This paper investigates the role of preferences for social interactions or outcomes in determining observed patterns of racial segregation. In the theoretical section, consumers maximize utility by allocating time between personal time and social interactions within their neighborhood, and the dual of this problem is used to investigate the bidding and sorting of households over racial composition. The models suggests that African-American households may outbid white households to reside in white neighborhoods, and unlike previous models of segregation this model is consistent with either racial segregation or integration. In the empirical analysis, proxy variables are developed for unobservable attributes that enter household preferences based on measures of household outcomes and satisfaction, and then specifies an econometric model of residential location choice using those attributes. The paper finds evidence that racial differences in preferences for education can explain a substantial portion, but not all, of the racial segregation observed in 1985 Philadelphia using data from the American Housing Survey.


A review is presented of papers devoted to studies of the photophysical and photochemical processes that appear when powerful resonance optical excitation acts in solutions of polyatomic compounds of polymethine and pyrilium classes and in molecular layers. The processes that have been studied include intramolecular localization of excitation energy, one- and two-step photostereoisomerization of polymethine dyes, structural rearrangement of a pyrilium-moleculeâ??solvate complex, generation of stimulated emission by unstable photoisomers, induced bleaching in an inhomogeneously broadened medium, stepped transitions with absorption, induced anisotropy of absorption and induced birefringence, two-photon absorption, and photostimulated transformation of the components of a molecular layer.© 2003 Optical Society of America


The hand is a very special organ, with unique functions and versatility in the human body. Our hands are pivotal in manipulating our environment, receiving feedback from our surroundings and communicating our unspoken words by gestures. Thus, the loss of a hand is a tragic, disfiguring event with profound personal, vocational, financial and social implications. Transplantation of life-saving solid organs is now widely accepted in both the medical and lay communities. The technical skills and prerequisites for hand transplantation have been honed over recent decades, culminating in the recent commencement of hand transplantation in several centers around the world. However, unlike life-saving solid organ transplantation, hand transplantation has been greeted with less enthusiasm in the professional community because it is not yet clear what the long-term risks-to-benefits ratio is. The scientific background, and the potential risks, benefits, and ethical aspects of this procedure are discussed. Successful transplantation to amputees of fully integrated and functional hands is a worthy goal. Hopefully, at some point in the future, hand transplantation will become another safe and viable option for amputees to consider.


The battle for state rights under the Obama administration was fought mainly in the courts. This was particularly evident in the opposition carried out against the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which was challenged in the Supreme Court. The constitutional arguments used by the petitioners typified the usual positions of conservatives on major federal social programs; they challenged the power of Congress to legislate on healthcare and impose mandates. What is less known, however, is that the lawsuit was preceded by numerous legislative measures passed by state legislatures to avoid the implementation of the ACA within their borders. State legislatures passed so called "anti-commandeering resolutions" in the hope of influencing upcoming litigation. Their claim was that Congress could not commandeer the states or state officials to implement a federal program.
This paper compares the strategies used by red state legislatures to oppose the Affordable Care Act with the strategies presently used by blue state legislatures and local jurisdictions to push back on Trump's immigration policy and recent executive order directing that federal funds be withheld from so called "sanctuary cities." It also argues that blue states are now replicating the same push back strategies used by red states against Obama's healthcare reform.
For instance, on October 5, 2017, the California state governor signed Senate Bill 54 that prohibits state and local law enforcement agencies, including school police and security departments, from using money or personnel to investigate, interrogate, detain, detect, or arrest persons for immigration enforcement purposes. The California legislature enacted the bill claiming that the federal government cannot "commandeer" state officials to enforce federal law, just like red states did between 2010–2016 to avoid the implementation of the ACA. As a consequence, sanctuary cities like San Francisco began and continue to block their jails from turning over criminal aliens to federal authorities for deportation.
The similarity of the strategies is also reflected in the legal challenges. In response to the Trump's executive order, a number of sanctuary cities brought actions against the President, challenging the constitutionality of the provision on anti-commandeering grounds. On November 20, 2017, Circuit Judge William Orrick permanently blocked the provision, ruling it was "unduly coercive" and violated the separation of powers, the Tenth Amendment's prohibition against commandeering local jurisdictions, and the Fifth Amendment's procedural due process requirements. Another battle for federalism has just started in the United States and the merits of the litigation could soon be with the Supreme Court. The constitutional dynamics are very similar to those of the battle against the ACA. This article examines the numerous legislative measures that prepared that lawsuit.


A review taking into account literature reports covering alternative methods for trans fatty acid (TFA) determination, expressed in elaidic acid (EA), using capillary zone electrophoresis is presented. The manuscript presents ultraviolet-visible and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection systems. TFAs were separated by indirect detection, with the use of a chromophore agent in a background electrolyte as well by direct detection, without the use of the chromophore agent. In sum, the present review evidences that capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a very interesting analytical separation technique for TFA quantification in different matrices, which offers many advantages such as short analysis time, simple sample preparation, and use of short and non-specific columns and small amounts of organic solvents and reagents to perform experiments. These compensations make CE approaching very attractive to attend demand of governmental agencies and industries facing the global concern in respect of the harmful health effects caused by increasing intake of TFAs, as EA.


The study of the benefits (damages averted) attributable to the El Morillo Drain encompasses U.S. municipalities, industry, and agriculture. It is conservatively estimated that the annual direct benefits to residents of South Texas ranges between $16.3 and $30.3 million. This does not include effects on landscapes, industry that is dependant on low saline water, and water treatment plants. Accounting for the costs to agriculture from crop losses of about $26.7 million, the total annual impact of the El Morillo Drain for South Texas is between $43 and $57 million. Such economic impact assessments are indicative that maintenance of the Drain is a highly-beneficial activity, leaving little doubt that it is essential that the drain be updated, maintained, and operated. Certainly as South Texas population increases and demand for high quality water increases, the value of the El Morillo Drain will increase.


Aim: To ascertain the oral health status and dental health status of drug abusers (DA) and compare them with those of non-drug-abusing dental patients. Design: Hospital-based cross-sectional study. Setting and Participants: Hundred consecutive male DA attending rehabilitation center for drug abuse and age-matched 100 non-drug abusers attending the outpatient department of a dental college hospital. Measurements: Detailed history and clinical findings were recorded in a predetermined format by trained physician and dental surgeons. Data entry and statistical analysis were done using SPSS 10.0.5® Variables: Oral mucosal lesions (OML), dental lesions (DL), 'decay, missing, filling teeth' index (DMFT), brushing material (toothpaste/others), mode (toothbrush/others), and frequency per day (once/twice). Results: The occurrence of at least one oral mucosal lesion was 49% in drug abusers and 6% in controls, the difference being statistically significant ( P = 0.00). In brushing habits, DL were significantly associated with brushing material ( P = 0.005) and frequency ( P = 0.001) when a comparison was made between DA and controls. The difference of ≤7 in the DMFT score between DA and controls in relation to material used for brushing ( P = 0.04) and frequency of brushing ( P = 0.001) was statistically significant. For any oral mucosal lesion, odds ratio (OR) was 15.1 (95% CI, 6-37.5); for any potentially malignant states, OR was 54.4 (95% CI, 3.2-911.3); for dental caries, the OR was 3.3 (95% CI, 1.8-5.9); and the OR for extrinsic stains was 8 (95% CI, 2.7-24). Conclusion: A large gap exists with respect to dental and oral health status between DA and the general population. DA are at 54.4 times higher risk for having a potentially malignant state. These factors highlight the need for regular oral examination and dental treatment in DA.


In this paper, we apply verifiable computing techniques to a biometric matching. The purpose of verifiable computation is to give the result of a computation along with a proof that the calculations were correctly performed. We adapt a protocol called sumcheck protocol and present a system that performs verifiable biometric matching in the case of a fast border control. This is a work in progress and we focus on verifying an inner product. We then give some experimental results of its implementation. Verifiable computation here helps to enforce the authentication phase bringing in the process a proof that the biometric verification has been correctly performed.


Carl Schmitt was the most famous and controversial defender of political theology in the twentieth century. But in his best-known work, "The Concept of the Political," issued in 1927, 1932, and 1933, political considerations led him to conceal the dependence of his political theory on his faith in divine revelation. In 1932 Leo Strauss published a critical review of "Concept" that initiated an extremely subtle exchange between Schmitt and Strauss regarding Schmitt's critique of liberalism. Although Schmitt never answered Strauss publicly, in the third edition of his book he changed a number of passages in response to Strauss's criticisms. Now, in this elegant translation by J. Harvey Lomax, Heinrich Meier shows us what the remarkable dialogue between Schmitt and Strauss reveals about the development of these two seminal thinkers. Meier contends that their exchange only ostensibly revolves around liberalism. At its heart, their "hidden dialogue" explores the fundamental conflict between political theology and political philosophy, between revelation and reasonand ultimately, the vital question of how human beings ought to live their lives. "Heinrich Meier's treatment of Schmitt's writings is morally analytical without moralizing, a remarkable feat in view of Schmitt's past. He wishes to understand what Schmitt was after rather than to dismiss him out of hand or bowdlerize his thoughts for contemporary political purposes."-Mark Lilla, "New York" "Review of Books " "


Higher resolution demands for semiconductor lithography may be fulfilled by higher numerical aperture (NA) systems. However, NAs more than the photoresist refractive index (~1.7) cause surface confinement of the image. In this paper we describe how evanescent wave coupling to effective gain medium surface states beneath the imaging layer can counter this problem. We experimentally demonstrate this at λ = 405 nm using hafnium oxide on SiO2 to enhance the image depth of a 55-nm line and space pattern (numerical aperture of 1.824) from less than 40 nm to more than 90 nm. We provide a design example at λ = 193 nm, where a layer of sapphire on SiO2 counters image decay by an effective-gain-medium resonance phenomena allowing evanescent interferometric lithography to create high aspect ratio structures at NAs of 1.85 (26-nm resolution) and beyond.


We present Particle Based Lensing (PBL), a new technique for gravitational lensing mass reconstructions of galaxy clusters. Traditionally, most methods have employed either a finite inversion or gridding to turn observational lensed galaxy ellipticities into an estimate of the surface mass density of a galaxy cluster. We approach the problem from a different perspective, motivated by the success of multiscale analysis in smoothed particle hydrodynamics. In PBL we treat each of the lensed galaxies as a particle and then reconstruct the potential by smoothing over a local kernel with variable smoothing scale. In this way, we can tune a reconstruction to produce a constant signal-to-noise ratio throughout and maximally exploit regions of high information density. PBL is designed to include all lensing observables, including multiple image positions and fluxes from strong lensing, as well as weak-lensing signals including shear and flexion. In this paper, however, we describe a shear-only reconstruction and apply the method to several test cases, including simulated lensing clusters, as well as the well-studied "Bullet Cluster" (1E 0657–56). In the former cases, we show that PBL is better able to identify cusps and substructures than are grid-based reconstructions, and in the latter case, we show that PBL is able to identify substructure in the Bullet Cluster without even exploiting strong-lensing measurements. We also make our codes publicly available.


Healthcare delivery is evolving towards new Wireless Body Sensor Nodes (WBSN), which are miniaturized devices able to acquire, process and transmit subjects' bio-signals in real time within a tiny energy budget. Recent efforts on AD converters and transmission schemes have enabled a major power consumption reduction of these components, thus leaving the embedded processing stage as the dominant power-hungry component. In this context, new multi-core architectures designed with smaller CMOS devices and aggressive voltage scaling greatly improve the energy efficiency of WBSNs, but originate reliability operation concerns. In this work we present a novel WBSN architecture equipped with a completely redesigned memory subsystem (including a low-voltage low-latency non-volatile partition), which operates in combination with an advanced code synchronization management to reduce the platform ower consumption by up to 82%.


ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing a worldwide humanitarian crisis. Old age, comorbid conditions, end-stage organ impairment, and advanced cancer, increase the risk of mortality in serious COVID-19. A subset of serious COVID-19 patients with serious acute respiratory illness may be triaged not to receive aggressive intensive care unit (ICU) treatment and ventilation or may be discontinued from ventilation due to their underlying conditions. Those not eligible for aggressive ICU measures should receive appropriate symptom management. Early warning scores (EWS), oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate, can facilitate categorizing COVID-19 patients as stable, unstable, and end of life. Breathlessness, delirium, respiratory secretions, and pain, are the key symptoms that need to be assessed and palliated. Palliative sedation measures are needed to manage intractable symptoms. Goals of care should be discussed, and advance care plan should be made in patients who are unlikely to benefit from aggressive ICU measures and ventilation. For patients who are already in an ICU, either ventilated or needing ventilation, a futility assessment is made. If there is a consensus on futility, a family meeting is conducted either virtually or face to face depending on the infection risk and infection control protocol. The family should be sensitively communicated about the futility of ICU measures and foregoing life-sustaining treatment. Family meeting outcomes are documented, and consent for foregoing life-sustaining treatment is obtained. Appropriate symptom management enables comfort at the end of life to all serious COVID-19 patients not receiving or not eligible to receive ICU measures and ventilation. How to cite this article: Salins N, Mani RK, Gursahani R, Simha S, Bhatnagar S. Symptom Management and Supportive Care of Serious COVID-19 Patients and their Families in India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(6):435–444.


"Last Night a DJ Saved My Life" was the first comprehensive history of the disc jockey, a figure who has become a powerful force shaping the music industryand since its original publication, the book has become a cult classic. Now, with five new chapters and over a hundred pages of additional material, this updated and revised edition of "Last Night a DJ Saved My Life" reasserts itself as the definitive account of DJ culture, from the first record played over airwaves to house, hip hop, techno, and beyond. From the early development of recorded and transmitted sound, DJs have been shaping the way we listen to music and the record industry. Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton have tracked down the inside story on some of music s most memorable moments. Focusing on the club DJ, the book gets first-hand accounts of the births of disco, hip hop, house, and techno. Visiting legendary clubs like the Peppermint Lounge, Cheetah, the Loft, Sound Factory, and Ministry of Sound, and with interviews with legendary DJs, "Last Night a DJ Saved My Life" is a lively and entertaining account of musical history and some of the most legendary parties of the century."


BACKGROUND
Due to poor information collected through patient interviews, a considerable number of malignant mesothelioma (MM) cases still remain classified as "unknown" asbestos exposure in the Italian Mesotelioma Registry (Re.Na.M). At the same time, some occupational asbestos exposures, which were previously unknown, have been demonstrated in certain types of work, i.e., in agriculture and in the textile industry.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research was to investigate the possible past occupational exposure to asbestos in clothing workers using sewing-machines.

METHODS
The MM cases were collected from the Mesothelioma Registry of Brescia. Work histories were obtained via a standardized questionnaire. Investigations were conducted in sewing-machine maintenance workshop in order to collect information regarding the possible use of asbestos parts. In addition, the use of asbestos friction materials and the use of insulated asbestos materials was checked in the clothing divisions by interviewing the management and maintenance workers of two companies where cases of MM were observed.

RESULTS
The Mesothelioma Registry of Brescia identified and collected 10 MM cases with past work in the clothing industry: 6 used sewing-machines and 4 were self-employed tailors. The search for asbestos materials gave positive results as the use of friction materials had been widespread since the 1950's in all types of sewing-machines; in addition, asbestos materials were used to insulate some parts of the ironing equipment and the steam pipelines.

CONCLUSION
The results of this investigation suggest assigning at least "possible occupational asbestos exposure" to those cases employed in clothing manufacture since the 1950's, who used sewing-machines or pressing machines, according to the Re.Na.M guidelines. Other possible occupational exposures to asbestos in this working sector cannot be excluded; when the simple interview of patients does not reveal such exposures further investigations are needed in order to demonstrate all the possible circumstances of exposure.


Introduction: Injection induced sciatic nerve injury, either by inter-intrafascicular injection or inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue, may result in a broad spectrum of functional loss. Surgery as a part of the treatment, may be indicated in cases those had not enough spontaneous recovery. Case reports: On the basis of preoperative clinical and electrophysiological assessments, eight patients with injection induced sciatic nerve injury underwent surgery. There were 7 boys and one girl. The mean age was 6,5 years (3-12) and left sided involvement was observed in all except one . The interval from injury to operation was 60 to145 days. In all patients sciatic nerve was found to be adhered to soft tissue without any structural deformity. During the operation, gluteal muscle mass was not cut but was lifted from nerve in order to avoid postoperative pain and scar tissue. After external neurolysis of nerve was performed under magnification, at the most adhered level a few milliliters of serum physiologic injected intrafascicullary. Neurolysis versus nerve grafting was decided on the basis of morphologic appearance of sciatic nerve. In six of the eight patients postoperative Sunderland recovery scales were good or excellent. Conclusion: In case of childhood injection neuropathy of sciatic nerve, when the spontaneous recovery does not take place within three to four months, surgical exploration should be performed. During the surgery, external neurolysis without cutting the gluteus muscle is possible in childhood and may be tried in any case without neuroma.


Abstract This article uses the case of family business to distinguish the range of potential aims and outcomes of corporate heritage communication. In family businesses, the challenges of heritage communication are particularly salient as the past of the firm is simultaneously that of the controlling family. Based on a study of 55 websites of Swedish and German family-owned firms, we classify aims and outcomes of heritage communication with reference to different stakeholders. Our findings elucidate the need to consider various stakeholders when planning heritage communications, and the value of such communication for different corporate functions, such as marketing, management and governance. To aid decision making, we offer a framework to map aims and stakeholders of heritage communication related to a company's functions.


New physical aspects of collinear acousto-optical interaction, occurred by acoustic waves of finite amplitude, are revealed and analyzed in crystalline materials exhibiting moderate linear acoustic losses. The analysis is performed in the regime of continuous traveling waves allowing a specific mechanism of the acousto-optic nonlinearity. Our consideration has shown that such nonlinearity together with linear acoustic losses is able to affect the transmission function inherent in collinear interaction. In particular, the mere presence of linear acoustic losses by themselves leads to broadening the width of the transmission function beginning already from very low levels of the applied acoustic power. Moreover, the transmission function exhibits a marked and quasi-periodical dependence on the applied acoustic power density, and that periodicity is governed by the linear acoustic losses. As a result, the transmission function can be significantly narrowed near isolated points at the cost of decreasing the interaction efficiency. These novelties related to collinear acousto-optical interaction accompanied by moderate linear acoustic losses have been studied and confirmed experimentally with an advanced acousto-optical cell based on calcium molybdate (CaMoO4) single crystal and controlled by acoustic waves of finite amplitude.


Microalgae oil serves as a feedstock for a biorefinery approach to mid-chain (di-)carboxylic acid esters, currently only accessible via demanding synthetic routes. Via the butenolysis of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, short-chain unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and mono- and di-enes were produced in a high selectivity. These olefins were further processed into value added linear mid-chain (di-)carboxylic acid esters via isomerizing alkoxycarbonylation. Model compounds such as eicosapentaenoic acid were used to study the reactions including the screening of metathesis catalysts and to identify all formed products. Notably, eicosapentaenoic acid, a five-fold unsaturated fatty acid relatively abundant in algae, is successfully converted to four equivalents of heptadiene, which was carbonylated to the linear diester (dimethyl azelate). The butenolysis and subsequent isomerizing alkoxycarbonylation were performed on the algae oil extracted from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Despite the multicomponent mixture of numerous lipids and non-lipid compounds present in algae oil, high conversion and high selectivity for the desired products were achieved in both reactions. This approach provides access to several carboxylic mono- and di-acid esters of chain length ranging from C6 to C12 (amongst others azelaic acid ester, suberic acid ester and dodecanedioic acid ester), that are in demand but to which access is limited currently, fully based on algae oils as a renewable resource.


Antitrust for most of the past seventy years has relied heavily on economic discourse, and on price theory in particular in recent times. There have been fierce debates on what types of economics are the most useful and whether other values inform antitrust law and policy, but economics has reigned supreme, especially during the modern era. This is quite peculiar in the following sense. Antitrust is a body of law that regulates business behavior, but antitrust has adopted a language both different, and at odds with, the language of the very people being regulated. Even worse, antitrust has chosen a unique discourse that is self-denying as to one of the very essences of antitrust enforcement. Price theory is inherently suspicious of the claim that market power is achievable. In contrast, business leaders are trained in undergraduate and graduate business programs that the very opposite is true: that market power is achievable and various business and management theories provide a sound analytical basis for achieving such power in the real world. This article is both a history and genealogy of the discourse used in the discipline of antitrust law. My thesis is that antitrust adopted economics as its primary discourse as part of the creation of a separate discipline of antitrust law, separate from a general field of business law or corporate and securities law. The split began in the 1920s and came to full fruition in the1950s. Without suggesting that this was a conscious or deliberate choice, antitrust evolved into a new speciality field with its own players, its own professional organizations, its own status games and hierarchies, and most importantly, its own language. Economics became that language as part of a process of separation from the general business bar which remained tied to the language of business, a language that was increasingly discredited socially and professionally during the Great Depression, the key period when antitrust became its own field. My paper is also a plea for a more inclusive discourse for modern antitrust. Business people are versed from the first days of business school in the language and techniques of such techniques as strategic planning and brand management. They strive for and often achieve (at least in their view) significant lasting market power. As the Chicago school style of law and economics loses its vise grip on the discipline of antitrust, lawyers, judges, and policy makers need to be conversant with all facets of business theory and discourse, not just economic theory. In short, the decision makers we regulate take this stuff seriously, so should we.


This book is the first to draw together the numerous different regulations which affect how commodities are traded in the EU. Having long been a largely deregulated industry, intense scrutiny in the aftermath of the global Financial Crisis in 2008 has left commodities trading subject to a raft of harmonized regulations, many of which have yet to be finalized. Regulation of both the physical and the financial commodities markets is undergoing significant change and participants and their advisers are struggling to understand the changes in each jurisdiction as well as the cross-border implications. The book pulls together these various pieces of EU legislation and examines how they influence the way that commodities are traded in Europe. It also provides coverage of regulation at domestic level in key jurisdictions active in the marketplace, namely the UK, US, Switzerland, and Singapore. Divided into eight sections, the book includes analysis of the commodities trading houses (including their motives and methods), the main trading venues, trading practices, and potential illicit practices and market abuses. Each section has a detailed transnational component in which the position in each specific jurisdiction is explained, drawing parallels and setting out the differences between these countries.


PurposeSports economists have consistently found that winning positively impacts team revenue fans prefer to allocate their entertainment dollars to winning teams. Previous research has also found that fans do not have a preference for how their team wins. However, this research ignores the significant variability in revenue that can exist between teams with similar attendance figures. The authors contribute to the literature by testing whether profit maximizing teams should pay different amounts for different types of production by estimating the marginal revenue product of a win due to offense, defense and pitching.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the 2010–2017 Major League Baseball seasons and an Ordinary Least Squares-Fixed Effects approach, the authors test whether a unit of offensive, defensive and pitching production generates differing amounts of team revenue both before and after revenue sharing. The authors then test if team Wins Above Replacement is a good approximation of actual wins while accounting for the previously observed nonlinear relationship between wins and revenue.FindingsThe authors found that marginal revenue product estimates in the postrevenue sharing model for mowar, pwar and dwar are nearly identical to each other. Further, after predicting prerevenue sharing, the authors find that fans have no preference for mowar, pwar or dwar play styles.Originality/valueThe findings illustrate that team decision-makers appear to be acting irrationally by paying more for offense than they do for defense. Thus, the findings suggest that team decision-makers should value defensive wins and pitching wins at the same rate as offensive wins on the free agent market.


In the attempts to attain greater efficiency of mobility, based in the long-term on renewable energy sources, the efficiency of energy conversion in the vehicle remains an important issue. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technology has the potential to improve the efficiency of the powertrain for passenger vehicles above the level of present internal combustion engine solutions in relevant operation areas. Several questions need still to be solved to verify this potential superiority under the conditions of daily vehicle operation. Therefore, new materials have to be developed for improved component performance at lower cost and for more complicated environmental conditions. The effect of these specifications on the efficiency potential of the fuel cell system is open to debate. Another target is the performance of advanced powertrains based on internal combustion engines, which are in competition with the fuel cell system.


Postnatal depression is a significant challenge to the mental health of women of childbearing age. Partners and other family members are expected to provide support and care. This thesis extends the existing work to explore the experience of both partners in the couple relationship and to identify their related support needs. A series of joint and individual interviews with seventeen couples were analysed utilising components of grounded theory and the constant comparative method. Family systems theory informed the exploration of the relationship issues and the couples' support networks. The couples' definition of 'parenting normality' informs the two core processes, which detail the couples' help seeking and their progress towards recovery. The partners identify similar support needs but emphasise some aspects of their experience differently. Both partners value their relationship and strive to maintain it during a challenging time. A number of considerations influence their help seeking and progress towards recovery. The couples express a need to understand the illness, the treatment options available and to receive consistent support from those around them. Social contacts, sharing the experience with others and the inclusion of the partner in the decision making process are helpful support strategies. Their expectations of themselves as parents and the stigma of mental health influence their help seeking. It is important that the individual has time to explore emotional issues with a trusted helper. Men are less able to share their feelings, often coping with significant emotional distress alone. Professionals play a significant role in supporting the woman, but are seen as less relevant to her partner. Practitioners should identify strategies to reduce barriers to service access and explore opportunities for early interventions. A range of timely support options should be available to families, which are responsive to their needs and negotiated with all parties concerned.


A PROGRESS REPORT Higher education at the turn of the century is faced with dwindling resources and an increased emphasis on accountability. Together with our counterparts in general libraries, music librarians must justify the importance of programs, collections, facilities, and staff with more than vague statements or an emotional defense of the art of music and the preservation of the context in which it was created. We must be able to answer the question "How well are you doing your job?" with measurable information. Although it is fairly easy to collect and report statistics on many aspects of our work (e.g., collection size, circulation, and gate count), it is much more difficult to measure accurately our success in one of the most important services offered by music libraries: answering reference questions. In 1994, the Reference Performance Subcommittee of the Music Library Association developed a plan to evaluate reference service in academic music libraries. [1] Although there have been numerous studies of the effectiveness of general reference departments in central academic and public libraries, [2] no separate study has been made of music reference service performance at academic branch libraries (or subordinate reference service areas in departments of centralized libraries). Reference service in academic branch libraries can vary considerably from the central library model. Branch libraries tend to rely heavily on student and paraprofessional employees [3] to refer, or even to answer, reference questions. Historically, student employees have seldom been involved in reference work in centralized libraries, and the role of paraprofessionals in reference service has also been significantly smaller. [4] In addition, reference work in music libraries may be more complicated than in other subject-specific and general libraries due to the nature of our materials (e.g., multiple physical manifestations of musical compositions in various sound recording, video recording, and score formats, and publication of works in collections and series) and how they are cataloged (using complex uniform tides and form-genre subject headings). Successful music reference work demands thorough knowledge of both the content and function of library catalogs and major reference tools in music, certainly more than can be expected of most student employees. With these characteristics of music library reference service in mind, the Reference Performance Subcommittee developed three primary research objectives: 1) to study the reference performance of student and paraprofessional employees in academic music libraries in relation to that of music librarians; 2) to compare reference performance measures of success in academic music libraries to those in general academic library reference departments; and 3) to locate the top-scoring academic music libraries so that the positive elements of their reference service procedures could be studied, described, and disseminated to the profession through publication and conference presentations. In this progress report, we begin to address the first two research objectives of our study. The third objective will be addressed more thoroughly in future publications; nevertheless, some "best practices" at individual institutions emerge in our commentary concerning the first two objectives. With funding from the Music Library Association and several universities, [5] the subcommittee began to evaluate academic music reference service areas using the Wisconsin-Ohio Reference Evaluation Program (WOREP) as its survey instrument. WOREP was originally developed in the early 1980s by Marjorie E. Murfin of the Ohio State University Libraries and Charles A. Bunge of the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Library and Information Studies. [6] W. Michael Havener of the University of Rhode Island has since joined Marjorie Murfin in leading the study. WOREP provides libraries with a valid and reliable tool for measuring their effectiveness in answering reference questions. …


This research aims at the detailed analysis of Indian Forging Industry with relation to the Mergers and Acquisitions undertaken globally. From past several years, Indian Automotive Industry is witnessing positive movements in the business. The dissertation mainly focuses on the impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the performance of the acquiring company. Bharat Forge Ltd. (India) has been taken as the case study for the dissertation. The first section of the dissertation includes the nature of the Indian Forging Industry. The performance of the same has been analyzed and the future prospects have been discussed in detail. The second section of the dissertation following the above, gives details about the theoretical literature on the concept of Mergers and Acquisitions. It provides with the details such as Types, Synergies, Motives, Drivers, Funding and Approaches to measure Mergers and Acquisitions. The motto of the dissertation is to relate the impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on the profitability of the company. Hence, this section also throws light on the academic aspect of the profitability analysis of Mergers and Acquisitions. In the third section, we discuss about the company itself, Bharat Forge Ltd. (India). With a detailed introduction about the company in the beginning, we will then discuss about its global presence and product portfolio. In the later part of this section, we would pay stress to the acquisitions undertaken by Bharat Forge Ltd. In the fourth section, a detailed analysis of the various financial aspects of the company in its post acquisition period is carried out. This section also covers the financial interpretation through the use of the key financial ratios and the percentage changes in the financial outcomes yearly. These results have been represented graphically. The last section of the dissertation underlines the interpretation and the analysis of the research conducted followed by the various limitations of the study.


(Revised 4/29/15, with minor edits by Craig William French)Abstract by Craig William FrenchThis paper reprints a slightly edited version of Jack L. Treynor's 1961 CAPM manuscript, which has previously been unavailable to the public. The author's facsimile of the original was obtained thanks to the kind generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Treynor. Edits in the present version, which differ from the original, include minor typographical corrections and minor notation differences for some variables in the formulae. Pagination is as in the original. In 1958, Jack Treynor was employed by Arthur D. Little. That summer he took a three-week vacation to Evergreen, Colorado, during which he produced forty-four pages of mathematical notes on capital asset pricing and capital budgeting. Over the next two years, Treynor refined his notes into what is in all likelihood the first CAPM. Treynor gave a copy of this early model to John Lintner at Harvard in 1960. While in business school at Harvard from 1953 through 1955, Mr. Treynor had taken nearly every finance course offered, and though he signed up for Lintner's economics course he was forced to cancel due to a schedule conflict. In 1960, John Lintner was the only economist he knew even slightly. Treynor refined his 1960 model into the 45-page "Market Value, Time, and Risk" [the present paper]. This paper, Treynor (1961), develops the CAPM using the concept of experiment space to quantify risk and risk relations. Without his knowledge or encouragement, one of Mr. Treynor's colleagues sent the draft to Merton Miller in 1961, after Miller had moved to the University of Chicago from Carnegie Institute of Technology. Miller sent the paper to Franco Modigliani at MIT in the spring of 1962, and Modigliani invited Treynor to embark on a program of graduate work at MIT under his supervision. Treynor did so during the 1962-1963 academic year; in addition to Modigliani's course, he took Bob Bishop's price theory and Ed Kuh's econometrics courses, among others. By the fall of 1962, Treynor had consolidated the first part of Treynor (1961), on the single-period model, into "Toward a Theory of Market Value of Risky Assets," and presented it to the MIT finance faculty.A more complete description of the development of the Treynor CAPM may be found in French, Craig W., The Treynor Capital Asset Pricing Model. Journal of Investment Management, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 60-72, 2003. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=447580.A reprint of Treynor's 1962 paper, "Toward a Theory of Market Value of Risky Assets," may be found in French, Craig W., Jack Treynor's 'Toward a Theory of Market Value of Risky Assets' (December 28, 2002). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=628187.


In 1995 and again in 1998, millions of pilchards (Sardinops sagax neopilchardus) were found dead or dying off the coast of Australia and also in New Zealand. The epizootics moved progressively, at a rapid speed against the prevailing currents. A previously unrecognised herpesvirus, Pilchard herpesvirus (PHV), was identified as the causative agent.

Until recently, rapid and sensitive methods to detect PHV were not available and based on a previously identified and conserved 373 bp region of the genome, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridisation and real-time PCR methods were developed for the specific detection of PHV in formaldehyde-fixed and frozen tissues of pilchards. Real-time PCR was shown to have greater sensitivity than a conventional PCR and in situ hybridisation for the detection of PHV infection.

The PCR assay and sequence analysis of the amplification products was used to compare the 373 bp region of the genome from strains obtained during the 1995 and 1998 epidemics. Significant differences between the strains were not detected.Additional sequence data was obtained adjacent to the 373 bp of known PHV sequence, which did not match any sequence in any of the genetic databases, and this will be invaluable for further study of the pilchard herpesvirus and the development of improved detection methods.

The molecular-based methods of virus detection developed were applied to a re- examination of virus in paraffin-embedded tissues taken from fish during an attempt to transmit the virus to wild caught pilchards in 1999. The results obtained confirmed previously equivocal results that transmission of PHV to wild caught pilchards was achieved, although this experiment failed to demonstrate thattransmission of the virus resulted in severe lesions typical of those seen in the epizootics.

Using formaldehyde-fixed samples from fish collected during the 1998 PHV epizootic, virus was detected in fish collected 4 days prior to the occurrence of the epizootic even though the fish then appeared clinically normal, during the epizootic, and 8 days after mortalities had ceased.

An investigation of wild pilchards collected from 4 Australian pilchard sub-populations using real-time PCR demonstrated that PHV was present in the gills of 13.75% of 800 fish sampled, indicating that the virus is now endemic in the Australian pilchard population. Variation in the prevalence of PHV infection in the 4 subpopulations was detected, higher in western and southern populations than in populations from the east coast. The endemic nature of PHV infection in the pilchard population explains why there have been no further epizootics with mass mortalities since 1998.


Examination of surface fault traces with Spot images and in the field corroborates the inference that the active tectonics of southern Peloponnesus and Crete are dominated by approximately north-south normal faulting and approximately east-west extension. The heights of Holocene normal-fault scarps yield first-order regional estimates of fault slip rates between 0.1 and 2-3 mm/yr. Most of the surface scarps probably ruptured during past earthquakes, such as that which destroyed Sparta in 464 B.C. On the Sparta fault the Holocene average slip rate and the recurrence time of large earthquakes may be ∼1 mm/yr and 3000 yr, respectively. The regional pattern of Quaternary faulting suggests that the east-west extension near the Hellenic subduction zone is fast (about 5%-10%/m.y.). The change from north-south to east-west extension in the late Pliocene (∼2-4 Ma) implies that the Aegean is starting to collide with the northern margin of Africa.


Invasive oomycete pathogens have been causing significant damage to native ecosystems worldwide for over a century. A recent well-known example is Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death, which emerged in the 1990s in Europe and North America. In Europe, this pathogen is mainly restricted to woody ornamentals in nurseries and public greens, while severe outbreaks in the wild have only been reported in the UK. This study presents the results of the P. ramorum survey conducted in Swiss nurseries between 2003 and 2011. In all 120 nurseries subjected to the plant passport system, the main P. ramorum hosts were visually checked for above ground infections. Phytophthora species were isolated from tissue showing symptoms and identified on the basis of the morphological features of the cultures and sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region. Phytophthora was detected on 125 plants (66 Viburnum, 58 Rhododendron and one Pieris). Phytophthora ramorum was the most frequent species (59·2% of the plants), followed by P. plurivora, P. cactorum, P. citrophthora, P. cinnamomi, P. cactorum/P. hedraiandra, P. multivora and P. taxon PgChlamydo. The highest incidence of P. ramorum was observed on Viburnum × bodnantense. Microsatellite genotyping showed that the Swiss P. ramorum population is highly clonal and consists of seven genotypes (five previously reported in Europe, two new), all belonging to the European EU1 clonal lineage. It can therefore be assumed that P. ramorum entered Switzerland through nursery trade. Despite sanitation measures, repeated P. ramorum infections have been recorded in seven nurseries, suggesting either reintroduction or unsuccessful eradication efforts.


Abstract Understanding the physical and biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere is a vital component of environmental and Earth system research. The ability to predict and respond to future environmental change relies on a detailed understanding of these processes. The Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international research platform that focuses on the study of ocean-atmosphere interactions, for which Future Earth is a sponsor. SOLAS instigated a collaborative initiative process to connect efforts in the natural and social sciences related to these processes, as a contribution to the emerging Future Earth Ocean Knowledge-Action Network (Ocean KAN). This is imperative because many of the recent changes in the Earth system are anthropogenic. An understanding of adaptation and counteracting measures requires an alliance of scientists from both domains to bridge the gap between science and policy. To this end, three SOLAS research areas were targeted for a case study to determine a more effective method of interdisciplinary research: valuing carbon and the ocean's role; air-sea interactions, policy and stewardship; and, air-sea interactions and the shipping industry.


In this paper we propose a model for human leaming and decision making in environments of repeated Cliff-Edge (CE) interactions. In CE environments, which include common daily interactions, such as sealed-bid auctions and the Ultimatum Game (UG), the probability of success decreases monotonically as the expected reward increases. Thus, CE environments are characterized by an underlying conflict between the strive to maximize profits and the fear of causing the entire deal to fall through. We focus on the behavior of people who repeatedly compete in one-shot CE interactions, with a different opponent in each interaction. Our model, which is based upon the Deviated Virtual Reinforcement Learning (DVRL) algorithm, integrates the Learning Direction Theory with the Reinforcement Learning algorithm. We also examined several other models, using an innovative methodology in which the decision dynamics of the models were compared with the empirical decision patterns of individuals during their interactions. An analysis of human behavior in auctions and in the UG reveals that our model fits the decision patterns of far more subjects than any other model.


The planar aromatic tridentate ligand 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (L(1)) reacts with Ln(III) (Ln = La-Lu) in acetonitrile to give the successive complexes [Ln(L(1))(n)()](3+) (n = 1-3). Stability constants determined by spectrophotometry and potentiometric competitive titrations with Ag(I) show that the 1:1 and the 1:2 complexes display the usual thermodynamic behavior associated with electrostatic effects while the 1:3 complexes exhibit an unusual selectivity for the midrange Ln(III) ions (Delta log K(3)(Gd-Lu) approximately 4). A detailed investigation of the solution structure of [Ln(L(1))(3)](3+) (Ln = La-Dy) reveals that the closely packed triple-helical structure found in the crystal structure of [Eu(L(1))(3)](3+) is retained in acetonitrile for the complete series. A sharp control of the coordination cavity results from the interstrand pi-stacking interactions which appear to be optimum for Gd(III). For Yb(III), for instance, a 1:2 complex only could be isolated, which crystallizes as a hydroxo-bridged dimer [Yb(OH)(L(1))(2)](2)(ClO(4))(4)(HClO(4))(0.5)(CH(3)CN)(7.32)(L(1))(0.5) (triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 13.250(2) Å, b = 16.329(2) Å, c = 27.653(3) Å, alpha = 99.941(9) degrees, beta = 93.394(9) degrees, gamma = 108.114(9) degrees, Z = 2). The binding of bulky substituents to the nitrogen atoms of the benzimidazole side arms in L(4) (i) severely affects the wrapping process, (ii) leads to less stable triple-helical building blocks, and (iii) removes the size-discriminating effect. The last can however be restored if a strong electron-donor group is connected to the central pyridine ring in L(8). Stability and solution structure data for [Ag(2)(L(i)())(2)](2+) (i = 1, 4, 8) are also reported and discussed.


Nowadays a mine is seeing not only as a site for the production of minerals. The very same landscape is now also interpreted and given quite different meaning depending on the role of the mine in place specific contexts and a global system of production and consumption processes. Depending on this perspective there are two localities of Falun and Kiruna where the industrial landscapes are used and given meaning in different ways. In Kiruna the iron ore production in response to the external markets demand is expanding. It is a reality that the central parts of the city will be relocated in order to avoid the risk of damage due to the operations in the mine. The latter way of using the natural resource is looked upon as a traditional and thus of an unquestionable matter. Transition to the post-industrial society in Europe made it clear that even mines should be given a different role or face. The transition from one type of industrial production system to more consumer-oriented and highly of a cultural/historical importance is one the way in Falun. Are these ways of seeing the mine contradict with each other? How do they contribute to the overall economic development in these two localities? Our project aims to examine the similarities/differences between the two production systems in order to get deeper understanding of processes that generate regional growth.


Abstract. There is a lack of knowledge of how biomass burning aerosols in the tropics age, including those in the fire-prone Northern Territory in Australia. This paper reports chemical characterization of fresh and aged aerosols monitored during the 1-month-long SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) field study, with an emphasis on the chemical signature and aging of organic aerosols. The campaign took place in June 2014 during the early dry season when the surface measurement site, the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS), located in the Northern Territory, was heavily influenced by thousands of wild and prescribed bushfires. ATARS was equipped with a wide suite of instrumentation for gaseous and aerosol characterization. A compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to monitor aerosol chemical composition. Approximately 90 % of submicron non-refractory mass was composed of organic material. Ozone enhancement in biomass burning plumes indicated increased air mass photochemistry. The diversity in biomass burning emissions was illustrated through variability in chemical signature (e.g. wide range in f44, from 0.06 to 0.18) for five intense fire events. The background particulate loading was characterized using positive matrix factorization (PMF). A PMF-resolved BBOA (biomass burning organic aerosol) factor comprised 24 % of the submicron non-refractory organic aerosol mass, confirming the significance of fire sources. A dominant PMF factor, OOA (oxygenated organic aerosol), made up 47 % of the sampled aerosol, illustrating the importance of aerosol aging in the Northern Territory. Biogenic isoprene-derived organic aerosol factor was the third significant fraction of the background aerosol (28 %).


Proposed amendments to Seventh-day Adventist Fundamental Belief No. 6 represent an attempt to define acceptable Adventist understandings of creation more tightly and to exclude alternative viewpoints in a creedal fashion. In particular, there appears to be an attempt to exclude anything but a young age for life. One question which may be asked is whether the proposed amendments are in fact sufficient to exclude unwanted views, since there are models which allow for a creation week consisting of seven consecutive, contiguous, literal, twenty-four days, yet which accommodate current scientific understandings in ways recent creationism finds uncomfortable. While group identity is important, a focus on the formulation of tighter belief statements as a means of defining heretics will do little to bring resolution. Such documents can all too easily become primarily instruments of power and exclusion. They indicate a shift in focus from the core of a community's identity to its borders and that is no advance. Listening to one another may not always bring unanimity of opinion but it should both foster respect and facilitate a deeper and more productive unity than mere uniformity could ever bring.


Design of efficacious Treg-based therapies and establishment of clinical tolerance in autoimmune diseases have proven to be challenging. The clinical implementation of Treg immunotherapy has been hampered by various impediments related to the stability and isolation procedures of Tregs as well as the specific in vivo targets of Treg modalities. Herein, we have demonstrated that Foxp3+ Tregs potently suppress autoimmune responses in vivo through inhibition of the autophagic machinery in DCs in a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4–dependent (CTLA4-dependent) manner. Autophagy-deficient DCs exhibited reduced immunogenic potential and failed to prime autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells to mediate autoimmunity. Mechanistically, CTLA4 binding promoted activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and FoxO1 nuclear exclusion in DCs, leading to decreased transcription of the autophagy component microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3&bgr; (Lc3b). Human DCs treated with CTLA4-Ig, a fusion protein composed of the Fc region of IgG1 and the extracellular domain of CTLA4 (also known as abatacept, marketed as Orencia), demonstrated reduced levels of autophagosome formation, while DCs from CTLA4-Ig–treated rheumatoid arthritis patients displayed diminished LC3B transcripts. Collectively, our data identify the canonical autophagy pathway in DCs as a molecular target of Foxp3+ Treg–mediated suppression that leads to amelioration of autoimmune responses. These findings may pave the way for the development of therapeutic protocols that exploit Tregs for the treatment of autoimmunity as well as diseases in which disturbed tolerance is a common denominator.


The idea of a public health insurance option is at least a half century old, but has not yet had its day in the limelight. This chapter explains why if that moment ever comes, health care's public option will fall short of expectations that it will provide a differentiated, meaningful alternative to private health insurance and will spur health insurance competition. Health care's public option bubbled up in its best-known form in California in the early 2000s and got increasing mainstream attention in the lead up to the 2010 health reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The idea has reemerged with vigor once again as a core tenet of Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden's plans to build on the ACA. When people talk about health care's public option, they mean a public health insurance plan, typically based on Medicare that someone could select in the individual, or nongroup, health insurance market instead of a private health insurance offering. Proponents have argued that a public health insurance option could deliver better cost-control than private insurance, while also being able to offer a broad choice of providers and quality control. Health care's public option died in the 2010 ACA legislative process, but had it been enacted, it would have faced serious obstacles to produce these results its architects hoped. The assumption that people will select the public option if it is better than other options is belied by a mounting body of empirical literature showing how we struggle, and do not do all that well, when choosing among health insurance options. Even more, political thorniness would almost certainly have prevented the public option from being a clear best alternative, which would have further impeded its ability to stand out in a crowd of options. If consumers fail to gravitate overwhelmingly to a public option, it cannot catalyze the market pressure necessary to produce lower prices or higher quality. For a public health insurance option to have transformative potential—to promote greater health equity and freedom—it needs to be more than an option among many, what Sitaraman and Alstott call a competitive public option. It must be designed in a way that does not rely on people weighing it against other options and selecting it when it is the best. This chapter examines possibilities for health care's public option in three parts. It first explains the theory behind health care's competitive public option, the form envisioned in the ACA and similar to early proposals by the Biden Campaign during the Democratic primaries. It then considers the challenges this competitive public option would have faced had it become policy reality. Finally, it examines more effective ways that public health insurance might be integrated into a public/private hybrid system to achieve greater health equity.


Natural molecules have been a boon in the field of medical science and therapeutics. With the progress of latest technology and advancement in synthetic chemistry and computational biology, it has now become possible to precisely decide the best possible fit inhibitor molecule for the pathologically important target molecules in the human body. In recent history, many naturally occurring molecules have been derivatized to improve the inhibitory potential. Bromhexine is one such molecule that has been derivatized from the naturally occurring molecule vasicine. Vasicine is obtained from Adhatoda vasica, a very well known herb for respiratory and other inflammatory diseases. The present review describes the importance and uses of bromhexine in the area of therapeutics with a light on its mechanism of action and its use in several diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis.


Bulk density of undisturbed soil samples can be measured using computed tomography (CT) techniques with a spatial resolution of about 1 mm. However, this technique may not be readily accessible. On the other hand, x-ray radiographs have only been considered as qualitative images to describe morphological features. A calibration procedure was set up to generate two-dimensional, high-resolution bulk density images from x-ray radiographs made with a conventional x-ray diffraction apparatus. Test bricks were made to assess the accuracy of the method. Slices of impregnated soil samples were made using hardsetting seedbeds that had been gamma scanned at 5-mm depth increments in a previous study. The calibration procedure involved three stages: (i) calibration of the image grey levels in terms of glass thickness using a staircase made from glass cover slips, (ii) measurement of ratio between the soil and resin mass attenuation coefficients and the glass mass attenuation coefficient, using compacted bricks of known thickness and bulk density, and (iii) image correction accounting for the heterogeneity of the irradiation field. The procedure was simple, rapid, and the equipment was easily accessible. The accuracy of the bulk density determination was good (mean relative error 0.015), The bulk density images showed a good spatial resolution, so that many structural details could be observed. The depth functions were consistent with both the global shrinkage and the gamma probe data previously obtained. The suggested method would be easily applied to the new fuzzy set approach of soil structure, which requires generation of bulk density images. Also, it would be an invaluable tool for studies requiring high-resolution bulk density measurement, such as studies on soil surface crusts.


Averting catastrophic climate change requires immediate action to prevent additional carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere. However, even that may not be sufficient, with many scientists now warning that it will likely also be necessary to reduce the existing atmospheric carbon dioxide load. That could be achieved using negative emissions technologies that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store or utilize it in some way. One promising technology is direct air capture ("DAC") which uses liquid chemical solutions or solid sorbent filters to capture carbon dioxide from the air and concentrate it into a pure stream.

Current DAC technologies are highly energy intensive and must be powered by renewable energy sources to achieve negative emissions. Ideally, DAC equipment would be co- located with a renewable energy facility, at a site where carbon dioxide can be stored or used. There is growing interest in the possibility of locating systems offshore in areas with high wind energy capacity and sub-seabed geologic formations that are suitable for storing carbon dioxide. One possible site off the west coast of Canada—known as the Cascadia Basin—is currently being explored in a Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions study, called Solid Carbon. This paper was developed as part of that study. It provides a comprehensive analysis of legal issues associated with deploying an offshore DAC system, powered by offshore wind turbines, in Canadian waters and storing the captured carbon dioxide in sub-seabed rock formations.


Signal peptide and cleavage site predictions are very important fields in bioinformatics because of its contributions in modern cell biological research, molecular mechanisms of diseases, and drug discoveries. In this paper, we present the results in signal peptide and cleavage site predictions using the weight matrix approach utilizing genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized position weight matrix (PWM) profiles each for eukaryotic, gram-negative and gram-positive prokaryotic organisms. The consistency tests yielded overall performance ratings of roughly 97% for signal peptide prediction while approximately 77% for cleavage site prediction at position 0. Cross-validation results showed that the overall performances of using the GA-optimized profile matrices in predicting the presence of signal peptides were as accurate as around 95%. However, for cleavage site prediction, the three optimized profile matrices produced overall accuracy of about 72%-74% in predicting the actual cleavage site location. For protein sequences belonging to the prokaryote organism that are not labeled as gram-negative or gram-positive, predicting for the correct cleavage site location by the GA-optimized PWM profile of the former consistently resulted to higher success ratings. A comparison between the latest existing profile matrices (used in signal peptide and cleavage site predictions) showed only a slight improvement in the overall performance. Although the improvement is minimal, it makes a lot of difference when analyzing large datasets or genomic protein sequences.


Introduction Recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) is used to treat symptomatic anaemia due to chemotherapy. A new r-HuEPO, Epoetin theta (Eporatio®), was investigated and compared to placebo in a randomised, double-blind clinical trial in adult cancer patients receiving nonplatinum-based chemotherapy. The primary efficacy endpoint was the responder rate (complete haemoglobin (Hb) response, i.e., Hb increase ≥2 g/dl) without the benefit of a transfusion within the previous 4 weeks. Research Design and Methods 186 patients were randomised to s.c. treatment for 12 weeks with either Epoetin theta (N = 95) or placebo (N = 91). The starting dose was 20,000 IU once weekly Epoetin theta or placebo. Results The incidence of complete Hb responders was significantly higher in the Epoetin theta group than in the placebo group (72.6 vs. 25.3%, P < 0.0001). More patients in the placebo group than in the Epoetin theta group received blood transfusions after randomisation (23 patients, 25.3% vs. 13 patients, 13.7%, P = 0.0277). The majority of patients with a complete Hb response had 20,000 IU/week as their maximum dose prior to response, indicating that a dose of 20,000 IU is an appropriate starting dose. The overall frequencies of adverse events (AEs) were similar in both treatment groups. Hypertension was the only AE that was more frequent in the Epoetin theta group compared to the placebo group (8.4 vs. 1.1%). Conclusions Epoetin theta showed a superior efficacy to placebo in terms of complete Hb response without blood transfusion within the previous 4 weeks. Treatment with Epoetin theta resulted in a statistically significant increase in mean haemoglobin levels compared to placebo. The overall frequencies of adverse events were similar in both treatment groups.


In recent years, support vector regression (SVR), a novel neural network (NN) technique, has been successfully used for financial forecasting. This paper deals with the application of SVR in volatility forecasting. Based on a recurrent SVR, a GARCH method is proposed and is compared with a moving average (MA), a recurrent NN and a parametric GACH in terms of their ability to forecast financial markets volatility. The real data in this study uses British Pound-US Dollar (GBP) daily exchange rates from July 2, 2003 to June 30, 2005 and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) daily composite index from July 3, 2003 to June 30, 2005. The experiment shows that, under both varying and fixed forecasting schemes, the SVR-based GARCH outperforms the MA, the recurrent NN and the parametric GARCH based on the criteria of mean absolute error (MAE) and directional accuracy (DA). No structured way being available to choose the free parameters of SVR, the sensitivity of performance is also examined to the free parameters.


With 6% of Europe's freshwater resources, Switzerland is often considered the 'water tower of Europe'. There are 57'600 farms and 750 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the country. When manure or raw wastewater enters aquatic environment, accidently or intentionally, such pollution can provoke major health risks, contaminating drinkable water sources, or ecological disasters with the death of biota. Among the detected water pollutions, the sources of 25% remain unknown. On one side, it is difficult for environmental law enforcement to initially classify a water pollution (e.g. manure vs WWTP dysfunction), because there is no quick method routinely used on the field. This often hinders following investigation to identify toxic chemicals in the water or potential geographical source in order to target adequate sampling. This works aims at comparing actual practice with potential portable detectors in order to define a forensic approach in water pollution cases investigated by the police.


The EU has developed its role in global affairs through several treaty revisions, institutional developments, political statements and official strategic documents. The strategic documents and political statements embody both the EU's more particular short-term interests and concerns, as well as its more universal and long-term normative aspirations or 'milieu goals'. How the EU has sought to balance these and to project them globally through its formal strategy statements in the realm of security is the core research question of this paper. Furthermore, this paper assesses these attempts as part of a greater endeavour of the GLOBUS project to conceptualise global justice and the Union's role therein. The EU is a (self-)proclaimed normative power that is seen in some quarters as promoting universal values and global justice. However, what is 'just', as this article will discuss, is contested even when it is (rarely) defined. The article will therefore review three related but distinct concepts of global justice and highlight the outlying indicators of these ideal types of justice. Based on these, the article develops hypotheses on the EU's role in the pursuit of global justice and tests these against the EU's dis-courses embodied in the three main strategic documents: 'A Secure Europe in a Better World – European Security Strategy' (European Council 2003), 'Report on the Imple-mentation of the European Security Strategy – Providing Security in a Changing World' (European Council 2008) and 'Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe – A Global Strategy for the European Union's Foreign And Security Policy' (EEAS 2016).


This article analyses the European Court of Justice (The General Court of the EU (formerly the Court of First Instance) in Luxembourg, hereafter 'the Court'.) judgment of 13 September 2018 on Rosneft (Case T-715/14) (The Rosneft T-715/14 includes more than one applicant: Rosneft, RN-Shelf-Arctic, RN-Shelf-Far East, RNExploration and Tagulskoe, together referred to as 'Rosneft'.) in the light of the obligation to state reasons. Rosneft claimed an infringement by the Council (The Council of the European Union, 'the Council'.) on its obligation to make such statement under Article 41 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights ('The Charter'). The Court concluded that the reasons given by the Council were sufficient (T-715/14 Rosneft paragraph 127). The article will compare the reasoning of the Council and Court with the obligation to state reasons as interpreted in other Russian oil and banking sector judgments, in general and in asset-freeze cases ('In general' has to be read to mean 'not in EU common foreign security policy (CFSP) cases'.). According to Rosneft, the rule of law is substituted with the rule of politics.


Instrumenting programs for performing run-time checking of properties, such as regular shapes, is
a common and useful technique that helps programmers detect incorrect program behaviors. This
is specially true in dynamic languages such as Prolog. However, such run-time checks inevitably
introduce run-time overhead (in execution time, memory, energy, etc.). Several approaches have
been proposed for reducing such overhead, such as eliminating the checks that can statically
be proved to always succeed, and/or optimizing the way in which the (remaining) checks are
performed. However, there are cases in which it is not possible to remove all checks statically (e.g.,
open libraries which must check their interfaces, complex properties, unknown code, etc.) and in
which, even after optimizations, these remaining checks still may introduce an unacceptable level of
overhead. It is thus important for programmers to be able to determine the additional cost due to
the run-time checks and compare it to some notion of admissible cost. The common practice used
for estimating run-time checking overhead is profiling, which is not exhaustive by nature. Instead,
we propose a method that uses static analysis to estimate such overhead, with the advantage that
the estimations are functions parameterized by input data sizes. Unlike profiling, this approach
can provide guarantees for all possible execution traces, and allows assessing how the overhead
grows as the size of the input grows. Our method also extends an existing assertion verification
framework to express "admissible" overheads, and statically and automatically checks whether
the instrumented program conforms with such specifications. Finally, we present an experimental
evaluation of our approach that suggests that our method is feasible and promising.


Informal Learning in Youth Work offers fresh perspectives on all aspects of informal education in the youth work setting. Designed to develop the reader's knowledge and skills, this comprehensive textbook explores key issues such as communication, power relations, ethics, gender exclusion, sexuality, race discrimination and social class. The author places particular emphasis on conversation as a key means of promoting informal learning and engaging effectively with young people.


An act of leadership is always an act of practical theory. We lead because we hold visions of the world as it ought to be, because of the not yet, because of the potential that we see in ideas and people. Yet, there still exists a perceived binary between leadership theory (in the strong sense) and leadership practice, a binary that divides organizations, classrooms, and the differing bodies of leadership literature. In this Symposium, Duncan Waite and his colleagues discuss the barriers they have faced in bringing theory to the educational leadership classroom, as well as the promise they feel theory holds for more productive, equitable, and humane schooling organizations.


The development of a high-performance three-axis serial-kinematic nanopositioning stage is presented. The stage is designed for high-bandwidth applications that include video-rate scanning probe microscopy and high-throughput probe-based nanofabrication. Specifically, the positioner employs vertically stiff, double-hinged serial flexures for guiding the motion of the sample platform to minimize parasitic motion (runout) and off-axis effects compared to previous designs. Finite element analysis (FEA) predicts the dominant resonances along the fast ( x-axis) and slow (y-axis) scanning axes at 25.9 and 6.0 kHz, respectively. The measured dominant resonances of the prototype stage in the fast and slow scanning directions are 24.2 and 6.0 kHz, respectively, which are in good agreement with the FEA predictions. In the z-direction, the measured dominant resonance is approximately 70 kHz. The lateral and vertical positioning ranges are approximately 9 μm × 9 μm and 1 μm, respectively. Four approaches to control the lateral motion of the stage are evaluated for precision tracking at high-scan rates: (1) open-loop smooth inputs; (2) PID feedback; (3) discrete-time repetitive control implemented using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware; and (4) model-based feed forward control. The stage is integrated with a commercial scan-by-probe atomic force microscope (AFM) and imaging and tracking results up to a line rate of 7 kHz are presented. At this line rate, 70 frames/s atomic force microscope video (100 × 100 pixels resolution) can be achieved.


The paper raises the question whether Web 2.0 can be seen as a technological or a social innovation and describes interdependencies between these two phenomena. The paper argues that the core innovation of Web 2.0 is the communication of "user generated content" as a new social routine, which is largely congruent with the definition of "Web 2.0" in the communication science discourse (which the authors speak for). The authors distinguish between a technological and a social layer of this innovation. The concrete usage by a broad and heterogeneous audience of the different technologies is seen as the main driver for the spread of web 2.0 and the paradigmatic changes it exerts on numerous fields of life. While technology is seen as a "catalyst", the innovation itself (user generated content) is considered a social one. In a final step, the paper describes the usage of social media in the field of adult learning and the way web 2.0 based learning principles can contribute to social inclusion. In "telecentres", social media have started to prove their potential as easy-to-use applications for activating and integrating target groups with low ICT skills into the "digital society".


The close morphological resemblance among tine fescues (Festuca spp.) makes identification and classification of species a difficult problem for turfgrass and taxonomic scientists. Determining ploidy level has become a major taxonomic tool for identifying species of fine fescues. The present study used laser flow cytometry to determine ploidy levels of 48 fine fescue populations (accessions) and thereby infer species classification based on observed and previously reported chromosome numbers. The 10 species of fine fescues examined were strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. spp. rubra), slender creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. littoralis Vasey), Chewings fescue [F. rubra ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman], hard fescue (F. brevipila Tracey), sheep fescue [F. ovina L. ssp. hirtula (Hackel ex Travis) Wilkinson], hair fescue (F. filiformis Pourret), false sheep fescue (F. pseudovina Hackel ex Wiesb), alpine fescue (F. brachyphylla Schultes), bluebunch fescue (F. idahoensis Elmer), and tundra fescue (F. lenensis Drobov). Significant differences were observed between species (P < 0.01) and among populations within species (P < 0.05). DNA content among the 10 species was observed to be highly positively correlated with observed or reported chromosome numbers (r = 0.97, n = 10, P < 0.01). Linear regression analysis (Y =2.1 + 0.23 X) predicted 2C DNA content values for each of the four ploidy levels to be 5.31 pg for diploids (2n = 2x = 14), 8.53 pg for tetraploids (2n = 4x = 28), 11.75 pg for hexaploids (2n = 6x = 42), and 14.98 pg for octoploids (2n = 8x = 56). The observations and results of the present study are consistent with current taxonomic treatments of hard and sheep fescue species as well as the other fine fescue species examined. The information presented should aid breeders in accurately and easily determining primary breeding germplasm with respect to ploidy levels. It may also enable the turfgrass industry to define reliably seed products and the plant collector to begin to assign native and/or naturalized accessions to their proper species categories. Research was funded by USA Army BT25-EC-B09 Project, the Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council, and by PAES/USDA H3483.


The morphological structure and morphometrical features of the ampulla ductus deferens of the adult camels were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy to get better understand with its seasonal variations. The wall of ampulla was composed of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa or adventitia. It was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing intraepithelial glands. The lamina propria and tunica submucosa formed together the thickest part of the ampullary wall. The ampullary glands were branched tubulo-alveolar, with diverticulae-like appearance and occupied mostly the lamina propria- submucosa. Each gland consisted of peripheral wide and central narrow alveoli that were lined by simple low columnar or cuboidal epithelium and mostly contained spermatozoa and secretory materials. The gland opened in the ampullary lumen by short tubule, which was lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Histochemically, the epithelial cells reacted positively to Alcian blue, PAS and sudan black stains and negatively to the Best's carmine stain, indicating the presence of the acid, neutral glycoprotein and fatty droplet, as well as absence of the glycogen. Morphometrically, the height of the luminal and glandular epithelia, thickness of the lamina propria- submucosa and ratio of the glandular to the connective tissue showed seasonal variations. The height of the luminal and glandular epithelia reached their maximum values in winter and decreased gradually throughout spring and recorded the lowest values in summer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed various shaped openings in the luminal surface of the ampulla. The cells apices were studded with short microvilli and many secretory granules or vesicles. The ampullary glands appeared as a network of diverticulae-like structure, which occupied mostly the lamina propria-submuosa. The cells apices of the glandular epithelium were stereo-ciliated, microvilliated cells or showed central bleb-like protrusion surrounded by thin long microvilli. The glandular alveoli contained spermatozoa and secretory materials. In conclusion, the camel ampulla ductus deferentis performs a storage function in addition to its secretory one, where both are subjecting to seasonal variations.


In this article, the effect of plasmonics properties of metal nanorods and nanoparticles on solar cell performance were investigated and simulated. Due to the classic solar cell disadvantages, it seems that a plasmonic solar cell is one of these methods. In plasmonic solar cells, because of plasmonic effect, a high electric field builds around metal nanoparticles so that high conversion efficiency is available. In this study, it is shown that the near-field electromagnetic wave severely affects the generation rate, which handles the carrier's generation in the solar cell equations. By manipulating the plasmonic properties of nanoparticles or nanorods in solar cells structure, distribution of the electromagnetic fields are altered. In this work, optical power and generation rate related to the poynting vector is calculated. So, for improving the generation rate as an important parameter in solar cells, the alteration of nanoparticles or nanorods material, shape, inter-distance between them and medium material, are done. Finally, the comparison between classical solar cell and our improved structure is performed.


We present the experimental and theoretical considerations needed to determine the mechanisms of quadratic electro-optic modulation in dye-doped polymer systems. The modulation is observed in thin dye-doped polymer films and the quadratic Kerr coefficient is determined by using a modified Mach–Zehnder interferometric technique. The theory of several nonlinear mechanisms is developed and applied to representative systems to determine the various contributions. The fast, virtual electronic mechanism is shown to be the largest contribution, as inferred from the measured frequency dispersion of the quadratic electro-optic effect. This quick interferometric method is also shown to be useful for determining nonlinear-optical structure–property relationships.


A concise review of observations of the α dynamo effect in laboratory plasmas is given. Unlike many astrophysical systems, the laboratory pinch plasmas are driven magnetically. When the system is overdriven, the resultant instabilities cause magnetic and flow fields to fluctuate, and their correlation induces electromotive forces along the mean magnetic field. This α-effect drives mean parallel electric current, which, in turn, modifies the initial background mean magnetic structure towards the stable regime. This drive-andrelax cycle, or the so-called self-organization process, happens in magnetized plasmas in a time scale much shorter than resistive diffusion time, thus it is a fast and unquenched dynamo process. The observed α-effect redistributes magnetic helicity (a measure of twistedness and knottedness of magnetic field lines) but conserves its total value. It can be shown that fast and unquenched dynamos are natural consequences of a driven system where fluctuations are statistically either not stationary in time or not homogeneous in space, or both. Implications to astrophysical phenomena will be discussed.


The current trends in healthy eating will increase levels of bulk- forming material in the diet, such as dietary fibre and other plant foods. Depending on the complex forming of such material the availability of absorbable calcium and other minerals may be impaired. It seems that non- digestible carbohydrates can inverse this effect. Major compounds belonging to this group are lactulose, fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharide and inulin. Lactose can only be regarded as a non-digestible carbohydrate in lactose- intolerant subjects and has been found not to affect or only minimally affect mineral absorption. The stimulation of mineral absorption by non-digestible carbohydrates takes place particularly in the ileum and the large intestine in different ways. An increase of passive transport mechanisms most likely occurs: one finding supporting the stimulation of passive mechanisms is that lactulose and calcitriol show additive action on calcium absorption. Degradation products of lactulose are SCFA which may stimulate transcellular transport of calcium. Whether or not active transport mechanisms are also involved in this process remains to be determined. pH in the distal ileum and the proximal colon is decreased by lactulose and other non-digestible carbohydrates. Increased calcium solubility by a reduced pH may increase paracellular calcium transport. Osmotic effects also may contribute to improved absorption of calcium and other minerals in that the 'tight junctions' become more permeable which may increase passive paracellular transport. Even though the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, it can be said that lactulose enhances absorption of calcium and probably other minerals. The scale at which this occurs may be of clinical relevance in humans, particularly at an advanced age, since calcium absorption decreases during old age. Confirmatory studies will be needed to determine the significance of these results for the therapeutic or preventative use of lactulose in osteoporosis and other decalcification syndromes, and in colon cancer.


SIMEI (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) computers can only execute the exact same instruction across all processing elements. This paper presents a new com;piler optimization that transforms multiple distinct code threads so that they have as many instructions in common a; possible, hence, SIMD execution time is minimized. For example, SIMD "parallel i f " statements typically take the then clause time plus the else clause time to execute, but this new tmnsformation usually can induce identical code sequences for most of the code in the then and else clauses, often yielding a 40% improvement in execution speed. The same principle also could be used to transform code which operates on multiple short vectors into operations on long vectors containing the catenation of the shorter vectors; for example, operations on two 8,192-element arrays might be combined into a single operation apparently acting on a 16,384-element array.


This paper discusses approaches to the progressive income tax by several major religious denominations, examining their use of Biblical and other source material and the manner in which they derive their positions for or against a progressive income tax. While a number of more conservative denominations have tended to oppose progressivity, frequently citing the Biblical tithe or 10 percent tax as a model flat income tax, a larger number of denominations - Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish - have tended to be more supportive, citing Biblical injunctions in favor of fairness and protection of the poor. More generally, The paper finds a surprising amount of convergence between liberal and conservative denominations on a number of tax issues, and suggests that religious groups can participate actively in public policy discussions without serious harm to secular values.


The aim of this research is to shed some light on theMordvin passive, an inadequately studied grammatical aspect of the language. Passive sentences contain a special polyfunctional derivative suffix -v- . Since only some groups of verbs with this suffix are passive, final judgement on the meaning can be rendered only in context. The relationship between the derivative and the root verb is illustrated using valence roles of case grammar. There are two groups of passive clauses: 1) where the primary actant is reflected as the agent in the surface structure, and 2) where the primary actant is not visible in the surface structure. A concise historical overview of the 170-yearlong study ofMordvin passive is also presented.


Copyright: ß 2014 The PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Staff. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


The switch in glycan-receptor specificity of influenza viruses may cause their interspecies transmission. However, tools that can simultaneous unveil the different receptor specificities of a single virus strain, in a homogeneous solution, have been elusive. Here we show a simple yet effective "2D glycosheet" that is capable of simultaneously identifying the human- and avian-glycan-receptor specificity of influenza viruses. Two fluorophores with different emission colors are coupled with avian- or human-glycan receptors. Then, the glycan–fluorophore conjugates with different receptors and emission colors are co-assembled on a 2D molybdenum disulfide platform, producing a duplexed, fluorogenic 2D glycosheet. While the system shows a single emission color with viruses containing a single receptor specificity, in the presence of a virus (H7N9) containing dual (human- and avian-) receptor specificity the system produces both emission colors. Interestingly, the use of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes as the material substrate also produces dual emission with H7N9, thus enabling a new generation of low-dimensional glycomaterials for effectively probing the switch in receptor-specificity of influenza viruses.


Purpose Previous studies show significantly specifically changed autoantibody reactions against retinal antigens in the serum of glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) patients in comparison to healthy people. As pathogenesis of glaucoma still is unknown the aim of this study was to analyze if the serum and antibodies of glaucoma patients interact with neuroretinal cells. Methods R28 cells were incubated with serum of patients suffering from primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) or OHT, POAG serum after antibody removal and serum from healthy people for 48 h under a normal or an elevated pressure of 15000 Pa (112 mmHg). RGC5 cells were additionally incubated with POAG antibodies under a normal pressure. Protein profiles of the R28 cells were measured with Seldi-Tof-MS, protein identification was performed with Maldi-TofTof-MS. Protein analysis of the RGC5 cells was performed with ESI-Orbitrap MS. Statistical analysis including multivariate statistics, variance component analysis as well as calculating Mahalanobis distances was performed. Results Highly significant changes of the complex protein profiles after incubation with glaucoma and OHT serum in comparison to healthy serum were detected, showing specific changes in the cells (e.g. Protein at 9192 Da (p<0.001)). The variance component analysis showed an effect of the serum of 59% on the cells. The pressure had an effect of 11% on the cells. Antibody removal led to significantly changed cell reactions (p<0.03). Furthermore, the incubation with POAG serum and its antibodies led to pro-apoptotic changes of proteins in the cells. Conclusions These studies show that the serum and the antibodies of glaucoma patients significantly change protein expressions involved in cell regulatory processes in neuroretinal cells. These could lead to a higher vulnerability of retinal cells towards stress factors such as an elevated IOP and eventually could lead to an increased apoptosis of the cells as in glaucoma.


This paper examines several hypotheses about access to different types and sizes of retail establishments by residents of poor and non-poor urban neighborhoods, using Chicago as a case study. As expected, poor zip code areas in Chicago have fewer and smaller retail outlets overall than nonpoor areas, including fewer supermarkets, banks, and large drug stores. After controlling for purchasing power, poor areas still lack large drug stores but, surprisingly, not banks and supermarkets. Residents of poor neighborhoods must travel more than two miies to have access to the same numbers of supermarkets, large drug stores, banks, and other types of stores as residents of nonpoor areas.


Perhaps the most enigmatic cultural artifacts that survive from the Anglo-Saxon period are the Old English riddle poems that were preserved in the tenth century Exeter Book manuscript. Clever, challenging, and notoriously obscure, the riddles have fascinated readers for centuries and provided crucial insight into the period. In Say What I Am Called, Dieter Bitterli takes a fresh look at the riddles by examining them in the context of earlier Anglo-Latin riddles. Bitterli argues that there is a vigorous common tradition between Anglo-Latin and Old English riddles and details how the contents of the Exeter Book emulate and reassess their Latin predecessors while also expanding their literary and formal conventions. The book also considers the ways in which convention and content relate to writing in a vernacular language. A rich and illuminating work that is as intriguing as the riddles themselves, Say What I Am Called is a rewarding study of some of the most interesting works from the Anglo-Saxon period.