Abstract. The first atmospheric observations of octafluorooxolane
(octafluorotetrahydrofuran, c-C4F8O), a persistent greenhouse gas, are
reported. In addition, a complementary laboratory study of its most likely atmospheric
loss processes, its infrared absorption spectrum, and global warming potential (GWP) are
reported. First atmospheric measurements of c-C4F8O are provided from the
Cape Grim Air Archive (41∘ S, Tasmania, Australia, 1978–present), supplemented
by two firn air samples from Antarctica, in situ measurements of ambient air at
Aspendale, Victoria (38∘ S), and a few archived air samples from the Northern
Hemisphere. The atmospheric abundance in the Southern Hemisphere has monotonically grown
over the past decades and leveled at 74 ppq (parts per quadrillion, femtomole per mole
in dry air) by 2015–2018. The growth rate of c-C4F8O has decreased from a
maximum in 2004 of 4.0 to <0.25 ppq yr−1 in 2017 and 2018. Using a 12-box
atmospheric transport model, globally averaged yearly emissions and abundances of
c-C4F8O are calculated for 1951–2018. Emissions, which we speculate to
derive predominantly from usage of c-C4F8O as a solvent in the
semiconductor industry, peaked at 0.15 (±0.04, 2σ) kt yr−1 in 2004 and
have since declined to <0.015 kt yr−1 in 2017 and 2018. Cumulative emissions
over the full range of our record amount to 2.8 (2.4–3.3) kt, which correspond to 34 Mt
of CO2-equivalent emissions. Infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra for
c-C4F8O as well as the reactive channel rate coefficient for the
O(1D) + c-C4F8O reaction were determined from laboratory
studies. On the basis of these experiments, a radiative efficiency of
0.430 W m−2 ppb−1 (parts per billion, nanomol mol−1) was determined,
which is one of the largest found for synthetic greenhouse gases. The global annually
averaged atmospheric lifetime, including mesospheric loss, is estimated to be
>3000 years. GWPs of 8975, 12 000, and 16 000 are estimated for the 20-, 100-, and
500-year time horizons, respectively.


The main objective of this paper is to assess the genetic structure and residence preferences of the populations that inhabit the Honduran Moskitia, a wide area of tropical rain forest that comprises the Department of Gracias a Dios, in the republic of Honduras. For this purpose, common isonymy parameters within and between parishes, as well as residence patterns using both surnames were calculated from a list of 22,961 electors at 54 villages or towns, grouped in six municipalities. High Isonymy values were obtained from all the communities and predominance in patrilocality in most of them, revealing a highly structured, patrilocal population composed mainly by relatively isolated communities.Analysis of isonymy between communities revealed the most probable historical migration routes and relations among locations. Evidence of an early relatively homogeneous peopling of the region followed by high differentiation between communities was found. The findings suggest that the Department of Gracias a Dios is a structured population composed mostly by communities with high endogamy and genetic drift, which makes it suitable for the performance of genetic studies on mendelian or complex diseases. The capital city of the department, Puerto Lempira, may be the only one experiencing a fast urbanization process.


The nameless narrator of The Dogs: A Modern Bestiary lives in her studio apartment with a pack of Doberman pinchers. The dogs, led by the cruel, charismatic bitch named Miss Dog, alternate between being brutal attack animals and loyal companions, being real and otherworldly. Some chapters draw upon the ecstatic and horrifying visions of Christian mystics; others take place in the landscapes of familiar fairytales; others in the banal settings of the late-night pick-up bars or suburban picnics. The narrator uneasily inhabits these worlds until the dogs force her to take irrevocable action. Rebecca Brown is the author of other fictions, including The Terrible Girls, Annie Oakley's Girl, and The Gifts of the Body. She lives in Seattle.


Problem statement: In many cases, the lack of space causes the people's loss of the comfort and sense of territory. It further leads to unwanted spatial communication with each other. Physically, on the boundary of the space, if it is not an obstacle to communication, it causes olfactory communication, visual, audio, access, and violation of all types of privacy and ultimately violates the privacy of users. Research objectives: The present article aims at improving the theoretical foundations of the concept of privacy by determining the factors affecting the provision of privacy in contemporary housing space from the point of view of environmental psychology. Environmental psychology studies human behavior in order to perceive the relationship between privacy and social life. Research method: This research is a descriptive-analytic type with a research method of logical reasoning. Conclusion: The architectural representation of the spatial arenas, spatial boundaries, in-between space, hierarchy, spatial depth in responding to human needs: safety, respect, introversion, and the realm of contemporary housing are summarized. The main result of the research on 6 types of different types of units from the residential tower of Milad Tabriz indicates that the control of spatial communication in the architectural design leads to the control of behavioral communication in human interactions, which is one of the most important factors in providing types of privacy, including visual freedom, access, ... and ultimately mental privacy in contemporary housing.


Renewable Energy Forecasting: From Models to Applications provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of renewable energy forecasting technology and its applications. After an introduction to the principles of meteorology and renewable energy generation, groups of chapters address forecasting models, very short-term forecasting, forecasting of extremes, and longer term forecasting. The final part of the book focuses on important applications of forecasting for power system management and in energy markets. Due to shrinking fossil fuel reserves and concerns about climate change, renewable energy holds an increasing share of the energy mix. Solar, wind, wave, and hydro energy are dependent on highly variable weather conditions, so their increased penetration will lead to strong fluctuations in the power injected into the electricity grid, which needs to be managed. Reliable, high quality forecasts of renewable power generation are therefore essential for the smooth integration of large amounts of solar, wind, wave, and hydropower into the grid as well as for the profitability and effectiveness of such renewable energy projects.


This paper provides a description of PLATIN. With PLATIN we present an imple-mented system for planning inductive theorem proofs in equational theories that arebased on rewrite methods. We provide a survey of the underlying architecture ofPLATIN and then concentrate on details and experiences of the current implementa-tion.


In many countries, police are both guardians of public safety and the primary instruments of state repression. Used to quell dissent, excessive police action can drive further collective action, leading to a repression-dissent nexus. Yet does repression spur dissent for all, or only for those already dissenting? We theorize repression by police causes political backlash, decreasing support for police and increasing political dissent. We argue these effects are conditioned by individuals' proximity to the repressive act and support for the ruling party. Using a nationally representative survey experiment of 1,920 Ugandans, we find robust evidence for political backlash effects of repression across all demographics, regardless of proximity to the event. By examining the politics of policing, we show excessive police violence triggers political backlash, decreasing general support for the security apparatus and increasing willingness to publicly dissent for some populations.


Several sole components and a method of manufacturing those sole components are disclosed. In general, each sole component includes a fluid-filled bladder and a reinforcing element extending around a portion of the bladder. The reinforcing element is bonded to the exterior of the bladder, and may be recessed into the bladder. In some configurations, the reinforcing element is die-cut from a sheet of polymer material, and the reinforcing element may exhibit a layered configuration. In manufacturing the sole component, the reinforcing element may be located within a mold, and the polymer material forming the bladder may be bonded to the reinforcing element during the molding process.


Instant InDesign is the first comprehensive guide to Adobe InDesign that focuses exclusively on the art of template design and production. Youll learn everything you need to knowfrom key design principles and basic template architecture to advanced automation techniques. With practical tips and real-world examples, youll discover how to translate your great ideas into industrial-strength templates. Magazine, newspaper, book, and catalog publishers, as well as ad agencies, graphic design firms, and independent designers can all use this guide to boost productivity and enhance their creative process. Instant InDesign is the best single resource for fast and efficient page layout and production. This comprehensive guide shows you step by step how to: Use the powerful new features in InDesign CS3text variables, frame fitting options, and table stylesto create templates for ads, brochures, books, magazines,catalogs, and more. Make the most of master pages, paragraph and character styles, nested styles, object styles, and table styles to automate formatting. Optimize the use of typography, graphics and images, color, object libraries, and layers in your templates. Work with the new transparency options and nondestructive effects in InDesign CS3. Set up Data Merge and XML-based templates to automate page production. Utilize and modify the templates that ship with InDesign CS3. Use Adobe Bridge to manage your text, image assets, and templates.


Imitation learning refers to the problem of learning how to behave by observing a teacher in action. We consider imitation learning in relational domains, in which there is a varying number of objects and relations among them. In prior work, simple relational policies are learned by viewing imitation learning as supervised learning of a function from states to actions. For propositional worlds, functional gradient methods have been proved to be beneficial. They are simpler to implement than most existing methods, more efficient, more naturally satisfy common constraints on the cost function, and better represent our prior beliefs about the form of the function. Building on recent generalizations of functional gradient boosting to relational representations, we implement a functional gradient boosting approach to imitation learning in relational domains. In particular, given a set of traces from the human teacher, our system learns a policy in the form of a set of relational regression trees that additively approximate the functional gradients. The use of multiple additive trees combined with relational representation allows for learning more expressive policies than what has been done before. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in several different domains.


A detailed study of multiparticle azimuthal correlations is presented using pp data at √ s = 5 . 02 and 13 TeV, and p + Pb data at √ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The azimuthal correlations are probed using four-particle cumulants c n { 4 } and flow coefficients v n { 4 } = ( − c n { 4 } ) 1 / 4 for n = 2 and 3, with the goal of extracting long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlation signals and suppressing the short-range correlations. The values of c n { 4 } are obtained as a function of the average number of charged particles per event, (cid:4) N ch (cid:5) , using the recently proposed two-subevent and three-subevent cumulant methods, and compared with results obtained with the standard cumulant method. The standard method is found to be strongly biasedbyshort-rangecorrelations,whichoriginatemostlyfromjetswithapositivecontributionto c n { 4 } .Thethree-subevent method, on the other hand, is found to be least sensitive to short-range correlations. The three-subevent method gives a negative c 2 { 4 } , and therefore a well-defined v 2 { 4 } , nearly independent of (cid:4) N ch (cid:5) , which implies that the long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlations persist to events with low multiplicity. Furthermore, v 2 { 4 } is found to be smaller than the v 2 { 2 } measured using the two-particle correlation method, as expected for long-range collective behavior. Finally, the measured values of v 2 { 4 } and v 2 { 2 } are used to estimate the number of sources relevant for the initial eccentricity in the collision geometry. The results based on the subevent cumulant technique provide direct evidence, in small collision systems, for a long-range collectivity involving many particles distributed across a broad rapidity interval.


The purpose of this paper is to discuss tangible and effective ways to integrate Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into school curricula. In order to do so, we make use of several years of thoughtful consideration about this issue and, more specifically, of the work that we have recently developed in the context of the "Learning Outcomes" project hosted by the Portuguese Ministry of Education in 2010. The "Learning Outcomes" project is about developing tools and materials to help schools and teachers make informed choices concerning the national curriculum aims, and thus decide which learning experiences suit them the best. Advocating a decentralised curriculum development, these resources are to be used voluntarily and freely by schools as part of their pedagogical autonomy. One of the tools developed and already available is the set of learning outcomes for preschool, primary and middle school students (ages 3-14) covering all subject areas. Moreover, examples of teaching and evaluation strategies were provided for every subject area, so as to help teachers gain a better understanding of how the learning outcomes can be put into practice. In order to explain and share the work done regarding ICT, this paper presents and discusses the rationale that supported an ICT Learning Outcomes Framework based on four main competence domains: Information, Communication, Production and Security. After clarifying the concept of teaching and evaluation strategies used in the project, we discuss the implications these examples may have in teachers' decisions about selecting content, pedagogy, resources and evaluation methods. This discussion seems even more necessary when it comes to ICT, as it is a domain which clearly benefits from open and flexible pedagogical processes that enforce a regular partnership between different subject areas. We believe that the underlying principles of the work presented here, as well as the products of such work, may contribute to a better understanding of the challenges schools and teachers face once they have decided that ICT use in teaching and learning is more than just a tool to serve different subject areas. It is undoubtedly an opportunity to implement strategies focusing on the cognitive and social development of learners. Nevertheless, we conclude that we need to continue to broaden and deepen our knowledge regarding the challenges and demands of this proposal because, in contrast to a mono-disciplinary approach, it means the school culture must change into a cooperative culture based on partnerships formed by everyone operating within school. This is, according to us, the way to successfully provide experiences that foster a complete and balanced development of the young people in today's society.


This dissertation explores the soteriological ground of the trinitarian theology of
Gregory of Nazianzus and establishes a consistent link in his thought between the
spheres of oikonomia and theologia. His writings are studied against the background of
contemporary theological and philosophical trends thus demonstrating the context
within which he elaborated his main theological concepts as well as their novelty.
Although Gregory drew heavily on the heritage of his intellectual master Origen, he
significantly changed his perspective from cosmological speculations to reflections on
the historical embodiment of Christ's salvific activity. This shift was to lead Gregory
towards a positive view of the body and of bodily desire which he considered a vital
force in human existence capable of union with God in the process of deification.
Gregory thus fully identified Christ with humanity in its total manifestation, including
the human mind with its fallen and rebellious desire, now assumed and redeemed in the
incarnation. Hence Gregory placed the suffering image of Christ at the heart of his
trinitarian theological construction. As this thesis argues, around this image evolves the
whole dogmatic edifice of Gregory's theology. Christ's divine sovereignty is
understood not in separation and independence from the passion on Cross. Rather, its
full manifestation is only possible because of the cross, because of Christ's free and
willing acceptance of it. The whole set of interrelationships between the suffering
Christ and the Father and the Holy Spirit are depicted according to the logic of
coincidence of sovereignty and humiliation. It is precisely in this combination of
theological themes – expressed with our new concept of "kenotic sovereignty" – that
the focus of the present thesis is located. This innovative spiritual disposition shapes
both Gregory's theological epistemology and his hermeneutical strategy. Arguing for
the possibility of knowing the divine in and through human bodily existence and
corroborating this view with suitably interpreted Scriptural evidence, he opens the
horizons for the human ascension to the realm of the divine trinitarian life. In this way
Gregory envisages access to the transcendent theology of the Trinity which is
understood by him in purely personal terms, insofar as it implies the intimate
conversation of God with us "as friends" (Or. 38.7). This unique reworking of classical
and Christian themes is possible because of Gregory's insistence that divine
sovereignty and transcendence become intelligible exclusively in the context of Easter.
Thus the habitually neglected narrative of the cross and resurrection of Christ in the
thought of the Theologian is the only key to unlock his understanding of the luminous
mystery of the Trinity.


Behavioral competence is delineated in terms of four parameters: (a) Moral and Social Knowledge, (b) Social Skills, (c) Positive Characters and Positive Attributes, and (d) Behavioral Decision Process and Action Taking. Since Ma's other papers in this special issue have already discussed the moral and social knowledge as well as the social skills associated in detail, this paper focuses on the last two parameters. It is hypothesized that the following twelve positive characters are highly related to behavioral competence: humanity, intelligence, courage, conscience, autonomy, respect, responsibility, naturalness, loyalty, humility, assertiveness, and perseverance. Large-scale empirical future studies should be conducted to substantiate the predictive validity of the complete set of these positive characters. The whole judgment and behavioral decision process is constructed based on the information processing approach. The direction of future studies should focus more on the complex input, central control, and output subprocesses and the interactions among these sub-processes. The understanding of the formation of behavior is crucial to whole-person education and positive youth development.


Until the Gorbachev period, analysis of Soviet election results was of little interest to the political scientist. We knew what the results would be before polling took place. So indeed did the Politburo. To be sure the occasional oddity took place, such as the occasion on which Stalin received more than 100% when voters in neighbouring constituencies insisted on voting instead in the Moscow seat of the great leader himself. Sometimes at local level 'defeats' for individual deputies were staged. However, the pattern of acclamation where the nominated candidates received between 99% and 100% support remained the standard one in all-union ballots.

The introduction of multi-candidate elections in the Soviet Union in the perestroika period, and then the multi-party elections of late 1993 in Russia, therefore present a new analytical challenge for scholars of that country. How can we make sense of the observed results, when, as has historically been the case following the collapse of non-democratic regimes, party recognition and still more party identification, remain weak, public opinion is highly volatile, and election results themselves have been subject to considerable political manipulation? To what extent in these circumstances are we able to use the conceptual tools and methodologies such as mass opinion surveys, developed to study other societies, to study Russia? In the first section of this article we argue that Russia is not in fact as different as might be supposed, and that many problems faced by the analyst in Russia are common throughout the world. We then analyse the results of a nationwide survey of over 2100 Russian citizens designed by the authors and conducted by Russian Opinion and Market Research (ROMIR), under the auspices of Gallup UK, in two waves, before and after the December 1993 elections.


This article is based on a fieldwork project conducted by the authors in the Mugla region of western Turkey. The region is the locale for a significant level of settlement by British people, within the wider context of settlement by groups of other EU nationals in western Turkey. Based on a series of interviews with British settlers and Turkish locals, it examines the factors which affect the process of legal adaptation of the former group. It identifies and discusses the place of British settlers within the larger Turkish legal order, their integration into Turkish life, and the extent to which different socio-legal disabilities and advantages affect this process. The article also casts some light on the extent to which, given the level of British immigration into the area, Turkish officialdom is prepared for their presence.


In the Illinois and Michigan Basins, the St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician) occurs at depths from surface outcrop to in excess of 11,000 ft (3.35 km), and ranges in thickness from 0 ft to more than 1,100 ft (335 m). Although the formation pinches out onto the Kankakee, Findlay, and Cincinnati Arches, extensive portions of the St. Peter occurs at depths greater than 2,600 ft (800 m) where CO2 can exist in a dense, supercritical fluid phase. Thus, the St. Peter is considered a potentially significant CO2 storage resource in both the Illinois and Michigan Basins where it occurs as isolated successions. In this study, a series of storage resource estimates were developed using the results of reservoir characterization analysis in conjunction with the methodology outlined in the DOE-NETL Carbon Sequestration Atlas III. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how variation in CO2 storage resource estimates depends on the specific methods used for determining effective reservoir porosity, CO2 density, and storage efficiency factors in the volumetric equation. Considering all methods, storage resource estimates range from 2.6 Gt to 46.3 Gt in the two basins. We found that variability in CO2 density throughout the reservoir domain had only minor influence on resource estimates. Calculations using gross isopach values and average formation porosity tended to overestimate storage resource relative to estimates based on porosity functions derived from core data and well logs. This result is due to an apparent diagenetic reduction in porosity commensurate with the depth of burial. Improved reservoir characterization using well logs and core data to determine net porosity in control wells resulted in reduced uncertainty in net-to-gross reservoir area and porosity. Porosity cutoff values (i.e., minimum porosity for consideration as an effective sequestration reservoir) were established using a core-based permeability-to-porosity transform. Net porosity was then determined in each of the control wells and these data were gridded to determine total reservoir porosity in the study area. Using this net porosity method, estimates of storage resource were between 24 percent (Michigan Basin) to 150 percent (Illinois Basin) of the storage resource estimate obtained by the gross isopach and depth-dependent porosity method. Although results are highly sensitive to the method used for calculating effective porosity, storage resource estimates appear most sensitive to storage efficiency factors. Minimizing the uncertainty in net-to-gross area and porosity justifies the use of larger storage efficiency factors (e.g., 24.0% versus 5.4% at the 90% probability range for clastics), in which case resource estimates equal or exceed all other methods and exhibit a more geologically realistic spatial distribution.


Previous research has shown that individual differences in humor styles impact people'spsychological well-being (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray and Weir, 2003). The presentstudy expands on previous research by conceptualizing humor styles as a situational variable; Itreated humor style as an independent variable in an experiment rather than as a personalityvariable in a correlational study. I hypothesized that people induced to engage in self-enhancinghumor would report less state anxiety associated with a stressful event, more positive state selfesteem,and more positive and less negative affect. I hypothesized that people induced to engagein self-defeating humor would report the opposite effects. Participants engaged in a role-playexercise imagining they were about to take a stressful math test. Compared to participants in acontrol condition, those who were exposed to and engaged in self-enhancing humor reported lessstate anxiety associated with the test, increased state self-esteem and less negative affect.Contrary to my hypothesis, exposure to and engagement in self-defeating humor had no effectsrelative to the no-humor control condition.


Water-deprived rats were administered a single dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol either orally or intraperitoneally immediately after their first taste of a saccharine solution. In tests beginning 47 hours after drug administration, a dose-related reversal of rats' normal preference for saccharine was found. The data suggest that the drug produces aversive effects at doses of 1 to 32 milligrams per kilogram.


We discuss the efficiency with which coherent plane waves can be coupled to single-mode fibers in the presence of deterministic or stochastic misalignments of the fiber relative to the focal point of a lens. We point out how the alignment demands can be relaxed by means of graded-index-lens fiber-pigtailed collimators.


This paper seeks to develop a better understanding of job performance in the context of a knowledge management system (KMS) implementation. This work adopts the context theorizing approach that informs the conceptualization of KMS use and identification of contingency factors. Specifically, the literature on rich system use is adapted to develop the construct in the context of a KMS. The literature related to task, system, user, and leadership is also drawn upon to identify four contingency factors—task nonroutineness, perceived support for contextualization, absorptive capacity, and transformational leadership—that affect the KMS use and job performance relationship. The paper argues that rich use of a KMS positively affects job performance and the four contingency factors moderate this relationship. A mixed methods approach that includes a quantitative study (n = 1,441) among knowledge workers in seven business units of a large organization in the finance industry was used to validate the theoretical model. A follow-up qualitative study (n = 48) was conducted in one business unit to cross-validate the findings and explain unsupported findings. Data were collected from multiple sources (i.e., surveys, interviews, and system archives). The results largely supported the model. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.


The paper considers a model in which private foreign investors make direct long-lived capital investments in a small developing country that is subject to stochastic shocks to production. Depending upon the preferences of the host country, we find that expropriation can occur because of either desperation or opportunism. We show that under reasonable assumptions, increased investment makes expropriation less likely to occur and that the level of investment chosen by atomistic foreign investors may be nonoptimal.


Bridging the gap between plasma physics and other scientific domains, in particular, the computational fluid dynamics community, a general, rigorous, and simple-to-apply methodology is presented for both the verification of the correct implementation of the model equations (code verification) and numerical error quantification (solution verification). The proposed code verification procedure consists in using the method of manufactured solutions and executing an order-of-accuracy test, assessing the rate of convergence of the numerical solution to the manufactured one. For the solution verification, the numerical error is quantified by applying the Richardson extrapolation, which provides an approximation of the analytical solution, and by using the grid convergence index to estimate the numerical uncertainty affecting the simulation results. The methodology is applied to verify the correct implementation of the drift-reduced Braginskii equations into the GBS code, and to estimate the numerical error affecting the GBS solutions. The GBS code is successfully verified, and an estimate of the numerical error affecting the simulation results is provided.


The pandemic crisis has strongly affected both developing and developing countries, so that public policies, development plans and strategic plans such as the 2030 Agenda have been significantly impacted. As a methodology: examining the scope of Latin American countries, those that had been more involved, and those that were later, can be done by examining which ones had established a government department at the country level for the implementation of the agenda. Those who have not done so will be more difficult to join the achievement of the SDGs effectively by the year 2030. In addition, inviting professional, academic and scientific reflection, it is worth Rubén Tamboleo García Replanteamiento de la Agenda 2030 ante el escenario de crisis pandémica: mirada desde la sociología Análisis Jurídico-Político 3(6) 2021 • pp. 75-96 77 asking ourselves in what way, and critically, in this scenario of a crisis that indicates that in most countries, it will cost us to take off a few years, maintenance is compatible of the Agenda as planned, if this approach is equally effective for less developed countries, or if there are objectives and priorities that should now receive greater attention from governments and social institutions. Therefore, if the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals are promoted from the highest levels, it is important to be able to open a critical space to whether this is going to have a positive impact on Latin American society, or nevertheless after the impact of the Pandemic crisis that has not ended, it is necessary to set other objectives. As we can see, there is room for a rethinking or an update of the agenda.


Significance Self-administered insulin is the most important therapeutic to provide control over blood glucose levels for patients with type-1 diabetes. However, standard insulin therapy introduces a number of complications and subsequent issues with control of blood glucose levels. Here, we prepared a derivative of insulin with a molecular switch to provide glucose-mediated activation of the insulin molecule, toward the generation of more autonomous therapy with improved blood glucose control. This modified insulin, when administered in a diabetic mouse model, restores blood glucose levels following a glucose challenge (i.e., a simulated meal) faster than both standard insulin and a clinically used long-lasting insulin derivative. Since its discovery and isolation, exogenous insulin has dramatically changed the outlook for patients with diabetes. However, even when patients strictly follow an insulin regimen, serious complications can result as patients experience both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states. Several chemically or genetically modified insulins have been developed that tune the pharmacokinetics of insulin activity for personalized therapy. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for the chemical modification of insulin intended to promote both long-lasting and glucose-responsive activity through the incorporation of an aliphatic domain to facilitate hydrophobic interactions, as well as a phenylboronic acid for glucose sensing. These synthetic insulin derivatives enable rapid reversal of blood glucose in a diabetic mouse model following glucose challenge, with some derivatives responding to repeated glucose challenges over a 13-h period. The best-performing insulin derivative provides glucose control that is superior to native insulin, with responsiveness to glucose challenge improved over a clinically used long-acting insulin derivative. Moreover, continuous glucose monitoring reveals responsiveness matching that of a healthy pancreas. This synthetic approach to insulin modification could afford both long-term and glucose-mediated insulin activity, thereby reducing the number of administrations and improving the fidelity of glycemic control for insulin therapy. The described work is to our knowledge the first demonstration of a glucose-binding modified insulin molecule with glucose-responsive activity verified in vivo.


Sugarcane cultivation in Mexico occurs under a wide range of socioeconomic, environmental and agricultural conditions, with the last three harvests (2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013) providing yields ranging from 36-125 t ha -1 (variation > 347%), with an average yield of 70.2 t ha -1 , which is below the world average of 80 t ha -1 . The total area allocated to sugarcane production in Mexico is close to 800 thousand hectares, and could rise to nearly 5 million hectares given adequate conditions for its cultivation. This activity generates approximately 1 million direct jobs, 2.2 million indirect jobs, and more than 2.5 billion dollars (0.4% of GDP) per year. Climate change and the rapid market penetration of high fructose corn syrup are among the greatest threats to this agribusiness, including severe disintegration of production processes in the field, industry, commerce, and consumption of cane sugar. Technology lags, low investment, high processing costs and shortcomings in production sales are issues the industry must address by leveraging their resources and coordinating processing links to be more efficient and competitive. Political influence has imposed a suboptimal policy framework to achieve the projected potential. To overcome current lags in the field and refineries within the country, significant innovations across the value-chain are underway, including a robust breeding program, digitalization of sugarcane fields and novel investments in research and development. The sugarcane value-chain has great potential for Mexico, and exploiting this potential is possible if technological, organizational and commercial management innovations currently in progress in fields and factories are applied.


Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has proven to be a useful tool for investigating internal structures in ceramic tapes, and the technique is expected to be important for roll-to-roll manufacturing. However, because of high scattering in ceramic materials, noise and speckles deteriorate the image quality, which makes automated quantitative measurements of internal interfaces difficult. To overcome this difficulty we present in this paper an innovative image analysis approach based on volumetric OCT data. The engine in the analysis is a 3D image processing and analysis algorithm. It is dedicated to boundary segmentation and dimensional measurement in volumetric OCT images, and offers high accuracy, efficiency, robustness, subpixel resolution, and a fully automated operation. The method relies on the correlation property of a physical interface and effectively eliminates pixels caused by noise and speckles. The remaining pixels being stored are the ones confirmed to be related to the target interfaces. Segmentation of tilted and curved internal interfaces separated by ∼10  μm in the Z direction is demonstrated. The algorithm also extracts full-field top-view intensity maps of the target interfaces for high-accuracy measurements in the X and Y directions. The methodology developed here may also be adopted in other similar 3D imaging and measurement technologies, e.g., ultrasound imaging, and for various materials.


Modern clinical laboratories are equipped with high-throughput flow cytometers for fast and accurate cell sorting. Most cytometers use selective biomarkers which often induce significant changes in the cell morphology, sometimes leading to cell death. However, for purposes like cell imaging there exist label-free techniques, for example digital inline holographic microscopy. Yet the image reconstruction algorithms needed to analyze the images do not scale up easily to large numbers of cells. We suggest an integrated, optical neural network to deal with the high-speed image classification with the promise of dense integration for ultrafast, cell sorting. A ternary classification task, distinguishing between monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes resulted in 89% accuracy.


After a brief theoretical discussion of the relationship between religion and violence, Dr Adogame analyzes the history and politics of religious violence in contemporary Nigeria through the prism of boundary making and negotiation; religious expansion and competition. The articles demonstrates that religion and politics are often manipulated by individuals and religious groups in ways that sustain religious strife, violence and ethnic bigotry, thus hampering meaningful inter-faith dialogue and coexistence.


A novel high-performance gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polystyrene (PS) has been prepared. Its characteristics are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (DSC), universal testing machines (UTM), galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The GPE based on TPU/PVDF/PS (10 wt.%) show a high ionic conductivity of 5.28 × 10-3 S cm-1 with the electrochemical stability window of 5.0 V. In addition, its first charge-discharge capacity reached to 169.5 mAh g-1, high mechanical strength and stability to allow safe operation in rechargeable lithium ion polymer batteries.


. Data de-duplication is the process of detecting records in one or more datasets which refer to the same entity. In this paper we tackle the de-duplication process via a latent entity model, where the observed data are perturbed versions of a set of key variables drawn from a finite population of N different entities. The main novelty of our approach is to consider the population size N as an unknown model parameter. As a result, a salient feature of the proposed method is the capability of the model to account for the de-duplication uncertainty in the population size estimation. As by-products of our approach we illustrate the relationships between de-duplication problems and capture-recapture models and we obtain a more adequate prior distribution on the linkage structure. Moreover we propose a novel simulation algorithm for the posterior distribution of the matching configuration based on the marginalization of the key variables at population level. We apply our method to two synthetic data sets comprising German names. In addition we illustrate a real data application, where we match records from two lists which report information about people killed in the recent Syrian conflict.


Field experiments were conducted during 1998 to 2000 to determine the response of commercial potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL) differing in susceptibility to foliar late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) to reduced rates and frequencies of residual, contact fungicide applications. When environmental conditions were most favorable for the development of late blight, the lowest application rate of the fungicides chlorothalonil or fluazinam (33% of the manufacturers' recommended application rate [MRAR]) gave unsatisfactory control of potato late blight. Under conditions moderately conducive for late blight development, effective control was achieved with 33 to 66% MRAR with either fungicide. The Michigan State University advanced selection, MSG274-3, was the least susceptible ABL tested and, during 1998 to 2000, late blight was effectively managed using reduced rates of fungicides. Application rates of chlorothalonil (33 to 100% MRAR) significantly reduced late blight in the cultivar Snowden (5-day application interval) compared with the nontreated control; whereas, late blight was not effectively controlled in Snowden even at 100% MRAR of chlorothalonil at either 10- or 15-day application intervals in 1999 or 2000. The ABL MSG274-3 was the least susceptible of all cultivars and ABL used in this study, and required minimal chemical protection against late blight. The study demonstrates that ABL with reduced susceptibility to late blight can be managed with reduced fungicide rates and longer application intervals, thus offering more economical control of this disease.


There is increasing evidence that the microcirculation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Changes in retinal vascular caliber reflect early microvascular disease and predict incident cardiovascular events. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with retinal vascular caliber. We analyzed data from four population-based discovery cohorts with 15,358 unrelated Caucasian individuals, who are members of the Cohort for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and replicated findings in four independent Caucasian cohorts (n = 6,652). All participants had retinal photography and retinal arteriolar and venular caliber measured from computer software. In the discovery cohorts, 179 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spread across five loci were significantly associated (p<5.0×10−8) with retinal venular caliber, but none showed association with arteriolar caliber. Collectively, these five loci explain 1.0%–3.2% of the variation in retinal venular caliber. Four out of these five loci were confirmed in independent replication samples. In the combined analyses, the top SNPs at each locus were: rs2287921 (19q13; p = 1.61×10−25, within the RASIP1 locus), rs225717 (6q24; p = 1.25×10−16, adjacent to the VTA1 and NMBR loci), rs10774625 (12q24; p = 2.15×10−13, in the region of ATXN2,SH2B3 and PTPN11 loci), and rs17421627 (5q14; p = 7.32×10−16, adjacent to the MEF2C locus). In two independent samples, locus 12q24 was also associated with coronary heart disease and hypertension. Our population-based genome-wide association study demonstrates four novel loci associated with retinal venular caliber, an endophenotype of the microcirculation associated with clinical cardiovascular disease. These data provide further insights into the contribution and biological mechanisms of microcirculatory changes that underlie cardiovascular disease.


We present a combined experimental and numerical simulations study of grain boundaries in (Fe, Mg)SiO3 perovskite. TEM observations of grain boundaries in a well equilibrated perovskite sample consistently show small but significant enrichments of Fe. This result is in good agreement with classical potentials simulations of grain boundary structures in MgSiO3 perovskite which predict substitution of iron onto grain boundaries to be energetically favourable over iron substitution in the bulk perovskite structure.


AAAI has seen great ups and downs, based largely on the perceived success of AI in business applications. Great early success allowed AAAI to weather the "AI winter" to enjoy the current "thaw." Other challenges to AAAI have resulted from its success in spinning out international conferences, thereby effectively removing several key AI areas from the AAAI National Conference. AAAI leadership continues to look for ways to deal with these challenges.


Practical shared bottleneck detection has proved to be a difficult problem. We present a novel passive approach using efficient estimates of time and frequency domain summary statistics. The approach is not CPU nor network intensive, and has numerous potential applications in the Internet. Simulations and tests over the Internet and 3G cellular network show its efficacy in grouping flows correctly.


This article reports one task of a global investigation based on a comprehensive day lighting system designed for refurbished and new buildings. This study epitomizes the research conducted by a French group working on green energy. The authors aim to provide occupants with daylight for everyday tasks, hence reducing electricity consumption and concomitantly increasing comfort level. This article presents the conception and design of a new virtual sensor based on a fisheye video camera devised to assess visual comfort. This device includes a fuzzy logic algorithm to handle the subjective aspect of the human perception related to sight.


Government and higher education see the employability of graduates as a priority. Anecdotal and empirical evidence from the researchers own fully accredited institution suggests there is little structure to the delivery of Personal Development Planning (PDP); it is not related to the world of work and of limited relevance to the learning that takes place. A critical review of published literature has revealed that an understanding of the links between PDP and work-based learning (WBL) could provide routes to improving professional membership. The thesis resolves this gap in knowledge enabling HE practitioners to enhance the development of skills and competencies.
The research is mainly set in a positivistic paradigm with mixed methods research following a survey based methodological approach. Data collected through questionnaires, structured interviews and focus groups, are used to analyse the opinions and beliefs of staff and students in HE and experienced professionals working at the cutting edge of the construction industry.
The work identifies the skills and competencies needed for academic study and employability, with PDP seen as an essential element of an academic course. Reflective practice is key to learning new knowledge and skills in the workplace and empirical investigation suggests experience plays a significant part in the learning process. All students should have an opportunity to see the application of theory with practice through WBL.
The research has contributed to the body of knowledge by challenging the inadequacies in existing practice. The thesis identifies the key components and linkages in a theoretically informed model that proposes the use of a Graduate Skills Framework for Construction Management. This new-found understanding and toolkit promotes the teaching of employability skills alongside PDP in a structured programme of WBL. Research participants agree that this is expected to support the development of professional competencies and enhanced capability for the benefit of students, professionals and the construction industry


A number of prominent contemporary legal scholars have recently argued in favor of replacing at least some human legal decision making with Artificial Intelligence ("AI"), assuming that AI technology improves to a level these scholars deem appropriate. This article disagrees, particularly as regards Article III judges, for two main reasons. First, human judges must strike a delicate balance between stability and change; that is, between respect for precedent on the one hand, and adapting the law to unforeseen circumstances on the other, thus playing an important role in shaping the law that is not adequately considered in this literature, and that an AI judiciary may not be able to adequately replace. Second, the loss of human judges would likely lead to a loss or diminishment of the human legal community, such that fewer people would be paying attention to the law. This community of people with strong incentives to pay attention to the law is built around the Article III judiciary, and the diffusion of knowledge throughout this community may be a significant source of the judiciary's power to fulfill its role as a check on the other two branches. The potential benefits of an automated judiciary can be better achieved in other ways, and likely do not justify the risks. At the least, these concerns are not adequately addressed by those advocating for AI judges, and should be seriously considered in the context of any effort to automate parts of the judiciary.


Among the most momentous decisions that leaders of a state are called upon to make is whether or not to initiate warfare. How their military will fare against the opponent may be the first consideration, but not far behind are concerns about domestic political response and the reaction of the international community. "Securing Approval" makes clear the relationship between these two seemingly distinct concerns, demonstrating how multilateral security organizations like the UN influence foreign policy through public opinion without ever exercising direct enforcement power. While UN approval of a proposed action often bolsters public support, its refusal of endorsement may conversely send a strong signal to domestic audiences that the action will be exceedingly costly or overly aggressive. With a cogent theoretical and empirical argument, Terrence L. Chapman provides new evidence for how multilateral organizations matter in security affairs as well as a new way of thinking about the design and function of these institutions.


Climate change represents an unprecedented challenge to the world?s biosphere and to the global community. It also represents a unique challenge for plant health. Human activities and increased market globalization, coupled with rising temperatures, has led to a situation that is favourable to pest movement and establishment. This scientific review assesses the potential effects of climate change on plant pests and consequently on plant health. The evidence assessed strongly indicates that climate change has already expanded some pests? host range and geographical distribution, and may further increase the risk of pest introduction to new areas. This calls for international cooperation and development of harmonized plant protection strategies to help countries successfully adapt their pest risk management measures to climate change.


OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the California Smokers' Helpline, an increasingly popular telephone program for tobacco cessation in California since 1992. As many states, regions, and nations are contemplating various telephone programs as part of large scale anti-tobacco campaigns, this paper presents a practical model. DESIGN The Helpline provides Californians with free cessation services that include counselling, self help quit kits, and cessation related information. Services are provided in six spoken languages plus a line for the hearing impaired. The program is promoted statewide by media campaigns, health care providers, local tobacco control programs, and the public school system. SETTING The Helpline is centrally operated through the University of California, San Diego and provides services statewide via telephone. RESULTS The Helpline has served over 100 000 tobacco users and has become the chief cessation resource for the Comprehensive Tobacco Control Program in California. Media was the most important referral source for Helpline callers (50%), followed by health care providers (20%). About one third of the callers were ethnic minorities and 17% were 24 years old or younger. Compared to California smokers in general, the callers were more dependent on nicotine and more likely to live with other smokers, but they were also more likely to have tried to quit recently and were more ready to try again. Two randomised trials have demonstrated the efficacy of the Helpline's counselling protocol. CONCLUSION A centralised helpline operation can be an accessible and effective service for tobacco users and should be included in any large scale, comprehensive tobacco control program.


Though economists engaged in normative study of public policy generally assume that the relevant social planner knows how policy affects population behavior, this rarely is the case in practice. Fundamental identification problems and practical problems of statistical inference make it difficult to learn how policy affects behavior. Hence, there is much reason to consider policy formation when a planner has only partial knowledge of policy impacts. In this paper, I examine a specific and recently debated aspect of law enforcement—the choice of a profiling policy. My concern is not so much to understand the use of personal attributes such as race in profiling policies (though some of my analysis does have implications for detecting discrimination), but rather to understand how a social planner might reasonably choose a profiling policy when he or she only has partial knowledge of how policy affects criminal behavior. I consider both ex ante search, which apprehends offenders before their offenses cause social harm, and ex post search, which apprehends offenders after completion of their offenses. This paper shows how a social planner having partial knowledge of population offense behavior can "reasonably" choose a search profiling policy. This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant SES-0314312. I am grateful to Alex Tetenov for comments.


The challenging potential problems associated with using airborne radar in detection of High Speed Maneuvering Dim Target (HSMDT) are high noise, jamming and clutter effects. The problem is not only how to remove clutter and jamming but as well as the range migration and Doppler ambiguity estimation problems due to high relative speed between the targets and airborne radar. Some of recently published works ignored the range migration problems, while the others ignored the Doppler ambiguity estimation. In this paper a new hybrid technique using Optimum Space Time Adaptive Processing (OSTAP), Second Order Keystone Transform (SOKT), and the Improved Fractional Radon Transform (IFrRT) was proposed. The OSTAP was applied as anti-jamming and clutter rejection method, the SOKT corrects the range curvature and part of the range walk, then the IFrRT estimates the target' radial acceleration and corrects the residual range walk. The simulation demonstrates the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique, and its advantages over the previous researches by comparing its probability of detection with the traditional methods. The new approach increases the probability of detection, and also overcomes the limitation of Doppler frequency ambiguity.


Abstract. High-resolution 3D modelling of lunar surface is important for lunar scientific research and exploration missions. Photogrammetry is known for 3D mapping and modelling from a pair of stereo images based on dense image matching. However dense matching may fail in poorly textured areas and in situations when the image pair has large illumination differences. As a result, the actual achievable spatial resolution of the 3D model from photogrammetry is limited by the performance of dense image matching. On the other hand, photoclinometry (i.e., shape from shading) is characterised by its ability to recover pixel-wise surface shapes based on image intensity and imaging conditions such as illumination and viewing directions. More robust shape reconstruction through photoclinometry can be achieved by incorporating images acquired under different illumination conditions (i.e., photometric stereo). Introducing photoclinometry into photogrammetric processing can therefore effectively increase the achievable resolution of the mapping result while maintaining its overall accuracy. This research presents an integrated photogrammetric and photoclinometric approach for pixel-resolution 3D modelling of the lunar surface. First, photoclinometry is interacted with stereo image matching to create robust and spatially well distributed dense conjugate points. Then, based on the 3D point cloud derived from photogrammetric processing of the dense conjugate points, photoclinometry is further introduced to derive the 3D positions of the unmatched points and to refine the final point cloud. The approach is able to produce one 3D point for each image pixel within the overlapping area of the stereo pair so that to obtain pixel-resolution 3D models. Experiments using the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera - Narrow Angle Camera (LROC NAC) images show the superior performances of the approach compared with traditional photogrammetric technique. The results and findings from this research contribute to optimal exploitation of image information for high-resolution 3D modelling of the lunar surface, which is of significance for the advancement of lunar and planetary mapping.


Deep-water carbonate channel reservoirs form important oil reservoirs along the toe of the Eastern Shelf of the Permian basin in west Texas. In northwestern Glasscock County, these `Wolfcamp` reservoirs are Leonardian (Early Permian) in age and define high-energy channels incised into surrounding carbonate detritus and basinal shale. Porous grain-flow material filling these channels, along with encasing detritus, was derived from the shallow shelf located six miles to the east. Reservoirs are in packstone and grainstone facies and have significant interparticle and moldic porosity. Relevant exploration began in the 1960s, but expanded slowly thereafter due to lack of success caused by complex patterns of channel occurrence. Results of a three-dimensional (3-D) seismic survey conducted in 1990 have greatly enhanced the identification and mapping of productive channels in the Powell Ranch field complex. Wells in this complex are capable of flowing 400-1200 bbl of oil per day, and have reserves ranging from 0.2 to 1.3 MBO. The new 3-D data have improved the relevant geologic model and dramatically increased rates of drilling success. Application of such data to this setting offers a potential model for other parts of the Permian basin.


In this paper we introduce the concept of a virtual laboratory as an electronic metaphor for a 'real' lab. The virtual laboratory allows the user to discover knowledge through simulated experiments guided by hypertext documents. It contains all the elements of a good physical laboratory: a wide range of objects and tools which can be assembled into experiments, a reference book, and a notebook for recording thoughts, inspirations, results and conclusions. The concept is illustrated by an example of a laboratory design.


The study isolated and characterized clinical and non-clinical S. aureus strains in Ile-Ife, Nigeria using phenotypic and molecular methods. Eight hundred and fifty samples of different cultures were taken from clinical and nonclinical sources. The clinical sources were the routine specimens of wound swabs, urine, stool, blood and sputum from the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology laboratory of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife. The non-clinical samples were obtained from the nasal cavity of apparently healthy food handlers at restaurants in Obafemi Awolowo University campus and food vendors in Ile-Ife central market. Samples were cultured on mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours. S. aureus were isolated and identified based on mannitol fermentation, Gram's reaction, positive results for catalase, coagulase and DNAse tests. Susceptibility of the isolates to nine different antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion technique. Molecular detection of plasmid, mec A, nuc genes was carried out on representative isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data generated were subjected to statistical analysis using T-Test. Of the 50 representative clinical and non-clinical isolates, 44% contained plasmid DNA with molecular weight ranging from 562 to 23,490 kb, while 18% had mec A and all selected representative isolates had the nuc gene. Only two (4%) out of the 50 S. aureus isolates investigated, were of PVL virulent strains attributed to urine sourced from both Pelvic inflammatory disease and wound of infected surgical implant individuals. These observations underscore the importance of confirming phenotypic identification of S. aureus by molecular techniques.


In England, clinicians and professional organisations report that higher numbers of adolescents with more severe psychosocial difficulties are accessing specialist services. A lack of national data on patterns of access to specialist services means there is limited information to inform policy. We examined whether severity of psychosocial difficulties in adolescents accessing mental healthcare has changed over time. Adolescents seen in specialist child mental healthcare in 2009 vs. 2014 were matched on demographics and problem types using propensity score matching; final sample N=2,776 adolescents. We found: 1) stability over time in overall severity of difficulties, 2) an increase in severity of young women's emotional problems, and 3) a decrease in adolescents' conduct problems. The findings suggest the intriguing possibility that the criteria for accessing mental healthcare are not universally rising, but rather the patterns in access to specialist services may mirror epidemiological changes in severity of psychosocial difficulties in the population.


Salinity stress restricts growth of soybean plant ['Glycine max' (L.) Merr.]. Glycine betaine (GB) is among osmoprotectant compounds that are produced in tolerant plant species in response to environmental stresses. Soybean is sensitive to soil salinity and is classified as a low-ccumulator of glycine betaine. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the salinity tolerance of two contrasting soybean ['Glycine max' (L.) Merr.] cvs. Pershing and DPX at field saline soils (EC=11.1 dS/m-1). The exogenous glycine betaine (Exo-GB) treatments (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 kg/ha) were applied in six foliar and near the flowering stages. During the growth period the amount of endogenous-glycine betaine (Endo-GB) was measured in ten foliar stages and in leaves of seeding stage. Results showed that the uptake of Na+ decreased in response to increment of Exo-GB levels, in which tolerant cv. DPX (24%) had a greater capacity to prevent Na+ uptake. Endo-GB had higher concentrations in younger leaves than in mature leaves. Exo-GB increased the number of lateral branches significantly (33%) and especially pods per plants (49%) in cv. DPX. There was no difference in seed number per pod between controls and all levels of Exo-GB treatments in two cultivars. All treatments of Exo-GB significantly increased weight of thousands grain (highest; 71% in 10 kg ha-1 GB) in salt tolerant cv. DPX. Application of Exo-GB on weight of thousands grain was cultivar-, dose-, and time-dependent. The grain yield of soybean was increased by foliar applications of Exo-GB. This was due to significant increase in number of lateral branches and pods and weight of thousands grain, without significant different between cultivars.


Increased abundance of the transcription factor SOX6 may contribute to the tendency of low-birthweight neonates to develop obesity later in life. Although diet and lifestyle are certainly major factors influencing the development of obesity and metabolic disease, genetic and epigenetic factors also contribute. Low birth weight is associated with the tendency to develop obesity in adult life. Leow et al. isolated mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cords of normal- and low-weight neonates, differentiated them into adipocytes in culture, and compared patterns of histone modifications between the two cell types. Histone modifications at the promoter of the gene encoding the transcription factor SOX6 suggested that this gene might be more actively transcribed in adipocytes from low-weight neonates. Indeed, in addition to showing increased expression of several known adipogenic markers, adipocytes derived from low-weight neonates had a greater abundance of SOX6 transcripts and SOX6 protein. In mesenchymal stem cell–derived adipocytes and in several human and mouse adipocyte cell lines, knocking down SOX6 reduced lipid droplet formation and triglyceride content, whereas overexpressing SOX6 increased cellular triglyceride content. Gene expression analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in wild-type and SOX6-knockdown adipocytes indicated that SOX6 directly stimulated the expression of MEST (mesoderm-specific transcript) and PPARG (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ), both of which promote adipogenesis. The MEST promoter showed reduced CpG methylation in adipocytes derived from low-weight neonates compared with those derived from normal-weight neonates. Mobility shift assays demonstrated that CpG methylation reduced SOX6 binding to the MEST promoter, implying that more SOX6 could bind to the MEST promoter in adipocytes from low-weight neonates. Experiments in cultured adipocytes also suggested that SOX6 may reduce antiadipogenic Wnt signaling. The adipocytes of zebrafish sox6 mutants had fewer lipid droplets than adipocytes of wild-type animals, and knocking down Sox6 in mice reduced the expression of adipogenic markers in white adipose tissue, reduced serum and liver triglycerides, and reduced the abundance of the circulating adipokine leptin. These findings imply that one of the ways that epigenetic changes in infants who are small for their gestational age predispose these individuals to obesity later in life is by increasing the expression of SOX6, which seems to promote adipogenesis through multiple mechanisms. S. C. Leow, J. Poschmann, P. G. Too, J. Yin, R. Joseph, C. McFarlane, S. Dogra, A. Shabbir, P. W. Ingham, S. Prabhakar, M. K. S. Leow, Y. S. Lee, K. L. Ng, Y. S. Chong, P. D. Gluckman, W. Stünkel, The transcription factor SOX6 contributes to the developmental origins of obesity by promoting adipogenesis. Development 143, 950–961 (2016). [PubMed]


An air quality modeling has been applied to investigate an ozone event occurring during the period of 1996 Paso del Norte Ozone Campaign. An examination of model sensitivity to horizontal grid resolutions has been performed. The modeling results show that grid resolution evidently influences the simulations of ozone formation, dispersion, transportation and structural distribution. The 36-, 12-, 4- and 1-km models captured the diurnal variation of surface ozone, but with a few hours lag for simulated peak ozone. The coarser the spatial resolution of the model, the more the peak ozone lag occurs. All models underpredicted the peak ozone concentration where the 1-km model produced the best while the 36km model yielded the worst. This study suggests that the problems of maximum ozone underprediction and minimum ozone overprediction can be mitigated by increasing the spatial resolution of the model. Compared to fine models, coarse models provided rather simple and smooth structures with many detailed and complex structures being lost. The frequency distribution analysis also revealed that the high ozone event occurring over the complex terrain area such as El Paso, TX can hardly be captured by using coarse spatial resolution models, and the high resolution model (i.e., grid spacing is no greater than 4-km) is necessary.


Despite concerns of increasingly relaxed sexual culture in Vietnam, evidence of changing sexuality norms remains scarce. This study documents differential attitudes toward premarital sex by gender, age and marital status with data from 7,289 women and 6,707 men aged 15-49 in the Vietnam Population and AIDS Indicator Survey 2005. Attitudes toward premarital sex remained conservative, although men were more permissive than women. A double-standard for women existed: among both genders, acceptance of men's premarital sex was significantly higher than that of women's. Unmarried respondents were more open than married. Only among the married did we find increasing premarital sex acceptance with younger age; among the unmarried, the evidence was unclear. Additionally, the poorest and least educated were most open toward premarital sex. The study indicates a continuing struggle between traditional values and a growing openness toward sexuality that should be taken into account in programs aimed to target sexual behavior.


The differential pulse polarographic (DPP) behavior of SK&F 95601 (I) has been studied in the pH range 0 to 14. At pH less than or equal to 2, (I) rapidly degrades into the sulfenamide (D-1(I)) and sulfide (D-2(I)), which are both reduced by 2e(-) processes, the former being subject to strong reactant adsorption. SK&F 95601 itself is reduced in a 4e process up to pH10, and either pK(2) or pK(3) values, determined spectrophotometrically, are manifested polarographically at neutral pH. A pK(5) value of 9.0 corresponding to the benzimidazole N-H group deprotonation is manifested polarographically with a pK'(5) value of ca. 11. SK&F 95601 and its degradation products D-1(I), degraded D-1(I), and D-2(I) can all be determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) with limit of detections (LODs) of 10(-8) mol dm(-3), except for the latter molecule with an LOD of 10(-7) mol dm(-3). These LODs are superior to those determined by DPP. Mixtures of these molecules can also be resolved with similar LODs. Cd2+ can be determined by ASV with a superior LOD in the presence of (I), i.e., 0.08 ppb as compared to 0.57 ppb in its absence, due to chelation phenomena.


Virtual memory-mapped communication (VMMC) is a communication model providing direct data transfer between the sender's and receiver's virtual address spaces. This model eliminates operating system involvement in communication, provides full protection, supports user-level buffer management and zero-copy protocols, and minimizes software communication overhead. This paper describes system software support for the model including its API, operating system support, and software architecture, for two network interfaces designed in the SHRIMP project. Our implementations and experiments show that the VMMC model can indeed expose the available hardware performance to user programs. On two Pentium PCs with our prototype network interface hardware over a network, we have achieved user-to-user latency of 4.8 /spl mu/sec and sustained bandwidth of 23 MB/s, which is close to the peak hardware bandwidth. Software communication overhead is only a few user-level instructions.


This document defines encoding instructions that may be used in an
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) specification to alter how ASN.1
values are encoded by the Robust XML Encoding Rules (RXER) and
Canonical Robust XML Encoding Rules (CRXER), for example, to encode a
component of an ASN.1 value as an Extensible Markup Language (XML)
attribute rather than as a child element. Some of these encoding
instructions also affect how an ASN.1 specification is translated into
an Abstract Syntax Notation X (ASN.X) specification. Encoding
instructions that allow an ASN.1 specification to reference
definitions in other XML schema languages are also defined. This memo
defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.


Cluster analysis is commonly applied to microarray data in order to find groups of co-expressed genes where cluster algorithms with the ability to visualize the resulting cluster objects (e.g., a dendrogram for hierarchical clustering) are usually preferred. The display of cluster solutions particularly for a large number of clusters is very important in exploratory data analysis. It gives practitioners an idea of the relationships between segments of a partition and allows to interpret the cluster results. Neighborhood graphs (Leisch, 2006) can be used for visual assessment of the cluster structure of centroid-based cluster solutions. In a neighborhood graph each node represents a cluster and two nodes are connected if there exist data points that have the two corresponding centroids as closest and second closest centroid. In this work we present new visualization methods based on the neighborhood graph. For node representation different plot symbols visualizing single clusters are used allowing a quick overview of the data. On the one hand the corresponding data points themselves can be visualized using for example line diagrams for gene expression over time. On the other hand node symbols like pie charts can be used to visualize further properties of the clusters like association to functional groups under study. Finally the neighborhood graph can be used for the validation of a cluster solution, e.g., by testing the relationship between a clustering and a priori information about gene functions. All visualization methods and test procedures used are implemented in R package gcExplorer (Scharl and Leisch, 2009) which is now available on CRAN. The grid-based node symbols are implemented in R package symbols (http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/symbols/).


The idea of 'subsidiarity' has been gaining influence within the European Community. 'Subsidiarity' is based on a view of society in which responsibilities are conditioned by the closeness of people's relationships. Intervention at higher levels of society has to be seen as subsidiary to the obligations of smaller social units. Applied more narrowly in the context of the Community, subsidiarity has been taken to refer to a functional division of administrative responsibilities, although at times the principle is referred back to its wider usage; it implies an emphasis on decentralization and diversity. The gradual expansion of European interventions in national social policies has depended on a strategy of developing precedents and competence. The idea of subsidiarity, used virtually as a synonym for national sovereignty, has been enlisted to oppose this trend. Although the principle does limit the scope of a supranational organization, there is still scope for a European social policy which establishes principles and develops other kinds of solidarity. If, moreover, the issue is genuinely one of subsidiarity, it implies not only that the European Commission must limit and devolve its powers, but also that wherever possible national governments should do the same.


4501. Alba-Salas, J. ON THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A COLLOCATION: A CORPUSBASED DIACHRONIC STUDY OF DAR MIEDO/HACER MIEDO-TYPE STRUCTURES IN SPANISH. Diachronica. 2007, 24(2):207–252. This paper seeks to shed light on the diachronic evolution of collocations by examining structures formed in Modern Spanish with dar "give" plus state nouns (e.g. dar miedo "frighten", literally, "give fear"). Using the Corpus del espa ol, I offer a quantitative and qualitative analysis of eighteen representative dar miedo-type collocations from the 1200s to the 1900s. The results show that although the basic properties of dar miedo-type structures have remained remarkably stable over the centuries, during the Middle Ages the verb hacer "make" was used here almost as often as dar—a competition apparently inherited from Latin. While different nouns show different patterns of loss of hacer, echoing the lexical diffusion of certain grammatical changes, the 1500s saw a very sharp decline in "make" cases across the board, leading to its complete disappearance from this context by the 1800s. The loss of hacer led to a radical simplification of the collocational properties of state nouns in Spanish vis-vis Latin and other Modern Romance varieties. This process resulted both from language-internal factors mostly related to the lexical semantics of dar and hacer and from three key sociolinguistic processes in 16th-century Spanish: koineization, change of norm and increased standardization.


Macro Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) has been tested at Koysinjaq (Koya) District, Kurdistan region of Iraq, due to its limited source of water.The studied area consists of four basins with total area of 228.96 km2. The estimating volumes of harvested runoff for the four selected basins together for the study period (2002-2011) were calculated using the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) which is based on Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method.In this research, a comparison between maximum and minimum rainfall seasons was conducted to give better understanding for the events that is governing the harvested runoff collection.The results show that, the total harvested runoff ranged from14.83 to 80.77(*106 m3) from the four selected basins together. This indicates that the technique of Macro RWH can be considered to provide a new source of water to contribute to reduce the problem of water scarcity.


Abstract:
 Mesophotic coral reef ecosystems are notoriously undersurveyed worldwide and particularly in remote locations like the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). A total of 37 mixed-gas technical dives were performed to depths of 80 m across the NWHI to survey for the presence of the invasive octocoral Carijoa sp., the invasive red alga Acanthophora spicifera, and conspicuous megabenthic fauna such as black corals. The two invasive species were not recorded from any of the surveys, but two commercially valuable black coral species, Antipathes griggi and Myriopathes ulex, were found, representing substantial range expansions for these species. Antipathes griggi was recorded from the islands of Necker and Laysan in 58–70 m, and Myriopathes ulex was recorded from Necker Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll in 58–70 m. Despite over 30 yr of research in the NWHI, these black coral species had remained undetected. The new records of these conspicuous marine species highlight the utility of deepdiving technologies in surveying the largest part of the depth range of coral reef ecosystems (40–150 m), which remains largely unexplored.


The political and social transformations taking place in South Africa have given rise to a mood of optimism regarding the speed and extent of the changes that are possible in a short space of time. In the context of limited language resources for the delivery of health care, the role of the interpreter has particular currency. However, interpreters' multiple roles in health care contexts have been extensively and, at times, controversially described. These are briefly reviewed before we turn to a detailed consideration of the debate on the question of interpreter latitude. The issues raised regarding roles for interpreters are explored through the evaluation of an interpreter project at a Western Cape psychiatric hospital. We describe four themes in the talk of the service providers and the interpreters themselves that are nuanced in particular ways by high expectations and the social context. The themes of the interpreter as 'language specialist'; as 'culture specialist'; as 'patient advocate'; and as 'institutional therapist' are all explored in turn. We identify three potential areas of difficulty arising out of an uncritical acceptance of advocacy roles for South African interpreters. The question of organisational support for the advocacy role; the dynamics and micro-politics of multi-disciplinary team work, in psychiatry in particular; and the need for sub-specialisation in aspects of clinical psychology are all considered. These factors can be seen to operate at three levels in institutional contexts.


Many important geometric estimation problems naturally take the form of synchronization over the special Euclidean group: estimate the values of a set of unknown group elements x 1 , … , x n ∈ SE ( d ) given noisy measurements of a subset of their pairwise relative transforms x i − 1 x j . Examples of this class include the foundational problems of pose-graph simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) (in robotics), camera motion estimation (in computer vision), and sensor network localization (in distributed sensing), among others. This inference problem is typically formulated as a non-convex maximum-likelihood estimation that is computationally hard to solve in general. Nevertheless, in this paper we present an algorithm that is able to efficiently recover certifiably globally optimal solutions of the special Euclidean synchronization problem in a non-adversarial noise regime. The crux of our approach is the development of a semidefinite relaxation of the maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) whose minimizer provides an exact maximum-likelihood estimate so long as the magnitude of the noise corrupting the available measurements falls below a certain critical threshold; furthermore, whenever exactness obtains, it is possible to verify this fact a posteriori, thereby certifying the optimality of the recovered estimate. We develop a specialized optimization scheme for solving large-scale instances of this semidefinite relaxation by exploiting its low-rank, geometric, and graph-theoretic structure to reduce it to an equivalent optimization problem defined on a low-dimensional Riemannian manifold, and then design a Riemannian truncated-Newton trust-region method to solve this reduction efficiently. Finally, we combine this fast optimization approach with a simple rounding procedure to produce our algorithm, SE-Sync. Experimental evaluation on a variety of simulated and real-world pose-graph SLAM datasets shows that SE-Sync is capable of recovering certifiably globally optimal solutions when the available measurements are corrupted by noise up to an order of magnitude greater than that typically encountered in robotics and computer vision applications, and does so significantly faster than the Gauss–Newton-based approach that forms the basis of current state-of-the-art techniques.


Group, Lattice and Polar Codes for Multi-terminal Communications by Aria Ghasemian Sahebi Chair: S. Sandeep Pradhan We study the performance of algebraic codes for multi-terminal communications. This thesis consists of three parts: In the first part, we analyze the performance of group codes for communications systems. We observe that although group codes are not optimal for point-to-point scenarios, they can improve the achievable rate region for several multi-terminal communications settings such as the Distributed Source Coding and Interference Channels. The gains in the rates are particularly significant when the structure of the source/channel is matched to the structure of the underlying group. In the second part, we study the continuous alphabet version of group/linear codes, namely lattice codes. We show that similarly to group codes, lattice codes can improve the achievable rate region for multi-terminal problems. In the third part of the thesis, we present coding schemes based on polar codes to practically achieve the performance limits derived in the two earlier parts. We also present polar coding schemes to achieve the known achievable rate regions for multi-terminal communications problems such as the Distributed Source Coding, the Multiple Description Coding, Broadcast Channels, Interference Channels and Multiple Access Channels.


Laboratory equipment is quite expensive so amount of the equipment in the laboratory is very limited, considering the procurement of laboratory equipment is not always needs budgete annually by the college. It takes creativity laboratory manager to improve the performance of laboratory equipment so that the equipment can support educational activities. This research used two steps were: (1) design of destilator prototipe, include: functional and structural design, (2) performance test include: functional test, test alcohol produce, the rate of destilation, dan Efficiency of distillation. Desain and performance test was processed in agricultural engineering laboratory, agricultural technology faculty of Jember Univiersity. The result showed that as a functional and structural design it was can operate with dimensions were, bolier capacity 1 liter, height of destiltor prototype 52cm. At the performance test of alcohol produced showed that the higher of alcohol produced without the perforated plate disc on factionating column was 82.5%. The higher of distilation rate with three the perforated plate discs was 5,75 ml/minute. The higher of distillation efficiency with three the perforated plate discs was 97.41%. Keywords : performance tests, efficiency of distillation, alcohol, distilator prototype


Over 500 million people in the world are disabled, the majority of whom live in poverty in low-income communities. A major contributing factor to the poverty of disabled people is their lack of access to sanitation and safe water. The Millennium Development Goals of poverty reduction, health and access to safe water and sanitation will be difficult to achieve equitably without addressing the access needs of disabled people. Many other vulnerable groups of people also experience difficulties using water and sanitation facilities, such as frail, elderly people, pregnant women, parents with small children, and people who are injured or sick – including people with AIDS. Despite the size of the problem, almost nothing has been published on this subject to date, and disabled people continue to be ignored by providers of water and sanitation services. Based on three years of international research and collaboration with water and sanitation and disability sector organisations, this book fills a significant gap in knowledge, and should be of interest to the following audiences: Water and sanitation sector planners, to enable them to consider the needs of disabled people in low-income communities in the development of strategies and general programme design; Water and sanitation service providers, to enable them to implement ordinary programmes and services in ways that include disabled people; Organisations providing disability services, to enable them to address the issue of access to water and sanitation in their work; and Disabled people's organisations, providing information and ideas to use in advocacy for access and rights, and to engage in the consultation process. The main focus of the book is on facilities for families in rural and peri-urban areas of low- and middle-income countries, but many of the approaches and solutions may also be applied in institutional settings, such as schools and hospitals and in emergency situations.


Companies have to continue with their businesses in the current uncertain environment triggered by the economic crisis. Since the decrease in the performance of companies is a reality, academicians, managers and entrepreneur are worried about what may be happening with Corporate Social Responsibility. Because of the strong impact of the crisis on Spain, we are going to study its effect on the CSR behaviour of Spanish companies. Therefore, we analyse whether the performance of the company, as well as some shareholding characteristics, influence CSR before and during the crisis. The results show that large Spanish companies continue to carry out CSR actions despite the effects of the crisis on their financial health. It seems that shareholders are more influential than managers in these strategic and entrepreneurial decisions. Additionally, the presence of a reference shareholder means that companies are more committed to CSR, although a higher percentage of insider shareholders cause the contrary effect.


"Who owns Tonga?" asked Sefita Hao'uli.  "We do.  The people," I quickly pitched back.  But do we really?  Quietly I second guessed myself after blurting out an idealistic reply.  It might have sufficed the correct response in a liberal democracy where by one general election registered voters elected all their members of parliament.  But in the Kingdom of Tonga's 2014 election year the dread squatting on my conscience murmured the monarchy and nobility owned Tonga, while ordinary people leased meagre pieces from the upper class for a price.
What social and economic cost did the country pay for not having a liberal democracy?  By having nine nobles' seats in parliament where thirty-three title and estate holders, all male, elected their class representatives to Tonga's legislative assembly, did this impede the political system from democratic reform?  This last essay in a series of four dialogues with Sefita Hao'uli, Kalafi Moala, and Melino Maka prods a recurring sore in the side of democratic politics and liberal notions that all citizens are created equal by modern constitutional arrangements.  How can these principles be practiced under a parliamentary structure that starkly exhibits partiality towards noblemen over and above commoners?


To explore whether the characteristics of coal mine dust that predispose to chronic airways obstruction are the same as those associated with pneumoconiosis, mortality from the two disease was compared in coal miners in 22 counties of England and Wales during 1979-80 and 1982-90. The proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for coal workers' pneumoconiosis varied from 135 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 16-488) in Leicestershire to 3825 (95% CI 1538-7881) in South Glamorgan. The PMRs for chronic bronchitis and emphysema were consistently higher than those in other occupations, but showed much less geographical variation and did not correlate geographically with those for pneumoconiosis. These findings indicate that the pathogenetic mechanisms by which coal mine dust causes chronic bronchitis and emphysema depend on different features of the dust from those producing pneumoconiosis. Also, they suggest that current social security regulations in Britain, which require evidence of pneumoconiosis as a condition of compensation for chronic bronchitis and emphysema in coal miners, may discriminate unfairly against claimants from some regions.


With the immense popularity of the Web, the world is witnessing an unprecedented demand for data services. At the same time, theInternet is evolving towards an information super-highway that incorporates a wide mixture of existing and emerging communication technologies, including wireless, mobile, and hybrid networking. Taking advantage of these new technologies, we are proposing a hybrid scheme which effectively combines broadcast for massive data dissemination and unicast for individual data delivery. In this paper;we describe a technique that uses the broadcast medium for storage of frequently requested data, and an algorithm that continuously adapts the broadcast content to match the hot-spot of the database. We show that the hot-spot can be accurately obtained by monitoring the "broadcast misses" observed through direct requests. This is a departure from other broadcast-based systems which rely on efficient scheduling based on precompiled 'user profiles. We also show that the proposed scheme performs effectively even under very dynamic and rapidly changing workloads. Extensive simulation results demonstrate both the scalability and versatility of the technique.


While public awareness of sleep related disorders is growing, sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) remains a public health and economic challenge. Over the last two decades, extensive controlled epidemiologic research has clarified the incidence, risk factors including the obesity epidemic, and global prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as establishing a growing body of literature linking OSA with cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, metabolic dysregulation, and neurocognitive impairment. The US Institute of Medicine Committee on Sleep Medicine estimates that 50–70 million US adults have sleep or wakefulness disorders. Furthermore, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) estimates that more than 29 million US adults suffer from moderate to severe OSA, with an estimated 80% of those individuals living unaware and undiagnosed, contributing to more than $149.6 billion in healthcare and other costs in 2015. Although various devices have been used to measure physiological signals, detect apneic events, and help treat sleep apnea, significant opportunities remain to improve the quality, efficiency, and affordability of sleep apnea care. As our understanding of respiratory and neurophysiological signals and sleep apnea physiological mechanisms continues to grow, and our ability to detect and process biomedical signals improves, novel diagnostic and treatment modalities emerge. Objective: This article reviews the current engineering approaches for the detection and treatment of sleep apnea. Approach: It discusses signal acquisition and processing, highlights the current nonsurgical and nonpharmacological treatments, and discusses potential new therapeutic approaches. Main results: This work has led to an array of validated signal and sensor modalities for acquiring, storing and viewing sleep data; a broad class of computational and signal processing approaches to detect and classify SAS disease patterns; and a set of distinctive therapeutic technologies whose use cases span the continuum of disease severity. Significance: This review provides a current perspective of the classes of tools at hand, along with a sense of their relative strengths and areas for further improvement.


This thesis examines the role of affect, subjectivity, and intertextuality in the major works of Djuna Barnes (1892-1982). I propose a theory of Barnes's modernist textuality based on the traumatic structure of belated understanding; specifically, I consider how remembering trauma involves a re-enactment and witnessing of something that, paradoxically, did not exist prior to that re-enactment and witnessing. This structural logic provides a suggestive metaphor for Barnes's performative re-iterations of literary history that have been diversely categorized as parody, pastiche, and satire. I suggest that Barnes is a modernist 'witness' whose performance of literary history enables us to see that history as if for the first time. This structure of witnessing, dependent on a notion of non-dichotomous difference, exceeds the affective dimensions of the traumatic scenario and can even, I argue, be used to describe Barnes's understanding of happiness and the pleasure of the modernist reader. My thesis contributes to the critical understanding of how modernism may be conceived in terms other than a simple repudiation or continuation of literary history. Barnes's witnessing includes literary history in its broadest sense, as she performs the histories often rejected by high modernists for their engagement with bodies and feelings and their association with a feminized mass culture, such as the sentimental novels of the nineteenth century.

Chapter 1 examines traumatic testimony and witnessing in Barnes's 1958 play, The Antiphon. I consider how Barnes engages ideas of theatricality, ritual, and 'antiphony' to capture the performative and affectively complex nature of traumatic memory. I consider how Barnes's emphasis on the importance of the witness figure relates to her own 'initiated' readership of the literature of the past.

In Chapter 2 I consider Barnes's representation of the affective ambivalence of childhood trauma, and her equally ambivalent treatment of the figure of the abusive father, in her 1928 novel, Ryder. I also suggest that, through Ryder, Barnes 'witnesses' the sentimental tradition, allowing us to see its full complexity and richness.

In Chapter 3 I discuss the ambivalent role of shame in Nightwood (1936), using Silvan Tomkins's theory of the structural dependence of shame on initial positive affect. I observe the traces of pleasure within scenes of shame in the novel, consider the text's embarrassing place in the modernist canon, and suggest that the novel might be regarded as a 'guilty pleasure' of modernism.

In Chapter 4 I consider the radically ubiquitous happiness of Ladies Almanack (1928). I suggest that the Almanack challenges Roland Barthes's theories in The Pleasure of the Text by suggesting that happiness does not depend on novelty but can be understood as a dynamic reiteration of the past in the present. I also argue that Barnes turns to the logic of commodity and fashion culture to find a language for the pleasures of modernist textuality.


Due to the diverse and conflicting challenges associated with wind integration, multi-objective optimization is an effective way to address these issues. In this paper the conflicting objectives of cost and reliability are formulated into an economic/reliability dispatch. The first objective function includes wind and thermal unit costs, wind imbalance charges, and reserve capacity costs. The second objective function is the control performance standard (CPS2) score corresponding to a given reserve level. The dispatch problem is solved using a modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MO-PSO). Wind and load forecast errors are analyzed to find best fitting distributions to use in the dispatch. A simple test system is used to both validate the dispatch method and perform a wind integration study using a modeled wind facility. Results from the integration study are compared with those obtained using the actual wind data. The phenomenon of artificial wind diversity is discovered to lower the required reserve capacity by strategically manipulating the schedules.