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Primary and secondary school student speech cases raise a variety of conflicting concerns about civic growth, intellectual development, school discipline, and judicial discretion. This article explains how courts should address the internal conflicts within jurisprudence that on the one hand recognizes students retain First Amendment rights, and on the other defers to school censorship without subjecting it to exacting scrutiny. The precedents are jumbled because courts treat students as civic participants in some cases, but as immature wards in others. Judicial inconsistency has created circuit splits concerning when school authorities can punish inciteful or innocuous statements students made at school, during educational activities, and uploaded on the World Wide Web.
A student's rights to express personal opinions, artistic acumen, or political insights remain constitutionally protected, but the Court has of late taken a decidedly less speech-protective analytical direction of late, and lower courts have followed its lead. A majority of justices and lower court judges have become increasingly deferential to school administrators' censorship of offensive content, including raunchy political slogans and challenges to drug policies. In effect, courts now treat student speech as another category of low value speech entitled to lesser scrutiny.
A fine-tuned standard of judicial review is needed to safeguard students' abilities to openly explore controversial public subjects, to express themselves artistically, and to debate political matters. The standard I suggest follows from Tinker's acknowledgement that certain types of student speech hold constitutional value. In discussions of ideas, self-assertion, and political speech stated in the playground, near the school, by lockers, and other unstructured activities, courts should use strict scrutiny analysis. In circumstances, where limitations on students are created to advance certain neutral time, place, and manner concerns, the intermediate scrutiny standard is appropriate. Finally, officials should be granted the greatest discretion when dealing with speech that is neither political nor informational, such as obscenity, true threats, and plagiarism. This balanced method of review maintains the intellectual space for students to engage in thoughtful social discourse while conserving educators' discretion to impose pedagogical discipline.


The phenotypes of a series of mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviruses with linker insertion and deletion mutations within the gag coding region were characterized. These mutants, with mutations in the matrix, capsid, and p2 coding regions, produced replication-defective virion particles with defects in the early steps of the viral life cycle. To investigate this phenotype further, the abilities of mutant virion particles to enter T cells, initiate and complete reverse transcription, and transport the newly transcribed proviral DNA were investigated. Only 4 of 10 of the mutants appeared to make wild-type levels of viral DNA. Biochemical analyses of the mutants revealed the middle region of CA as being important in determining virion particle density and sedimentation in velocity gradients. This region also appears to be critical in determining the morphology of mature virion particles by electron microscopy. Particles with aberrant morphology were uninfectious, and only those mutants which displayed cone-shaped cores were capable of carrying out the early steps of the viral life cycle. Thus, the normal morphology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 appears to be critical to infectivity.


Now fully updated to the new release of Adobe's Creative Suite, Exploring Photoshop CS4 shows how to use a great software tool to create dynamic design. Written by an author who is an experienced designer as well as computer graphics instructor, Exploring Photoshop CS4 is a designer-driven resource that examines the tools and features of Adobe Photoshop while showing how to maximize the potential of desktop digital imaging for graphics, illustration, composition, and special effects.


The high-mass X-ray binary SMC X-1 has been observed during the interval 1986-1989 at a threshold γ-ray energy of 0.4 TeV using the University of Durham Mark III air Cerenkov telescope at Narrabri. The Cerenkov arrival time series recorded during these observations have been tested for periodicity at the contemporary pulse period of the SMC X-1 X-ray pulsar. This period analysis was performed using a new technique - introduced in the present work - which is designed for TeV γ-ray source candidates in binary systems and which simultaneously seeks evidence for pulsed TeV γ-ray emission and information on the location of the emission site within the binary. Results are also presented from the period analysis of data accumulated at Narrabri during observations of the low-mass X-ray binaries X0021.8-7221 (in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae) and GX 1+4. X-ray binaries as a class of TeV γ-ray source are considered and their properties compared. Previous models which invoke the interaction of beams of high-energy particles with material within the environment of a binary system are discussed. One of these models is adapted in the present work in order to propose a simple explanation of the narrow TeV 7-ray orbital light curve observed for the high-mass binary Centaurus X-3. The new model accounts for the γ-ray emission from Cen X-3 in terms of the collisions of ultrarelativistic protons with an accretion wake trailing the X-ray pulsar. This model, which incorporates the steering of charged particles in the magnetosphere of the massive primary star, is also applied to the Vela X-1 binary in order to investigate claims that TeV γ-ray outbursts observed during X-ray eclipse arise at particle collisions with the limb of the supergiant companion.


Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 promotes endocytosis that influences non–cell autonomous Notch signaling. The Notch receptor protein has essential roles in signaling during development in many tissues. It uses an unusual form of signaling that requires physical interactions of the signaling cell, which expresses Notch ligands on the cell surface, and the signal-receiving cell. Interaction of ligand and receptor leads to cleavage of Notch and migration of the Notch intracellular domain to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Through a mechanism that remains the subject of speculation, endocytosis of Notch extracellular domain into the signaling cell also seems to be important for Notch signaling. Signaling after interaction of the Notch3 receptor protein with its Jagged1 ligand is enhanced by thrombospondin-2 (TSP2), an extracellular protein that interacts with numerous receptors and adhesion molecules. Meng et al. explored the function of one of these receptors—the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1), which regulates endocytosis. In cultured human cells, the ability of TSP2 to enhance signaling by Notch3 required expression of LRP1 by the signaling cell. In cultures with two cell types, one expressing Notch3 tagged with horseradish peroxidase and the other expressing Notch ligands, LRP1 was necessary for TSP2 to stimulate endocytosis of Notch3 by the signaling cell, although endocytosis of Notch3 still occurred in the absence of LRP1. Studies with overexpressed proteins or fragments indicated that LRP1 may directly bind both Notch3 and its ligand Jagged 1. TSP2 is also proposed to bind to Notch3 and Jagged, so the authors suggest that a multimeric complex of the four proteins could modulate the endocytotic mechanism in signaling cells that somehow functions to promote Notch signaling in the adjacent signal-receiving cell. H. Meng, X. Zhang, S. J. Lee, D. K. Strickland, D. A. Lawrence, M. M. Wang, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) regulates thrombospondin-2 (TSP2) enhancement of Notch3 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 23047–23055 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The influence of cross-phase modulation on third-harmonic generation is theoretically studied. Generalized phase-matching conditions for third-harmonic generation including pump-intensity-dependent phase shifts related to self- and cross-phase modulation effects are discussed. The phase mismatch between the pump and third-harmonic pulses is shown to vary from the leading edge of the pump pulse to its trailing edge, resulting in an asymmetric spectral broadening of the third harmonic.


This paper presents work where a general-purpose text categorization method was applied to categorize medical free-texts. The purpose of the experiments was to examine how such a method performs without any domain-specific knowledge, hand-crafting or tuning. Additionally, we compare the results from the general-purpose method with results from runs in which a medical thesaurus as well as automatically extracted keywords were used when building the classifiers. We show that standard text categorization techniques using stemmed unigrams as the basis for learning can be applied directly to categorize medical reports, yielding an F-measure of 83.9, and outperforming the more sophisticated methods.


Purpose Nitric oxide (NO) is capable of promoting either cell death or cell survival depending on cell type and experimental conditions. In this study, the possible effects of NO on the viability of lens epithelial cells were investigated in an explant model used previously to identify cellular changes associated with posterior capsule opacification following cataract surgery. Methods Rat lens epithelial explants prepared from weanling rats were cultured in a serum-free medium for five days with or without the addition of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), using the inactive enantiomer D-NAME as a control. Alternatively, explants were cultured for nine days with or without the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside. Explants were assessed morphologically and immunohistochemically or by determining DNA content. Results In the presence of L-NAME but not in controls, progressive rounding up and detachment of cells from the lens capsule occurred, leading to extensive cell loss. Affected cells showed apoptosis-like cell-surface blebbing and nuclear fragmentation. Conversely, inclusion of sodium nitroprusside suppressed the morphological changes and spontaneous cell loss that occurred when sparsely covered explants were cultured for nine days, increased cell coverage fourfold during that period, and prevented the expression of the transdifferentiation markers α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. In addition, whereas L-NAME exacerbated cell loss induced by culturing with 50 pg/ml transforming growth factor-β2, sodium nitroprusside offered protection. Conclusions This study points to a previously unidentified role for NO as an endogenously produced survival factor for lens epithelial cells, raising the possibility of using NO deprivation as a means of removing residual lens cells following cataract surgery and thereby preventing posterior capsule opacification.


Underwater ultraviolet (UV) attenuation is typically modeled using correlative relationships between UV attenuation and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration or colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption. Our objective was to validate and extend a biogeooptical model of UV penetration that would take into account total absorption as well as scattering by all components of the water column. Diffuse attenuation coefficients, Kd(λ), for photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and UV irradiance were measured using a PUV500 radiometer at 13 stations in Lake Biwa, Japan, in late summer. Absorption, a, and scattering, b, were measured at nine PAR wavelengths using an AC‐9 absorption‐attenuation meter. The average Kd(PAR) through the euphotic zone, Kdav(PAR), was estimated from the measured inherent optical properties using Kirk's equations derived from Monte Carlo simulations. The modeled Kdav(PAR) was strongly correlated with measured Kd(PAR) values (r2 = 0.998), although the model systematically underestimated measured values by ~15%. The relative contribution of absorption and scattering to UV attenuation was evaluated from measurements of the absorption coefficients, an extrapolation of b into the UV, and Kirk's equations. The UV‐absorption coefficients for CDOM and particulate matter were measured spectrophotometrically. There was a close agreement between modeled and measured Kd(UV) values (r2 ~ 0.990). The Lake Biwa data showed that particulate absorption and scattering play significant roles in UV attenuation; on average, absorption by water, CDOM, and particles contributed 1, 66, and 21% respectively to Kdav(340), while scattering by particles contributed 11%. At a turbid site (NS9) absorption by water, CDOM, and particles contributed 0.3, 40, and 36% respectively to Kdav(340), while scattering contributed the remaining 24%. The model described here integrates the effects of all absorption as well as scattering components and provides a more accurate estimate of underwater UV exposure than previous approaches based on CDOM absorption only.


The purpose of the present study was to analyze movement and spreading of water and a passive solute (chloride) on a hillslope under surface drip irrigation, taking into account the texture of the soil, the slope of the terrain, the spatial heterogeneity of the soil hydraulic properties, and water extraction by plant roots. Results of the present investigation suggest that under surface drip irrigation, the movement and spread of water and solutes are affected mostly by the soil texture and less by the terrain slope. Increasing terrain slope is shown to increase the deflection of the trajectories of the centroid of the solute mass from the vertical axis, particularly in fine‐textured soils associated with low saturated conductivity and considerable capillary forces, in which the interaction between adjacent drip line laterals may be appreciable. Transient flows originating from periodic water application and water uptake by plant roots are shown to enhance the effect of the terrain slope on water flow and solute movement, particularly in fine‐textured soils. Implications regarding the problem of sensor placement with respect to drip irrigation management are briefly discussed.


Keywords: deconstruction, creative concept, television advertising, semiotic analysis

The more widespread television advertising, creative advertising push to create a creative advertising concept that is more unique, hit targets and be able to increase sales, attract a variety of display ads that are served as part to persuade the public. One of them is body care ads incessantly exploits women as models, particularly for shampoo ads that always brought the concept of a beautiful woman with long hair and shiny as a model. But on the other hand not all the shampoo ad package their products by utilizing the woman with her beautiful hair category, one of which version of Sunsilk shampoo ad spending in the Supermarket. These ads featuring everyday a veiled Muslim women with all their activities. Attraction researchers raised this ad as an object of study because these ads do not show the beauty of the hair shampoo ad but generally focus more on the benefits of the shampoo itself. With the concept of Clean Fresh Riding Hood contained such profound meaning more than mere physical beauty.
The formulation of the problem in this research is how the signs in a Sunsilk shampoo ad spending in the supermarket version that is used to construct and deconstruct the creative concepts. to reveal the meaning of the sign contained in the television ad text, the researcher uses semiotic studies referring to the model of Roland Barthes, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Levi's Strauss, and Jacques Derrida. Through Barthes meaning of a sign made with two levels of denotation and connotation, Barthes also look at other aspects of tagging is a growing perluasaan of connotations, so it appears the meaning of creative concepts that ad. While through Peirce's model of data grouped according to the type of sign whether including into icons, indices, or symbols, which is representamen which will lead to the interpretation of the ad. Meanwhile, with Levi's Strauss's paradigmatic analysis will be conducted comparing the patterns of pairs of hidden opposition and generate new meanings that can be compared to that in the end will be known deconstruction of the creative concepts in advertising expenditures in the Supermarket Sunsilk version which according to Derrida's deconstruction.
This research method is descriptive qualitative fact-finding meaning with the proper interpretation in order to make the description, depiction of a systematic, factual and accurate information on the facts, the properties and the relationship between the phenomena being investigated. Using a semiotic analysis that focuses on the sign and the text as a study. While the unit of analysis is the technique of shooting (shot), angle, facial expression, language act and dress style which appears in this Sunsilk Shampoo ad. Pengumpulalan data is done by seeing and reading and doing recording footage of the shooting technique (shot), angle, facial expression, language act and dress style. The data then analyzed textually. For simplicity made the research table with a view to find hidden codes, in the language of images that later will be known depiction of the meaning of Sunsilk Shampoo advertising in accordance with the formulation of the problem that exists to achieve the purposes of research.
From the results of this study concluded that in a Sunsilk ad Supermarket shopping in this version, creative concepts commonly used ad creators have striking ideas by using the slice model, in which the beautiful-haired model is no longer a barometer in this ad and positive personality traits than Physical appearance becomes the main priority even though in essence this ad still sell the widest in the community. To further recommended that researchers better understand and explore references associated with the methodology of research and study so that the use of semiotic theory is used more significantly with the ad you want researched. From the research that has been done, it is expected to become inputs for the ad creators to produce an ad that is more creative, with new concepts are different for conventional unimpressed that tend to be conservative. And for the people expected to be more sensitive and able to broaden the perspective in appreciating the concepts of advertising messages that appear on television screens, as well as in advertisements under study that this ad does not contain a social mission, such as raising the degree of veiled women, but merely for the sake of expanding market share and capital development.


While finance is a critical input to the innovative process, it is often difficult to obtain, particularly in developing economies with less well-developed financial markets. As innovation is a central driver of growth, it is therefore important for policymakers to understand how different sources of financing may affect innovation. Extant literature emphasizes the relative importance of internal versus debt financing for innovative activity for firms in developed economies, yet the effect on innovation inclusive of other sources of external finance that may be particularly important in the developing context (such as informal financing) remain relatively unknown. This paper investigates the relationship between firms' external capital sourcing and innovative activity in a large sample of developing economy enterprises. Contrary to the established literature that focuses largely on the impact of internal financing, we argue that external financing plays a central role in financing innovative activity in developing economies, particularly for more difficult to fund innovative activity. Results using instrumental variables estimation across a wide set of economies and a series of robustness checks for endogeneity indicate that a one standard deviation increase in external financing leads to a 28 percent increase in the probability of firm innovation, a magnitude far exceeding prior estimates of the relationship between external financing and innovation in the developed context. We also find that equity financing is a more salient driver of innovative activity for firms, even though most developing economies are bank-centered. These effects are larger for less tangible innovative processes and for firms facing greater a priori obstacles to innovation such as smaller and younger firms, and those with informal organizational structures. Altogether, these results imply that the provision of government incentives to private investors (including family and friends) for equity investment in innovative activity may be an effective development policy tool.


Research concerning urban hydrology in the scope necessary for drainage and urban runoff is financed in Poland within the framework of the Government Research Program Development and utilization of water resources and also by the urban drainage companies responsible for the solution of that problem. This research is carried out mainly at the Research Institute on Environmental Development. In the years 1979-82, the results of research from the previous period were summed up in the scope of urban hydrology applied to the planning and designing of drainage of precipitation runoff and in forecasting of the quality of runoff. These recapitulations are presented in the form of guidelines and principles for the needs of municipalities, sewerage and drainage companies, civil and environmental engineers as well.


Safe excreta disposal is a top priority in an emergency, but one that takes time and extensive resources to implement. This Technical Briefing Note examines the use of poo bags for safe excreta containment and disposal in urban emergency settings. The Brief also explores ways of building more complete excreta management systems to ensure not only safe disposal, but also to ensure the dignity and safety of users.


Background In rodents, exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is associated with neurobehavioral impairments, increased apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex, as well as increased oxidant stress and inflammation. Excessive NADPH oxidase activity may play a role in IH-induced CNS dysfunction. Methods and Findings The effect of IH during light period on two forms of spatial learning in the water maze and well as markers of oxidative stress was assessed in mice lacking NADPH oxidase activity (gp91phox _/Y) and wild-type littermates. On a standard place training task, gp91phox _/Y displayed normal learning, and were protected from the spatial learning deficits observed in wild-type littermates exposed to IH. Moreover, anxiety levels were increased in wild-type mice exposed to IH as compared to room air (RA) controls, while no changes emerged in gp91phox _/Y mice. Additionally, wild-type mice, but not gp91phox _/Y mice had significantly elevated levels of NADPH oxidase expression and activity, as well as MDA and 8-OHDG in cortical and hippocampal lysates following IH exposures. Conclusions The oxidative stress responses and neurobehavioral impairments induced by IH during sleep are mediated, at least in part, by excessive NADPH oxidase activity, and thus pharmacological agents targeting NADPH oxidase may provide a therapeutic strategy in sleep-disordered breathing.


A new design of vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) with diamond-based high contrast gratings is proposed. The self-consistent model of laser operation has been calibrated based on experimental results and used to optimize the new proposed device and to perform comparative thermal and optical analysis of conventional and double-diamond high-contrast-grating VECSELs. The proposed design considerably reduces the dimensions and complexity of the device and provides up to 80% increase of the maximum emitted power as compared with the conventional design.


The increasing global warming of the earth has been at the foreground of scientific and political debate, leading to international agreements such as The Kyoto Protocol in 1997. While there are some promising signs that the international community is taking the reality of global warming seriously, the limited objectives for diminishing the amount of greenhouse gases are insufficient. If scientific predictions are correct, global warming will have an adverse effect on biodiversity and global health. Many countries in the Third World which have been responsible for emitting the least amount of greenhouse gases will bear the brunt of climate change. This article is a philosophic response to the possible realities of global warming and its social implications.


The newly independent Timor-Leste has established itself as one of the fastest growing economies in Asia and the Pacific. A concentration of economic activity in the capital has, however, raised the concern that the better off members of society are capturing most of the benefits. This study examines the first decade of the restoration of independence to assess if Timor-Leste's economic growth has been inclusive. Opportunity is found to have been provided to a larger share of the population, with those on lower as well as higher living standards enjoying more opportunity. Inequality in opportunity is generally in decline. It concludes that inclusive growth has been achieved. To maintain progress, it will be important to (i) prioritize support for the poorest Timorese, and (ii) achieve improvements in some lagging sectors, notably roads, water, and sanitation. Minimum standards of service delivery are proposed as a safeguard for the poorest Timorese.


Purpose: Rapeseed oil contains high percentage of erucic acid which causes cardio-hepatic toxicity. Methods: In this study, different doses of sesame oil (SO) and coconut oil (CO) were mixed with constant dose of rapeseed oil and fed to Wistar rats for 6 weeks. After the experimental period, abdomen aortic blood was collected and serum enzymes level such as CK-MB, SGOT and SGPT were measured. Results: Rapeseed oil not only increased SGPT enzyme level over control diet but also elevated CK-MB and SGOT significantly. Whereas, sesame oil and coconut oil showed protective effect against rapeseed oil induced cardio-hepatic enzymes. Moreover, higher doses of both oils represented better effect against rapeseed oil toxicity. Although CO and SO significantly decreased serum CK-MB, SGOT and SGPT activities, coconut oil had greater effect on cardiac enzymes like CK-MB while sesame oil were more significant for SGPT and SGOT. Conclusion: Therefore, the ameliorating effects of sesame oil and coconut oil trimmed down the toxic effects of rapeseed oil in rats.


Papaya mosaic virus (PMV) is a member of the Potexvirus group and has filamentous particles of 530 nm with a positive sense single-stranded RNA of 6.6Kb. PMV was detected in Mexico in diseased papaya plants growing alone and in mixed plantations with pumpkin. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and standard double-antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) procedures were used on 45 leaf samples from single plants in seven locations in southeast Mexico (States of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo). PCR primer design was based on a GenBank sequence with accession number D13957 (1). Amplified PCR products were cloned using a TOPO TA Cloning Kit and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method. Twenty-six samples tested positive for PMV using one or both detection techniques: 23 of 41 from papaya and three of four from pumpkin. The two sequences reported here, YY-15 and YY-22 (from papaya and pumpkin respectively, with accession numbers AYO17186 and AYO17187), were 1180 nucleotides long and contained a fragment of ORF3, the complete ORF4 and the putative CP gene, including the 3' end untranslatable region. Within the CP gene sequence, the amino acid sequence derived had a similarity of 88% with that of D13957 from the GenBank. The similarity of the CP between the two Mexican isolates (from papaya and pumpkin) was 94% and would therefore represent two variants of PMV. A healthy papaya plant in the greenhouse, inoculated with tissue from an infected papaya plant from the field, tested positive for PMV in DAS-ELISA. (PVX was used as a negative control). These results confirmed the identity of the isolate as PMV. Reference: (1) T. L. Sit, M. G. AbouHaidar, and S. Holi. J. Gen. Virol. 70:2335-2331, 1989.


We describe comparative structures like Muliashi ma'i Luuka nuulia Kamiiru 'Lucas is poorer than Camilo' in Guajiro/Wayuunaiki within a typological approach. Dixon (2004) proposes a prototypical comparative scheme using the notions of (in the English translation): COMPAREE Lucas, STANDARD OF COMPARISON Camilo, PROPERTY or PARAMETER (is) handsome, INDEX -er and MARK than. In the basic comparative construction of Guajiro, the PARAMETER is commonly a stative verb (and less frequently active verbs and adverbs) with the COMPAREE as subject. Although the INDEX can be zero, its presence frequently ensures a comparative reading with active verbs, where it can even have two exponents (in the verbal morphology and as an adverb). The INDEX is thus a discontinuous property with several exponents, one of which may even be suffixed to the MARK. The direct object can be the COMPAREE, while another object is the STANDARD. The subjective conjugation seems to be employed more often than the objective conjugation in comparative structures. The comparison of equality requires a biclausal construction where the PARAMETER is expressed as the verb of a clause with the COMPAREE as subject, and the verb maa heading a second clause with the STANDARD as subject. The comparison of inequality is formed by simple negation of the predicate. The expression of superlativity uses three strategies: a comparative construction with the STANDARD specified as a large/total set, a cleft construction, or the mere absence of the STAN


Introduction: Child abuse is a cause of increasing concern globally and is known to have significant negative effects on the physical and psychological well-being of children. Validated instruments for screening child abuse in Nigeria are scarce.Aim: This study aimed to determine the validity, reliability and factor structure of the 28 item version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire among Secondary School students in Calabar South, Cross River state, Nigeria.Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, a sample of 161 students was drawn from two secondary schools in Calabar South, Cross River State, using multi-stage technique. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ-28), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Self-reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were administered to the selected students. Convergent validity between CTQ and other scales, reliability using Cronbach alpha and the factor structure of CTQ using principal component analysis were assessed. The data was analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, 21st edition (SPSS-21).Results: Cronbach alpha was 0.80. Internal consistency for the subscales were 0.69 for emotional abuse, 0.60 for physical abuse, 0.60 for sexual abuse, 0.79 for emotional neglect and 0.21 for physical neglect. For convergent validity, correlation coefficients with the GHQ-12 and the SRQ-20 were 0.39 and 0.45 respectively (p<0.05). Principal Components Analysis yielded a four factor solution.Conclusion: The 28 item version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire has acceptable reliability and validity and can be useful as a screen for child abuse among adolescents in Nigeria.Key words: CTQ, validity, reliability, factor structure, adolescents


The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students


This paper describes a measles outbreak in La Rioja, Spain, which began in December 2005 and mainly affected children under 15 months of age who were not yet immunised with MMR vaccine. The measles cases were detected by the mandatory reporting system, under which laboratories must report every confirmed measles case. Cases were classified in accordance with the National Measles Elimination Plan: suspected and laboratory-confirmed. In the period 14 December 2005 to 19 February 2006, 29 suspected cases of measles were investigated, and 18 were confirmed. The mean incubation period was 13.8 days (range: 9 to 18). Of the 18 confirmed cases, only two were in adults. MMR vaccination was recommended for all household contacts, as well as for children aged 6 to 14 months who attended the daycare centres where the cases had appeared. At these centres, the second dose of MMR was administered ahead of schedule for children under three years of age. It was recommended that the first dose of MMR vaccine be administered ahead of schedule for all children aged 9 to 14 months. During an outbreak of measles, children aged 6 months or older, who have not previously been vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella, should receive a first dose as soon as possible, and those who have had a first dose should receive a second dose as soon as possible, provided that a minimum of one month has elapsed between the two doses.


In the current healthcare climate, it is more important than ever to be able to select and find the right evidence for your practice to ensure patients receive safe, high quality care. The fully updated new edition of this comprehensive book helps nurses and healthcare professionals understand how to use evidence in all aspects of care, with plenty of examples and activities to help relate concepts to practice. The new edition features:

* Explanation of what values-based practice means and how it fits alongside evidence-based practice

* A new chapter on innovation and improvement to help you make a difference in your practice

* Even more examples from a range of professions to understand how different professions work together

* Learning features to make it easier to learn, including word puzzles, chapter summaries and a glossary

It is essential reading for all pre-qualifying and qualified nursing and allied health students who are exploring evidence-based practice for the first time.

Janet Barker was formerly Associate Professor of Nursing at the University of Nottingham. Paul Linsley and Ros Kane are both Principal Lecturers at the University of Lincoln.


Metaphors create conceptualizations, and for decades legal academics have employed metaphors to shape understandings of legal problems. But no metaphor in current use successfully conceptualizes the contingency of judicial opinions and the complexity of the relationship between opinions and precedent. This Article seeks to fill this void by introducing a new metaphor, the palimpsest, into the realm of legal analysis. A palimpsest is a writing surface that can be cleared away for reuse, like a personal blackboard. What distinguishes a palimpsest from other writing surfaces is that its removed contents do not disappear, but remain, obscured yet recoverable: A writing on a palimpsest never goes away. This Article argues that thinking of judicial opinions as being part of a shared, ever-evolving palimpsest underscores the fact that they are ultimately contingent and serves as a reminder of the multiple levels of interconnectedness between them and the cases they cite. Precedents—like the underlayers of a palimpsest—never go away, and they inform and shape the application of opinions in ways far more significant than simply serving as points of reference. A palimpsestic approach to understanding judicial decisionmaking also helps to explain why even the oldest, most reviled cases remain part of our national psyche—like underlayers of a palimpsest, they can never truly disappear, and their continued presence forces us to grapple with their existence. Finally, considering judicial opinions as part of a shared palimpsest reminds us that even the most troubling opinion is ultimately contingent, its application subject to reexamination and revision by future courts and future generations. Just as such an opinion replaces its precedents, it too will one day be replaced, like each of a palimpsest's layers. 2 Law as Palimpsest [Vol. __:__ Law as Palimpsest: Conceptualizing Contingency in Judicial Opinions


We used memory reference traces from a DEC Ultrix system running the X11 window system from MIT Project Athena and several freely available X11 applications to measure different aspects of memory system behavior and performance. Our measurements show that memory behavior for X11 workloads differs in several important ways from workloads more traditionally used in cache performance studies. User instruction cache behavior is a major component in overall memory system delays, with significant competition within and between address spaces. User TLB miss rates are up to a factor of two higher than other ill-behaved integer workloads. Write-buffer stalls, data cache behavior, and uncached memory reads can be problematic for microbenchmarks, but they are not an issue for the realistic applications we tested.


Preface Introduction: 'Every time I describe a city': urban history as comparative and transnational practice, Nicolas Kenny and Rebecca Madgin. Part I: The seven Cs: reflections on writing a global history of urban segregation, Carl H. Nightingale Port cities in crisis: considering urban governance, modernity and migration in mid-19th-century Montreal and Liverpool in a transnational context, Dan Horner Choreographies of urban life: mapping the social history of cities, Jordan Stanger-Ross Rebuilding the cities destroyed in the Second World War: growing possibilities for comparative analysis, Jeffry Diefendorf. Part II: Urban governance and prostitution in 18th-century port cities in France and England, Marion Pluskota Comparing urban reform in London and Brussels, Janet Polasky Town planning and municipal growth in late colonial Bombay: towards a transnational perspective, Nikhil Rao Whose 'urban internationale'? Intermunicipalism in Europe, c.1924-36: the value of a decentred, interpretive approach to transnational urban history, Stefan Couperus and Shane Ewen The (trans)national question: Nazi spatial and urban planning, Janet Ward. Reflections: Cities of fear: the globalization of insecurity in the age of the gated community, Harold L. Platt Reflections: putting the 'trans' into transnational urban history, Richard Rodger. Bibliography Index.


The EU is confident it will reach its target of 20% renewable energy by 2020. But according to Martien Visser, professor at the Hanze University of Applied Sciences in Groningen (The Netherlands), this 20% is in reality more like 14%. This is because a large part of our energy consumption is simply ignored in the calculations for renewable energy. "Even with 100% renewables, we would still need a lot of fossil fuels", Visser notes.


Organized chronologically from early Renaissance precursors to the Mannerist movement, from Giotto to Titian, Key Monuments of the Italian Renaissance describes and analyzes in depth from various points of view major works and major artists, from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Artists included are Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto, Lorenzetti, Ghiberti, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Massaccio, Gentile da Fabriano, Uccello, Rossellino, Castagno, Piero della Francesca, Alberti, Botticelli, G. Bellini, Verrocchio, Mantegna, G. Sangallo, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Bramante, Raphael, Giorgione, and Titian. The Florentine Renaissance, the High Renaissance in Florence and Rome, and High Renaissance Painting in Venice are covered. Includes a glossary, a bibliography of works cited, and suggested readings.


Purpose and context 'Gesundes Kinzigtal' is one of the few population-based integrated care approaches in Germany, organising care across all health service sectors and indications. The system is run by a regional health management company (Gesundes Kinzigtal GmbH) in cooperation with the regional physicians' network and with two statutory health insurers (among them is the biggest health insurer in Southwest Germany: AOK Baden-Württemberg). Membership is optional for insured persons in the Kinzigtal area. The management company and its partners maintain to reach a higher quality of organisational, coordination and interaction processes (among the concerned physicians, therapists, pharmacists, hospitals, patients and health insurers) at a lower overall cost as compared with the German standard. During its first two years of operation (2006–2007), the Kinzigtal project actually achieved positive financial results as compared with its reference value. To gain independent evidence on the quality aspects of the system, the management company and the two cooperating health insurers provided a remarkable budget for the evaluation of the system by independent scientific institutions. Since 2006–2007 several evaluation projects have started, investigating different quality aspects of the Kinzigtal system. In our presentation we will outline the overall evaluation concept and report some preliminary results. Case description and data sources Preliminary results of the following studies will be presented. A controlled cohort study, beginning in 2007, investigates the assureds' attitudes towards quality of care, shared-decision-making and overall patient satisfaction both in the Kinzigtal region as well as in a control region. In a second controlled cohort study the quality of care is checked by relying on health insurers' administrative data which are routinely collected on all reimbursed health care services. A third study, pursuing a simple cohort study design, investigates the attitudes of the cooperating physicians, physiotherapists, psychotherapists as well as pharmacists. Preliminary conclusions and discussion The evaluation of the integrated care system in the Kinzigtal area in Germany is still in progress. Up until now, there is no evidence that the positive financial results of the Kinzigtal system have been achieved at the expense of the quality of care. If these results were confirmed at the time of study completion (or if an even improved quality of care in the Kinzigtal region were demonstrated), the Kinzigtal integrated care system could become a role model for many other similar regions in Germany and Europe.


We first introduce the notion of chord progressions by describing a particular example (the II-V-I) that is related to the Coltrane changes. Second, we describe  the Coltrane changes using a formalism derived from previous musical investigations with neural networks (Yaremchuk & Dawson, 2005, 2008). Finally, we describe how we trained a neural network to generate the Coltrane changes, how we analyzed its internal structure, and the implications of this interpretation. In particular, we discovered that a network represented transitions between chords in a fashion that could be described in terms of a new musical formalism that we had not envisioned. In short, this paper shows that the interpretation of the internal structure of a musical network can provide new formalisms for representing musical regularities, and can suggest new directions for representational research on musical cognition.


A question answering (QA) system provides direct answers to user questions by consulting its knowledge base. Since the early days of artificial intelligence in the 60's, researchers have been fascinated with answering natural language questions. However, the difficulty of natural language processing (NLP) has limited the scope of QA to domain-specific expert systems. In recent years, the combination of web growth, improvements in information technology, and the explosive demand for better information access has reignited the interest in QA systems. The wealth of information on the web makes it an attractive resource for seeking quick answers to simple, factual questions such as "who was the first American in space?" or "what is the second tallest mountain in the world?" Yet today's most advanced web search services (e.g., Google, Yahoo, MSN live search and AskJeeves) make it surprisingly tedious to locate answers to such questions. Question answering aims to develop techniques that can go beyond the retrieval of relevant Documents in order to return exact answers to natural language factoid questions, such as "Who is the first woman to be in space?", "Which is the largest city in India?", and "When was first world war fought?". Answering natural language questions requires more complex processing of text than employed by current information retrieval systems. This thesis investigates a number of techniques for performing open-domain factoid question answering. We have developed an architecture that augments existing search engines so that they support natural language question answering and is also capable of supporting local corpus as a knowledge base. Our system currently supports document retrieval from Google and Yahoo via their public search engine application programming interfaces (APIs). We assumed that all the information required to produce an answer exists in a single sentence and followed a pipelined approach towards the problem. Various stages in the pipeline include: automatically constructed question type analysers based on various classifier models, document retrieval, passage extraction, phrase extraction, sentence and answer ranking. We developed and analyzed different sentence and answer ranking algorithms, starting with simple ones that employ surface matching text patterns to more complicated ones using root words, part of speech (POS) tags and sense similarity metrics. The thesis also presents a feasibility analysis of our system to be used in real time QA applications.


Basically, entrepreneurship is a decisive factor in order for today's economy of knowledge to attain its competitive and dynamic character. It is the driving force for the achievement of economic development and contributes to personal development. Specifically, psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs have received particular attention all over the world. Thus, research from the combination discipline of entrepreneur psychological has attempted to characterize important variables and one of variables called need of achievement. Not surprisingly, researchers have frequently asked questions about causal factors in successful entrepreneurs, with the familiar debate between the roles need of achievement and firms performances. Mainly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between need of achievement and entrepreneurial success among women entrepreneurs in Malaysia who involved in ICT-related business. This study was conducted among 150 women entrepreneurs in Malaysia that were listed in the websites of USAHANITA's, PENIAGAWATI's, WAWASANITA's, and Wanita Niaga Dot Com. The finding obtained from this study indicated that there was a significant (2 tailed significant) positive correlation between variables need for achievement and entrepreneurial success. In addition, the results indicated that variable need for achievement contributes high influence to women entrepreneurial success and for this, suggestion were riseup to establish the high level of variables need for achievement.


INTRODUCTION
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has reached epidemic proportions not expected to abate because of population aging and chronic diseases that accompany advanced age. Vasculopathy is a main cause, but damage to penile innervation also underlies many cases of ED. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor therapies do not help all men with ED, making the search for novel therapeutic drug and treatment targets of utmost importance.

AIMS
To review the literature to identify potential new treatment targets to fill a gap in therapeutic options for men with ED, with a focus on treatments for vasculogenic ED, but including novel treatment targets for ED due to penile nerve damage, a frequent consequence of pelvic surgery in men.

METHODS
The recent literature was searched for publications on in vitro, in vivo, pre-clinical and observational human studies, when available, that would identify potential new targets for ED therapies not previously, or not extensively reviewed.

RESULTS
Literature searches identified microparticles, myeloperoxidase, and heme oxygenase-1 as emerging molecular targets to treat vasculogenic ED. Novel regenerative therapy targets, including sonic hedgehog, galanin, and cell-based treatments were also reviewed as potential future treatments for ED due to damage to penile innervation.

CONCLUSION
Novel molecular targets and cell-based therapies offer great hope for advances in ED treatment. Concerns regarding efficacy, toxicity, off target effects, safety, and convenience apply to these targets; much work remains to confirm these as viable targets to pursue for effective ED treatments. To complement targets discussed in this review relevant review papers were cited for the interested reader. To complement targets discussed in this review relevant review papers were cited for the interested reader.


The cost saving benefits of aggregate replacement in concrete works are well documented. The utilization of Supplementary Aggregate Materials (SAMs) in concrete engineering without compromising standards in concrete works remain very attractive to both infrastructure developers and design engineers. However, there is continual search for low cost beneficial substitute materials. The mechanical properties of green concrete produced from Palm Nut Shell (PNS) as coarse aggregate was investigated. The abundance of PNS (light weight waste product of palm oil production) in West Africa created the impetus for the study. Series of laboratory tests such as; Slump, Compaction factor, Density, Schmidt hammer and Compressive strength tests were conducted on specimens of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% replacements of dry weight of PNS as coarse aggregate and specimens of natural aggregate as control sample. The specimens were cured at relative humidity (RH) of 95-100% and temperature (T) of 22-25C in a chamber for periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The results showed the PNS samples to have relatively medium to high workability ranging from 24-47 mm for slump height and values of 0.85 to 0.90 for compaction factors. A general strength development was observed across the different samples with the PNS sample reaching strength of 48.7 N/mm at 28 days curing. The 50% replacement specimens which mobilized UCS of 28.7 N/mm met the requirement for lightweight concrete however, 30% is the optimum for a partial aggregate replacement in green concrete as UCS of 39.2 N/mm was mobilized in 28 days. Thus PNS is a suitable concrete constituent and can be a major cost reduction factor especially in low cost rural projects with streamlined loading requirements.


The main schemes of architectonics, which is a structural base of television action, general outward form of construction and interrelation of its parts, their correlation to each other are determined. The pattern of application of archetypical principle of human perception of stories from Aristotle's first works to use of communication technologies of proportionality of journalist's text construction by contemporary TV reporters and screenwriters are researched. The novelty of the study is in an attempt to segregate clearly the notions of script composition from architectonics, the essence of difference of priority of the rhythm category namely for architectonics. The objective of the study is to determine the basic schemes of architectonics which is the structural basis of television action, the general appearance and interrelation of its parts, their correlation with each other. Such empirical research methods as observation, abstraction and analysis have been applied. The result of the study was the analysis of television scripts of various programs, definition of main components of architectonics – its beginning, middle and end parts, as well as presentation of structural diagrams of script architectonics. It is emphasized that the action in the scenario should be organized in such way that the dramatic tension curve and the viewer interest curve are being evenly raised from the beginning to the end of the spectacle. The scenario construction of a record-breaking press-marathon with the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyi that took place on October 10, 2019 in the capital of Ukraine at Kyiv Food Market was first studied in the scientific literature.


Learning management systems (LMSs) are available to faculty in many higher education institutions; however, not all faculty members take advantage of the tools LMSs offer in facilitating their face-to-face classes. To deepen understanding of this gap, this study explored faculty's experiences in LMS usage and factors that affected faculty's use of LMS to facilitate classroom learning. For this qualitative study, data were collected through interviews with various allied health faculty (n=10), and content analysis was used to identify themes. Two types of LMS user groups were identified in the study: high LMS users, who used three or more LMS tools, and low LMS users, who used fewer tools. Data analysis for the high LMS users identified four themes: adopted andragogy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and enhances adopted andragogy. For low LMS users, five themes were developed: no adopted andragogy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, work enhancement, and barriers for further use. Both groups had the themes of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, but to various degrees. The emergent themes imply that high LMS users had an adopted andragogy framework from which they worked in designing their face-to-face courses, but low LMS users did not. Having an adopted andragogy appears to motivate faculty to use LMSs beyond the basic tools. The results of this qualitative study extended the technology acceptance model, an information systems theory explaining how users accept and use technology by adding a pivotal preceding construct, adopted andragogy, which is faculty embracing methods for teaching adult learners.


A model of the multibeam echosounding process was developed. This model has now been used as the basis for the application of a model inversion technique, with the aim of analyzing midwater multibeam echosounder data, for fisheries applications. Research on midwater multibeam echosounding for fisheries is in its infancy. Some results have been published, announcing promising progress at the level of multibeam transducer design, beamforming algorithms and calibration procedures, but no standard post-processing technique has emerged yet. In this paper, the post-processing of midwater multibeam backscatter data is placed in a scientific data mining framework. Data mining aims at automatically extracting useful information and knowledge from large volumes of data which don't reveal this knowledge in a trivial manner. Multibeam acoustic data has an additional dimension compared to single beam data, and multibeam echosounding results in large data logging rates, typically several gigabytes per hour, making it suitable for applying data mining algorithms in order to analyze the data in post-processing. A data mining technique to handle multibeam data sets is presented. The technique is based on inverse modeling. A model of the multibeam echosounding process was developed, including a physical underwater acoustics model, as well as a model of a generic multibeam transducer and its digital signal processor. This model has now been approximated by an invertible function, leading to an inverse model. Applying the inverse model to midwater multibeam backscatter data results in a set of soundings. A multibeam midwater sounding is the equivalent of a standard multibeam sounding as obtained from hydrographic multibeam instruments. In the midwater multibeam echosounding context, a sounding can represent anything in the water column, not just the seabed. These soundings can be visualized directly, allowing for exploratory data analysis in a 3d or 4d interactive environment. Furthermore, various features can be tagged to each sounding, such as the backscatter energy value and some statistical parameters of the multibeam ping from which the sounding was obtained. The term data node is used to describe the sounding and its associated feature vector. The set of data nodes serves as the basis for further advanced spatiotemporal data mining techniques. Soundings can be clustered into coherent groups, each cluster representing an object in the water column, such as a fish school. Cluster features are obtained from the feature tags of their contained data nodes, giving rise to feature vectors for each cluster. Clusters can be classified into classes of different types, using each cluster's feature vector. When a cluster is thought of as a fish school, it can be classified according to fish species or age group, for example. The concept of a set of data nodes is a versatile concept that can be extended further, enabling the application of more advanced clustering and classification algorithms.


For many classification tasks, data is collected over an extended period of time and the predictive model learns over time, adapting to changes in the underlying distribution of the data if necessary. To optimize generalization performance, margin distribution is considered to be an important factor. A major concern posed by nonstationary learning for any algorithm is the rate of adaptation to new concepts and the volume of the data. Tackling the problem of learning in nonstationary environments associated with drifting concepts with ensembles of classifiers makes the concept of diversity to be of paramount significance in optimizing the rate of adaptation to new concepts for classification tasks. In this paper, we investigate the impact of ensemble diversity on the rate of adaptation to new concepts in nonstationary learning. The rate of adaptation is analyzed by exploiting the correspondence that exists between voting margins and the double fault measure, a popular diversity measure strongly linked to the margin. We utilize the Adaptive Classifier Ensemble Boost algorithm (AceBoost) to generate diverse base classifiers and optimize margin distribution to exploit different amounts of diversity to generate an optimal ensemble capable of handling different kinds of drift. The experimental results confirm that AceBoost outperforms other state of the art algorithms that exploit ensemble diversity to handle concept drift. Keywordsensemble, diversity, margin, support vector machine, concept drift Kalpa Publications in Computing Volume 12, 2019, Pages 227–240 Proceedings of 4th International Conference on the Internet, Cyber Security and Information Systems 2019 K. Njenga (ed.), ICICIS 2019 (Kalpa Publications in Computing, vol. 12), pp. 227–240


This study was conducted to identify intestinal helminthes. The helminthes were collected from body cavity and intestines of 100 specimens of Capoeta barroisi which were obtained from Dalaki River and investigated between July of 2012 and April of 2013. Most of the 3 species of helminthes were found in the intestine and body cavity of the examined fishes. The helminthes found composed of 2 Nematodes which have been reported previously. A total of 50 parasites were found in the 26 infected fish. The observed nematode and acanthocephalan parasites were identified to genus and species level respectively Rhabdochona sp. Contracaecum sp. Neoechinorhynchus zabensis. Most parasite species found in this study have been reported for the first time in this fish species from Iran. These inland water parasites can infect other freshwater aquatic animals and even human, so identification of them is important for health centers and fisheries Correspondence Department of Fisheries and Natural Resources, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr ,Iran (email: firstname.lastname@example.com) 90 research. In this study prevalence of parasites were identified respectively 4,5and 23 and Mean intensity were 1, 1.5 and 1.7 was reported


Much of the software we use for everyday purposes incorporates elements developed and maintained by someone other than the developer. These elements include not only code and databases but also dynamic data feeds from online data sources. Although everyday software is not mission critical, it must be dependable enough for practical use. This is limited by the dependability of the incorporated elements. It is particularly difficult to evaluate the dependability of dynamic data feeds, because they may be changed by their proprietors as they are used. Further, the specifications of these data feeds are often even sketchier than the specifications of software components. We demonstrate a method of inferring invariants about the normal behavior of dynamic data feeds. We use these invariants as proxies for specifications to perform on-going detection of anomalies in the data feed. We show the feasibility of our approach and demonstrate its usefulness for semantic anomaly detection: identifying occasions when a dynamic data feed is delivering unreasonable values, even though its behavior may be superficially acceptable (i.e., it is delivering parsable results in a timely fashion).


Identification of genes that are dysregulated in association with prostate carcinogenesis can provide disease markers and clues relevant to disease etiology. Of particular interest as candidate markers of disease are those genes that are frequently overexpressed. In this study, we describe a gene, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), whose expression is consistently up-regulated in prostate cancer. Analysis of mRNA levels of AMACR revealed an average up-regulation of approximately 9 fold in clinical prostate cancer specimens compared with normal. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis confirms the up-regulation at the protein level and localizes the enzyme predominantly to the peroxisomal compartment of prostate cancer cells. A detailed immunohistochemical analysis of samples from 168 primary prostate cancer cases using both standard slides and tissue microarrays demonstrates that both prostate carcinomas and the presumed precursor lesion (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) consistently scored significantly higher than matched normal prostate epithelium; 88% of the carcinomas had a staining score higher than the highest score observed for any sample of normal prostate epithelium. Both untreated metastases (n = 32 patients) and hormone refractory prostate cancers (n = 14 patients) were generally strongly positive for AMACR. To extend the utility of this marker for prostate cancer diagnosis, we combined staining for cytoplasmic AMACR with staining for the nuclear protein, p63, a basal cell marker in the prostate that is absent in prostate cancer. In a simple assay that can be useful for the diagnosis of prostate cancer on both biopsy and surgical specimens, combined staining for p63 and AMACR resulted in a staining pattern that greatly facilitated the identification of malignant prostate cells. The enzyme encoded by the AMACR gene plays a critical role in peroxisomal beta oxidation of branched chain fatty acid molecules. These observations could have important epidemiological and preventive implications for prostate cancer, as the main sources of branched chain fatty acids are dairy products and beef, the consumption of which has been associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer in multiple studies. On the basis of its consistency and magnitude of cancer cell-specific expression, we propose AMACR as an important new marker of prostate cancer and that its use in combination with p63 staining will form the basis for an improved staining method for the identification of prostate carcinomas. Furthermore, the absence of AMACR staining in the vast majority of normal tissues coupled with its enzymatic activity makes AMACR the ideal candidate for development of molecular probes for the noninvasive identification of prostate cancer by imaging modalities.


We simulate the collisional formation of a ring galaxy and we integrate its evolution up to 1.5 Gyr after the interaction. About 100-200 Myr after the collision, the simulated galaxy is very similar to observed ring galaxies (e.g. Cartwheel). After this stage, the ring keeps expanding and fades. Approximately 0.5-1 Gyr after the interaction, the disc becomes very large (similar to 100kpc) and flat. Such extended discs have been observed only in giant low surface brightness galaxies (GLSBs). We compare various properties of our simulated galaxies (surface brightness profile, morphology, H I spectrum and rotation curve) with the observations of four well-known GLSBs (UGC 6614, Malin 1, Malin 2 and NGC 75 89). The simulations match quite well the observations, suggesting that ring galaxies could be the progenitors of GLSBs. This result is crucial for the cold dark matter (CDM) model, as it was very difficult, so far, to explain the formation of GLSBs within the CDM scenario.


From 1887 to 1946, the administrative apparatus known as the indigénat provided French administrators in New Caledonia with a set of exceptional measures to streamline the governing and summary repression of persons defined as indigènes ('natives'). This paper examines the place of the indigénat, the role of colonial administrators in defining one or more communities of race and the variable status of the category of indigène in New Caledonia in the period to 1946. Particular consideration is given to the influence (or absence thereof) of the science of race on administrative thinking about native policy in New Caledonia, the distinctions drawn between different categories of indigène, the extent to which cultural and political divisions between the Grande terre (mainland) and the Loyalty Islands were imagined or constructed in racial terms and the situation of métis ('half-castes'). The paper argues that an incipient definition of the indigène as a person of Melanesian, Polynesian, mixed or Oceanian race must be understood in the context of the development of the indentured labour and immigration regimes (the importation of workers from Asia and other parts of Oceania) as well as the ways in which the indigénat was differently applied and experienced between New Caledonia's mainland and its dependencies (notably the Loyalty Islands), as well as by métis.


Apocrine Carcinoma (APC) is a rare and distinct entity among all the histological variants of invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC) of breast. It is common to encounter focal apocrine differentiation, but only 4% of IDCs show extensive apocrine differentiation. In the 2012 WHO classification of tumors of breast, it is placed under specialized subtypes of IDC and named "carcinomas with apocrine differentiation." Apocrine differentiation is seen with IDC-no specific type (IDC-NST) as well as in special type carcinomas such as tubular, lobular, micropapillary, and medullary and that's why it does not represent as a separate entity. Although clinical, radiological, and gross appearance is indistinguishable from IDC-NST (the most common form), APC has a typical histomorphological picture with distinct molecular apocrine signature and immunohistochemistry. It is characterized by increased androgen expression overlapping with HER2/neu expression and estrogen receptor (ER) as well as progesterone receptor (PR) negativity. It is thought to have worse prognosis; hence, diagnosing this entity at the earliest is very important for implementation of new treatment modalities. Here, we report two such cases of carcinomas with apocrine features – 47-year-old and 52-year-old patients showing features of apocrine carcinoma and positivity for androgen receptor with negativity for ER and PR.


Australian Aboriginal and hunter-gatherer impacts on the environment have been widely debated in anthropological and scientific circles. At one extreme hunter-gatherer impacts have been viewed as non-existent or unintentional, at the other they have been viewed as significant agents of extensive change. Wherever Aboriginal people are considered as agents of change, fire is considered to be the primary and most important method. The way in which vegetation responds to fire and other factors influences our perception of the nature and degree to which Aboriginal people live within, impact upon, manage or construct their environment. Non-equilibrium ecology provides a useful framework for examining vegetation change by identifying disturbance regimes and individual species response.  Ecological processes and Aboriginal environmental interactions from the Keep River region of the Northern Territory are examined in this thesis using three methods: biogeographic, archaeobotanical and ethnoecological analysis. The results cover two main time periods, the late Holocene and the recent post contact period. Rock outcrops are a visual, cultural and ecological focus in the predominantly savanna environment of the Keep region. They provide key habitats for mixed savanna assemblages and for monsoon rainforest assemblages and were important traditional and post European camping places for local Aboriginal people.  Analysis of tree demographics and spatial pattern of savanna plants around rock outcrops identifies significant differences in spatial distribution and plant density. Many of the differences in seedling regeneration, sapling recruitment and tree survival are associated with regional differences in fire regime. Significantly, edible fruit species, in particular Persoonia falcata , are identified as marginal under current conditions at all of the sites considered, except one re-occupied and managed by the Marralam Aboriginal community since the late 1980's.  Archaeobotanical material from archaeological excavations indicates Persoonia falcata and Buchanania obovata seeds were processed and eaten at various times across the Keep River region from about 3500 BP up until the post contact period. The chronology is derived by directly dating seed remains using AMS 14C and suggests both spatial and temporal variation in deposition. Fruit seed use and sustained rock shelter occupation in the Keep Region is associated with dry climatic phases in the late Holocene identified from other evidence elsewhere in northern Australia. Significantly, cultural deposition of fruit seeds declines to total absence in the post European levels. The decline in cultural fruit seed deposition and the contemporary disparity in fruit species viability across the region can be explained by a significant shift in fire regimes and Aboriginal occupation since European arrival.  Monsoon rainforest patches and yam species are examined through the memory of traditional Aboriginal custodians. Keep River rainforest patches are small and isolated on dolomite outcrops. Yams are gathered by removing significant quantities of dirt and rock, resulting in large holes and depressions across the forest floor. Dioscorea transversa has disappeared from at least one site within the living memory of local custodians. Contemporary yams are severely degraded by cattle trampling. Isolated rainforest trees in the surrounding savanna suggest that the contemporary patches have been more extensive than present. The recent change in distribution and abundance of important traditional food plants has significant consequences for Aboriginal attachments to country. In this thesis I illustrate a complex picture of continuity and change in Aboriginal interaction with the environment of the Keep region over the past 3500 years. I argue that Aboriginal people have in the past, and where possible, continue today to creatively manage the vegetated landscape.


Abstract Zoophycos-group burrows are prevalent elements of the post-Cambrian trace fossil record. Here we report the oldest specimens of Zoophycos from Lower Cambrian strata of the Lower Member Wood Canyon Formation in southeastern California. In addition to these being the oldest examples of this well-known trace fossil, the discovery of these specimens also reveals the presence of deposit feeding considerably earlier than has been suggested for the advent of this feeding style. This type of activity may have had a significant impact on sediment mixing during the Precambrian–Cambrian transition, though the rarity and shallow tier position of these specimens suggests otherwise.


A cornerstone of the law and economics approach to standard-form contracts is the informed-minority hypothesis: in competitive markets, a minority of term-conscious buyers is sufficient to discipline sellers from using unfavorable boilerplate terms. This argument is often invoked to limit intervention or regulate consumer transactions, but there has been little empirical investigation of its validity. We track the Internet browsing behavior of 48,154 monthly visitors to the Web sites of 90 online software companies to study the extent to which potential buyers access the end-user license agreement. We find that only one or two of every 1,000 retail software shoppers access the license agreement and that most of those who do access it read no more than a small portion. Since the cost of comparison shopping online is so low, the limiting factor in becoming informed thus seems not to be the cost of accessing license terms but reading and comprehending them.


There will be 95 million fewer working-age people in Europe in 2050 than in 2015, under business as usual. This will cause significant fiscal stress as well as slower economic growth. Potential responses include: (a) raising labor force participation by women and older workers; (b) automation; and (c) outsourcing. But none will be sufficient. This leaves immigration: while migrants create demand for jobs as well as fill them, they can help rebalance the ratio of working to non-working populations. The paper compares business as usual estimates of inflows to 2050 with the size of the labor gap in Europe. Under plausible estimates, business as usual will fill one-third of the labor gap. This suggests a need for an urgent shift if Europe is to avoid an aging crisis. Africa is the obvious source of immigrants, to mutual benefit. www.cgdev.org Charles Kenny and George Yang


The Service Path Attribution Network (SPAN) framework provides a novel, user-centric, connectivity-based approach to ecosystem service assessment and valuation (ESAV). Ecosystem services are delivered to users through the simulated flow of some service medium (i.e., matter, energy, or information) from the ecosystems in which it originates (sources) to the people or assets which it affects (users). Along the way, the service medium may be absorbed by intervening landscape features (sinks) or captured by rival users. Crucially, the service medium is not itself an ecosystem service or benefit but rather an agnostic transport mechanism which establishes connectivity between sources, sinks, rival users, and nonrival users within a delimited study region. Each user then receives benefits or harm from the encountered service medium depending on their specific relationship with it. For example, if surface water is the simulated service medium, it may increase productivity at a hydropower plant but damage farmers in floodplains by drowning their crops. In the SPAN terminology, sources provide provisioning ecosystem services to users with a beneficial relationship with the service medium. Similarly, sinks provide preventive ecosystem services to users with a detrimental relationship with the service medium by reducing the amount flowing to their locations. Notably, within a single SPAN analysis, both sources and sinks may provide ecosystem services given a sufficiently heterogeneous pool of users. The results of a SPAN ESAV analysis are myriad, totalling up to 30 output maps for some services. Taken together, these maps tell the story of which sources provide services to which users, which sinks protect users from harm, which users compete for the same resources (and who wins), and how all of the sources, sinks, rival users, and nonrival users affect one another. Additionally, a SPAN simulation produces maps of the flow paths taken by the service medium from sources to users as well as where and by how much the flow strength is reduced by sinks. Studying these flow paths can help decision makers identify those locations at which management actions would be maximized or minimized depending on their specific development goals. A crowning achievement of this work is that for most ecosystem services the SPAN algorithm's complexity is guaranteed to be linear O(n) in both time and space with respect to the number of discrete locations analyzed. This makes it a viable option for high resolution landscape level ESAV studies using no more than commodity hardware. This dissertation explores the SPAN framework in depth, from its novel conceptual terminology and computational algorithms through to the intended interpretation of its results. In addition to describing the conceptual and mathematical components of this system in detail, this work also provides a complete Literate Program demonstrating the application of the SPAN framework to an assessment of the scenic beauty ecosystem service in Chittenden County, Vermont.


Augmented reality (AR) interfaces for indoor navigation on handheld mobile devices seem to greatly enhance directional assistance and user engagement, but it is sometimes challenging for users to hold the device at specific position and orientation during navigation. Previous studies have not adequately explored wearable devices in this context. In the current study, we developed a prototype AR indoor navigation application in order to evaluate and compare handheld devices and wearable devices such as Google Glass, in terms of performance, workload, and perceived usability. The results showed that although the wearable device was perceived to have better accuracy, its overall navigation performance and workload were still similar to a handheld device. We also found that digital navigation aids were better than paper maps in terms of shorter task completion time and lower workload, but digital navigation aids also resulted in worse route/map retention.


A manufacturing method is presented for solid dosage forms using fluidized-bed impregnation, which could eliminate many of the challenges during solid dosage manufacturing. The main difference between impregnation and dry blending is the placement of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) inside a porous carrier. This makes the final material flow properties independent of the physical properties of the API. The method consists of spraying an API solution in appropriate solvent onto a carefully chosen porous excipient in a fluidized state. The solution penetrates the porous carrier due to capillary forces and the solvent is evaporated soon after that. Impregnation and drying occur simultaneously, which makes this impregnation method suitable for continuous implementation. Carefully choosing the operating conditions allows impregnation to occur without introducing spray drying or spray coating of the API. The method is shown to generate an impregnated excipient with very high degree of homogeneity independent of the API loading. It is also shown that mild milling further improves blend uniformity to RSD levels below 1%, which are challenging to achieve using conventional techniques. On impregnation, the final physical properties of the material are seen to be mainly unchanged from the initial excipient properties. A study of this one-step manufacturing method is described, using acetaminophen as the model drug and anhydrous calcium phosphate dibasic as the porous excipient. The experimental work presented establishes a proof of concept and investigates in detail blend uniformity, physical state of impregnated API, final physical properties of impregnated material, compressibility during tableting, capsule filling, and release profile of the final capsule formulation. It also discusses potential ways for drug release control and improvements using impregnation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4538–4552, 2013


Two possible approaches to using a portion of reservoir storage to supply instream flows are 1) to determine a fixed amount to be released each year as minimum instream flows and 2) to set aside a fraction of storage and inflow for instream management. An example is presented showing operations of these two alternatives to provide instream habitat below a reservoir. A simplified fish population index model, the effective habitat time series, is used to determine when water budget releases will produce habitat benefits. The effective habitat time series acts as a surrogate for fish population and reflects the mid to long term influence of water management decisions on the life cycle of a fish species. An operation rule for the storage account that considers habitat events is developed. The paper contrasts the fish habitat benefits of storage account operation with the fixed minimum flow approach.


Musculoskeletal disorders are the most frequent health problem (24%) linked to work in Europe and in Switzerland. PMSE, a health prevention service dealing with health at work, has developed a new patient education approach. The objectives of this approach are to anticipate chronic disorders, prevent musculoskeletal disorders, and make workers aware of risk factors. The goals and strategies of this intervention as well as both individual and group workshops are described in this article. The results are convincing since, over a period of 3 years, a 58% decrease of absenteeism due to musculoskeletal disorders as well as a 93% reduction of disability have been observed. In conclusion, these very positive results emanate from this patient education approach, a close collaboration with employees and direction and, also, from the quality of the whole health network.


Coluccio Salutati (1332-1406) was the most sensible inheritor of Petrarch's doctrine in Florence. An example for this is the continuity from Petrarch's Vires illustres to Salutati's Famosi cives, that is, to illustrate paintings depicting famous people with verses. Filippo Scolari (1369-1426), better known as Pippo Spano or Ozorai Pipo, spent a major part of his life in Hungary. The paper considers an unsigned official state letter sent to Scolari in 1405 from Florence to have been written by Salutati. It signals the first step towards the Scolarian myth as a devoted statesman, eventually immortalized by Andrea del Castagno in his frescos of Florentine figures. Many other of Salutati's state letters offer similarly interesting material to study the onset of humanism in Europe and the relationship between Florence and the Hungarian Kingdom.


Wireless networks with many antennas at the base stations and multiplexing of many users, known as Massive MIMO systems, are key to handle the rapid growth of data traffic. As the number of users increases, the random access in contemporary networks will be flooded by user collisions. In this paper, we propose a reengineered random access protocol, coined strongest-user collision resolution (SUCR). It exploits the channel hardening feature of Massive MIMO channels to enable each user to detect collisions, determine how strong the contenders' channels are, and only keep transmitting if it has the strongest channel gain. The proposed SUCR protocol can quickly and distributively resolve the vast majority of all pilot collisions.


Skin deformation based on an underlying skeleton is a common method to animate believable organic models. The most widely used skeletal animation algorithm, linear blend skinning, is also known as skeleton subspace deformation, vertex blending, or enveloping. It runs in real-time even on a low-end hardware but it is also notorious for its failures, such as the collapsing-joints artifacts. We present a new algorithm which removes these shortcomings while maintaining almost the same time and memory complexity as the linear blend skinning. Unlike other approaches, our method works with exactly the same input data as the popular linear version. This minimizes the cost of upgrade from linear to spherical blend skinning in many existing applications: the data structures and models need no change at all. The paper discusses also theoretical properties of rotation interpolation, essential to spherical blend skinning.


Optogenetic tools can provide direct and programmable control of gene expression. Light-inducible recombinases, in particular, offer a powerful method for achieving precise spatiotemporal control of DNA modification. However, to-date this technology has been largely limited to eukaryotic systems. Here, we develop optogenetic recombinases for Escherichia coli which activate in response to blue light. Our approach uses a split recombinase coupled with photodimers, where blue light brings the split protein together to form a functional recombinase. We tested both Cre and Flp recombinases, Vivid and Magnet photodimers, and alternative protein split sites in our analysis. The optimal configuration, Opto-Cre-Vvd, exhibits strong blue light-responsive excision and low ambient light sensitivity. For this system we characterize the effect of light intensity and the temporal dynamics of light-induced recombination. These tools expand the microbial optogenetic toolbox, offering the potential for precise control of DNA excision with light-inducible recombinases in bacteria.


Abstract We propose to add an extra source of information to the data-assimilation of the regional HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) model, constraining larger scales to the host model providing the lateral boundary conditions. An extra term, J k , measuring the distance to the large-scale vorticity of the host model, is added to the cost-function of the variational data-assimilation. Vorticity is chosen because it is a good representative of the large-scale flow and because vorticity is a basic control variable of the HIRLAM variational data-assimilation. Furthermore, by choosing only vorticity, the remaining model variables, divergence, temperature, surface pressure and specific humidity will be allowed to adapt to the modified vorticity field in accordance with the internal balance constraints of the regional model. The error characteristics of the J k term are described by the horizontal spectral densities and the vertical eigenmodes (eigenvectors and eigenvalues) of the host model vorticity forecast error fields, expressed in the regional model geometry. The vorticity field, provided by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational model, was assimilated into the HIRLAM model during an experiment period of 33 d in winter with positive impact on forecast verification statistics for upper air variables and mean sea level pressure. The review process was handled by Editor-in-Chief Harald Lejenäs


The advent of Web 2.0 has enabled a host of new services and possibilities on the Internet. Among many new possibilities, users can easily upload online content that can be accessed, viewed and downloaded by other users around the globe. This has resulted in an explosive growth of User-Generated Content (UGC) which although creating exciting opportunities for users, presents many challenges, especially related to law and regulation. This paper discusses Web 2.0, UGC and the legal /regulatory challenges that have arisen in this new 'frontier' characterised by having a liberating democratic ethos (on one hand) but also sometimes tainted with illegal activity and disregard for accepted norms. Citing various researched case studies and legal cases, the paper highlights possible 'dangers' where traditional legal rules may be inadequate to address certain types of online activity, and discusses many of the legal challenges which this new frontier brings. These challenges are widespread and relate to intellectual property, liability, defamation, pornography, hate speech, privacy, confidentiality and jurisdiction among others. The paper also discusses the role of intermediaries (web hosts and service providers) and whether they can aid in effectively policing the new Web 2.0 frontier. Finally the paper attempts to discuss possible solutions for the way forward.


The need to assess the role of forests in the global cycling of carbon and how that role will change as the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increases has spawned many experiments over a range of scales. Experiments using open-top chambers have been established at many sites to test whether the short-term responses of tree seedlings described in controlled environments would be sustained over several growing seasons under field conditions. Here we review the results of those experiments, using the framework of the interacting cycles of carbon, water and nutrients, because that is the framework of the ecosystem models that are being used to address the decades-long response of forests.

Our analysis suggests that most of what was learned in seedling studies was qualitatively correct. The evidence from field-grown trees suggests a continued and consistent stimulation of photosynthesis of about 60% for a 300 p.p.m. increase in [CO2], and there is little evidence of the long-term loss of sensitivity to CO2 that was suggested by earlier experiments with tree seedlings in pots. Despite the importance of respiration to a tree's carbon budget, no strong scientific consensus has yet emerged concerning the potential direct or acclimation response of woody plant respiration to CO2 enrichment. The relative effect of CO2 on above-ground dry mass was highly variable and greater than that indicated by most syntheses of seedling studies. Effects of CO2 concentration on static measures of response are confounded with the acceleration of ontogeny observed in elevated CO2. The trees in these open-top chamber experiments were in an exponential growth phase, and the large growth responses to elevated CO2 resulted from the compound interest associated with an increasing leaf area. This effect cannot be expected to persist in a closed-canopy forest where growth potential is constrained by a steady-state leaf area index. A more robust and informative measure of tree growth in these experiments is the annual increment in wood mass per unit leaf area, which increased 27% in elevated CO2. There is no support for the conclusion from many studies of seedlings that root-to-shoot ratio is increased by elevated CO2; the production of fine roots may be enhanced, but it is not clear that this response would persist in a forest. Foliar nitrogen concentrations were lower in CO2-enriched trees, but to a lesser extent than was indicated in seedling studies and only when expressed on a leaf mass basis. The prediction that leaf litter C/N ratio would increase was not supported in field experiments. Also contrasting with seedling studies, there is little evidence from the field studies that stomatal conductance is consistently affected by CO2; however, this is a topic that demands more study.

Experiments with trees in open-top chambers under field conditions have provided data on longer-term, larger-scale responses of trees to elevated CO2 under field conditions, confirmed some of the conclusions from previous seedling studies, and challenged other conclusions. There remain important obstacles to using these experimental results to predict forest responses to rising CO2, but the studies are valuable nonetheless for guiding ecosystem model development and revealing the critical questions that must be addressed in new, larger-scale CO2 experiments.


This paper investigates and evaluates the direct and indirect contribution of human capital to business productivity and shareholder value. The impact of human capital may occur in two ways: the specific knowledge of workers at businesses may directly increase business performance, or a skilled workforce may also indirectly act as a complement to improved technologies, business models or organizational practices. We use newly created firm-level measures of workforce human capital and productivity to examine links between those measures and the market value of the employing firm. The new human capital measures come from an integrated employer-employee data base under development at the US Census Bureau. We link these data to financial information from Compustat at the firm level, which provides measures of market value and tangible assets. The combination of these two sources permits examination of the link between human capital, productivity, and market value. There is a substantial positive relation between human capital and market value that is primarily related to the unmeasured personal characteristics of the employees, which are captured by the new measures.


The Convergent Close Coupling (CCC) method is applied, for the first time, to the scattering of positrons on helium. The helium target wave functions are obtained within various configuration interaction (CI) expansions. In the full CI expansion the two electrons are treated equally and thus all electron-electron correlations are taken into account. In the frozen-core (FC) approximation the CI expansion fixes one of the electrons to be described by a pure 1s orbital of He+, while maintaining the required singlet and triplet symmetries. Lastly, the multi-configuration (MC) approximation relaxes the FC approximation to allow the description of the inner electron to include several low-lying orbitals and is therefore more accurate than the FC approximation. The accuracy of the target wave functions is tested by comparing the calculated energy levels with the experimental data.

Based on positron-hydrogen scattering, comprehensive close-coupling formulas for positron-helium scattering are developed. The reduced two-centre V-matrix elements are derived in momentum space for various channels. These include direct, excitation and rearrangement channels, i.e. positronium formation.

We first consider low energy positron-helium elastic scattering for energies below the positronium formation threshold of 17.8 eV. Utilizing a single-centre expansion the elastic cross section and phase shifts have been calculated as a function of the positron incident energy. The calculations agree very well with the experimental data and the variational calculations, but not previous single- or double-centre close-coupling calculations.

We then consider energies above the first ionization threshold (24.6 eV) and calculate helium elastic, excitation, fragmentation and total cross sections within the single-centre expansion approach. Good agreement with the available experimental and other theoretical results has been obtained.

The studies have proved that a single-centre expansion, with accurate target state description, can deliver accurate data of practical value over a broad range of energies. However in the low-energy region, between the positronium formation threshold of 17.8 eV and the ionization threshold of 24.6 eV, implementation of the two-centre expansion is required. We expect this work to be undertaken in the near future, based on the derivations presented in this thesis.


Diffusion processes are important in several physical, chemical, biological and human phenomena. Examples include molecular encounters in reactions, cellular signalling, the foraging of animals, the spread of diseases, as well as trends in financial markets and climate records. Deviations from Brownian diffusion, known as anomalous diffusion (AnDi), can often be observed in these processes, when the growth of the mean square displacement in time is not linear. An ever-increasing number of methods has thus appeared to characterize anomalous diffusion trajectories based on classical statistics or machine learning approaches. Yet, characterization of anomalous diffusion remains challenging to date as testified by the launch of the AnDi challenge in March 2020 to assess and compare new and pre-existing methods on three different aspects of the problem: the inference of the anomalous diffusion exponent, the classification of the diffusion model, and the segmentation of trajectories. Here, we introduce a novel method (CONDOR) which combines feature engineering based on classical statistics with supervised deep learning to efficiently identify the underlying anomalous diffusion model with high accuracy and infer its exponent with a small mean absolute error in single 1D, 2D and 3D trajectories corrupted by localization noise. Finally, we extend our method to the segmentation of trajectories where the diffusion model and/or its anomalous exponent vary in time.