The demands of football are well researched. The sport is typically characterised by periods of low-intensity running interspersed by intermittent, intense, high-velocity multidirectional running(Shephard, 1999; Bloomfield et al., 2007; Bradley et al., 2009, 2013; Bush et al., 2015). Recently there has been substantial research in the area focused on quantifying the locomotor demands of football. However, some have questioned this abundance of research as potentially being reductionist and one-dimensional in nature(Ade et al., 2016; Bradley and Ade, 2018). This has led to suggestions for the application of a more integrated model whereby morec ontextualised data supplements these locomotor outputs to provide a more holistic view of match demands. Sprinting has been noted as crucial to the outcome of a match(Faude et al., 2012). Alongside this,it has been suggested as the key injury mechanism behind the most frequent muscular injury (Hamstring strain) in football(Schache et al., 2012; Schuermans et al., 2017). Thus, sprinting is a key area for performance enhancement and injury prevention. It is anecdotally accepted that sprinting in football differs from that of track and field. Yet, surprisingly little is known beyond the aforementioned locomotor data. It has been observed that high-intensity running in football is highly variable in how and why it occurs during a match(Ade et al., 2016). Therefore, the current thesis sought to provide a comprehensibly detailed description of sprinting in football. Particular focus was placed upon defining how and why sprinting occurs.

Study 1(Chapter 3), therefore, sought to develop effective and subsequently reliable means of quantifying how and why sprinting occurs in a football match. Two classification systems were accordingly developed. Firstly, to quantify the movements associated with sprinting in football. And secondly, to quantify the tactical-contexts within which these sprints occurred. Through the application of a previously outlined model, both systems were successfully developed. These were then both deemed adequately reliable for their application in Premier League football. The developed systems were thus judged acceptable for application in subsequent research.

Study 2(Chapter 4) aimed to classify the specific movements associated with sprinting in Premier League football. A previously developed classification system (Chapter 3), The Sprint Movement Classification System, was applied to classify and quantify all movements present in sprinting during football. The analysis was categorised in three main areas: Transition Movements, Initiation Movements and Actualisation Movements. This allowed for a comprehensive description of sprinting and its constituent movements. Sprinting in football was found to consist of a large variety of different movement patterns. These findings suggest that training to enhance match sprinting performance should not be confined to traditional track and field-based sprinting programmes. Practice should reflect the specific-nature of football-based sprinting.

Study 3 (Chapter 5) then sought to explain further why these different movements may occur during sprinting in football. The aim was to define the tactical-context in which these efforts happen, thus attempting to explain why sprinting occurs. To achieve this, a previously developed classification system (Chapter 3) was employed, The Sprint Tactical-Context Classification System. This system focused on two key areas: Phase of Play and Tactical Outcome. This allowed for the sprint effort to be contextualised within the match itself, providing a comprehensive understanding of why sprinting occurs. The study found that sprinting occurs across a variety of different phases of play and tactical outcomes. Thus, the findings suggest that key contexts such as Closing Down, Covering and Run the Channel should be the focus of training programs seeking to enhance sprinting ability during a match. Drill design should reflect the findings of the most common contexts in which sprints occur to ensure transfer to match play through enhanced specificity.

In summary, the findings of the current thesis provide a deeper understanding of the specific nature of sprinting in football. The results should be used accordingly to enhance training programme design. Sprinting is characterised by a variety of different movement patterns and occurs within a wide variety of contexts during a match. This more holistic understanding of sprinting in a football match should assist practitioners in designing highly specific drills and exercises that aim to enhance performance and reduce injury risk. Alongside the scientific research, the doctoral programme sought to achieve development professionally. Within this, aims were set for both research and professional skills. The journey towards these aims is presented periodically throughout the thesis, within the reflective threads. These included growth in general research skills, leadership qualities and the creation of a personal brand within the subject area. Much of these aims were met and developments occurred professionally alongside the scientific research outcomes.


Portfolio optimization problem has become one of the related fields of financial engineering since the studies of Markowitz about modern portfolio theory. Selection process of portfolio is carried out by looking at the return and risk relationship of stocks in portfolio in order to create the best portfolio. The main purpose of a financial manager is to ensure an efficient portfolio which provides minimum risk and maximum return. For this purpose, new models and computer technology continue at an accelerated rate. Genetic algorithms are from stochastic algorithm family based on the principles of natural selection. In this study, soft closing prices data of BIST 30 stocks between the periods, 2004-2013 are used. Eight different return and risk portfolios are created by applying goal programming and multi-purpose genetic algorithm methods with Markowitz mean-variance model. Variation coefficient which is a statistical unit of measure used for selection of portfolio is used. The results obtained from the study show that the best portfolios consist of number 7 portfolio for genetic algorithm and 5 stocks of this portfolio ; number 4 portfolio for quadratic goal programming method and 8 stocks of this portfolio. It is concluded that when compared in terms of optimization techniques, quadratic goal programming gives better results than genetic algorithm.


The service life of high-temperature composites and reinforcement fibers can be limited by creep, therefore it is desirable to understand the relationships between the creep strain and external variables. Due to load sharing between constituents or internal microstructural changes, a steady-state creep rate is never observed in some materials. Usually in these materials the creep rate decreases with increasing time. This is known as primary creep. Determination of the temperature dependence during primary creep is complicated by its dependence on time and/or strain. The suitability of various methods of analyzing primary creep data has not been addressed in detail before. In this paper, three methods of determining the temperature dependence during primary creep are compared: the Arrhenius, the cross-cut, and the Sherby-Dorn methods. The methods are applied to creep data for silicon carbide fibers intended as reinforcements in high-temperature ceramic or metal matrix composites. The sensitivity of each method to measurement resolution and the capability of the creep laws associated with each method for predicting measured creep behavior are evaluated. The reliability of the computer software fitting routine is independently confirmed. The Sherby-Dorn and cross-cut methods are mathematically similar but the Sherby-Dorn method does not involve an arbitrary selection of experimental conditions, is less cumbersome to apply to large amounts of data, and uses a broader range of the available data.


Delayed intracranial hemorrhage is dangerous and not so rare. To prevent such an exacerbation, head trauma patients taking anticoagulants is recommended 24-48 hour observational admission despite of normal CT. Among delayed intracranial hemorrhage, delayed traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (DTSAH) is rare. Here, we show 82-year-old woman presented with head injury. She was alert and no abnormality was detected in initial CT. Four days after that she came again due to vertigo. The CT showed subarachnoid hemorrhage in sylvian fissure. She had atrium fibriation and anticoagulant. We experienced an infrequent DTSAH with anticoagulant. The appearance of symptom was delayed notably 96 hours. Clinicians should be aware that DTSAH can occur much later than previous studies about delayed intracranial hemorrhage expected and check coagulation despite no drug information.


The discussion around gamification has been gaining strength in recent years, and game scholars are focusing on the term and the phenomena it describes. The main goal of this paper is to contribute to this discussion by understanding the gamification phenomenon from the perspective of the persuasive questions it poses, both as a discursive term and as persuasive systems. The paper shortly reviews current debates around the gamification term and present definitions, as a basis for the analysis of gamification and persuasion. A description of the rhetorics of gamification is then made, discussing the positioning of gamification in relation to video games and larger cultural and societal contexts. Next, the persuasive characteristics of gamification systems are analyzed using concepts of persuasive technologies and procedural rhetorics, highlighting the connections between those characteristics and the gamification rhetorics described.


Abstract Affordable and practical synthesis methods in drug development have always been very attractive. Herein, microwave assisted synthesis was utilized to prepare piperazine substituted 5-chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone derivatives in 5 minutes. Structural characterization of these 5-chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone derivatives was achieved by IR, NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. Since these types of compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities there biological activities were also examined. Indomethacin (INDO) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) were used as reference. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice test was used to study anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 1 (100 mg / kg dose) showed the longest anti-inflammatory activity among the title compounds synthesized. For the analgesic activities, both hot-plate and tail-flick tests were employed. Compound 3 was found to have the highest activity in the hot-plate test whereas in the tail-flick test, compounds 1 and 2 showed higher anti-nociceptive activity.


REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY
Few reports are available on the relationship between developmental orthopaedic diseases (DOD) and future performances in Warmblood horses.

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relationship between performance and the presence of DOD lesions.

METHODS
Records of Warmblood stallions for which radiographic and performance data were available were collected. Showjumping performances were expressed as scores derived from the final ranking of horses in each competition. These scores are available in an established performance database. The relationship between radiographic findings and both performance scores and number of performances was analysed using a linear regression model.

RESULTS
Two hundred and fifteen horses met the inclusion criteria. There was no difference in either the number of performances or performance score between horses categorised as affected with DOD lesions (independent of joint location) compared with controls. Significantly lower numbers of performances were recorded for horses with osteochondral fragments (OCD) located at the dorsal aspect of the sagittal ridge of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal bone. No significant difference was found between horses affected with DOD lesions of the tarsocrural joint and controls. Horses with osteochondrosis of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur had both significantly lower performance scores and numbers of performances compared with controls.

CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that specific DOD location and site within the joint have an influence on performance. Osteochondral fragments in the femoropatellar and at the dorsal aspect of the sagittal ridge of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint resulted in lowered performance. Fragmentation in the tarsocrural joint had no influence on performance.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
The future athletic performance of Warmblood jumping horses may be limited as a result of OCD in the femoropatellar joint and to a certain extent the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint.


Purpose: An EPID based tool for IMRTquality assurance was used to investigate the dosimestric significance of an isocenter shift. Methods: The MU‐EPID software was used to calculate the dose of the measured QA and compare this against the TPS dose calculation in the original CT patient anatomy. Once the dose has been calculated, the isocenter is shifted and a new dose calculation was obtained and compared against the original dose calculation of the plan. Isocenter shifts ranged from 1mm to 5mm were introduced in order to compute the dose based on the EPID based QA images. Once the dose with the isocenter shift was calculated, a dose comparison against the un‐shifted plan was performed. In addition, a gamma index analysis was performed between the two plans. Results: Preliminary results comparing the percent dose difference of the shifted plan to the original plan show that lateral shift of the isocenter has the maximum impact in the absolute point dose at the isocenter with a maximum percent difference of 4.58%. Anterior‐posterior shifts exhibit minimum variation in the dose calculation of the dose at isocenter with an average of 1.69 % dose differences at the isocenter. For the gamma analysis, the lateral shift had the minimum impact while anterior‐posterior isocenter shift had the greatest impact with a gamma of 89.9% passing with a 3% dose and 3mm distance to agreement criteria. Deviation of the original QA results is detectable down to a shift that is as small as 1mm based on our results. Conclusions: The present investigation shows the importance of the patient positioning during treatment delivery since very small deviation of the isocenter can have a great impact in the dosimetry of the IMRT plan.


In the United States, police officers regularly employ deceptive interrogation tactics to extract confession evidence from suspects. Despite widespread recognition of the harm caused by police deception, courts in the United States have consistently condoned the practice, refusing to exclude confessions obtained through manipulative and deceitful means. The British Parliament has recognized that deceptive police practices yield false confessions and, thus, wrongful convictions. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 addresses this concern by establishing clear rules for the police to follow and by empowering courts to enforce those rules. In evaluating the need for reform in American police interrogation policy, English law provides a valuable model for comparison. Taking a cue from the English, this Note proposes the creation of a new legislative framework focused on the reliability of confession evidence. The Note will argue that the new law should include guidelines for the police to follow in conducting interrogations and that those guidelines should prohibit the types of deceptive practices that lead to unreliable results.


High compressive properties of cartilaginous tissues are commonly attributed to the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fraction of the extracellular matrix (ECM), but this relationship has not been directly measured in the knee meniscus, which shows regional variation in GAG content. In this study, biopsies from each meniscus region (outer, middle, and inner) were either subjected to chondroitinase ABC (CABC) to remove all sulfated GAGs or not. Compressive testing revealed that GAG depletion in the inner and middle meniscus regions caused a significant decrease in modulus of relaxation (58% and 41% decreases, respectively, at 20% strain), and all regions exhibited a significant decrease in viscosity (outer: 29%; middle: 58%; inner: 62% decrease). Tensile properties following CABC treatment were unaffected for outer and middle meniscus specimens, but the inner meniscus displayed significant increases in Young's modulus (41% increase) and ultimate tensile stress (40% increase) following GAG depletion. These findings suggest that, in the outer meniscus, GAGs contribute to increasing tissue viscosity, whereas in the middle and inner meniscus, where GAGs are most abundant, these molecules also enhance the tissue's ability to withstand compressive loads. GAGs in the inner meniscus also contribute to reducing the circumferential tensile properties of the tissue, perhaps due to the pre-stress on the collagen network from increased hydration of the ECM. Understanding the mechanical role of GAGs in each region of the knee meniscus is important for understanding meniscus structure-function relationships and creating design criteria for functional meniscus tissue engineering efforts.


We linguists see ourselves as knights in shining armor, while Natives see us as a necessarily evil. They are quick to criticize, control, and even block linguistic work. Why this gap? First, there is misunderstanding about what linguists do. Second, linguists cannot help with the most crucial needs of an endangered language. Finally, including outsiders entails a loss of community autonomy. The socio-political agenda can easily override the urgency of the work. Understanding differences in viewpoint can foster an environment of mutual respect, leading to a successful project. The linguist must learn to function as part of a team, and the community must learn to get the most out of their linguist in order to attain the shared goal – the revitalization of the language.


There must be 4,000 programmers typing away in their basements trying to build the next "world's most scalable" search engine. It has been done only a few times. It has never been done by a big group; always one to four people did the core work, and the big team came on to build the elaborations and the production infrastructure. Why is it so hard? We are going to delve a bit into the various issues to consider when writing a search engine. This article is aimed at those individuals or small groups that are considering this endeavor for their Web site or intranet. It is fun, but a word of caution: not only is it difficult, but you need two commodities in short supply: time and patience.


Mammalian lungs are composed of millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli where gas
exchange takes place. The inner surface of alveoli is coated by an aqueous layer to
prevent it from drying up. However, because the attraction between water molecules is
stronger than the force between water and air, a surface tension is created at the air-water
interface. The tension tends to collapse the alveoli and increase the work of breathing.
Lung surfactant is a material that counteracts these tendencies by reducing the surface
tension to extremely low values and thus prevents the alveolar collapse and also eases the
work of breathing. The lung surfactant material is a mixture of lipids and proteins.
Surfactant Protein B (SP-B) is an essential component of the surfactant and is thought to
function by facilitating large-scale rearrangement of the lipid molecules and stabilizing
the structures. However, neither the structural basis for this ability nor the physiological
ramifications of lipid rearrangements are yet understood. SP-B is a lipid-associated
hydrophobic protein, which makes it difficult to address with X-ray or conventional
solution NMR structural techniques. These difficulties have been addressed in NMR
structural studies by the use of fluorinated organic solvents and lipid micelles to
solubilize the proteins. The present work has focused on SP-BcTERM and Mini-B, two
peptide fragments of SP-B that retain significant biological activity of the full-length
protein. The structural features of these peptides were studied using high-resolution
solution NMR. Firstly, the conformational features of SP-BcTERM and its interactions with
lipids were investigated in micelles mimicking the lipid environment in the lungs. The
peptide exhibited the ability to cause aggregation of micelles formed from lipids similar
to those found in lungs. This was indicative of the large-scale lipid rearrangement and
stabilization of structures facilitated by SP-B in natural surfactant. In the second and main
phase of current research, the structure of Mini-B was determined in the structureinducing
fluorinated organic solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). The peptide was
found to consist of two a-helices at the termini connected by an unstructured loop at the
middle. These studies help to define the structural properties that underlie SP-B's
function and provide a platform to probe the lipid-protein interactions that are responsible
for the ability of lung surfactant to dramatically lower the surface tension at the air-water
interface in alveoli.


Justine Picardie has spent the last decade puzzling over the truth about Coco Chanel, attempting to peel away the accretions of romance and lies. In this critically acclaimed, bestselling biography she shares the history of the incredible woman who created the way we look now. Coco Chanel was an extraordinary inventor - she conjured up the little black dress, bobbed hair, trousers for women, contemporary chic, best-selling perfumes, and the most successful fashion brand of all time - but she also invented herself, fashioning the myth of her own life with the same dexterity as her couture. While Chanel was supreme innovator and vendor of all things elegant and beautiful, what lies beneath her own glossy myth is far darker. Throwing new light on her passionate and turbulent relationships, this beautifully constructed portrait gives a fresh and penetrating look at how Coco Chanel made herself into her own most powerful creation. Justine Picardie brings the mysterious Gabrielle Chanel out of hiding, to celebrate her great achievements. She examines Chanel's enduring afterlife, as well as her remarkable life, uncovering the consequences of what she covered up, unpicking the seams between truth and legend, yet keeping intact the real fabric of her past.


There are two types of responsibilities of civil service enshrined in the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Civil Service – disciplinary and material liability. Disciplinary liability is the structural part of the Lithuanian civil service. It directly impacts the frame of the civil service, improves the image and gives people's trust. That is the main reason to analyse the legal base and the practical application of the disciplinary liability in analytical-critical way. The article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of the responsibility of civil servants. This article also covers the peculiarities of the concept of disciplinary liability in order to reveal the procedural grounds of application of this kind of liability and the consequences for the status of a civil servant. The authors also analyse practical situations of demarcation between disciplinary and administrative liabilities. One part of the article is devoted to the analysis of procedural application of the disciplinary liability issues. The main goal of the article is to discuss problematic aspects of executing stage. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that there are two types of civil servant liabilities laid down in the Law – disciplinary and material liability. Taking into account the results of the analysis, it must be stated that the same things are defined differently in the legal acts. Disciplinary liability must be applied to civil servants and to public officers, whereas other kinds of liability must be applied to persons working on the basis of contracts. Moreover, the authors of the article draw the conclusion that the procedural mistakes made while applying disciplinary liability cannot fully eliminate the results of punishment. Here it must be clarified whether the rights of a civil servant were not restricted and whether the impartiality of the disciplinary inspection was guaranteed. That kind of analysis of procedural mistakes allows us estimating their status and the ultimate impact on the legality of disciplinary liability.


Abstract In United States presidential elections, the incumbent party's fortunes depend significantly on recent economic conditions, as numerous studies have shown. Many details of how economic voting takes place, however, are still not well understood. Here we present evidence on four issues. 1) Which is more important for determining people's votes, national or local economic conditions? 2) What time frame do people consider in economic voting? 3) Which demographic groups are most sensitive to the economy in their voting behavior? 4) How does economic voting depend on the political context—in particular, whether a candidate is running for re-election, and whether the incumbent party also controls Congress? Our study includes the first county-level analysis of economic voting in presidential elections. We find the answers to our four questions are: 1) national conditions, by far; 2) the most recent year; 3) blacks, females, and the non-elderly; and 4) no.


The article analyses young male volleyballers' age, body build and performance at Estonian championships for up to 16-year-olds at three tournaments – Tartu 2005, Viljandi 2006 and Rakvere 2008. In all these years, the participants were the eight best teams of Estonia at the moment. A total of 197 boys were studied; 13 body measurements were taken. Proficiency in the game was assessed for both teams in parallel with two computers provided with the program Game . Thirty-one indicators of proficiency in the game were calculated at each tournament. When we compared the tournament of 2005 with the tournament of 2008, we found statistically significant differences in nine indicators. The quality of the games has improved and the teams have become more equally matched. The number of spikes and blocks has increased; the indices of proficiency for all technical elements were higher in 2008 than in 2005. It is interesting that serve has changed from an element of putting the ball into the game into a genuinely attacking element. The number of ace serves has increased statistically significantly; the proficiency index of serves has rose by 2008. Unfortunately, however, the height and weight of the players decreased by 2008. This is a cause for concern, as taller players are more successful in volleyball.


In order to use an option pricing model for dynamic hedging an investor will have to calibrate it to a cross-section of option prices. Microstructural noise in option prices results in a set of indistinguishable parametrizations which may give rise to different hedging errors. In our simulation study for the Heston (1993) model, we identify the parameters most important for hedging and show which set of strikes and time to maturity is relevant for the identification of certain parameters. In our empirical study we show that different but indistinguishable parametrizations w.r.t. prices may induce large differences in hedging performance.


This paper considers the risk of drought and develops drought scenarios for use in the study of severe sustained drought in the Southwestern United States. The focus is on the Colorado River basin and regions to which Colorado River water is exponed, especially southern California, which depends on water from the Colorado River as well as the four major rivers in northern California. Drought scenarios are developed using estimates of unimpaired historic streamflow as well as reconstructions of streamflow based on tree ring widths. Drought scenarios in the Colorado River are defined on the basis of annual flow at Lees Perry. Possible spatial manifestations of the Colorado River drought scenarios for input into a Colorado River system simulation model are developed by disaggregating the Lees Ferry flow to monthly flows at twenty nine source locations required by the model. The risk, in terms of return period, of the drought scenarios developed, is assessed using stochastic models applied to both the Colorado River basin and the combined flow in four major California rivers. The risks of severe sustained drought occurring concurrently in the Colorado River basin and California is also assessed.


The late Pliocene is marked by the end of an interval of warm, relatively stable global climate and a secular shift into a bipolar glaciated world. The intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation (iNHG) central to this climatic transition was accompanied by a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and commenced around 3.5 million years ago. The climate forcing and response mechanisms involved in the iNHG are subjects of ongoing debate in the palaeoclimate literature. In this thesis, I reconstruct palaeoproductivity and suborbital climate fluctuations during this important interval, with particular focus on the first three consecutive, large, obliquity-paced glacial-interglacial cycles (marine isotope stages, MIS, 101-95), using proxy methods applied to deep-sea sediments in the equatorial oceans and the North Atlantic. In this way, I evaluate the forcing mechanisms, biogeochemical cycles and climate implications during the late Pliocene. In Chapter 2, palaeoproductivity is reconstructed in the western and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Data reveal that productivity fluctuations are in phase between east and west and are obliquity-paced. This implicates high-latitude rather than local forcing of export productivity and no apparent role for east-west thermocline tilting on these timescales, as previously proposed. In Chapter 3, multi-proxy palaeoproductivity reconstructions in the eastern equatorial Pacific and Atlantic Ocean upwelling zones are considered in terms of proxy applicability and export productivity. Results suggest that alkenone accumulation may be a useful indicator of export productivity and that the late Pliocene biological pump was stronger during glacials than interglacials. In Chapter 4, an inferred secular productivity shift is investigated using calcareous nannofossil assemblages. Assemblage shifts at an equatorial Pacific and a North Atlantic Ocean site support the interpretation of an increase and a decrease in export productivity, respectively. Implications of a strengthened tropical biological pump at this time are considered. In Chapter 5, high-resolution climate records are used to investigate suborbital variability at North Atlantic Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1313. Data indicate that only smallamplitude suborbital variability occurs during the late Pliocene, with no amplification within the boundary conditions and inferred ice-volume variations of MIS 103 to 95.


A . In eukaryotic systems, messenger RNA regulations, including splicing, 3 9 -end formation, editing, localization, and translation, are achieved by different RNA-binding proteins and noncoding RNAs. The YTH domain is a newly identified RNA-binding domain that was identified by comparing its sequence with that of splicing factor YT521-B. Previous study showed that the YTH gene plays an important role in plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. In this study, 211 YTH genes were identified in 26 species that represent four major plant lineages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes could be divided into eight subgroups. All of the YTH genes contain a YT521 domain and have different structures. Ten YTH genes were identified in navel orange ( Citrus sinensis ). The expression profiles of these CitYTH genes were analyzed in different tissues and at different fruit developmental stages, and CitYTH genes displayed distinct expression patterns under heat, cold, salt, and drought stress. Furthermore, expression of the CitYTH genes in response to exogenous hormones was measured. Nuclear localization was also confirmed for five of the proteins encoded by these genes after transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. This study provides valuable information on the role of CitYTHs in the signaling pathways involved in environmental stress responses in Citrus .


Knowledge base completion (KBC) aims to automatically infer missing facts by exploiting information already present in a knowledge base (KB). A promising approach for KBC is to embed knowledge into latent spaces and make predictions from learned embeddings. However, existing embedding models are subject to at least one of the following limitations: (1) theoretical inexpressivity, (2) lack of support for prominent inference patterns (e.g., hierarchies), (3) lack of support for KBC over higher-arity relations, and (4) lack of support for incorporating logical rules. Here, we propose a spatio-translational embedding model, called BoxE, that simultaneously addresses all these limitations. BoxE embeds entities as points, and relations as a set of hyper-rectangles (or boxes), which spatially characterize basic logical properties. This seemingly simple abstraction yields a fully expressive model offering a natural encoding for many desired logical properties. BoxE can both capture and inject rules from rich classes of rule languages, going well beyond individual inference patterns. By design, BoxE naturally applies to higher-arity KBs. We conduct a detailed experimental analysis, and show that BoxE achieves state-of-the-art performance, both on benchmark knowledge graphs and on more general KBs, and we empirically show the power of integrating logical rules.


This paper used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to investigate the spatial distribution of annual soil loss in the upper basin of Miyun reservoir in China. Among the soil erosion factors, the vegetative cover or C factor has been one of the most difficult to estimate over broad geographic areas. In this paper, the C factor was estimated based on a multivariate regression analysis, Back Propagation (BP) neural network and the results were compared with the values measured in the filed. The correlation coefficient (r) obtained was 0.929. Then the C factor and the other factors were used as the input to RUSLE model. By integrating these factor maps in GIS through pixel-based computing, the spatial distribution of soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir was obtained. The results showed that the annual average soil loss for the upper Basin of Miyun Reservoir was 9.86 t ha-1 ya-1 in 2005, and the area of 46.61 km2 (0.3%) experiences extremely severe erosion risk, which needs suitable conservation measures to be adopted on a priority basis. The spatial distribution of erosion risk classes was 66.9% lower, 21.89% low, 6.18% moderate, 2.89% severe and 1.84% very severe. Thus, by using RUSLE in a GIS environment, the spatial distribution of water erosion can be obtained and the regions which susceptible to water erosion and need immediate soil conservation planning and application over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir in China can be identified.


Blechnaceae is an important leptosporangiate family (9-10 genera, about 250 species). It is monophyletic and distributed mainly in tropical America and Australasia. Among the species 80% belong to Blechnum, a genus with a very complex taxonomy and uncertain internal relationships. In terms of American diversity, the results of morphological studies have arrived at 8 informal groups. Molecular works on this genus are scarce, and there is no information for the majority of American species. The main objective of this work was to evaluate whether the groups proposed to organise the diversity of American of Blechnum are consistent with a molecular analysis. We sequenced 2 chloroplastic regions from species representing all of the groups. In our molecular analysis most of the informal groups were maintained as well supported clades. Only 2 species, B. brasiliense and B. spicant, appear to be isolated from their alleged relatives. Combining our molecular results with previous morphological knowledge, we propose the recognition of 4 lineages: 1) B. serrulatum , 2) B. spicant, and 3) core Blechnum, which represents a large clade that can be divided into core Blechnum I (arborescent species, cordatoids, and B. brasiliense) and core Blechnum II (epiphytic species and herbaceous terrestrials, both monomorphic and dimorphic groups).


Small enough to fit in purse or pocket, this dictionary presents approximately 2,500 American-English idiomatic words and expressions with their meanings. "In one's element" ... "nail down" ... "off base" and most other American idioms are composed of simple words that somehow take on brand-new meanings when they are combined. Here's a handy reference guide to them all for ESL students, foreign travelers in North America, and anybody with an interest in language usage. Expressions are listed alphabetically, identified according to their part of speech, and categorized as formal, informal, slang, or literary. Each expression is defined and supplemented with an illustrative sentence.


Utilizing accumulations of coarse-grained terrigenous sediment from deep-marine basins to evaluate the relative contributions of and history of controls on sediment flux through a source-to-sink system has been difficult as a result of limited knowledge of event timing. In this study, six new radio-carbon (14C) dates are integrated with five previously published dates that have been recalibrated from a 12.5-m-thick turbidite section from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015 in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California. This borehole is tied to high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles that cover an 1100 km2 area of the middle and lower Hueneme submarine fan and most of the basin plain. The resulting stratigraphic framework provides the highest temporal resolution for a thick-bedded Holocene turbidite succession to date, permitting an evaluation of source-to-sink controls at millennial (1000 yr) scales.

The depositional history from 7 ka to present indicates that the recurrence interval for large turbidity-current events is relatively constant (300–360 yr), but the volume of sediment deposited on the fan and in the basin plain has increased by a factor of 2 over this period. Moreover, the amount of sand per event on the basin plain during the same interval has increased by a factor of 7. Maps of sediment distribution derived from correlation of seismic-reflection profiles indicate that this trend cannot be attributed exclusively to autogenic processes (e.g., pro-gradation of depocenters). The observed variability in sediment accumulation rates is thus largely controlled by allogenic factors, including: (1) increased discharge of Santa Clara River as a result of increased magnitude and frequency of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events from ca. 2 ka to present, (2) an apparent change in routing of coarse-grained sediment within the staging area at ca. 3 ka (i.e., from direct river input to indirect, littoral cell input into Hueneme submarine canyon), and (3) decreasing rates of sea-level rise (i.e., rate of rise slowed considerably by ca. 3 ka). The Holocene history of the Santa Clara River–Santa Monica Basin source-to-sink system demonstrates the ways in which varying sediment flux and changes in dispersal pathways affect the basinal stratigraphic record.


A noisy behavior of the time domain passivity controller during the period of low velocity is analyzed. Main reasons of the noisy behavior are investigated through a simulation with a one-DOF haptic interface model. It is shown that the PO/PC is ineffective in dissipating the produced energy when the sign of the velocity, which is numerically calculated from the measured position, is suddenly changed, and when this velocity is zero. These cases happen during the period of low velocity due to the limited resolution of the position sensor. New methods, ignoring the produced energy from the velocity sign change, and holding the control force while the velocity is zero, are proposed for removing the noisy behavior. The feasibility of the developed methods is proved with both a simulation and a real experiment.


We extend the well-known analogy between the problems of paraxial diffraction in space and dispersion in time to optical pulse compression and propose a time-domain analog to spatial imaging that allows for the distortionless expansion or compression of optical power waveforms. We call this new concept temporal imaging and derive equivalent expressions for the focal length and the f-number of a time lens and the magnification of an imaging system. It should now become possible, with a temporal microscope, to expand ultrafast optical phenomena to a time scale that is accessible to conventional high-speed photodiodes.


PREFACE THIS book contains twelve stories of great inventions, with a concluding chapter on famous inventors of today. Each of the inventions described has added to the comforts and joys of the world. Each of these inventions has brought about new industries in which many men and women have found employment. These stories, therefore, offer an easy approach to an understanding of the origin of certain parts of our civilization, and of the rise of important industries. The story of each invention is interwoven with that of the life of its inventor. The lives of inventors furnish materials of the highest educative value. These materials are not only interesting, but they convey their own vivid lessons on how big things are brought about, and on the traits of mind and heart which make for success. It is hoped that this book will set its readers to thinking how the conveniences of life have been obtained, and how progress has been made in the industrial world. While appealing to their interest in inventions and in men who accomplish great things, may it also bring them into contact with ideas which will grip their hearts, fire the imagination, and mold their ideals into worthier forms.


The advances that led to cost-efficient genome sequencing cannot bring significant benefits in medical care and public health unless genetic data interpretation is facilitated. Essentially, the mainstreaming of genetics within healthcare and the realisation of their transformative potential is increasingly becoming an information systems' problem of providing adequate decision support and enabling data sharing. However, providing this support is far from straightforward as data governance in the field has been the subject of contestations between actors committed to finding ways for pooling all available data and actors advocating restrictive approaches. In this paper we analyse the tensions around the governance of genetic data related to two genes which influence humans' susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2). Our research adopts a process approach that follows the evolution over time and draws theoretically from the Commons literature. Our findings show how "exclusion" and "subtractability" are not external data properties but sociotechnical achievements that are still in the making. Hence, aiming to handle genetic data as indisputably common goods or simply setting-up infrastructures with the expectation that they will be used, is futile. Instead, an effort that entails combining new technological potentialities with regulatory provisions is required.


The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is an existential one in which the real issue has been the mutual denial of the other's right to exist. [1] From the late nineteenth century Jews and Palestinians have battled over each other's legitimacy more than anything else. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 and – legally more significant – the League of Nations Mandate (approved in 1922, ratified in 1923) gave the Jews an important advantage in that the Palestinians were marginalised as 'the existing non-Jewish communities,' questioning their status as a nation or a people. However, within Palestinian narratives the Jews were constructed as outsiders with no national characteristics or legal rights. After the creation of the State of Israel, many Jews could hardly bring themselves to utter the words 'Palestine' or 'Palestinians' for fear that Israel's legitimacy might be diminished. Palestinians, as with much of the Arab world, returned the compliment, referring to Israel only as the 'Zionist entity.' Only with the exchange of letters between the PLO and Israel attached to the 1993 Oslo Agreements did this situation begin to change. However, those agreements are now in tatters and the victory of Hamas in the Palestinian National Authority elections has brought to office a movement that does not recognise Israel's right to exist. A new cycle of mutual de-legitimisation threatens to light a fire under the peace process.


Three volcanoes composed of subice palagonite breccia form nunataks in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. They have been extensively modified by glacial erosion to give numerous large corries (cirques). Two of the volcanoes are radiometrically dated, which enables estimates to be made of the rate of erosion. The estimates are based on the computation of change in volume from a frustum of a cone. Rates of denudation of 360 to 460 mm per 1,000 yr are obtained, but differences in corrie size indicate that local headward erosion is ∼ 5,800 mm per 1,000 yr and lateral erosion is 800 mm per 1,000 yr. The rates apply to relatively incompetent rock. Subaerial flows of comparable age in the same region are not as intensively eroded. Erosion is probably caused by mechanical riving induced by the freezing of melt-water, which is in turn produced by local radiation conditions in the corries. Thus, glacial erosion seems to depend upon the existence of bedrock exposed above the ice sheet and the production of melt-water from the exposed rock.


Cultural heritage is a complex and diverse concept, which brings together a wide domain of information. Resources linked to a cultural heritage site may consist of physical artefacts, books, works of art, pictures, historical maps, aerial photographs, archaeological surveys and 3D models. Moreover, all these resources are listed and described by a set of a variety of metadata specifications that allow their online search and consultation on the most basic characteristics of them. Some examples include Norma ISO 19115, Dublin Core, AAT, CDWA, CCO, DACS, MARC, MoReq, MODS, MuseumDat, TGN, SPECTRUM, VRA Core and Z39.50. Gateways are in place to fit in these metadata standards into those used in a SDI (ISO 19115 or INSPIRE), but substantial work still remains to be done for the complete incorporation of cultural heritage information. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the complexity of cultural heritage resources can be dealt with by a visual exploration of their metadata within a 3D collaborative environment. The 3D collaborative environments are promising tools that represent the new frontier of our capacity of learning, understanding, communicating and transmitting culture.


RXRG (Retinoic X receptor-gamma) gene was originally associated with fetal development and reproduction in human beings and animals, which was used to detect genetic variation that was associated with growth, reproduction, metabolism trait selection and breeding. The aim of this study was to detect RXRG gene mutation of the exon 2 and its association with twinning trait in 313 sheep and calculate litter size, genotype frequency in Chinese Merino, Hu and Kazak sheep. Polymorphism of exon 1, exon 2, exon 10 of RXRG gene in the study were analyzed by PCR-SSCP, which showed that three genotypes of P2 fragment were significantly associated with twinning traits in the analyzed population (P=0.031). Analysis of four groups of sheep showed that there was a predominate gene (B-allele) that have higher twinning rates in these individuals, which indicated that the genotypes can be chosen for twinning according to predominate genotype. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that polymorphisms of the RXRG gene could be a new choice for sheep breeding and genetics through marker-assisted selection (MAS).


Integrative Organismal Biology synthesizes current understandings of the causes and consequences of individual variation at the physiological, behavioral and organismal levels. Emphasizing key topics such as phenotypic plasticity and flexibility, and summarizing emerging areas such as ecological immunology, oxidative stress biology and others, Integrative Organismal Biology pulls together information from diverse disciplines to provide a synthetic view of the role of the individual in evolution. Beginning with the role of the individual in evolutionary and ecological processes, the book covers theory and mechanism from both classic and modern perspectives. Chapters explore concepts such as phenotypic plasticity, genetic and epigenetic variation, physiological and phenotypic variation, homeostasis, and gene and physiological regulatory networks. A concluding section interweaves these concepts through a series of case studies of life processes such as aging, reproduction, and immune defense.


Objectives of this study were to investigate urban biowastes as sustainable source of soluble biobased products (SBO) for use in animal diet and, possibly, to assess product chemical nature-performance relationships. Thus, five different materials sourced from biowastes processed by anaerobic and/or aerobic fermentation were treated to yield five different SBO. The products were first characterized for their chemical nature. Afterwards, they were tested as diet supplements to modulate pig's cecal fermentation of a protein feed. In vitro fermentation of the protein feed was performed using the cecal content collected from slaughtered pigs as incubation liquor. The experimental plan comprised 29 treatments distributed over the 5 SBO used at 5-6 doses each in the 0.1-1.4% concentration range, compared to a SBO free control. During the 24 h in vitro fermentation, gas and liquor samples were analyzed for total gas volume vs. time production, and for ammonia and volatile fatty acids concentration. The results showed the investigated SBO to be significantly different for both their chemical composition and in their effects on the measured fermentation indicators. All materials showed significant effects already at the lowest 0.1% concentration. However the SBO isolated from composted residues decreased ammonia production, whereas the SBO isolated from the digestate of the food residues' anaerobic treatment had the opposite effect. Ammonia production was found to be directly correlated with isobutyric and isovaleric production. The results clearly pointed out reduced proteolysis and N mineralization by 7-17% caused by compost sourced SBO. These findings have relevant implications for the economics and environmental impact of the animal production industry.


This study explores the themes of continuity and change in twentieth-century British cultural history, particularities of place and regional identity in the North of England, and the cultural transfer of North American popular music in Britain between 1956 and 1965. By means of a comparative historical investigation of youth culture and popular music in Liverpool and Newcastle upon Tyne, the work engages with existing debate among historians surrounding the nature and extent of cultural change for the period usually referred to as "The Sixties?, and whether or not it is possible to speak of a "Cultural Revolution?. Spanning the years between the initial impact of rock "n? roll and the immediate aftermath of the Beat Boom of 1963-64, a phenomenon described by one commentator as representing "perhaps the North's greatest single cultural "putsch??, the thesis examines the role of urban and regional identity in the process of cultural production, reproduction, and consumption. Theoretical insights derived from the associated disciplines of sociology and cultural studies are employed which offer an opportunity for a novel and dynamic analysis and interpretation of the empirical historical evidence. This research is especially pertinent at a time when historians are increasingly looking to the regional and inter-regional, as opposed to the national and international, for explanations of continuity and change. There is a burgeoning interest in the history of popular culture inspired by the transition of post-modern society from one of production to consumption. Cultural and economic theorists have called for more historical investigation to inform current debates regarding the post-modern city?s ability to attract a "creative class? as a means towards urban regeneration. This study informs these debates by bringing the above themes together in a unique historical analysis of cultural continuity and change, Northern identity, and popular music.


With about 107 million hectares of moist forest, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a perfect paradox of a natural resources endowed country caught in repeated economic and socio-political crises. Democratic Republic of Congo possesses about 60% of the Congo basin's forest on which the majority of its people rely for their survival. Even if the national forest land in the countryside is mainly exploited by local populations based on customary rights, they usually do not have land titles due to the fact that the state claims an exclusive ownership of all forest lands in the Congo basin including in DRC. The tragedy of "bad governance" of natural resources is often highlighted in the literature as one of the major drivers of poverty and conflicts in DRC. In the forest domain, several studies have demonstrated that state bureaucracies cannot convincingly improve the governance of forestland because of cronyism, institutional weaknesses, corruption and other vested interests that govern forest and land tenure systems in the country. There are however very few rigorous studies on the role of traditional leaders or chiefdoms in the governance of forests and land issues in the Congo basin. This research aimed at addressing this lack of knowledge by providing empirical evidence through the case study of Yawalo village, located around the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo. From a methodological perspective, it used a mixed approach combining both qualitative (field observations, participatory mapping, interviews, focal group discussions, and desk research,) and quantitative (remote sensing and statistics) methods. The main findings of our research reveal that: (i) vested interests of traditional rulers in the DRC countryside are not always compatible with a sustainable management of forestland; and (ii) influential users of forestland resources at the local level take advantage of traditional leaders' weaknesses—lack of autonomy and coercive means, erratic recognition of customary rights, and poor legitimacy—to impose illegal hunting and uncontrolled forest exploitation.


Introduction Following the emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 and the ensuing COVID-19 pandemic, population-level surveillance and rapid assessment of the effectiveness of existing or new therapeutic or preventive interventions are required to ensure that interventions are targeted to those at highest risk of serious illness or death from COVID-19. We aim to repurpose and expand an existing pandemic reporting platform to determine the attack rate of SARS-CoV-2, the uptake and effectiveness of any new pandemic vaccine (once available) and any protective effect conferred by existing or new antimicrobial drugs and other therapies. Methods and analysis A prospective observational cohort will be used to monitor daily/weekly the progress of the COVID-19 epidemic and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in approximately 5.4 million individuals registered in general practices across Scotland. A national linked dataset of patient-level primary care data, out-of-hours, hospitalisation, mortality and laboratory data will be assembled. The primary outcomes will measure association between: (A) laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, morbidity and mortality, and demographic, socioeconomic and clinical population characteristics; and (B) healthcare burden of COVID-19 and demographic, socioeconomic and clinical population characteristics. The secondary outcomes will estimate: (A) the uptake (for vaccines only); (B) effectiveness; and (C) safety of new or existing therapies, vaccines and antimicrobials against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The association between population characteristics and primary outcomes will be assessed via multivariate logistic regression models. The effectiveness of therapies, vaccines and antimicrobials will be assessed from time-dependent Cox models or Poisson regression models. Self-controlled study designs will be explored to estimate the risk of therapeutic and prophylactic-related adverse events. Ethics and dissemination We obtained approval from the National Research Ethics Service Committee, Southeast Scotland 02. The study findings will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.


Atmospheric tidal components in the ionosphere can reflect either the in-situ generated quiet-time variation in the ionosphere, or vertically propagating tidal components generated through coupling to lower or middle atmosphere phenomena. Frequency-wavenumber tidal decomposition is a valuable tool for isolating the primary tidal components that drive the dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere, allowing temporal and spatial variability to be quantified in a systematic manner, provided sufficient local time sampling. To date, two commonly used data sources for such tidal studies in the ionosphere are the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) satellite constellation and ground-based GPS-derived Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs). In this study, the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components, the nonmigrating diurnal eastward 3 (DE3) component, as well as the zonal mean component that dominate quiet-time ionospheric variability are extracted from 2008 F3/C and GIM Total Electron Content (TEC) data, using integration times of 20 days. We find that the zonal mean and tidal TEC components in F3/C and ground-based GIM data show qualitatively similar seasonal variability and spatial structure. However, the maximum amplitudes of the zonal mean and migrating tidal components computed from F3/C are consistently smaller than those from the ground-based GIMs, revealing a systematic difference between the two datasets. Conversely, the DE3 amplitudes are generally larger in F3/C compared to GIM, potentially due to the higher zonal wavenumber of that component.


The purpose of this present study was to examine subclinical eating disorders among female collegiate athletes. Specifically, this study investigated the prevalence of subclinical eating disorders among athletes, compared the prevalence among athletes and non-athletes, and explored differences in the prevalence among sports. Also, the present study investigated athletic identity and self-presentational perfectionism as possible risk factors associated with subclinical eating disorders. Two hundred forty-five female athletes from ten different sports at four universities and sixty-one female non-athlete students from two different universities participated in this study. Those over the age of 24 or who had previously been diagnosed with a clinical eating disorder were excluded. All participants completed surveys including demographic information, the Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Bulimia subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, the Eating Attitudes Test, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Body Attractiveness subscale of the Physical Self Perception Profile, the Eating Disorder Inventory Symptom Checklist, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, and the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale. The results indicated that athletes do not have a greater prevalence of subclinical eating disorders than non-athletes. However, 7% of athletes still met the classification criteria for a subclinical eating disorder. Also, athletes exhibited a high frequency in meeting each of the 6 criteria (ranging from 8.2% to 71.8%), which indicated that eating pathology was evident among the athletes. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of subclinical eating disorders among different sports, which suggests that all sports are at risk. Finally, athletic identity and self-presentational perfectionism were found to be risk factors associated with subclinical eating disorders for athletes.


. The complex system containing n elements, each having three dependent components, is described. The reliability function of such systems is investigated using a trivariate binomial model. In addition, the mean residual life function of a complex system with intact components at time t is derived. The results are simplified for a trivariate Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern family with standard exponential marginal distribution functions. The e ff ect of various parameters on the reliability and mean residual life functions are studied via some graphical representations.


Abstract. The CFMIP Diagnostic Codes Catalogue assembles cloud metrics, diagnostics and methodologies, together with programs to diagnose them from general circulation model (GCM) outputs written by various members of the CFMIP community. This aims to facilitate use of the diagnostics by the wider community studying climate and climate change. This paper describes the diagnostics and metrics which are currently in the catalogue, together with examples of their application to model evaluation studies and a summary of some of the insights these diagnostics have provided into the main shortcomings in current GCMs. Analysis of outputs from CFMIP and CMIP6 experiments will also be facilitated by the sharing of diagnostic codes via this catalogue. Any code which implements diagnostics relevant to analysing clouds – including cloud–circulation interactions and the contribution of clouds to estimates of climate sensitivity in models – and which is documented in peer-reviewed studies, can be included in the catalogue. We very much welcome additional contributions to further support community analysis of CMIP6 outputs.


We have investigated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer interactions with supported 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) lipid bilayers and KB and Rat2 cell membranes using atomic force microscopy (AFM), enzyme assays, flow cell cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Amine-terminated generation 7 (G7) PAMAM dendrimers (10-100 nM) were observed to form holes of 15-40 nm in diameter in aqueous, supported lipid bilayers. G5 amine-terminated dendrimers did not initiate hole formation but expanded holes at existing defects. Acetamide-terminated G5 PAMAM dendrimers did not cause hole formation in this concentration range. The interactions between PAMAM dendrimers and cell membranes were studied in vitro using KB and Rat 2 cell lines. Neither G5 amine- nor acetamide-terminated PAMAM dendrimers were cytotoxic up to a 500 nM concentration. However, the dose dependent release of the cytoplasmic proteins lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and luciferase (Luc) indicated that the presence of the amine-terminated G5 PAMAM dendrimer decreased the integrity of the cell membrane. In contrast, the presence of acetamide-terminated G5 PAMAM dendrimer had little effect on membrane integrity up to a 500 nM concentration. The induction of permeability caused by the amine-terminated dendrimers was not permanent, and leaking of cytosolic enzymes returned to normal levels upon removal of the dendrimers. The mechanism of how PAMAM dendrimers altered cells was investigated using fluorescence microscopy, LDH and Luc assays, and flow cytometry. This study revealed that (1) a hole formation mechanism is consistent with the observations of dendrimer internalization, (2) cytosolic proteins can diffuse out of the cell via these holes, and (3) dye molecules can be detected diffusing into the cell or out of the cell through the same membrane holes. Diffusion of dendrimers through holes is sufficient to explain the uptake of G5 amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers into cells and is consistent with the lack of uptake of G5 acetamide-terminated PAMAM dendrimers.


Federal preemption is one of the most powerful defenses that a product liability defendant can raise. If a court finds that federal law preempts a state law product liability claim, it must dismiss the claim. Dismissal of the state tort claim may eliminate the only source of private liability of defendants and the only source of compensation for plaintiffs. If the applicable federal statute does not contain an express preemption provision, most courts find federal preemption only if a "conflict" exists between the state and federal laws. However, in some areas, courts have held that all state product liability claims in a particular "field" are preempted because an aspect of the field is subject to federal regulation. This Note argues that this broad "field-based" preemption framework, referred to as implied field preemption, should not be invoked to preempt state law product liability claims, despite the Supreme Court's recent decision in Kurns v. Railroad Friction Products Corp. The case against the field-based framework is strong when viewed from doctrinal, theoretical, and historical perspectives. The case studies presented in this Note illustrate the problems that result when an appellate court finds implied field preemption. Field preemption prevents lower courts from determining whether the state claims in question and federal law are actually incompatible. In some cases a field-based framework defeats the purposes behind both state tort law and federal preemption by eliminating product liability law's deterrence and compensation functions without providing a corresponding benefit to the federal regulatory structure.


Large ensembles (100 members) of atmospheric general circulation model experiments are forced throughout the Northern Hemisphere cold season by four different sea surface temperature (SST) fields: the observed climatology, the so‐called SST tripole pattern, and its tropical and its extratropical subcomponents. Late winter responses to these anomalies are of modest amplitude, in comparison with the amplitudes of climatological stationary waves, but are, because of the large ensemble, significant. Despite their modest amplitudes, the responses display additive nonlinearity, in that the sum of the separate responses to the component anomalies differs significantly from the response to the tripole. Neither the heating field nor the basin averaged zonal winds display this nonlinearity. It is most evident in a sub‐basin scale wave train, and most significant in its impact on the amplitude of the geopotential response. These results indicate that even for modest forcing, responses to patterns of SST anomalies cannot necessarily be understood as the sums of responses to constituent anomalies.


The importance of the photocatalytic treatment of water is continuously growing since the 80s. In spite of the well management of the existing biological water treatment plants and the constant reinforcement of the wastewater discharge standards, the development of new water depolluting processes among which the photocatalysis is still relevant. It is recognized that certain chemicals mostly from the synthetic chemistry are not or could only be biodegradable under very critical conditions. When these "biorecalcitrant" pollutants are rejected in a biological wastewater treatment plant, they very often cross it without being degraded and thus, they accumulate in the environment and/or in the living beings. Some of them like the phthalates and the pesticides are known for their carcinogenic and mutagen effects or, they induce hormonal disruptions in the animals, including humans. In general, all the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) whose characteristic is to generate hydroxyls radicals (OH) are able to degrade most of the organic molecules including the biorecalcitrant chemicals. As a technology using the photons emitted by a light source to excite a catalyst and facilitate the generation of the 'OH radicals, the photocatalysis would be a more environmental compatible and less expensive process for depolluting such chemicals, if the light source is natural: the sun. For the first time, a study of potential application in the field of helio- photocatalysis was explored in a sub-Saharan Africa country (Burkina Faso), making profitable the significant solar radiation present in that country, to validate certain results obtained using appropriated experimental and analytical methods at the Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology (LBE) at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to evaluate some physicochemical and technical rules which guide the scaling up processing of the helio-photo-Fenton process. To achieve this, the work was organized in several phases of laboratory work at the EPFL and field apply work at the Ecole Inter-Etats d'Ingenieurs de l'Equipement Rural (EIER) of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. To mitigate the deficit of sophisticated analytical material during the field work's periods, a simple analytical method requiring relatively modest equipment was developed and validated in the laboratory and on the field. This thesis is organized in 5 chapters of which the first focuses on the problems of this research and presents the fundamental principles of the photocatalytic processes. Chapter 2 presents the systematic development of a low cost analytical method built up and validated in the laboratory for field's applied studies on three phthalates: the dimethyl phthalate (DMP), the diethyl phthalate (DEP) and the Diallyl phthalate (DAP). The chapter 3 focuses on the study of the optimal parameters influencing the helio-photodegradation of the DEP. In the chapter 4, two case studies on the enhancement of the biodegradability of some biorecalcitrants wastewaters of which, the first evaluates the possibility of integrating the photocatalysis into a global strategy of managing the effluents of a chemical industry and the other treat problem of the depollution of the water polluted by a pesticide are presented. The last chapter presents some modelling approaches allowing to evaluate the solar UVA energy (needed for the helio-photocatalysis) basing on the equation of the solar UVA irradiation which was proposed and tested with the one year solar data of Ouagadougou.


In this paper, we show how to detect the airport runway target and how to recognize and track it. Therefore we present an edge sharpening method based on Sobel and Robert operators to detect the runway from the complicated background. Then we use certain characteristics to recognize it and implement effective tracking for it.


BACKGROUND
Despite clinical guidelines penetrating every aspect of clinical practice and health policy, doubts persist over their ability to improve patient care. We have designed and tested a generic critical appraisal instrument, that assesses whether developers have minimized the biases inherent in creating guidelines, and addressed the requirements for effective implementation.

DESIGN
Thirty-seven items describing suggested predictors of guideline quality were grouped into three dimensions covering the rigour of development, clarity of presentation (including the context and content) and implementation issues. The ease of use, reliability and validity of the instrument was tested on a national sample of guidelines for the management of asthma, breast cancer, depression and coronary heart disease, with 120 appraisers. A numerical score was derived to allow comparison of guidelines within and between diseases.

RESULTS
The instrument has acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient, 0.68-0.84; intra-class correlation coefficient, (0.82-0.90)). The results provided some evidence of validity (Pearson's correlation coefficient between appraisers' dimension scores and their global assessment was 0.49 for dimension one, 0.63 for dimension two and 0.40 for dimension three). The instrument could differentiate between national and local guidelines and was easy to apply. There was variation in the performance of guidelines with most not achieving a majority of criteria in each dimension.

CONCLUSIONS
Use of this instrument should encourage developers to create guidelines that reflect relevant research evidence more accurately. Potential users or groups adapting guidelines for local use could apply the instrument to help decide which one to follow. The National Health Service Executive is using the instrument to assist in deciding which guidelines to recommend to the UK National Health Service. This methodology forms the basis of a common approach to assessing guideline quality in Europe.


We address two main issues: the distinction between time-constrained and spatially constrained tasks, and the separable A and W effects on movement time (MT) in spatially- constrained tasks. We consider MT and 3-D kinematic data from human adults pointing to targets in human-computer interaction. These are better fit by Welford's (1968) two- part model, than Fitts' (1954; Fitts & Peterson 1964) ID model. We identify theoretical and practical implications.


Introduction: With the increasing demand for buttock augmentation with implants in recent years, it is important to have trained professionals who can perform this procedure and the associated liposuction/fat grafting to improve the hip contour of patients. Methods: In order to determine whether residency is the appropriate environment for practical learning of buttock augmentation with implants, we studied 20 cases treated by training resident practitioners under supervision. Results: Improved buttock contour was achieved in all patients. In addition, we observed a low complication rate, and 100% of the patients reported a high level of satisfaction. These results are consistent with the literature. A major challenge in learning this procedure is blind intramuscular detachment. The residents were carefully supervised and guided by precise anatomical and technical parameters. This enabled them to perform the surgery in the appropriate intramuscular plane, combining liposuction and fat grafting in some cases, resulting in excellent implant coverage and a natural hip contour. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the wide applicability of practical learning of buttock augmentation with implants among residents. We propose that it is necessary that practitioners have complete training in order to meet the current growing demand for buttock augmentation with implants.


Increasing globalization of international markets has prompted development of economies of scale on the international level. Mergers and acquisitions is one of the ways for the multinational companies to increase their competitiveness and expand on the global market. This business strategy is limited by the existing merger control regulations on the national level. The multi-jurisdictional approval of trans-national mergers remains costly and lengthy procedure that negatively affects companies' performance and growth. International antitrust, as it stands today hasn't produced an optimal, universally accepted model to deal with the trans-national mergers. There are several alternative solutions in the form of bilateral cooperation of competition authorities, comity agreements, proposals to design an international competition treaty or delegate the merger control competence to an international organization like WTO. Special emphasis will be attributed to the example of the EU-US merger control cooperation as a model for other countries. Present research is aimed at analysis of the trans-national merger control from the position of the business community. What is the role and the position of the business on this issue? What are the benefits and challenges that companies encounter within existing merger control frameworks? Comparative and interdisciplinary approach is used in order to analyze this multi-dimensional issue from the substantive and procedural points of view. Present work provides arguments in favor of the existing and evolving cooperation among competition authorities and its value to the business community and calls for increased involvement of business representatives in the policy development process.


MOTIVATION
Recent discoveries show that most types of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) such as miRNAs, snoRNAs and tRNAs get further processed into putatively active smaller RNA species. Their roles, genetic profiles and underlying processing mechanisms are only partially understood. To find their quantities and characteristics, a proper annotation is essential. Here, we present FlaiMapper, a method that extracts and annotates the locations of sncRNA-derived RNAs (sncdRNAs). These sncdRNAs are often detected in sequencing data and observed as fragments of their precursor sncRNA. Using small RNA-seq read alignments, FlaiMapper is able to annotate fragments primarily by peak detection on the start and end position densities followed by filtering and a reconstruction process.

RESULTS
To assess performance of FlaiMapper, we used independent publicly available small RNA-seq data. We were able to detect fragments representing putative sncdRNAs from nearly all types of sncRNA, including 97.8% of the annotated miRNAs in miRBase that have supporting reads. Comparison of FlaiMapper-predicted boundaries of miRNAs with miRBase entries demonstrated that 89% of the start and 54% of the end positions are identical. Additional benchmarking showed that FlaiMapper is superior in performance compared with existing software. Further analysis indicated a variety of characteristics in the fragments, including sequence motifs and relations with RNA interacting factors. These characteristics set a good basis for further research on sncdRNAs.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
The platform independent GPL licensed Python 2.7 code is available at: https://github.com/yhoogstrate/flaimapper.


In this paper, online convex optimization (OCO) problems with time-varying objective and constraint functions are studied from the perspective of an agent who takes actions in real time. Information about the current objective and constraint functions is revealed only after the corresponding action is already chosen. Inspired by a fast converging algorithm for time-invariant optimization in the very recent work [1], we develop a novel online algorithm based on virtual queues for constrained OCO. Optimal points of the dynamic optimization problems with full knowledge of the current objective and constraint functions are used as a dynamic benchmark sequence. Upper bounds on the regrets with respect to the dynamic benchmark and the constraint violations are derived for the presented algorithm in terms of the temporal variations of the underlying dynamic optimization problems. It is observed that the proposed algorithm possesses sublinear regret and sublinear constraint violations, as long as the temporal variations of the optimization problems are sublinear, i.e., the objective and constraint functions do not vary too drastically across time. The performance bounds of the proposed algorithm are superior to those of the state-of-the-art OCO method in most scenarios. Besides, different from the saddle point methods widely used in constrained OCO, the stepsize of the proposed algorithm does not rely on the total time horizon, which may be unknown in practice. Finally, the algorithm is applied to a dynamic resource allocation problem in data center networks. Numerical experiments are conducted to corroborate the merit of the developed algorithm and its advantage over the state-of-the-art.


As product complexity and the rate of market change have dramatically increased over the last years, firms find it increasingly difficult to forecast product requirements in their development processes. This article redefines the problem from one of improving forecasting to one of increasing product development agility and thus reducing the need for accurate long-term forecasts. It introduces the notion of development flexibility, shows how it can be measured, and presents results from a large empirical study on integrated systems development, which found that projects using flexible technologies outperformed projects using inflexible technologies by a factor of 2.2 (in person-months). Finally, the article proposes three major strategies for introducing flexibility into organizations. These strategies can help firms increase their agility and position themselves to succeed in accelerating and more turbulent markets.


This is the second part of a study about turbulence and vertical fluxes in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Based on a suite of large-eddy simulations in Part I where the effects of stability on the turbulent structures and kinetic energy are investigated, first-order parameterization schemes are assessed and tested in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)'s single-column model. The applicability of the gradient-flux hypothesis is first examined and it is found that stable conditions are favorable for that hypothesis. However, the concept of introducing a stability correction function fm as a multiplicative factor into the mixing length used under neutral conditions lN is shown to be problematic because fm computed a priori from large-eddy simulations tends not to be a universal function of stability. With this observation, a novel mixing-length model is proposed, which conforms to large-eddy simulation results much better under stable conditions and converges to the classic model under neutral conditions. Test cases imposing steady as well as unsteadyforcingsaredevelopedtoevaluatetheperformanceofthenewmodel.Itisfoundthatthenewmodel exhibitsrobustperformanceas thestabilitystrengthis changed,while othermodels aresensitiveto changesin stability. For cases with unsteady forcings, which are very rarely simulated or tested, the results of the singlecolumn model and large-eddy simulations are also closer when the new model is used, compared to the other models. However, unsteady cases are much more challenging for the turbulence closure formulations than cases with steady surface forcing.


Chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) have emerged as powerful organocatalysts for asymmetric reactions, and applications of computational quantum chemistry have revealed important insights into the activity and selectivity of these catalysts. In this tutorial review, we provide an overview of computational tools at the disposal of computational organic chemists and demonstrate their application to a wide array of CPA catalysed reactions. Predictive models of the stereochemical outcome of these reactions are discussed along with specific examples of representative reactions and an outlook on remaining challenges in this area.

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In this paper we examine some of the issues involved in analyzing the expression of emotions, mental states and attitudes in speech. We investigate timing issues that may affect the structure of future automated inference systems. These timing issues include tracking transitions and changes over time within expressions, existence of thresholds between expressions, and the necessity of tracking time-frequency features within an utterance. We also suggest an outline for a system that includes these features.


Testosterone (T) facilitates male investment in reproduction in part through its anabolic effects on skeletal muscle. Traits like muscle and strength are energetically costly but are believed to enhance competitive ability in humans and other mammals. However, there are limited data on relationships between T and somatic outcomes in lean, non-western populations. We evaluate relationships between waking and pre-bed salivary T and adiposity, fat-free mass (FFM), arm muscle area (AMA), and grip strength (GS) in a large, population-based birth cohort of young adult Filipino males (20.8-22.6 years, n = 872). Data were collected as part of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Neither waking nor evening T predicted FFM, AMA, or GS. However, there were borderline or significant interactions between T and basketball playing (the most common team sport) and weight lifting as predictors of outcomes: higher waking T predicted higher FFM (activity x T interaction P < 0.01), AMA (interaction P < 0.1), and GS (interaction P < 0.02) among frequent basketball players, and GS (interaction P < 0.09) among the smaller sample of weight lifters. In contrast to clinical studies, but consistent with findings in several subsistence-level populations, T was positively related to adiposity in these lean young males, suggesting that energy status might regulate circulating T. Our findings support a role of the prewaking rise in T as a determinant of energetic allocation to lean mass and strength in the context of repeated muscular use and support the hypothesized role of T as a mediator of investment in costly somatic traits in human males.


The aim of this study was to describe how young women living with self-identified anorexia narrate about their lives by blogging. Thirteen Swedish blogs were chosen and analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis. The results described falling ill, the illness itself, and the path to recovery. Low self-esteem, depressed state of mind, and self-destructive behavior were typical signs at the start of the illness. The women's lives were characterized by a need for controlling their body by tormenting it and by the illness demanding all their concentration and energy. The women suffered from the feeling of being a disappointment to their family members. The illness was like an enemy that had to be defeated with the help of family members, health care professionals, and by means of therapy. A turning point occurred when the women felt at their worst or had tired of the illness and could concentrate on something other than their body and the eating disorder. Suffering from self-identified anorexia was described as experiencing low self-esteem. The illness took all of the women's time and energy. For a turning point to be reached, the women needed support from family, friends, and health care professionals, including the use of distractions.


Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) have been often suggested to play crucial roles in metastatic dissemination of carcinomas. Recent studies have revealed that neither of these processes is binary. Instead, carcinoma cells often exhibit a spectrum of epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype(s). While epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity has been observed pre-clinically and clinically, whether any of these phenotypic transitions are indispensable for metastatic outgrowth remains an unanswered question. Here, we focus on epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in metastatic dissemination and propose alternative mechanisms for successful dissemination and metastases beyond the traditional EMT-MET view. We highlight multiple hypotheses that can help reconcile conflicting observations, and outline the next set of key questions that can offer valuable insights into mechanisms of metastasis in multiple tumor models.


The impact of climate and emissions changes on the deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) driven by the same global projection of future climate over the period 2000-2050. Anthropogenic emissions for the years 2005 and 2050 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change, hemispheric boundary conditions and emissions, and to assess the robustness of the results across the different models. The results from these four CTMs clearly show that the main driver of future N-deposition changes is the specified emission change. Under the specified emission scenario for 2050, emissions of oxidised nitrogen were reduced substantially, whereas emissions of NH3 increase to some extent, and these changes are largely reflected in the modelled concentrations and depositions. The lack of sulfur and oxidised nitrogen in the future atmosphere results in a much larger fraction of NHx being present in the form of gaseous ammonia. Predictions for wet and total deposition were broadly consistent, although the three fine-scale models resolve European emission areas and changes better than the hemisphericscale model. The biggest difference in the models is for predictions of individual N compounds. One model (EMEP) was used to explore changes in critical loads, also in conjunction with speculative climate-induced increases in NH3 emissions. These calculations suggest that the area of ecosystems that exceeds critical loads is reduced from 64% for year 2005 emissions levels to 50% for currently estimated 2050 levels. A possible climate-induced increase in NH3 emissions could worsen the situation, with areas exceeded increasing again to 57% (for a 30% NH3 emission increase).


This issue focuses on the value and benefits of fishponds and the comparative economic analyses of mangroves and fishponds. Shrimp farms are used to illustrate the benefits and hazards from aquaculture. It is evident that leaving the remaining mangrove forests as reserves can provide the human population with tremendously higher returns in terms of wildlife sanctuary, pollution sink, nutrient enrichment, nursery and breeding ground, and maintenance of sustained yield of brackishwater and marine fishes, shoreline protection, and natural land reclamation.


Objectives To compare the results between a sliding compression hip screw and an intramedullary nail in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures. Design Prospective computer-generated randomization of 206 patients into two study groups: those treated by sliding compression hip screw (Group 1;n = 106) and those treated by intramedullary nailing (Group 2;n = 100). Setting University Level I trauma center. Patients All patients over the age of fifty-five years presenting with fractures of the trochanteric region caused by a low-energy injury, classified as AO/OTA Type 31-A1 and A2. Intervention Treatment with a sliding compression hip screw (Dynamic Hip Screw; Synthes-Stratec, Oberdorf, Switzerland) or an intramedullary nail (Proximal Femoral Nail; Synthes-Stratec, Oberdorf, Switzerland). Main Outcome Measurements Intraoperative: operative and fluoroscopy times, the difficulty of the operation, intraoperative complications, and blood loss. Radiologic: fracture healing and failure of fixation. Clinical: pain, social functioning score, and mobility score. Results The minimum follow-up was one year. We did not find any statistically significant difference, intraoperatively, radiologically, or clinically, between the two groups of patients. Conclusions There is no advantage to an intramedullary nail versus a sliding compression hip screw for low-energy pertrochanteric fractures AO/OTA 31-A1 and A2, specifically with its increased cost and lack of evidence to show decreased complications or improved patient outcome.


With the entry into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, many issues which were once theoretical will soon have significant practical ramifications. Prominent among these is whether and when the ICC might defer to national reconciliation programmes that involve amnesties. This article discusses the provisions of the Statute that might allow deference and suggests propositions for the ICC. First, given the mandate of the ICC and the imperative of removing expectations of impunity for serious international crimes, prosecution is of the highest importance. Second, in situations of transition from mass violence, involving large numbers of perpetrators, the ICC could nevertheless defer to a national programme whereby only those most responsible are prosecuted and low-level offenders are dealt with by non-prosecutorial alternatives (truth commissions). Third, national programmes whereby amnesties may be sought even by those persons most responsible for international crimes are most unlikely to garner deference, but it is at least conceivable that the ICC could conclude that it would not be in the 'interests of justice' to interfere with a democratically adopted, good faith alternative programme that creatively advanced accountability objectives. Finally, blanket amnesties could never warrant deference, as they are the antithesis of the ICC; even in situations of extreme political necessity, to accept a blanket amnesty would be for the ICC to succumb to blackmail.


About the book: Autism, a neuro-develomental disability, has received wide but often sensationalistic treatment in the popular media. A great deal of clinical and medical research has been devoted to autism, but the traditional humanities disciplines and the new field of Disability Studies have yet to explore it. This volume, the first scholarly book on autism in the humanities, brings scholars from several disciplines together with adults on the autism spectrum to investigate the diverse ways that autism has been represented in novels, poems, autobiographies, films, and clinical discourses, and to explore the connections and demarcations between autistic and "neurotypical" creativity. Using an empathetic scholarship that unites professional rigor with experiential knowledge derived from the contributors' lives with or as autistic people, the essays address such questions as: In what novel forms does autistic creativity appear, and what unusual strengths does it possess? How do autistic representations - whether by or about autistic people - revise conventional ideas of cognition, creativity, language, (dis)ability and sociability? This timely and important collection breaks new ground in literary and film criticism, aesthetics, psychology, and Disability Studies.


ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to explore the antiradical activity of sulfurous water, used for inhalatory therapy (characterized by the presence of sulfhydryl [HS]) by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The effects of sulfurous water corresponding to the concentrations from 16 down to 0.25 μg/mL of HS were tested by means of Fenton reaction (HO•), KO2–crown ether system (O2−•), and EPR of Tempol and of Fremy's salt radical. All of these assays were made using natural sulfurous water or degassed sulfurous water (no detectable HS) or reconstituted sulfurous water (degassed plus NaHS). The free radicals were significantly inhibited by natural water with HS concentrations ranging from 16 to 1 μg/mL for HO•, Tempol, and Fremy's salt, and O2−• was significantly inhibited from 16 and 2 μg/mL. The tests of degassed water did not reveal any significant differences from baseline values. The tests of reconstituted water led to significant results overlapping those obtained using natural water, thus confirming the importance of the presence of HS group (reductive activity). The positive effects of the activity of sulfurous thermal water is partially based on the patients' subjective sense of well-being and partially on symptomatic (or general) clinical improvements that are sometimes difficult to quantify. These findings indicate that, in addition to their known mucolytic activity and trophic effects on respiratory mucosa, the HS groups in sulfurous water also have antioxidant activity that contributes to the water's therapeutic effects on upper and lower airway inflammatory diseases.


MHQP's 2023 guidelines were developed by a collaborative group of Massachusetts healthcare organizations. These are recommendations for providing preventive care to adult patients from the general population. These guidelines should not supplant clinical judgment or the needs of individual patients. These guidelines are intended as quality-practice recommendations and are not intended as a description of benefits, conditions of payment, or any other legal requirements of any particular health plan or payor. Each health plan or payor makes its own determination of coverage and benefits. In the event that these practice recommendations are inconsistent with any applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations take precedence.


In this work, the authors show the capabilities of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices coupled with various absorbents to probe the properties of gas sensitive materials for the manufacturing of hazardous gas sensors. The great capabilities of cobalt corroles for the trapping of carbon monoxide (CO) were exploited to produce selective sensors. These corroles were deposited on SAW delay lines surfaces and then exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) in standard conditions. Concentrations of a few hundreds of ppb were measured emphasizing the interest of such sensors for the detection of CO. Another type of sensitive layers exhibiting specific porosity adapted to the trapping of formaldehyde (CH$_2$O) were deposited on similar delay lines. A detection threshold of 140 ppb was shown. These encouraging results pave the way for the development of a functionalized SAW sensors network for multi-gas detection in indoor air.