The effect of foreign capital and trade on the right to physical integrity is one of the central issues in human rights scholarship. While there continue to be claims for both a negative and a positive association, the empirical evidence remains mixed. In this paper, the argument is made that the relationship between foreign economic penetration and repression is context-dependent. Countries with high levels of human and physical capital and a sound institutional setting tend to profit from beneficial spillovers in terms of increasing economic development and social equality, which eventually decreases repression levels. In stark contrast, foreign investment and trade often gives rise to uneven development in countries with low levels of education and institutional quality. In these contexts, foreign economic penetration will bring about more repression of security rights. The main implications of the argument are tested for a panel of 114 developing countries in the period of 1984-2010. The results of the empirical analysis provide considerable support for the notion of context-dependence.


We present several approaches and methods which we develop or use to create workflows from data to evidence. They start with looking for specific items in large corpora, exploring overuse of particular items, and using off-the-shelf visualization such as GoogleViz. Second, we present the advanced visualization tools and pipelines which the Visualization Group at University of Konstanz is developing. After an overview, we apply statistical visualizations, Lexical Episode Plots and Interactive Hierarchical Modeling to the vast historical linguistics data offered by the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), which ranges from 1800 to 2000. We investigate on the one hand the increase of noun compounds and visually illustrate correlations in the data over time. On the other hand we compute and visualize trends and topics in society from 1800 to 2000. We apply an incremental topic modeling algorithm to the extracted compound nouns to detect thematic changes throughout the investigated time period of 200 years. In this paper, we utilize various tailored analysis and visualization approaches to gain insight into the data from different perspectives.


[1] We present analyses of near-infrared ground-based Fourier transform infrared solar absorption spectra recorded from a site in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (12.4°S, 130.9°E) from August 2005 to June 2008. Total column amounts of carbon monoxide derived from these spectra show a very clear annual cycle, with evidence of transported pollution from Indonesian fires in 2006. Aerosol optical depth measurements from the same site show a similar annual cycle but without exceptional values in 2006, suggesting significant loss of aerosol loading in the transported and aged smoke. In addition, we report the first ever measurements by remote sensing solar Fourier transform infrared of emission ratios with respect to carbon monoxide for formaldehyde (0.022 ± 0.007), acetylene (0.0024 ± 0.0003), ethane (0.0020 ± 0.0003), and hydrogen cyanide (0.0018 ± 0.0003) from Australian savanna fires. These are derived from mid-infrared spectra recorded through smoke plumes over Darwin on 20 separate days. The only previous measurements of emission ratios for formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide from Australian savanna fires involved cryogenic trapping and storage of samples that were gathered in very fresh smoke. The results reported here are nearly an order of magnitude higher (but in agreement with laboratory studies), suggesting losses in the collection, storage, or transfer of the gases in the earlier measurements and/or chemical production of these reactive gases within the smoke plumes. Emission ratios for acetylene and ethane from this work are in broad agreement with other literature values.


When confined in a liquid-filled circular cylinder, a long air bubble moves slightly faster than the bulk liquid as a small fraction of the liquid leaks through a very thin annular gap between the bubble and the internal wall of the cylinder. At low velocities, the thickness of this lubricating film formed around the bubble is set only by the liquid properties and the translational speed of the bubble and thus can be tuned in a simple fashion. Here, we use this setting to filter, based on size, micron-size particles that are originally dispersed in a suspension. Furthermore, we apply this process for separation of particles from a polydisperse solution. The bubble interface is free of particles initially, and particles of different sizes can enter the liquid film region. Particle separation occurs when the thickness of the lubricating liquid film falls between the diameters of the two different particles. While large particles will be collected at the bubble surface, smaller particles can leak through the thin film and reach the fluid region behind the bubble. As a result, the film thickness can be fine-tuned by simply adjusting the speed of a translating confined bubble, so as to achieve separation of particles by size based on the relative particle diameter compared to the film thickness.When confined in a liquid-filled circular cylinder, a long air bubble moves slightly faster than the bulk liquid as a small fraction of the liquid leaks through a very thin annular gap between the bubble and the internal wall of the cylinder. At low velocities, the thickness of this lubricating film formed around the bubble is set only by the liquid properties and the translational speed of the bubble and thus can be tuned in a simple fashion. Here, we use this setting to filter, based on size, micron-size particles that are originally dispersed in a suspension. Furthermore, we apply this process for separation of particles from a polydisperse solution. The bubble interface is free of particles initially, and particles of different sizes can enter the liquid film region. Particle separation occurs when the thickness of the lubricating liquid film falls between the diameters of the two different particles. While large particles will be collected at the bubble surface, smaller particles can leak through the...


Abstract Background Overdose is a common problem often seen in emergency departments in South Africa. A subjective evaluation by doctors and nurses at Paarl Hospital indicated that there was a high incidence of patients who had overdosed presenting at this hospital. They found this distressing and felt that there should be an enquiry into the phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of the overdose patient presenting at Paarl Hospital, the number of cases per day of the week and per month of the year, which drugs were used most commonly, as well as the seriousness of the incident. The study also looked at whether the hospital's policy regarding psychiatric evaluation protocol was being followed. Finally, some recommendations were made concerning possible intervention efforts. Methods A review was done of cases involving all patients with overdoses presenting at Paarl Hospital during the period 1 July to 31 December 2005. Data was collected from 196 medical records using a data collection form. Results The frequency of overdoses at Paarl Hospital was found to be 1.13 cases per day. The results of the study showed that most patients were females with an average age of 27.3 years. Most patients were either unemployed or scholars from low socio-economic circumstances. Tricyclic antidepressants and paracetamol were the drugs used most commonly and 42.3% of the patients took more than one drug. Few cases of overdose resulted in serious morbidity, with only 8.5% admitted to high care. In most cases the attending doctors followed the policy of the hospital regarding psychiatric evaluation. Conclusion Possible preventative interventions should focus on educational initiatives in communities. Patients should be educated about the dangers of their medication and that all medication should be kept out of reach of children and preferably be locked away. Doctors should take note of the drugs most commonly used for overdosing and should be more cautious when prescribing these drugs. It is preferred that patients be seen by the social worker before being discharged, since there is no control over whether the patient will keep his/her appointment at the day hospital. The social worker should be adequately trained to identify patients needing psychiatric evaluation and be able to refer them to the appropriate mental healthcare practitioner.


The broad development of digital technologies (TD) and their ubiquity in actual students are factors that cannot be ignored by the school and teacher. The present students were born in the digital era and wish to find in school rich environments in technology, meeting motivations. It is a school's commitment to ensure and to promote quality and expectations in teaching. It is hoped that teacher organize his pedagogical practice in a coherent and balanced process, using digital as a resource to improve the learning environment. The research shows that a factor influencing teachers' adoption of TD results from the technological experiences included in training programs. Therefore, this study examine how teachers integrate TD in pedagogical practice and how initial or continuing training programs influence this use. The study involved primary school teachers and finalist students of master's degrees in education, and was restricted to TD in the Portuguese class. For data collection, we used online questionnaire survey and interviews. The conclusions highlight how teachers' learning influences the effective integration of TD in class. There is a need for a profound didactic-pedagogical intervention in the initial and continuing teacher training programs, including the knowledge in using TD in school learning.


Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) authorizes the NSA to collect the electronic communications of non-U.S. targets located overseas. Recent media reports and declassified documents reveal a more extensive program than publicly understood. The article begins by considering the origins of the current programs and the relevant authorities, particularly the transfer of part of the post-9/11 President's Surveillance Program to FISA. It outlines the contours of the 2007 Protect America Act, before its replacement in 2008 by the FISA Amendments Act (FAA). The section ends with a brief discussion of the current state of foreign intelligence collection under Executive Order 12333.The article next turns to statutory issues related to targeting, post-targeting analysis, and the retention and dissemination of information. It argues that the NSA has sidestepped FAA restrictions by adopting procedures that allow analysts to acquire information to, from and about targets. In its foreignness determination the agency assumes, absent clear evidence to the contrary, that the target is a non-U.S. person located outside domestic bounds. And weak standards mark the foreign intelligence purpose determination. Together, these elements allow for the collection of U.S. persons' international communications, even as they open the door to intercepting domestic communications. In regard to post-targeting analysis, the article draws attention to the intelligence community's use of U.S. person information to query data obtained under §702, effectively bypassing protections Congress introduced to prevent reverse targeting. The article further notes in relation to retention and dissemination, that increasing consumer and industrial reliance on cryptography means that the NSA's retention of encrypted data may soon become the exception that swallows the rule.In its constitutional analysis, the article finds certain practices instituted under §702 to violate the Fourth Amendment. The NSA's actions, for purposes of the warrant clause, are constitutionally sufficient insofar as foreign intelligence gathering to or from non-U.S. persons is concerned. The tipping point comes in regard to criminal prosecution. Absent a foreign intelligence purpose, there is no exception to the warrant requirement for the query of U.S. persons' international or domestic communications. The interception of U.S. persons' communications under §702 must comport with the reasonableness requirements of the Fourth Amendment. A totality of the circumstances test, in which the significant governmental interest in national security is weighed against the potential intrusion into U.S. persons' privacy, applies. The incidental collection of large quantities of U.S. persons' international communications, the scanning of content for information about non-U.S. person selectors/targets, and the interception of domestic communications in MCTs, as well as the query of data using U.S. person identifiers, fall outside the reasonableness component of the Fourth Amendment. The article concludes by calling for renewed efforts to draw a line between foreign intelligence gathering and criminal law and to create higher protections for U.S. persons, to ensure that the United States can continue to collect critical information, while remaining consistent with regard to the right to privacy embedded in the Fourth Amendment.


Tax and other fiscal policy systems inevitably affect patterns of work, marriage, household formation, child-bearing, and more. These 'micro-level' concerns are important subjects for 'fiscal sociology' to consider from a multidisciplinary perspective. This essay looks at some gendered aspects of taxation in a world-wide and historical perspective. It reveals surprising differences among countries, and a perhaps even more surprising open acceptance of fiscal mechanisms to shape household formation, meet natalist concerns, and affect the sexual division of labor. Amidst the diversity, three themes emerge: One, causes and effects are often hard to see in the dizzying complexity of tax and fiscal policy: there is a 'fog of tax,' akin to the 'fog of war,' making it hard even to understand what is going on. Two, in the complexity and haze, there is much room for rhetorical manipulation and even cognitive error. Three, when change does come, it more often than not favors the elite, and/or is predicated on macroeconomic concerns, such as the need for more or less female labor-force participation, or more or fewer children. Absent from the domain of fiscal politics, by and large, is a thicker substantive conception of rights or fundamental fairness, especially one looking to the dynamic effects of micro-level decisions about work and family on systemic patterns of discrimination and entrenchment. These various themes lead to a strong conclusion that more detailed work, on a country-by-country basis, is needed, simply to ascertain what is going on and why, and to a more tentative conclusion that the game may no longer be worth the candle: that there is good reason to be skeptical of complex tax and fiscal systems consciously or unconsciously aimed at 'social engineering,' even if we accept the inevitability of some non-neutral effects from any set of rules.


We propose a novel design for all-solid photonic bandgap fiber (AS-PBGF) by introducing defect rods with larger diameters into fiber cladding. By means of the plane-wave expansion method and the full-vector finite-element method, we study the effect of introducing such defect rods and numerically investigate dispersion characteristics of proposed AS-PBGF. Simulation results demonstrate that large waveguide group-velocity dispersion (GVD) (both normal and anomalous) is induced within bandgap rather than near the edge of bandgap as conventional photonics bandgap fiber does, which guarantees that large dispersion and low confinement loss could be simultaneously achieved. We also find that there are two essential factors affecting the slope of waveguide GVD, which determines the third-order dispersion: number of defect rods and the ring where defect rods are introduced.


This paper addresses several issues in noise modeling and simulation. It shows how correlated noise can be implemented in Verilog-A, and presents a new and simple technique to simulate the noise correlation coefficient using only the standard Spice noise analysis. An analytic proof is given that the noise contributed by the distributed gate resistance of a MOSFET can be modeled by including a resistance of value 3 g R in series with the gate capacitance, which serendipitously provides good low frequency AC modeling. Analysis of series and parallel combinations of devices is done to derive fundamental geometric scaling relations for noise. Finally, implementation of correlated MOSFET gate in Verilog-A is demonstrated, and it is shown that the gate noise must be distributed between gate-source and gate-drain components to maintain proper symmetry.


Breast cancer typically causes significant disease burden for women, often compounded by complex and fragmented cancer care. Breast nursing roles support women by providing supportive care and care coordination. However, most of what we know about breast nursing is from urban settings. Major gaps in knowledge exist around how breast nurses effectively undertake real world practice in rural areas.
This thesis addressed an important gap in the literature by comprehensively describing breast nursing practices in naturalistic rural contexts. The study builds on previous breast nursing research by emphasising a focus on rural context, factors influencing nursing practices, and considering whether clients' needs are met (i.e. effectiveness). The research process followed a sequential, explanatory mixed method design to answer the question: What factors are important in shaping rural breast nursing practices, and how do these factors exert their influence on breast nursing and the supportive care outcomes of their clients? Three breast nursing services in varying rural sites are described, and summarised to compare with previous reports of breast nursing. Quantitative data over a one-year period provided descriptions of overall rural breast nursing practices, and consultations with women. During the same time period, clients' supportive care outcomes were gathered through longitudinal surveys of unmet needs. These quantitative results informed semi-structured interviews with rural breast nurses about what they do, and what influences their practices. Together, the quantitative and qualitative findings informed the conceptual framework developed within this thesis.
The conceptual framework for rural breast nurse practice incorporates the key interacting features that shape rural breast nursing practices. Client's needs are determined by individual characteristics, circumstances, and journeys which, in turn, influence nursing practices. Nurses' personal and professional features, including their experiences and relationships, individualise rural breast nursing practices. Physical and socio-cultural contextual features within organisations and wider healthcare systems create the parameters that define what is possible within each site. Significantly, features related to clients', nurses', and healthcare providers' availability and accessibility are important to the effectiveness of rural nursing services.
This thesis provides unique insight because it considers the context of real world practice and acknowledges the need for diversity in nursing practices to reflect individual settings. It recognises that there are a multitude of influences on nursing practices, and specifically highlights nurse and contextual features, which are generally not acknowledged in the breast nursing literature. Additionally it provides a comprehensive description of rural breast nursing practice whilst acknowledging its place within a system of cancer care.
The study outcomes inform the establishment and improvement of rural breast nurse services by identifying the influences of clientele, nurse, and contextual features that should be considered when planning services. A conscious focus on the availability and accessibility of all elements will maximise the quality of interventions and outcomes. Additionally, the outcomes inform the recruitment and education of breast nurses, particularly those in rural areas. Educational programs should specifically aim to develop their candidates' clinical confidence for effective advanced nursing practice. Clinical confidence and relevant experience should be essential criteria for positions. Future research should build knowledge around the need for advanced nurses' educational preparation, skill level, and diplomacy (e.g. what is it and how to teach it) and educational institutions can incorporate this knowledge into curriculums. The significance of the variability in nursing practice identified in this study would also benefit from further research.


We have observed increasing interest in visual analytics tools and their applications in investigative analysis. Despite the growing interest and substantial studies regarding the topic, understanding the major roadblocks of using such tools from novice users' perspectives is still limited. Therefore, we attempted to identify such "visual analytic roadblocks" for novice users in an investigative analysis scenario. To achieve this goal, we reviewed the existing models, theories, and frameworks that could explain the cognitive processes of human-visualization interaction in investigative analysis. Then, we conducted a qualitative experiment with six novice participants, using a slightly modified version of pair analytics, and analyzed the results through the open-coding method. As a result, we came up with four visual analytic roadblocks and explained these roadblocks using existing cognitive models and theories. We also provided design suggestions to overcome these roadblocks.


Computer image processing techniques for the measurement of vibration amplitude are presented, which utilize phase-shifted time-average holographic interferograms. The calculation of the square root and division with phase-shifted interferograms gives a high contrast fringe pattern which contours the vibration amplitude. The arctangent calculation with phase-shifted fringe patterns also gives the phase distribution proportional to the optical path difference of the measured object before and after vibration. The detection of the phase discontinuity of ±π in the phase image gives exactly the center line of the dark fringe. The distribution of the vibration amplitude can be obtained by the fringe-order determination and its interpolation. The bias deformation of the vibration is obtained by the correction of phase discontinuities of ±2π and ±π in the phase images before and after vibration.


The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the development of educational science and teacher education during the 95 years of the University of Tartu as an Estonian-language university. The article views teacher education throughout three historical periods. The first period includes the establishment of the Chair of Pedagogy in 1920 and the development of teacher education in the interwar period. The second period entails the Soviet Period and its diverse influences on teacher preparation. The third period involves the reforms and developments that occurred after the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991. The field of teacher education has emerged as one of the largest in the university as measured by the number of students during the aforementioned period. At the same time, the content and organisation of teacher education has gone through major changes. Although history has seen eras of both progress and decline, the main components of teacher education—preparation in a subject field and general pedagogical studies in combination with teaching practice at school—have remained at the centre of the specialty throughout time. The attention paid to the smooth functioning of teaching practice has been a constant topic during this long time period. In the first decades of the Soviet rule the practice period in teacher education was reduced to a minimum. With the eventual liberalisation of the Soviet rule school practice emerged again, largely in a form similar to that applied in the interwar years, while the importance of practice started to grow even more in time. This article highlights that the most radical changes in teacher education were in the theoretical content of the teacher preparation. In the 1920s Germany remained the main catalyst in the development of pedagogy. The earlier theoretical orientation according to which the emphasis was on educational aims and learning about the past began to recede in the 1930s. In light of new sub-disciplines (didactics, educational psychology), pedagogy acquired increasingly more attributes of an applied science. After 1944 the Communist ideology became dominant in the curriculum and textbooks. In the 1960s the original textbooks written by the professors of the University of Tartu appeared, and a program of pedagogy which was in use until late 1980s was developed. Many issues (conceptual bases of teacher education curricula, optimising student teachers' school practice) that were topical in Estonian teacher education in the interwar and post-war period became relevant again after Estonia regained its national independence in 1991. In conclusion, the historical trajectory of teacher education reveals the interesting fact that the essential issues of the field share many similarities over different periods. Therefore, a good knowledge of the historical process is essential for the development of teacher education in the present and future. It could help us uncover the historical ideas, concepts and scenarios that we unconsciously enact when visualising the processes of the future.


Optical systems experience severe performance degradation when their support structure or scientific instruments undergo shape distortion; thus, candidate materials for these systems must be sufficiently stiff and thermally stable. Carbon-fiberreinforced polymers (CFRPs), with their high stiffness-to-weight ratios and near-zero in-plane coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs), are therefore appropriate for this application. However, despite the low CTE of the composite, thermal gradients can still stimulate warping of the structure. As such, the objective of the current research is to improve temperature uniformity of the CFRP and thereby enhance its dimensional stability. The program objective is to be realized using active control of flow through an interconnected network of channels embedded in the CFRP. Such vascular composites are an emerging class of multifunctional materials that show promise in applications for self-healing, structural health monitoring, and thermal regulation. However, due to the fledgling state of the field, the technology lacks proper tools for design, optimization, and analysis. This paper will introduce the application and describe development of a computational tool for analysis of thermovascular composites.


This paper examines the interaction between internal and external information and the interplay between perceptual and cognitive processes in the Tic-Tac-Toe and its isomorphs. The experimental results show that different distributed representations can elicit different situational strategies, which are the determining factor affecting problem solving behavior. Planning has little effect in these tasks. The difference between perceptual and cognitive processes and that between parallel and sequential perceptual processes also affect problem solving behavior in a significant way.


We present three operation regimes with an L-band erbium-doped fiber laser passively mode-locked by a graphene oxide saturable absorber (GOSA) that is fabricated by using a wet chemical method. One is a stable state of single soliton emission with pulse duration of 426 fs, which is the shortest pulse duration ever achieved with an L-band design by employing GOSA as the mode-locker. The other two operation regimes include bound-state soliton and dual-wavelength nanosecond pulse generation, which are demonstrated for the first time by using the GOSA mode-locker. Our results further indicate the practical potential of GOSA in ultrafast fiber lasers for achieving various mode-locking regimes.


Silicon heterojunction solar cells have high open-circuit voltages thanks to excellent passivation of the wafer surfaces by thin intrinsic amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). By using in-situ plasma diagnostics and ex-situ film characterization, we show that the best a-Si:H films for passivation are produced from deposition regimes close to the amorphous-to-crystalline transition. Based upon this finding, layers deposited in a large-area very high frequency (40.68 MHz) PECVD reactor were optimized for heterojunction solar cells. 4 cm2 solar cells were produced with fully industry-compatible processes, yielding open-circuit voltages up to 725 mV and aperture area efficiencies up to 21%.


Background: HIV/AIDS is not only a public health problem but also a social, political and economic challenge. The key concern with HIV infection is not only about infected person, but also about the chain of people infected by that individual and that h/she will probably infect in the future. The prevalence of HIV infection in India has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. Commercial sex workers and their clients are at highest risk for HIV infection and transmission.

Objective: The present study describes the sexual behaviour, knowledge, attitude and practices in context to HIV/AIDS amongst female sex workers (FSWs) in red light area of Mumbai city.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted among female sex workers in red light area of Mumbai city during period of October 2008 to September 2009. A total 103 female sex workers were selected and interviewed. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 13.0).
Results: In the present study, the mean age of the FSWs was 26.4 ± 5.2 years and 43.8% belonged to lower middle class socio-economic status. Most of the FSWs responded poverty (84%) and broken family (76%) as the main reasons for resorting to the sex trade. Majority of the FSWs (72.8%) were illiterate and more than half (67%) did not have any children. Most of the FSWs (84.5%) were aware about HIV/AIDS but only 33% were aware of the status of their partner. Only 13.6% FSWs knew that HIV could be transmitted to the child through breast feeding from an infected mother.

Conclusion: Misconception about HIV was very high. Most of the FSWs in the present study had first sexual debut at a very young age. Routine screening and periodic surveys are warranted in order for early detection of infections including HIV and other STDs.


During the winter of 1975-76 measurements were made by the Leichtweiss-Institut of the Technical University of Braunschweig at the west coast of the island of Sylt in the North Sea. The purpose of the field investigations was to determine the wave-induced setup in the surf zone and on the beach, defined as the height difference between the mean water level (MWL) and the still water level (SWL) and the influence of typical offshore parameters on this phenomenon. A new scheme was defined to determine the MWL as the mean value of the water surface variations measured at incremental time intervals over a certain time span. The maximum setup on the beach can reach values up to 30% of the incident significant wave height. The field investigations have shown that the rise of the mean water level due to wave setup is significant and should be taken in account in determining the design water level for coastal structures.


Sea surface elevations as measured by the altimeter together with hydrographic measurements are assimilated into a global OGCM that has a free surface, i.e. that conserves mass rather than volume. The combination of both types of measurements appeared to be necessary to get a reasonable estimate of the oceanic circulation.Furthermore referencing the altimeter data to the GRACE geoid improves the modelling of anomalies.Further improvement in estimating sea level change was achieved by including the steric effects (thermosteric AND halosteric) into the modelled sea surface elevation, because local sea level trends vary substatial in space anmd time. They are closely associatedto heat and salt anomalies in the ocean. This finally allowed to estimate the temporally variing oceanic mass budget from sea surface elevations.


The key advantages of a well-designed multidimensional database is its ability to allow as many users as possible across an organisation to simultaneously gain access and view of the same data. Large spatial datasets evolve from scientific activities (from recent days) that tends to generate large databases which always come in a scale nearing terabyte of data size and in most cases are multidimensional. In this paper, we look at the issues pertaining to large spatial datasets; its feature (for example views), architecture, access methods and most importantly design technologies. We also looked at some ways of possibly improving the performance of some of the existing algorithms for managing large spatial datasets. The study reveals that the major challenges militating against effective management of large spatial datasets is storage utilization and computational complexity (both of which are characterised by the size of spatial big data which now tends to exceeds the capacity of commonly used spatial computing systems owing to their volume, variety and velocity). These problems fortunately can be combated by employing functional programming method or parallelization techniques.


Owing to globalization processes, the nation-state is facing the problem of re-examining its ability to create and maintain order through legislation and law enforcement, as well as its capacity to direct the economy in line with citizens´ choices. The use of globalized economic and juridical patterns by private individuals is a great leap forward in economics and personal freedom, considering that the state is continuously loosing its monitoring and checking ability. At the same time, these individuals still live within the framework of the state and also acknowledge its power. Ironically, while trying to sidestep the state, the citizens still look to it to solve their everyday problems. The author investigates the reasons behind the crisis into which a specific model of state — the Kelsenian and Keynesianan model — has fallen in recent years. Nevertheless, the crisis of that model does not imply the loss of the possibility of managing the economy and globalization processes. The nation-state remains the most important producer of a great many services and its role in promoting advancements in knowledge and technological innovation is still a central one. One of the most important roles of the nation-state in the global era is that of removing the barriers to the global economy and pursuing the efficiency and innovation of its infrastructures and bureaucratic machinery. In the light of global changes, it is important to rethink the idea that the production of law and institutions can only be legitimated by ballots, or at least that voting always represents the best solution. Other kinds of legitimating processes should instead be considered by contemporary politicai theory — for example, considering how people make their political choices like consumers in the free market


Securing land tenure is often a necessary but rarely sufficient requirement for long-term sustainability of agricultural production and rural communities. To maintain and increase its value, land must be managed within its sustainable potential. This paper reviews the challenges of determining the agricultural potential of specific land types (soil+topography+climate), and accessing relevant information and knowledge necessary for management. It describes the global Land-Potential Knowledge System (LandPKS), which is addressing these challenges described by using information on soil, topography, and climate to provide site-specific knowledge and information through mobile apps and cloud-computing. This system can also be used to more equitably allocate land based on its sustainable production potential. The free apps are currently being used to inventory and monitor the impacts of several rangeland restoration and management projects. By the end of 2017 they will provide users with relative potential production and soil erosion risk under several management scenarios, including annual cropping. The system is completely open, and all data are available on a data portal and through Application Programming Interfaces (API) thus allowing links to other mobile and web-based services. User inputs are used to increase the precision of soil identification and subsequent management relevant information using a simple icon-based interface supported by short embedded video clips. Future versions will provide soilspecific management information from new (including user-generated) and existing knowledge bases.


Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) presents exciting possibilities with the recent emergence of off-the-shelf low cost headsets that offer the opportunity to implement BCI in a wide variety of scenarios. One interesting possibility is the ability to link BCI devices to a mobile phone, not only to provide new interaction modalities, but also the ability to record brain activity of users as they perform everyday 'real world' activities which could reveal new HCI insights on how we interact with our environment. In this paper we present Brain Interaction for Mobile Games (BIMG) through a fully functioning mobile game utilising a low cost EEG headset that combines a mimetic and intuitive interface with the requirement for the player to adopt an 'attentive' or 'meditative' mental state. The results illustrate that although EEG headsets are in their relative infancy they do offer the potential for new approaches both for mobile interaction and in measuring emotional states of users in the field. Further the spatial 'mind maps', that link the recorded attention and meditation levels to the players location in the game, highlight the potential for visualising emotions of mobile users whilst navigating virtual and physical spaces.


Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), between its two or more layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass. In the case of the EVA, the thermoset EVA, offers a complete bounding (cross-linking) with the material whether it is glass, polycarbonate, P.E.T. or other types products.


We present results from a prototype experiment in which we actively induce, observe, and quantify in situ nonlinear sediment response in the near surface. This experiment was part of a suite of experiments conducted during August 2004 in Garner Valley, California, using a large mobile shaker truck from the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) facility. We deployed a dense accel- erometer array within meters of the mobile shaker truck to replicate a controlled, laboratory-style soil dynamics experiment in order to observe wave-amplitude- dependent sediment properties. Ground motion exceeding 1g acceleration was pro- duced near the shaker truck. Thewave field was dominated by Rayleigh surface waves and ground motions were strong enough to produce observable nonlinear changes in wave velocity. We found that as the force load of the shaker increased, the Rayleigh- wave phase velocity decreased by as much as ∼30% at the highest frequencies used (up to 30 Hz). Phase velocity dispersion curves were inverted for S-wave velocity as a function of depth using a simple isotropic elastic model to estimate the depth depen- dence of changes to the velocity structure. The greatest change in velocity occurred nearest the surface, within the upper 4 m. These estimated S-wave velocity values were used with estimates of surface strain to compare with laboratory-based shear modulus reduction measurements from the same site. Our results suggest that it may be possible to characterize nonlinear soil properties in situ using a noninvasive field technique.


Starting from recent JET experimental results that show a significant reduction of ion stiffness in the plasma core region due to plasma rotation in the presence of low magnetic shear, an experiment was carried out at JET in order to separate the role of rotation and rotation gradient in mitigating the ion stiffness level. Enhanced toroidal field ripple (up to 1.5%) and external resonant magnetic fields are the two mechanisms used to try and decouple the rotation value from its gradient. In addition, shots with reversed toroidal field and plasma current, yielding counter-current neutral beam injection, were compared with standard co-injection cases. These tools also allowed varying the rotation independently of the injected power. Shots with high rotation gradient are found to maintain their low stiffness level even when the absolute value of the rotation was significantly reduced. Conversely, high but flat rotation yields much less peaked ion temperature profiles than a peaked rotation profile with lower values. This behaviour suggests the rotation gradient as the main player in reducing the ion stiffness level. In addition, it is found that inverting the rotation gradient sign does not suppress its effect on ion stiffness.


We study the role of the individual ferroelectric domain shape on the second-harmonic emission in strontium barium niobate featuring a random quadratic nonlinearity. The noncollinearly emitted second-harmonic signal is scanned in the far-field at different incident angles for different domain size distributions. This offers the possibility to retrieve the Fourier spectrum, corresponding to the spatial domain distribution and domain shape. Based on images of the domain structures retrieved by Čerenkov-type second-harmonic microscopy, domain patterns are simulated, the second-harmonic intensities are calculated, and finally compared with the measurements.


Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses are a major constraint on tomato production in Mexico (3). In the Yucatan State, these viruses can cause serious losses in late season plantings. As part of an effort to characterize these viruses, leaf samples from four tomato plants showing symptoms of geminivirus infection, such as stunted growth and leaf mottling and deformation, were collected from a single field in the Yucatan State in February, 1996. Geminivirus nucleic acids were detected in leaf samples from all four plants by squash blot hybridization analysis with a general DNA probe for Western Hemisphere whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (2). Nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with sap prepared with leaf tissue from one plant developed stunted growth and leaf mottling and deformation. When graft-transmitted from N. benthamiana to tomato, the geminivirus(es) induced leaf mottling and deformation, which were similar to symptoms in the field-collected tomato plants. The presence of geminivirus DNA in the sap- and graft-inoculated plants was confirmed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and degenerate primers for the DNA-A (PAL1v1978 and PAR1c496) or DNA-B (PBL1v2040 and PCRc1) components of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (4). Using PCR and these degenerate primers, approximately 1.1-kb DNA-A and approximately 0.6-kb DNA-B fragments were amplified from DNA extracts prepared from leaves of each of the four Yucatan tomato plants. No DNA fragments were amplified from these extracts with primers for pepper huasteco geminivirus (pAL1c2329 and pAL1v1471, or pBR1c840 and pBL1v1830). To determine the identity of the geminivirus(es) infecting these tomato plants, the PCR-amplified DNA-A and DNA-B fragments from one of the samples were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons made with these sequences revealed two distinct types of DNA-A and DNA-B clones, indicating a mixed infection of at least two bipartite geminiviruses. DNA-A and DNA-B sequences of one set of clones were >97% identical to sequences of tomato mottle geminivirus (ToMoV) from Florida (1). The presence of ToMoV in all four tomato leaf samples was demonstrated by the PCR-mediated amplification of a 0.9-kb DNA-A fragment with ToMoV-specific primers (pAL1v2295 and pAR1c580). The identity of this 0.9-kb DNA fragment was further confirmed based upon its hybridization with a full-length clone of ToMoV DNA-A under high stringency conditions (2). A data base search made with the sequence of the other type of DNA-A clone revealed sequence identities of <70% with various bipartite geminiviruses (e.g., identities of 70% with tomato mottle, 69% with Sida golden mosaic, 67% with bean dwarf mosaic, and 66% with taino tomato mottle and with potato yellow mosaic), which confirmed that a second geminivirus was present in a mixed infection with ToMoV in this tomato leaf sample. To confirm the bipartite nature of this geminivirus, a DNA-B fragment that contained the common region (CR) sequence was amplified from the same sample with PCR and primers PBL1v2040 and PBR1c970 (a degenerate primer that anneals within the BV1 open reading frame; F. M. Zerbini and R. L. Gil-bertson, unpublished data), cloned, and sequenced. The CR sequence of this DNA-B fragment was 96% identical to that of the DNA-A fragment, which establishes the presence of another bipartite geminivirus in this sample. This is the first report of ToMoV in Mexico. These results also suggest that at least two bipartite geminiviruses may infect tomatoes in the Yucatan Peninsula. References: (1) A. M. Abouzid et al. J. Gen. Virol. 73:3225, 1992. (2) R. L. Gilbertson et al. Plant Dis. 75:336, 1991. (3) J. E. Polston and P. K. Anderson. Plant Dis. 81:1358, 1997. (4) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993.


Recently, in-vivo full eld (FF) optical coherence tomography (OCT) with an ultra-high speed camera has been presented for fast in vivo retinal imaging. By parallel A-scans acquisition, imaging with 1,5 million A-scans/s was shown with an extended illumination of the retina. In this paper, the image quality of FF-OCT images will be compared to conventional scanning OCT systems. The eect of the absence of a confocal aperture leading to crosstalk between adjacent image points will be shown and an experimental analysis of the systems lateral point spread function (PSF) in dependence of depth will be given and discussed.


In recent years, the need to support uncertain data has increased. Sensor
applications, for example, are dealing with the inherent uncertainty about
the readings of the sensors. Current database management systems are not
equipped to deal with this uncertainty, other than as a user defined attribute.
This forces the user of the DBMS to take on the responsibility of managing
the uncertainty associated with the data.
In this thesis, we present a new data model, based on XML that is capable
of storing uncertainty about elements and subtrees. The XML data
model is extended in such a way, that probabilities can be associated with
the elements and subtrees, dependency and independency of elements can be
expressed and even the existence of entire elements or subtrees can be uncertain.
We give a sound semantical foundation for dealing with the uncertainty
associated with the data, and show how querying using this semantics works.
The probabilistic XML data model is used in an information integration
application. Decisions about equality are postponed if the integration system
is uncertain about equality. This uncertainty is stored using the probabilistic
XML data model, making the integration process itself unattended. The
amount of uncertainty arising from this integration can be large. We therefore
introduce knowledge rules that help deciding on equality during the integration
phase. Using these rules, integrated documents contain less uncertainty
and are therefore smaller in size. We also introduced two measures with
which the amount of uncertainty in the document can be quantified. Uncertainty
density measures the amount of uncertainty in the database. The
second measure, answer decisiveness, quantifies the ease with which most
likely possibilities in query results can be chosen.
At a later stage, when the user is querying the information source, and
therefore already actively using the system, feedback can be provided on
query results. This feedback is explained in the same semantical setting as
querying. Feedback statements can either be positive, i.e. the query result
can be observed in the real world, or negative, i.e. the query result cannot
be observed in the real world. We show that using this feedback technique, if
used with caution, reduces the amount of uncertainty and lets the information
source converge to a correctly integrated document. To measure the quality
of query results, we adapted precision and recall for probabilistic data in a
way that, for example incorrect answers with low probability do not have the
same negative impact as incorrect answers with a high probability.


Abstract The role of reinforcement in speciation can be explained by two distinct models. In model I, two diverged populations hybridize and produce fertile hybrids that successfully backcross (hybridization with gene flow). In model II, two populations hybridize but succeeding backcrosses are unproductive (hybridization without gene flow). Using Drosophila persimilis and D. pseudoobscura, we have tested model I by comparing the extent of heterospecific introgression in sympatric versus allopatric populations. We show that certain expectations of this particular model of reinforcement, which is based on hybridization and gene flow between divergent populations after secondary contact, are not realized in these two species. The evidence consists of the similarity of genetic distances as well as proportions of unique/rare alleles between sympatric and allopatric heterospecific populations and a negative correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance between heterospecific populations, which suggests ecological differentiation. This approach in quantifying differential gene flow has important consequences to studies that compare sympatric and allopatric isolation using genetic distance. Following model I, one would expect a pattern of higher prezygotic isolation in sympatric species compared to allopatric species of the same genetic distance simply as a result of an underestimation of genetic distance due to introgression between sympatric populations. We suggest more parsimonious explanations such as reinforcement without genetic exchange (model II) and ecological differentiation, which require high levels of preexisting reproductive isolation between populations. Corresponding Editor: E. Zouros


»Workers' Vulnerability toward the NSDAP during the Reichstag Elections in 1928-1933». Going against popular assumptions declaring the NSDAP as a middle-class phenomenon, the NSDAP managed to appeal voters from all population classes in Germany after 1928. Based on a complete and corrected data set, a biand trivariate analysis of the correlation between NSDAP and working-class population shows that, apart from the overrepresentation of the Protestant middle class, no other party had as much of a catch-all party character as was the case for the NSDAP. Members of the working class were reluctant to vote NSDAP only when they were integrated in a proletarian or Catholic-political (Zentrum-oriented) milieu. Based on these new results, the long upheld thesis of a middle-class voter phenomenon for the NSDAP has to be rejected.


Based upon thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork among indigenous Mapuche people of southern Chile, this thesis explores two relational oppositions which are central concerns of both Mapuche people and the discipline of anthropology. The first opposition explored is that between self and other, focusing on how it is conceived differently from different positions within rural Mapuche life. Through this exploration, I emphasise an understanding of otherness as a relational category, which is more connected to ascertaining and describing what the self is not, rather than to the depiction of an embodied alterity. The second opposition I investigate is that between individual and society. More specifically, I look at the possibilities of constructing social relationships despite the strong emphasis Mapuche people put on persons as unique, unrepeatable, and often incommensurable, singularities. I demonstrate how and why these two oppositions are closely connected for the Mapuche. Such a connection lies in the fact that Mapuche philosophy proposes a radical singularism according to which the conception of everything is rooted in the individual person. As a result, the pluralisation of such conceptions is always, necessarily, a particularly personal extrapolation. The thesis is divided in three sections. In the first I explore the ontological foundations of Mapuche lived worlds, discussing the pillars upon which Mapuche people conceive their experiences and setting the scene for my overall argument. In the second section, through both ethnographical and historical sources, I attempt to explore how perceived differences and similarities are managed in order to create a sense of plurality. In the final section I elaborate an argument centred upon how Mapuche people conceive "the social". Here, by discussing different ideas of what it means to be Mapuche, I conclude that Mapuche notions of sociality are in the antipodes of Western ones. Put simply, if in the latter sociality is based upon interactions embedded on given shared semantic fields, the Mapuche seem to maintain that shared semantic fields do not exist, and that they should, at best, be consciously created.


Postoperative handovers present a critical step in the management of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. There are many challenges in the transportation of unstable patients with complex medical histories from theatre to the ICU, and the subsequent transfer of responsibility for care from one group of caregivers to another. Communication between the providers of the handover report (anaesthetists, surgeons and theatre nursing staff) and receivers of the report (ICU physicians and ICU nursing staff) is often poor. The unstructured presentation of information, the noisy ICU environment, and discussions between healthcare workers from different disciplines at different levels of training adds to the burden of communication. The handover report may be seen as a sentinel event in the ICU patient's stay. ICU staff use the handover process as an important source of information to coordinate management input from multiple disciplines. Despite its importance, the practice of a structured postoperative handover protocol in our region's hospitals is non-existent. The authors reviewed the current literature to better understand the challenges facing proper handover processes and suggest some interventional strategies.


This paper presents a Mueller-matrix approach to simulate the azimuth and ellipticity trajectory of a probe light in a tensile-strained bulk semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) in a conventional pump-probe scheme. The physical mechanisms for the variations of polarization azimuth and ellipticity angle of the probe originate from the significant nonuniform distributions of carrier density across the active region in the presence of an intense pump light. Due to this carrier-density nonuniformity, the effective refractive indexes experienced by transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes of the probe are different. This results in a phase shift between TE and TM modes of the probe upon leaving the SOA. Simulations of the carrier distributions along the cavity length at different pump-light levels are demonstrated using multisection rate equations, which take into account the longitudinal nonuniform carrier density. The optical gain is considered via the parabolic band approximation. The influences of the spontaneous recombination and carrier-dependent material loss on the amplifier performance are included. The Mueller-matrix formalism is utilized to predict the variations of azimuth and ellipticity angle, which greatly reduces the complexity of the simulations in comparison with Jones-matrix formalism. The suggested approach is beneficial to experimental investigations due to the fact that during the optical-tuning process, Stokes parameters are virtually measurable on the Poincareacute sphere, and the Stokes vector of the incoming probe can be adjusted by a polarization controller and monitored by a polarization analyzer. Based on these carrier-induced nonlinearities in SOAs, an optical and gate with extinction ratio larger than 14 dB and Q-factor larger than 25 is presented at a bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s


River floodplains are becoming increasingly subject to multifunctional land-use. In this contribution, we are linking imaging spectrometer derived products with a dynamic vegetation model to improve the simulation and evaluation of scenarios for a river floodplain in the Netherlands. In particular, we are using airborne HyMap imaging spectrometer data to derive Leaf Area Index (LAI), spatial distribution of Plant Functional Types (PFT), and model dominant species abundances as input for the ecological model. We use the dynamic vegetation model (DVM) SMART2-SUMO to simulate vegetation succession under scenarios of changing abiotic conditions and management regimes. SMART2 is a soil chemical model whereas SUMO describes plant competition and resulting vegetation succession. We validate all remote sensing derived products and the DVM calibration independently using extensive field sampling. We conclude that the dynamic vegetation models can be successfully initialized using imaging spectrometer data at currently unprecedented accuracy. However, all efforts undertaken for validation in this contribution may significantly exceed capacities for national or continental scale application of the proposed method.


The Middle Jurassic was a dynamic interval in dinosaur evolution, but the dinosaur fossil record from this time is extremely poor throughout the world. The Isle of Skye (Scotland) preserves marginal marine and terrestrial deposits of Middle Jurassic age, which have yielded sparse bones, teeth, footprints and small segments of trackways belonging to dinosaurs. We report the discovery of the most extensive dinosaur fossil site yet known in Scotland: a coastal outcrop of the Duntulm Formation (Bathonian) at Cairidh Ghlumaig, Skye that preserves numerous trackways of sauropod dinosaurs in multiple layers deposited in a lagoonal system. We present an initial description of these tracks and identify them as most likely belonging to a primitive, non-neosauropod species that retained a large claw on manual digit I and produced narrow-gauge trackways. They provide additional evidence that basal sauropods persisted deep into the Middle Jurassic, a time when the earliest members of larger and more derived sauropod lineages were radiating. The new Skye tracks document multiple generations of sauropods living within the lagoonal environments of Jurassic Scotland, and along with other tracks found over the past two decades, suggest that sauropods may have frequented such environments, contrary to their image as land-bound behemoths.


Get the practical reference to programming robotic applications by using the Microsoft Robotics Studio. Ideal for programmers familiar with Windows® based development using Microsoft Visual Studio® and the Microsoft .NET Framework, this guide expertly illustrates how to use the Robotics Studio. You ll discover how to use the services provided in the Robotics Studio to handle navigation and remote control, speech, video, and intelligent behavior in a robotic device. It includes coverage of the included Visual Programming Language, plus code examples in Microsoft Visual C#®. Key Book Benefits: Delivers practical guidance about how services relate to programming robotsProvides references to simulations, navigation and remote control, speech and video, and much moreFeatures sample code in Visual Programming Language and Visual C#


The primary use of sedative–hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs is to encourage calmness (anxiolytics or sedatives) or to produce sleep (sedative–hypnotics). All people are subject to states of emotional tension and uneasiness. For otherwise healthy individuals, these occasions are usually sufficiently mild and short that pharmacological intervention is unnecessary. However, at times the symptoms of anxiety become quite discomforting and can interfere with a person's ability to function effectively. Anxiety almost invariably accompanies many medical and surgical conditions, and it is often a symptom of psychiatric illness. When the symptoms become intolerable or interfere with the treatment of the underlying disease and if counseling is not sufficient, drug treatment can be considered as a means of helping patients cope with their anxiety. All central nervous system depressants have some ability to relieve anxiety. However, most of these drugs relieve symptoms of anxiety only at doses that produce noticeable sedation. Drugs used to produce sedation and relieve anxiety are consistently among the most commonly prescribed drugs. Whether they are prescribed too frequently remains a matter of controversy. Insomnia includes a wide variety of sleep disturbances , such as difficulty in falling asleep, early or frequent awakenings, and remaining unrefreshed after sleep. Use of sedative–hypnotic drugs is one approach to the therapy of insomnia. Other measures include advice to avoid stimulants before retiring, maintenance of a proper diet, initiation of an exercise program, and avoidance of stressful or anxiety-provoking situations. Most anxiolytic and sedative–hypnotic drugs produce dose-dependent depression of central nervous system function. The ideal anxiolytic drug should calm the patient without causing too much daytime sedation and drowsiness and without producing physical or psycho


It is self-evident that performing poorly on a task makes people dissatisfied relative to performing well. How can this negative affect be overcome? We provide an adaptive strategy for dealing with poor performance. Experiment 1 shows that poor performers tend to recruit the highest potential performance as a comparison standard and hence are dissatisfied. However, if they are reminded that they set their own low goals, and that these goals were met, they are as satisfied as better performers. Experiment 2 shows that incremental theorists who believe that they can improve their performance in the future tend to compare their performance to the initially set goal rather than the highest potential performance, and are hence as satisfied as better performers. These findings shed light on the dynamic comparison process underlying satisfaction judgment. Implications of these findings for perennial low goal setters and for satisfaction in general are discussed.


Unmanned vehicles/mobile robots are of particular interest in target tracing applications since there are many areas where a human cannot explore. Different means of control have been investigated for unmanned vehicles with various algorithms like genetic algorithms, evolutionary computations, neural networks etc. This work presents the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) for collective robotic search. The performance of the PSO algorithm depends on various parameters called quality factors and these parameters are determined using a secondary PSO. Results are presented to show that the performance of PSO algorithm and search is improved for a single and multiple target searches.


Objectives This study examined the relation of multiple aspects of the home food environment to dietary intake and body weight among overweight and obese children in southern Appalachia. Methods The study used baseline data from a cluster-randomized controlled trial, Parent-Led Activity and Nutrition for Healthy Living, evaluating a parent-mediated approach to treating child overweight and obesity in the primary care setting in southern Appalachia. Sixty-seven children ages 5 to 11 years were recruited from four primary care clinics. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the relation between multiple aspects of the home food environment to dietary intake (fruit and vegetable intake, fat and sweets intake), and standardized body mass index (zBMI), adjusted for baseline family characteristics (education, smoking status during the past month, BMI) and child characteristics (sex, age, Medicaid/TennCare). Results Findings showed greater parental restriction and pressure in feeding were associated with greater fruit and vegetable intake in children (&bgr; = 0.33, &bgr; = 0.30, respectively; both P < 0.05). The availability of chips and sweets in a child's home and parental inappropriate modeling of eating were associated with an increased risk for consumption of fats and sweets by children (&bgr; = 0.47, &bgr; = 0.54, respectively; both P < 0.01). Parental monitoring of the child's eating was associated with a reduced risk for fat and sweets intake (&bgr; = −0.24; P < 0.01). Finally, parental responsibility for feeding the child was associated with lower zBMI (&bgr; = −0.20; P < 0.05). Conclusions The home food environment, including food availability and parenting behaviors, was associated with overweight and obese children's dietary intake and weight. This study adds to evidence suggesting that programs aimed at improving overweight and obese children's eating patterns may target both aspects of the physical home environment and parental behaviors surrounding eating.


IEEE 802.11 wireless networks are plagued with problems of unauthorized access. Left undetected, unauthorized access is the precursor to additional mischief. Current approaches to detecting intruders are invasive or can be evaded by stealthy attackers. We propose the use of spectral analysis to identify the type of wireless network interface card (NIC). This mechanism can be applied to support the detection of unauthorized systems that use NICs which are different from that of a legitimate system.
We focus on two functions, active scanning and dynamic rate switching, required by the 802.11 standard that are implemented in the hardware and software of the wireless NIC. We show that the implementation of these functions influence the transmission patterns of a wireless stream that are observable through traffic analysis. Furthermore, differences in the behavior of a wireless stream caused by differences in the implementation of these functions are exploited to establish the identity of a NIC. Our mechanism for NIC identification uses signal processing to analyze the periodicity embedded in the wireless traffic caused by active scanning and rate switching. A spectral profile is created from the periodic components of the traffic and used for the identity of the wireless NIC. We show that we can discern between NICs manufactured by different vendors and NICs within the same manufacturer using the spectral profile.


This article reports of the power (influence) of music to develop intercultural understandings to better internationalise the curriculum. It argues that through internationalisation, we learn more about other people's cultures hence, by providing an international/intercultural dimension into the teaching unit of 'Discovering Music A', tertiary students at Deakin University have opportunities to experience, investigate and participate in a different music and culture. Using the metaphor of the 'talking drum', this article reports through anecdotal notes, observations, journaling and student evaluation, how a different music, like that of Africa, communicates and promotes intercultural dialogue in a social and learning environment. The 2011 cohort included both international and local students from the Faculty of Arts and Education, Health and Business and Law, opening up a broad range of international dialogue in which all students in the cohort had a voice for expressing themselves about another culture and its music. I contend that the inclusion of a new and different music in the Bachelor of Education (Primary) curriculum and as an elective unit across all faculties provides a pathway for intercultural dialogue and understanding. As tertiary educators by internationalising the curriculum and through the process of reflection, observation and student feedback, we are able to make meaning around our practice and adapt our practice. I argue that units like Discovering Music A are an effective and useful dais to address cultural diversity and build intercultural relations and understandings in our tertiary courses.


Traditional solidarity systems built for cultural purposes but also due to the lack of insurance markets and social safety nets play an important role in development. This paper explores the effect of children's education on the demand for money transfers. In a context where households have to oblige to social rights and obligations, dictated by their community, investment in their children's education might not be optimal. In particular I wish to investigate whether education is a signal of wealth leading to an increase in the demand for money transfers, thereby adding a cost to education. Using the idea that the practice of bride price is an incentive to educate girls more than boys I try to isolate the causal influence of education on transfers by using the sex-specific treatment of children. I elaborate a difference and difference strategy between ethnic groups that practice relatively more bride price than others. This first set of evidence suggests that communities may tend to tax primary education, thereby creating an entry cost to education. ∗Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile J-PAL EH Clio Lab †Université Paris-Dauphine DIAL-UMR IRD ‡I would like to thank Sylvie Lambert, Pauline Rossi and Paola Villar for their comments and suggestions


Abstract:Garden-enhanced education in schools is increasingly recognized as a promising strategy for promoting healthier eating and environmental awareness for children. Analysis of the development of school garden initiatives can offer insights into how these benefits may be optimized. Using a mixed-methods approach, our study tracked the progress of 55 primary schools participating in the Food for Life Partnership: a multi-component school food program. The findings showed considerable expansion of food growing facilities, outputs and supporting infrastructure. Participating students, parents and community volunteers helped create new links to food-related activities in the dining hall, the classroom and the home environment. This provided a mandate for lead teaching staff, often working under conditions of social deprivation and poor green space, to create a more holistic approach to food in school life. The effectiveness of these changes connected to the strategic re-development of growing spaces and the conceptually integrated messages on food sustainability.


What is happening to collaborative communities of artists whose centers of activity have been decimated by rising real-estate values? How many art-friendly cities and communities have become so expensive to live in that more and more culture workers are forced to leave, creating a growing diaspora? How do we get together again, both to collaborate and to re-compose our also-dispersed audiences? In 2002 I was forced out of my lower Broadway loft in New York City by economic pressures. The same thing could have happened in London, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Paris, Moscow, Madrid, Munich, Barcelona, Rome, Milan, Chicago, Brussels, Boston—the list goes on. I moved to New Orleans's French Quarter because it reminded me of living between the East and West Villages in New York City, and there was an active art and music scene. However, Hurricane Katrina sent me literally fleeing again two days after the storm. I now reside in Albuquerque, New Mexico, a community often infused with refugees from elsewhere. There are reports of others taking a year to travel around trying to find that perfect community, a place where one is able to concentrate on working rather than on 24/7 survival. Some people find refuge in universities, as I did at the University of New Mexico. The result is that our audiences and collaborators are scattered physically throughout a growing geographic area. One way we have overcome distance has been the Internet. Thanks to search engines that are equipped to track our activities, physical separation is much less burdensome. Before the Internet, artists depended on showing their work in actual physical spaces called galleries and museums. These spaces were necessarily located on one very small footprint within a city or specific geographical location and were not easily visited by everyone in the world. Exhibitions were also limited by duration and the times when the institution was open for viewing. There have been many experiments on the Internet with real-time performances and interactions between geographically separated participants and audience members. However, I believe that the results of these events have up to now been disappointing. Some artists have moved to Internet2, an advanced network application for research and higher education, through use of the now-ubiquitous AccessGrid (AG) [1] virtual conference rooms. However, although Internet2 is fast, it still has significant delay, which is irregular in time and amount. Technology is catching up to the vision of effortless communication over immense geographical space with the creation of the Global LambdaGrid [2] and the National LambdaRail [3], a dedicated optical network being developed by a new consortium of universities and technology companies. How is LambdaRail different from Internet2? Simply put, it is faster, with fewer and more predictable time delays, and therefore can be utilized successfully even by geographically distributed musicians playing together. This new technology can begin to put dispersed artist communities back together again. Larry Smarr, the founder and former director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is a visionary who helped bring the Internet to fruition through NCSA Mosaic. His new institute, the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Cal-(IT)2), concentrates on the future of the Internet. During a speech at iGRID2005, Smarr told the audience that we have already gone beyond Thomas Friedman's notion of the world as flat. With the emergence of this new technology, the earth can become one spot or point. So far, one can only access this "spot" in a limited number of places. However, as pioneering artists devote themselves to designing complex performances for the LambdaRail, they can help to develop the paths to future access for others while also forging methods to reunite their own communities [4].


The Garson Ni-Cu-platinum group element (PGE) deposit is a deformed, overturned, contact-type deposit along the contact between the Sudbury Igneous Complex and underlying rocks of the Huronian Supergroup in the South Range of the 1850 Ma Sudbury structure. The main Garson orebodies occur along steeply S dipping ductile shear zones, which formed as D1 north-over-south amphibolite facies thrust zones that were rotated and overturned during buckling of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The shear zones were reactivated as south-over-north greenschist facies reverse shear zones during D2. The mineralization is primarily composed of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-magnetite, occurring as four main types: (1) disseminated to matrix-textured sulfides in Main Mass norite and slivers of norite within shear zones, (2) semimassive breccia ore within the shear zones, (3) quartz-calcite-sulfide veins spatially associated with breccia ores, and (4) Cu-Pd-Pt-Au–rich "footwall-type" mineralization in the nearby Garson Ramp deposit. Garson disseminated sulfides and breccia ores have relatively low Pd/Ir ratios and restricted ranges of Ni tenors and Fe/Ni ratios, very similar to those of undeformed disseminated sulfides and contact-type massive ores at the less deformed Creighton deposit. This suggests that the mobilization of the breccia ores by ductile plastic flow during D1 and D2 did not significantly alter their original magmatic geochemical signatures. Garson breccia ores are slightly depleted in Cu-Pt-Pd-Au and slightly enriched in Rh-Ru-Ir relative to disseminated sulfides, similar to other contact-type deposits at Sudbury. In contrast, quartz-calcite-sulfide veins at Garson are characterized by very low Rh-Ru-Ir abundances and very high Pd/Ir ratios, consistent with their mobilization and deposition from metamorphic-hydrothermal fluids. Despite being strongly enriched in Cu-Pd-Pt-Au, there are too few of these veins to account for the broad depletion in Cu-Pd-Pt-Au from the main mass of breccia ores, suggesting that the breccia ores are monosulfide solid solution cumulates that left a residual sulfide melt represented by the Cu-Pd-Pt-Au–rich ores in the Garson Ramp deposit.


This reference presents the essential information that veterinary practitioners and students need to know about systemeic drugs. It covers drugs approved for use in veterinary species as well as the "human" drugs used in veterinary practice today. Both trade and generic names are given. This text is intended to complement in-depth references in pharmacology, pharmacy and veterinary medicine. Individual monographs include information on: chemical characteristics; storage, stability and physical compatability; pharmacology; pharmacokinetics; uses and indications; contraindications, precautions and reproductive safety; adverse effects and warnings; overdose and/or acute toxicity; drug-drug and drug-laboratory test interactions; dosages by species and indication; monitoring parameters; client information; dosage forms available; and approval status and withdrawal times. An appendix supplies additional information on: abbreviations used in prescription writing; solubility definitions; conversion tables, millequivalents and molecular weights; normal vital signs; oestrus and gestation periods for dogs and cats; reference laboratory values for dogs, cats, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; veterinary drug company addresses and telephone numbers; and important telephone numbers.


Laser drilling has been widely used for producing small diameter holes in hard-to-machine materials for decades. Of particular interest is laser drilling of cooling holes in aircraft turbine blades. In order to enhance the cooling efficiency, these cooling holes need to be produced to a high degree of accuracy and with least defects. In this paper, a mathematical model of laser drilling is developed. The model includes effects of the vapour pressure, exothermic energy and O 2 assist gas. The analysis is based on transient heat conduction in solid and liquid regions with appropriate boundary and initial conditions at the solid-liquid and liquid-vapour interfaces. Comparison with the experimental data is presented to validate the model. The developed model enables the prediction of the hole depth, hole profile and recast layer thickness. Effects of the laser peak power and assist gas pressure are also investigated


Introduction. Our Society is still young and uncontrolled by precedents. The hope has been expressed that if precedents shall become established they may be expressions of freedom and individuality rather than of limitation and monotony. It has been thought that if the presidential address shall be confined to reviews and summaries and restricted to special modes of presentation it may become more perfunctory than vital. To whatever practices your collective preferences may at length lead, I trust that between these expressed wishes and the liberties conceded to our youthfulness I shall have your sanction or, at least, your pardon if I occupy your attention with a sketch of personal studies on the glaciation of Greenland made during the past summer. I further hope that if in presentation I invoke the aid of physical illumination to supplement the dimness of my own it will not awaken your displeasure. Object of the . . .


Effective government requires that institutions be strong enough to control the efforts of organized, entrenched special interests in favor of the broader interests shared but poorly articulated by most members of society. Recent changes in our institutions and in the problems they face raise doubts about the capacity of contemporary American government to handle these parochial forces. Congress has seemingly become more fragmented, the presidency more politicized, and the bureaucracy more labyrinthine. After a decade or more of trying, our institutions have not mastered a variety of problems--the budget deficit, the trade imbalance, and energy insecurity--that threaten society's general interest in an economic future as bright as its past. Can the Government Govern? argues that the problem is inherently and substantially institutional and discusses the politically difficult requirements for overcoming it. In so doing, this volume opens the debate and public discussion necessary for change. Contributors include John E. Chubb writing on energy policy, David B. Yoffie on trade policy, Paul E. Peterson and Mark Rom on macroeconomic policy, Samuel Kernell on the presidency, Kenneth A. Shesple on Congress, and Terry M. Moe on the bureaucracy.


Background/Context New teacher induction programs frequently focus on the struggles of teachers who are, metaphorically speaking, sinking rather than swimming in the challenging waters of actual classroom teaching. Also, research on induction and induction programs doesn't typically address the subject-specific needs of new teachers. Yet new teachers are not in generic environments in which content plays a minor role: They are negotiating the enormously complex context of teaching particular content to particular students in a particular moment. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Our goal is to add to and challenge the conversations about what learning to teach mathematics requires and how its complexity makes content-specific induction and rich opportunities to learn not only desirable but also essential. We use a framing of teaching as a practice that is fundamentally about connection of students and content. Population/Participants/Subjects We report on the cases of two well-started novice mathematics teachers. These cases come from a larger study of novice mathematics and science teachers in subject-specific induction programs across the United States. Research Design Exploratory case study based on interviews and observations. Findings/Results One new teacher made considerable progress in thinking about and using knowledge of students to enhance mathematical learning. However, there were still several areas in which the new teacher missed opportunities to probe student understanding and further connect students to mathematics. And yet, because of the teacher's competence relative to other new teachers, her support from her mentor was diminishing. This left her with few opportunities for support in reflecting on her practice. The second new teacher struggled to make sense of the role of the teacher. She was a strong beginning teacher in a context that provided support and encouragement for student-centered teaching. However, she struggled to envision and enact a teaching role that either allowed students to make their own connections to mathematics or enabled her to learn how to work toward that role. Conclusions/Recommendations Our two new teachers made considerable progress in their teaching. Although there was much to celebrate about their progress, there was still much about the complexity of teaching, specifically teaching math, that the new teachers had to learn. This study suggests that we need to go beyond evaluation of visible performance or attention to instructional strategies to help new teachers think about how to simultaneously manage the complex relationships with students, with mathematical content, and with the connection between students and mathematics in ways that help them to continually teach and learn from teaching.


During the development and lifecycle of multicellular organisms, cells have to die, and this occurs by a process called programmed cell death or PCD, which can be separated from necrosis or accidental cell death (Pennell and Lamb, 1997). Senescence is the terminal phase in the development of an organism, organ, tissue or cell, where nutrients are remobilized from the senescing parts of the plant into other parts, and the cells of the senescing organ or tissue undergo PCD if the process is not reversed in time. Leaf senescence involves cessation of photosynthesis, loss of pigments and proteins, nutrient remobilization, and degradation of the plant cells (Smart, 1994). Initiation of leaf senescence is triggered by a wide range of endogenous and environmental factors, that through unknown pathways controls the process, and regulates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) (Buchanan-Wollaston, 1997). Autumn leaf senescence in deciduous trees is regulated by photoperiod and temperature, and is an attractive experimental system for studies on senescence in perennial plants.We have studied the process of autumn senescence in a free-growing aspen (Populus tremula) by following changes in pigment, metabolite and nutrient content, photosynthesis, and cell and organelle integrity. All data were combined in a cellular timetable of autumn senescence in aspen. The senescence process started on September 11 with degradation of pigments and other leaf constituents, and once initiated, progressed steadily without being affected by the environment. Chloroplasts were rapidly degraded, and mitochondria took over energy production after chlorophyll levels had dropped by 50%. At the end of remobilization, around 29th of September, some cells were still metabolically active and had chlorophyll-containing plastids. Over 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus was remobilized, and a sudden change in the 15N of the cellular content on September 29, indicated that volatile compounds may have been released.We have also studied gene expression in autumn leaves by analysing EST sequences from two different cDNA libraries, one from autumn leaves of a field-grown aspen and the other from young, but fully expanded leaves of a green-house grown aspen. In the autumn leaf library, ESTs encoding metallothioneins, proteases, stress-related proteins and proteins involved in respiration and breakdown of macromolecules were abundant, while genes coding for photosynthetic proteins were massively downregulated. We have also identified homologues to many known senescence-associated genes in annual plants.By using Populus cDNA microarrays, we could follow changes in gene expression during the autumn over four years in the same free-growing aspen tree. We also followed changes in chlorophyll content to monitor the progression of leaf senescence. We observed a major shift in gene expression, occuring at different times the four years, that reflected a metabolic shift from photosynthetic competence to energy generation by mitochondrial respiration. Even though autumn senescence was initiated almost at the same date each year, the transcriptional timetables were different from year to year, especially for 2004, which indicates that there is no strict correlation between the transcriptional and the cellular timetables of leaf senescence.


This study of Pedro Paterno's Ninay (1885) examines the first novel to be published by a Filipino author, setting the work against the background of the author's activities in Madrid and his work as a writer, host and diplomat. Considering the novel's status to be that of a fictional-historical archive and literary ethnography, this essay elaborates its foundational discourse on the developing national culture, conceived as intrinsically hybrid, fundamentally an amalgam of Spanish and Asiatic elements.   As foregrounded in this reading, the novel makes reference to particular and idiosyncratic aspects of Philippine tradition, explicating its relationship to the Spanish colonial bond that constituted the Philippines as a national territory and overseas possession. Availing itself of the devices of costumbrismo,  the narrative of Ninay is staged as an extended act of mourning: that is, its internal structure follows the protocol of the pasiam, the nine-day prayer for the welfare of the soul of the departed loved one.  It is this structure that frames the treatment of Ninay's significance as a ghostly figure that haunts the text, one around whose phantasmatic presence a community of mourners is created and a new kind of discourse is generated: what could be called a spectral allegory of la filipinidad.   Against the critical orthodoxy that judges Ninay to be a flawed and superficial work, the present study maps the narrative's recodification of available elements of an emergent national culture in a narrative as an affair of Tagalog- and Castillian-speaking Filipino characters.  Indeed, Paterno, by his authorship of Ninay, subsequent works of ethnography and the libretto for The Dreamed Alliance, the opera that debuted in 1902, offers us the portrait of the author not only as an initiator of discourse in search of a unique Filipino national identity, but also as a medium of his own country's "spectral nationalism" as an overseas possession of changing empires.


The present article explores the origin and changes in partnership agreements established between agro-industries and oil palm smallholders in Cameroon. The different forms of partnership which have existed over the years in the oil palm sector until now are assessed, notably the FONADER-sponsored smallholder scheme (1978 to 1991) and more recently the Afriland First Bank sponsored villagisation project of Socapalm Eseka (2007/2008 to present). Special attention is given to the factors and conditions that have influenced the outcomes of these partnerships, specifically the failure of the FONADER-sponsored smallholder scheme. The authors conclude that with the current absence of steady support from the government to oil palm smallholders, especially after the implementation of the structural adjustment plans, private partnership schemes between agro-industries and oil palm smallholders could be highly profitable for both stakeholders. Such partnerships can foster social cohesion and limit further encroachment of agro-industries into the primary forest, provided such partnership agreements are carefully planned and adequately implemented.


In most of the industries automation is to be implemented in many fields to reduce the processing time and manpower. This project implements the automation technique which carries out the automation process of hydraulic pressing machine using PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). Now days a semi-automatic hydraulic machine is used to assemble and de-assemble the motor parts. Here the high pressure is given for all the objects during the process. Due to the same pressure level high damages will occur. In this project work, an automatic control of hydraulic machine is proposed by using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The limit switch is connected with the control unit of the PLC. This limit switch is used to control the upward and downward movement of the solenoid in the Hydraulic machine. By using this automatic control system, the motor parts will be removed without damages.


In India, study has found that dispute resolution outside the formal court system was effective since time immemorial in some form or other. The present system of court annexed settlement as well as outside court settlement provides a golden opportunity to the disputant to resolve their dispute through the mechanism best suited to them. Such plenty of mechanism which have the components of restorative justice help a large number of parties to settle their disputes outside court. Restorative justice provides a large number of advantages in comparison to the adjudicatory processes, such as speedy disposal, cost effectiveness, maintenance of good relationship and chances of continuity of relationship, less formality, more compliance etc. In different parts of the world, people started using restorative justice system within criminal Justice System in different ways, such as plea bargaining, Victim-Offender Mediation, out of court settlement etc. Benefits obtained by such processes in other jurisdictions have compelled our legislature to use it within the Indian Criminal Justice System. The result of such incorporation of different processes within criminal justice is emergence of 'Plea Bargaining' within criminal procedure. Moreover, since the beginning of the criminal procedure in India there were provisions which could have been instrumental for using restorative justice within CJS such as compounding of offence, withdrawing from prosecution etc. Thus the study shows that out of court settlement within criminal justice system was not alien in India.In sui generis Plea Bargaining process victims get rights to decide about the case, participate in the process along with other stake holders and if their aspirations are fulfilled settled the case by virtue of 'mutually satisfactory disposition'. This process is nothing but fulfillment of the restorative justice system. Similarly other processes followed in India such as Lok-Adalat, compounding of offences etc. give enormous rights to the victims to decide about their own case which makes the process a restorative justice process. Moreover, the process like Victim-Offender Mediation which is not prevalent in India may be practiced and the outcome can be recognized through court by compounding of offences. Thus the use of all such processes within criminal justice system is in reality a potent tool to provide restorative justice in India.


Mapping the local microstructure properties of the tissue in the brain is crucial to understand any pathological condition from a biological perspective. In recent years, microstructure-imaging techniques aimed at extracting such precious information by using explicit biophysical modeling of the decay patterns in different tissue compartments, e.g. axons, glial cells and extra-axonal space. In particular, the ActiveAx technique allows the estimation of the density and the average diameter of the axons with diffusion MRI, but the non-linear routines usually employed to fit the model to the data are computationally very intensive and cause practical problems for their application in clinical studies. Moreover, the model assumes a single axon orientation while numerous regions of the brain actually present more complex configurations, e.g. fiber crossing. ActiveAx was later extended to allow axon diameter mapping also in regions with crossing fibers, but the fitting time is still prohibitive for practical applications. Thus, there is an evident need for developing advanced techniques enabling fast and accurate reconstructions of the tissue microstructure properties not limited to regions known to contain only parallel fibers as for instance the corpus callosum. Recently, Daducci et al presented a flexible framework for Accelerated Microstructure Imaging via Convex Optimization (AMICO) to reformulate these microstructure imaging techniques as linear systems that can be solved using fast convex optimization methods. The purpose of the present study is to extend the AMICO framework, which in its current formulation assumes only one fiber population per voxel, to recover microstructure parameters also in regions with multiple fiber populations.


The nature and degree of objective sleep impairments in insomnia disorder remain unclear. This issue is complicated further by potential changes in sleep architecture on the first compared with subsequent nights in the laboratory. Evidence regarding differential first-night effects in people with insomnia disorder and controls is mixed. Here, we aimed to further characterize insomnia- and night-related differences in sleep architecture. A comprehensive set of 26 sleep variables was derived from two consecutive nights of polysomnography in 61 age-matched patients with insomnia and 61 good sleeper controls. People with insomnia expressed consistently poorer sleep than controls on several variables during both nights. While poorer sleep during the first night was observed in both groups, there were qualitative differences regarding the specific sleep variables expressing a first-night effect. Short sleep (total sleep time < 6 hr) was more likely during the first night and in insomnia, although approximately 40% of patients with insomnia presenting with short sleep on night 1 no longer met this criterion on night 2, which is important given the notion of short-sleeping insomnia as a robust subtype.