Dang, T. Q., "Shock Management in Diverging Flow Passages by Blowing/Suction, Part 1: Quasi-One-Dimensional Theory," Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1222–1229.). The theory can predict the amount offlowblowing/suction required to place the shock at a prescribed area ratio as the backpressure is varied. In Part 2, computational fluid dynamics is used to demonstrate the usefulness of this quasi-one-dimensional theory when applied to two-dimensional supersonic nozzles and supersonic cascades. The theory is first applied to inviscid flows inside a two-dimensional supersonic nozzle and a supersonic cascade, and very good agreement between the quasi-one-dimensional theory and twodimensional numerical solutions is obtained.Applications to viscous flows are also demonstrated, and it is shown that when the theory is applied using the effective flow area corrected for flow blockage due to boundary layers; the method can accurately predict the amount of blowing/suction required to control the shock location inside the flow passage.


This brief describes low-cost on-chip measurement circuits for jitter transfer and supply sensitivity of phase-locked loops (PLLs) and delay-locked loops (DLLs). Unlike previous works that measured the frequency-domain responses, the proposed circuits measure the time-domain responses of the PLL/DLL to the periodic disturbances applied to either its input clock phase or its supply voltage. A synchronous sampling technique accurately measures the PLL/DLL's periodic response while suppressing the unrelated noises and interferences via averaging. The synchronous sampler outputs either DC voltage or digital values, making it suitable for low-cost characterization and production tests. The procedure for estimating the frequency-domain transfer functions from the measured time-domain responses is outlined. The jitter transfer and supply sensitivity measurements were demonstrated with a PLL fabricated in 0.13-mum CMOS. Compared with the PLL that occupied 1.1x0.46 mm2 and dissipated 36 mW from a 1.2-V supply, the on-chip measurement circuits occupied only 0.014 mm2 and dissipated only 2.6 mW.


Eggs are difficult to kill because of the unique structure of the eggshell, comprised of multiple layers that have evolved to allow the embryo to breathe while simultaneously limiting water loss. The eggshell has been shown to be an excellent barrier to insecticides, fungal pathogens, and some fumigants. The insect eggshell contains only a few areas that could allow penetration of insecticides, the aeropyles and micropyles, which seem to be either so few in number or small in size that they do not allow a sufficient amount of in‐ secticide through the eggshell. Resistance is also a contributing factor to control failures of insect eggs. Resistance in eggs has been documented in several insect species and a few studies have shown that some insect eggs produce elevated numbers of enzymes to break down insecticides. This chapter focuses on the structure and respiration of the insect egg‐ shell as a barrier to insecticides and also covers various management strategies against insect eggs. Lastly, we discuss the few documentations of resistance in insect eggs thus far.


THE criminal law is one of many mechanisms for the control of human behavior. It defines conduct that is thought to undermine or destroy community values. It seeks to protect the life, liberty, dignity, and property of the community and its members by threatening to deprive those who who contemplate such conduct and by inflicting sanctions upon those who engage in proscribed activity. The sanctions authorized, whether intended to punish, restrain, reform, or deter, constitute a deprivation of life, liberty, dignity and property. Because of the inherent conflict between the values ultimately to be preferred and their deprivation by the sanctions authorized, the criminal law has sought to minimize the consequences of this paradox through rules of law which restrict the state's authority to sanction. One of these rules, a fundamental restriction, is that before the state can inflict sanctions it must overcome the presumption of innocence which favors all of us-by establishing beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the offense charged. By defining crimes in terms of such traditionally material elements as a voluntary act purposely causing a specific result, the laws seeks to exclude from criminal liability those who are not "appropriate" subjects for a given sanction or indeed for any sanction. Thus, if the state fails to produce evidence which establishes each element of the crime or, put another way, if the accused introduces evidence which leaves in doubt any material element, no-sanction can be imposed for the crime charged. To illustrate, the state cannot hold a person criminally responsible for murder if there was no causal relationship between the shot fired and the death of the victim; or if the shot was fired without the intent (mens rca) to kill, even though death was caused by the shot; or if the victim did not die even though the shot was fired with intent to kill. Recognizing that the elements of a given offense may not be sufficiently precise to exclude all those who ought to be free of criminal liability, the state, in order to maximize preferred values, has formulated exceptions which are called defenses. Thus, to prevent the state from actually encouraging criminal activity, the defense of police entrapment, for example, will relieve an offender of liability even if each element of the crime is established beyond doubt. The evaluation of any device for sorting out who is and who is not an


As part of its Green Deal, the European Commission is considering the introduction of border carbon adjustments and alternative measures. The measures, which would primarily apply to basic materials like steel and cement, pursue a double objective: they are aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of carbon pricing for the transition to climate neutrality but also at avoiding carbon leakage risks. When implementing carbon adjustment mechanisms and alternative measures, various design options might be considered to reform the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). In this paper, we have decided to focus on three main models, which help to highlight the main differences between the available options. Under the first model, importers of basic materials would be required to surrender carbon allowances at the level of a product benchmark or, where lower, at the verified level of foreign carbon intensity. In parallel, allocation of free allowances would be phased out. Under the second model, a symmetric adjustment mechanism for exports and imports would be adopted, including refund to exporters for the carbon costs incurred on basic materials embodied in products. Finally, under the third model, the EU ETS would be complemented with a climate contribution charged for materials sold in the European Union (EU) at the product benchmark level related to the carbon intensity of each material. The free allowance allocation regime would then be modified to be directly linked to the volume of material production at the product benchmark level. In order to contribute to the current policy debate, we evaluate for each of these three models, their legality, coherence with EU climate objectives, effectiveness in carbon leakage prevention, potential international implications, as well as their administrative complexity and compliance costs.


Large lakes are attractive research sites because they provide ideal spatial scales for understanding the complex relationships between facies distributions and processes of sedimentation. In this paper, we describe deepwater facies and associated environments of deposition, based primarily on cores, from the tectonically active South Rukuru sublacustrine fan system of Lake Malawi, east Africa, where river discharge is high, offshore gradients are steep, and gravity-driven processes are common. The coring program was tied to a simultaneous seismic investigation, which is discussed in a companion paper (Soreghan et al. 1999). All facies, except the hemipelagic drape, contain widespread evidence of gravity-driven sedimentation processes, with turbidity currents being responsible for most of the sediment transport and deposition. Multiple fining-up turbidite units dominate the sandy facies of the canyons, channels, mouth-of-canyon fans, and basin-plain fill environments, and thin distal turbidites are present in cores through most of the muddier facies. Angular gravel and coarse sand are common not only throughout the canyons of the sloping relay ramp region but also as far offshore as the main axial channel and its depocenter, the basin-plain fill facies. Turbidites range in thickness from 0.25 to 2.0 m, are usually stacked, and can be recognized by well-defined Bouma sequences. A hemipelagic drape of highly laminated to structureless mud, which forms an uneven blanket over much of the lake bottom, is commonly interspersed with turbidites. Because lake levels can change rapidly as a result of climatic variations, the rate of sediment mobilization is extremely fast relative to marine systems. Vertical excursions in lake level of 100 m over only a few hundred years may lessen the distinctions between highstand and lowstand deposits. The border-fault setting allows coarse sediment to be delivered to the steep offshore, even during periods of lake high-stand. However, during periods of falling and low lake level it is likely that downcutting and erosion of highstand deltas increase the magnitude and intensity of turbidite deposition in the mouth-of-canyon fan and in the basin-plain fill environments.


In the area of chronic ambulatory illness, it is well recognized that poor participation by patients in the treatment process greatly limits the potential benefits of effective medical technology. Patients' contributions to treatment outcomes might be enhanced if medical care was oriented to consider patients as active participants in the treatment process, rather than as passive-obedient recipients of care. A systematic attempt is needed to define and measure services along a specific dimension of "Active Patient Orientation" and to relate these measurements directly to treatment outcomes. Applying a socio-organizational perspective, the study reported here examined the link between an active patient orientation and treatment outcomes. Hypertensive patients were asked to characterize their care along the dimension of Active Patient Orientation (APO). Findings indicate that patients who are afforded a high degree of APO are significantly more likely to have their blood pressures under control and to exhibit more positive cognitive and behavioral responses to illness-management. Further, the data suggest that level of APO can be significantly increased through incremental changes in systems of routine clinic care.


Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by a decline in cognition greater than expected given age and education level. Multiple screening instruments aim to detect subtle cognitive deficits associated with MCI. However, there are inconsistencies in the sensitivity and specificity of the instruments and tasks most reliable for identification of MCI. The present study aims to identify which tasks, task combinations and/or question items best discriminate MCI from healthy older adults (HOA). Ten participants with ages ranging from 55 to 82 were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders (ABCD. Results revealed the MoCA accurately screened for MCI in three out of four participants. However, the MoCA misdiagnosed two HOA. While individuals with MCI consistently scored lower than HOA on the MMSE, all ten participants scored within normal limits. Analysis of the findings revealed the subtests from the ABCD with the greatest sensitivity for identifying MCI included: repetition, reading comprehension- sentences, mental status, story retelling-immediate, generative naming, and confrontation naming.


The purpose of this study was to develop a High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for separating the unknown impurities generated during the accelerated stability storage of Clopidogrel Bisulphate Tablets. Also, we used the newly developed method to identify the factors that contribute to the formation of these unknown impurities in the tablet formulation. Study was carried out by incubation of mixture of excipients and Clopidogrel API in 5:1 ratio at 80°C for 3days. The new HPLC method was developed by using Kromasil 100 C18 column and using gradient method with mobile phase of 0.1% Triflouroacetic acid in water in pump A and 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid in Acetonitrile in pump B was suitable for separating the unknown impurities from the Clopidogrel Related Compound A. The method discussed in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) is not suitable to separate these impurities. From the excipients compatibility data we hypothesized that these unknown impurities were generated due to the excipient Polyethylene Glycol that is present in the tablet both as a tablet lubricant as well as a part of the film coating system. Further these unknown impurities were characterized as Dihydro pyridinone Derivative, Decarbmethoxylated Clopidogrel.


Two gamma-TiAl alloy groups were the subject of this investigation. From the first group, Ti-40Al-5Mn and Ti-40Al-10Mn alloy ingots, produced by cold-hearth plasma arc melting were characterised using light and electron microscopy and XRD. Their dendritic microstructures comprised of alpha2/gamma lamellar areas and single-phase gamma, beta and Laves (Mn2Ti) grains or precipitates. The lamellar alpha2/gamma Volume fraction was less in the Ti-40Al-10Mn alloy, due to the influence of its higher Mn content. The alloys were heat treated at 1200°C for 4 hours, resulting in nearly lamellar and duplex microstructures in the Ti-40Al-5Mn and Ti-40Al-10Mn alloys, respectively, hi both cases, the lamellar colonies contained poorly formed, discontinuous alpha2 lamellae. Raising the heat treatment temperature to 1300°C provided both alloys with fully lamellar microstructures with well formed, linear and continuous alpha2 lamellae. From the second alloy group, the Ti-47Al-4(Nb, Mn, Cr, Si, B) alloy known as gamma-TAB, was produced as hot isostatically pressed billets. Its microstructure comprised of some "feathery" lamellar colonies and single phase gamma-matrix. Unique phases based on Ti-B and Ti-Si were identified as being TiB and Ti5Si3, respectively. The boride stringers were profusely spread in the microstructure, whereas the Ti5Si3 was very elusive and found only once in TEM analysis. Heat treatment at 1400°C for 6 hours resulted in a fully lamellar Ti-47Al-4(Nb, Mn, Cr, Si, B) alloy with wide interlamellar spacing and greater gamma lamellae volume fraction; however the lamellar morphology was generally linear and continuous. In order to assess microstructural and lamellar morphological stability of the fully lamellar alloys, isothermal ageing at 800°C for durations of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 hours was conducted. Major microstructural changes took place in the Ti-Al-Mn alloys, whereby Ostwald ripening of alpha2 agglomerates and beta grains in the early stages, gave way to Laves phase lamellae and grains in the latter stages of ageing. This was more extensive in the Ti-40Al-10Mn alloy due to phase equilibrium requirements, whereby more of the alpha2/gamma lamellar content was eliminated. However, the specific resilience of alpha2 lamellae was inferior in the Ti-40Al-5Mn, as greater serration, fragmentation and termination migration within lamellar regions was witnessed. Termination migration within lamellar regions was considered as being independent to termination migration of the colony boundaries, which was distinguished as recession or contraction of the lamellar region, with an equivalent extension of the gamma-matrix. Boundary splitting was not precisely seen, but must have been the precursor to termination migration. In the Ti-47Al-4(Nb, Mn, Cr, Si, B) alloy, no Ostwald ripening of alpha2 agglomerates or formation of beta or Laves phases was observed. The gamma-matrix did progressively extend to eliminate alpha2/gamma lamellar grains to some degree, and gamma lamellae coarsened profoundly. Fragmentation and termination migration of alpha2 lamellae was more prominent after 1500 hours ageing. Mean interlamellar spacing (lambda) and coarsening ratio (r) increased the most in the Ti-40Al-5Mn alloy, due to the extent of alpha2 lamellar fragmentation and termination migration, followed by the Ti-47Al-4(Nb, Mn, Cr, Si, B) and Ti-40A1-10Mn alloys, respectively. Modes of morphological evolution that had not taken place during thermal ageing in all alloys studied, were direct cylinderisation, edge spheroidisation and discontinuous coarsening. Overall, the Ti-47Al-4(Nb, Mn, Cr, Si, B) alloy provided the best model for development of gamma-TiAl alloys with enhanced morphological stability, if issues such as the low alpha2 phase volume fraction and coarse gamma lamellae could be resolved. The role of silicon in gamma-TiAl alloys also needs to be examined, and whether it has any bearing on lamellar morphological stability.


Protein stability in ionic solutions depends on the delicate balance between protein-ion and ion-ion interactions. For molecular ions containing multiple charged groups, the role of ion-ion interactions is particularly important. In this study, we show how the interplay between homo- and heteroion pairing influences protein stability using polyarginine salts as a model system. For the chloride salts, protein thermostability decreases as the size of the peptide increases, indicating enhanced binding to the protein. Moreover, it indicates reduced homoion pairing between Gdm(+) and carboxylate groups that is largely responsible for aggregation suppression, rather than denaturation, in monomeric arginine solutions. However, for the sulfate salts, strong heteroion pairing between the Gdm(+) groups and the sulfate counterions compensates for the loss of homoion pairing and, in return, leads to enhanced thermostability and a dramatically reduced (up to 10-30 times) rate of protein aggregation. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal how this ion pairing enhances conformational stability and, at the same time, reduces protein association. This study provides insight into complex ion effects on protein stability and serves as an example of how these intrasolvent interactions can be leveraged to enhance protein stability.


Melanoma is the least common but most fatal form of skin cancer. Previous studies have indicated that an aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves possess hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. In this study, we want to investigate the anticancer activity of Hibiscus leaf polyphenolic (HLP) extract in melanoma cells. First, HLP was exhibited to be rich in epicatechin gallate (ECG) and other polyphenols. Apoptotic and autophagic activities of HLP and ECG were further evaluated by DAPI stain, cell-cycle analysis, and acidic vascular organelle (AVO) stain. Our results revealed that both HLP and ECG induced the caspases cleavages, Bcl-2 family proteins regulation, and Fas/FasL activation in A375 cells. In addition, we also revealed that the cells presented AVO-positive after HLP treatments. HLP could increase the expressions of autophagy-related proteins autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), Beclin1, and light chain 3-II (LC3-II), and induce autophagic cell death in A375 cells. These data indicated that the anticancer effect of HLP, partly contributed by ECG, in A375 cells. HLP potentially could be developed as an antimelanoma agent.


ALL SOCIAL movements involve conflicts which are re- flected intellectually in controversies. It would not be a sign of health if such an important social interest as educa- tion were not also an arena of struggles, practical and theo- retical. But for theory, at least for the theory that forms a philosophy of education, the practical conflicts and the controversies that are conducted upon the level of these conflicts, only set a problem. It is the business of an in- telligent theory of education to ascertain the causes for the conflicts that exist and then, instead of taking one side or the other, to indicate a plan of operations proceeding from a level deeper and more inclusive than is represented by the practices and ideas of the contending parties.
This formulation of the business of the philosophy of education does not mean that the latter should attempt to bring about a compromise between opposed schools of thought, to find a via media, nor yet make an eclectic com- bination of points picked out hither and yon from all schools. It means the necessity of the introduction of a new order of conceptions leading to new modes of prac- tice. It is for this reason that it is so ditlicult to develop a philosophy of education, the moment tradition and cus- tom are departed from. It is for this reason that the con- duct of schools, based upon a new order of conceptions, is so much more difficult than is the management of schools which walk in beaten paths. Hence, every movement in the direction of a new order of ideas and of activities directed by them calls out, sooner or later, a return to what appear to be simpler and more fundamental ideas and practices of the past-as is exemplified at present in
education in the attempt to revive the principles of ancient Greece and of the middle ages.
It is in this context that I have suggested at the close of this little volume that those who are looking ahead to a new movement in education, adapted to the existing need for a new social order, should think in terms of Education itself rather than in terms of some 'ism about education, evensuchan'ismas"progressivism." Forinspiteofitself any movement that thinks and acts in terms of an 'ism be- comes so involved in reaction against other 'isms that it is unwittingly controlled by them. For it then forms its prin- ciples by reaction against them instead of by a compre- hensive, constructive survey of actual needs, problems, and possibilities. Whatever value is possessed by the essay pre- sented in this little volume resides in its attempt to call attention to the larger and deeper issues of Education so as to suggest their proper frame of reference.


This book examines the background to a change in the legal framework which occurred in May 2004 with the entry into force of a new Merger Regulation that for the first time explicitly recognises the possibility of an efficiency defence. European Merger Control assesses the likely impact of this new regulation, and discusses the pros and cons of the efficiency defence, how other merger control systems deal with efficiencies, how the investigation process can be organised to accommodate the analysis of efficiency gains and the main theoretical and practical problems which arise when anti-competitive effects have to be weighed against efficiency gains.


Social harmony in Chinese society was examined in relation to decision making. From a historical perspective, it was noted that social harmony evolved as a consequence of the prescriptions Confucius developed in response to thousands of years of war in Chinese history. Social harmony was found to have not only benefits, but also some costs in regard to decision making, especially group decision making, in the hierarchically structured Chinese society. The costs were examined in relation to the problems of groupthink that affect group decisions when there is a strong power hierarchy in society. Groupthink was analyzed for factors that cause it, and those factors were found to be characteristic of Chinese society. Confucian principles of virtuous behavior, namely, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and wisdom, were examined to assess whether they could prevent groupthink, and were found to provide the means by which Chinese leaders could avoid problems in group decision making. It was thus proposed that leaders could benefit by developing such virtues in their personal lives, which would facilitate harmony in decision making.


Abstract A discrete choice experiment was conducted to discover the relative importance of five characteristics of developing countries considered by people when choosing countries to donate money to. The experiment was administered via an online survey involving almost 700 university student participants (potential donors). The most important recipient country characteristic for participants on average is hunger and malnutrition, followed by child mortality, quality of infrastructure, income per capita, and, least importantly, ties to the donor's home country. A cluster analysis of participants' individual 'part worth utilities' representing the relative importance of the country characteristics reveals they are not strongly correlated with participants' demographic characteristics.


The energy confinement time of TCV ohmic L mode discharges depends strongly on plasma shape. For fixed average current and electron densities, confinement times increase with plasma elongation and decrease with (positive) plasma triangularity. This dependence can be explained by the geometrical effects of flux surface expansion and compression on the temperature gradients together with the effect of power degradation, without the need to invoke a shape dependence of the transport coefficients. A global factor of merit, the shape enhancement factor Hs, is introduced to quantify this geometrical effect. The shape enhancement factor also has the potential to improve the description of the shape dependence in existing interdevice scaling laws. Modified versions of Neo-Alcator scaling and of Rebut-Lallia-Watkins scaling provide successful descriptions of ohmic L mode confinement for a large variety of plasma shapes in TCV by making use of Hs. Magnetohydrodynamic activity is also strongly dependent on plasma shape. Sawtooth amplitudes are largest at positive triangularity and sometimes vanish at negative triangularity, where the amplitude of MHD modes is highest. It is shown that the changes in MHD behaviour are to a large extent consequences of the confinement changes produced in these shaping experiments


The Microwave Extraction System (MES) is a high-speed method used to extract target compounds from various raw materials. It was originally developed for the extraction of flavors and fragrances from plant materials, which is generally carried out by conventional techniques that require a lot of energy or a long time or a combination of both. In this study, a microwave extraction system (MES) is developed for the extraction of essential oils from Jasminum sambac flowers. The important MES process parameters, i.e, time, temperature and microwave power are controlled to obtain rapidly the highest quantity and quality of oil. The performance of MES is compared with the Conventional Extraction Method (CEM) using various methods such as dry distillation (DD), wet distillation (WD), hydro distillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) in terms of rapidity, quality and percentage of yield, chemical composition of oil and its efficiency. The MES is performed by DD and WD at irradiation power of about 450 W and temperature about 100 oC for 1 hour whereas CEM is performed by HD and SD at extraction power of 450 W and temperature 100 oC for 8 hours. The absorption power of microwave irradiation by Jasminum sambac flowers are predicted for DD and WD. The project has successfully proved that MES is more efficient than CEM in terms of rapidity, quality and quantity of yield, energy use, easiness in operation and cost effectiveness. The MES provides a rapid extraction, with about 8 times faster than CEM. After 1 hour of microwave extraction, it is possible to collect sufficient essential oil which provides comparable yields to those obtained with 8 hours by CEM. Using MES, DD requires only 5 minutes to obtain its first oil droplet and WD requires 8 minutes whereas using CEM, both HD and SD allows 15 and 42 minutes respectively to obtain the first oil droplet. DD requires less time to obtain its first oil droplet compared to other methods because the absorption power for dry sample is higher than for wet sample. The DD technically gives higher percentage yield with 0.10 % which is about 5 times higher compared to SD and HD where both only contribute 0.02 %, respectively whereas WD contributes 0.06 %. Although more compounds are detected in the essential oil extracted by CEM, substantial higher amounts of highly odoriferous compounds are present in the MES extract. The relative amount of oxygenated fraction in essential oil is less than 30 % for CEM and more than 30 % for MES. In terms of the energy consumed, the energy consumption in MES is 8 times lower than in CEM. HD requires heating of 0.4 liter of water and 200 g of flowers to the extraction temperature, and evaporating the water and essential oil for 8 hours whereas DD only requires heating 200 g of fresh flowers and evaporating the in situ water and essential oil of the plant material for 1 hour. Furthermore, MES requires maximum power irradiation only to heat up the sample and water to its boiling point and thus obtain its first oil droplet whereas CEM requires maximum power irradiation throughout the process. Essentially, the MES provides an easily controlled system, rapid extraction process; high yield and purity extracts, more valuable essential oils, extracts with chemical compositions comparable to conventional method and allows a substantial saving of energy. These advantages not only reduce operating costs, but also result in a more environmentally friendly process.


Focused content on automating the user authentication and authorization tool for Windows environmentsAutomation helps make administration of computing environments more manageable. It alleviates the repetition of repeating frequent tasks and and automates just about any task for Active Directory, Windows PowerShell 2.0. Focused on everyday and frequently performed tasks, this indispensable guide provides you with the PowerShell solutions for these tasks. Solutions are presented in a step-by-step format so that you can fully grasp how the new Active Directory module for PowerShell provides command-line scripting for administrative, configuration, and diagnostic tasks.Walks you through the processes and tools required to automate everyday tasksOffers PowerShell solutions for maintaining a Windows Server 2008 R2 environmentIncludes real-world examples, explanations of concepts, and step-by-step solutionsThis unique book allows you to work more efficiently and effectively and keep up with the ever-increasing demands from businesses.


For this book, Lynn Hoffman has not only compiled her writing for the last ten years, but she has written her own commentary about the personal and intellectual journey which led her from one paper to the next. The papers themselves read like a chronicle of the major ideas of the past ten years, but her commentary sheds a new light on the process of learning. It enables the reader to understand the way one woman has listened to the voices of a changing environment, and listened to the changes in herself in order to expand her thinking and her practice as a therapist.


Purpose: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a fatal primary liver cancer resulting from diagnosis at an advanced stage. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma may improve the disease prognosis. Enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is suggested to be associated with increased drug resistance and the metastasis. This study aims to investigate the roles of the ALDH isoforms in cholangiocarcinoma. Experimental Design: Aldefluor assays, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis were used to identify the major ALDH isoforms contributing to Aldefluor activity in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. We manipulated isoform expression in HuCCT1 cells to elucidate the role of ALDH1A3 in the malignant progression of these cells. Finally, we used immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the clinical significance of ALDH1A3 in 77 hepatectomized cholangiocarcinoma patients and an additional 31 patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma who received gemcitabine-based therapy. Results: ALDHhigh cholangiocarcinoma cells not only migrated faster but were more resistant to gemcitabine. Among the 19 ALDH isoforms studied, ALDH1A3 was found to be the main contributor to Aldefluor activity. In addition, we also found that knockdown of ALDH1A3 expression in HuCCT1 cells markedly reduced not only their sensitivity to gemcitabine, which might be attributed to a decreased expression of ribonucleotide reductase M1, but also their migration. Most importantly, this enzyme was also identified as an independent poor prognostic factor for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, as well as a prognostic biomarker of gemcitabine-treated patients. Conclusions: ALDH1A3 plays an important role in enhancing malignant behavior of cholangiocarcinoma and serves as a new therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4225–35. ©2016 AACR.


The worldwide financial crisis of 2007-2010 was set off by the collapse of the subprime mortgage market in the U.S. This crisis caused widespread banking failure in the U.S. and forced the federal government to provide a massive bailout to the financial sector. The crisis simultaneously reverberated to banks around the world, and eventually brought about a worldwide recession. This paper documents why Western European countries were so susceptible to the housing price downturn. We explore various mechanisms by which the financial crisis might have spread including the existence of similar regulatory schemes, government deficits and current account imbalances, export connectedness, and the presence of a housing bubble. We present a surprising result: European banks went down because they had joined the market in the U.S. for mortgage backed securities and funded them by borrowing in the asset backed commercial paper market. They were pursuing the same strategies to make profit as the American banks, and when the housing market turned down, they suffered the same fate as their U.S. counterparts. Our study makes a broader theoretical point suggesting that subsequent studies of global finance and financial markets need to know something about the identities and strategies of the banks that structure the main markets for different products. This insight has implications for the literatures on financialization, globalization, and the sociology of finance.


Background: Substituted piperazines comprise a substantial proportion of the novel psychoactive substance market. Among the most widely abused piperazine compounds are meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), tri-fluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), and, especially, benzylpiperazine (BZP), which are commonly incorporated, either alone or in combination, in illicit "party pills" or "ecstasy" formulations. Illicit synthesis of BZP often results in production of an impure by-product dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP), which frequently appears alongside BZP in these formulations; however, despite its ubiquity, little information exists regarding the abuse liability of DBZP. Aims: The current study aimed to evaluate the abuse-related behavioral pharmacology of DBZP. Methods: DBZP, mCPP, and TFMPP were tested in parallel in mice in locomotor activity and conditioned place preference assays, and in a drug discrimination assay with rats trained to discriminate either methamphetamine, cocaine, (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or -2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine(DOM). Results: Each of the compounds tested produced dose-dependent decreases in locomotor activity. DBZP substituted fully for methamphetamine, produced subthreshold drug-appropriate responding for cocaine and MDMA, and failed to substitute for DOM. Conversely, TFMPP and mCPP only produced subthreshold drug-appropriate responding for methamphetamine and MDMA, respectively, and both compounds failed to substitute for cocaine or DOM. None of the compounds tested produced a place preference. DBZP produced convulsions in rats at the highest dose tested. Conclusions: These data indicate that DBZP is more similar to BZP, albeit with lower potency and efficacy, than its serotonergic piperazine counterparts, and is a behaviorally-active compound with some abuse liability and potential for adverse health effects.


We analyze two generations of Japanese speakers' productions of [twi] and [ti] as they occur in native Japanese words and in loan words. Analysis across speakers verifies that this contrast is neutralized in native Japanese words and preserved in loans. Analysis of generational differences reveals two distinct patterns of preservation. Generation one speakers in our study produced overlapping distributions of [twi] and [ti]. In contrast, generation two speakers distinguished these strings in all environments. Our data are consistent with the view that the first generation of borrowers mapped the foreign phonological contrast to an allophonic distinction in native Japanese and that the second generation of speakers promoted this weak phonetic distinction to phonemic status.


Bangladesh is frequently cited as one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change, despite the country's insignificant contribution to climate change. Crop production, especially rice, the main food staple, is the most susceptible to climate change and variability. Any changes in climate will, thus, increase uncertainty regarding rice production as climate is major cause of year-to-year variability in rice productivity. This thesis is motivated partly by the susceptibility of rice farming to climate change and partly by the limited studies of Bangladesh on this topic. The overall aim of this thesis is, thus, to analyse the impact of climate change on rice production at three levels (aggregate-national, disaggregated-climate zone and micro-farm level), and to evaluate the adaptation strategies practised by farmers in a severely drought-prone area.
At the aggregate level, this thesis first investigated national data from secondary sources to examine changes in maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall over the past 60 years. Results from a linear trend model reveal that the time trend is statistically significant for all three major climate variables. This implies climate has changed over the whole period. However, the findings from quantile regression indicate that the explanatory power of the time trend is higher in the higher quantiles than the lower quantiles for all three climate variables. This latter method thus offers a more complete picture of the changing climate at different points of time. Given these changes in climate and using production function theory, an evaluation of the impacts of changing climate on the yields for three rice crops in Bangladesh: Aus, Aman and Boro, was made. The findings confirm that the changes to both maximum and minimum temperatures are statistically significant for Aus and Boro rice. However, changes to the average minimum temperature are found to affect Aus rice production adversely and the average maximum temperature is also negatively related to Boro rice yield. On the contrary, the impacts of maximum temperature and rainfall are more pronounced for Aman rice compared to minimum temperature whose effects are adverse. Given these adverse effects of temperature on rice crops, policy makers should design strategies for the development and use of temperature tolerant rice varieties. However, this analysis of national level data is unable to reveal regional level differences in climate and their differential impacts on rice yield which warrants disaggregated level analysis.
Under the theoretical framework of Just-Pope stochastic production function, the objective of the disaggregated level analysis was to assess the effects of climate change on the yield and variability of Aus, Aman and Boro rice using cross-sectional time series (panel) data. The results reveal that maximum temperature is risk increasing for Aus and Aman rice while it is risk decreasing for Boro rice yield. Minimum temperature is risk increasing for Boro rice and risk decreasing for the Aus and Aman varieties. Finally, rainfall is risk increasing for Aman rice whilst risk decreasing for Aus and Boro rice. Moreover, future climate change is expected to increase the variability of rice yield for all three rice crops. Disaggregated level analysis, thus, provided more information than aggregate level analysis. However, the disaggregated level data is unable to show how individual farmers are affected by climate change which necessities a farm level analysis of impact and adaptation.
The farm level analyses employed data from a survey of 550 farm households in a severely drought-prone area of Bangladesh. Descriptive statistics reveal that net revenue and production loss from Aman rice vary between different subsamples of farmers. For example, mean profit was significantly higher for large and medium farmers compared to small and landless farmers while the latter group of farmers faced higher mean production losses. Integrated farms have higher net revenue compared to rice only farms. Moreover, production losses for highly irrigated farms are lower than for less irrigated farms. Further, results from both mean and median regression on the determinants of profit and production loss indicate significant variables that can be targeted to increase profit or decrease production loss. These include age, years of schooling of household head, household yearly total income, household assets, land tenure, access to agricultural extension services, weather information, electricity and subsidy, percentage of land under irrigation, crop selling at local market, and distance to local or nearby urban market. Government policy initiatives should include support for integrated farming, increasing the provision of education, providing regular weather forecasts, giving subsidies to verysmall and landless farmers, distributing government owned fallow lands to small farmers, and adopting water saving irrigation technologies.
Farmers have taken some adaptation strategies to reduce these adverse effects on rice production. The major adaptation strategies include higher levels of irrigation, cultivation of short-duration rice varieties, changing planting dates, agro forestry, use of different crop varieties and cultivation of non rice crops. Estimates from a multinomial logit model specify that age, gender and education level of household head, household annual total income, household assets, farm size, tenure status, farming experience, access to agricultural credit, availability of subsidies, electricity at home, and farmer-to-farmer extension services all affect adaptation choices. Therefore, policy makers should target these determinants to boost farmers' adaptation and thereby diminish the adverse effects of climate change.
The analytical framework used in this study has produced robust results. It should be replicated in other developing countries experiencing adverse climate change and having similar characteristics to Bangladesh.


The European energy market liberalization strategy aims to assign a new role to consumers and end-users' communities so that they can become active participants on the energy market. In this paper we present the project SOCIALENERGY, EU-funded under the H2020 program. This project aims to promote the EU energy market transformation policy and to deliver supporting instruments. By developing innovative ICT-based tools, the project consortium will empower the EU energy consumers to become more energy efficient and competent. Apart from presenting the advanced features of SOCIALENERGY multi-modular platform, we will highlight the importance of the novel competence-based education (CBE) framework to support educational activities and to promote creation of social communities in the energy efficiency domain.ACM Computing Classification System (1998): J.1, K.3.1, K.4.3, K.5.2.


Direct single molecule tracking of a polyelectrolyte chain by using fluorescence microscopy has allowed both the assumptions and the predictions of relevant theories to be tested. The center-ofmass displacement is determined as a function of the time that elapses between images, where the radius of gyration can be estimated from a first moment of the image distribution. The translational self-diffusion for the molecule is an ensemble property of the mean square displacement (MSD) with lag time in each trajectory. Experimentally viable two-dimensional imaging of semiflexible polyelectrolyte was performed on a fluorescein-labeled xanthan chain in electroosmosis-driven uniform flow fields. The radius of gyration was almost constant under variations of the electroosmotic flow velocity determined by an externally applied electric field. We try to develop a correction of the MSD in flow field, taking into account the velocity fluctuations. Its advantage allows acquiring the linear fit for the MSD vs lag time, for a good estimate of the translational diffusion. Increasing behavior of the diffusion with increasing fluid velocity ensures a quadratic equation fit, which should connect with the convective effect. Our results exhibit a screening effect such that strong screening caused by a high ionic concentration leads to higher diffusion due to the compact chain conformation. Considering the uniform flow serves as a basis for understanding the behavior of individual polyelectrolyte chains under controlled fluidic flow in confined spaces.


The psychology classic a detailed study of scientific theories of human nature and the possible ways in which human behavior can be predicted and controlled from one of the most influential behaviorists of the twentieth century and the author of "Walden Two." This is an important book, exceptionally well written, and logically consistent with the basic premise of the unitary nature of science. Many students of society and culture would take violent issue with most of the things that Skinner has to say, but even those who disagree most will find this a stimulating book. Samuel M. Strong, "The American Journal of Sociology" This is a remarkable book remarkable in that it presents a strong, consistent, and all but exhaustive case for a natural science of human behavior It ought to be valuable for those whose preferences lie with, as well as those whose preferences stand against, a behavioristic approach to human activity. Harry Prosch, "Ethics""


Moringa stenopetala Bak F. is commonly used in folk medicine as a remedy to treat various ailments like hypertension, headache, stomach disorders, asthma, diabetes and malaria. However, the use of the herb for treatment of pain and inflammation has not been scientifically investigated. Thus, in this experiment 80% methanol crude extract of the leaves of M. stenopetala was evaluated for its analgesic and antiinflammatory activities using established animal models. Swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6). The negative control group was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water. The positive control received standard drug based on the respective model (morphine 10 mg//kg, acetyl salicylic acid 81 mg/kg, indomethacin 25 mg/kg). The rest of the groups were treated with 80% methanol extract of M. stenopetala leaves at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg. Animals were then subjected to a battery of tests including hot plate, tail flick, acetic acid induced writhing, and carrageenan induced paw oedema tests. The results indicate that M. stenopetala extract showed a dose-dependent significant reduction of pain in analgesia models (p<0.001) with 600 mg/kg dose producing the highest reduction. The extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced inflammation in a dose independent manner, in which the highest reduction of inflammation was observed at 400 mg/kg. The data collectively indicate that the 80% methanol extract of M. stenopetala leaves have potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities against stimuli in tested animals and can be recommended for further studies. Keywords: Moringa stenopetala , Leaves, Crude Extract, Analgesic Activity, Anti-inflammatory Activity


Laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to measure elemental concentrations at the 100-μm scale in a 3-dimensional manner within a basaltic clast sample collected from the Hanford 300 Area in south-central Washington State, United States. A calibration method was developed to quantify the LA-ICP-MS signal response using a constant-sum mass fraction of eight major elements; the method produced reasonable concentration measurements for both major and trace elements when compared to a standard basalt sample with known concentrations. 3-Dimensional maps (stacked 2-D contour layers, each representing 2100 μm × 2100 μm) show relatively uniform concentration with depth for intrinsic elements such as Si, Na, and Sr. However, U and Cu accumulation were observed near the sample surface, consistent with the site's release history of these contaminants. U and Cu show substantial heterogeneity in their concentration distributions within horizontal slices, while the intrinsic elements are essentially uniformly distributed. From these measured U concentrations and published grain size distributions, gravel and cobbles were estimated to contain about 1% of the contaminant U, implicating the coarse fraction as a long-term release source.


The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology, by Jennifer M. Brown and Elizabeth A. Campbell (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 900 pages (ISBN 978-052170181-5, CA $79.95 Paperback; ISBN 978-0521-87809-8, CA $157.95 Hardcover) The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology is a comprehensive reference book that covers a wide range of topics within the field of forensic psychology. There are over 100 entries that cover eight content areas of forensic psychology research and practice: Psychological theories, assessment, intervention, psychology and criminal behaviour, civil law, special topics (e.g., arson, bullying, hostage taking, victimology), professional practice, and research practice. The editors are both based in the United Kingdom and the majority of chapter authors are also from the U.K., although there are 11 authors from Canada, the United States, Australia, and other countries. Canadian forensic psychologists will find the chapter content useful, although some chapters place primary emphasis on relevant U.K. law and practice, and discussion of relevant forensic assessment instruments is occasionally absent. For example, the chapter on consent and capacity in civil cases highlights the Mental Capacity Act for England and Wales, and the personal injury chapter focuses on the role of experts in cases in England and Wales. The chapter on mental health is a generic mental health assessment review and doesn't cover specific forensic assessment instruments that might be used for assessing mental health issues in the forensic context, such as fitness to stand trial or criminal responsibility. For the most part, however, the chapters are written broadly and will be of interest to psychologists in many countries. The authors strike a nice balance between reporting both the state of research and practice to date while also noting limitations in our current knowledge basis. In their introductory chapter, Brown and Campbell review the history of forensic psychology and note the conflicts that have been identified in defining the field, and in particular how the term forensic psychologist should be used. This is an important debate as it affects training models and practice standards. Forensic psychology is generally construed broadly to encompass contributions that psychology can make to a relevant legal question. This includes assessment of legal issues that are based in clinical psychology, such as fitness to stand trial, criminal responsibility, or risk for violence, but also legal issues that draw on expertise in other areas of psychology, such as eyewitness testimony, jury decision-making, or discrimination in the workplace. Brown and Campbell point to the lack of consensus as to how the field should be defined. They conclude that given the broad range of forensic psychology practice, it is not possible to have a common curriculum that would produce a generic forensic psychologist. Commenting that the term forensic psychology is not universally accepted, they suggest dropping the use of it entirely, to be replaced by their proposed definitional framework that clarifies the different roles of psychologists working in the legal arena. This model identifies the psychologist's role as either academic researcher or practitioner who focuses either directly or indirectly on contributions in various settings (e.g., police, prison, rehabilitation, special hospital, or court), with involvement ranging from occasional to often. We suspect that forensic psychologists in Canada would have less concern about the identity conflicts raised by the editors, as most would accept the American Psychological Association's definition of it as a specialty area in psychology: Forensic psychology is the professional practice by psychologists within the areas of clinical psychology, counselling psychology, school psychology, or another specialty recognised by the American Psychological Association, when they are engaged as experts and represent themselves as such, in an activity primarily intended to provide professional psychological expertise to the judicial system. …


The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has doubled over the past decade. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most prevalent form of ART. During IVF, a woman's eggs are extracted, fertilized in a laboratory setting, and then implanted in the uterus. Many IVF procedures use eggs or sperm that were stored using a process called cryopreservation. A recent survey reported that cryopreservation consultations increased exponentially during the coronavirus pandemic, rising as much as 60 percent. It is estimated that more than one million embryos are stored in cryopreservation facilities throughout the United States. As the use of cryopreservation increases, so too does the possibility that stored reproductive material will be lost or destroyed. Recently, over 4,000 cryopreserved human embryos inadvertently were destroyed at University Hospitals Fertility Clinic in Ohio, and 3,500 eggs and embryos were destroyed when a cryopreservation tank recently malfunctioned at a fertility clinic in California. When reproductive material is lost or destroyed, the aspiring parents; primary harm is emotional; it is non-pecuniary in nature. The emotional harm is particularly extreme in cases where the loss destroys a couple's only hope of becoming parents. Despite the severity of the emotional harm suffered due to the loss, aspiring parents often are left without a clear legal basis to recover emotional disturbance damages. Although emotional disturbance damages are rarely awarded for breach of contract, the article explains why such awards are justified based on the current trend in contract law, as exemplified by Restatement (Second) of Contracts section 353 and posits that clinics and ART professionals are aware at the time of contracting that emotional disturbance is particularly likely in the event of a breach. Scholars have noted that tort damages for emotional harm often are unavailable when reproductive material is lost or destroyed, because the emotional harm is not parasitic to a physical injury, nor can aspiring parents overcome the traditional barriers to NIED recovery because they neither were in the "zone of danger" nor were they bystanders at the time of loss. Therefore, for aspiring parents who reside in traditional barrier jurisdictions, breach of contract damages may represent their only hope to recover for emotional harm. This article posits that ART clinics and professionals have actual or constructive knowledge of plaintiffs' particular reason for storing reproductive material--namely, to achieve a later pregnancy--at the time of contracting, so as to support consequential damages for emotional disturbance. This knowledge of the contract's purpose, coupled with the nature of the transaction and the surrounding circumstances, put ART clinics and professionals on notice at the time of contracting that emotional disturbance is particularly likely to result from a breach. The article also posits that typical broad, sweeping exculpatory clauses contained in cryopreservation agreements that attempt to negate all liability for freezing and storage of reproductive material, including negligence liability, should not be enforced because such clauses render the agreement illusory and contravene public policy.


Deploying a single nationwide broadband wireless network to serve all public safety users would have great advantages over the existing fragmented public safety systems. A nationwide system could be created to serve both public safety and commercial subscribers, which would allow a provider to exploit important economies of scope but force it to meet the more costly requirements of public safety. In 2007, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission tried to establish a public-private partnership whereby a commercial partner would commit to serving public safety agencies in return for access to valuable spectrum in which it could serve paying customers. No commercial partner emerged from the initial auction, sparking intense debate about the potential of the underlying policy, whether it should be tried again, and if so, how. Thus, this paper considers the viability of a publicprivate partnership approach from a for-profit provider's perspective. To do so, we present a model to estimate the net present value (NPV) of a wireless network over a 10 year period by calculating costs based on the number of cell sites required and revenue based on the number of subscribers acquired using projections of market penetration each year. We apply this model to both a public-private partnership that serves commercial subscribers in addition to all public safety personnel on 20MHz of 700MHz spectrum, and a commercial-only network that serves just commercial subscribers on 10MHz of 700MHz spectrum. We find that the NPV/cell is greater for the public-private partnership than for the commercial-only network for any population density in which the cells are deployed. This implies that the value of the additional 10MHz in the partnership is more than the cost to meet public safety's more stringent requirements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the NPV/cell in both networks increases rapidly with population density such that urban regions are profitable and rural regions are unprofitable. This implies that rural areas are only covered by a network if build-out requirements are imposed on the license. We find that the population covered by a partnership can be increased from 56% (i.e. the region where NPV/cell >0) to 93% and the partnership still breaks even (i.e. NPV = 0). In this case, the urban 56% of population acts to subsidize the coverage of the unprofitable 37% of population covered. Moreover, we find that if population covered is increased further to 99.3%, a public-private partnership is sustainable if given an upfront subsidy of about $2B to cover initial costs. However, at this level of population coverage only 50% of area would be covered and thus, many rural agencies would be left out of such a nationwide network. Additionally, we find that urban areas opting-out of the partnership significantly reduces NPV while rural areas opting-out have no negative impact on NPV. Thus, if big cities are allowed to opt-out, this significantly increases the subsidies required to bring coverage to a given fraction of the country.


We investigate the slow light engineering in periodic-stub-assisted plasmonic waveguide based on transmission line theory. It is found that the dispersion relationship of the proposed waveguide can be easily modified by tuning the stub depth and the period. The theoretical results show that a large normalized delay bandwidth product of 0.65 can be achieved at 1550 nm, meanwhile maintaining the group index of 35. In addition, the proposed waveguide shows "S-shaped" dispersion curve, which implies that the group velocity dispersion parameter at the inflection point equals zero and a dispersion-free slow light waveguide can be realized. Due to the excellent buffering capacity, the proposed compact configuration can find important applications on optical buffers in highly integrated optical circuits.


Synthesis of 4-(Benzylthio)-and 4-(Arylthio)-1,3-oxazole-5(2H)-ones

Following a known procedure, 4-(benzylthio)-1,3-oxazol-5(2H)-one (4a) was synthesized starting from sodium cyanodithioformate (1) and cyclohexanone (Scheme 1). The structure of the intermediate 4-(benzylthio)-1,3-thiazol-5(2H)-one (3a) was established by X-ray crystallography. An alternative route was developed for the synthesis of 4-(arylthio)-1,3-oxazol-5(2H)-ones which are not accessible by the former reaction. Treatment of ethyl cyanoformate (5) with a thiophenol in the presence of catalytic amounts of Et2NH and TiCl4, followed by addition of a ketone and BF3.Et2O in a one-pot-reaction, gave 4f–i in low-to-fair yields (Scheme 3). Both synthetic pathways-complementary as for benzyl–S and aryl-S derivatives–seem to be limited with respect to variation of substituents of the ketone.


Soft robotic systems are composed of active and passively deformable structures which are intrinsically compliant, flexible, and elastic. Although these features offer benefits of adaptability, robustness, and safety, controlling these types of robots is a significant challenge, in part from the difficulty of obtaining feedback from sensors which provide state information without hindering the advantageous material properties which grant these systems their unique mechanical behavior. We demonstrate here the first integration of a flexible, stretchable, liquid metal-based strain sensor with vacuum-powered soft pneumatic actuators (V-SPAs) for simultaneous controlled feedback of the soft actuators as well as user input and soft robotic device interaction. The soft sensors which are encapsulated within a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane are directly embedded in the outer body skin of the soft actuators, and can be used to correlate the deformation of the body under vacuum actuation to overall actuator strain or to detect external disturbances. This information is used to compute and control the angle of a rotational 3-DoF actuator module, as well as detect implicit user input control signals by direct interaction without the need for an external control interface. The dual use of embedded sensing shown in this work provides a fundamental strategy for soft collaborative robot applications.


Macroeconometric Evaluation of Active Labour Market Policies in Germany – A Dynamic Panel Approach Using Regional Data Most evaluation studies of active labour market policies (ALMP) focus on the microeconometric evaluation approach using individual data. However, as the microeconometric approach usually ignores impacts on the non-participants, it should be seen as a first step to a complete evaluation which has to be followed by an analysis on the macroeconomic level. As a starting point for our analysis we discuss the effects of ALMP in a theoretical labour market framework augmented by ALMP. We estimate the impacts of ALMP in Germany for the time period 1999-2001 with regional data of 175 labour office districts. Due to the high persistence of German labour market data the application of a dynamic model is crucial. Furthermore our analysis accounts especially for the inherent simultaneity problem of ALMP. For West Germany we find positive effects of vocational training and job creation schemes on the labour market situation, whereas the results for East Germany do not allow profound statements. JEL Classification: C33, E24, H43, J64, J68


This article provides a context for this special issue devoted to the social-emotional side of learning disabilities (LD). The impact LD definitions have on policy and practice, the prevalence of social-emotional deficits among youth with LD, relevant social-emotional terms, and the rationale for teaching social-emotional skills are discussed. Finally, the articles comprising this special issue are introduced.


Jones, MT, Parker, BM, and Cortes, N. The effect of whole-body vibration training and conventional strength training on performance measures in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 25(9): 2434-2441, 2011—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of regular whole-body vibration (WBV) training on lower body strength and power. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III softball athletes (n = 9) completed the 9-week protocol as part of their off-season strength and conditioning program. The athletes were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Week 1, pretesting included 3 repetition maximum (3RM) back squat, standing long jump (SLJ), and vertical countermovement jump (VCMJ). Phase I training (weeks 2-4) consisted of either WBV training (group 1) or conventional strength training (CST, group 2). The primary programmatic difference between WBV and CST was the inclusion of WBV sets after squat sets. Posttesting (3RM squat, SLJ, VCMJ) occurred at week 5. Phase II training (weeks 6-8) consisted of either WBV training (group 2) or CST (group 1). Posttesting was repeated at week 9 after the completion of phase II. Three 2 × 2 mixed factorial analyses of variance were computed. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between groups or between groups and testing period for the SLJ, VCMJ, and estimated 1RM back squat. Increases (p < 0.05) were observed in SLJ, VCMJ, and back squat from pretest to posttest 1. Back squat increased (p < 0.05) from posttest 1 to posttest 2. All the athletes experienced significantly greater (p < 0.05) percent changes from pretest to posttest 1 for SLJ and VCMJ. These results indicate that the inclusion of WBV as part of an off-season strength and conditioning program has no apparent benefit over CST methods for collegiate softball players.


We study the role mutual funds play in the recovery from fast intraday crashes based on data from the National Stock Exchange of India for a single large stock. During normal times, trading activity and liquidity provision by mutual funds is negligible compared to other traders at around 4% of overall activity. Nevertheless, for the two intraday marketwide crashes in our sample, price recovery took place only after mutual funds moved in. Market stability may require the presence of well-capitalized standby liquidity providers for recovery from fast crashes.


JWST provides capabilities unmatched by other telescopic facilities in the near to mid infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its combination of broad wavelength range, high sensitivity and near diffraction-limited imaging around two microns wavelength make it a high value facility for a variety of Solar System targets. Beyond Neptune, a class of cold, large bodies that include Pluto, Triton and Eris exhibits surface deposits of nitrogen, methane, and other molecules that are poorly observed from the ground, but for which JWST might provide spectral mapping at high sensitivity and spatial resolution difficult to match with the current generation of ground-based observatories. The observatory will also provide unique sensitivity in a variety of near and mid infrared windows for observing relatively deep into the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune, searching there for minor species. It will examine the Jovian aurora in a wavelength regime where the background atmosphere is dark. Special provision of a subarray observing strategy may allow observation of Jupiter and Saturn over a larger wavelength range despite their large surface brightnesses, allowing for detailed observation of transient phenomena including large scale storms and impact-generation disturbances. JWST's observations of Saturn's moon Titan will overlap with and go beyond the 2017 end-of-mission for Cassini, providing an important extension to the time-series of meteorological studies for much of northern hemisphere summer. It will overlap with a number of other planetary missions to targets for which JWST can make unique types of observations. JWST provides a platform for linking solar system and extrasolar planet studies through its unique observational capabilities in both arenas.


We examined structural relationships between physical education students' social support and social self-esteem, depression, and happiness. Participants ( N = 311) completed measures of perceived social support from parents, professors, and peers, and of the students' levels of depression, happiness, and self-esteem. Results showed that parents', professors', and peers' social support were significant antecedent variables that increased the students' self-esteem, that parents' and professors' social support were associated with lower depression, and that high self-esteem was associated with greater happiness and lower depression. The latter association, however, was not significant. Results indicated that social support and high self-esteem are useful resources that help college students live happy lives by promoting positive emotions.


Abstract Trade policy barriers are only one element of overall trade costs. Among these, and due to the decrease in the influence of tariff barriers on trade over time, institutional barriers might increase in relative importance and become a key obstacle to the movements of goods across countries. This paper quantifies and compares the impact that a number of trade facilitation and trade policy barriers have on bilateral trade flows. A theoretically justified gravity model of trade is estimated by using the methodology proposed in Baier and Bergstrand (Bonus vetus OLS: A simple method for approximating international trade-cost effects using the gravity equation, 2009) for a cross-section of countries in the year 2000. Results indicate that institutional trade barriers have a greater impact on trade flows than tariff barriers. According to these findings, trade policy negotiation efforts should focus on facilitating trade processes and should be at the forefront of multilateral negotiations.


This report first describes the use of different copula based models to simultaneously estimate the two crash indicators: injury severity and vehicle damage. The Gaussian copula model outperforms the other copula based model specifications ( i.e. Gaussian, Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern (FGM), Frank, Clayton, Joe and Gumbel copula models), and the results indicate that injury severity and vehicle damage are highly correlated, and the correlations between injury severity and vehicle damage varied with different crash characteristics including manners of collision and collision types. This study indicates that the copula-based model can be considered to get a more accurate model structure when simultaneously estimating injury severity and vehicle damage in crash severity analyses. The second part of this report describes estimation of cluster based SPFs for local road intersections and segments in Connecticut using socio-economic and network topological data instead of traffic counts as exposure. The number of intersections and the total local roadway length were appropriate to be used as exposure in the intersection and segment SPFs, respectively. Models including total population, retail and non-retail employment and average household income are found to be the best both on the basis of model fit and out of sample prediction. The third part of this report describes estimation of crashes by both crash type and crash severity on rural two-lane highways, using the Multivariate Poisson Lognormal (MVPLN) model. The crash type and crash severity counts are significantly correlated; the standard errors of covariates in the MVPLN model are slightly lower than the other two univariate crash prediction models ( i.e. Negative Binomial model and Univariate Poisson Lognormal model) when the covariates are statistically significant; and the MVPLN model outperforms the UPLN and NB models in crash count prediction accuracy. This study indicates that when simultaneously predicting crash counts by crash type and crash severity for rural two-lane highways, the MVPLN model should be considered to avoid estimation error and to account for the potential correlations among crash type counts and crash severity counts.


The first measurement at the LHC of charge-dependent directed flow ($v_{1}$) relative to the spectator plane is presented for Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV. Results are reported for charged hadrons and $\rm D^{0}$ mesons for the transverse momentum intervals $p_{\rm T}>0.2$ GeV/$c$ and $3<p_{\rm T}<$ 6 GeV/$c$ in the 5-40% and 10-40% centrality classes, respectively. The difference between the positively and negatively charged hadron $v_{1}$ is found to have a positive slope as a function of pseudorapidity $\eta$, ${\rm d}\Delta{v_1}/{\rm d}\eta=$[1.68 $\pm$ 0.49 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.41 (syst.)] $\times 10^{-4}$, with a $2.6\sigma$ significance. The same measurement for $\rm D^{0}$ and $\rm\bar{D}{}^0$ mesons yields a positive value ${\rm d}\Delta{v_1}/{\rm d}\eta$= [4.9 $\pm$ 1.7 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.6 (syst.)]$\times 10^{-1}$, which is about three orders of magnitude larger than the one of the charged hadrons, and is larger than zero with significance of $2.7\sigma$. These measurements can provide new insights into the effects of the strong electromagnetic field and the initial tilt of matter created in non-central heavy-ion collisions on the dynamics of light (u, d, and s) and heavy (c) quarks. The large difference between the observed $\Delta{v_1}$ of charged hadrons and $\rm D^{0}$ mesons may reflect different sensitivity of the charm and light quarks to the early time dynamics of a heavy-ion collision. These observations challenge some of the recent theoretical calculations incorporating effects of the strong electromagnetic field, which predicted a negative and an order of magnitude smaller value of ${\rm d}\Delta{v_1}/{\rm d}\eta$ for both light-flavour and charmed hadrons.


This paper presents the findings from a small-scale pilot study which explores the experiences of accessing welfare benefits by the migrant Roma European Union (EU) citizens in the UK. It compares administrative barriers and individuals' knowledge of welfare entitlement both prior and after the implementation of changes to the welfare regime in 2014, when a tranche of 'policy hardening' legal enactments came into force. For the migrants who participated in this study, precarious, low paid post-migration work has brought several hazards, including a non-eligibility for certain social protections and an inability to demonstrate documentation which enable access to 'passported' welfare benefits. The combination of problems in accessing welfare benefits and the resulting state interventions, including expulsion from the UK in some cases, suggest that EU Roma citizens experience disproportionate negative impacts of welfare hardening, adding to the much vaunted 'hostile environment' to EU migrants in the wake of the Brexit vote. As such, we find the practice of 'bordering' migrant EU Roma citizens to the UK is taking place through covert state enforcement action against families and households, discouraging effective and genuine use of their free movement rights guaranteed under European Union law.