BACKGROUND: Nebulised pentamidine is effective for preventing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The nebuliser dose required to produce equivalent lung concentrations of pentamidine in children is unknown. This study was performed to measure pulmonary pentamidine deposition in children and to relate this to age, ventilation pattern, and body size. METHODS: Nebulised pentamidine (50 mg in 6 ml saline) was administered to 12 children (including one with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis) and to six adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection using a Respirgard II nebuliser. Technetium-99m labeled colloidal human serum albumin was used as an indirect marker for pentamidine and deposition in the lungs was detected by a gamma camera. RESULTS: Absolute deposition of pentamidine was not related to age, height, weight, spirometry, or ventilation characteristics. Deposition, as a mean (SD) percentage of nebuliser output, was similar in children aged 8-11 years (5.5(2.4)%), teenagers aged 12-15 years (7.2(2.2)%) and adults (7.1(2.6)%). Aerosol concentration within the lungs (% nebuliser output deposited/predicted total lung capacity) was therefore higher in children (1.9(1.5)%/1) and teenagers (1.9(0.7)%/1) than in adults (1.0(0.7%)/1), and was negatively correlated with height (r = -0.69) and weight (r = -0.50). Deposition of aerosol in the region of the large central airways was particularly marked in children. Small reductions in forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity after treatment did not differ significantly between adults and children and visual analogue scores of subjective adverse effects did not vary with age. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that children probably require lower nebuliser pentamidine doses to produce lung pentamidine concentrations equivalent to those found to be effective for preventing P carinii pneumonia in adults using the Respirgard II nebuliser.


In this article, I explore the development of Hmong teleconference radio: a thriving form of mass communication for Hmong in the diaspora that uses conference call software to provide listeners with a wide array of radio-like programming accessed through their mobile phones. It is based on a qualitative analysis of Hmong media that assesses the history of Hmong media development in the United States, the content and formatting of teleconference radio programs, and the perspectives of those who participate in creating and consuming media. In exploring the development of a new form of participatory radio, this article expands our understanding of diasporic media practices to include communities that must overcome the challenge of using limited resources in their efforts reach geographically dispersed audiences.


Nine human malignant gliomas (2 astrocytomas grade III and 7 glioblastomas) were analyzed using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). In addition to the amplification of the EGFR gene at 7p12 in 4 of 9 cases, six new amplification sites were mapped to 1q32, 4q12, 7q21.1, 7q21.2-3, 12p, and 22q12. Nonrandom chromosomal gains and losses were identified with overrepresentation of chromosome 7 and underrepresentation of chromosome 10 as the most frequent events (1 of 2 astrocytomas, 7 of 7 glioblastomas). Gain of a part or the whole chromosome 19 and losses of chromosome bands 9pter-23 and 22q13 were detected each in five cases. Loss of chromosome band 17p13 and gain of chromosome 20 were revealed each in three cases. The validity of the CGH data was confirmed using interphase cytogenetics with YAC clones, chromosome painting in tumor metaphase spreads, and DNA fingerprinting. A comparison of CGH data with the results of chromosome banding analyses indicates that metaphase spreads accessible in primary tumor cell cultures may not represent the clones predominant in the tumor tissue.


In this paper, a total of 901 free-field accelerograms recorded at the stations in west-central Taiwan from 32 earthquakes that occurred in Taiwan area between 1993 and 1999 are separated as four data groups based on PGA levels, the station sites are classified into three types by their dominant periods of acceleration response spectra. The characteristics of response spectra in regard to both earthquake intensity and station type are analyzed. In order to highlight the behavior of the Chi-Chi mainshock, several kinds of comparisons of the near-fault responses have been made with those of far-field data. The results show that the response spectra increase generally with the earthquake intensity for all stations. The spectral shape in long period regions become more predominant if the soil condition is softer. The mean response spectra plus one standard-deviation of the Chi-Chi mainshock are significantly larger than the required values of the current seismic design code. In terms of the long-period range, the spectra of the Chi-Chi mainshock are larger than the mean value of 32 events by more than 200 times. The spectral ratios of vertical to horizontal component almost exceed 2/3; this phenomenon reflects the intensified vertical ground motion due to the thrusting movement of the Chelungpu fault. Therefore, a modified design code is suggested for applications to near-fault areas.


Medicine is increasingly image-intensive. The central importance of imaging technologies such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in clinical decision making, combined with the trend to store many "traditional" clinical images such as conventional radiographs, microscopic pathology and dermatology images in digital format present both challenges and an opportunities for the designers of clinical information systems. The emergence of Multimedia Electronic Medical Record Systems (MEMRS), architectures that integrate medical images with text-based clinical data, will further hasten this trend. The development of these systems, storing a large and diverse set of medical images, suggests that in the future MEMRS will become important digital libraries supporting patient care, research and education. The representation and retrieval of clinical images within these systems is problematic as conventional database architectures and information retrieval models have, until recently, focused largely on text-based data. Medical imaging data differs in many ways from text-based medical data but perhaps the most important difference is that the information contained within imaging data is fundamentally knowledge-based. New representational and retrieval models for clinical images will be required to address this issue. Within the Image Engine multimedia medical record system project at the University of Pittsburgh we are evolving an approach to representation and retrieval of medical images which combines semantic indexing using the UMLS Metathesuarus, image content-based representation and knowledge-based image analysis.


Women cocoa farmers are central to the sustainability of the cocoa supply chain and cocoa-growing communities. Too often unrecognized and undervalued, women's labor makes significant contributions to the amount of cocoa produced, which is under increasing demand. Empowering women cocoa farmers not only has a positive impact on the lives of women, men and communities, but also has a business advantage.  When women have control over their own income or family earnings, they reinvest in their families, children and communities, increasing the well-being and the sustainability of cocoa-growing communities. Through its Behind the Brands campaign, Oxfam challenged the cocoa sector to take action to strengthen the rights of women cocoa farmers. Within months, they responded and made significant commitments to address women's empowerment at the farm level. But there remains little shared knowledge of what emerging good practice actually looks like. This report provides examples of good practice to increase gender equality in the cocoa sector in West Africa, and shows where there is potential to make even greater change.


What changes as algorithms proliferate within journalism and become more sophisticated? In this essay, we synthesize the articles in this thematic issue, which offer empirical evidence for how algorithms—and especially those designed to automate news production—are being incorporated not only into journalistic activities but also into the logics of journalism itself. They underscore that journalists have neither feared nor rejected such algorithms, as might be expected given the recent history of technological adoption in journalism. Instead, journalists have sought to normalize the technology by negotiating them against existing values and practices, and perhaps even reified some normative ideological constructs by finding unique value in what they offer as humans. These articles also highlight the shortcomings of those algorithms, giving pause to postulations of algorithms as potential solutions to shortcomings of trust in news and market failures. Indeed, such algorithms may end up amplifying the very biases that seed distrust in news all the while appearing less valuable to readers than their human counterparts. We also point to new opportunities for research, including examinations of how algorithms shape other stages in the journalistic workflow, such as interviewing sources, organizing knowledge, and verifying claims. We further point to the need to investigate higher analytic levels and incorporate additional perspectives, both from more diverse contexts (e.g., Global South) and from our sister academic fields (e.g., human–computer interaction). We conclude with optimism about the continued contributions this stream of work is poised to make in the years to come.


Alkynes such as propyne nitrile and propynimine form weak charge-transfer, η -alkynyl complexes, with surface catalysts such as Mg.porphin in which the alkynyl group is positively charged and the porphin has a negative charge. The enthalpy changes are -0.024 and -0.040 h, respectively. Addition of methyl thiol to the complexes allows the formation of Mg.1,N-3-methylsulfanyl propenyl nitril-1yl.porphin and Mg.1,N-3-methylsulfanyl propenylimin-1yl.porphin. When the imine is bound to a Mg.porphin complex in which carbon monoxide has been oriented by exciting radiation an aziridine-2one complex is formed hydrolysable and reducible to the amino acid L-methionine. With hydrogen sulphide addition an analogous set of reactions yields L-homocysteine. The reactions have been shown to be feasible from the overall enthalpy changes in the ZKE approximation at the HF and MP2 /6-31G* level. Key-Words: propyne nitrile, propynimine, 2-(2-methylsulfanyl ethenyl) aziridine 3-one, Mg.porphin, Lmethionine, homocysteine.


In Gender Relations in an Indonesian Society Nurul Ilmi Idrus offers a comprehensive ethnography of Bugis marriage, exploring aspects of gender and sexuality in this bilateral, highly competitive, hierarchical society.


This article describes an implemented system which uses centering theory for planning of coherent texts and choice of referring expressions. We argue that text and sentence planning need to be driven in part by the goal of maintaining referential continuity and thereby facilitating pronoun resolution: Obtaining a favorable ordering of clauses, and of arguments within clauses, is likely to increase opportunities for nonambiguous pronoun use. Centering theory provides the basis for such an integrated approach. Generating coherent texts according to centering theory is treated as a constraint satisfaction problem. The well-known Rule 2 of centering theory is reformulated in terms of a set of constraintscohesion, salience, cheapness, and continuityand we show sample outputs obtained under a particular weighting of these constraints. This framework facilitates detailed research into evaluation metrics and will therefore provide a productive research tool in addition to the immediate practical benefit of improving the fluency and readability of generated texts. The technique is generally applicable to natural language generation systems, which perform hierarchical text structuring based on a theory of coherence relations with certain additional assumptions.


Cluster ensembles generate a large number of different clustering solutions and combine them into a more robust and accurate consensus clustering. On forming the ensembles, the literature has suggested that higher diversity among ensemble members produces higher performance gain. In contrast, some studies also indicated that medium diversity leads to the best performing ensembles. Such contradicting observations suggest that different data, with varying characteristics, may require different treatments. We empirically investigate this issue by examining the behavior of cluster ensembles on benchmark data sets. This leads to a novel framework that selects ensemble members for each data set based on its own characteristics. Our framework first generates a diverse set of solutions and combines them into a consensus partition P*. Based on the diversity between the ensemble members and P*, a subset of ensemble members is selected and combined to obtain the final output. We evaluate the proposed method on benchmark data sets and the results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the clustering performance, often by a substantial margin. In some cases, we were able to produce final solutions that significantly outperform even the best ensemble members.


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The increased globalization of the last decades created a business environment in which firms are exposed to foreign competition but also to important foreign opportunities. However, while many opportunities exist abroad, capitalizing on these opportunities is not straightforward. This dissertation advances the understanding of how firms can leverage the international environment, especially for increasing innovation.
For this purpose, this dissertation contains four research studies asking complementary research questions. In the first study, I perform a systematic review of offshoring research to develop a decisional framework that integrates insights on the factors that inform the key decisions firms make when offshoring and to suggest avenues for future research. The second study shows how firms can build offshoring capabilities in order to benefit from foreign operations. Employing a qualitative methodology, I uncovered what an offshoring capability consists of and how firms can develop it. In the remaining studies, I address the more specific question of how firm can use international opportunities to increase their ability to innovate. To this end, the third study puts forward theoretical proposition suggesting firms can use offshoring to innovate, but this depends on the top management team processes and the degree of integration with foreign activities. The fourth study take a large-scale quantitative approach to find that the degree of international diversification affects firms' ability to innovate and that different elements of international diversification are interrelated in their influence on innovation. Overall, this dissertation finds that firms can use international opportunities to increase their innovation.


Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate the distribution of HbA1c, LDL, TG, HDL and non- HDL-cholesterol values based on different regions in Turkey as well as sexes; and to determine the differences between regions and sexes in order to achieve target values in 11 health regions of Turkey as defined by the classification of regional units for statistics.
Methods: All data recorded on computers by primary care family physicians are archived by the Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Information Systems. These data included 11 regions based on the classification of regional units for statistics and age, sex, LDL, TG, HDL, total cholesterol and HbA1c (%) of patients. The data obtained will be grouped with respect to regions.
Results: When the compatibility of the blood values for all population are evaluated in relation to the target value; it was found that 5756 (50.4%) individuals were within the target range for HbA1c (6.5%), and 7484 (65.5%) individuals were within the target range for HbA1c (7.0%). 2225 (24.2%) individuals were within the target range for LDL, 4633 (49.8%) individuals for TG, 4776 (50.2%) individuals for HDL, and 1981 (24.5%) individuals for non-HDL cholesterol.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the rate of achieving the target values in type 2 diabetic patients in Turkey are still inadequate. To this end, novel regional and country-wide healthimproving policies are required. Patient education, continuing medicine training for physicians and local guidelines may assist in the follow-up and treatment of DM.


Nursing care for cancer patients is stressful for nurses and to maintain the quality of care they should be able to manage these tensions. Therefore, the aim of current study was to determine the level of job stress and tension management among oncology nurses of hospitals in the city of Ahvaz in 2015. Our descriptive survey was conducted on 93 oncology nurses at the hospitals of Ahvaz (Imam Khomeini, Oil Company, Arya, Golestan, and Shafa). Census method was used for sampling and required data collected by research-designed questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was determined by formal content validity and its reliability was obtained through internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha for t job stress scale questionnaire and tension-relieve management were0.966 and 0.958, respectively. The study showed that most of the subjects, female, married, bachelor, contract employment, working in public hospitals, aged less than 30 years, working for 1-5 years (as a nurse) and 1-5 years of experience as oncology nurses haven't take effective courses on stress management. In terms of job tension associated with patient, his family, colleagues and physicians all nurses experienced average levels of stress. Job stress level of 3.61 percent of the participants was about average. Tension relive rate of all nurses in the areas of distraction, selfregulation, social support at workplace and a positive attitude towards the profession was moderate. The level of tension relieve management was moderate among 58.1 percent of the subjects. The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that there is a significant difference in the average of four types of job stress (p<0.05) and 4 areas of tension relieve management (p<0.001). According to the level of nurses' occupational stress, the stress level can be minimized through being aware of the needs of nurses and providing practical and fundamental approaches for management of the hospital. Since among the four types of job stress, the colleague-related stress was the highest, to enhance the nurses' health and improve relations between the colleagues, health officials and managers should plan so that by offering effective solutions in this area, the possible adverse consequences of job tension among the treatment team to be prevented. In addition, according to this research levels of tension relieve management were at average which can be maximized by holding teaching sessions with experienced psychologists to educate skills of coping stress among nurses. Since managing tension relieve in the area of positive attitude towards the profession achieved the highest mean, therefore, by teaching stress management skills particularly using a positive attitude towards the role of work, it seems that enhancement of spirituality and existence of psychological support systems for reducing stress levels of the nurses is necessary.


This paper discusses the notion of God as the only Creator, exploring its main implications for conceptualising the identity and purpose of Islamic architecture. The paper concludes that the concept of God as the Creator represents the core of the Islamic doctrine of tawhid (God's Oneness and Uniqueness) which, in turn, presents Islamic architecture with its identity impressing it by its own mould. Buildings in Islam are conceived and erected only to serve God and the noble purpose of creation instituted by the Creator. Ascribing the terms "creation" and "creators" to human beings should always be conditional and metaphorical, not authentic or unqualified. Just as the Creator cannot become creation, similarly a creation cannot become a creator. Only against this backdrop, the role and objective of man on earth, and all his civilisational undertakings, including architecture, are to be viewed and assessed. The implications of this central Islamic tenet for Islamic architecture are studied under the sub-topics of the identity of Islamic architecture and the role of Islamic decorative arts.


AS WE ANTICIPATE LIFE in the 21st century, it becomes clear that we will need to invent new approaches to teaching that require a reexamination of what we know about mentoring. Much of what we as educators know about mentorship has been derived from timeworn models: guild systems, apprenticeships, and other systems of socialization. Yet the growing importance of mentorship in various areas of educational enterprise calls for new thinking about these educational structures and relationships. We need new ways to conceptualize healthy and viable approaches to mentoring practices in our professional arenas. This collection of articles explores a variety of such approaches.


This qualitative study compares the barriers to eating more fruit and vegetables reported before and after participation in a 6-month randomized controlled trial in primary care. At the initial intervention appointment of a primary care intervention to promote eating five or more portions of fruit and vegetables a day, participants were asked to identify the barriers that they thought they might encounter. Barriers were discussed again at the final appointment 6 months later. At the end of the study, a purposive sample of 40 of the trial participants was interviewed to explore their experiences in greater detail. Transcripts of tape recordings of the intervention appointments and the semi-structured interview were analysed using qualitative methods. This paper presents the results of a qualitative analysis of these appointment and interview transcripts (results of the trial are published elsewhere). Women reported that children and male partners were obstructive to their attempts to eat more fruit and vegetables, whilst men reported that their partners were supportive of the change. The perception that fruit and vegetables were expensive was a relatively intractable barrier for those with inflexible food budgets. Some barriers, including the problem of getting fruit and vegetables when travelling or when the daily routine is disrupted such as at weekends, were not anticipated and only encountered when participants tried to make changes. However, while all but three of the interview respondents described experiencing at least one barrier to eating more fruit and vegetables, three quarters (29 of 40) reported an increase in intake of between one and five daily portions. This study adds to the existing literature in that it investigates those barriers that were reported at the end of, as well as before, a 6-month trial of a dietary intervention. The findings show that trial participants were not always able to anticipate what might be a barrier to change at the initial intervention appointment. The flexible action plan meant that if participants found their initial plan hard to maintain, they were able to adapt it rather than give up. This suggests that health behaviour interventions that are negotiated and non-prescriptive may be more successful than those that are relatively inflexible.


Background: Dual-process models propose that recognition memory (RM) involves two processes: conscious recollection and familiarity-aware memory. Studies investigating RM in schizophrenia report a selective deficit in conscious recollection and intact levels of familiarity-driven RM for stimuli presented in the visual and olfactory domains. It has been suggested that abnormalities in conscious recollection result from a breakdown in frontal strategic memory processes involved in encoding and retrieval and executive functions linked to reality monitoring and decision making. We investigated three predictions arising from these proposals. Firstly, if conscious recollection abnormalities arise from a central impairment, then these abnormalities should not be domain specific. Secondly, if the deficits in conscious recollection arise from a breakdown in executive processes, deficiencies should be correlated with executive dysfunction. Finally, the conscious recollection deficiencies are likely to be more severe in schizophrenia, a condition associated with marked executive dysfunction relative to Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent (MDDR), in which executive dysfunction is less marked. Methods: The remember/know paradigm was used to investigate RM for voices in three groups: patients with schizophrenia (n = 14), patients with MDDR (n = 16), and normal controls (n = 16). Executive function was assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Results: Patients with schizophrenia made significantly fewer remember responses than normal controls (p < 0.01), despite normal levels of discrimination and familiarity-driven auditory RM. Patients with MDDR did not differ significantly from either normal controls or patients with schizophrenia. Executive dysfunction was limited to the schizophrenia group and was not correlated with conscious recollection deficiencies. Conclusions: Patients with schizophrenia exhibit a deficit in conscious recollection for auditory RM of voices. These findings, when considered alongside remember/know data collected from the same set of patients for olfactory and visual RM, support proposals that abnormalities in conscious recollection stem from a breakdown in central rather than domain-specific processes.


In 1983, Poser et al .1 established their criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the same year, Hughes2 described the association between thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and lupus anticoagulant. These reports have eventually become connected. Today, almost 20 years later, there are enough data to consider antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), or Hughes' syndrome, as a major differential in the diagnosis of definite or probable MS according to Poser's criteria.

Arterial thrombosis is a major feature of Hughes' syndrome, central nervous system vessels being among the most frequently affected.3 The resulting clinical event is generally a stroke. However, more complex manifestations may include multifocal sensory, motor or cognitive dysfunction, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and a combination of the last two (Devic's syndrome). Different areas are often affected during the progression of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in these patients frequently show multiple T2 hyperintense brain lesions. This combination—relapsing/remitting multifocal neurological symptoms plus the MRI findings—may closely resemble MS.

In recent years, the number of patients in the medical literature diagnosed with MS and later shown to have antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) has grown substantially. In 1994, Scott et al .4 reported four patients presenting with multiple neurological manifestations, including vertigo, aphasia, unilateral visual loss, diplopia or hemiparesis, in different combinations over several years, with variable degrees of recovery after the episodes. All had white-matter lesions and all had received the clinical label of MS. Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) of the IgG isotype were positive at medium to high levels in the four patients, and lupus anticoagulant (LA) was also found in three of them. In addition, all but one patient …


Background: Epsins are a family of ubiquitin-binding endocytic clathrin adaptors. We recently published that endothelial epsins function as critical regulators of tumor angiogenesis by controlling VEGF signaling (JCI, 2012; ATVB, 2013). Our goal is to define the novel role of epsins in endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages in regulating atherogenesis.

Methods and Results: We engineered mice with specific deletion of epsins in EC (EC-DKO) or myeloid cells (MΦ-DKO). Strikingly, either EC-DKO or MΦ-DKO mice on ApoE-/- background fed western diet significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation and foam cell accumulation. FACS analysis revealed that epsin deficiency greatly reduced TNFα and LPS-induced adhesion molecule expression (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P- and E-selectins, CCR2 and MCP-1) in aortic EC and leukocyte recruitment in aorta. Mechanistically, EC epsins promote TNFR/TLR signaling and NF-κB and MAPK activation by recruiting NEMO, an essential NF-κB activator. In macrophages, epsin deficiency did not alter LDL scavenger receptors, CD36, Lox1 or SRB1, or reverse cholesterol transport proteins, ABCA1 or ABCG1, but did significantly reduce Lucifer Yellow pinocytosis, indicating a major defect in lipid uptake. Oil Red O staining of isolated ApoE-/-/MΦ-DKO macrophages showed little lipid accumulation, suggesting a mechanism in which epsin deficiency impairs foam cell formation. Epsin deficiency also significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype found in plaques thus suggesting an important pro-inflammatory role for epsins in macrophages. Loss of macrophage epsins significantly inhibited TNFα-stimulated activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. We also observed a synthetic peptide comprising the epsin ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) and lesion homing sequence potently disrupted association of epsins with TNFR/TLR signaling complex in vitro, and inhibited atherosclerotic plaque in vivo.

Conclusions: We demonstrate epsins promote atherogenesis by potentiating endothelium activation, leukocyte recruitment, foam cell formation and maintaining pro-inflammatory macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque, thus suggesting epsins as a novel therapeutic target to combat atherogenesis.


In this invited essay, I explore how policymakers and other public-interested actors have empirically calculated the benefits of providing low-income access to civil legal services in the past, and how they might improve upon existing methods going forward. My argument proceeds in five parts. First, I briefly explain the optimal approach to allocating public funds from a welfare economics perspective. Second, I introduce the challenges of valuing "benefits" in the context of the public provision of legal services. Third, I summarize and critique existing attempts to quantify the benefits of and need for legal services funding. Specifically, I review, criticize, and try to build on two major civil justice needs studies, one published by the Legal Services Corporation in 2005 (reissued in 2007) and the other by the American Bar Association in 1994. Fourth, I briefly, but critically, assess the arguments on the other side of the legal services debate, where commentators regularly rely on anecdotes and empirically unverified assumptions to argue for reducing the public provision of legal services. Finally, I describe the basic methods that cost-benefit analysis employs to crack the difficult nut of measuring the value of publicly provided services generally, and I sketch a few ideas for how a researcher might design and conduct a study using these ideas to measure (at least some of) the benefits of providing access to legal services to low-income individuals.


ABSTRACT Mark Hoogland's note examines the recent Avianca and Yukos bankruptcy cases. Both cases involved international companies with extensive non-U.S. commercial operations that nevertheless sought bankruptcy protection exclusively within the United States. Together, Avianca and Yukos offer a glimpse into the evolution of international bankruptcy law, as practiced by U.S. courts. International companies have motivations for filing in the United States, and prudence may be the only constraint on the international jurisdiction of U.S. bankruptcy judges. The recent addition of Chapter 15 to Title 11 may alleviate some of the problems considered, but the jurisprudential questions linger. I. INTRODUCTION [T]here is a profound and intimate correlation between insolvency-whether individual or corporate-and the very wellsprings of policy and social order from which national law ultimately draws its inspiration. For this reason, despite numerous general resemblances, national insolvency laws and procedures differ from one another almost infinitely in ways both great and small.1 Some bankruptcies are simple. U.S. courts efficiently dispatch the vast majority of consumer bankruptcies, which seldom raise difficult questions. Business bankruptcies, though they offer complexities galore and are much more likely to incur ruinous delays, are also generally handled adroitly. Sometimes, however, a company's assets, agents, headquarters, creditors, and customers are spread across multiple countries. In these international bankruptcies-sometimes called cross-border insolvencies or transnational bankruptcies2-the courts of multiple countries must decide hideously complicated questions of law and forum. Since the bankruptcy laws of different countries differ in myriad ways, U.S. and foreign courts regularly find themselves in an international conundrum. Sometimes courts agree to defer decision-making to a single court;3 sometimes courts "cooperate" while maintaining separate proceedings;4 other times courts bicker and threaten sanctions.5 Potential solutions abound, but no method for predictably deciding international cases has been consistently applied. Courts must address two key issues in every international bankruptcy case: (1) choice of forum and (2) choice of law.6 These issues are encountered and decided in a variety of ways and distinguishing between them can be tricky.7 In an ideal world, once the proper forum is determined, that forum would apply local law. In practice, however, international bankruptcy cases proceed along a variety of paths. For example, a U.S. court might choose to administer a primary proceeding8 in the United States while a parallel primary proceeding takes place in a different country. Alternatively, a U.S. court might be asked-or decide, sua sponte-to cede control of U.S. assets to a foreign primary proceeding (by way of an ancillary U.S. proceeding). Lastly, a U.S. court might decide that the United States is the ideal forum and request cooperation from foreign courts.9 Two theoretical camps offer different answers to the choice of forum and choice of law questions. Historically, most countries have developed a territorial "grab rule,"10 where each country claims plenary power over whatever assets are located within its borders." Territorial bankruptcy schemes favor local creditors, who are most familiar with local laws and well positioned to take advantage of them.12 The major advantage of territorialism is the relative ease with which forum and law can be decided: for a U.S. asset, territorialism would demand that a U.S. forum apply U.S. law. For a Colombian asset, Colombian law would govern a Colombian proceeding. Complications-such as airplanes leased in one country and operating across five other countries-invariably make determinations of forum and law more difficult. Still, territorialism proves a tempting option due to its procedural simplicity. Unfortunately, strict territorial schemes disregard any pretense of equitable crossborder asset distribution, divvying the scraps between local favorites instead. …


Urban Planning and Real Estate values, are became essential to be researched deeply on a basis of the economic structure, which is shaped by the variable conditions of the country and the world which are lately having an increasing importance in our country. In the same way, the arrangements on the real estate which are made considering the decisions taken from the planning activities on the urban and rural areas, and the new structure considering this, make the real estate valuation and the planning activities necessary to be studied together. Real estate valuation, which has many lacks about the legal arrangements in our country, makes the problems worse due to the false applications of the laws and regulations. This paper will evaluate the effects of urban planning on the price of newly zoned rural areas of Istanbul. In this study, urban planning applications in small town at the periphery of Istanbul Metropolitan Area have been examined. Industrial zoned area well developed under very short period of time after planning application. Although surrounded by industrial vacant land, application of urban plans gets attraction of local and international companies. Infrastructure and amenities that provided by municipality leveraged the value of property values both on industrial and housing zones. Statistical analysis and geographical information systems (GIS) used to find out the evidence of value changes caused by urban planning. Data collection and statistical analysis are combined with GIS applications to reveal more sophisticated results. Another finding of the study is the social feedback from urban plans. Premium that gained by controlled growth; lead peoples prejudice on Urban Planning to change and surrounding towns start a development under Master Plan for more strong sustainable city development.


Author(s): Terrazas, Wilfrido | Abstract: This music score was submitted for the Kaleidoscope 2020 Call for Scores, an open access collaboration with the UCLA Music Library.


Abstract. It has been shown that volcanic ash fertilizes the Fe-limited areas of the surface ocean through releasing soluble iron. As ash iron is mostly insoluble upon the eruption, it is hypothesized that heterogeneous in-plume and in-cloud processing of the ash promote the iron solubilization. Direct evidences concerning such processes are, however, lacking. In this study, a 1-D numerical model is developed to simulate the physicochemical interactions of the gas–ash–aerosol in volcanic eruption plumes focusing on the iron mobilization processes at temperatures between 600 and 0 °C. Results show that sulfuric acid and water vapor condense at ~ 150 and ~ 50 °C on the ash surface, respectively. This liquid phase then efficiently scavenges the surrounding gases (> 95 % of HCl, 3–20 % of SO 2 and 12–62 % of HF) forming an extremely acidic coating at the ash surface. The low pH conditions of the aqueous film promote acid-mediated dissolution of the Fe-bearing phases present in the ash material. We estimate that 0.1–33 % of the total iron available at the ash surface is dissolved in the aqueous phase before the freezing point is reached. The efficiency of dissolution is controlled by the halogen content of the erupted gas as well as the mineralogy of the iron at ash surface: elevated halogen concentrations and presence of Fe 2+ -carrying phases lead to the highest dissolution efficiency. Findings of this study are in agreement with the data obtained through leaching experiments.


The majority of people has already adapted to the unpredictably fast advancements in smartphones' (SPs) and social-networking sites' (SNS) technologies by using them on everyday basis (Jena, 2015). Always at hand, SPs are the most preferred way of connecting to SNS and if we add up the addictive nature of both SPs and SNS, young people tend to use them noticeably more than other age groups (Babdi-Akashe, Zamani, Abedini, Akbari & Hedayati, 2014, p. 94). Yet, little is known about the long-term effects of this newborn symbiosis on the quality of mental health. Thus, this research study focuses on exploring how the time undergraduate students spend on using SPs for connecting to SNS affects the quality of their mental health in regards to the following three dependent variables: 1. social interaction, 2. mental health, and 3. levels of technology induced stress (technostress), sleep deprivation, and loss of productivity. Hence, an online survey was distributed and the results were collected from 113 RIT Croatia and VERN students. The results revealed that those who spend more time using SPs for connecting to SNS tend to prefer virtual social interaction over real-life social interaction. In addition, they tend to suffer from sleep deprivation and loss of productivity as well. However, there was no significant effect of the independent variable on the incidence of symptoms or emotions related to the low quality of mental health. Thus, the results of this study support the previous research in this area and provide evidence for further research.


An experimental study was undertaken to investigate aspects of durability of reinforced concrete elements subjected to the combined action of mechanical pre-cracking and alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Concrete beams with a high alkali content were pre-cracked in cyclic loading and subsequently submerged partially in water, or exposed to high humidity according to ASTM C1293-07 conditions (long-term method). Aggregates of relatively high, and aggregates of low reactivity were used. Reference beams with both reactive and less reactive aggregate were placed in the ASR chambers to compare the responses of specimens exposed to the combined action and specimens subjected to the ASR action only. The crack widths were monitored in pre-cracked specimens under both conditions (humidity, partially submerged). The test results indicate that the expansion due to the combined action at the middle of samples (mechanical crack zone) was significantly different in specimens exposed only to a high alkaline environment. The micro and macro cracks, induced by cyclic load, form ingress paths leading to increased ASR rate, while the macro-mechanical cracks provide regions of relatively free expansion, as deduced from decreasing crack widths.


The promotion of post-ischaemic motor recovery remains a major challenge in clinical neurology. Recently, plasticity-promoting effects have been described for the growth factor erythropoietin in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. To elucidate erythropoietin's effects in the post-acute ischaemic brain, we examined how this growth factor influences functional neurological recovery, perilesional tissue remodelling and axonal sprouting of the corticorubral and corticobulbar tracts, when administered intra-cerebroventricularly starting 3 days after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Erythropoietin administered at 10 IU/day (but not at 1 IU/day), increased grip strength of the contralesional paretic forelimb and improved motor coordination without influencing spontaneous locomotor activity and exploration behaviour. Neurological recovery by erythropoietin was associated with structural remodelling of ischaemic brain tissue, reflected by enhanced neuronal survival, increased angiogenesis and decreased reactive astrogliosis that resulted in reduced scar formation. Enhanced axonal sprouting from the ipsilesional pyramidal tract into the brainstem was observed in vehicle-treated ischaemic compared with non-ischaemic animals, as shown by injection of dextran amines into both motor cortices. Despite successful remodelling of the perilesional tissue, erythropoietin enhanced axonal sprouting of the contralesional, but not ipsilesional pyramidal tract at the level of the red and facial nuclei. Moreover, molecular biological and histochemical studies revealed broad anti-inflammatory effects of erythropoietin in both hemispheres together with expression changes of plasticity-related molecules that facilitated contralesional axonal growth. Our study establishes a plasticity-promoting effect of erythropoietin after stroke, indicating that erythropoietin acts via recruitment of contralesional rather than of ipsilesional pyramidal tract projections.


One key question in the study of the European Union has always been the extent of Commission discretion. We take the discretion index, typically used by principal–agent scholars to measure the Commission's designed discretion, to measure its actual discretion. Commission designed discretion can today be computationally generated with sufficient accuracy across all secondary acts. The study of designed discretion thus reaches considerable maturity. Therefore, we argue that scholars should prioritize studying Commission actual discretion. We present a systematic and transparent investigative technique based on the discretion index, which we use as a roadmap to guide our empirical investigation. The index facilitates the accumulation of knowledge across policy areas and time by providing exact values for Commission discretion. We illustrate our approach with the Development Cooperation Instrument.


Agents are asked to rank two objects in a setting where effort is costly and agents differ in quality (which is the probability that they can identify the correct, ground truth, ranking). We study simple output-agreement mechanisms that pay an agent in the case she agrees with the report of another, and potentially penalizes for disagreement through a negative payment. Assuming access to a quality oracle, able to determine whether an agent's quality is above a given threshold, we design a payment scheme that aligns incentives so that agents whose quality is above this threshold participate and invest effort. Precluding negative payments leads the expected cost of this quality-oracle mechanism to increase by a factor of 2 to 5 relative to allowing both positive and negative payments. Dropping the assumption about access to a quality oracle, we further show that negative payments can be used to make agents with quality lower than the quality threshold choose to not to participate, while those above continue to participate and invest effort. Through the appropriate choice of payments, any design threshold can be achieved. This self-selection mechanism has the same expected cost as the cost-minimal quality-oracle mechanism, and thus when using the self-selection mechanism, perfect screening comes for free.


This paper analyzes the observed decision-making behavior of a sample of individuals impacted by Hurricane Irma in 2017 (n = 645) by applying advanced methods based in discrete choice theory. Our first contribution is identifying population segments with distinct behavior by constructing a latent class choice model for the choice whether to evacuate or not. We find two latent segments distinguished by demographics and risk perception that tend to be either evacuation-keen or evacuation-reluctant and respond differently to mandatory evacuation orders. Evacuees subsequently face a multi-dimensional choice composed of concurrent decisions of their departure day, departure time of day, destination, shelter type, transportation mode, and route. While these concurrent decisions are often analyzed in isolation, our second contribution is the development of a portfolio choice model (PCM), which captures decision-dimensional dependency (if present) without requiring choices to be correlated or sequential. A PCM reframes the choice set as a bundle of concurrent decision dimensions, allowing for flexible and simple parameter estimation. Estimated models reveal subtle yet intuitive relations, creating new policy implications based on dimensional variables, secondary interactions, demographics, and risk-perception variables. For example, we find joint preferences for early-nighttime evacuations (i.e., evacuations more than three days before landfall and between 6:00 pm to 5:59 am) and early-highway evacuations (i.e., eva-cuations more than three days before landfall and on a route composed of at least 50% highways). These results indicate that transportation agencies should have the capabilities and resources to manage significant nighttime traffic along highways well before hurricane landfall.


m-Fluorobenzoate (m-FBA), 2,3-difluorobenzoate (2,3-F2BA), m-methylbenzoate (m-MBA), and m-chlorobenzoate (m-ClBA) were introduced into the Cu(II) binuclear unit as bridging ligands between two Cu(II) sites, which were further connected by an axial pyrazine (pz) ligand to form one-dimensional coordination polymers of [Cu(II)2(m-FBA)4(pz)]∞ (1), [Cu(II)2(2,3-F2BA)4(pz)]∞ (2), [Cu(II)2(m-MBA)4(pz)]∞ (3), and [Cu(II)2(m-ClBA)4(pz)]∞ (4), respectively. The parallel arrangements of one-dimensional (1D) polymers result in 1D channels between the polymers that crystallization CH3CN molecules can occupy to form single crystals of 1·4CH3CN, 2·4CH3CN, 3·2CH3CN, and 4·2CH3CN. Both π-dimer and dipole-dipole interactions were simultaneously observed in the interchain interactions of m-FBA and/or 2,3-F2BA ligands in crystals 1 and 2. The sizes of the one-dimensional channels between the polymers are thus modulated according to the interchain interactions between the polar BA ligands. CH3CN molecules within the channels were easily replaced by H2O under ambient conditions. CO2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of crystals 1, 2, and 3 at 195 K indicated gate-adsorption with a hysteresis, whereas two-step gate-adsorption behavior was observed for CO2 in crystal 4. Temperature- and frequency-dependent dielectric responses were not observed in crystals 1-4 under vacuum conditions, whereas dielectric anomalies were observed around 290 K for crystals 1 and 2 with adsorbed CO2. CO2 desorption from the channels in crystals 1 and 2 activated the molecular motions of polar BA ligands and dielectric responses around 290 K, which were confirmed from CO2 adsorption-desorption isotherms around 290 K and differential scanning calorimetries under CO2 conditions.


This Essay identifies and analyzes the President's completion power: the President's authority to prescribe incidental details needed to carry into execution a legislative scheme, even in the absence of congressional authorization to complete that scheme. The Essay shows that the completion power is a common explanation for very different presidential powers, including the administration of a presidential statute, prosecutorial discretion, and the use of force abroad without express congressional authorization. Maintaining that the widespread use of the completion power is a partial vindication of Chief Justice Vinson's neglected dissent in the Youngstown Steel Seizure case, this Essay argues that the completion power sheds light on a structural symmetry that cuts across Articles 1, 11, and III of the Constitution- namely, that each of the three branches has some degree of inherent power to carry into execution the powers conferred upon it. The Essay also examines normative questions about the scope and limits of the power.


In recent years, mass spectrometric (MS) and chromatographic instrumentation and techniques have scored dramatic developments, resulting in the introduction of many useful tools for analysis of both small and large drug molecules. This chapter describes state of the art MS and chromatographic techniques that can be used in the analysis of drugs in various applications, including characterization of controlled-release drug delivery systems. In applications that require minimum sample preparation, direct MS detection of drug molecules can be performed using novel atmospheric pressure ionization techniques, such as desorption electrospray ionization or direct analysis in real time. Visual information about distribution of drugs in various materials or tissues can be obtained through imaging MS, mainly using secondary ion MS or matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization. In liquid and gas chromatography combined with MS (LC- and GC-MS), drug analysis can be speeded up using various fast chromatographic techniques that are becoming practical due to the introduction of modem LC, GC, and MS instruments.


This thesis focuses on the discovery of full-length mRNA transcripts in Bos taurus spermatozoa. The primary aim of this study is to identify and validate fulllength mRNA primarily from RNA-Sequencing of bovine spermatozoa. The secondary aim is to determine if full-length spermatozoal transcripts are delivered to the oocyte at fertlilization, allowing for future studies to track their inheritance from paternal sources to the embryo. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that full-length mRNA transcripts exist within the spermatozoal transcript profile in Bos taurus. The secondary hypothesis is that if spermatozoal mRNA is functional after fertilization, then full-length transcripts should be present in the early stage embryo. To examine these hypotheses, this thesis is divided into three main chapters. The first is a literature review, discussing the process of spermatogenesis, the unique properties of spermatozoal mRNAs, including some hypothesized functions of spermatozoal mRNAs. A summary of a new technique, RNA-Sequencing, will be discussed in this review as well as comparisons to previous literature techniques for identifying mRNA transcripts of interest. The second chapter is the manuscript published in the journal Biology of Reproduction in January 2013, co-first-authored by Christopher Card. This manuscript uses the technique RNA-Seq to examine the transcript profile of nine Bos taurus bulls, and highlights several transcripts of interest for further study. This study found 6,166 total transcripts, and performed Gene Ontology analysis of the transcripts to categorize them into functional categories for further examination, the top most category of interest being translation. The third chapter of this thesis is a manuscript in preparation, formatted for submission to the journal of Molecular Reproduction and Development. This manuscript evaluates twenty four target mRNA transcripts to see if they are fulllength. These transcripts were identified through four main methods: their location on the Y chromosome, their high expression in the RNA-Seq data set from chapter 2, their presence in Gene Ontology categories of interest from chapter 2, and their discovery from previous literature studies. Sixteen transcripts are found to be fulllength, eight are degraded, and four have alternative polyadenylation ends. In conclusion, several full-length transcripts were found in this study, which have the potential to create functional proteins downstream in the fertilized oocyte. Several transcripts were also proved to be degraded in the mature spermatozoa. This has confirmed the need for this type of study, and elucidates new transcript targets for further research to pursue.


Introductios and Aims: Clinical learning environment has a very profound role in the education of health care students and specifically nursing students. Since students' opinions and attitudes is of paramount importance in the evaluation of clinical learning environment, this study aimed to investigate the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences nursing students' viewpoints regarding clinical learning environment and factors affecting it. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 165 nursing students of Kurdistan University of medical Sciences were selected using census sampling method and their ideas regarding clinical learning environment were studied using a questionnaire with 42 questions. Mean, standard deviation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. The significance level at (P<0.05) was approved. Results: 159 patients (96.36%) of the surveyed students completed and returned the questionnaires completely. The mean and standard deviation of total score was 130.01± 13.25, which is above average. The highest mean score obtained was related to satisfaction (3.15 ± 0.48) and interpersonal relationship (3.19± 0.56) and the lowest was related to participation (3.03 ± 0.33) and individualization (3.02 ± 0.49). There was a significant relationship between the semester and the area of interpersonal relations, (0.001> p, r = -0.28). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that participation and individualization of clinical learning environment were weak and in order to compensate for this shortcoming, engaging students in education seems necessary.


In 1946, Vedernikov developed a stability criterion for uniform flow in open channels. A global parameter proposed by Vedernikov has been widely accepted as a measure of flow stability. Recognizing the significance of the role of the parameter playing in the stability of open-channel flows, hydraulicians have thenceforth called it the Vedernikov number. Alternatively, the Vedernikov number may be considered as an extended form of the Froude number because it equals the Froude number mUltiplied by an exponent of the hydraulic radius in the uniform-flow formula and a shape factor of channel section. A stability criterion can thus be formulated using the Vedernikov number as follows: When the Vedernikov number exceeds unity, disturbances created in the flow will amplify, but when it is less than unity, some (not all) disturbances will attenuate. The specific state of flow with Vedernikov's number equal to unity thus represents a limiting case of neutral stability. The Froude number corresponds to this neutral stability may be referred to as the stability limit for the Froude number (or often called the critical Froude number). Therefore, if the Froude number instead of the Vedernikov number is used in the stability criterion, the stability limit for the Froude number that has yet to be determined from the expression of the Vedernikov number replaces Vedernikov's unity. There are numerous ways to derive the stability criterion using either the Vedernikov number or the Froude number. In either case, the stability criterion can vary with the absolute velocity of disturbance waves, which in turn depends on the velocity distribution of flow in channels. This paper is aimed to compare the existing methods in the formulation of the stability criterion, thereby assessing the importance of the role that the velocity distribution plays in the stability of open-channel flows. lHydrologist, u.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, WR, 345 Middlefield Road, MS-496, Menlo Park, California 94025. 753 Published in Hydraulic Engineering: Saving a Threatened Resource—In Search of Solutions: Proceedings of the Hydraulic Engineering sessions at Water Forum '92. Baltimore, Maryland, August 2–6, 1992. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers.


One of today's biggest challenges in the field of high performance computing is the efficient exploitation of the heavily increasing parallelism on socket level, especially when both CPU and GPU resources are to be applied – a challenge becoming very real for the physical processes of ASUCA. ASUCA is the Japan Meteorological Agency's next-generation weather prediction model, which is to be accelerated using GPU while keeping CPU compatibility, high CPU performance as well as an easily adaptable implementation. In this thesis we will examine the new OpenACC industry standard for hybrid GPGPU/CPU codebases, show why it is not an ideal solution for our use case and instead propose the "Hybrid Fortran 90" framework. This new framework will be shown to offer superior usability while enabling optimal GPU performance as well as near-optimal CPU performance through compile-time reordering of loop positions and data access patterns. A complex, bandwidth limited example module from ASUCA performs with 5× speedup on Tesla M2050 versus six core Westmere Xeon while only loosing 5% of performance when executing the same codebase on CPU.


From a climatological point of view, a winter day usually is symbolized with cold weather or a snowfall day. The first and last days of snowfall may be considered as winters' real starting and finishing points. Starting and finishing points of seasons are affected by sun location, which is fixed yearly whereas snowfalls usually begin with cooling and they may happen in any time. Cooling has several reasons, the most important of which may be approaching and locating of polar vortex trough or isolated cut-off low systems from polar vortex on a region. The current research aims at identifying the role of polar vortex in creating cooling necessary for Iranian first and last snowfalls and finding a way for estimating its occurrence time. Firstly, snowfall data of all synoptic stations is collected from Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) in 3-hourly basis. After statistical review, snowfall data related to 38 stations which have at least 33 years continuous statistics from 1976 to 2008 is considered proper in order to be used in the research. Then, after determining cold and warm peak times in summers and winters and basing them, the first and last days occur snowfall after warm and cold peak in each year have been respectively identified first and last snowfalls. The first and last snowfall days (calendar series) changed into Julian days. Using Smada 6.0 software, resulted series have been fitted by different statistical distributions (for example normal, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, pearson type 3, log pearson type 3 and gumball distributions) and most proper distributions have been recognized. Ultimately, using those distributions, occurrence probability of snowfall days has been calculated. Geopotential height data for those selected days is collected from National Center for Environmental Program and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR). Using Grads software, related maps have been drawn. Resulted maps have been analyzed through the using of Skew-T Log P diagrams obtained from University of Wyoming. In most of the cases, Iranian first and last snowfall days happen because of cooling resulted from locating of polar vortex troughs or their isolated cut-off low systems on Northwestern of Iran or its neighborhood. Using astrological calendar and getting assistance from probability rules, can be estimate Iranian first and last snowfall occurrence times.


We investigate the effects of a generic noise source on a prototypical adiabatic quantum algorithm. We take an alternative eigenvalue dynamics viewpoint and derive a generalised, stochastic form of the Pechukas-Yukawa model. The distribution of avoided crossings in the energy spectra is then analysed in order to estimate the probability of level occupation.
 We find that the probability of successfully finding the system in the solution state decreases polynomially with the computation speed and that this relationship is independent of the noise amplitude. The overall regularity of the eigenvalue dynamics is shown to be relatively unaffected by noise perturbations. These results imply that adiabatic quantum computation is a relatively stable process and possesses a degree of resistance against the effects of noise. We also show that generic noise will inherently break any symmetries, and therefore remove degeneracies, in the energy spectrum that might otherwise have impeded the computation process. This suggests that the conventional stipulation that the initial and final Hamiltonians do not commute is unnecessary in realistic physical systems. We explore the effects of an artificial noise source with a specifically engineered time-dependent amplitude and show that such a scheme could provide a significant enhancement to the performance of the computation.
 Finally, we formulate an extended version of the Pechukas-Yukawa formalism. This provides a complete description of the dynamics of a quantum system by way of an exact mapping to a system of classical equations of motion.


We present a system for sound static checking of security policies for database-backed Web applications. Our tool checks a combination of access control and information flow policies, where the policies vary based on database contents. For instance, one or more database tables may represent an access control matrix, controlling who may read or write which cells of these and other tables. Using symbolic evaluation and automated theorem-proving, our tool checks these policies statically, requiring no program annotations (beyond the policies themselves) and adding no run-time overhead. Specifications come in the form of SQL queries as policies: for instance, an application's confidentiality policy is a fixed set of queries, whose results provide an upper bound on what information may be released to the user. To provide userdependent policies, we allow queries to depend on what secrets the user knows. We have used our prototype implementation to check several programs representative of the data-centric Web applications that are common today.


A residual cyst is a cyst that remains after incomplete removal of the original cyst. The term residual is used most often for a radicular cyst that may be left behind, most commonly after extraction of a tooth. Clinically a residual cyst usually is asymptomatic and often is discovered on radiographic examination of an edentulous area. However, there may be some expansion of the jaw or pain in the case of secondary infection. As seen in present female patient aged 22yr who reported to Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing. Residual cysts occur in both jaws, although they are found slightly more often in the mandible. The epicenter is positioned in the former peri apical region of the involved and missing tooth. In the mandible the epicenter is always above the inferior alveolar nerve canal with a cortical margin; the internal aspect of a residual cyst typically is radiolucent. Dystrophic calcifications may be present in longstanding cysts with tooth displacement or resorption. The outer cortical plates of the jaws may expand and the cyst may depress the inferior alveolar nerve canal, most of which was evident in the present case.


Unprotected sunlight exposure is a risk factor for a variety of cutaneous cancers. Topically used dihydroxyacetone (DHA) creates, via Maillard reaction, chemically fixed keratin sunscreen in the stratum corneum with significant protection against UVA/Soret radiation. When used in conjunction with naphthoquinones a naphthoquinone-modified DHA Maillard reaction is produced that provides protection across the UVB/UVA/Soret spectra lasting up to 1 week, resisting sweating and contact removal. The aim of this study was to examine a simplified version of this formulation for effect on UV transmission and to determine if penetration levels merit toxicity concerns. Permeability was demonstrated for freshly prepared DHA (30 mg/mL) and lawsone (0.035 mg/mL) alone and in combination using a side-by-side diffusion apparatus at 37°C over 48 h across shed snake skin and dermatomed pig skin. These samples were then examined for effectiveness and safety. Concentrations were determined by HPLC and UPLC monitored from 250–500 nm. Lawsone flux significantly decreased across pig skin (20.8 (±4.8) and 0.09 (±0.1) mg/cm2 h without and with DHA, respectively) but did not change across shed snake skin in the presence of DHA. Significantly reduced lawsone concentration was noted in donor chambers of combined solutions. Damage was not observed in any skins. Darker coloration with greater UV absorbance was observed in skins exposed to the combined solution versus individual solutions. This study confirmed that combined DHA and lawsone provided effective blocking of ultraviolet light through products bound in keratinized tissue. DHA permeation levels in pig skin suggest further in vitro and in vivo study is required to determine the safety of this system.


Abstract. Mineral particles, in general, are not spheres and so the assumption of spherical particles, instead of more realistic shapes, has significant effects on modeled optical properties and therefore on remote-sensing procedures for desert aerosol and the derived radiative forcing. Thus, in a new version of the database OPAC (Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds; Hess et al., 1998), the optical properties of the mineral particles are modeled describing the particles as spheroids with size dependent aspect ratio distributions, but with the size distributions and the spectral refractive indices not changed against the previous version of OPAC. The spheroid assumption is known to substantially improve the scattering functions but pays regard to the limited knowledge on particle shapes in an actual case. The relative deviations of the optical properties of non-spherical mineral particles from those of spherical particles are for the phase function in the solar spectral range up to +60% at scattering angles of about 130° and up to −60% in the backscatter region, but less than 2% for the asymmetry parameter. The deviations are generally small in the thermal infrared and for optical properties that are independent of the scattering angle. The improved version of OPAC (4.0) is freely available at www.rascin.net .


The growth of large scale sensing applications (as in the case of smart cities applications) is a main driver of the fog computing paradigm. However, as the load for such fog infrastructures increases, there is a growing need for coordination mechanisms that can provide load balancing. The problem is exacerbated by local overload that may occur due to an uneven distribution of processing tasks (jobs) over the infrastructure, which is typical real application such as smart cities, where the sensor deployment is irregular and the workload intensity can fluctuate due to rush hours and users behavior. In this paper we introduce two load sharing mechanisms that aim to offload jobs towards the neighboring nodes. We evaluate the performance of such algorithms in a realistic environment that is based on a real application for monitoring in a smart city. Our experiments demonstrate that even a simple load balancing scheme is effective in addressing local hot spots that would arise in a non-collaborative fog infrastructure.


ABSTRACT We detected, for the first time, the occurrence of vegetative incompatibility between different isolates of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species Glomus mosseae. Vegetative compatibility tests performed on germlings belonging to the same isolate showed that six geographically different isolates were capable of self-anastomosing, and that the percentage of hyphal contacts leading to fusions ranged from 60 to 85%. Successful anastomoses were characterized by complete fusion of hyphal walls, protoplasm continuity and occurrence of nuclei in the middle of hyphal bridges. No anastomoses could be detected between hyphae belonging to different isolates, which intersected without any reaction in 49 to 68% of contacts. Microscopic examinations detected hyphal incompatibility responses in diverse pairings, consisting of protoplasm retraction from the tips and septum formation in the approaching hyphae, even before physical contact with neighboring hyphae. Interestingly, many hyphal tips showed precontact tropism, suggesting that specific recognition signals may be involved during this stage. The intraspecific genetic diversity of G. mosseae revealed by vegetative compatibility tests was confirmed by total protein profiles and internal transcribed spacer-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles, which evidenced a higher level of molecular diversity between the two European isolates IMA1 and BEG25 than between IMA1 and the two American isolates. Since arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi lack a tractable genetic system, vegetative compatibility tests may represent an easy assay for the detection of genetically different mycelia and an additional powerful tool for investigating the population structure and genetics of these obligate symbionts.


In studies of human-robot communication we have observed that the robot's inability to give appropriate communicative feedback for contact and perception causes miscommunication [2]. The purpose of this paper is to motivate the need for and give an initial characterisation of a model for communicative contact and perception feedback. One component of a such a model could be a kind of low-level user model aiming to decide the perceptual status of the user. We have analysed an example of interaction that shows signs of miscommunication that is related to feedback problems concerning contact and perception. Using the analysis to pinpoint the source of these problems we provide an initial account for the type of information sources that a low-level user that handles communicative contact and perception feedback should comprise. We also provide two design examples that in our view motivates this explorative effort.


The concept of targeting cells and tissues by controlled delivery of molecules is essential in the field of biomedicine. The layer-by-layer (LbL) technology for the fabrication of polymer multilayer films is widely implemented as a powerful tool to assemble tailor-made materials for controlled drug delivery. The LbL films can as well be engineered to act as mimics of the natural cellular microenvironment. Thus, due to the myriad possibilities such as controlled cellular adhesion and drug delivery offered by LbL films, it becomes easily achievable to direct the fate of cells by growing them on the films.
The aim of this work was to develop an approach for non-invasive and precise control of the presentation of bioactive molecules to cells. The strategy is based on employment of the LbL films, which function as support for cells and at the same time as reservoirs for bioactive molecules to be released in a controlled manner. UV light is used to trigger the release of the stored ATP with high spatio-temporal resolution. Both physico-chemical (competitive intermolecular interactions in the film) and biological aspects (cellular response and viability) are addressed in this study.
Biopolymers hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly-L-lysine (PLL) were chosen as the building blocks for the LbL film assembly. Poor cellular adhesion to native HA/PLL films as well as significant degradation by cells within a few days were shown. However, coating the films with gold nanoparticles not only improved cellular adhesion and protected the films from degradation, but also formed a size-exclusion barrier with adjustable cut-off in the size range of a few tens of kDa.
The films were shown to have high reservoir capacity for small charged molecules (reaching mM levels in the film). Furthermore, they were able to release the stored molecules in a sustained manner. The loading and release are explained by a mechanism based on interactions between charges of the stored molecules and uncompensated charges of the biopolymers in the film. Charge balance and polymer dynamics in the film play the pivotal role.
Finally, the concept of light-triggered release from the films has been proven using caged ATP loaded into the films from which ATP was released on demand. ATP induces a fast cellular response, i.e. increase in intracellular [Ca2+], which was monitored in real-time. Limitations of the cellular stimulation by the proposed approach are highlighted by studying the stimulation as a function of irradiation parameters (time, distance, light power). Moreover, caging molecules bind to the film stronger than ATP does, which opens new perspectives for the use of the most diverse chemical compounds as caging molecules.
Employment of HA/PLL films as a nouvelle support for cellular growth and hosting of bioactive molecules, along with the possibility to stimulate individual cells using focused light renders this approach highly efficient and unique in terms of precision and spatio-temporal resolution among those previously described. With its high potential, the concept presented herein provides the foundation for the design of new intelligent materials for single cell studies, with the focus on tissue engineering, diagnostics, and other cell-based applications.


Recent research in deep learning has investigated two very different forms of "implicitness": implicit representations model high-frequency data such as images or 3D shapes directly via a low-dimensional neural network (often using e.g., sinusoidal bases or nonlinearities); implicit layers, in contrast, refer to techniques where the forward pass of a network is computed via non-linear dynamical systems, such as fixed-point or differential equation solutions, with the backward pass computed via the implicit function theorem. In this work, we demonstrate that these two seemingly orthogonal concepts are remarkably well-suited for each other. In particular, we show that by exploiting fixed-point implicit layer to model implicit representations, we can substantially improve upon the performance of the conventional explicit-layer-based approach. Additionally, as implicit representation networks are typically trained in large-batch settings, we propose to leverage the property of implicit layers to amortize the cost of fixed-point forward/backward passes over training steps – thereby addressing one of the primary challenges with implicit layers (that many iterations are required for the black-box fixedpoint solvers). We empirically evaluated our method on learning multiple implicit representations for images, audios, videos, and 3D models, showing that our (Implicit) approach substantially improve upon existing models while being both faster to train and much more memory efficient.


Under longstanding policy, the U.S. Sentencing Commission takes the position that tribal court convictions ought not be counted for purposes of evaluating a convicted defendant's criminal history. Because in some cases this policy underestimates a defendant's criminal history, it undermines the utilitarian and retributive purposes of federal sentencing. The Tribal Law and Order Act, currently pending in Congress and supported by the President, should cause the United States Sentencing Commission to reconsider its position on tribal convictions. The Act would provide clear federal authorization for tribal court felony sentences of up to three years per offense as long as tribal governments provide counsel to indigent defendants. I stop short of recommending a particular outcome because I believe that the Commission ought to consider the views of tribal governments before deciding. However, if the Act becomes law, the Commission should take this opportunity to re-open the question and consult with tribes about the future of this provision.


This paper presents a conceptual framework for both assessing the role of economic instruments, and reshaping them in order to enhance their contribution to the goals of managing water scarcity. Water management problems stem from the mismatch between a multitude of individual decisions, on the one hand, and the current and projected status of water resources on the other. Economics can provide valuable incentives that drive individual decisions, and can design efficient instruments to address water governance problems in a context of conflicting interests and relevant transaction costs. Yet, instruments such as water pricing or trading are mostly based on general principles of welfare economics that are not readily applicable to assets as complex as water. A flaw in welfare economic approaches lies in the presumption that economic instruments may be good or bad on their own (e.g., finding the "right" price). This vision changes radically when we focus on the problem, instead of the instrument. In this paper, we examine how economic instruments to achieve welfare-enhancing water resource outcomes can realize their full potential in basin-scale management contexts. We follow a political economy perspective that views conflicts between public and private interest as the main instrumental challenge of water management. Our analysis allows us to better understand the critical importance of economic instruments for reconciling individual actions towards collective ambitions of water efficiency, equity and sustainability with lessons for later-adopting jurisdictions. Rather than providing panaceas, the successful design and implementation of economic instruments as key river basin management arrangements involves high transaction costs, wide institutional changes and collective action at different levels.


This master thesis takes a look at the Slow City applications in Turkey - a top-down international certification organization based on sustainable development for towns, and how to bring it down to the level of their locals, making the concept socially more sustainable (as opposed to depending on the policies of the administration). The thesis starts with a look at relevant literature (Slow Cities, Sustainable Urban Design & Development, Resilience, Marketing Places, Design for Sustainability, and the Development of Product Service Systems) and follows up by a qualitative study involving interviews with the administrations and locals of the 5 first towns in Turkey to get certified as Slow Cities - Seferihisar, Tarakli, Gokceada, Yenipazar, and Akyaka. The thesis suggests that to reach a more resilient community, these towns need to implement a community center built around integration with the nearby universities to help recognize and celebrate the distinct culture of these towns, while bettering the lives of the locals through innovative ideas and social activities provided by the center.


There is a growing trend of using energy drinks and caffeinated beverages to improve cognitive performance that is widespread and well-studied among children and teenagers with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), but little is known about adult ADHD (A-ADHD). As a consequence, the use of highly caffeinated drinks and their impact on ADHD symptoms are poorly understood. This is especially true in populations where A-ADHD and the use of these beverages are largely represented, such as in military samples. From the All Army Study (AAS) of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (STARRS) data, 1,239 A-ADHD soldiers and 17,674 peers without any psychiatric comorbidity were selected. The two groups were compared on: (1) the presence of substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis both over their lifetime and in the previous 30 days; (2) patterns of alcohol and caffeine use using chi-square analyses. Lastly, the relationship between substance use and severity of A-ADHD symptoms was assessed using Pearson's correlations. Soldiers with a diagnosis of A-ADHD had a higher prevalence of SUD diagnosis compared to their peers without psychiatric comorbidity. They also tended to use more alcohol, caffeine pills, energy drinks, and other caffeinated drinks. Alcohol use was positively correlated with A-ADHD symptoms; on the contrary, energy drinks, caffeine pills and other caffeinated drinks showed negative correlations with some aspects of A-ADHD symptomatology. The use of caffeinated compounds appears to be increased among military soldiers with ADHD, and they may help reducing A-ADHD symptoms and improve cognitive performance. These results suggest a possible role for caffeine as a potential pharmacological tool in the treatment of adult ADHD.


Background: Previous research has examined patients' beliefs in diabetes and how these beliefs may affect patient outcomes. However, changes in symptoms and complications are a common feature of diabetes, and these can significantly alter the patient's "disease experience." However, no consideration has been given to how beliefs about diabetes vary according to the complications patients have. Purpose: The present study was designed to compare the beliefs of 22 patients with diabetic foot ulcers and 22 age- and gender-matched patients with diabetic retinopathy, and 22 age- and gender-matched controls with type 2 diabetes but without either complication. Methods: Beliefs about diabetes were assessed with the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R; Moss-Morris et al., 2002). Results: Patients with foot ulcers held a greater belief in personal control of diabetes, but perceived treatment control was lower than that of diabetic controls without serious complications (p < .05). Patients with foot ulcers also demonstrated less illness coherence than patients with retinopathy and diabetic controls (p < .01) and also perceived their diabetes to be more cyclical in nature (p < .01). Conclusion. Differences were found in diabetic patients' beliefs according to their complications. Future interventions should consider how the complications associated with diabetes may affect patients' beliefs and subsequent emotional and behavioral responses to the disease.


We describe a novel controller for a remote controlled (R/C) car. The controller is a small car-shaped toy which is used for controlling the larger toy car. In this avatar-inspired relationship between controller and controlled, operations performed on the small car are implemented by the larger car. The cArVATAR addresses limitations of the traditional R/C, and is proposed as an alternative allowing younger children to use R/C toys. Details of the prototype and observations from an exploratory study performed with five children aged 6 to 7 are presented, and possible applications to other products and domains are discussed.


The paper examines the career decision's self-efficacy of final year students and analyses the relationship between students' career decision self-efficacy and parental involvement during career decision-making. The importance of cognitive factors in deciding on the profession is sufficiently widely analysed in the modern psychological literature on career topics, but links between external factors, such as parental support, interference, or non-involvement, and career decision's self-efficacy analysis are inadequate. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between parental involvement during career decision-making and students' career decision self-efficacy. The study sought to find the relationship between three parental involvement facets – support, interference, lack of engagement – and students' career decision self-efficacy. In order to achieve the aim of this work, the following questions were formulated: whether career decision's self-efficacy is higher on the profession determined students compared to students not determined on the profession; whether increasing support of parents when deciding on the profession will increase career decision's self-efficacy of school leavers; whether increasing parental interference and non-involvement while choosing a career in children's career decision self-efficacy of school leavers will decline; whether perceived parental involvement in choosing a profession is different compared to schoolgirls and schoolboys. 205 students of 11-12 grades from Vilnius and Trakai secondary schools participated in the main research (mean age – 17, SD = 0.8). The assessment was based on two questionnaires: Career-Specific Parental Behaviours (Dietrich, Kracke, 2009) and Career Decision Self-efficacy Short-Form Scale (Betz, Klein, 1996). The results indicated that parental support and interference were positively related to career decision's self-efficacy, while lack of engagement was negatively associated with career decision's self-efficacy. As well as this, it was found that students, who have made their final career choice, scored higher on Career Decision Self-efficacy. There were no gender differences between parental support and interference; however, it was found that boys tend to receive less parental involvement in their career decision–making compared to girls.


A widespread enthusiasm has been growing with regard to the transition towards more sustainable systems of production and consumption in order to meet today's needs without compromising those of future generations. Renewable energy technologies, in particular, are becoming internationally recognised as a vital contribution towards a sustainable energy future. This paper presents a set of renewable energy scenarios for the currently oil-rich Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These scenarios have been developed using the Delphi technqiue, and represent a joint creation of thirty-five highly informed individuals from diverse backgrounds.


Aims. We study the circumstellar environment of the M-type AGB star RT Vir using mid-infrared high spatial resolution observations from the ESO-VLTI focal instrument MIDI. The aim of this study is to provide observational constraints on theoretical prediction that the winds of M-type AGB objects can be driven by photon scattering on iron-free silicate grains located in the close environment (about 2 to 3 stellar radii) of the star. Methods. We interpreted spectro-interferometric data, first using wavelength-dependent geometric models. We then used a self-consistent dynamic model atmosphere containing a time-dependent description of grain growth for pure forsterite dust particles to reproduce the photometric, spectrometric, and interferometric measurements of RT Vir. Since the hydrodynamic computation needs stellar parameters as input, a considerable effort was first made to determine these parameters. Results. MIDI differential phases reveal the presence of an asymmetry in the stellar vicinity. Results from the geometrical modeling give us clues to the presence of aluminum and silicate dust in the close circumstellar environment (<5 stellar radii). Comparison between spectro-interferometric data and a self-consistent dust-driven wind model reveals that silicate dust has to be present in the region between 2 to 3 stellar radii to reproduce the 59 and 63 m baseline visibility measurements around 9.8 mu m. This gives additional observational evidence in favor of winds driven by photon scattering on iron-free silicate grains located in the close vicinity of an M-type star. However, other sources of opacity are clearly missing to reproduce the 10-13 mu m visibility measurements for all baselines. Conclusions. This study is a first attempt to understand the wind mechanism of M-type AGB stars by comparing photometric, spectrometric, and interferometric measurements with state-of-the-art, self-consistent dust-driven wind models. The agreement of the dynamic model atmosphere with interferometric measurements in the 8-10 mu m spectral region gives additional observational evidence that the winds of M-type stars can be driven by photon scattering on iron-free silicate grains. Finally, a larger statistical study and progress in advanced self-consistent 3D modeling are still required to solve the remaining problems.


We review the burgeoning political economy literature on the influence of mass media on politics and policy. This survey, which covers both theory and empirics, is organized along four main themes: transparency, capture, informative coverage, and ideological bias. We distill some general lessons and identify some open questions.


The chemo- and stereo-selective two-step transformation of aliphatic polyketones composed of 3,3-dimethylpentane-2,4-dione units was achieved to generate π-conjugated polyimines. Upon treatment with hydrazine, discrete oligoketones with 4-8 carbonyl groups afforded ethylene-bridged oligoisopyrazoles in 80-89% yields. These oligoisopyrazoles underwent stereoselective oxidation at the ethylene bridge to give fully π-conjugated oligo(isopyrazole-3,5-diyl-trans-vinylene)s in 73-87% yields. Oxidation of the oligoimines drastically changed their absorption and metal-coordination behaviors. Finally, this two-step transformation was applied to polydisperse polymers. Imine formation proceeded almost quantitatively, even for longer polyketones, including docosamer. Subsequent oxidation of the polyimines furnished a virtually insoluble material that showed broad and red-shifted solid-state absorption over the whole visible region resulting from extended π-conjugation.


The feigning of cognitive deficits and the feigning of psychopathology are generally regarded as two separate domains of malingering. Malingering detection techniques have usually been developed and applied with this distinction in mind. This study is one of the first to integrate malingering detection approaches across the cognitive and psychological domains. Three groups of Australian university students (N = 102) completed Lees-Haley, English and Glenn's (1991) Fake Bad Scale (FBS) and Raven's (1989) Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM). For both instruments, the first group was instructed to respond accurately and truthfully to all items, the second group to fake cognitive deficits and the third group to fake psychopathology. As predicted, the FBS was effective when used alone, with an overall sensitivity of 81%, and no false positives. The FBS was equally sensitive to the malingering of cognitive deficits and psychopathology; a similar pattern of results was obtained for two subtests of the RSPM. It was concluded that malingerers tend not to discriminate between cognitive and psychological test instruments when feigning either type of symptom.


In the wake of the FBI's attack on organized prostitution operating out of exclusive call houses in the late 1930s, which, according to J. Edgar Hoover, "had revealed that powerful vice rings operate in almost every large city in the country," a sex worker named Linda Robertson from Minneapolis wrote a letter to the bureau chief defending her right to engage in prostitution. Proclaiming herself to be "a common prostitute. Clean, healthy, in fine physical condition," she pointed to her educational background, her ability to rationally choose prostitution in a sex-segregated job market, and the fact that her employers looked after her interests as evidence that she provided a service "necessary to our social structure." Of her customers, she had this to say: "Lawyers, Priests, business-men, social lions, scions of pioneer families, city and state officials and officers of the Law form the bulk of our customers. They demand superior girls and they get them." She concluded her note by signing off: "So in the future wouldn't it be more sportsmanlike to leave us to our devices and let those who actually think they have cause arrest us?" Robertson believed the FBI's crackdown on elite call houses to be hopelessly naive, needlessly interventionist, and perhaps hypocritical in that it criminalized what Robertson believed to be a victimless crime; it targeted only the upper echelons of the commercial sex market, which catered exclusively to the wealthy and well-connected customers, like the ones that Robertson described. Though Hoover suspected the letter might be a hoax, he still shared it with Courtney Ryley Cooper, a well-known journalist of true crime articles and books who served informally as a publicist for the FBI by working closely with Hoover. From 1933 to 1942 Cooper collaborated with Hoover to polish the public image of the FBI; he operated as "Hoover's most important ghostwriter of the 1930s" while also publishing books and articles celebrating the work of the FBI under his own name. Cooper reprinted the most sensational parts of the letter as the opening vignette in his 1939 expose of prostitution, Designs in Scarlet. In that vignette, Cooper recalled what Hoover had said when he handed over the letter: "[Note] the viewpoint. The idea that a well-educated, apparently otherwise decent girl may look upon prostitution as an envied profession." Hoover believed that it was the FBI's responsibility to protect silly girls like Linda Robertson from the venal people who profited from their degradation. In providing Cooper with this letter, Hoover was mounting a defense against those accusing him of unsportsmanlike, or overly interfering, tactics in his antivice campaigns. The FBI began investigating call house prostitution in the fall of 1935, and Hoover announced a nationwide attack on vice rings--criminal networks devoted to profiting off of prostitution--in February 1936. For the remainder of that year newspapers across the country routinely published articles about the G-men's daring exploits against organized vice and their targeting of the madams--frequently called "vice queens"--who profited from New York City's sex marketplace. Sensational headlines abounded: "Blonde Indicted as White Slaver," "Bad News for Vice Queen," and "Women Unfold Sordid Story in Slave Case." In the FBI's telling, Hoover's FBI sought to protect the hearts of innocent, naive, white girls from the machinations of madams consumed with greed, ambition, and perversity. According to Hoover, these madams were particularly dangerous because they acted as procurers, "inducing the victims to transport themselves interstate" and violating the federal White Slave Traffic Act, commonly known as the Mann Act. Hoover's embrace of publicity and public relations tactics during this campaign was an unprecedented effort to remake the FBI into a popular culture product. The public relations narrative of the FBI emphasized, in the words of historian Matthew Cecil, "a story of responsibility, science, and leadership, themes that, not coincidentally, undermined critics' concerns about unchecked federal power." In this effort to solidify the bureau... Language: en


This volume includes multiple renditions of every prayer, thus illustrating the broad diversity within traditional intonation of each prayer mode. In accordance with the traditional role assigned to the prayer leader of each service, renditions are presented at levels appropriate to the lay cantor (baal t'filo) as well the professional cantor (chazz'n). Liturgical texts that were traditionally intoned by cantor and choir, or by choir alone, are also included. Annotative commentary explains the liturgical role and character of each service and analyzes the musical content of each prayer mode within it. It also explains the techniques employed in applying the prayer mode to specific liturgical texts and how the applications reflect the literal as well as spiritual content of the texts. This set comprises four books covering the fourteen weekday liturgical occasions, with annotated commentary.