Attendance at Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) in the UK is sub-optimal and reasons for this have been explored. However, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patient experiences have rarely been explored longitudinally through PR regardless of patient participation. Therefore, understanding sub-optimal attendance remains limited for the broad population who are referred. Furthermore, limited Primary Care PR research has been performed, where many programmes are run in the UK. This research aimed to explore COPD patient experiences before and after PR, whether they completed, did not attend, or dropped out of PR. Twenty five participants with COPD (14 males, 11 females) were recruited from two Primary Care Trusts in the UK. These 25 participants were interviewed before PR. Fifteen of the 25 participants were interviewed again after PR regardless of attendance or completion status. Data were collected during semi-structured interviews using phenomenological research methodology. In the pre-programme interviews, participants experienced uncertainty living with COPD in their past, present and future. Uncertainty manifested itself in participants' experience of panic. However, participants compared their condition with others positively. Participants were uncertain about what to expect from PR and the causes and pathophysiology of their COPD. Prior to PR participation, participants were brought closer to the experience of dying, through their breathlessness. The experience of uncertainty reduced following PR programme completion. Non-completers seemed angry with their care, less able to cope with comorbidities or wished to remain naive regarding COPD. Pulmonary Rehabilitation seemed to enable participant completers to push their perception of being close to dying further into their future. This appeared to strengthen hope and enable a positive attitude to develop. The importance of social comparison in PR and how to manage patients who wish to remain 'in the dark' requires further research.


Amelogenesis Imperfecta(AI) represents structural developmental defect of tooth enamel having complex inheritance pattern. It represents a group of heterogenous conditions. AI has several names such as hereditary enamel dysplasia, hereditary brown enamel, hereditary brown opalescent teeth. In this disorder, the enamel is hypoplastic, hypomineralized or both. It may show autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked or sporadic pattern. Here, we report three cases among six children of the same family with Amologenesis imperfecta, analyse the clinical presentation, diagnostic features and clinical complications of Amelogenesis imperfecta.

Keywords: Amelogenesis imperfecta, Discoloration, Hypoplastic, Hypomaturative


"The Thackeray Edition" proudly announces two additions to its collection: "Catherine" and The Luck of Barry Lyndon. "The Thackeray Edition" is the first full-scale scholarly edition of William Makepeace Thackeray's works to appear in over seventy years, and the only one ever to be based on an examination of manuscripts and relevant printed texts. It is also a concrete attempt to put into practice a theory of scholarly editing that gives new insight into Thackeray's own compositional process.The Luck of Barry Lyndon, serialized in "Fraser's Magazine" in 1844, is a wonderfully hard-edged advance upon Thackeray's previous writing: a tour de force dramatization at novelistic length of the moral vacuity of its first person narrator. The inner workings of this narrator are far more complicated than in earlier Thackeray writings, and are presented in a far more subtle, yet not humorless, manner. The mock-Bildungsroman aspect of the novel is brought about by the non-enlightenment of the title-figure, his failure to find a meaningful love-relationship, and his inability to discover a calling that identifies both a significant direction for his individual existence and, at the same time, an appropriate accommodation to his duties to society. Achieved in brilliant, accomplished style, "Barry Lyndon" is a significant and progressive experiment in narration for Thackeray.Sheldon F. Goldfarb is an independent scholar who received his Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia.Edgar F. Harden is Professor of English, Simon Fraser University.Peter L. Shillingsburg is Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, Lamar University.


ABSTRACT Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to induce ectopic expression of cardiac transcription factors and beating cardiomyocytes in nonprecardiac mesodermal cells in chicks, suggesting that BMPs are inductive signaling molecules that participate in the development of the heart. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which BMPs regulate cardiac development are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the molecular mechanisms by which BMPs induce cardiac differentiation by using the P19CL6 in vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation system, a clonal derivative of P19 embryonic teratocarcinoma cells. We established a permanent P19CL6 cell line, P19CL6noggin, which constitutively overexpresses the BMP antagonist noggin. Although almost all parental P19CL6 cells differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes when treated with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide, P19CL6noggin cells did not differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes nor did they express cardiac transcription factors or contractile protein genes. The failure of differentiation was rescued by overexpression of BMP-2 or addition of BMP protein to the culture media, indicating that BMPs were indispensable for cardiomyocyte differentiation in this system. Overexpression of TAK1, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase superfamily which transduces BMP signaling, restored the ability of P19CL6noggin cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and concomitantly express cardiac genes, whereas overexpression of the dominant negative form of TAK1 in parental P19CL6 cells inhibited cardiomyocyte differentiation. Overexpression of both cardiac transcription factors Csx/Nkx-2.5 and GATA-4 but not of Csx/Nkx-2.5 or GATA-4 alone also induced differentiation of P19CL6noggin cells into cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that TAK1, Csx/Nkx-2.5, and GATA-4 play a pivotal role in the cardiogenic BMP signaling pathway.


Draining 31 states and roughly 3 million km2, the Mississippi River (MSR) and its tributaries constitute an essential resource to millions of people for clean drinking water, transportation, agriculture, and industry. Since the turn of the 20th century, MSR water quality has continually rated poorly due to human activity. Acting as first responders, microorganisms can mitigate, exacerbate, and/or serve as predictors for water quality, yet we know little about their community structure or ecology at the whole river scale for large rivers. We collected 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicons and physicochemical samples from 38 MSR sites over nearly 3000 km from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico. These data represent the first of their kind for a major river and revealed distinct regime changes between upper and lower MSR microbial communities that corresponded to Strahler′s river order and nutrient concentrations. Within these assemblages, we identified subgroups of OTUs from the phyla Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Heterokonts that highly correlated with, and were predictive of, important eutrophication nutrients. This study offers the most comprehensive view of Mississippi River microbiota to date, establishes the groundwork for future temporal and spatial studies of river perturbations, and provides potential microbial indicators of river health.


This thesis argues that to better understand global coal trade, the conventional economic model of trade needs to be replaced with a more comprehensive international political economy model of trade. The rapid growth of global coal trade during the 1970s and 1980s is disaggregated by coal type, source and destination. The extent and adequacy of various data sets are assessed and contract data are selected as the source of greatest information. The limitations of the conventional least cost trade model are then evaluated using detailed Japanese and European trade data. The global coal trade is found not to conform with a uniform commodity market model, but to be fragmented. A new international political economy model is then developed to explain and evaluate the structures which create a fragmented coal trade. The importance of security, production, financial and information structures are each examined in turn. The security structure identifies the policies and decisions of the state and their importance in shaping trade. Important state initiatives include the protection of domestic industry and the promotion of diverse supply sources. Governments also enter bilateral trade and investment agreements and form international entities like the International Energy Agency which affect coal trade. Most studies of the coal trade concentrate on the production structure where investment in mines creates the productive capacity of the industry. Particular attention is paid to investment where mines are integrated either horizontally or vertically into large productive units which may effect bargaining power in the trade. The financial structure grew in importance in the 1970s and 1980s. Coal mines are increasingly financed on an independent project basis. However, loan finance is not necessarily independent of traditional investors. Linkages among loans to established joint venture partners or parent corporations and long term contracts are shown to be strong. The information structure is rarely studied, but essential to the trade process. Specialised information institutions have evolved to facilitate the reliable and coordinated control over trade flows. Japanese trading houses, sogo shosha, are shown to have an especially strong role in global coal trade. This pattern is contrasted with the declining and specialised role of European coal traders. The comparison of Japanese and European trade patterns and the attitudes of regional consumers offers a better understanding of global trade patterns than that offered by simple competitive models. The result is not only more detailed insight into trade patterns, but a better understanding of the resource trade process.


Construction in 1996 at a major retail development site close to Inverness, Highland resulted in the destruction of two known cropmark sites. One set of cropmarks was found to be associated with a Bronze Age log-boat burial site and the results of the ensuing excavation are published elsewhere (Cressey & Sheridan 2003). The excavation of a second area of cropmarks forms the subject of this publication. The archaeological remains consisted of a series of negative features, post-holes and annular ditches which form parts of at least nine separate structures of a later prehistoric unenclosed settlement. A mould fragment indicated Late Bronze Age sword production in the vicinity. A palisaded enclosure produced a copper-alloy brooch that is a rare find for the region. Evidence of copper-alloy objects and metalworking from a smelting hearth and slags show that the occupants were of some status. Some of the structural and artefactual evidence compellingly points to an in situ ironworking workshop. A large cache of smithing charcoal found in association with a smelting hearth was radiocarbon dated to 180BC-AD70 and represents one of the few dated in situ Iron Age ironworking episodes in Scotland.


Dental plaster casts of 97 6-8-year-old and 173 12-year-old Maasai, Kikuyu, and Kalenjin children were studied. The Kikuyu are Bantu, while Maasai and Kalenjin are Nilo-Hamitic subjects. The variables measured were palatal depth (PD) and length (PL); maxillary and mandibular anterior arc circumferences (AC1) and (AC2), respectively; posterior arc circumferences (PC1) and (PC2), inter-canine (CC1), and (CC2); inter-molar (MM1) and (MM2) distances, and mandibular length (ML). The data were analysed using SPSS package. The mean values of all the variables were generally higher in the males compared with the females and significant sex differences in the means (P < 0.01) were found in AC1, PC1, PC2, CC1, CC2, MM1, and MM2 in the 12-year-old subjects. The means of all variables, except PL, ML, PC2, and CC2, increased from 6 to 12 years of age and significant differences in the means for age were found in ML, AC1, PC2, PD, MM1, MM2, and CC1. Mean maxillary inter-molar distance increased with age by 0.17-0.34 mm in the three groups. Mean values of mandibular variables were highest in the Kikuyu, while maxillary variables were highest in the Maasai. The Maasai casts showed a marked decrease in CC2, PC2, AC2, and ML compared with the Kikuyu and Kalenjin. Ethnic and sex differences in the dental arches may be masked by anterior tooth positions that are influenced by the dento-alveolar complex and soft tissues. Corresponding mandibular and maxillary variables were strongly correlated and anterior and posterior arc circumferences were correlated with inter-canine and intermolar distances. Details of the norms for dental arch dimensions and changes with age may allow for appropriate assessment of dental occlusion and treatment planning for Kenyan children.


The application of the European Water Framework Directive and the monitoring obligation on water quality for human consumption and industrial activities create a need for water quality evaluation and monitoring systems. The Migr'Hycar research project was initiated to provide decisional tools, and fulfil operational needs, for risks connected to oil spill drifts in continental waters. Within the framework of the Migr'Hycar project, a new 2-D numerical oil spill model has been developed by combining Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. The Lagrangian model describes the transport of an oil spill near the surface. This model simulates the major processes acting on the spilled oil. Though generally considered as a minor process, dissolution is important from the point of view of toxicity. To model dissolved oil in water, a Eulerian advectiondiffusion model is used. The fraction of dissolved oil is represented by a passive Eulerian scalar and its quantity directly depends on the dissolved mass of particles. In parallel with model development, experiments on the behaviour of hydrocarbons have been carried out in an artificial river facility in Berlin, which is part of the German federal environment agency (UBA). After spilling refined commercial products into an artificial channel, the aim of these experiments was to study the drift of the oil spill and the dissolution in the water column. Experimental results on situations with controlled conditions will allow the quality of the numerical predictions to be confirmed and validated.


After more than a decade of active efforts towards establishing Semantic Web, Linked Data and related standards, the verdict of whether the technology has delivered its promise and has proven itself in the enterprise is still unclear, despite the numerous existing success stories. Every emerging technology and disruptive innovation has to overcome the challenge of "crossing the chasm" between the early adopters, who are just eager to experiment with the technology potential, and the majority of the companies, who need a proven technology that can be reliably used in mission critical scenarios and deliver quantifiable cost savings. Succeeding with a Semantic Technology product in the enterprise is a challenging task involving both top quality research and software development practices, but most often the technology adoption challenges are not about the quality of the R&D but about successful business model generation and understanding the complexities and challenges of the technology adoption lifecycle by the enterprise. This talk will discuss topics related to the challenge of "crossing the chasm" for a Semantic Technology product and provide examples from Ontotext's experience of successfully delivering Semantic Technology solutions to enterprises.


The purpose of this paper is to address coaching philosophies in the context of experience and faith. In particular, how do coaches at Christian colleges develop their ideas and beliefs about coaching which guide their actions and behaviors? To what extent does faith impact these philosophical commitments? What is this process of decision-making and growth like? Does this development process occur intuitively, through rational discourse and planning, or perhaps through some sort of symbiotic process? This paper is both descriptive and normative, both reflective of the experiential process in developing one's coaching philosophy as well as prescribing effective ways to integrate faith, experience, and coaching ideals and practices. Establishing a coaching philosophy is indeed a developmental process. For the attentive coach, coaching guidelines and principles change over time. Second, a coaching philosophy is developed through experience more so than being derived from abstract principles. While individuals may promote concepts like fairness or compassion, these principles are fleshed out and modified through relationships. Third, a coaching philosophy informed and constructed by faith, when properly and consistently applied, can play an important part in this process. Coaches may draw from their own faith experiences in ways that positively impact the team climate.


The imputation from lower density SNP chip genotypes to whole-genome sequence level is an established approach to generate high density genotypes for many individuals. Imputation accuracy is dependent on many factors and for small cattle populations such as the endangered German Black Pied cattle (DSN), determining the optimal imputation strategy is especially challenging since only a low number of high density genotypes is available. In this paper, the accuracy of imputation was explored with regard to (1) phasing of the target population and the reference panel for imputation, (2) comparison of a 1-step imputation approach, where 50 k genotypes are directly imputed to sequence level, to a 2-step imputation approach that used an intermediate step imputing first to 700 k and subsequently to sequence level, (3) the software tools Beagle and Minimac, and (4) the size and composition of the reference panel for imputation. Analyses were performed for 30 DSN and 30 Holstein Frisian cattle available from the 1000 Bull Genomes Project. Imputation accuracy was assessed using a leave-one-out cross validation procedure. We observed that phasing of the target populations and the reference panels affects the imputation accuracy significantly. Minimac reached higher accuracy when imputing using small reference panels, while Beagle performed better with larger reference panels. In contrast to previous research, we found that when a low number of animals is available at the intermediate imputation step, the 1-step imputation approach yielded higher imputation accuracy compared to a 2-step imputation. Overall, the size of the reference panel for imputation is the most important factor leading to higher imputation accuracy, although using a larger reference panel consisting of a related but different breed (Holstein Frisian) significantly reduced imputation accuracy. Our findings provide specific recommendations for populations with a limited number of high density genotyped or sequenced animals available such as DSN. The overall recommendation when imputing a small population are to (1) use a large reference panel of the same breed, (2) use a large reference panel consisting of diverse breeds, or (3) when a large reference panel is not available, we recommend using a smaller same breed reference panel without including a different related breed.


Purpose: Carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) 5 ml/min on day 1 with gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 on day 1 and day 8 is a widely used regimen in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia are frequent. The aim of this study is to investigate whether toxicity of gemcitabine/carboplatin could be reduced by administering carboplatin on day 8 instead of day 1 without a decrease in response rate (RR). Methods: Patients received gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, carboplatin AUC 5 on day 1 (arm A) or day 8 (arm B). Drugs were administered over a 21-day cycle. Toxicity and RR were evaluated weekly and every second cycle, respectively. Results: 71 patients were enrolled into the study. We found 79% (95% CI 61–91%) grade 3–4 toxicity (neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) in arm A and 50% (95% CI 32–68%) in arm B; 66% grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia in arm A and 26% in arm B. We observed 30% grade 4 hematological toxicity in arm A and 3% in arm B. In arm A an overall RR of 20% (95% CI 7.7–38.6%) was seen, and 18.2% (95% CI 7–35.5%) in arm B. Conclusions: Although the study was prematurely closed, the current data are of interest. The schedule with carboplatin on day 8 is associated with substantially lower grade 3–4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia with comparable dose intensity and RR.


This paper investigates the spectrum fragmentation issue, which undermines the bandwidth efficiency in elastic optical networks. After categorizing the two-dimensional fragmentation problem as the fragmentation and misalignment subproblems, this paper proposes joint routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) algorithms to alleviate the spectral fragmentation in the lightpath provisioning process. The time complexity of the two proposed algorithms are analyzed in detail, and both algorithms can run in 0(kdnC log C) time, where k is the number of the shortest path in the routing algorithm, d is the maximum node degree in the network, n is the number of nodes in the network, and C is the link capacity expressed as the number of spectral slots. Simulation results indicate that the proposed fragmentation-aware (FA) RSA algorithm and the FA algorithm with congestion avoidance (CA) outperform the existing schemes in terms of blocking probability (BP) reduction. Compared with the benchmark K-shortest-path routing and first-fit assignment (KSP-FF) algorithm, the proposed FA and FA-CA algorithms can achieve a BP reduction of [100%, 4.43%] and [100%, 6.45%], respectively, according to the traffic load in a sample NSFNET topology.


The airport business is undergoing a shift from that of a traditionally operational nature, to a more commercial, profit driven business orientation. Airport infrastructure is experiencing a face lift in order to meet the requirements for customer satisfaction resulting from this shift in culture. In this regard airport operators must seek improvements in the way in which their development projects are planned, designed and delivered. An inherent link between corporate, business and project value, highlighted within this thesis, has led to the requirement for project management systems that maximise value and therefore facilitate the corporate strategy of the organisation.. This thesis develops a model to strategically manage projects to enhance value for money for BAA plc. It is concluded that the project management process is divided into two primary phases: the strategic and tactical, the former receiving minimum attention in UK construction project management. By combining the strategic management of a portfolio of projects with the tactical management of individual projects a link is forged between corporate and customer value and project value. The thesis concludes by presenting the Strategic Project Management framework for use by BAA project managers. The decision making framework facilitates the definition of project objectives and manages the project process to realise optimum value to the client / customer groups. By defining sub processes within the overall project process, the framework binds the interfaces such that information and communication flows freely and completely through the project.


The crown rot disease was recorded for the first time on strawberry Field from Hill Millet Research Station, Waghai, Gujarat state of India during 2017-2018. The diseased plants showed drying from the edge of the leaves. Dark lesion appears first on leaves and spreads downward to the crown region. The severely infected plant parts i.e., leaves, flowers, stems, fruits and roots are gradually turned into dark black in colour and later on plant had completely dried and resemble the symptoms of crown rot. The fungus was isolated from the diseased plant parts and subsequent re-inoculation of the same to healthy plants and its pathogenicity confirmed which revealed that Pestalotiopsis clavispora (G.F. Atk.) Steyaert is the causal organism. Pathogenicity tests showed that Pestalotiopsis clavispora could infect strawberry, which developed the same symptoms under artificial inoculation conditions to that observed in the field. Further, the fungus was identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics and this is the first report from India showing that Pestalotiopsis clavispora causes crown rot on strawberry.


ABSTRACT Background The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of two different doses of rocuronium bromide (0.5 mg/kg and 0.9 mg/kg) on the length of neuromuscular block, on the haemodynamic stability and on the side effects in patients of different ages. Methods We recruited 80 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery (cholecystectomy, appendicectomy, varicocelectomy) belonging to ASA I—II classes and divided them into four groups: • 20 adults (A0.5) who received rocuronium bromide 0.5 mg/kg • 20 elderly patients (E0.5) who received rocuronium bromide 0.5 mg/kg • 20 adults (A0.9) who received rocuronium bromide 0.9 mg/kg • 20 elderly patients (E0.9) who received rocuronium bromide 0.9 mg/kg Intubation conditions, continuous monitoring of HR, NIBP, SpO2, EtCO2 were recorded. Onset time, REC 25%, TOF-ratio 0.70 were analysed by TOF-WATCH. Nerve-evoked muscle tension and neuromuscular paralysis extension were expressed by strength of contraction of adductor pollicis, in response to a direct stimulation of the ulnar nerve (TOF). Results The results showed that in elderly patients the effect of rocuronium bromide, at two different doses, was similar. Significant differences regarding the onset time was found among the groups showing that with the same dose of rocuronium bromide, the onset time was prolonged in elderly patients compared to adult patients. Moreover, increasing the dose, the onset time was reduced in both groups (p < 0.05). Forty per cent of adult group A0.5 showed excellent intubation conditions versus 60% of A0.9 (p < 0.05); elderly patients did not show any significant difference in the intubation procedure after different doses of rocuronium bromide. Conclusions The results from the four groups showed that in elderly patients 0.5 mg/kg of rocuronium bromide resulted in a good recovery, while 0.9 mg/kg increased the recovery time. Moreover, in adults the high dose was more effective because it reduced the number of injections and post-operative recovery time.


Over the past several decades, the Inter-American Development Bank (hereafter "the Bank") has gained considerable experience with regard to the promotion of urban development in Brazil through multi-sectoral and global multiple works projects at the municipal level. This has also entailed a valuable learning process with respect to the challenges in environmental and social planning and management associated with urban development in the country. As a result, much of what the Bank is currently doing in connection with its extensive urban development portfolio in Brazil can be characterized as good practice. This is particularly the case in terms of its reliance on strategic planning at the local level and in the ways in which environmental and social considerations and components have been integrated - or "mainstreamed" - into project and design and implementation. Based on a review of pertinent documents, interviews with Bank staff and selected borrowers, and field visits to one completed and two advanced active Procidades projects in the states of Parana and Mato Grosso do Sul in February 2013, the purpose of this paper is to summarize these features of the Bank's approach to urban development in Brazil, to briefly describe how this approach has evolved over time and to identify a few areas where possible improvements might be useful.


Abstract. In the past two decades or so, digital tools have been slowly integrated as part of the archaeological process of information acquisition, analysis, and dissemination. We are now entering a new era, adding the missing piece to the puzzle in order to complete this digital revolution and take archaeology one step further into virtual reality (VR). The main focus of this article is the methodology of digital archaeology that fully integrates virtual reality, from beta testing to interdisciplinary teamwork. We briefly discuss data acquisition and processing necessary to construct the 3D model, the analysis that can be conducted during and after the making or creation of the 3D environment and the dissemination of knowledge. We explain the relevance of this methodology through the case study on the intendant's palace, an 18th century archaeological site in Quebec City, Canada. With this experience, we believe that VR can prompt new questions that would never have occurred otherwise and can provide technical advantages in terms of gathering data in the same virtual space. We conclude that multidisciplinary input in archaeological research is once again proven essential in this new, inclusive and vast digital structure of possibilities.


The CRISPR-Cas9 targeted nuclease technology allows the insertion of genetic modifications with single base-pair precision. The preference of mammalian cells to repair Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks via error-prone end-joining pathways rather than via homology-directed repair mechanisms, however, leads to relatively low rates of precise editing from donor DNA. Here we show that spatial and temporal co-localization of the donor template and Cas9 via covalent linkage increases the correction rates up to 24-fold, and demonstrate that the effect is mainly caused by an increase of donor template concentration in the nucleus. Enhanced correction rates were observed in multiple cell types and on different genomic loci, suggesting that covalently linking the donor template to the Cas9 complex provides advantages for clinical applications where high-fidelity repair is desired.


In this article, we address the question of how boys whose fathers are absent construct an image of fatherhood. Drawing on the stories told by three boys whose fathers are absent, we explore how the boys, in the relation with their mothers, siblings and others, construct and negotiate an image of fatherhood, including how they envisage themselves to be as fathers in the future. The data material consists of life-mode interviews with the boys and their mothers. Theoretically, we are inspired by social constructionism and cultural psychology. We find that the boys aspire to become fathers who engage in close and mutual relations within the family, who are emotionally and practically available, who are consistent and predictable, and who participate in activities with their children. This image of fatherhood is in line with the contemporary expectations to fathers in our culture. In developing this notion of fatherhood, the role of the mothers is crucial, and we find that they – in their repertoire of motherhood – propose to their sons a cultural orientation that affirms their sons' identity as men and future fathers.


A detailed comparison between molecular dynamics computer simulations and the experimental characterization of molecular motion through deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods has been carried out for the crystalline phase of nylon 66 (polyhexamethyleneadipamide) at room temperature and just below the melting point. The computer simulations agree quantitatively with the experimental results at room temperature and qualitatively near the crystalline melting point. Both methods demonstrate that individual methylene groups within the crystals exhibit librational motion, which becomes very large in amplitude near the melting point, rather than undergoing discrete conformational jumps; furthermore, the hydrogen-bonded amides are relatively immobile at all temperatures below 230 degrees Celsius. The simulations are shown to be particularly useful for exaning the cooperativity of motion and for providing insight into structural-dynamical correlations. These aspects of the simulations are exemplified by the observation of concerted counterrotation of odd-numbered bonds within the methylene segments and the entropic stabilization of the crystal structure.


There is broad support from many sectors of the gambling industry in NSW Australia for account or card-based gambling systems. Some proponents are cautiously optimistic: they suggest that, given the technology has the potential to assist players manage their spending, promoting use of the technology is justified. Others suggest that players are generally reticent to use the system, and advocate incentives and rewards to overcome this. This paper presents a selection of the findings of a wider study into the factors affecting the provision and acceptance of cashless technologies in NSW. A questionnaire was administered to 134 patrons of two large NSW clubs that have implemented card-based technologies. Those items that measured features of the technology that have been suggested by key industry stakeholders as potential responsible gambling tools are identified, and the consumer response to those items is discussed.


Analysis towards financial statement is need a measuring instrument.
measuring instrument that can be used in order to analyze company's finance conditon that is use finance ratio. measuring instrument called with term financial ratios for balance ratio and operating ratios for profit ratio losts (Hanafi and Halim, 2003: 12). pass finance data analysis from yrs then, knowable weakness from company with result that assumed good enough. Historic analysis result of
vital importance will mean for plan arrangement repair (policy) that be done in that time. with hold financial statement analysis company it a manager can detect
conditon and performance development companies. This watchfulness aim is that is to detects finance performance in pt. salt warehouse, tbk that measuresed with liquidity ratio, ratio leverage, activity ratio and profitability ratio. analyzer that used in this watchfulness that is by using finance ratio analysis.
Liquidity ratio analysis result that cover current ratio and acid test ratio knowable enhanced existence on performance perusahan. based on analysis solfabilitas that cover ratio debt ratio and tier show inclination existence
experiences depreciation. calculation result time interest earned ratio show ability companies to fulfil permanence load shaped flower, or measures ability companies to fulfil permanence load shaped flower, or measures what far profit
can decrease without company to experience finance difficulty because incapable of pay flower. activity ratio analysis result shows enhanced existence. profitability
analysis result companies that cover gross profit margin, profit net margin and return on invesment show inclination existence experiences enhanced but such enhanced still in prosentase little. sale growth analyst result in general show enhanced existence, but such when be reviewed from bet profit growth show depreciation existence in the year 2008. from the result so can be said that although enhanced existence inclination existence on sale that produced but such not yet according to maximal in effort to get bet profit that got to company.
Suggestion that can be submitted in this watchfulness that is supposed to liquidate current liabilities with the fluent assets belong to good and level prosentase very tall. company can decry investment in the form of provision, the mentioned caused by during four periods shows provision total very big. company supposed to defend or more repair system or credit terms that will applied, so that company supposed can to depress or demote day total to change credit is money supply.


: In his two- part "The literary history of world - systems" Matthew Eatough utilizes world systems theory to examine literary studies. He makes use of Baucom's "speculative epistemologies" to explore the connection between the global economy speculative financial instruments and the rise of the novel in 18th century. But Eatough is interested in tracing the history of literary studies and world systems theory. In this paper, I use speculative epistemologies to indicate ways of knowing that are speculated in fiction. My starting point is the decolonial critique of world system theory, which I use to formulate border reading; a reading strategy that is attentive to indigenous epistemologies. I apply this reading to two entirely different to two works of fiction that have nothing in common save for their articulation of indigenous epistemologies from two entirely unrelated epistemic terrains, two entirely different colonial experiences, and two separate geocultures within the world literary system. Miguel Ángel Asturias' Hombres de maíz (Men of Maize) and Al- Tayyib Salih's Bandarshah present viable speculative epistemologies that are profoundly engaged with their respective political contexts Their speculative epistemologies are contextually grounded in the very real experiences of the postcolonial condition in Guatemala (1940s) and Sudan (1960s).


BackgroundModern oncologic surgery aims not only to obtain tumor-free margins but also to spare or reconstruct limb function and preserve quality of life. A negative tumor margin in the digit generally requires amputation; therefore, function is preserved with reconstruction. We report results of simultaneous ablative tumor resection and reconstruction with a great toe transfer in patients requiring surgery for aggressive benign and malignant thumb tumors. MethodsBetween 2000 and 2009, three patients with extensive soft tissue tumors of the distal thumb underwent amputation to obtain wide negative surgical margins. In each case, an immediate trimmed toe-to-thumb transfer was performed. Results, evaluated retrospectively, included a review of perioperative complications, donor-site morbidity, oncologic status, objective functional outcomes, and subjective patient satisfaction. ResultsThree patients were found with either locally aggressive benign (n = 1) or malignant (n = 2) tumors of the thumb. All patients underwent immediate reconstruction after amputation through the base of the proximal phalanx for tumor eradication. No perioperative complications were encountered, and all toes survived. Full thumb opposition and protective sensation were achieved in all patients. All patients returned to their previous occupation without functional limitations. There is no local or distant tumor recurrence. Delayed wound healing at the ipsilateral foot donor site occurred in all 3 patients. Wet-to-dry dressing changes were successful in 2 patients, whereas the third patient required full-thickness skin grafting. All patients were satisfied with their reconstruction. ConclusionsAn immediate great toe-to-thumb transfer should be considered when thumb amputation is required to satisfy adequate oncologic margins. Such a transfer provides simultaneous restoration of digit length, position, sensation, and acceptable esthetics. This procedure is technically demanding and requires an experienced microsurgical team as well as appropriate patient counseling and consent before surgery.


In a social network, it is natural to have hot objects such as a celebrity's Facebook page. Duplicating hot object data in each cluster provides quick cache access and avoids stressing a single server's network or CPU resources. But duplicating cold data in each cache cluster consumes significant RAM. A more storage efficient way is to separate hot data from cold data and duplicate only hot data in each cache cluster within a data center. The cold data, or the long tail data, which is accessed much less frequently, has only one copy at a regional cache cluster.
 In this paper, a new sampling technique to capture all accesses to the same sampled keys is created. We then calculate the working set size for each key family for estimating the memory footprint. We introduce an important metric, duplication factor, as the ratio between the sum of each individual cluster's working set size and the regional working set size. We analyze why some key families have a higher duplication factor.
 It is important to separate hot keys and cold keys from the same key family with minimal overhead. We present a novel cache promotion algorithm based on key access probability. We also proposed a probability model based on the binomial distribution to predict the promotion probability with various promotion thresholds.
 Our experiment shows by shrinking the cluster level cache layer and having a fat regional level cache for cold data, we are able to achieve a higher combined cache hit ratio.


The 20th of December 1993 Council Regulation No. 40/94 "On the Community Trade Mark" (hereinafter – "Regulation") sets forth a system for registration of a Community trade mark which had the unitary character and equal effect throughout the Community: it shall not be registered, transferred or surrendered or be the subject of a decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring it invalid, nor shall its use be prohibited, save in respect of the whole Community. The Community trade mark system co-exists alongside with the national trade mark systems of the Community members. The main purpose for the Community trade mark is to create a true common market in goods and services marketed under trade marks thereby promoting the fundamental objectives of Art. 12 of the Treaty of Rome. Registration of the Community trade mark is conducted by the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (trade marks and designs) which is now been established at Alicante, Spain. The Office is established on the normal basis for Community institutions with the normal privileges and immunities. In general the Community trade mark is understood as a trade mark for goods and services which is registered in accordance with the conditions contained in the Regulation. A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. As the proprietors of Community trade marks may be the following natural or legal persons: nationals of the Member States; or nationals of other States which are parties to the Paris Convention for the protection of industrial property (hereinafter referred to as "the Paris Convention"), or to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization; nationals of States which are not parties to the Paris Convention who are domiciled or have their seat or who have real and effective industrial or commercial establishments within the territory of the Community or of a State which is party to the Paris Convention; or nationals, other than those referred to under subparagraph (c), of any State which is not party to the Paris convention or to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and which, according to published findings, accords to nationals of all Member States the same protection for trade marks as it accords to its own nationals and, if nationals of the Member States are required to prove registration in the country of origin, recognizes the registration of Community trade marks as such proof. If a registration is obtained by someone having no standing under the Regulations, the registration is at risk of being declared invalid.


Web-based social networking services enable people who share interests to find each other and collaborate in online and offline social activities. Thanks to the widespread popularity of networked handheld devices, constantly carried by members of the public throughout their daily activities, new possibilities of collaboration and interaction are emerging, among people who are not only socially close to each other, but also in physical proximity. However, a challenge arises as to how to enable people with similar interests to find each other, so to fulfill their social activities anywhere and anytime, while constantly moving around. In this paper, we present ADESSO, a semi-distributed directory and matching service that supports opportunistic social networking in delay tolerant networks. ADESSO consists of a set of self-organising brokers, automatically elected based on their mobility patterns. Users offload their requests to perform social activities onto brokers upon encounters; brokers then collaborate, by means of either request exchanges or broker fusion, in order to match activities in a way that satisfies users' social preferences. Preliminary performance evaluation, conducted using real human mobility traces and social networks, shows that ADESSO generates matches that highly satisfy users' preferences, entailing only a small overhead.


Proper control of adult stem cells including their proliferation and differentiation is crucial in maintaining homeostasis of well-organized tissues/organs throughout an organism's life. The Drosophila adult midgut has intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which have been exploited as a simple model system to investigate mechanisms controlling adult tissue homeostasis. Here, we found that a viable mutant of βν integrin (βint-ν), encoding one of two Drosophila integrin β subunits, showed a short midgut and abnormal multilayered epithelia accompanied by an increase in ISC proliferation and misdifferentiation defects. The increase in ISC proliferation and misdifferentiation was due to frequent ISC duplication expanding a pool of ISCs, which was caused by depression of the Notch signalling, and up-regulation of unpaired (upd), a gene encoding an extracellular ligand in the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. In addition, we observed that abnormally high accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin) was caused in the βint-ν mutant enterocytes. Furthermore, the defects were rescued by suppressing c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling, which was up-regulated in a manner correlated with the defect levels in the above-mentioned βint-ν mutant phenotype. These symptoms observed in young βint-ν mutant midgut were very similar to those in the aged midgut in wild type. Our results suggested that βint-ν has a novel function for the Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis under normal conditions and provided a new insight into possible age-related diseases caused by latent abnormality of an integrin function.


A methodology for designing membership functions for fuzzy controllers has been developed and demonstrated with application to feedwater heater level control. This method, namely simulated annealing, assumes that the rule base is determined by an expert who is knowledgeable about the process to be controlled, Although this method is applicable to any type of fuzzy controller, max-min center-average fuzzy controllers with triangular and trapezoidal membership functions were used due to the ease of implementation of this combination. This method essentially performs a random search for the parameters of the membership functions that yield the minimum squared error between the plant outputs and their setpoints for a given test signal as a disturbance. A major dimensionality reduction is accomplished through the identification of some requirements on membership functions. A significant improvement is made in handling mem-bership function constraints that allows the use of every generated solution in the search process. The proposed methodology was applied to the control of cascade-arranged feedwater heaters that are currently controlled by individual pneumatic proportional-only controllers. An optimal fuzzy control system was developed for controlling the levels in this system for a typical load-following transient, The optimal fuzzy controller was found to improve rise time and settling time and to decrease the overshoot in the desired level.


Anyone who plugs in a Mac whether it's the proud owner of the very latest version or someone still tapping away on yesterday's model usually finds these machines to be an immensely popular and beneficial tool. Unfortunately, they can also be a royal pain in the neck. Any way you slice it, Macs still have a tendency to induce minor headaches at the most inopportune times. Mac Annoyances feels your pain. Developed precisely for the individual who can't live without a Mac yet can't deal with its fickle temperament Mac Annoyances provides solutions to scores of common problems faced by Mac owners. Contained within its pages are hidden (plus well-documented) tips, tricks, and workarounds designed to drastically improve specific problem-solving capabilities. The result: a significant enhancement of the overall user experience and a tremendous savings of time no matter which version you own. What does Mac Annoyances cover? What doesn't it cover is the more appropriate question. Hassles associated with Mac OS X, iLife, Mac hardware, and Microsoft Office (the mother of all annoyances) are all addressed in sharp detail. Also tackled: how to overcome problems related to specific applications such as iTunes, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and Apple's Mail program. Having trouble browsing the Web or searching with Google? Want to make your Mac a bit faster? Keyboard causing you trouble? These and dozens more annoyances like them are all dissected as well. Truth is, if you've experienced it, Mac Annoyances addresses it. Written by top-flight author and renowned Mac expert, John Rizzo, this book is a follow-up to the bestselling PC Annoyances. In keeping with the spirit of O'Reilly's Annoyances series, Rizzo adopts a sympathetic tone throughout the book that quickly ingratiates itself to readers. Rather than blaming Mac owners for possessing minimal technical savvy, Mac Annoyances takes them along for a fun-filled ride as they join forces and outsmart the system together.


The Carboniferous–early Permian Santo Domingo complex in coastal Chile (33.5°S) preserves magmatic structures that allowed us to partially reconstruct and compare the deformation histories of two intrusive units within a mid-upper crustal zoned pluton. The oldest history is preserved in the Punta de Tralca tonalite, where microgranitoid enclaves record the emplacement and partial assimilation of mostly mafic magma into an intermediate host. Enclaves record early foliation development by a mechanical sorting and alignment of minerals during hypersolidus flow in melt-rich magma currents, followed by diffusion creep and sliding along melt-coated crystals. Structures in a weaker, tonalitic matrix record compaction, flattening, and near-solidus deformation as porous flow, aided by brittle deformation, drained residual melts. These processes produced penetrative S > L fabrics (i.e., planar more dominant that linear fabric) in an increasingly viscous, crystal-rich mush and promoted folding, fracturing, shearing, and crystal-plastic deformation as the mush approached its solidus. The deformation disrupted igneous layering and helped mobilize and concentrate melt-rich aggregates, forming diffuse patches and dikes that intruded previously deformed enclaves and matrix and aided pluton differentiation. A different deformation history is recorded by the Estero Cordoba dike, which intruded and interacted comagmatically with the Punta de Tralca tonalite. The dike records how magma flow near stiff boundaries resulted in velocity gradients that drove deformation during magma replenishment. This deformation reset inherited enclave fabrics, increased ductile stretching and winnowing, and formed linear (L > S) fabrics. This example illustrates how different styles of deformation assisted magma movement through a mid-upper crustal magma chamber and highlights the diverse origins and significance of structures generated by deformation in magmas of variable crystal-melt ratios.


Praise for Interactions I & II: "Practical and lively without neglecting the structure and the writing system. The workbook is especially interesting and helpful." -Chauncey C. Chu, University of Florida "...by far the best first-year textbooks available." -Sabina Knight, Smith College Connections I & II is the second-year sequence to accompany the enormously popular introductory texts Interactions I & II by Margaret Yan and Jennifer Li-chia Liu. This innovative system makes learning Chinese an interactive, cognitive process rather than a matter of simple rote or drill. Connections is designed to offer intermediate learners of Chinese a complete set of learning tools to improve their language skills and enhance their understanding of Chinese culture and society. Lesson topics revolve around everyday themes and real-world communication among four central characters-a mainland Chinese, a Taiwanese, a Chinese American, and a non-Chinese American-familiar to students using Interactions. Each 10-chapter volume is accompanied by a workbook. Chapters include sections on vocabulary, text, mini-dialogue, characters, grammar, and culture notes, accompanied by engaging graphics. Connections also includes stories and songs, and makes use of a wide variety of texts such as narrative, dialogue, journal entries, riddles, jokes, news headlines, and lyrics.


Small area estimation based on linear mixed models can be inefficient when the underlying relationships are non-linear. In this paper we introduce SAE techniques for variables that can be modelled linearly following a non-linear transformation. In particular, we extend the modelbased direct estimator of Chandra and Chambers (2005) to data that are consistent with a linear mixed model in the logarithmic scale, using model calibration to define appropriate weights for use in this estimator. Our results show that the resulting transformation-based estimator is both efficient and robust with respect to the distribution of the random effects in the model. An application to business survey data demonstrates the satisfactory performance of the method.


Attentional, RNN-based encoder-decoder models for abstractive summarization have achieved good performance on short input and output sequences. For longer documents and summaries however these models often include repetitive and incoherent phrases. We introduce a neural network model with a novel intraattention that attends over the input and continuously generated output separately, and a new training method that combines standard supervised word prediction and reinforcement learning (RL). Models trained only with supervised learning often exhibit "exposure bias" – they assume ground truth is provided at each step during training. However, when standard word prediction is combined with the global sequence prediction training of RL the resulting summaries become more readable. We evaluate this model on the CNN/Daily Mail and New York Times datasets. Our model obtains a 41.16 ROUGE-1 score on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset, an improvement over previous state-of-the-art models. Human evaluation also shows that our model produces higher quality summaries.


Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are at the core of many tasks with direct practical relevance, such as hardware and software verification, planning, and scheduling to name a few. The two main solution paradigms for solving such problems are based on backtrack-style search and local search. However, recently, a new powerful technique, called survey propagation (SP), was introduced. SP can solve certain classes of problem instances with millions of variables and constraints. This discovery raised a question of whether the traditional techniques are the best one can do when tackling large and important constraint satisfaction problems.
This dissertation discusses non-traditional approaches to solving CSPs. The techniques we use include probabilistic inference, statistical tools and a combination of systematic and local search. We provide a new derivation of SP based on purely combinatorial insights. Our method also enables us to derive SP-style procedures for a diverse range of constraint satisfaction problems, and provides insights into structure of solution spaces. The second part of the dissertation describes approaches to counting number of solutions of a CSP with the help of Belief Propagation and statistics. We also provide a novel hybrid algorithm for minimizing the number of violated constraints, which employs both systematic and local search, harnessing their complementary strengths. These methods are the most scalable algorithms for certain hard to solve classes of Boolean satisfiability (SAT), model counting (#SAT), and maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) problems.


We are part of a team working in collaboration with Landgate, the department of land information in Western Australia, on a project that is funded by an Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Grant. FireWatch is a web-based map application that was originally developed by Landgate to provide members of emergency services organisations and government departments with information on fire locations in Western Australia. While FireWatch was originally intended to be used by these technically inclined, subject-proficient users, we are tasked with creating a new version aimed at the wider community, with a particular focus on rural communities in northern Australia. Due to the fact that the interface will be used by a wide variety of users and potentially under stressful circumstances, we are attempting to traverse a delicate balance between functionality and ease of use. Some theory from human-computer interaction (HCI) has suggested that simplicity as a design goal is overrated. However, we believe that giving users a minimal, simple layout will maximise ease of use across several web-enabled devices and improve overall usability. As part of the design process, we are utilising user testing to ensure that we are providing optimal functionality


The relation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Hodgkin's disease (HD) has been suggested by serologic, epidemiological and molecular biologic studies. According to these studies the incidence of EBV in HD is high. In the present study, the EBV association with HD in Trakya Region of Turkey was investigated. We investigated the presence of EBV in 44 cases of HD. Fluorescein-labelled antisense EBV (EBER-RNA) was performed by in situ hybridization. There were 28 males and 16 females, with a mean age of 40 years (range 4-80 years). Histological subtypes included nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (NSHD) in 18 (40.9%), mixed cellularity (MCHD) in 16 (36.4%), lymphocyte predominance (LPHD) in 7 (15.9%), and lymphocyte depletion (LDHD) in 3 (6.8%). EBV was expressed in 30 cases (68.2%). High EBV association was found with mixed cellularity 75% and nodular sclerosis 72.2%. In lymphocyte predominance and in lymphocyte depletion cases the EBV positivity was 57.1% and 33.3%, respectively. All of 7 cases, younger than 15 years old, were positive for EBV. HD in Trakya Region showed a high association with EBV as in developing countries. Our findings suggest that EBV plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HD in Turkey.


This thesis is focused on high-frequency (HF) modelling of inverter-fed induction machines.The common mode (CM) input impedance of an existing 240 kW induction machine is computed in the frequency range of 10 Hz - 1 MHz and the results are compared to measurements. Transmission line (TL) theory is used to provide a consistent relation between field and circuit approaches.
In the analysis of electromagnetic fields, special attention is attributed to the modelling of eddy currents inside the core lamination. In order to investigate this effect thoroughly, two modelling approaches are compared. First, a 2D simulation approach, where iron core lamination effects are included by means of an equivalent material approximation. The second approach consists in fully three-dimensional (3D) analysis taking into account explicitly the eddy currents induced in the laminations.
In order to provide the 3D reference solution, a specialized simulation tool has been developed. The tool is built upon an existing in-house finite element (FE) code, which employs vector basis functions of both, low and high, order. Another key feature of the code is the parallel processing on a cluster, which allows for large-scale simulations of the 3D motor models. The FE code has been adapted to the extraction of the impedance matrix, which is associated with the conductors in the motor cross-section. Even though, the number of conductors may be numerous, the code allows for very efficient extraction of the desired parameters while avoiding unnecessary computational overhead.
All simulations are carried out in frequency domain. Still, a procedure to include the magnetic nonlinearity of the motor core material is discussed and implemented. The proposed method computes iteratively the inhomogeneous permeability distribution for a given low-frequency (LF) excitation. The material data are then used in the linear computations in the HF range.
The FE code is also successfully used for the computation of the 3D fields in the end-region of an induction machine. Once again, efficient large-scale simulations are realised, whereas here, mesh elements of different types have been combined.
The modelling approaches are presented, using the example of an inverter-fed induction machine. Nevertheless, they may be employed to obtain important HF parameters of other radial flux machine types as well.


Although, there are many interesting phenomena in the labor market, it is one of the least studied areas of Mongolian economy. Most of the existing literature is limited by reports on surveys conducted by National Statistical Office and International Labor Organization. While these reports provide useful insights into the overall labor market performance in Mongolia, they suffer from the usual aggregation bias and do not control for individual level effects considered in this analysis. The study shows in recent years, the labor force participation rate has decreased significantly. Moreover, if we convert returns to education into schooling years, one more year of schooling raises wage rate by about 10 percent.


Integration of the Kyrgyz Republic into the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the resulting socioeconomic impacts are amongst contemporary Kyrgyzstan's most acute and hotly debated topics. This paper is focused on international labour migration and describes the situation of Kyrgyz labour migrants in light of their new legal status in Russia. The objective of this work is to provide a deeper and more holistic understanding of the contemporary issues and challenges confronted by Kyrgyz migrant workers in Russia. Specific consideration is extended to an analysis of the impact of the recent Russian economic crisis on Kyrgyz labour migration, and the mitigating role played by the EAEU for Kyrgyz workers. This paper also highlights the importance for Kyrgyz labour migrants to educate themselves about their new legal rights in relation to Kyrgyzstan's Accession Status in the EAEU, and more generally the need for further study on the evolving socioeconomic realities of Kyrgyz labour migrants abroad.


This thesis introduces new techniques for finding genes in genomic sequences. Genes are regions of a genome encoding proteins of an organism. Identification of genes in a genome is an important step in the annotation process after a new genome is sequenced. The prediction accuracy of gene finding can be greatly improved by using experimental evidence. This evidence includes homologies between the genome and databases of known proteins, or evolutionary conservation of genomic sequence in different species.
We propose a flexible framework to incorporate several different sources of such evidence into a gene finder based on a hidden Markov model. Various sources of evidence are expressed as partial probabilistic statements about the annotation of positions in the sequence, and these are combined with the hidden Markov model to obtain the final gene prediction. The opportunity to use partial statements allows us to handle missing information transparently and to cope with the heterogeneous character of individual sources of evidence. On the other hand, this feature makes the combination step more difficult. We present a new method for combining partial probabilistic statements and prove that it is an extension of existing methods for combining complete probability statements. We evaluate the performance of our system and its individual components on data from the human and fruit fly genomes.
The use of sequence evolutionary conservation as a source of evidence in gene finding requires efficient and sensitive tools for finding similar regions in very long sequences. We present a method for improving the sensitivity of existing tools for this task by careful modeling of sequence properties. In particular, we build a hidden Markov model representing a typical homology between two protein coding regions and then use this model to optimize a component of a heuristic algorithm called a spaced seed. The seeds that we discover significantly improve the accuracy and running time of similarity search in protein coding regions; and are directly applicable to our gene finder.


— This paper focuses on the development of an advanced telesupervision system architecture that supports a highly efficient approach to human-robot interaction while allowing heterogeneous robotic assets to be deployed. The described multi-level framework not only supports human monitoring and control of existing state-of-the-art autonomous agents, but also allows new autonomous agents to be incorporated at each level as they become available. Our philosophy of maximizing the efficiency and safety of humans through telesupervision of autonomous robotic systems is applicable in extreme environments on Earth, and across space including telesupervising Lunar and Martian robots when humans are nearby. We describe two applications of our Multilevel-Autonomy Robot Telesupervision Architecture: for planetary mineral prospecting using multiple semi-autonomous rovers conducted under a past project funded by the NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate; and for Harmful Algal Bloom detection and characterization by multiple semi-autonomous ocean vessels conducted under an ongoing project funded by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office.


ABSTRACT: The article studies visual representations of the burgeoning nationalization of the Western Wall and Rachel's Tomb during the late Ottoman period and until the establishment of the State of Israel. It focuses on representations such as photographs and illustrations meant for sale and distribution to the general public; on ritual objects; on artisanal handicraft meant for hanging in the home; on practical items; and on jewelry.  The visual representations of the sites are examined in this article using four dimensions. On the ideological side, the religious dimension, prominent in the Ottoman period, was coupled with the national dimension during the era of British rule, and even modified to focus on the renewed settlement of the land and the ingathering of exiles. In the practical realm, the domestic dimension defines the artifacts in their incarnation as artisanal handicraft and works of art with a purely domestic existence. The physical dimension relates to the relationship between people, artifacts, and sites. At the end of the process, this semiotic mediation grants a new interpretation to a geopolitical reality.  The article's claim is that national ideology used religious tradition as a platform to achieve its national goals: to unify the various identities in a multicultural society. Viewing visual commemoration of the burgeoning nationalism of Jewish holy sites in its two other dimensions—domestic and physical—gives this process further validation.


Buckling-restrained braced frame performance at high drifts is improved by providing beam splices that reduce demands in the gusset regions. Existing experimental data only consider web splices without a slab present. An alternative top-flange splice, proposed by others, was investigated experimentally and numerically. Two full-scale top-flange beam splices from a prototype frame were tested using the qualifying buckling-restrained brace frame cyclic loading protocol. During experimental testing, the gusset connection regions remained essentially undamaged through multiple cycles at 0.06rad drift. The splice plates experienced low inelastic strains but fatigue analyses indicate they could withstand over fourteen similar loading histories without requiring replacement. Finite element models were used to investigate the influence of slabs on connections with web splices or top-flange splices. When slabs were considered, the top-flange splice transmitted over seventy-percent less moment than the web splice.


This qualitative phenomenology was designed to explore with a sample of undergraduate students in psychology-related majors their perceptions of psychological resilience and the factors they believe contributed to it. While previous studies have examined the construct of resilience in childhood and adolescence, relatively little is known about the phenomenon later in the lifespan. Thus, the rationale for the study stems from the researcher's wish to fill this gap in knowledge by studying resilience among emerging adults. It was the researcher's assumption that the knowledge generated from this study would both provide new insights into emerging adult resilience and inform higher education practice. The sample was composed of seven undergraduate students in psychology-related majors who reported a history of trauma as well as a sense of personal thriving. Data was collected primarily through in-depth interviews, and supportive methods of questionnaire and document/artifact review were also utilized. Coding and analysis of data were organized by the research questions, and analysis and interpretation of findings were organized in categories based on the study's conceptual framework. The study revealed that (a) while there are many aspects of emerging adult resilience, it is characterized primarily by the ability to successfully integrate trauma; (b) taking action steps contributed to resilience by targeting the disconnection and disempowerment that can result from trauma; and (c) resilience often both motivates students to pursue a psychology-related education and is an outcome of their engagement in the curriculum as they heal from their own traumatic experiences. Recommendations are offered for practice and policy in higher education and for future research.


The article introduces a research framework for analysing the external dimension of EU Justice and Home Affairs after the Lisbon Treaty. The dynamics of expansion and diversification, discernable for both the EU policy-making and the scholarly work dedicated to it, are at the centre of the article and constitute a common reference point for the present Special Issue. These dynamics have been triggered through deliberate decisions of involved policy-makers as well as through unintended spillover effects from other policy areas and/or decisions. The article also engages with the theoretically informed literature on the subject, which struggles with the definition of what this dimension actually constitutes, as well as how to best capture the practices of this field. We take stock of the scholarly debates by comparing the diverse approaches and discussing how much they complement each other and/or present different dimensions of a single 'policy universe'.


Background Acrosome formation and nuclear shaping are the main events in spermatogenesis. During spermiogenesis in Exopalaemon modestus, a unique microtubular structure called the acroframosome (AFS) forms in spermatids. The AFS links to a temporary organelle called the lamellar complex (LCx) leading to the formation of an everted umbrella-shaped acrosome and a dish-shaped nucleus in the mature sperm. These morphological changes require complex cell motility in which the C-terminal kinesin motor protein called KIFC1 is involved. In this study, we demonstrate that KIFC1 moves along the AFS and plays an important role in acrosome formation and nuclear shaping during spermatogenesis in E. modestus. Methodology/Principal Findings We cloned a 3125 bp complete cDNA of kifc1 from the testis of E. modestus by PCR. The predicted secondary and tertiary structures of E. modestus KIFC1 contain three domains: a) the C-terminus, b) the stalk region, and the c) N-terminusl. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR detected the expression of kifc1 mRNA in different tissues of E. modestus. In situ hybridization demonstrated the temporal and spatial expression profile of kifc1 during spermiogenesis. Western blot identified the expression of KIFC1 in different tissues of E. modestus, including the testis. Immunofluorescence localized KIFC1, tubulin, GM130, and mitochondria in order to elucidate their role during spermiogenesis in E. modestus. Conclusion/Significance Our results indicate that KIFC1 transports the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and other cellular components that results in acrosome formation and nuclear shaping in E. modestus. The KIFC1 transport function depends upon the microtubular structure called the acroframosome (AFS). This study describes some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the acrosome formation and nuclear shaping in E. modestus. In addition, this study may provide a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis in other crustacean species and lead to a better understanding of the fertilization process in crustaceans.


Digital filters are widely used in signal processing and communication systems. In some cases, the reliability of those systems is critical, and fault tolerant filter implementations are needed. Over the years, many techniques that exploit the filters' structure and properties to achieve fault tolerance have been proposed. As technology scales, it enables more complex systems that incorporate many filters. In those complex systems, it is common that some of the filters operate in parallel, for example, by applying the same filter to different input signals. Recently, a simple technique that exploits the presence of parallel filters to achieve fault tolerance has been presented. In this brief, that idea is generalized to show that parallel filters can be protected using error correction codes (ECCs) in which each filter is the equivalent of a bit in a traditional ECC. This new scheme allows more efficient protection when the number of parallel filters is large. The technique is evaluated using a case study of parallel finite impulse response filters showing the effectiveness in terms of protection and implementation cost.


BACKGROUND
We tested the hypothesis that classroom carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration is inversely related to child school attendance and educational attainment.

METHODS
Concentrations of CO2 were measured over a 3-5 day period in 60 naturally ventilated classrooms of primary school children in Scotland. Concentrations of CO2 were related to the class average annual attendance and proportions attaining a national standard for reading, writing, and numeracy, adjusted for socioeconomic status and class size.

RESULTS
The median (interquartile range, IQR) CO2 concentration averaged over the school day was 1086 ppm (922, 1310). In the model, Time Weighted Average CO2 concentrations were inversely associated with school attendance but not academic attainments. An increase of 100 ppm CO2 was associated with a reduced annual attendance of 0.2% (0.04, 0.4) roughly equivalent to 1 half day of school per annum, assuming schools are open on 190 days per year. Indoor temperature and relative humidity were not related to attendance or academic attainment.

CONCLUSIONS
Inadequate classroom ventilation, as evidenced by CO2 concentration exceeding 1000 ppm, is not uncommon and may be associated with reduced school attendance. A relationship between inadequate classroom ventilation and adverse health outcomes in children may be present and this needs to be explored.


ORIGINAL ARTICLE Introduction: The presence of pathogenic microbial agents and pathogens in organic fertilizers causes health problems and disease transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of vermicomposting process in improve the microbial quality of the compost produced. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted as a pilotscale one, in the laboratory of school of Health. In order to produce vermicompost, some perishable domestic waste were mixed whit sludge of wastewater treatment plant in a reactor. Tests to determine the microbial quality of the product were carried out at an early stage, during the process of production, and on the final product. The worms used for the production of vermicompost were Eiseniafotida worms. Results: According to the results of this study, a significant decrease was observed in the number of fecal coliforms in Sludgedomestic waste; as the number of fecal coliforms reduced from 7500000 (MPN/g), in the raw sample, to 1500 (MPN/g), eight weeks after the outset. Removal efficiency of fecal coliforms was 99.98 percent. Moreover, according to the obtained results, the mixture of Sludge and domestic waste had some parasite eggs (22 number/gr) in the raw samples. This amount was fully removed by the process of vermicomposting, during the forth week. Conclusion: The results showed that earthworms are a great ability to remove pathogens but to reach the standard set in mixed microbial treatment sludge waste can not be sure. Article History: Received: 13 May 2016 Accepted: 23 August 2016


What is the material context of constitutional order? The purpose of this paper is to offer an answer to that question by sketching a theory of the material constitution. Distinguishing it from related approaches (sociological constitutionalism, Marxist constitutionalism, political jurisprudence) the paper outlines the basic elements of the material constitution, specifying its four ordering factors. These are political unity; a set of institutions; a network of social relations, and a set of fundamental political objectives. These factors provide the material substance and internal dynamic of the process of constitutional ordering. They are not external to the constitution but are a feature of juristic knowledge, standing in internal relation and tension with the formal constitution. Because these ordering factors are multiple, and in conflict with one another, there is no single determining factor of constitutional development. Neither is order as such guaranteed. The conflict that characterizes the modern human condition might but need not be internalised by the process of constitutional ordering. The theory of the material constitution offers an account of the basic elements of this process as well as its internal dynamic.


Most Americans are under the impression that compulsory water fluoridation is a safe and effective public health measure to fight tooth decay, and courts have routinely upheld compulsory water fluoridation schemes as legitimate exercises of police power to ensure the dental health of communities. Yet the evidence is steadily mounting against water fluoridation, with recent scientific studies suggesting that not only is fluoridation not effective at achieving the stated public health goal of combating dental caries, but also that excess exposure to fluoride contributes to a host of far more serious health concerns, particularly in the very population the public health measure was originally alleged to benefit -- children. With growing evidence suggesting that systemic intake of excess fluoride is linked to dental and skeletal fluorosis, endocrine disruption, hypothyroidism, bone cancer, and lowered IQ's in children, it is perhaps not surprising that hundreds of U.S. and Canadian cities and towns are now opting to either reject or cease fluoridating their water supplies, joining over 97% of Europe and most of the developed world in rejecting compulsory water fluoridation. In 2011, in light of new scientific evidence as well as the recommendation by the National Research Council ("NRC"), the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") announced its intention to re-examine its currently allowed Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) of fluoride in drinking water. EPA's decision was based on the 2006 NRC report recommending that EPA lower its allowable fluoride levels, due to the numerous studies linking serious health problems with excess exposure to fluoride, as well as the significant gaps in research establishing the safety of systemic fluoride intake. Shortly after EPA made its own announcement, the Department of Health and Human Services recommended that community water districts lower their allowable fluoride levels to .7 ppm, the lowest level in a range earlier recommended by DHHS. This change sprang from DHHS's recognition that original "optimal" fluoride levels were set without considering human fluoride consumption from other products, including fluoridated toothpaste and food and beverages made with fluoridated water. Although the EPA to date has not yet come out with any revised Maximum Contaminant Levels for fluoride, this article is first to suggest that, in light of the mounting scientific evidence and ongoing federal agency reconsideration of safe fluoride levels in drinking water, compulsory water fluoridation must now be reassessed to determine whether it remains both legally and ethically justifiable as a coercive public health measure. Specifically, this article analyzes whether compulsory water fluoridation can withstand systematic scrutiny of its risks, benefits, human rights burden and economic costs, or whether the significant gaps in research suggest that compulsory water fluoridation is more properly viewed as human subjects experimental research, requiring the application of strict informed consent and vulnerable population control protocols.


Pleuropulmonary Blastoma (PPB) is an uncommon crude essential neoplasm of the chest in kids. It might emerge in the pneumonic parenchyma, pleura and/or mediastinum. PPB emerges from the crude mesenchymal cell and is experienced in the initial hardly any long stretches of life. Three subtypes (Type I, II, III) are a continuum from the least to the most harmful sore. A worldwide library (ppbregistry.org) has been built up. Treatment is multimodal (medical procedure and chemotherapy, once in a while radiation treatment) and relies upon the sort and forcefulness of the malady. We report a multi year old youngster gauging, 15 kilograms, who introduced to the pediatrician with history of hack and fever of about fourteen days term. Difference mechanized tomography (CT) output of the chest showed an enormous (100x55x53mm), all around characterized, heterogeneous (80-120HU) mass, involving two-third of the left hemithorax. The mass had a central improving delicate tissue part with slight septae. Lung parenchyma was discovered second rate compared to the mass. Windpipe and fundamental bronchi were ordinary. CT guided biopsy of the mass was accounted for as round cell tumor. The patient experienced medical procedure by means of a left posterolateral thoracotomy through the fourth intercostal space. A heterogeneous (predominately strong with not many cystic zones) mass, 12x14cm was found involving the upper 66% of left hemithorax, follower to chest divider, pericardium and the left flap of thymus . The mass had invaded into the lower flap of lung. The upper projection and Lingula were not recognizable. Three hilar lymph hubs which were 1cm in distance across and firm in consistency were available. Enbloc extraction biopsy was done and tissue sent for histopathological assessment (HPE). The HPE report was PPB type III including the lymph hubs; the bronchial careful edges were liberated from tumor.


Because annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions have grown rapidly over the past decades, there is a concern that anthropogenic CO2 invasion into the ocean may also have caused the rate of ocean acidification to increase. Here, we report the decadal and longer‐term variability in the rates of change of inorganic carbon variables since the early 1980s in surface seawaters of various oceanic regions along the 137°E repeat line in the western North Pacific. In the subtropical frontal zone, we found that the mean rate of acidification tracked the acceleration of the atmospheric CO2 increase; during 2008–2017, the rate of acidification was 30% faster than during 1983–2017. In the Kuroshio Recirculation and tropical zone, acidification trends were clear, but the trends were modulated by decadal variability associated with temporal variability in regional ocean circulation.


Network visualizations are the most complex visualizations possible, but sometimes they are not capable of describing system-complexity. Even if they are the most widely employed visualization techniques, they still have limitations. Indeed a) their relations are not sufficient to analyse complexity and b) networks do not distinguish between qualitative differences of represented entities. Starting from the actual network model, how could one manipulate this visualization to improve complexity comprehension? In this paper, we propose a solution called trajectory. The trajectory has two major points of difference compared to the network: the trajectory a) represents not only distances, but also durations, and b) it displays kinetic entities according to their evolution with time. The discourse is articulated around these four points. Considering that networks are tools widely used by digital humanists, we propose a new language to improve the quality of represented data: a new network based on a vertical timeline. Complexification of the network visualization is not just a new language, but also a tool that would give the field of Digital Humanities the most complex of all possible visualizations.


The effectiveness of Convolutional Neural Networks stems in large part from their ability to exploit the translation invariance that is inherent in many learning problems. Recently, it was shown that CNNs can exploit other invariances, such as rotation invariance, by using group convolutions instead of planar convolutions. However, for reasons of performance and ease of implementation, it has been necessary to limit the group convolution to transformations that can be applied to the filters without interpolation. Thus, for images with square pixels, only integer translations, rotations by multiples of 90 degrees, and reflections are admissible. Whereas the square tiling provides a 4-fold rotational symmetry, a hexagonal tiling of the plane has a 6-fold rotational symmetry. In this paper we show how one can efficiently implement planar convolution and group convolution over hexagonal lattices, by re-using existing highly optimized convolution routines. We find that, due to the reduced anisotropy of hexagonal filters, planar HexaConv provides better accuracy than planar convolution with square filters, given a fixed parameter budget. Furthermore, we find that the increased degree of symmetry of the hexagonal grid increases the effectiveness of group convolutions, by allowing for more parameter sharing. We show that our method significantly outperforms conventional CNNs on the AID aerial scene classification dataset, even outperforming ImageNet pre-trained models.


It is not my intention in this brief essay to give an exhaustive critical analysis of the theory of art championed by Croce and his follower Collingwood; I intend only to point out certain confusions in and misunderstandings of their theory, and to make a few critical comments in the light of them. Nor do I wish to imply that the theories of Croce and Collingwood are identical; but although they diverge on some points, and although each develops views that the other discusses only briefly, they are so substantially alike on all important points (at any rate, on any that will be discussed in this essay) that, as reviewers were quick to point out on the appearance of Collingwood's The Principles of Art, the two can for all practical purposes be considered as one theory.


This article examines the material and socio-cultural mechanisms by which everyday urban and rural walking is controlled, regulated, limited, or affected, as seen through the lens of nineteenth century visual arts with support of literary and historical accounts. Inspired by the interdisciplinary research on walking, I discuss three cases of different cultural and historical backgrounds and examine therein the instances in which the experience of walking cannot fully take place, or its movements are shaped or controlled by real or imaginary forces, either external or internal, or even by other modes of transportation: 1) C. G. Carus' socially constrained travelling in Italy in 1828, leading up to his painting Erinnerung an Neapel, 2) the history of the Pont Neuf and the use and regulation of Paris footways through lithographs and 'impressionist' paintings in the Third Republic, and 3) the motif of the 'riukuaita' (round-pole fence) in lithographs, landscape paintings and photographs during the Golden Age of Finnish Art. Thus, art objects are considered as both artworks and historical documents that illuminate the imaginary and actuality of historical events related to migration, bordering processes, and control of mobility.


Openness to experience is the broadest personality domain of the Big Five, including a mix of traits relating to intellectual curiosity, intellectual interests, perceived intelligence, imagination, creativity, artistic and aesthetic interests, emotional and fantasy richness, and unconventionality. Likewise, creative achievement is a broad construct, comprising creativity across the arts and sciences. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between openness to experience and creative achievement. Toward this aim, I factor analyzed a battery of tests of cognitive ability, working memory, Intellect, Openness, affect, and intuition among a sample of English Sixth Form students (N = 146). Four factors were revealed: explicit cognitive ability, intellectual engagement, affective engagement, and aesthetic engagement. In line with dual-process theory, each of these four factors showed differential relations with personality, impulsivity, and creative achievement. Affective engagement and aesthetic engagement were associated with creative achievement in the arts, whereas explicit cognitive ability and intellectual engagement were associated with creative achievement in the sciences. The results suggest that the Intellectual and Openness aspects of the broader openness to experience personality domain are related to different modes of information processing and predict different forms of creative achievement.


A laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the fracture behaviour of an alternative pavement foundation material containing cement stabilised reclaimed crushed aggregate, Class C fly ash and waste-plastic strip (high density polyethylene or HDPE) reinforcement. The primary objective of using strip reinforcement was to improve the tensile strength, crack resistance and toughness characteristics of this alternative pavement foundation material, which is composed of more than 90% by weight of waste products. Laboratory characterisation included unconfined compression, flexural and specially instrumented splitting tension tests for mix-optimisation studies based on strength and toughness and cyclic flexural tests to evaluate the resistance of the selected mix against fatigue fracture. It was found that the innovative waste composite containing recycled HDPE strips could be used as a fracture-resistant material in civil engineering construction. Concurrently, this may help address the overwhelming solid waste disposal and management issues in the US and Caribbean regions.


In a darkened room a young man sits telling the macabre and eerie story of his life - the story of a vampire, gifted with eternal life, cursed with an exquisite craving for human blood. Anne Rice's compulsively readable novel is arguably the most celebrated work of vampire fiction since Bram Stoker's Dracula was published in 1897. As the Washington Post said on its first publication, it is a 'thrilling, strikingly original work of the imagination ...sometimes horrible, sometimes beautiful, always unforgettable'.


In this paper, we address the trajectory planning problem in uncertain nonconvex static and dynamic environments that contain obstacles with probabilistic location, size, and geometry. To address this problem, we provide a risk bounded trajectory planning method that looks for continuous-time trajectories with guaranteed bounded risk over the planning time horizon. Risk is defined as the probability of collision with uncertain obstacles. Existing approaches to address risk bounded trajectory planning problems either are limited to Gaussian uncertainties and convex obstacles or rely on sampling-based methods that need uncertainty samples and time discretization. To address the risk bounded trajectory planning problem, we leverage the notion of risk contours to transform the risk bounded planning problem into a deterministic optimization problem. Risk contours are the set of all points in the uncertain environment with guaranteed bounded risk. The obtained deterministic optimization is, in general, nonlinear and nonconvex time-varying optimization. We provide convex methods based on sum-of-squares optimization to efficiently solve the obtained nonconvex time-varying optimization problem and obtain the continuous-time risk bounded trajectories without time discretization. The provided approach deals with arbitrary probabilistic uncertainties, nonconvex and nonlinear, static and dynamic obstacles, and is suitable for online trajectory planning problems.


Commitment of employees is relatively low in construction. This problem is exasperated by companies inability to attract, motivate, and retain talent that is then often channelled into other more attractive industrial sectors where the prospects, conditions and rewards are perceived to be much higher. The purpose of this study is thus primarily to develop a generic model to maximise employees' engagement, improve their motivation and increase the retention levels. To achieve this aim, the investigation looks into how perceived employment obligations and expectations impact commitment and through that organisational performance. The study is based on the postulations of Luhmann's theory of social systems with communication viewed as a constitutive element of a social system. Consequently expectations of a particular party in an employment relationship are represented in a communicative space requiring the other party's understanding in order to align expectations of both sides in the relationship. Explicitly, alignment of by an employee perceived manager's expectations determines his/ her commitment to fulfil obligations towards the manager. The result of this first stage of research is a conceptual model developed following the substantial supporting evidence in the literature and it forms the framework for mitigation of low commitment, motivation and retention of employees. The model particularly focuses on factors affecting employees' perceived expectations like reneging, incongruence and the process of communication. In the future the model will be validated using empirical data from a combination of observational and enquiry-based research. Once completed, the model will provide a framework for informing Human Resource Management policies with the aim to improve commitment of employees, increase the levels of retention and consequently improve the performance of construction organisations.


Testing is a fundamental issue to ensure software quality. Testing aspect oriented programs may be more difficult than traditional ones, due to the large impact that aspects have on the static structure and dynamic behavior of the overall system. Aspects may be sources for failures due to new kinds of faults in their code, by affecting the overall quality of the system. New testing approaches and criteria, taking into account the aspect-oriented constructs, are needed to capture the new kind of program failures. In this paper we propose a set of testing coverage criteria based on the interactions among the advices and the methods they affect. The proposed criteria are based on the inter-procedural aspect control flow graph (IACFG) representing the inter-procedural interactions among advices and methods.


We present a technique to automatically animate a still portrait, making it possible for the subject in the photo to come to life and express various emotions. We use a driving video (of a different subject) and develop means to transfer the expressiveness of the subject in the driving video to the target portrait. In contrast to previous work that requires an input video of the target face to reenact a facial performance, our technique uses only a single target image. We animate the target image through 2D warps that imitate the facial transformations in the driving video. As warps alone do not carry the full expressiveness of the face, we add fine-scale dynamic details which are commonly associated with facial expressions such as creases and wrinkles. Furthermore, we hallucinate regions that are hidden in the input target face, most notably in the inner mouth. Our technique gives rise to reactive profiles, where people in still images can automatically interact with their viewers. We demonstrate our technique operating on numerous still portraits from the internet.