Terpene cyclases catalyze the synthesis of cyclic terpenes with 10-, 15-, and 20-carbon acyclic isoprenoid diphosphates as substrates. Plants have been a source of these natural products by providing a homologous set of terpene synthases. The crystal structures of 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase from tobacco, alone and complexed separately with two farnesyl diphosphate analogs were analyzed. These structures reveal an unexpected enzymatic mechanism for the synthesis of the bicyclic product, 5-epi-aristolochene, and provide a basis for understanding the stereochemical selectivity displayed by other cyclases in the biosynthesis of pharmacologically important cyclic terpenes. As such, these structures provide templates for the engineering of novel terpene cyclases.


While the direct environmental impacts of digital technologies are now well documented, it is often said that they could also help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly in many domains such as transportation, building, manufacturing, agriculture, and energy. Assessing such claims is essential to avoid delaying alternative action or research. This also applies to related claims about how much GHG emissions existing digital technologies are already avoiding. In this paper, we point out critical issues related to these topics in the state of the art. First, most papers do not provide enough details on the scenarios underlying their evaluations: which hypotheses they are based on and why, and why specific scenarios are chosen as the baseline. This is a key point because it may lead to overestimating the current or potential benefits of digital solutions. Second, results are rarely discussed in the context of global strategies for GHG emissions reduction. These leaves open how the proposed technologies would fit into a realistic plan for meeting current GHG reduction goals. To overcome the underlined limitations, we propose a set of guidelines that all studies on digital solutions for mitigating GHG emissions should satisfy, point out overlooked research directions, and provide concrete examples and initial results for the specific case of carpooling.


Abstract. Alpine glacier samples were collected in four contrasting regions to measure supraglacial dust and debris geochemical composition and quantify regional variability. A total of 70 surface glacier ice, snow and debris samples were collected in Svalbard, southern Norway, Nepal and New Zealand. Trace elemental abundances in snow and ice samples were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Supraglacial debris mineral, bulk oxide and trace element composition were determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). A total of 45 major, trace and rare earth elements and 10 oxide compound abundances are reported. Elemental abundances revealed sea salt aerosol and metal enrichment in Svalbard, low levels of crustal dust and marine influences to southern Norway, high crustal dust and anthropogenic enrichment in the Khumbu Himalayas, and sulfur and metals attributed to quiescent degassing and volcanic activity in northern New Zealand. Rare earth element and Al/Ti elemental ratios demonstrated distinct provenance of particulates in each study region. Ca/S elemental ratio data showed seasonal denudation in Svalbard and southern Norway. Ablation season atmospheric particulate transport trajectories were mapped in each of the study regions and suggest provenance pathways. The in situ data presented provides first-order glacier surface geochemical variability as measured in the four diverse alpine glacier regions. The surface glacier geochemical data set is available from the PANGAEA database at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.773951 . This geochemical surface glacier data is relevant to glaciologic ablation rate understanding as well as satellite atmospheric and land-surface mapping techniques currently in development.


Digital stories are often considered in terms of artistic forms, as teaching and learning tools, and for their emancipatory capacity to capture the stories and experiences of marginalised social groups. This case joins the recent move to reconceptualise the digital story by positing it as a useful research method that generates rich multimodal narrative data. As a new method in social science research, it seems, at least so far, to raise more questions than it answers. Such methodological questions might include the following: What 'type' of digital story to use? How do you analyse, theorise and/or account for the overall effect of the multimodal text? Without offering definitive answers or providing a 'correct' account of how digital stories should be used as method, this case begins to offer some clarity by describing step by step how we responded to these questions, what we did, the difficulties encountered and the insights generated from this type of data and analysis. This case describes how digital stories were used as a method in one part of a larger research project that investigates the effectiveness, impact and model of the Australian Indigenous Mentoring Experience mentoring programme. We will demonstrate how digital stories can be helpful in answering complex qualitative research questions.


MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. Abstract Reasoning; *Course Descriptions; *Course Objectives; Curriculum Development; *Educational Objectives; Higher Education; *Learning Processes; *Physics; *Science Process Skills; Teaching Methods In teaching a well-organized college physics course that is understandable to students, teachers should first understand students' conditions and circumstances and be clear on the goals of the course. The goals of physics teaching are commonly defined as understanding the nature of scientific reasoning and the concepts and methods of physics, while requirements tend to consist of verbally embedding special physics skills and performing mathematical calculations. The main goal of introductory courses, however, should go beyond the teaching of special skills and help students recognize the characteristics of processes. The theme of introductory physics courses should be reorganized according to the learning processes of the mind and its forms of understanding. In the context of physics instruction, understanding means that individuals can abstract the common features of events observed in nature and recognize which theorems and terms apply to observed motions and bodies. In addition to reorganizing the course, teaching methods should be renewed, shifting from the traditional lecture format to small group assignments that involve collective problem solving and discussion. If physics is worth teaching, it should be taught in a way that most benefits the students. (BCY) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** * Organize the Theme and _Renew the Method for Teaching Excellence in College Physics 'PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Introduction: Cuba is one of the countries with higher laryngeal cancer incidence and mortality rates in both sexes, being the fourth in terms of relative significance for males. Objectives: to provide updated information and analyze the recent changes in the tendency of laryngeal cancer incidence rates in Cuba from 1988-2003 Methods: Using data from the National Cancer Register and the estimated population during the 1988-2003 period, the time tendency of laryngeal cancer incidence rates was studied. Crude, specific and standardized (global and truncated) rates were estimated. The jointpoint regression method served to estimate the yearly change percentage and to identify points of change in the tendency. Results: Collected data showed that laryngeal cancer was more common after 60 to 70 years of age ranging 5-6 men per woman approximately. From 1988 to 2003, the overall age-adjusted rate varied from 8.4 per 100 000 to 10.4 per 100 000 for men, with a statistically significant (p<0,05) annual average increase of 1.44 % whereas that change was not statistically significant for females. After a statistically significant rise in 1999, it was observed that incidence rates exhibited an incipient fall in men, which is indicative of a possible relation with a drop in smoking and alcoholism prevalence from 1995 to 2001 according to data from the national survey of risk factors and communicable diseases (I and II). Conclusions: It is necessary to continue working at all levels to achieve substantial accomplishments in ceasing smoking and alcoholism and mainly, in preventing young people from falling into these habits which are fundamental putative risk factors of head and neck cancers.


Anton August Heinrich Lichtenstein (1753–1816) was a member of a dynasty of natural scientists from Hamburg. He wrote an overlooked sales catalog of mollusks (1794) in which two new bivalve and 13 new gastropod taxa were described. The species' identities are evaluated based on the original text written in German and Latin. Only two of his new species could be positively identified. Conus vincoomnes Lichtenstein, 1794 (nomen oblitum) is C. nobilis victor Broderip, 1842 (nomen protectum) and Haliotis clathrata Lichtenstein, 1794 (non Reeve, 1846; suppressed by ICZN Opinion 1950) is H. elegans Philippi, 1844 (placed on ICZN Official List). All the other taxa are at best only tentatively identified and their names are considered nomina dubia.


The real demographic challenge for Canadian policymakers is adapting to a population growing "younger," after taking increased life expectancies into account, says a report released today by the C.D. Howe Institute. In "The Main Challenge of Our Times: A Population Growing Younger," authors Marcel Boyer and Sebastien Boyer propose an alternative approach to population aging, which measures years to live instead of years since birth. Since 1950, Canadian life expectancy, on average, has increased. For example, a 65-year-old in 2010 had the same life expectancy as a 59.5 year-old in 1950. "Canadians are experiencing increases in longevity and are willing to work longer than previous cohorts," said Marcel Boyer. "Public policy should aim to provide Canadians with the instruments to better manage retirement decisions."


ST. JOSEPH'S ORPHANAGE FOR GIRLS, est. in 1863 and incorporated in 1889, housed Catholic orphans until 1947, when its residents were transferred to PARMADALE CHILDREN'S VILLAGE. St. Joseph's organized officially as a "country location," 6431 Woodland, near E. 60th St., for 12 younger girls from ST. MARY'S ORPHAN ASYLUM FOR FEMALES. The Daughters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a French order, operated St. Joseph's. A chapel was added in 1866; in 1871 the institution had 160 residents. A 3-story addition in 1879 increased the facility's capacity, and by 1881 St. Joseph's and St. Mary's housed a total of 195 children. St. Joseph's served as the home for young orphans under age 8; at age 9, the girls were sent to St. Mary's. However, in 1894 St. Joseph's added another 3-story brick residence, and St. Mary's transferred its girls there. In the early 1900s St. Joseph's housed about 250 girls. With 42 staff members and a budget of $46,533, in 1923 the orphanage belonged to the Welfare Fed. The number of residents diminished over time, and in Mar. 1944 the 108 girls at St. Joseph's were transferred to the former CUNNINGHAM SANITARIUM. The Cleveland Catholic Diocese had acquired this facility, renaming it St. Joseph's-on-the-Lake. The girls remained there until 1947, when they were moved to Parmadale. St. Joseph's Woodland facility was remodeled and reopened as ST. JOSEPH HOME FOR THE AGED. Hynes, Michael. History of the Diocese of Cleveland (1953).


Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen of great concern among the scientific community because it is causing an increasing number of hospital outbreaks of difficult management worldwide. In addition, isolates from this species frequently present reduced susceptibility to azole and echinocandin drugs. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new antifungal strategies to better control the disease caused by this yeast. In this work, we screened drugs from the Prestwick chemical library, which contains 1,280 off-patent compounds that are already approved by the Food and Drug Administration, with the aim of identifying molecules with antifungal activity against C. auris. In an initial screening, we looked for drugs that inhibited the growth of three different C. auris strains and found 27 of them which it did so. Ten active compounds were selected to test the susceptibility profile by using the EUCAST protocol. Antifungal activity was confirmed for seven drugs with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 64 mg/L. Some of these drugs were also tested in combination with voriconazole and anidulafungin at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Our results suggest synergistic interactions between suloctidil and voriconazole with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values of 0.11 to 0.5 and between ebselen and anidulafungin (FICI, 0.12 to 0.44). Our findings indicate that drug repurposing could be a viable alternative to managing infections by C. auris.


This chapter examines the effects of public policy. It first considers economic paradigms and approaches to welfare and documents the overriding historical changes in approaches to the economy, from Keynesian ideas of macro-economic steering to more market-oriented economic perspectives. It then explores the idea of institutional complementarity, as expressed in the typologies of welfare regimes, varieties of capitalism, and flexicurity. It also looks at some of the empirical analyses of the effects of welfare policies and the tension between welfare and economic efficiency. Finally, it looks at policy feedback, path dependence, policy learning, social learning, policy transfer and policy diffusion, and policy convergence.


A course in elder law or estate planning encompasses many of the most profound issues that arise in human life: the contemplation of mortality, ambivalent attitudes toward property and its proper distribution, complexities in family relationships, obligations to support loved ones, anticipation of physical or mental challenges, and reflections on one's desired legacy to loved ones. Although there is much in the Catholic tradition and in the Scriptures themselves that speaks to these questions in an indirect way, this has not often been fully explored because this field may not, on its face, have an obvious connection to religious tradition. However, I believe that there are two distinct areas in which teachers in this field may draw on core principles of Catholic social thought to deepen the understanding that they and their students might have about these rich connections.The first part of this article will explore how attorneys can find guidance from Catholic social thought on issues that may arise as they advise individual clients on estate matters. Here, notions of responsible stewardship, familial obligations, the proper formation of one's legacy, and medical planning raise important ethical questions at the individual level, as attorneys assist clients in developing their estate plans. In addition, my reflections in this first part will address the ways in which elder law practice provides a unique setting for law practice as a form of ministry. Unfortunately, lawyers engaging in elder law and estate planning practices are frequently and disproportionately the subject of serious ethical charges, given the temptations that they face and the particular vulnerabilities of those they serve. Thus, in this discussion of the representation of individual clients, I hope to reflect on what Catholic social thought may bring to the attorney's understanding of the professional role.The second part will present broader and more general questions about public policy toward the elderly—questions that can be the basis for much fruitful discussion in estate planning or elder law courses. It is often noted that the elderly are the largest growing segment of the American and global populations. Thus, the second section of this article will offer brief reflections on how Catholic social thought may contribute to some of these broader public policy discussions as our society considers how best to meet the needs of our elders. Although this article will not attempt to arrive at easy answers to any of these dilemmas, it hopes to begin reflection on them and to offer some ways of thinking about how Catholic social thought may offer some guidance in these complex areas of human life.


Child marriage affects many young girls and women all over the world,
and yet, while the number of cases is extremely alarming, there appears to be
hardly any awareness of the subject, never mind public visibility. The consequences
of forced marriage are dire with severe psychological, physical, and social impact
on girls and women. If we are to raise awareness, the silence surrounding forced
child marriage needs to be broken. In her documentary film Growing Up Married
(2016), feminist media scholar Eylem Atakav faces the issue head-on. Her film
brings to the screen four women from Turkey who were forced into marriage as
children; as adults, they recollect their memories, on camera, for the first time.
Growing Up Married—a milestone of feminist filmmaking in its celebration of
women's narratives of survival—foregrounds their voices as they tell their stories
of having been child brides.


This paper discusses the role of the border of the island as a complex aesthetic zone in the journals of early European and American navigators in the South Seas (such as George Robertson, James Cook, Benjamin Morrell and Charles Wilkes) and in 1920s/1930s American films set on tropical islands. The fascination of the early explorers' descriptions of islands as viewed from the water, across a distance that is physical as much as cultural, resides in the entanglement of perception, expectation and imagination that marks these journeys as both intense and profoundly uncertain visual experiences. In the 1920s, US-American representations of tropical islands gained new currency as American tourists trooped to the South Seas. As I argue, the strong visuality of the early accounts is one of the reasons why cinema could so readily pick up on them. In films like White Shadows in the South Seas (1929) and The Hurricane (1937), the imaginative transformation in the gaze from the water is associated with the camera as it explores the island in lateral tracking shots. These films cast a critical look on contemporary Western enthusiasm for 'exotic' cultures and locations in which they nevertheless participate. Resonating with contemporary anthropological and documentary film practices, emphasizing authentic representation of native cultures (Malinowski and Flaherty, respectively), they nevertheless point to the camera's own crossing of the island's border as an act of appropriation. This appropriation becomes explicit in King Kong (1933) as, armed with cameras and guns, the diegetic film crew violently crosses the borders of/on the island. Significantly, it is only after Kong's death at the highest point of another island (Manhattan) and at another border, now between land and sky, that he fascinates the masses as an aesthetic spectacle. The film, then, meditates on the relations between border crossing, death and the production of aesthetics.


During the entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase of the lunar explorer with a high degree of accuracy, the dual quaternion and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) based vision navigation method is presented, in order to accomplish navigation task. The lunar explorer's pose estimation method is developed through dual-quaternion calculation. The state equation is derived according to the dynamic model of the lunar explorer during the power descent phase, and the measurement equation is derived by constructing feature points triangle. Because of the nonlinear property of the state function and measurement function, the UKF method is used to estimate the pose of lunar explorer. Simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.


The observed giant outbursts of Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) may occur when these massive stars approach their Eddington limits. When this happens, they must reach a point where the centrifugal force and the radiative acceleration cancel out gravity at the equator. We call this the Omega-limit. When stars are close to the Omega-limit, strong non-spherical mass loss should occur. This suggests a scenario where a slow and very dense wind, strongly confined to the equatorial plane, is followed by a fast and almost spherical wind. We compute two-dimensional hydrodynamic models of the evolution of the nebula formed from such interacting winds, using parameters consistent with the outburst of eta Carinae in the last century. This outburst gave birth to the Homunculus, the hourglass-shaped inner part of a highly structured circumstellar nebula. Assuming the star was very close to the Omega-limit during outburst, our models produce gas distributions that strongly resemble the Homunculus on large and small scale. This supports the general conjecture that giant outbursts in LBVs occur when they approach the Eddington limit. Our models constrains the average mass loss rate since the outburst to values smaller than the present-day mass loss rate and suggest that eta Car is approaching another outburst. Our models imply that the occurrence of giant LBV outbursts depends on the initial stellar rotation rate, and that the initial angular momentum is as important to the evolution of very massive stars as their initial mass or metallicity.


Due to its high relief and ecological diversity, the Ason River Valley (Cantabria, Spain) was favoured for occupation by Stone Age hunter-gatherer groups. The numerous caves with their archaeological remains and parietal art have made this basin a reference zone for the study of Cantabrian Prehistory. This article explores the importance of La Fragua Cave as a hunters' camp in the coastal zone. Despite its small size, it housed several, temporary huma n occupations in the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, thus this study contributes a new dimension to our understanding of the subsistence economy of the valley. This archaeozoological study, involving both paleontology and taphonomy, allows us to document changes in the taxonomic abundance derived from the climatic Pleistocene/Holocene transition as well as the utility of the different anatomical parts and the reconstruction of the butchering processes. Finally, the distribution analysis has provided information about spatial organization and the postdepositional processes that took place at the site.


This paper considers the estimation of coeecients in a linear regression model with missing observations in the independent variables and introduces a modiication of the standard rst order regression method for imputation of missing values. The modiication provides stochastic values for imputation and, as an extension, makes use of the principle of weighted mixed regression. The proposed procedures are compared with two popular procedures|one which utilizes only the complete observations and the other which employs the standard rst order regression imputation method for missing values. A simulation experiment to evaluate the gain in eeciency and to examine interesting issues like the impact of varying degree of multicollinearity in explanatory variables is proceeded. Some work on the case of discrete regressor variables is in progress and will be reported in a future article to follow.


This is a collaborative submission from a group of academics based in the UK with expertise in information technology law and related areas. This response deals with selected questions which fall under the remit of BILETA's stated interests. The preparation of this response has been funded by the Information Technology Think Tank, which is supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and led by the SCRIPT/AHRC Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technology, University of Edinburgh. This response has been prepared by Gavin Sutter, Lecturer in Media Law and a member of the Institute of Computer & Communications Law at the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London. In addition, this response is submitted by the following individuals: Mr Mohammad Alramahi, University of Hull, Dr. Abdulrahman Alzaagy, University of Wales, Dr Subhajit Basu, University of Leeds, Mr Michael Bromby, Glasgow Caledonian University, Dr Abbe Brown, University of Edinburgh, Dr Bela Bonita Chatterjee, Lancaster University, Dr Catherine Easton, Manchester Metropolitan University, Mr Felipe Romero Moreno, Oxford Brookes University


Abstract A tunnel extension to the Thames Water Ring Main has recently been completed in SE London. Two new deep shafts were built at either end, using jacked caisson construction methods. One of the shafts was excavated through much of the London Basin Palaeogene geological sequence and into the Chalk. It is the world's deepest large-diameter jacked caisson. Close geological supervision throughout the construction process validated the pre-construction ground model. This in turn has facilitated predictions of and contingency measures for adverse ground ahead of excavation. Observation and monitoring of the engineering behaviour of each of the stratigraphic units during construction has demonstrated how field data can be gained subsequent to the pre-construction ground investigation. In doing so, construction data have been used to augment and verify the ground investigation borehole and laboratory test data on which shaft design was based, in addition to providing assurances to the on-site construction team on the absence of unforeseen ground conditions.


Global vegetation is intrinsically linked to atmospheric chemistry and climate, and better understanding vegetation–atmosphere interactions can allow scientists to not only predict future change patterns, but also to suggest future policies and adaptations to mediate vegetation feedbacks with atmospheric chemistry and climate. Improving global and regional estimates of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOCs) emissions is of great interest for their biological and environmental effects and possible positive and negative feedbacks related to climate change and other vectors of global change. Multiple studies indicate that BVOCs are on the rise, and with near 20 years of global remote sensing of formaldehyde (HCHO), the immediate and dominant BVOC atmospheric oxidation product, the accurate and quantitative linkage of BVOCs with plant ecology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change is of increasing relevance. The remote sensing of BVOCs, via HCHO in a three step process, suffers from an additive modelling error, but improvements in each of the steps have reduced this error by over a multiplication factor improvement compared to estimates without remote sensing. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurement of the HCHO slant columns from spectral absorption properties has been adapted to include the correction of numerous spectral artefacts and intricately refined for each of a series of sensors of increasing spectral and spatial resolution. Conversion of HCHO slant to HCHO vertical columns using air mass factors (AMFs) has been improved with the launch of new sensors and the incorporation of radiative transfer and chemical transport models (CTM). The critical process of linking HCHO to BVOC emissions and filtering non-biogenic emissions to explicitly quantify biogenic emissions has also greatly improved. This critical last step in down-scaling from global satellite coverage to local biogenic emissions now benefits from the increasing precision and near-explicitness of available CTMs as well as the increasing availability of global remote-sensing data sets needed to proportionally assign the HCHO column to different related biogenic (global plant functional type and land cover classifications), atmospheric (dust, aerosols, clouds, other trace gases), climate (temperature, wind, precipitation), and anthropogenic (fire, biomass burning) factors.


OBJECTIVE
Two reports have suggested a possible association between a history of sexual trauma and irritable bowel syndrome, but several factors in their study designs limited their generalizability. The authors used a more rigorous methodology to confirm this association.

METHOD
They administered structured psychiatric and sexual trauma interviews to 28 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 19 patients with inflammatory bowel disease and compared prevalence rates of sexual victimization in the two groups.

RESULTS
Compared with patients diagnosed as having inflammatory bowel disease, patients with irritable bowel syndrome had a significantly higher rate of severe lifetime sexual trauma (32% versus 0%), severe childhood sexual abuse (11% versus 0%), and any lifetime sexual victimization (54% versus 5%). The nine patients who had experienced severe lifetime victimization had significantly higher odds ratios for lifetime depression, panic disorder, phobia, somatization disorder, alcohol abuse, functional dyspareunia, and inhibited sexual desire than the 38 patients who had experienced less severe sexual trauma or no trauma. A logistic regression analysis showed that gender, the number of medically unexplained physical symptoms, and self-reported anxiety and hostility accounted for all of the variance in the victimized group.

CONCLUSIONS
These preliminary results suggest that sexual victimization may be an important factor in the development of irritable bowel syndrome in some patients. Future studies attempting to categorize subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome should inquire into past histories of sexual victimization.


Background Gynecologic sarcomas are rare diseases with still undefined optimal treatment. Platinum and anthracyclines were reported as active agents in gynecologic sarcoma and carcinosarcoma. So far, data regarding the combination of carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for this patient population are missing. Methods This prospective single-arm multicenter phase II trial evaluated the efficacy of carboplatin AUC 6 in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 q28 in 40 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent gynecologic sarcoma or carcinosarcoma. Results Twenty patients with carcinosarcoma and 20 patients with leiomyosarcoma or endometrial stromal sarcoma were included. The percentage of patients with grade 3/4 neutropenia was 50%, but we did not observe any febrile neutropenia. The rates of grade 1 and 2 palmo-plantar erythema were moderate with 25% and 10%, respectively. Response rate was 33.3%. The 12-month progression-free and overall survival times were 32.5% and 77.0%, respectively. Conclusions The combination of carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is feasible and has activity within the investigated study cohort.


The Current Population Survey (CPS) is designed to measure labor force characteristics of the United States, as well as other population characteristics. Households are interviewed eight times; four consecutive months, followed by an eight month break, then four more consecutive months. Interviewers contact households in person for the first interview and subsequent interviews are often done by telephone. Because of the eightmonth break, conducting the fifth interview in person is encouraged; however, 40 percent are conducted by telephone. This study uses paradata from the Contact History Instrument (CHI), and demographic and household characteristics to determine which households are most likely to be successful using telephone data collection in the fifth interview. A successful interview is one that collects sufficient labor force information. A logistic model was used to identify the respondent and household characteristics which predict the best mode for conducting the interview in the fifth interview. The model included interviewer effort, differences in regions, age, race, ethnicity, gender, labor force status of the previous respondent (from the 4 interview), and respondent concerns (from the previous 4 interviews) to explore the impact of mode on nonresponse. The best mode for a successful household interview will be modeled using a competing risk model where interviewer effort and likelihood of nonresponse are minimized. The results can be used by managers and interviewers to decide which mode should be used.


The authors offer a critical account of interprofessional learning and working within the spheres of health and social care. The 'joined up' imperatives promoted by central government are compared to the somewhat contradictory findings of research exploring the effectiveness of interprofessional working. The role of practice educators in developing attitudes, learning and experiences around interprofessional working is heralded as an under-researched area while being of particular significance in the formation of professional identity. This paper uses the term 'practice educators' to capture the shared functions of nurse mentors and social work practice teachers. The authors draw on a small-scale piece of focus group-based research with professional practitioners from health and social care. The authors stress throughout the need to retain a localized approach to research in this area where differences emerged even among teams located closely to each other. The focus groups explored the experiences and attitudes of a variety of field-based practice educators within two profession-specific focus groups. The findings are coded, summarized and presented using a matrix. An analysis is offered which suggests that across both professional groups, two distinct categories of practice educators are emerging. The 'doves' appear to be more accepting of changes around professional boundaries where blurring is taking place. Although they do not ignore the potential conflict that can exist for themselves and their students, the doves largely seek to manage this conflict and look to a consensus approach. In contrast, the 'hawks' are more concerned with issues of professional erosion and look to develop more combative strategies around the maintenance of the existing boundaries and their current professional identity. It is argued that this approach has more of a conflict base.


The treatment of dermatological lesions is an art-cum-science. The complexity of the lesions, their multitude, their evolution towards healing or their aggravation, the danger of superinfection or systemic infections, as well as the many available therapeutic solutions, make the elaboration and implementation of the therapeutic plan challenges the pharmacist has to deal with. The dermatological pathology is frequent, multifactorial, with severity ranging from banality to potentially fatal. Dermatological care is also extremely complex, starting from the observance of simple but essential hygiene and skin hydration rules, often involving the use of well-known, topical or systemically administered medicines, and going through the use of recent medicines, such as monoclonal antibodies. These biological drugs prove their efficacy and are becoming more widely accepted, being in some severe forms of illness, refractory to other treatments, drugs of first choice. On the other hand, many drugs have dermatological side effects, which have to be recognized as such and properly managed.


Today's heterogeneous wireless network (HWN) is a collection of ubiquitous wireless networking elements (WNEs) that support diverse functional capabilities and networking purposes. In such a heterogeneous networking environment, proximity estimation will play a key role for the seamless support of emerging applications that span from the direct exchange of localized traffic between homogeneous WNEs (peer-to-peer communications) to positioning for autonomous systems using location information from the ubiquitous HWN infrastructure. Since most of the existing wireless networking technologies enable the direct (or indirect) estimation of the distances and angles between their WNEs, the integration of such spatial information is a natural solution for robustly handling the unprecedented demand for proximity estimation between the myriads of WNEs. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework that integrates existing knowledge of the HWN layout to enable proximity estimation between WNE supporting different radio access technologies (RATs). In this direction, we derive closed-form expressions for the distance distribution between two tagged WNEs given partial (or full) knowledge of the HWN topology. The derived expressions enable us to analyze how different levels of location-awareness affect the performance of proximity estimation between WNEs that are not necessarily capable of communicating directly. Optimal strategies for the deployment of WNEs, as means of maximizing the probability of successful proximity estimation between two WNEs of interest, are presented, and useful guidelines for the design of location-aware proximity estimation in the nowadays HWN are drawn.


Data protection law has been the subject of an increasing number of jurisdictional disputes, which have largely been driven by the ubiquity of the Internet, the interconnectedness of the global economy, and the growth of data protection law around the world in recent years. There are also an increasing number of instances where data protection law conflicts with legal obligations in other areas. Moreover, the rapid development of new computing techniques (such as so-called 'cloud computing') is putting even greater pressure on traditional jurisdictional theories. Jurisdictional uncertainties about data protection law have important implications, since they may dissuade individuals and companies from engaging in electronic commerce, can prove unsettling for individuals whose personal data are processed, and impose burdens on regulators. These difficulties are increased by the fact that, so far, there is no binding legal instrument of global application covering either jurisdiction on the Internet or data protection. This article examines international jurisdiction as it relates to data protection law, and specifically to instances in which jurisdiction under data protection law may be considered 'exorbitant', with a particular focus on rules of public international law. This is part 1 of a two-part article.


Machine learning regression methods allow estimation of functions without unrealistic parametric assumptions. Although they can perform exceptionally in prediction error, most lack theoretical convergence rates necessary for semi-parametric efficient estimation (e.g. TMLE, AIPW) of parameters like average treatment effects. The Highly Adaptive Lasso (HAL) is the only regression method proven to converge quickly enough for a meaningfully large class of functions, independent of the dimensionality of the predictors. Unfortunately, HAL is not computationally scalable. In this paper we build upon the theory of HAL to construct the Selectively Adaptive Lasso (SAL), a new algorithm which retains HAL's dimension-free, nonparametric convergence rate but which also scales computationally to large high-dimensional datasets. To accomplish this, we prove some general theoretical results pertaining to empirical loss minimization in nested Donsker classes. Our resulting algorithm is a form of gradient tree boosting with an adaptive learning rate, which makes it fast and trivial to implement with off-the-shelf software. Finally, we show that our algorithm retains the performance of standard gradient boosting on a diverse group of real-world datasets. SAL makes semi-parametric efficient estimators practically possible and theoretically justifiable in many big data settings.


Security policy White Papers perform several functions. They serve to inform the German Bundestag and the German public, outline the Federal Government's security policy priorities with other countries, especially Germany's most important partners, and assist communication within the Bundeswehr. The White Paper 2016 is the first of its kind since 2006 and upholds this tradition. Its authors seek to redefine Germany's current and future security policy based on events and developments such as the global financial crisis, financial turmoil in the euro area, the suspension of conscription in Germany, upheavals in the Middle East and Russia's annexation of the Crimea. The Federal Government aims to inform the public and its allies in NATO and the EU precisely what the intentions of its security policy are. However, the contours of the Bundeswehr itself and its future remain blurred. The White Paper process, as it is known, was founded on the expectation of being able to openly and publicly discuss all aspects of defence policy. In continuing this process, it is now important to highlight security policy successes, to recognise deficits, to specify action plans and to propose any follow-up work that may be required.


The Internal Revenue Code has four discreet sections that allow late filing of claims and other documents under the circumstances described in those sections. The IRS has promulgated a procedural regulation that allows it to permit late elections under prescribed circumstances. Neither the Code sections nor the Regulation cover all of the circumstances in which taxpayers have a good excuse for missing a time frame. The current provisions have developed in an ad hoc manner. More ad hoc development of this area is possible as equitable tolling litigation seeks to open up time frames under the Code despite the efforts of the IRS to argue the tax code is exceptional.Rather than continue down the path of ad hoc allowance of late claims and certain other late actions, this Article recommends the creation of a statute that would apply to all situations. The recommendation draws from the current provisions allowing late action and from principles developed in equitable tolling litigation. It proposes a transparent system under which the IRS would make a determination whether the late action qualified and that determination would be subject to judicial review under an abuse of discretion standard.


Archaeology has a long history of research in reconstructing past environments and in attempting to understand the interactions between climate and human societies. So far, however, there has been little attempt by archaeologists to employ this knowledge in the debate over current global climate change. This paper provides a broad overview of the relevance of archaeology to the problem of global climate change, yet also attempts to consider some of the challenges that require further debate. We propose five areas where archaeology may be able to make significant contributions to global climate change discourse: (1) the study not just of past social 'collapse' but of how ancient societies attempted to manage decline and recovery in the face of long-term environmental change; (2) the ability to rethink the nature/culture divide; (3) the use of public archaeology to further education and awareness on environmental links and impacts; (4) the study of social injustice and how it may affect societal responses to the environment; and (5) the building of common 'intercultural' responses to climate change. Challenges identified are (1) making clearer in public debate the relevance of archaeology to present and future climate change; (2) the contexts in which people really learn from the past; (3) how different (national) traditions of archaeological research may affect our ability to relate archaeology to global climate change; and (4) how human-induced climate change on a global scale alters traditional historical approaches to human agency. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Polyandry has been hypothesized to allow females to "bet hedge" against mating only with unsuitable mates, reducing variance in offspring fitness between members of a polyandrous lineage relative to a single‐mating one. Theoretically, this reduction in fitness variance could select for polyandrous genotypes even when polyandry carries a direct cost, especially in small populations. However, this hypothesis is controversial and difficult to test empirically. Here, I apply a novel simulation model to 49 published empirical datasets, and quantify the potential selective advantage of multiple mating via reduced offspring fitness variance. For a wide range of assumptions, including those that most favor the evolution of bet hedging, I show that any fitness gains are meager. The variance in offspring quality caused by mate identity does not appear to be high enough for bet hedging to drive the evolution of polyandry.


This paper provides an overview of social science research in the marine environment of South Africa for the period 1994–2012. A bibliography based on a review of relevant literature and social science projects funded under the SEAChange programme of the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR) was used to identify nine main themes that capture the knowledge generated in the marine social science field. Within these themes, a wide diversity of topics has been explored, covering a wide geographic area. The review suggests that there has been a steady increase in social science research activities and outputs over the past 18 years, with a marked increase in postgraduate dissertations in this field. The SEAChange programme has contributed to enhancing understanding of certain issues and social interactions in the marine environment but this work is limited. Furthermore, there has been limited dissemination of these research results amongst the broader marine science community and incorporation of this information into policy and management decisions has also been limited. However, marine scientists are increasingly recognising the importance of taking a more holistic and integrated approach to management, and are encouraging further social science research, as well as interdisciplinary research across the natural and social sciences. Possible reasons for the lack of communication and coordination amongst natural and social scientists, as well as the limited uptake of research results in policy and management decisions, are discussed and recommendations are proposed.


Abstract Objective. This study aimed to investigate patient safety attitudes amongst health care providers in Norwegian primary care by using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, in both out-of-hours (OOH) casualty clinics and GP practices. The questionnaire identifies five major patient safety factors: Teamwork climate, Safety climate, Job satisfaction, Perceptions of management, and Working conditions. Design. Cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis included multiple linear regression and independent samples t-tests. Setting. Seven OOH casualty clinics and 17 GP practices in Norway. Subjects. In October and November 2012, 510 primary health care providers working in OOH casualty clinics and GP practices (316 doctors and 194 nurses) were invited to participate anonymously. Main outcome measures. To study whether patterns in patient safety attitudes were related to professional background, gender, age, and clinical setting. Results. The overall response rate was 52%; 72% of the nurses and 39% of the doctors answered the questionnaire. In the OOH clinics, nurses scored significantly higher than doctors on Safety climate and Job satisfaction. Older health care providers scored significantly higher than younger on Safety climate and Working conditions. In GP practices, male health professionals scored significantly higher than female on Teamwork climate, Safety climate, Perceptions of management and Working conditions. Health care providers in GP practices had significant higher mean scores on the factors Safety climate and Working conditions, compared with those working in the OOH clinics. Conclusion. Our study showed that nurses scored higher than doctors, older health professionals scored higher than younger, male GPs scored higher than female GPs, and health professionals in GP practices scored higher than those in OOH clinics – on several patient safety factors.


We present a novel procedure for treating the exchange-correlation contributions in the Kohn-Sham procedure. The approach proposed is fully variational and closely related to the so-called "fitting functions" method for the Coulomb Hartree problem; in fact, the method consistently uses this auxiliary representation of the electron density to determine the exchange-correlation contributions. The exchange-correlation potential and its matrix elements in a basis set of localized (atomic) orbitals can be evaluated by reusing the three-center Coulomb integrals involving fitting functions, while the computational cost of the remaining numerical integration is significantly reduced and scales only linearly with the size of the auxiliary basis. We tested the approach extensively for a large set of atoms and small molecules as well as for transition-metal carbonyls and clusters, by comparing total energies, atomization energies, structure parameters, and vibrational frequencies at the local density approximation and generalized gradient approximation levels of theory. The method requires a sufficiently flexible auxiliary basis set. We propose a minimal extension of the conventional auxiliary basis set, which yields essentially the same accuracy for the quantities just mentioned as the standard approach. The new method allows one to achieve substantial savings compared with a fully numerical integration of the exchange-correlation


The security of most Internet applications relies on underlying public key infrastructures (PKIs) and thus on an ecosystem of certification authorities (CAs). The pool of PKIs responsible for the issuance and the maintenance of SSL certificates, called the Web PKI, has grown extremely large and complex. Herein, each CA is a single point of failure for the security, leading to an attack surface, the size of which is hardly assessable. This paper approaches the issue if and how the attack surface can be reduced in order to reduce the risk of relying on a malicious certificate. In particular we consider the individualization of the set of trusted CAs. We present a tool called Rootopia, which allows to assess the respective part of the Web PKI relevant for a user. Our analysis of browser histories of 22 Internet users reveals, that the major part of the PKI is completely irrelevant to a single user. The attack surface can be reduced by more than 90%, which shows the potential of the individualization of the set of trusted CAs. Furthermore, all the relevant CAs reside within a small set of countries. Our findings confirm, that we unnecessarily trust in a huge number of CAs, exposing ourselves to unnecessary


This study concentrates on the cooling history of the anorthositic rock suite of the Proterozoic Kunene Intrusive Complex (KIC) in NW Namibia. All investigated samples display the typical magmatic mineral assemblage of plagioclase (An37–75) ± olivine (Fo54–65) ± orthopyroxene (En53–71) ± clinopyroxene (diopside with XMg: 0.66–0.76) + ilmenite + magnetite + apatite ± zircon. Ilmenite and pyroxene are surrounded by narrow reaction rims of biotite as well as pargasite. Thermobarometry studies on amphiboles yielded temperatures of 950–985°C and pressures of 7–9 kbar, respectively for the late-magmatic crystallisation of the anorthositic rocks. Isobaric cooling after emplacement in the lower crust has produced sporadic coronitic garnet (XMg: 0.31–0.42) + orthopyroxene (En62–71) + quartz assemblages around olivine, and garnet (XMg: 0.23–0.30) + biotite (XMg: 0.66–0.73) assemblages around ilmenite, both with magnetite exsolution, following the schematic reactions: \batchmode \documentclass\[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{Ca[Al\_{2}Si\_{2}O\_{8}]\ (an\ in\ plag)\ {+}\ (Fe,\ Mg)\_{2}[Si\_{2}O\_{6}]\ (opx)\ {\rightarrow}\ Ca(Fe,\ Mg)\_{2}[Al\_{2}Si\_{3}O\_{12}]\ (grt)\ {+}\ SiO\_{2}\ qz\ and,}\\\mathrm{Ca[Al\_{2}Si\_{2}O\_{8}]\ (an\ in\ plag)\ {+}\ Ca\_{2}(Fe,\ Mg)\_{3}Al\_{2}[Al\_{2}Si\_{6}O\_{22}\](OH)\_{2}\ (ts\ in\ am)\ {+}\ Fe\_{3}O\_{4}\ (mt)\ {+}\ SiO\_{2}\ (qz)}{\rightarrow}\\\mathrm{3\ Ca(Fe,\ Mg)\_{2}[Al\_{2}Si\_{3}O\_{12}]\ (grt)\ {+}\ H\_{2}O\ {+}\ 1/2O\_{2}}\end{array}\] \end{document}

The chemical compositions of garnet and orthopyroxene and their textural relationships indicate re-equilibration of the leucotroctolites at conditions of 790 ± 60 °C and 8 ± 1 kbar, at the amphibolite to granulite facies transition. Subsequently, olivine was decomposed by various reactions, leading to conspicuous intergrowths of granular orthopyroxene with lamellar magnetite, displaying oriented ilmenite and gahnite exsolution. Ilmenite-magnetite geothermometry yields temperatures of 500–550 °C. Our results clearly indicate that the Kunene Intrusive Complex intruded into the lower crust and underwent nearly isobaric cooling.

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Wolfgang F. Muller on the occasion of his 60th birthday


ABSTRACT Since 15 March 2011, Syria has seen a humanitarian crisis escalate and we are now witnessing outright civil war in many parts of the country. From a relatively peaceful start, the whole affair has turned ugly. Bombs are exploding not just in remote parts of Syria but in its largest cities. Death and dying has now become a salient feature of Syrian life, both inside and outside its national borders. It is this salience of death and dying that I explore in this paper. My focus will be on Syrian Christians and their ways of perceiving the materiality of death. Most centrally, I argue that the fear of extinction that death and dying evoke in the minority prevents them from embracing oppositional politics and is instead used by the regime to propagate the fact that it alone will be able to ensure a future for all of the country's citizens.


This research is identifying about how humor or comedy can be used as a way to deliver a message. Stand-up Comedy as a single comedy style has become one of the most popular show in Indonesia nowadays. Stand-up Comedy is considered as a new way to deliver a message that is actually heavy even taboo to be discussed in the face of the public. However, social issues can be main topic in stand-up comedy material, including East Indonesia issues. This research focusses on the social issues of East Indonesia, where obstacles in various aspects of development is still happening in this particular region. Not many of the Stand-up comedian that is usually known as comics that consistently brought East Indonesian social issues, and this is the reason that leads this research to take place. As region in east Indonesia, those are social issues that rarely discussed in young forum in Indonesia, especially in young group communities. With Consequentiality of Communication theory and Coordinated Management of Meaning theory this research try to analyze how process of the message created then become act on a stage. The result of this research showed that material preparation and stage act become the important factors in support communication process in comedy act. Furthermore, the messages will be easy to deliver if there is proximity between the comic and materials. The resume of this research shown that stand-up comedy was not just about jokes, but a way to deliver particular messages even hard issues to the audience by not patronizing. Keywords: Stand-up Comedy Indonesia, social portrait, East Indonesia, Consequentiality of Communication theory, Coordinated Management of Meaning theory.


This paper develops methods to solve for optimal discretionary policies and optimal commitment policies in rational expectations models. These algorithms, which allow the optimization constraints to be conveniently expressed in second-order structural form, are more general than existing methods and are simple to apply. We use several New Keynesian business cycle models to illustrate their application. Simulations show that the procedures developed in this paper can quickly solve small-scale models and that they can be usefully and effectively applied to medium- and large-scale models.


The article is devoted to the study of political, legal and institutional aspects of the policy of diaspora management in the Republic of Moldova. The authors consider that the Moldovan authorities are trying to develop a coherent state policy on the Diaspora through an integrated approach. This is reflected in the legislative and institutional framework of the state policy in the field of Diaspora. As the results of sociological research, Moldovan migrants do not actively participate in the activity of Diaspora organizations. The authors note that in order to develop an effective management policy Diaspora in the Republic of Moldova, the creation of institutions is necessary to ensure the preservation and development of the Diaspora; development of a strategy of interaction with state institutions as the country of residence, and the "title" of the state; development of legal acts on the Diaspora, as well as laws and policies on management of the diaspora processes. These measures will provide creation and strengthening of a stable platform for cooperation between the state and the Moldovan diaspora, the active participation of the diaspora in the economic and political life of the Republic of Moldova.


Several tectonic models have been proposed for the Neoproterozoic amalgamation of the South China block during the assembly of Rodinia. However, the timing of the end of arc magmatism between the two subblocks in the South China block (i.e., the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks) remains controversial because it is unclear whether the 860−820 Ma magmatic rocks and coeval sedimentary basins in this area are related to subduction or plume activity. Here, we present new detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic data for the sediments directly overlying early Neoproterozoic arc volcanic rocks in this region. These data reveal a rhythmic change in source coincident with a progressive increase in the amount of juvenile and old crustal detritus within these sediments. This result, combined with the presence of a fining-upward grain-size trend and horizontal bedding within these sediments, provides evidence of bidirectional sources that are consistent with a backarc setting. The juvenile crustal material within these sediments was sourced from adjacent arc terranes to the east, whereas the old crustal detritus was derived from the Yangtze block to the west. In addition, sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe zircon U-Pb dating of mafic rocks within equivalent sedimentary sequences yielded ages of ca. 860−840 Ma, and these mafic rocks have arc- or mid-ocean-ridge basalt−like geochemical features that indicate the initiation of backarc spreading associated with Neoproterozoic NW-directed subduction. The data from the sediments and mafic rocks suggest the presence of a backarc basin system at ca. 860−820 Ma within the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block. This in turn indicates that Rodinia assembly was not completed until ca. 820 Ma, with the South China block possibly acting as a connection between a Neoproterozoic Andean-type active continental margin and Grenvillian belts on the paleo−western margin of the Rodinia supercontinent.


Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish endemic to the Rio Iguacu basin in Southern Brazil, is redescribed. The species was originally described as belonging to the monotypic genus Psalidodon, distinguished from Astyanax by the possession of a single series of teeth on the premaxilla (vs. two series), by the presence of relatively compressed teeth on the premaxillary and dentary bones (vs. relatively bulky teeth), and by the absence of lips (vs. lips present). Examination of a large number of specimens from the rio Iguacu basin that present dental and lip features that were intermediate between Psalidodon and Astyanax indicated that specimens attributed to Psalidodon show extreme characters observed within a polymorphic Astyanax species. Accordingly, the genus Psalidodon is synonymized under Astyanax. Specimens of "Astyanax sp. F" morphotype from the rio Iguacu basin belong to the species Astyanax gymnodontus and display a regular tooth arrangement and morphology, and their lip development is similar to that of other Astyanax species.


Because of climate change, much attention is drawn to the Amazon River basin, whose hydrology has already been strongly affected by extreme events during the past 20 years. Hydrological annual extreme variations (i.e. low/high flows) associated with precipitation (and evapotranspiration) changes are investigated over the Amazon River sub-basins using the land surface model ORCHIDEE and a multimodel approach. Climate change scenarios from up to eight AR4 Global Climate Models based on three emission scenarios were used to build future hydrological projections in the region, for two periods of the 21st century. For the middle of the century under the SRESA1B scenario, no change is found in high flow on the main stem of the Amazon River (Óbidos station), but a systematic discharge decrease is simulated during the recession period, leading to a 10% low-flow decrease. Contrasting discharge variations are pointed out depending on the location in the basin. In the western upper part of the basin, which undergoes an annual persistent increase in precipitation, high flow shows a 7% relative increase for the middle of the 21st century and the signal is enhanced for the end of the century (12%). By contrast, simulated precipitation decreases during the dry seasons over the southern, eastern and northern parts of the basin lead to significant low-flow decrease at several stations, especially in the Xingu River, where it reaches −50%, associated with a 9% reduction in the runoff coefficient. A 18% high-flow decrease is also found in this river. In the north, the low-flow decrease becomes higher toward the east: a 55% significant decrease in the eastern Branco River is associated with a 13% reduction in the runoff coefficient. The estimation of the streamflow elasticity to precipitation indicates that southern sub-basins (except for the mountainous Beni River), that have low runoff coefficients, will become more responsive to precipitation change (with a 5 to near 35% increase in elasticity) than the western sub-basins, experiencing high runoff coefficient and no change in streamflow elasticity to precipitation. These projections raise important issues for populations living near the rivers whose activity is regulated by the present annual cycle of waters. The question of their adaptability has already arisen.


This paper describes recent progress in high field magnetism mainly done in the Research Centre for Extreme Materials, Osaka University, with a short survey of the history. The main activities are concentrated on the condensed matter physics covering the field of magnetism and superconductivity where a common keyword is 'highly correlated electron physics'. A wide range of studies of metamagnetism, field-induced electronic transitions under high field, is summarised. These high field states are regarded as field-induced quantum states with various novel properties. High field is also effective for various atomic and molecular sciences. Nonlinear Zeeman effect, field-induced transparency and diamagnetic orientation of organic and biological materials are shown as examples. New frontiers in the high field technologies are shown with a highly sensitive magnetometer using the dynamical Faraday effect.


We study the deformation and breakup of an axisymmetric electrolyte drop which is freely suspended in an infinite dielectric medium and subjected to an imposed electric field. The electric potential in the drop phase is assumed small, so that its governing equation is approximated by a linearized Poisson-Boltzmann or modified Helmholtz equation (the Debye-H\"{u}ckel regime). An accurate and efficient boundary integral method is developed to solve the low-Reynolds-number flow problem for the time-dependent drop deformation, in the case of arbitrary Debye layer thickness. Extensive numerical results are presented for the case when the viscosity of the drop and surrounding medium are comparable. Qualitative similarities are found between the evolution of a drop with a thick Debye layer (characterized by the parameter $\chi\ll 1$, which is an inverse dimensionless Debye layer thickness) and a perfect dielectric drop in an insulating medium. In this limit, a highly elongated steady state is obtained for sufficiently large imposed electric field, and the field inside the drop is found to be well approximated using slender body theory. In the opposite limit $\chi\gg 1$, when the Debye layer is thin, the drop behaves as a highly conducting drop, even for moderate permittivity ratio $Q=\epsilon_1/\epsilon_2$, where $\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2$ is the dielectric permittivity of drop interior and exterior, respectively. For parameter values at which steady solutions no longer exist, we find three distinct types of unsteady solution or breakup modes. These are termed conical end formation, end splashing, and open end stretching. The second breakup mode, end splashing, resembles the breakup solution presented in a recent paper [R. B. Karyappa et al., J. Fluid Mech. 754, 550-589 (2014)]. We compute a phase diagram which illustrates the regions in parameter space in which the different breakup modes occur.


Fluorescence significantly improves the performance of gels. Various strategies, such as embedment and crosslinking, have been used to integrate extrinsic luminophores into gel systems, but the procedures are usually complex. Herein, for the first time, we report gels with intrinsic and tunable emission color prepared with 5-boronoisophthalic acid (5-bop) and Eu, Tb, and/or Dy similar to the procedure for the preparation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The single-metal gels exhibit intrinsic trichromatic fluorescence, due to which full-color emissions are readily obtained by tuning the type and/or ratio of Ln ions to prepare mixed-metal gels. The emission is governed by an antenna effect and is thus excited with single-wavelength at 275 nm. The nucleation-growth mechanism reveals that the Ln ions and 5-bop produce separated layers, which then grow anisotropically to form nanoribbons by high coordinated valence of Ln ions and biased carboxyl distribution as well as steric hindrance and hydrogen bonds of the boric acid group in 5-bop. The nanoribbons entangle together to generate chemical-physical hybrid gels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of gels with inherent and tunable emission color. Due to their optical and viscoelastic properties, the gels have numerous potential applications such as tunable emission and multi-target detection.


In May 2013, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection was diagnosed in an adult male in France with severe respiratory illness, who had travelled to the United Arab Emirates before symptom onset. Contact tracing identified a secondary case in a patient hospitalised in the same hospital room. No other cases of MERS-CoV infection were identified among the index case's 123 contacts, nor among 39 contacts of the secondary case, during the 10-day follow-up period.


The authors explorethe labor dynamics of Russian enterprise restructuring, empirically assessing how patterns of job creation and destruction are related to various aspects of enterprise restructuring across firms in different sectors and regions, and to different forms, sizes, vintages, and performance characteristics of ownership. Evidence from case studies - based on more than 50 site visits in 2000 - suggests that jobs have been destroyed, but only to a limited degree in some sectors and regions, largely because of institutional and incentive constraints and a still-widespread"socialist"corporate culture. Jobs have been created - particularly in sectors where devaluation had the most pronounced effect on important substitution and export promotion - but only slowly, mostly for lack of skilled workers and because regional mobility is limited. Labor turnover appears higher within regions than across regions. Newly available data for 1996 - 99 (provided by Goskomstat) for about 128,000 enterprises in 24 industrial sectors in Russia's 89 regions indicates that the typical firm has experienced only modest downsizing - about 12 percent - in number of employees. Smaller firms have entered, and larger, mature businesses have exited some sectors. Except for a lull in 1998, the rate of job creation has steadily increased and the rate of job destruction has declined, dropping substantially in 1998 - 99."Voluntary"worker separations remain the main - and growing - form of layoff, and the proportion of layoffs through redundancies is shrinking (now about 4 percent of total separations). Firm size and net employment growth are not statistically related, but form of ownership seems to matter. Firm size is also statistically correlated (positively) with profitability, but restructuring through changes in net employment growth appears not to be. It seems Russian restructuring needs to become more efficient.


This paper is the manual of the CompOSE service, see this http URL, an equation of state (EoS) database for use in nuclear physics and in astrophysical applications, e.g. the simulation of core-collapse supernovae and compact stars. The main aims of the service are the following: to offer a robust, easily extendable data format to store and read EoS data tables and related physical quantities; to make these data available to the public -- respecting the original work by the contributors -- in a standard format designed for easy access and flexibility; and to provide routines to interpolate these data in the parameter space of density, temperature and hadronic charge fraction. The manual contains a detailed description of the service. It is divided into three parts, containing a general introduction as well as instructions for potential contributors and for users.


Box delivery is a complicated task and it is challenging to predict the box delivery motion associated with the box weight, delivering speed, and location. This paper presents a single task-based inverse dynamics optimization method for determining the planar symmetric optimal box delivery motion (multi-task jobs). The design variables are cubic B-spline control points of joint angle profiles. The objective function is dynamic effort, i.e., the time integral of the square of all normalized joint torques. The optimization problem includes various constraints. Joint angle profiles are validated through experimental results using root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient. This research provides a practical guidance to prevent injury risks in joint torque space for workers who lift and deliver heavy objects in their daily jobs.


Abstract Alternative housing systems for hen eggs production represents clear evidence of the trend in animal housing and husbandry towards extensive rearing methods. Consumer demand is oriented towards healthy foods controlled not only under a safety point of view, but also under a welfare assessment of the animals' living conditions. Among the different alternative systems deep litter and organic production in recent years have been improved in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different housing systems (barn B and organic O) for laying hens may influence productive performance, fear responses and egg quality characteristics. A total of 4,745 birds were housed in the B system and 2,016 in the O system, both of which were commercial facilities. In each system the same strain (Hy-Line Brown) was housed and layer performance, external and internal egg characteristics, mortality and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Animal reactivity was recorded monthly with the approaching test. Moreover, the Tonic Immobility test was conducted at 70 weeks of age; feather and foot pad conditions were also investigated at the same time. The peak of laying was reached in both housing systems at 25 weeks of age and was higher in organic hens (94.5%) than in barn hens (93.0%). Feed conversion rate during the overall laying period was 2.36 vs 2.20, respectively, in O and B housing systems. There was a significant difference concerning the eggs classified as very dirty, dirty and cracked between the two systems. The dirty eggs were higher in O system probably due to laying eggs in a free range area, while the higher number of cracked eggs in B system may be due to a significantly less shell thickness in this system. Egg weight increased with layer age in both housing systems. Animals reared in O system showed less fearfulness than in B emphasised by the approaching and Tonic Immobility test results. Feather scoring did not evidence any severe plumage damage; statistical analysis showed some significant differences in comb and back areas between O and B systems. The hens reared on litter showed more aggressive pecking than the organic hens probably due to difference both in light intensity and in density.


I SEND YOU THE ENCLOSED impertinent contribution to my troubles," J.R.R. Tolkien wrote to his publishing house Allen & Unwin in 1966 upon receiving a manuscript for a sequel to The Lord of the Rings from a fan who proposed to publish the work. Tolkien went on: I do not know what the legal position is, I suppose that since one cannot claim property in inventing proper names, that there is no legal obstacle to this young ass publishing his sequel, if he could find any publisher, either respectable or disreputable, who would accept such tripe. I have merely informed him that I have forwarded his letter and samples to you. I think that a suitable letter from Allen & Unwin might be more effective than one from me. I once had a similar proposal, couched in the most obsequious terms, from a young woman, and when I replied in the negative, I received a most vituperative letter. (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien [Letters] 371) What these (very brave) fans sent to Professor Tolkien were works of fanfiction: texts based on another or groups of texts that form a canon of characters, settings, or plots. Tolkien's response was instinctive and, like many authors, understandably defensive of his work, even though many studies have covered how Tolkien himself re-used mythic and medieval sources--a move that, as will be discussed, arguably makes his work fanfiction. Plenty of scholarship has dealt with Tolkien's derivativeness, especially from medieval canons, but almost nothing has been written about Tolkien's artistic strategies as fanfiction. (1) Although the scholarly Tolkien community has tried to distance itself from association with fan practices and activity, (2) much can be gained by applying fan theory not only to Tolkien's fans, but to Tolkien himself as a "fan" of medieval language and literature as well as an advocate of the freedom of the reader, an important cornerstone in fan studies. In fact, Tolkien's attitudes toward fanfiction writing turn out to be a good deal warmer than we might expect from the letter quoted above. Although Tolkien would of course have used different terminology in place of "fanfiction" (or even "source studies," preferring instead to use "sub-creation," "deep roots," and to talk instead about the "Cauldron" of story), he seems to have been at least theoretically open to the idea of fanfiction--even of his own work, and even in spite of the above example. Internet sources can offer useful and relevant materials for discussing the nature and purpose of fan activity, reflect how Tolkien's approach to his works may have resembled such activities, and help us to speculate about how he might have viewed similar fan activities. The Tolkien Music List, for example, is an online collection of songs, artists, and album titles of music that are fanworks of Tolkien's legendarium, either in name or by theme. The home page quotes Letter 131 in part, where Tolkien (apparently rather magnanimously) writes that he had initially planned to "draw some of the great tales in fullness, and leave many only placed in the scheme, and sketched. The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama" (Letters 144-45). Reid's study of competing discourse in Tolkien fandoms notes another fan's use of this quote in an online space, and claims that "this sentence, [as used] by a fan who cites Tolkien's authority for writing fan fiction (a complex subject in today's world of copyrights, intellectual property, and 'Cease and Desist' letters feared by fans) is a sophisticated rhetorical choice. Superficially, it can be read as a standard/academic/masculine appeal to an outside (in this case, canonical) authority" (Reid 359). From this alone, we are tempted to assume not only permission, but even a mandate from Tolkien for fanworks of his texts (though not necessarily fanfiction in the strictest sense) (3) to be created in art, music and drama (implicit still is to leave prose and poetry to Tolkien). …


The variational treatment of spin waves in the randomly diluted Heisenberg ferromagnet at zero temperature is studied. It is argued that a convenient variational principle for the excitation spectrum of an alloy is difficult to formulate rigorously. However, at extremely long wavelengths a simple variational calculatation probably has approximate validity providing localized excitations in isolated clusters of magnetic sites are excluded. Within the approximation which ignores this exclusion we obtain a second-order variational bound for the spin-wave energy which, unlike that found by Murray, is positive at all concentrations. Similar results for concentrations above the critical percolation concentration x p are obtained when the localized excitations are excluded in which case the restricted configuration averages can only be evaluated approximately. We point out that the critical concentration x c for the occurance of long-range order depends only on the properties of the infinite cluster. Thus the thermal stability of spin waves depends on the dimensionality of the infinite cluster. An argument is given to show that the infinite cluster is not one dimensional. The range of concentrations for which the infinite cluster is two dimensional is either nonexistent or small. We conclude, then, that x c is close, if not exactly equal, to x p . The condition for a discontinuity in T C (x) for x→x c is discussed in terms of a simple periodic model for dilution.


This paper focuses on intellectual property ("IP") issues in the university setting. Often, universities require faculty who have been hired in whole or in part to invent to assign inventions created within the scope of their employment to the university. In addition, the most effective way to secure compliance with the Bayh-Dole Act, which deals with ownership of inventions involving federally funded research, is for the university to take title to such inventions. Failure to specify who has title can result in title passing to the government. The university then decides whether to process a patent application, and if it does, whether to pursue options for commercialization, frequently including licensing the invention to industry.A number of academics and other commentators have contended that it would be more efficient and fair to allow faculty to own the rights to their own inventions, even if they have been hired in part to invent and the inventions are created within the scope of employment. The debate, it should be noted, is only over the appropriate default rule. Not even critics of the current institutional default rule would object to faculty assignment of ownership rights to the university. Since faculty are not generally in a good position to pursue commercialization on their own, the question for public policy is what are the benefits and costs of allowing faculty, in the first instance, to decide whether the university or some other entity should manage the commercialization process. This paper evaluates the case for changing the ownership default rule. First, we provide background on patent rights in the employment setting and how patent rights are applied in a university environment. Second, we explain how most universities handle faculty inventions and technology transfer. Third, we lay out and challenge some of the key arguments critics have offered in support of faculty control of patent rights. Finally, we suggest that faculty inventions which use other university resources, including personnel such as graduate and post-doctoral students, are best viewed as a product of a team production process rather than solely the invention of the faculty member; and the university generally is the more efficient manager of the commercialization effort.


Background: Qatar Council for Healthcare Practitioner (QCHP) is the sole authority regulating healthcare practitioners' practice in the state of Qatar. The Accreditation Department (AD), as one of three pillar departments of QCHP, was delegated the responsibility to regulate medical and healthcare-related education (including Continuing Medical Education (CME)/Continuing Professional Development (CPD)) of all healthcare practitioners (HCPs) working in the country. In March 7 2016, QCHP-AD launched Qatar National CME / CPD system and framework. According to The National CME / CPD system, all licensed healthcare practitioners (Physicians, Nurses, Pharmacists, Dentists, Allied Health Professionals and Complementary Medicine Practitioners) working in the state of Qatar were mandated to participate in CPD activities and fulfill CPD credit requirements to be able to renew their license of practice. In parallel, QCHP developed and launched an online portal "E-portfolio" to facilitate engagement of its main stakeholders (healthcare practitioners, CPD providers and QCHP surveyors) with the National system. The E-portfolio serves as a platform for healthcare practitioners to plan for, record and submit to QCHP the CPD activities they completed. E-Portfolio had similar platforms for CPD providers to apply for QCHP accreditation of their organizations a/or the activities they provide and for QCHP surveyors to receive and submit their CPD providers surveyor reports. In addition, E-portfolio serves as a communication tool for upcoming accredited activities as well as standards, policies, procedures and guidelines relevant to target stakeholder. Methodology: A questionnaire was developed by QCHP to examine healthcare practitioners, CPD providers and QCHP surveyors' experience and satisfaction with QCHP E-portfolio. The survey focused on aspects related to ease of access, user friendliness, QCHP's interaction and user support. The questionnaire was electronically distributed and collected from the target Participants. In addition, E-portfolio usage statistics were collected. This included data for healthcare practitioners' usage (e.g. number of created accounts, number of completed CPD activities recorded in E-portfolio and % compliance to CPD requirements), CPD providers' usage (e.g. number of CPD providers' and CPD activities' accreditation requests processed) and surveyors' usage (e.g. number of created accounts and number of CPD providers' accreditation requests processed). Data were analyzed using statistical analysis software, presented and discussed in this research work. Results: Survey analysis results showed high rates of satisfaction with QCHP's e-portfolio usage expressed by healthcare practitioners, CPD providers and QCHP surveyors. This was further evidenced by positive usage rates from target stakeholders. Discussion: Using online portals, such as QCHP's E-portfolio, is associated with high levels of user satisfaction compared to conventional methods. This is attributed to the ease of access they provide; however, user-friendly designs and high quality customer support are necessary to ensure customer satisfaction and compliance. Reliability and record security might represent challenges to success of online portals experience unless supported by adequate verification, audit and data protection processes. Conclusions: E-portfolio proved to be a convenient portal for Qatar's healthcare practitioners, CPD providers and accreditation surveyors' participation in the National CME/CPD system.


Despite the importance of context in studies of language use, sociolinguists have ignored the impact of noise on conversational interaction. This inattention is of particular concern in classrooms where language is a learning tool. Our research on interaction in noisy settings took place in English language elementary school classrooms with students in grades 3, 5, and 7, whose first language was English. Students were observed during regular classroom activities. Employing a novel method, in which students wore ear-level microphones, we obtained stereophonic recordings of the noise and conversation that reached each listener's cars. A dosimeter measured the noise levels in each classroom. Analyses of students' patterns of conversation suggest that noise levels impeded the intended development of complex conversational interaction and collaborative learning. This study also questions the place of acoustics in understanding context, and the significance of the hearer's perspective in sociolinguistic studies of conversational interactions.


ABSTRACT In observational studies for the interaction between treatments, one needs to estimate and present both the treatment effects and the interaction to learn the significance of the interaction to the treatment effects. In this article, we estimate the treatment effects and the interaction jointly by using only one logistic model and based on maximum-likelihood. We present the interaction by (1) point estimate and confidence interval of the interaction, (2) point estimate and confidence region of (treatment effect, interaction), and (3) point estimate and confidence interval of the interaction when the maximum-likelihood estimate of one treatment effect falls into specified range.


The presence and distribution of Griffonia Simplicifolia I-B4 (GSA I-B4) and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) were studied in the nodose ganglion (NG) (inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve), sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the rat. GSA I-B4 labeling was found in all ganglia tested. Neither SPG nor SCG cell bodies stained with CGRP were undetectable. The pattern of the distribution of GSA I-B4 and CGRP labeled cells were quite similar in the nodose ganglion. They were found in the poles of the ganglion with some marginal labeling. Large numbers of GSA I-B4 and CGRP labeled cells were found and the number of labeled cells did not vary considerably between the two markers in this ganglion. GSA I-B4 labeled neurons of the SPG and SCG were fewer in numbers compared with NG. These data demonstrate the presence of a "non-peptide" population of unmyelinated primary afferents in sensory and autonomic ganglia with the lack of CGRP immunoreactivity in the autonomic ganglia. This suggests that the "non-peptide" group of primary afferents are involved in different functional mechanisms than peptidergic afferents.


Background There is dilemma as to whether patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) requiring implant orthopaedic surgery are at an increased risk for post-operative surgical site infection (SSI). We conducted a systematic review to determine the effect of HIV on the risk of post-operative SSI and sought to determine if this risk is altered by antibiotic use beyond 24 hours. Methods We searched electronic databases, manually searched citations from relevant articles, and reviewed conference proceedings. The risk of postoperative SSI was pooled using Mantel-Haenszel method. Results We identified 18 cohort studies with 16 mainly small studies, addressing the subject. The pooled risk ratio of infection in the HIV patients when compared to non-HIV patients was 1.8 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.3–2.4), in studies in Africa this was 2.3 (95% CI 1.5–3.5). In a sensitivity analysis the risk ratio was reduced to 1.4 (95% CI 0.5–3.8). The risk ratio of infection in patients receiving prolonged antibiotics compared to patients receiving antibiotics for up to 24 hours was 0.7 (95% CI 0.1–4.2). Conclusions The results may indicate an increased risk in HIV infected patients but these results are not robust and inconclusive after conducting the sensitivity analysis removing poor quality studies. There is need for larger good quality studies to provide conclusive evidence. To better develop surgical protocols, further studies should determine the effect of reduced CD4 counts, viral load suppression and prolonged antibiotics on the risk for infection.


Global positioning system (GPS) data from the central Andes record vertical axis rotations that are consistently counterclockwise in Peru and Bolivia north of the bend in the mountain belt, and clockwise to the south in southern Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. These geologically instantaneous rotations have the same sense as rotations that have accrued over millions of years and are recorded by paleomagnetic and geologic indicators. The change in sign of the rotation at both decadal and million-year time scales occurs across the axis of topographic symmetry that defines the Bolivian orocline. When extrapolated to a common time interval, the magnitudes of rotation from geologic features and from GPS are surprisingly similar, given that a significant part of the instantaneous deformation field is probably elastic and due to interseismic locking of the plate boundary. Some of the interseismic deformation field must reflect permanent deformation, and/or some of the current elastic deformation will be converted to upper-plate permanent deformation over time rather than be recovered by elastic rebound during interplate earthquakes. We suggest that the spatial patterns of the elastic and the permanent modes of bending are similar because they are driven by the same stress field.


Neurobiology continues to be one of the great frontiers in biological sciences. The number of neurons in the brain, and the complex neuronal circuits they constitute, will keep scientists trying to decipher them challenged for years to come. In the last decade, the use of genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) to monitor and visualize neuronal activity has greatly advanced. Calcium imaging using GECIs has become a principal modality to elucidate neuronal coding and signaling processes. GECIs provide clear advantages over synthetic calcium dyes by enabling long-term expression and chronic imaging in targeted neurons in vivo. Whilst most improvements of GECIs have been primarily focusing on faster kinetics, calcium sensitivity, brightness and signal strength; less attention has been on GECIs' likely impact on cellular environments via calcium buffering. Studies have shown that long-term expression of GECIs at high intracellular concentrations can lead to pathological changes and reduced responsiveness in cells.
The objective of this dissertation was to design a new family of GECIs suitable for long-term monitoring of neuronal calcium activity. In contrast to previous optimization strategies, here a new species of calcium binding protein, troponin C from Opsanus tau, was used as a basis for the development of a minimal calcium-binding domain. The minimal domain was fused to brighter fluorescent proteins to generate novel GECIs with improved properties. Consequently, the novel GECIs were optimized through iterative rounds of directed molecular evolution and screening, resulting in the Twitch-family of GECIs.
In Chapter 2, we describe the structure-function relationships of a previously published FRET-based calcium indicator, the TN-XXL. The structure-function relationship in FRET- based GECIs is largely uncharacterized due to the artificial and multi-modular composition. By utilizing a combination of protein engineering, spectroscopic and biophysical analyses, we show that two of the four calcium binding sites dominate the FRET output. Furthermore, we found that local conformational changes of these sites match the kinetics of FRET change. We show that TN-XXL changes from a flexible elongated structure to a rigid globular shape upon binding calcium. The insights gained from this work formed the basis for the engineering of the FRET-based GECIs described in this work. In Chapter 3, a newly developed minimal domain FRET-based GECI, Twitch-1CD, was introduced into auto-antigen-specific and non–auto-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. We demonstrated for the first time in vivo how a GECI is fully expressed in T cells, and thus allowing for detailed recording and visualization of calcium signaling during T cell antigen- recognition.
In Chapter 4, we orchestrated the evolution of the Twitch-family of GECIs, with better signal- to-noise ratios (SNR), greater dynamic range (∆R/R) and calcium kinetics. These indicators underwent rational design and directed molecular evolution, followed by bacterial plate screening and a fluorescent imaging screening assay in hippocampal neurons. The novel GECIs were subsequently applied in a series of studies, emphasizing their improvements to previous FRET-based GECIs.


Military women's involvement and contributions to the
Global War on Terror (GWOT) are unprecedented and, as such,
servicewomen are returning home in numbers that far exceed prior
conflicts (Street, Vogt, & Dutra, 2009). Addressing and
supporting servicewomen's postdeployment recovery needs—as similar
or distinct from their male counterparts—requires a richer
understanding of their lives. Using Interpretative Phenomenological
Analysis (IPA) methodology, this study addressed the paucity of
in-depth qualitative research devoted to exploring the recovery
experiences of servicewomen in the aftermath of combat deployment.
Nine servicewomen with GWOT combat deployments were interviewed on
this topic using a semi-structured protocol designed to elicit
reflection on their military and combat backgrounds, postdeployment
experiences, and pathways to recovery. Data analysis revealed two
levels of thematic analysis that depicted the following categories
of servicewomen's experiences: significant war-time accomplishments
and stressors, immediate readjustment challenges and long-term
effects of combat deployment, internal pathways and external
influences of recovery, multilayered meanings of recovery, and
future hopes for women in the service. An integrated conceptual
model joining Harvey's (2007) ecological perspective of communities
and Herman's (1992) phase-oriented model of trauma recovery offered
a framework for interpreting the results of the study. In this
framework, the servicewomen's internal processes and social
contextual influences of gender and postdeployment life were seen
as inextricably linked and relevant to their recoveries from war.
The clinical implications of the study and considerations for
future research are discussed in light of these findings and the
conceptual model.


The present research sought to examine the impact of narcissism, prediction accuracy, and should counterfactual thinking—which includes thoughts such as "I should have done something different"—on hindsight bias (the tendency to exaggerate in hindsight what one knew in foresight) and perceived learning. To test these effects, we conducted four studies (total n = 727). First, in Study 1 we examined a moderated mediation model, in which should counterfactual thinking mediates the relation between narcissism and hindsight bias, and this mediation is moderated by prediction accuracy such that the relationship is negative when predictions are accurate and positive when predictions are inaccurate after accurate predictions. Second, in Study 2 we examined a moderated sequential mediation model, in which the relation between narcissism and perceived learning is sequentially mediated through should counterfactual thinking and hindsight bias, and importantly, this sequential mediation is moderated by prediction accuracy. In Study 3 we ruled out could counterfactual thinking as an alternative explanation for the relationship between narcissism and hindsight bias. Finally, by manipulating should counterfactual thinking in Study 4, our findings suggest that this type of thinking has a causal effect on hindsight bias. We discuss why exhibiting some hindsight bias can be positive after failure. We also discuss implications for eliciting should counterfactual thinking. Our results help explain why narcissists may fail to learn from their experiences.


Select coastal regions of the North Slope of Alaska are experiencing high erosion rates that can be attributed in part to recent warming trends and associated increased storm intensity and frequency. The upper sediment column of the coastal North Slope of Alaska can be described as continuous permafrost underlying a thin (typically less than 1–2 m) active layer that responds variably to seasonal thaw cycles. Assessing the temporal and spatial variability of the active layer and underlying permafrost is essential to better constrain how heightened erosion may impact material fluxes to the atmosphere and the coastal ocean, and how enhanced thaw cycles may impact the stability of the coastal bluffs. In this study, multi-channel electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to image shallow subsurface features of a coastal bluff west of Kaktovik, on Barter Island, northeast Alaska. A comparison of a suite of paired resistivity surveys conducted in early and late summer 2014 provided detailed information on
how the active layer and permafrost are impacted during the short Arctic summer. Such results are useful in the development of coastal resilience models that tie together fluvial, terrestrial, climatic, geologic, and oceanographic forcings on shoreline stability.