The past decade has seen the rise of a fierce, ongoing controversy concerning the authority of criminal courts and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system as such. This article aims to provide some much needed conceptual clarity regarding the primal subjects under discussion: To what do we actually refer when we are using the words 'authority' and 'legitimacy'? What is 'legitimate authority'? For an answer to this question, reference is made to a number of theoretical developments within (political) philosophy. The article investigates how developments within the doctrines of the general part of substantive criminal law are related to shifting contemporary views on the general conditions for a legitimate exercise of practical authority. An account of a number of interlocking developments within the doctrinal system of Dutch substantive criminal law serves as a starting point for the subsequent inquiry. It is argued that these developments exemplify shifts in the way authority is distributed over various agents involved in criminal proceedings. It is further argued that these shifts in the distribution of authority parallel notable movements within the philosophical literature on the concept of legitimate authority, that is: a movement from a rationalistic and top-down approach toward a reciprocal, bottom-up approach.


The purpose of this study is to investigate awareness and use of Web 2.0 tools by librarians in university libraries in SouthSouth Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Purposive sampling technique was used based on the researcher's discretion, there are 21 university libraries in South-south, Nigeria but the researchers used 16 universities out of the total numbers because of the large scope and financial implication to cover the total population. A total population of 194 librarians was used for this study. Questionnaire was the primary instrument for data collection. The study showed that respondents are aware of Facebooks, Whatsapp, Blogs, Wikis, YouTube, while they are unaware of RSS Feeds, Bookmarking, and Podcast. Respondents indicated that they use web 2.0 tools on a daily basis. The study also revealed that academic librarians in the Southsouth region of Nigeria use web 2.0 tools mainly for reference services online, marketing of library services, collaborating with colleagues/ friends and current awareness services. However, their knowledge of social tagging and book marking is limited. More so, majority of the librarians from Southsouth Nigeria are absolutely satisfied with the use of Web 2.0 tools in boosting their services. The study also revealed that the major challenges facing librarians in South-south Region of Nigeria in the use of Web 2.0 tools are poor internet connectivity and unreliable power supply. The researchers therefore recommended that Librarians should make stringent efforts to explore the potentials in bookmarking, podcast and RSS feed in the enhancement of their services. Alternative power supply should be made available in academic libraries to enable librarians charge their phones, laptops and other electronic gadgets which they use to access web 2.0 tools. Training should be conducted regularly to enhance librarian's skills in the use of ICT and web 2.0 tools for the boosting of library services. Keyword: Awareness of Web 2.0, Use of web 2.0, Information provision, Academic librarians, South-south, Nigeria


ABSTRACT Stable isotope analyses (&dgr;18OPO4, &dgr;18OCO3, and &dgr;13C) are reported for the first time on crocodilian, theropod, and sauropod teeth from two stratigraphic levels (G1 and G2) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian "Lo Hueco" fossil site (Cuenca, Spain) in order to better understand paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions existing in the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Cretaceous. Diagenetic alteration was evaluated using three tests: (1) consistent differences in enamel and dentine &dgr;18OPO4 values, (2) crocodilian &dgr;18OPO4 values consistently lower than dinosaur &dgr;18OPO4 values in agreement with the proposed latitudinal distribution between ectotherms and endotherms, and (3) a &Dgr;&dgr;18OCO3-PO4 value of 9.1 ± 1.7‰ for dinosaurs in accordance with the expected equilibrium fractionation between carbonate and phosphate in unaltered modern mammalian bioapatite. Calculated &dgr;18OH2O values are slightly higher in crocodilians compared to dinosaurs since semiaquatic ectothermic taxa &dgr;18OH2O represents local meteoric waters in a brief window of time when the conditions are favorable for apatite synthesis, whereas terrestrial endothermic taxa &dgr;18OH2O records ingested water year-round. Mean air temperature calculated using crocodilian and dinosaur &dgr;18OH2O values shows an increase between G1 and G2, which may be related to differences in the sedimentological setting and/or to a shift toward warmer conditions over time. Finally, the sauropod mean &dgr;13C value (−11.1 ± 0.2‰, VPDB) is in the predicted range for C3 vegetation.


The higher the intensity of competition may affect the existence of the company in its
efforts to achieve a desired goal, which is to deliver value to the market with a profit.
Customer value is a key factor believed to be able to be a measuring tool in creating
sustainable competitive advantage. This research target is to analyze the influence of
retailing mix performance which are base on product and merchandising, price,
place, physical evidence, personnel, service and promotion to customer value at
CBR's Health Retailing Store Bandung. In addition, this research will also help
management determine the variables that significantly affect customer value. The
analysis method used is descriptive analysis and verification analysis. Descriptive
analysis using Cartesian Diagram interval score technique while the verification
analysis using path analysis (two equation path model) as a statistical partial t-test
for each variable and the F-test to test the overall variables simultaneously with the
computer program SPSS version 12.
According to descriptive analysis result for analyze customer value, the possibility of
customer exist to became client (repetitive customer) is only 22%. This is likely
caused by their performance of retailing mix now is still not meeting the customer's
need. Verificatif analysis utilized by path analysis show that only product and
merchandising variable and services variable had significant influence to customer
value. Verificatif analysis utilized by SPSS Program version 12 proved that retailing
mix performance influence to customer value for 62,7 % (equal with coefficient
determination 0,627). Other variable outside of the research influence 37,3% to
customer value.


This research was conducted through quantitative descriptive analysis by distributing questionnaires to cooperatives in several big cities in Indonesia. The analytical method used was probit analysis. The results of this study show that the development of cooperatives in Indonesia is still influenced by human capital, money capital, social capital, knowledge capital and the economic infrastructure. Indonesia's economic growth in the future will be slow but surely influenced by the existence of cooperatives which are still less competitive than conglomeration companies that have grown rapidly. This is because human, money and knowledge capital are the foundation to manage the cooperatives which should be based on noble intentions, due to the fact that the cooperative is the lifeblood of the Indonesian economy.


We introduce a new online learning framework where, at each trial, the learner is required to select a subset of actions from a given known action set. Each action is associated with an energy value, a reward and a cost. The sum of the energies of the actions selected cannot exceed a given energy budget. The goal is to maximise the cumulative profit, where the profit obtained on a single trial is defined as the difference between the maximum reward among the selected actions and the sum of their costs. Action energy values and the budget are known and fixed. All rewards and costs associated with each action change over time and are revealed at each trial only after the learner's selection of actions. Our framework encompasses several online learning problems where the environment changes over time; and the solution trades-off between minimising the costs and maximising the maximum reward of the selected subset of actions, while being constrained to an action energy budget. The algorithm that we propose is efficient and general that may be specialised to multiple natural online combinatorial problems .


Plasmonics is the study of interaction of light with subwavelength metallic structures. Plasmonic nanostructures have been used for manipulating and enhancing light-matter interaction leading to numerous applications in sensing, non-linear signal enhancement and pho- tovoltaic efficiency enhancement. Typically noble metals like gold, silver and copper are the materials of choice due their low loss in the visible domain. The characteristics of plasmon resonances like the resonance wavelength and full width at half maximum can be controlled by altering the shape, size, material and assembly of the structure. In fact, spatial assembly of such subwavelength metal nano-structures in 2D planar arrays leads to the realization of the so called plasmonic metasurfaces that exhibit properties not found in nature. Furthermore, integration of single layer graphene (SLG) with plasmonic metasurfaces makes it possible to actively control the resonance wavelength by applying a gate voltage. Such electrically configurable devices have been used in earlier studies to actively control phase, amplitude and polarisation state of light in mid-IR wavelength regime. In the first part of this thesis, I extend the applications of these devices to demonstrate that it is possible to actively control the strong coupling between plasmonic and molecular resonances. Resonance tunability using both graphene and molecular integration has been exploited in this work. In particular, the Fermi energy of SLG, strength of molecule (in terms of concentration) and proximity of molecule to metasurface on the strong coupling are shown to control the resulting optical properties. Dispersion diagrams (plots of reflectivity versus Ef and λ) clearly illustrate anti-crossing of the resonance bands providing clear proof of control over strong coupling. Such devices can potentially be used for controlling and mediating molecular transitions at nanosecond time scales. In the second part of this thesis, I utilize graphene integrated devices for optical trapping of gold nano partciles. The high field confinement and the strong field gradients in the vicinity of the structure enables trapping of sub-100 nm particles. Note that it is difficult to trap such particles using convenstional optical tweezers. A multi-resonant structure is used for potentially realizing multiple trap positions depending on the illumination conditions. The stability of each of the equilibrium positions (where optical forces are zero) is analyzed using both the Maxwell's stress tensor method and the gradient approximation. Control over the forces is shown by modifying the Fermi energy of SLG. It is observed that at equilibrium positions the surface averaged field on the nanoparticle's surface is enhanced by a factor of almost 40 at resonance. Such enormous enhancement in the electric field magnitude can potentially be used for surface enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy of molecules present on the surface of the nanoparticle..


ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the effects of wearing a police uniform and gear on officers' performance during the Physical Competence Test (PCT) of the Dutch National Police. In a counterbalanced within-subjects design, twenty-seven police officers performed the PCT twice, once wearing sportswear and once wearing a police uniform. The results showed clear indications that wearing a police uniform influenced the performance on the PCT. Participants were on average 14 seconds slower in a police uniform than in sportswear. Furthermore, performing the test in uniform was accompanied by higher RPE-scores and total physiological load. It seems that wearing a police uniform during the test diminishes the discrepancy between physical fitness needed to pass the simulated police tasks in the PCT and the job-specific physical fitness that is required during daily police work. This suggests that wearing a police uniform during the test will increase the representativeness of the testing environment for the work field.


This paper reports on a practicum partnerships pilot project between local schools and a teacher preparation program in a medium sized regional university. Whilst addressing recent governmental recommendations for improvements in the teacher education practicum, the project also sought greater suitability by connecting the professional skills of experienced design technology practitioners to school capability requirements, and flexibility by moving from an established block time model to negotiation between school needs and part-time student availability. Despite some local success, the project raised questions of scalability and sustainability, and more significantly transferability to a fully online environment with geographically dispersed students. The findings have implications for providers of teacher-education programs as they seek to enhance graduate capabilities and respond to national accreditation pressures


PURPOSE
To study whether monosomy 3 can predict time until death caused by metastatic melanoma, whether life expectancy can be predicted in patients after surgical excision of a melanoma displaying monosomy 3, and to confirm the prognostic value of monosomy 3 and its correlation with tumor histology.

METHODS
Archival specimens from 71 patients who died of metastatic melanoma and 40 patients who were living or had died of other causes were identified. The number of copies of chromosome 3 was assessed by chromosome in situ hybridization, and monosomy 3 was compared with clinicopathologic features.

RESULTS
Monosomy 3 was detected in 47 of 71 metastasizing melanomas (66.1%) and was significantly associated with metastasis-related death (P < 0.0001). All 40 nonmetastasizing tumors were balanced for chromosome 3 (two copies). In 70% of cases, epithelioid cells and vascular loops in combination predicted the presence of monosomy 3 (P < 0.0001). Among the 71 patients who had died of metastasizing melanoma, there was no difference in time until death between monosomic and balanced tumors. However, a survival curve corrected for age of the patients at the time of surgery suggested that very-long-term survival with monosomy 3 is probably rare.

CONCLUSIONS
Monosomy 3 is an important predictor of death in melanoma and is in some cases predicted by histology. However, death of metastatic disease occurs in a significant number of patients without monosomy 3. There is no significant difference in time until death between metastatic melanomas, with and without monosomy 3. However, survival of patients with tumors displaying monosomy 3 is generally short.


We aimed to describe the characteristics, clinical course, management and outcome of patients presenting to Perth teaching hospitals after envenoming by Tiger snakes. We undertook a chart review from six Perth teaching hospitals over a 16 year period from 1990 to 2005. Data were collected by a trained investigator using a preformatted data abstraction tool. We included patients bitten in the appropriate geographical area, with defibrination coagulopathy and positive Venom Detection Kit result for Tiger snake or response to specific antivenom. Of 381 charts reviewed, 23 patients were envenomed by a Tiger snake. The mean age was 36 years, 83% were male and all were bitten on a limb. First aid was applied poorly and all patients were symptomatic on presentation. Six patients developed rhabdomyolysis, one renal failure, four clinical bleeding, three neurotoxicity, one non-fatal respiratory arrest and one fatal cardiac arrest. All patients received antivenom, 13 received adrenaline premedication, with two mild allergic reactions developing in non-premedicated patients. The average dose of antivenom was four ampoules. Mean hospital stay was 2.6 days. This is the largest series of Tiger snake envenoming reported in Australia. Only one patient of 23 (4%) died, despite all patients being significantly envenomed. With rapid antivenom treatment and modern emergency and intensive care management, most patients envenomed by Tiger snakes survive.


Field and biostratigraphic data from Cenozoic metasedimentary
succession («breccia a selce», Colle Trodo and «Scisti del Fiume Lao»
Formations) of Lungro-Verbicaro Unit are reported. The «Scisti del
Fiume Lao» Formation, formerly included in the ophiolite-bearing
Frido Unit, defined at the Calabria-Lucania border area, is interpreted
as the stratigraphic uppermost part of the above Cenozoic
succession. Therefore, the occurrence of nannofossil assemblage not
older than late Aquitanian, represents the minimum age constrain
both to the deformation and to the HP/LT metamorphic event affecting
the Lungro-Verbicaro Unit. This age is in agreement with the
Burdigalian radiometric age recognized in metavolcanic and
metapelitic rocks of Lungro-Verbicaro Unit.


The Packaging-Driven Scalable Systems multicomputer (PDSS) project uses several innovative interconnect and routing techniques to construct a low-latency, high-bandwidth (1.3 GB/s) multicomputer network. The PDSS network interface provides a low-latency interface between the network and the processing nodes that allows unprivileged code to initiate network operations while maintaining a high level of protection. The interface design exploits processor-bus cache coherence protocols to deliver very-low-latency cache-to-cache communications between processing nodes. Network operations include a variety of transfers of cache-line-sized packets, including remote read and write, and a distributed barrier-synchronization mechanism. Despite performance-limiting flaws, the initial single-chip implementation of the network router and interface achieves gigabit/s bandwidth and microsecond cache-to-cache latencies between nodes using commodity processor and memory components.


We propose a novel graph-driven generative model, that unifies multiple heterogeneous learning tasks into the same framework. The proposed model is based on the fact that heterogeneous learning tasks, which correspond to different generative processes, often rely on data with a shared graph structure. Accordingly, our model combines a graph convolutional network (GCN) with multiple variational autoencoders, thus embedding the nodes of the graph (i.e., samples for the tasks) in a uniform manner, while specializing their organization and usage to different tasks. With a focus on healthcare applications (tasks), including clinical topic modeling, procedure recommendation and admission-type prediction, we demonstrate that our method successfully leverages information across different tasks, boosting performance in all tasks and outperforming existing state-of-the-art approaches.


Extracted from text ... OTC Products
SA Pharmacist's Assistant [ Jul / Aug 2006 ]
10
By Jacqui Souter
Amayeza Info Services
OTC products for:
Cough
Preparations
The majority of people coming to the pharmacy wanting
medication for coughs have respiratory tract infections
that are usually minor and self-limiting. However, a
cough may also be symptom of a more serious underlying
condition and in these cases, referral to a medical doctor
is important.
Coughing is a reflex action caused by
irritation or obstruction of the airway. The
purpose of a cough is to clear the airway
so that breathing can continue as normal.
The most common cause of a cough is an
infection, either bacterial or viral, that
irritates the airways. Other common irritants
include ..


Abstract:  Increasing longevity and the growing proportion of the aged in the population in most countries have served to focus on the question of how governments and older people can finance living, health, and care options in retirement. Prudent management of income and assets is an increasingly complex and important aspect of aging as assets and expectations of self‐financing increase. Although many informal caregivers act as asset managers and/or substitute decision‐makers for older people, little attention has been paid to this increasingly important aspect of care. This paper summaries key findings of a broad research program exploring family involvement in the management of older people's assets and the practices that constitute good practice as well as financial mismanagement and abuse. It identifies multi‐level and multi‐strategy responses needed to address the issues raised by the research and outlines an innovative community demonstration project aimed at improving financial management practices in relation to older people's assets.


Book abstract: Last printed in 1821 this book of the original text by Thomas West, aquatints by J. Smith and J. Emes and addenda features an essay by Dr Mark Haywood and images by Dr John Darwell of the Faculty of the Arts together with images by Niki Thomas, edited by Gerard M F Hill.

Unspoilt. Unvisited. Until Thomas West wrote his guidebook, the Lake District was unknown and unloved. No poets came, no tourists toured and the average nymph or shepherd saw nothing worth a second look. Yet before Wordsworth was even born, one man was showing people the beauty of this wilderness – through a camera, too.

Thomas West was a scholar who loved the Lakes and made the world see what he saw. In this new edition of his guidebook, photographs match the original views and the 'viewing stations'. West sketches the scene and highlights the special features, ' verified by his own repeated observations' – a scholarly introduction and notes fill in the background.

Why visit the Lakes? What will you see that the camera doesn't? Suitable for 'the curious of all ranks', this is the guidebook that began it all. Use it to look at the Lakes with fresh eyes.


Natural resources are always collected from harsh environments, such as mines and deep wells. Currently, depleted oil wells force the gas and oil industry to drill deeper. As the industry drills deeper, temperatures of these wells can exceed 210 °C. Contemporary downhole systems have reached their depth and temperature limitations in deep basins and are no longer meet the high requirements in harsh environment industries. Therefore, robust electronic systems that can operate reliably in harsh environments are in high demand. This thesis presents a high temperature reference voltage generator that can operate reliably up to 250 °C for a downhole communication system. The proposed reference voltage generator is designed and prototyped using 4H-SiC bipolar transistors. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a semiconductor material that exhibits wide bandgap, high dielectric breakdown field strength, and high thermal conductivity. Due to these properties, it is suitable for highfrequency, high-power, and high-temperature applications. For bypassing the lack of high temperature p-type SiC transistors (pnp BJT, PMOS) and OpAmp inconvenience, an all npn voltage reference architecture has been developed based on Widlar bandgap reference concept. The proposed reference voltage generator demonstrates for the first time a functional high temperature discrete reference voltage generator that uses only five 4H-SiC transistors to achieve both temperature and supply independent. Measurement results show that the proposed voltage reference generator provides an almost constant negative reference voltage around -3.23 V from 25 °C to 250 °C regardless of any change in power supply with a low temperature coefficient (TC) of 42 ppm/°C.


Several studies have demonstrated that early intervention may modulate the natural course of atopic disease. Our objective was to prevent sensitization to house‐dust mite and food allergens, as well as the development of atopic symptoms during infancy, by the combination of an educational package and the use of mite allergen‐impermeable mattress encasings. A multicentre European, population‐based, randomized, controlled study of children at increased atopic risk [Study on the Prevention of Allergy in Children in Europe (SPACE)] was performed in five countries (Austria, Germany, Greece, the UK, and Lithuania), and included three cohorts – schoolchildren, toddlers, and newborns. We report on the newborn cohort. A total of 696 newborns were included from Austria, the UK, and Germany. Inclusion criteria were: a positive history of parental allergy; and a positive skin‐prick test or specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) (IgE ≥ 1.43 kU/L) against at least one out of a panel of common aeroallergens in one or both parents. At 1 year of age, the overall sensitization rate against the tested allergens [dust‐mite allergens: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der p and Der f)] and food allergens (egg, milk) in the prophylactic group was 6.21% vs. 10.67% in the control group. The prevalence of sensitization against Der p was 1.86% in the prophylactic group vs. 5% in the control group. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate, in a group of newborns at risk for atopic diseases, that the sensitization rate to a panel of aero‐ and food allergens could be effectively decreased through the use of impermeable mattress encasings and the implementation of easy‐to‐perform preventive measures.


The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is an high-energy particle detector deployed on the International Space Station (ISS) since May 19, 2011 to conduct a long-duration mission on fundamental physics research in space. The main scientific goals of the mission ar e the detection of antimatter and dark matter through the study of the spectra and fluxes of protons, electrons, nuc lei until the iron, their antiparticles, and gamma-rays in the GeV to TeV energy range. The Electromagnetic CALorimeter (ECAL) is required to measure e + , e and gamma spectra and to discriminate electromagnetic showers from hadronic cascades. To fulfill these requirements the ECAL is based on a lead/scintillating fiber sandwich, pro viding a 3 Dimensional imaging reconstruction of the showers. The high granularity consists of 18 samplings in the longitudinal direction, and 72 samplings in the lateral direction. Measurements of ECAL parameters in space and performance in term of energy and angular resolutions, linearity, proton rejections will be reviewe d.


Regional populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) around New Zealand are genetically isolated from each other and the species was recently classified as nationally endangered based on relatively small population sizes and reports of high calf mortality. Here, we estimate the abundance and trends in one of these regional populations, the Bay of Islands, using a photo-identification database collected from 1997 to 1999 and from 2003 to 2006, containing a total of 3,841 records of 317 individual dolphins. Estimates of abundance obtained with the robust design fluctuated widely but showed a significant decline in the number of dolphins present in the bay over time (7.5% annual rate of decline). Temporary emigration was random and fluctuated considerably (γ = 0.18, SE = 0.07 to γ = 0.84, SE = 0.06). Apparent survival was estimated at 0.928 (CI = 0.911–0.942). Seasonal estimates (26 seasons) obtained in POPAN also showed a significant decline in abundance (5.8% annual rate of decline). Despite the decline observed in local abundance, dolphins continue to be found regularly in the Bay of Islands, suggesting that fewer dolphins use the bay on regular basis. Consequently, it seems that a change in habitat use, mortality and possibly low recruitment could underlie the apparent local decline.


In this paper, we describe a distance learning system that would allow resource-starved village schools in rural India to benefit from the better human and content resources available in the urban environments. The e-learning landscape is littered with misguided and expensive "wire-the-schools" projects that have little to show for in the end. To avoid retracing these missteps, we must follow at least two important principles in our solution: (1) cost realism, which is essential if we were to scale up the system to encompass a large number of villages, schools, and students in the long run; and (2) building systems that solve end-toend education problems, instead of narrowly focusing on just providing connectivity. The proposed Digital StudyHall system has the following novel key components. The first is a generic digital communication mechanism that places bits on storage media transported by the postal system instead of wires. This mechanism, the Postmanet, provides pervasive, high-bandwidth, and lowcost asynchronous connectivity to just about any place. When combined with a low-latency channel, such as a packet radio connection, we may combine the latency and bandwidth advantages of both channels. Robotic arm-based automation in our headquarters site further enhances transparency and efficiency. The second is a mechanism that turns regular TV screens into "networked thin client displays." Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, {rywang,sobti,nitin,firstname.lastname@example.com. The StudyHall Foundation, firstname.lastname@example.com. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, email@example.com. Department of Computer Science, Yale University, firstname.lastname@example.com. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, firstname.lastname@example.com. This mechanism, which we call EdTV, lowers the cost of end user devices, and truly bridges the last mile by leveraging TV and radio control signals. The third is a web repository that collects education content, and connects learners and teaching staff across time and space, so staff in urban schools and volunteers (potentially from overseas) can contribute in a way that allows them to make flexible time and location commitments. This site, dubbed the learning eBay, would be accessible via both conventional networks and the Postmanet. These components would enable a wide variety of digital education "workflows," such as lecture capture and replay, homework collection and feedback, and question-answer sessions. We also plan to perform pedagogy research on the Digital StudyHall, so that it can serve as an effective learning science testbed, tightly combining education research and practice.


The Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) has recently developed and/or conducted experiments on several processes in support of the decommissioning of two French liquid-metal fast reactors (LMFRs), Rapsodie and Superphénix, as well as on the treatment of CEA sodium wastes. CEA has demonstrated that it is possible to define appropriate and efficient processes to meet the different situations encountered in decommissioning LMFRs. Mechanical techniques derived from standard technologies have been successfully applied to fast reactor decommissioning to complete primary vessel draining from sodium. In addition, specific chemical processes have been developed to deal safely with metallic sodium reactivity. Sodium-contaminated equipment has been successfully cleaned by reacting sodium with water mist in an atmosphere with carbon dioxide to form inert sodium carbonate. Bulk sodium has been successfully converted into aqueous caustic soda by injection of liquid-metallic sodium into sodium hydroxide solution. Several processes were also defined to deal with specific sodium wastes. In all cases the principle is based on a sodium/water chemical reaction where the released hydrogen and heat are controlled. With the development of a wide variety of processes, all steps in the decommissioning of LMFRs are assumed to be now properly mastered.


This article argues that EU competition policy may be becoming more lenient through social capture. Social capture is a process whereby the social environment of public officials consciously or inadvertently shapes their policy-relevant views in a direction that serves the regulated entities. Unlike in other areas of public policy, the social environment influencing competition officials is not formed by the actual regulated entities, i.e. highly heterogeneous big business, but rather by the competition practitioners advising and representing them. The practitioners work mainly for large corporate defendants, which leads to their community leaning strongly towards non-interventionism. Because of the following three channels of social influence, this worldview may become endorsed also by competition officials: First, the officials often socially identify with the community of practitioners. Second, the officials tend to perceive the practitioners as having higher status. And, third, many officials regularly interact and develop relationships with the practitioners. The risk of social capture needs to be taken seriously considering the major efforts of big business to make EU competition policy more lenient through other avenues such as lobbying and sponsored research. The article also discusses measures to address social capture, cautioning nevertheless that its causes may at the same time generate countervailing policy benefits.


The difference in the standard Gibbs free energy for the formation of any two oxides or sulfides is the chemical potential for selective reduction of metals from complex minerals. The magnitude of the Gibbs free energy difference is shown by plotting the univariant relationships for relevant sulfides and oxides. In this investigation, three examples of mineral sulfides are considered, and the experimental results are compared with the predicted thermodynamic calculations. These examples include the reduction conditions for nickel and iron sulfides and pentlandite (Fe,Ni)gS s and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) minerals. The reduction behavior of mineral sulfides, such as those of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper, is illustrated by referring to both the sulfide and alloy phase equilibria. In particular, the solution thermodynamic properties of the metallic phase equilibria are featured for determining the physical chemistry of preferential or selective reduction of the metal oxides and sulfides. The mechanism for the reduction of the aforementioned sulfide minerals is explained with the aid of the governing phase equilibria for the calcination process. The results from the carbothermic reduction of sulfide minerals are also compared. The important roles of lime and calcium sulfate in controlling the emission of sulfurous gases during the reduction reaction are explained. A qualitative analysis of reduction reactions of nickel and iron sulfides is reviewed to provide a comparison of the mechanism for complex nickel-bearing minerals. The importance of these results in producing alloy and pure metallic phases is also examined.


The authors investigate how labor market institutions such as unemployment insurance, unions, firing regulations, and minimum wages have affected the evolution of wage inequality among male workers. Results of estimations using data on institutions in eleven OECD countries indicate that changes in labor market institutions can account for much of the change in wage inequality between 1973 and 1998. Factors found to have been negatively associated with male wage inequality are union density, the strictness of employment protection law, unemployment benefit duration, unemployment benefit generosity, and the size of the minimum wage. Over the 26-year period, institutional changes were associated with a 23% reduction in male wage inequality in France, where minimum wages increased and employment protection became stricter, but with an increase of up to 11% in the United States and United Kingdom, where unions became less powerful and (in the United States) minimum wages fell.


Abstract Background: The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measures general stress and the Swedish version, although used in several studies, has not been extensively evaluated for psychometric properties. Aims: This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties and the factor solution of the Swedish 14-item version when used with two samples, namely a mixed Internet sample of women and men (n = 171) and another of women with stress-related disorders (n = 84). Classical test theory, including confirmatory factor analysis, was employed. Results: The factor structure supported a two-factor model for the PSS and confirmed other language versions of the PSS, although one items showed a low item-total correlation. The PSS showed to be feasible with the investigated samples and the results indicated no ceiling or floor effects and good internal consistency of the PSS. Several aspects of construct validity were shown. An association of − 0.66 between the PSS and a measure of coping indicated good concurrent validity. Criterion validity was demonstrated through a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between the women with stress-related disorders and the Internet sample. Predictive validity of the PSS could be demonstrated in a short-term perspective. Based on the sample with stress-related disorders, sensitivity to change was shown through a statistically significant stress reduction (P < 0.001) from entering work rehabilitation to discharge. Conclusions: The Swedish version of the PSS showed satisfactory psychometric properties and may be recommended for use with people with and without known stress-related disorders.


Description Offering a comparative analysis of community-literacy studies, Community Literacy and the Rhetoric of Local Publics traces common values in diverse accounts of "ordinary people going public." Elenore Long offers a rich theoretical framework for reviewing emergent community-literacy projects, examines pedagogies that educators can use to help students to go public in the course of their rhetorical education at college, and adapts local-public literacies to college curricula. A glossary and annotated bibliography provide the basis for further inquiry and research.


This essay reconsiders Louis Feldman's assertion that Josephus characterized Saul as a king who administered justice. This assertion is examined against the narratives in 1 Samuel 14 and 22. My conclusion is that Josephus did not praise Saul for being a just king. In this regard, his  characterization of Saul is consistent with the biblical narratives in 1 Samuel 14 and 22, which denounce Saul for being a negative model of the king as supreme judge.


We have conducted a study of extra-planar diffuse ionized gas using the first year data from the MaNGA IFU survey. We have stacked spectra from 49 edge-on, late-type galaxies as a function of distance from the midplane of the galaxy. With this technique we can detect the bright emission lines Hα, Hβ, [O ii]λλ3726, 3729, [O iii]λ5007, [N ii]λλ6549, 6584, and [S ii]λλ6717, 6731 out to about 4 kpc above the midplane. With 16 galaxies we can extend this analysis out to about 9 kpc, i.e. a distance of ∼ 2 Re, vertically from the midplane. In the halo, the surface brightnesses of the [O ii] and Hα emission lines are comparable, unlike in the disk where Hα dominates. When we split the sample by specific star-formation rate, concentration index, and stellar mass, each subsample's emission line surface brightness profiles and ratios differ, indicating that extra-planar gas properties can vary. The emission line surface brightnesses of the gas around high specific star-formation rate galaxies are higher at all distances, and the line ratios are closer to ratios characteristic of H ii regions compared with low specific star-formation rate galaxies. The less concentrated and lower stellar mass samples exhibit line ratios that are more like H ii regions at larger distances than their more concentrated and higher stellar mass counterparts. The largest difference between different subsamples occurs when the galaxies are split by stellar mass. We additionally infer that gas far from the midplane in more massive galaxies has the highest temperatures and steepest radial temperature gradients based on their [N ii]/Hα and [O ii]/Hα ratios between the disk and the halo.


SQL is the language of databases. It's used to create and maintain database objects, place data into those objects, query the data, modify the data, and, finally, delete data that is no longer needed. Databases lie at the heart of many, if not most business applications. Chances are very good that if you're involved with software development, you're using SQL to some degree. And if you're using SQL, you should own a good reference or two.Now available in an updated second edition, our very popular SQL Pocket Guide is a major help to programmers, database administrators, and everyone who uses SQL in their day-to-day work. The SQL Pocket Guide is a concise reference to frequently used SQL statements and commonly used SQL functions. Not just an endless collection of syntax diagrams, this portable guide addresses the language's complexity head on and leads by example. The information in this edition has been updated to reflect the latest versions of the most commonly used SQL variants including:Oracle Database 10g, Release 2 (including the free Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (XE))Microsoft SQL Server 2005MySQL 5IBM DB2 8.2PostreSQL 8.1 database


This thesis considers spectral approaches to finding maximum cocliques in graphs. We focus on the relation between the eigenspaces of a graph and the size and location of its maximum cocliques. Our main result concerns the computational problem of finding the size of a maximum coclique in a graph. This problem is known to be NP-Hard for general graphs. Recently, Codenotti et al. showed that computing the size of a maximum coclique is still NP-Hard if we restrict to the class of circulant graphs. We take an alternative approach to this result using quotient graphs and coding theory. We apply our method to show that computing the size of a maximum coclique is NP-Hard for the class of Cayley graphs for the groups Zp where p is any fixed prime. Cocliques are closely related to equitable partitions of a graph, and to parallel faces of the eigenpolytopes of a graph. We develop this connection and give a relation between the existence of quadratic polynomials that vanish on the vertices of an eigenpolytope of a graph, and the existence of elements in the null space of the Veronese matrix. This gives a us a tool for finding equitable partitions of a graph, and proving the non-existence of equitable partitions. For distance-regular graphs we exploit the algebraic structure of association schemes to derive an explicit formula for the rank of the Veronese matrix. We apply this machinery to show that there are strongly regular graphs whose τ eigenpolytopes are not prismoids. We also present several partial results on cocliques and graph spectra. We develop a linear programming approach to the problem of finding weightings of the adjacency matrix of a graph that meets the inertia bound with equality, and apply our technique to various families of Cayley graphs. Towards characterizing the maximum cocliques of the folded-cube graphs, we find a class of large facets of the least eigenpolytope of a folded cube, and show how they correspond to the structure of the graph. Finally, we consider equitable partitions with additional structural constraints, namely that both parts are convex subgraphs. We show that Latin square graphs cannot be partitioned into a coclique and a convex subgraph.


Corporate governance phenomena have traditionally been, and are still, studied foremost as relationships between principals and agents. Studies of how accounting plays out in corporate governance settings rather share the interest in hierarchical influence than challenge it. The present thesis argues that when studying accounting in corporate governance settings we must, in addition to studying hierarchical influence, take into account the 'field of governance' in which accounting is situated. The hierarchical influence with which the corporate governance literature is concerned does not occur in an isolated setting, but in a field with pre-existing, concurrent and entering governance initiatives, technologies and actors. Such aspects of the field of governance necessarily influence how accounting is able to serve corporate governance ends.Based on two empirical cases, institutional investors and trade unions, active in a field of governance concerned with social and environmental aspects of corporate performance, this thesis consists of four studies investigating the different aspects (who, what and where) of the field of governance and the influence these aspects have on accounting in a corporate governance setting. This thesis, as a result, proposes a new way to study accounting in corporate governance settings and identifies further conditions for accounting's constitutive ability.


This chapter focuses on the way in which arbitral tribunals have dealt with indirect expropriation claims based on investment agreements. It also looks at the cross-fertilization with two other sources of jurisprudence which deal with similar issues, under different circumstances and different legal bases, i.e. the US–Iran Claims tribunal and the European Court of Human Rights. The chapter (i) describes the basic concepts of the obligation to compensate for indirect expropriation; (ii) reviews whether and how legal instruments and other texts articulate the difference between indirect expropriation and the right of the governments to regulate without compensation; and (iii) identifies a number of criteria which emerge from jurisprudence and state practice for determining whether an indirect expropriation has occurred, and compensation is due.


Peter C. Rollins and John E. O'Connor, editors. Hollywood's West: The American Frontier in Film, Television, & History. University Press of Kentucky, 2005. 373 pages; $40.00. Winner: Ray and Pat Browne Award for an Edited Work. Real Men As an ongoing Hollywood genre, probably no group of photodramas can generate such unbridled enthusiasm and provide innumerable vicarious thrills than a good shoot-'em-from-the-hip, get-out-of-town-before-sundown cowboy motion picture, those rip-roaring Westerns where real men wear spurs, fasten their Colt-45's low on their femurs, and keep their backs to the sun. Here-in the untamed world of picturesque valleys, high plateaus, or desert cacti-these fast-on-their-feet heroes leap on stallions, fend off range rustlers, protect hapless widows from unscrupulous land speculators, and rescue orphaned children from the clutches of savage Apache marauders. Why wouldn't they? As the motion pictures' national hero, the American cowboy's credo-beginning with a 1903 twelve-minute silent performance, The Great Train Robbery-always incorporated fair play, quick thinking, six-gun agility, and soft-spoken piety. As national frontiersmen, these high-spirited equestrians preserved the law and, in their own nonpolitical way, explained to audiences what Manifest Destiny really meant. While this doctrine of Western expansion originated in the 1840s, most moviegoers never understood its implementation until Richard Dix, John Wayne, Randolph Scott, or Tex Ritter sternly looked into the camera, quietly coughed, and demurely explicated the need for an extended border that stretched from ocean to ocean. But, why was this? What role did Hollywood screenplays assume in explaining nineteenth-century expansion to a twentieth-century audience? How about a contemporary understanding of Western development? How much is learned from the silver screen? And, what about parallels, allegories, or analogies? Are they found-directly or subliminally-in these photoplays? Clearly, this is a complicated subject and, once more, two established film historians, Peter C. Rollins and John E. O'Connor, have corroborated to produce another eclectic anthology that analyzes every facet of the American frontier portrayed in the print and visual media. Without question, Hollywood's West: The American Frontier in Film, Television, & History contains a wealth of research examining many intricacies about this national expansion movement and, later, its perception on the screen and television, plus its contents in books and magazines. Beginning with a thorough analysis of Frederick Jackson Turner's 1893 bellwether safety-valve theory-that defined the Western frontier's intrinsic value-this thirteen-chapter collection, arranged in chronological order, contains some outstanding information about cinema, its natural offspring, television, and the many creative and nonfictional titles that have fashioned, for better of worse, America's image of this bygone era. …


Water scarcity ranks as one of China9s most serious problems today and in the foreseeable future. Rapid urbanization and industrialization and the attendant problems of overconsumption, pollution and inefficient water use have driven and will continue to drive China9s water crisis. Most scholars assert that improving water governance is the key to water security in developing countries including China. However, there are very few empirical studies to support this claim. We compare water governance in 10 Chinese provinces in terms of 17 indicators of water laws, policies and administration based on a survey of 89 water experts. We then explore the effects of water governance on water sector performance in terms of adequacy of drinking water, availability of water resources and water productivity. Our findings are consistent with the literature and our expectations but more rigorous studies are needed to establish causal links between governance mechanisms and performance.


In this paper, the mathematical modeling in the area of treatment the leather waste material is presented. Leather industry contributes significantly to the production of several types of waste and pollutes the environment for many decades. A reasonable solution for processing of certain part of tannery wastes, such as shavings, is a hydrolysis reaction. This reaction enables to separate collagen that can be effectively re-utilized in various forms. The attention in the paper is paid to the mathematical model of the main operating expenses for producing a collagen hydrolyzate from leather shavings. The first stage is mathematical description of the real nature of processes - the deterministic model. The modeling is performed for a batch reactor and pilot plant conditions. It is based on physical and chemical processes ongoing in the reactor and other parts of the production system, such as kinetics of the hydrolysis, mass balances, dry matter balances and protein balance in the equilibrium. The goal is to determine optimal time of hydrolysis reaction, optimal mass fraction of decomposed protein and hence the main operating expenses. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the sense of the mathematical modeling and the contribution to the economical evaluation of production process - to acquire collagen hydrolyzate from a waste material.


The inversion effect describes a phenomenon in which certain types of images are harder to recognize when they are presented upside down compared to when they are shown upright. Images of human faces and bodies suffer from the inversion effect whereas images of objects do not. The effect may be caused by the configural processing of faces and body postures, which is dependent on the perception of spatial relations between different parts of the stimuli. We investigated if the inversion effect applies to images of robots in the hope of using it as a measurement tool for robot's anthropomorphism. The results suggest that robots, similarly to humans, are subject to the inversion effect. Furthermore, there is a significant, but weak linear relationship between the recognition accuracy and perceived anthropomorphism. The small variance explained by the inversion effect renders this test inferior to the questionnaire based Godspeed Anthropomorphism Scale.


ABSTRACT Epiphrenic diverticulum is a rare disease associated with esophageal motor disorders that is usually asymptomatic and has a well-established surgical indication. We report a case of giant epiphrenic diverticulum in a 59-year-old symptomatic woman who was diagnosed after underwent complementary exams. Because of her symptoms, the surgical treatment was chosen, and esophageal diverticulectomy was performed along with laparoscopic cardiomyotomy and anterior partial fundoplication.


PROBLEM BEING ADDRESSED Given the complex needs of frail older people and the multiplicity of care providers and services, care for this clientele lacks continuity. OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM Integrated service delivery (ISD) systems have been developed to improve continuity and increase the efficacy and efficiency of services. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION The Program of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy (PRISMA) is an innovative ISD model based on coordination. It includes coordination between decision makers and managers of dif ferent organizations and services; a single entry point; a case-management process; individualized service plans; a single assessment instrument based on clients' functional autonomy, coupled with a casemix classification system; and a computerized clinical chart for communicating between institutions and professionals for client monitoring. CONCLUSION Preliminary results on the efficacy of this model showed a decreased incidence of functional decline, a decreased burden for caregivers, and a smaller proportion of older people wishing to enter institutions. RESUME


On November 25, 2008, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services posted a final notice in the Federal Register authorizing the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and other technologies in federally regulated workplace drug testing (WPDT) programs. These rules are expected to become effective in May 2010. To support this change, it is essential to explicitly demonstrate that LC-MS-MS as a technology can produce results at least as valid as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the long-accepted standard in confirmatory analytical technologies for drugs of abuse and currently the only confirmatory method allowed for use in support of federally regulated WPDT programs. A series of manufactured control urine samples (n = 10 for each analyte) containing benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine, and 6-acetylmorphine at concentrations ranging from 10% to 2000% of federal cutoffs were analyzed with replication by five federally regulated laboratories using GC-MS (five replicate analyses per lab) and at RTI International using LC-MS-MS (10 replicate analyses). Interference samples as described in the National Laboratory Certification Program 2009 Manual were also analyzed by both GC-MS and LC-MS-MS. In addition, matrix effects were assessed for LC-MS-MS, and both analytical technologies were used to analyze previously confirmed urine specimens of WPDT origin. Results indicated that LC-MS-MS analysis produced results at least as precise, accurate, and specific as GC-MS for the analytes investigated in this study. Matrix effects, while evident, could be controlled by the use of matrix-matched controls and calibrators with deuterated internal standards. LC-MS-MS data parameters, such as retention time and product ion ratios, were highly reproducible.


Objective. To develop and validate a knowledge transfer (KT) module aimed at enhancing feasibility and reliability of semiquantitative assessment of bone marrow lesions (BML) and synovitis-effusion using the Hip Inflammation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring System (HIMRISS). Methods. Three radiologists naive to the HIMRISS method reviewed the manuscript describing the method and then scored MRI scans from 16 patients with hip OA obtained at baseline and 8 weeks after intraarticular injection of corticosteroid. Readers then reviewed a KT module comprising an instructional presentation and 8 reference DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine) cases scored by 3 readers with expertise in the HIMRISS method, and then used electronic overlay software to score scans from 23 patients with OA. The same format was followed with a second group of 3 readers naive to HIMRISS using a KT module revised to incorporate the overlay with a Web-based DICOM viewer to enhance feasibility. Interobserver reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results. In both exercises, reliability for baseline scores was excellent for femoral BML, very good for acetabular BML, and good for synovitis-effusion (overall ICC = 0.91, 0.89, 0.62, respectively) even without prior calibration using the KT module. However, reliability for detecting change was substantially worse than for expert readers, especially for acetabular BML and synovitis-effusion (overall ICC = 0.59 vs 0.19, and 0.42 vs 0.25, respectively). Reliability improved for detection of change in these lesions, especially after reader calibration with the revised KT module. Conclusion. Development and validation of a systematic method for KT may enhance external validation of certain imaging instruments.


The investigation of T cell dynamics requires ever evolving tools in order to address questions and concerns. A protocol to reliably construct MHC-II tetramers is demonstrated as well as a method to deliver proteins intracellularly via a Listeria monocytogenes vaccine vector. These tools were then used to answer questions surrounding a hypothesized Mycobacterium tuberculosis superantigen as well as the dynamics of Vg2Vd2 T cells proliferation in vitro. While developing a T cell expansion assay, it was found that MHC-II tetramers complexed with TSST-1 or SEB were unable to proliferate T cells in vitro. This has implications on determining the full set of signals needed to proliferate T cells in vitro. Moreover, IL-22 delivered intracellularly to infected THP-1 macrophages was unable to proliferate gamma-delta T cells. This implies that IL-22 is unnecessary in proliferating gamma-delta T cells despite other evidence to the contrary.


This article takes gender inequalities in the distribution of power as its point of departure. Given the widespread evidence of the extent to which women, particularly poor women, have been marginalised in processes by which development policies are designed and implemented, it suggests that explicit attention needs to be given to strengthening women's capacity for voice and action at different stages of the planning cycle. In particular, there are certain 'critical moments' in the life of any intervention when the ideas, values and knowledge of key decision-making actors have a profound impact on how the intervention plays out in practice. The article sets out to develop a theory of change that addresses the issue of women's empowerment. It applies this theory to the critical moments framework. Finally, it draws on case studies of interventions funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to illustrate key lessons for their transformative potential for women's empowerment.


This paper investigates two methods of monitoring the laser welding process by statistical analysis of the reflected laser light signal. It has been discovered that statistical data analysis reveals more about perturbations in the welding process than the simple upper and lower threshold limits which are in common use today. This work indicates the way forward for the development of the next generation of laser processing monitoring equipment.This paper investigates two methods of monitoring the laser welding process by statistical analysis of the reflected laser light signal. It has been discovered that statistical data analysis reveals more about perturbations in the welding process than the simple upper and lower threshold limits which are in common use today. This work indicates the way forward for the development of the next generation of laser processing monitoring equipment.


Marine Studies Group Meeting 24 November 1970 Biogenesis and chemogenesis of recent marine sediments. Chairman: Professor B. M. Funnell. 1. Early biogenic history of lime sand, Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas. By R. G. C. Bathurst On the floor of Bimini Lagoon the results of biological and related activities are so severe that many of the grains of calcium carbonate are made unrecognisable in terms of their origins as skeletal debris, faecal pellets and ooids—even while they lie at the sediment surface. The Lagoon floor communities are dominated in some places by Thalassia (turtle grass) with an epifauna of miliolids and coralline algae on its leaves. In other places the benthos consists largely of calcareous algae and non-calcareous green and brown algae. In yet other parts there are concentrations of corals and sponges. Foraminiferids live attached to any bush-like or blade-like organism. Bivalves abound in the sediment and echinoids, holothurians, gastropods and fish graze on its surface. The sediment is unconsolidated and is made of the aragonite debris of algae, molluscs and corals and the high-magnesian calcite debris of foram-iniferids and echinoderms. As the skeletons of the calcareous organisms accumulate on the Lagoon floor they are broken as a result of the feeding of starfish, echinoids, burrowing shrimps and parrot fish, aided by boring sponges, algae and fungi. Most of the floor is stabilised by the roots and rhyzomes of Thalassia, by holdfasts of algae and by a ubiquitous algal mat. The mat-bound sediment is highly resistant to erosion. Areas cleared


Do online communities segregate into separate conversations about "contestable knowledge"? We analyze the contributors of biased and slanted content in Wikipedia articles about U.S. politics, and focus on two research questions: (1) Do contributors display tendencies to contribute to topics with similar or opposing bias and slant? (2) Do contributors learn from experience with extreme or neutral content, and does that experience change the slant and bias of their contributions over time? Despite heterogeneity in contributors and their contributions, we find an overall trend towards less segregated conversations. Contributors tend to edit articles with slants that are the opposite of their own views, and the slant from experienced contributors becomes less extreme over time. The experienced contributors with the most extreme biases decline the most. We also find some significant differences between Republicans and Democrats.


The retinal topography of the adult coral trout Plectropoma leopardus (Serranidae, Perciformes) is examined in Nissl‐stained material and confirmed by means of retrograde labelling with cobalt‐lysine from the optic nerve. Concentric isodensity contours surround a temporoventral area centralis of over 1.5 × 104 cells per mm2 which lies ventral of the elongated optic nerve head. Peripheral densities of ganglion cells fall to less than 0.25 × 104 cells per mm2. A total of 1.17 × 105 ganglion cells is found over the entire retina. Silver intensifications of cobalt‐lysine‐stained cells allow a detailed analysis of ganglion cell morphology. Soma and dendritic field size increase with eccentricity, and within the confines of the area centralis only the smallest cell size is found. Dendritic arbors of peripheral ganglion cells are all oriented parallel to the retinal margin with an axon lying close to the vitreous humor. Nine classes of cells are characterized on the criteria of soma size, dendritic field size, primary and secondary branching patterns, soma position, and dendritic termination areas. Possible morphological homologies with ganglion cells of other teleosts are also discussed.


Background Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are two serious, preventable complications of diabetes mellitus. Analysis of variables associated with recurrent DKA and HHS admission has the potential to improve patient outcomes by identifying possible areas for intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential predictors of recurrent DKA or HHS admission. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study of 367 patients presenting during a 5-year period with DKA or HHS at a US tertiary academic medical center. Six potential readmission risk factors identified via literature review were coded as "1" if present and "0" if absent. Readmission odds ratios (ORs) for each risk factor and for the combined score of significant risk factors were calculated by logistic regression. Results Readmission odds were significantly increased for patients with age < 35, history of depression or substance/alcohol abuse, and self-pay/publicly funded insurance. HbA1C > 10.6% on admission and ethnic minority status did not significantly increase readmission odds, with inadequate study power for these variables. A total "ABCD" score, based on Age (< 35 years), Behavioral health (depression), insurance Coverage (self-pay/publicly funded insurance), and Drug/alcohol abuse, also had a significant effect on readmission odds. Conclusions Consideration of individual risk factors and the use of a scoring system based on objective predictors of recurrent DKA and HHS admission could be of value in helping identify patients with high readmission risk, allowing interventions to be targeted most effectively to reduce readmission rates, associated morbidity, and mortality.


The aerodynamic design of turbomachinery components is increasingly carried out by means of automated workflows that integrate high-fidelity physical models with numerical optimization techniques. Currently, most of the adjoint-based design systems documented in the open literature assume that the fluid behaves as an ideal gas, are restricted to the optimization of a single row of blades, or are not suited to impose geometric constraints. In response to these limitations, this paper presents a gradient-based shape optimization framework for the aerodynamic design of turbomachinery blades operating under non-ideal thermodynamic conditions. The proposed design system supports the optimization of multiple blade rows and it integrates a CAD-based parametrization with a RANS flow solver and its discrete adjoint counterpart. The capabilities of the method were demonstrated by performing the design optimization of a single-stage axial turbine that employs isobutane (R600a) as working fluid. Notably, the aerodynamic optimization respected the minimum thickness constraint at the trailing edge of the stator and rotor blades and reduced the entropy generation within the turbine by 36\%, relative to the baseline, which corresponds to a total-to-total isentropic efficiency increase of about 4 percentage points. The analysis of the flow field revealed that the performance improvement was achieved due to the reduction of the wake intensity downstream of the blades and the elimination of a shock-induced separation bubble at the suction side of the stator cascade.


NOTE: This teaching activity showcase is one of two during the 10:30am-12:00pm session.  It will be presented within that session from 10:30am to 11:10am.
BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:
For one key piece of course content, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, I wrote a five-act mini-play with nine roles, which I have students act out with no preparation in about 15 minutes. I ask for volunteers, hand out scripts, and ask them to act out the play in front of their classmates.  Students have responded positively to the activity and have improved content knowledge.  This activity can be developed for for a range of disciplines with a small amount of time investment.  Strategies will be briefly discussed.  Participants will experience the a portion of the play as "students" and gain ideas for turning some of their course material into a short play.
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FULL ABSTRACT:
In Human Resource (HR) Management, before students can learn about recruitment, selection, and related concepts, they must first understand HR and Equal Employment laws and policies, which can be dry material that does not easily lend itself to active learning.  A key piece of legislation related to compensation is the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, one of many laws covered in MGMT 321 (Introduction to Human Resource Management). It is challenging to find non-lecture techniques to teach EEO laws, but this law is recent enough that I was able to research its background, find details about the case, and turn it into a mini-play (Lilly Ledbetter and the Fair Pay Act: A Mini-Play in Five Acts).

To facilitate students' learning about the Act, I have students act out the play in class with no preparation. The play has 9 roles, so I make 9 copies of the script, and ask for 9 volunteers to play the parts. Roles include: Lilly Ledbetter, a reporter, a defense attorney, a plantiff's attorney, a judge, Chief Justice Ginsberg, Chief Justice Alito, and President Obama. The students simply stand in the front of the classroom and act out their parts by reading the script. The whole exercise takes about 15 minutes.

Each semester, I have made minor modifications to the script, such as adding a few lines for minor parts and "stage directions" to help the students portray emotion in their roles. I also have begun to bring in small props (e.g., microphone for the reporter; a note that Lilly finds on her desk) and started having the 9 volunteers stand to the side of the room and then come "onstage" when it is time for their role.

In this session, I will ask volunteers from the audience to act out a short (1-2 minute) scene from the play to demonstrate how a small amount of time can have a big impact on student learning.
Faculty will gain ideas for turning some course material into a short play. They will learn that this activity can be developed for their content with a small amount of time investment.


Through a history of performances in public spaces, this article develops a theory of "performing viewers." It theorizes a conceptual art that gives viewers the opportunity to participate using the example of how drawing graffiti on monuments or on their pedestals redefines the monument, author, and artist. Performing viewers are considered in the article as vital constituents of ethnographic conceptualism—the artist's version of informants. Taking the situation and history of pedestals (such as one, in Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, without the Bruce Lee monument it was built to support) as an artifact of ethnographic conceptualism, the pedestal is turned into a document for urban ethnographers studying the Balkans. Structured as an experiment in conceptual writing, this piece is a continuation of the author's art practice, which explores the history and politics of multiple kinds of authorship in the Balkans. The article reflects current debates on nationalism through the lens of ethnographic conceptualism. It analyses the interviews and statements about the future of the Balkans that were collected during the project Graffiti Monument . In English, extended summary in Russian.


A nuclear recessive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, arc5, has been isolated in which there is no significant increase in chloroplast number during leaf mesophyll cell expansion and in which there are only 13 chloroplasts per mesophyll cell compared with 121 in wild-type cells. Mature arc5 chloroplasts in fully expanded mesophyll cells are 6-fold larger than in wild-type cells. A large proportion of arc5 chloroplasts also show some degree of central constriction, suggesting that the mutation has prevented the completion of the chloroplast division process. To examine the interaction of arc loci, a double mutant was constructed between arc1, a mutant possessing many small chloroplasts, and arc5. A second double mutant was also constructed between arc3, a previously discovered mutant also possessing few large chloroplasts per cell, and arc1. Analysis of these double mutants shows that chloroplast number per mesophyll cell is greater when arc5 and arc3 mutations are expressed in the arc1 background than when expressed alone. The cell-specific nature of arc mutants was also analyzed. The phenotypic traits characteristic of arc3 and arc5 are a reduction in chloroplast number and an increase in chloroplast size in mesophyll cells: these changes are also observed in reduced form in the epidermal and guard cell chloroplasts of arc3 and arc5 plants. Analysis of parenchyma sheath cell chloroplasts suggests that in leaves of arc1 plants the normal developmental distinction between mesophyll and parenchyma sheath chloroplasts is perturbed. The relevance of these findings to the analysis of the control of chloroplast division in mesophyll cells is discussed.


In the spring of 1998, Parents Advancing Choice in Education (PACE), a privately funded non-profit corporation, offered low-income parents within the Dayton metropolitan area an opportunity to apply for a scholarship to help defray the costs of sending their child to private schools in Dayton and other parts of Montgomery County, Ohio. All students from low-income families entering a grade between kindergarten and twelfth grade were eligible. PACE offered scholarships to 515 students who were in public schools at the time and 250 students who were already enrolled in private schools. This evaluation examines the program's impact after two years on those students in grades 2-9 who had been attending public schools prior to receiving a scholarship. PACE distributed scholarships among applicants by lottery, thereby making it possible to conduct an evaluation as a randomized experiment. All students who applied for the program and attended second-year follow-up sessions completed the Iowa Test of Basic Skills in reading and mathematics. Parents were invited to respond to a questionnaire about their experiences with their school, as were students in grades 4-9. By comparing student test scores and the questionnaire responses of families who received a scholarship with those who entered the lottery but did not receive a scholarship, we are able to estimate the effects of the offer of a voucher, as well as the effect of actually attending a private school. Similar randomized field trials of school voucher interventions are currently being conducted in New York City and Washington, DC.


Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in aqueous media is a strategy for sustainable production of fuels and commodity chemicals. Cu is the only catalyst which converts CO2 to significant quantities of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Here we demonstrate that oxygenate products can be favored over hydrocarbons by positioning a local source of CO generated by a CO producing catalyst (Au or Ag) in close proximity to a Cu catalyst. Use of a bimetallic device comprising interdigitated and independently controllable lines of Au and Cu allows the local CO concentration to be modulated. Notably, diffusional simulations show that the saturation concentration of CO can be exceeded locally. Actuating both the Au and Cu lines increases the oxygenate to ethylene ratio compared to actuating Cu only. Increasing the relative area of CO-producing Au relative to Cu also increases this ratio. These insights are translated into a second bimetallic system comprising Cu dots/lines patterned directly onto a Ag substrate, allowing for the distance between Cu and the CO generating metal to be precisely controlled. Controlling the relative areas of Ag and Cu allows for tuning of the oxygenate to ethylene ratio from 0.59 to 2.39 and an increase in oxygenate faradaic efficiency from 21.4% to 41.4%, while maintaining the selectivity to C2/C3 products in the 50–65% range. We attribute this change in selectivity to be due to an increased *CO coverage on Cu. By utilizing diffusional transport of CO to the Cu, a sequential catalysis pathway is created which allows for the control of oxygenate selectivity in aqueous CO2 reduction.


The optical performance of the reflective polarizer was investigated over three kinds of direct-lit backlights and/or different configurations of the optical sheets. The optical gain factor achieved by using the reflective polarizer increased as the diffuse nature of the optical sheet was enhanced, because of the more efficient polarization conversion. In addition, the gain factor decreased substantially in flat-lamp backlights compared to tubular-lamp backlights, which was ascribed to the high loss factor during the polarization recycling process due to the complex structure and large area of flat lamps. All these results suggested that reducing the loss factor of the backlight is very important for efficient polarization conversion and thus high optical gain of the reflective polarizer.


We consider the non-stochastic Multi-Armed Bandit problem in a setting where there is a fixed and known metric on the action space that determines a cost for switching between any pair of actions. The loss of the online learner has two components: the first is the usual loss of the selected actions, and the second is an additional loss due to switching between actions. Our main contribution gives a tight characterization of the expected minimax regret in this setting, in terms of a complexity measure $\mathcal{C}$ of the underlying metric which depends on its covering numbers. In finite metric spaces with $k$ actions, we give an efficient algorithm that achieves regret of the form $\widetilde(\max\set{\mathcal{C}^{1/3}T^{2/3},\sqrt{kT}})$, and show that this is the best possible. Our regret bound generalizes previous known regret bounds for some special cases: (i) the unit-switching cost regret $\widetilde{\Theta}(\max\set{k^{1/3}T^{2/3},\sqrt{kT}})$ where $\mathcal{C}=\Theta(k)$, and (ii) the interval metric with regret $\widetilde{\Theta}(\max\set{T^{2/3},\sqrt{kT}})$ where $\mathcal{C}=\Theta(1)$. For infinite metrics spaces with Lipschitz loss functions, we derive a tight regret bound of $\widetilde{\Theta}(T^{\frac{d+1}{d+2}})$ where $d \ge 1$ is the Minkowski dimension of the space, which is known to be tight even when there are no switching costs.


Whether quantifier scope is regulated by movement or not has been debated for more than two decades, and this issue has become especially important in the minimalist framework. This article provides a novel argument for the existence of a scope-marking movement operation on the basis of what can be called the split-QP construction in Japanese. It is shown that the construction involves overt movement of quantificational determiners, whereby their scope is visibly marked, and that the movement operation is subject to economy so that it may apply only if it yields scope shift.


New testing procedures used as an aid for law enforcement are subject to intensive scrutiny in the courts. In recent years in workplace drug testing there has been a shift away from using traditional specimens (i.e urine) for drug testing and monitoring and a move to employing less invasive testing using oral fluid. Whilst it is now widely accepted that drugs can be detected in oral fluid and devices are now available to facilitate analysis of drugs in this matrix, our understanding of the behaviour of drugs in the mouth and oral secretions is far from complete. Since the introduction of oral fluid drug testing in the late 1990's it has been observed that some drugs appear to be present at higher than expected concentrations, often at concentrations that would be fatal if they were in blood. Clearly some extra process is occurring in addition to drugs entering the oral fluid by simple blood and saliva partitioning. Little is really known about the physiology of drugs in the mouth and limited understanding of drug elimination via the mouth poses a problem to forensic toxicologists with the interpretation of analytical results in relation to an individual's drug use or the possible effects that the drug may be exhibiting on that individual. The work described in this thesis is aimed at increasing our understanding of the factors and processes concerning the deposition, secretion and detection of drugs in oral fluid and enhancing our ability to interpret the results of analysis in this matrix. The objective of this study was to explore how high drug concentrations can be deposited in the mouth tissues and oral fluid together with other factors that may influence drug detection in order to assist with the interpretation of testing results. To test the hypothesis that drug depots form within the mouth, preliminary screening methods in combination with confirmatory techniques such as GC-MS and LCMS/ MS were employed. The development of an immunohistochemical method was successfully demonstrated for the detection and visualisation of cocaine and opiates (heroin and morphine) in porcine and mouse tissue. The work undertaken in this thesis showed that elevated drug concentrations can be observed when drugs are consumed via oral administration either in form of an oral solution or smoking. Immunohistochemical analysis in combination with confirmatory techniques demonstrated that drugs such as cocaine and opioids can bind to oral tissue and be subsequently released over time, therefore has the potential to contribute to the drug concentration in oral fluid. Although this is not an issue under legislation that forbids the presence of drugs or as a check for drug compliance or abstinence, it must be considered in relation to the interpretation of results in more complex forensic cases.


The Broad-Complex (BR-C) is a complex regulatory locus at 2B-5 on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. The wild-type BR-C products are apparent transcription factors necessary for imaginal disc morphogenesis. Alleles of the Stubble-stubbloid (Sb-sbd) locus at 89B9-10 act as dominant enhancers of broad alleles of the BR-C. Sb-sbd wild-type products are necessary for appendage elongation. We report, here, on three new loci implicated in imaginal disc morphogenesis based on their genetic interactions with both BR-C and/or Sb-sbd mutants. Enhancer of broad (E(br)) was identified as a dominant enhancer of the br1 allele of the BR-C and is a recessive lethal. Mapping of E(br) has led to the identification of two loci, blistered and l(2)B485, mutants of which interact with E(br) and the Sb-sbd locus. Blistered, but not l(2)B485, interacts strongly with the BR-C. Alleles of the blistered locus are viable and disrupt proper wing disc morphogenesis independent of genetic interactions. All three loci map within the 0.6-map unit interval between the genetic markers speck and Irregular facets and to the cytological region 60C5-6; 60E9-10 at the tip of chromosome 2R. Genetic evidence is consistent with the view that the BR-C regulates blistered.


As the Turkish state's position on the issue of international migration is being transformed, new questions have arisen about the state's policies on immigration and emigration. These are two issues that have long been seen as separate in migration literature. The aim of this article is to unite these two issues in order to present a retrospective on the Turkish state's responses to the realities of immigration and emigration. We describe the migration patterns in Turkey by focusing on four key periods: a) the two-way immigration and emigration circulation in the early period of modern Turkey; b) the emigration boom since the 1950s; c) the emergence of new migration patterns in the 1980s; and d) the new forms of migration governance employed since the 2000s. By examining these patterns and the state's responses, we aim to analyse the diverging political rationalities of different periods.


Momentum deposition by radiation pressure from young, massive stars may help to destroy molecular clouds and unbind stellar clusters by driving large-scale outflows. We extend our previous numerical radiation hydrodynamic study of turbulent star-forming clouds to analyze the detailed interaction between non-ionizing UV radiation and the cloud material. Our simulations trace the evolution of gas and star particles through self-gravitating collapse, star formation, and cloud destruction via radiation-driven outflows. These models are idealized in that we include only radiation feedback and adopt an isothermal equation of state. Turbulence creates a structure of dense filaments and large holes through which radiation escapes, such that only ∼50% of the radiation is (cumulatively) absorbed by the end of star formation. The surface density distribution of gas by mass as seen by the central cluster is roughly lognormal with , similar to the externally projected surface density distribution. This allows low surface density regions to be driven outwards to nearly 10 times their initial escape speed . Although the velocity distribution of outflows is broadened by the lognormal surface density distribution, the overall efficiency of momentum injection to the gas cloud is reduced because much of the radiation escapes. The mean outflow velocity is approximately twice the escape speed from the initial cloud radius. Our results are also informative for understanding galactic-scale wind driving by radiation, in particular, the relationship between velocity and surface density for individual outflow structures and the resulting velocity and mass distributions arising from turbulent sources.


Understanding the rapidly growing short text is very important. Short text is different from traditional documents in its shortness and sparsity, which hinders the application of conventional machine learning and text mining algorithms. Two major approaches have been exploited to enrich the representation of short text. One is to fetch contextual information of a short text to directly add more text; the other is to derive latent topics from existing large corpus, which are used as features to enrich the representation of short text. The latter approach is elegant and efficient in most cases. The major trend along this direction is to derive latent topics of certain granularity through well-known topic models such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). However, topics of certain granularity are usually not sufficient to set up effective feature spaces. In this paper, we move forward along this direction by proposing an method to leverage topics at multiple granularity, which can model the short text more precisely. Taking short text classification as an example, we compared our proposed method with the state-of-the-art baseline over one open data set. Our method reduced the classification error by 20.25% and 16.68% respectively on two classifiers.


During the samplings described here, Aphidius avenae (=picipes) (Haliday, 1834) was collected. This species has been reported in Chile but has never been studied in terms of its relative abundance and prevalence in central and southern Chile by using classical or molecular methods. The composition of the parasitoid assemblages on several cereal aphid hosts was examined for three seasons in agricultural landscapes. In this note, we describe the prevalence of this parasitoid species in cereal aphids and other aphid hosts and discuss the abundance of this parasitoid compared to other aphid parasitoids and the probable origins of this important aphid parasitoid species in Chile. The results indicate that A. avenae has a low prevalence compared to other main parasitoids such as Aphidius ervi (Haliday) and that it has been found parasitizing the grain aphid ( Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)) and the bird cherry-oat aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)) in wheat and the foxglove aphid ( Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach)) in tomato. Although the introduction of A. avenae in Chile as a biological agent in 1992 was not successful, we here confirm the presence of this aphid parasitoid wasp in Chile and discuss the factors that could explain the low prevalence of this parasitoid species in the country.


The time and space anomalous behaviour of the Self-Potential (SP) field recorded in a seismic area of Southern Apennines, Italy, is discussed. The SP data were collected in the period June 1992-November 1994 along a profile located north of the town of Potenza in the Basilicata region, Italy. The profile is perpendicular to an active fault system, where a W-E directed strike-slip structure has been identified from recent earthquakes. The SP data are modelled using a new tomographic method based on the search for similarities between the observed SP sequence and the surface signature of the electric field due to a scanning point source with unitary positive charge. The point scanner is ideally moved in a vertical cross-section through the profile and a regular 2D matrix of charge occurrence probability values is thus obtained. These values are used to image the state of electric polarization in the subsoil, compatible with the observed SP surface pattern. A selection of 2D tomographies across the profile is then discussed in order to outline the SP source geometry and dynamics within the faulted structure. Finally, the time pattern of the SP polarization state is compared with the local seismicity in the frame of the rock dilatancy-fluid diffusion theory. This comparison allows us to exclude a direct relationship of the SP time behaviour with the seismic sequences which occurred in the area during the SP monitoring period.


This essay practices a mode of story-telling embedded in Freya Mathews's argument for the ontopoetic. By approaching the ecofeminist ontopoetic moment, with an awareness of Jacques Rancière's identification of the sensible possibilities of literature enacted through the body, new networks of the sensible are suggested in the interchange between the text and the body. Writing and reading non-human sentience through the co-affective ontopoetic moment creates a critical resistance to human containment, providing the potential to redistribute the position of the spectator, decentralising the human perspective in ways that might create more diverse relations with the more-than-human. Viewing the world outside the human skin in such ways may help reform the shared body of the earth.


Extracted from text ... REVIEW ARTICLE
A BIOGRAPHY OF A GRANDFATHER
Gandhi's andhi's Prisoner risoner? T ? The life of he Gandhi's son, andhi's Manilal anilal Uma ma
Dhupelia- hupelia-Mesthrie esthrie
Antony Copley
Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2004, 419 pp. ISBN 0-7957-0176-4
African neighbours of Phoenix settlement named the bespectacled Manilal Gandhi, a
great walker in the area, Mehomane, or `four-eyes'. We should be grateful to the
author for writing this biography of her grandfather. She herself was born shortly
after his death in 1956 and throughout her childhood regularly visited Phoenix.
When the Kasturba Bhavan, the family home and the Kasturba Gandhi ..


There is considerable controversy as to how the brain extracts numerosity information
from a visual scene and as to how much attention is needed for this process. Traditionally, it has
been assumed that visual enumeration is subserved by two functionally distinct mechanisms:
the fast and accurate apprehension of 1 to about 4 items, a process termed "subitizing", and the
slow and error-prone enumeration of larger numerosities referred to as "counting". Further to
a functional dichotomy between these two mechanisms, an attentional dichotomy has been proposed.
Subitizing has been thought of as a pre-attentive and parallel process, whereas counting
is supposed to require serial attention.
In this work, the hypothesis of a parallel and pre-attentive subitizing mechanism was
tested. To this aim, the amount of attention that could be allocated to an enumeration task was
experimentally manipulated. In Experiment 1, attentional set was manipulated such that attention
could either be drawn to the relevant of two subsets to enumerate or had to be distributed
to both subsets. Furthermore, the relationship of enumeration to perceptual grouping and item
discrimination was explored. In Experiment 2, a dual-task approach was employed in which
the amount of attentional resources available to enumeration was systematically modulated by
imposing an additional task and by varying its attentional load. Experiment 3 investigated
the neural correlates of visual enumeration under attentional load using functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI).
Results indicated that (1) enumeration, particularly subitizing, was clearly compromised
under conditions of distributed or reduced attention. (2) Both the enumeration of small
and large numerosities was a�ffected by such attentional manipulations. (3) Subitizing selectively
activated brain areas associated with stimulus-driven attention. (4) Enumeration is contingent
on other potentially attention-demanding visual processes such as perceptual grouping. The
evidence presented here seriously challenges the traditionally held claim of a parallel and preattentive
subitizing mechanism and suggests instead that small numerosity judgement requires
visual attention. This weakens the argument of an attentional as well as a functional dichotomy
and strengthens the idea that enumeration may be subserved by a single, continuous mechanism.


Background The plateletpheresis process is a great improvement in transfusion medicine, and it is thought to be generally safe to the donor. However, donors' safety issues and the anticoagulant used during these procedures have not been fully explored. This study aimed at analyzing the significance of alteration in some hematological parameters, total calcium and total magnesium levels, in donors after plateletpheresis procedure. Materials and methods The plateletpheresis procedures were performed on 72 donors. Prehematological and posthematological values were analyzed, such as hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, platelet, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean platelet volume, and platelet distribution width, as well as measured total serum calcium (tCa2+) and magnesium levels (tMg2+), at different time intervals during and after the procedure in all donors. Results After plateletpheresis procedures, we observed that the hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit%, and white blood cell count were highly significantly decreased (P<0.000), platelet count was decreased significantly (P<0.001) in the donors, and there was a significant slight increase in mean platelet volume (P=0.036), without significant changes in platelet distribution width and red blood cell. In addition, there were significant decrease (P<0.05) in mean total serum calcium and magnesium levels after 60 min from the procedure onset compared with values of baseline levels, and their levels increase again near baseline levels 30 min after the procedure. Discussion Plateletpheresis procedures are very safe for donors; however, indicated biochemical and hematological parameters before and after the donation are definitely useful to establish postdonation reference ranges that are needed for carefully monitoring, retaining and following-up the donor, reviewing the repeated donations, and to protect donation safety by looking for the cumulative effects of these changes, as well as transfusion of blood products with higher-quality needs.


Research problem: The purpose of the study was to explore how a boundary spanner can successfully facilitate knowledge sharing across functional and geographical boundaries. The main research questions are: (1) Does matching the complexity of knowledge boundary with the knowledge-sharing process lead to successful knowledge sharing? and (2) What are the key factors that influence a boundary spanner when deciding how to facilitate the knowledge sharing across functional and location boundaries? Literature review: The purpose of the literature review was to better understand the existing knowledge-sharing frameworks. Finding no framework that can directly address the research problem, the researchers decided to build on the closest one which is a framework for knowledge sharing across functional boundaries. By not taking into consideration knowledge sharing across location boundaries, the framework assumes collocated and synchronous knowledge-sharing interaction. To understand the potential supporting media for knowledge-sharing interaction across functional and geographical boundaries, the researchers consulted the Media Naturalness Theory. Media naturalness is the ability of the media to support a sense of collocated and synchronous interaction. Methodology: The researchers conducted a qualitative exploratory case study in the IT department of a Fortune 500 multinational finance company. Researchers selected a boundary spanner and observed her facilitation of knowledge-sharing interactions for four months. A total of 78 knowledge-sharing interaction logs were collected during the period of observation from five data sources: wiki, email, instant messaging, teleconference, and face-to-face interactions. Data analysis was carried out through template coding. Results and discussion: The researchers found that matching the knowledge boundary with the knowledge-sharing process is an essential yet insufficient condition for successful knowledge sharing. A boundary spanner should also pay attention to the boundary objects and media used to support the knowledge-sharing interaction. Spatial dispersion and knowledge commonality between the source/recipient and boundary spanner affected the media selection which, in turn, influenced the selection of the boundary objects. The implication of the study is that there are three important factors that the boundary spanner should consider when deciding how to facilitate knowledge sharing (i.e., knowledge boundary, spatial dispersion, and knowledge commonality). The main limitations of the study were the relatively short observation period of the knowledge-sharing interactions via a boundary spanner. Future research should quantitatively validate the proposed optimal knowledge-sharing designs to test the generalizability of the findings with a survey and profile deviation analysis.