Using data from the EISCAT (European Incoher- ent Scatter) VHF radar and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) spacecraft passes, we study the motion of the dayside open-closed field line boundary during two sub- storm cycles. The satellite data show that the motions of ion and electron temperature boundaries in EISCAT data, as re- ported by Moen et al. (2004), are not localised around the radar; rather, they reflect motions of the open-closed field line boundary at all MLT throughout the dayside auroral ionosphere. The boundary is shown to erode equatorward when the IMF points southward, consistent with the effect of magnetopause reconnection. During the substorm expan- sion and recovery phases, the dayside boundary returns pole- ward, whether the IMF points northward or southward. How- ever, the poleward retreat was much faster during the sub- storm for which the IMF had returned to northward than for the substorm for which the IMF remained southward - even though the former substorm is much the weaker of the two. These poleward retreats are consistent with the destruction of open flux at the tail current sheet. Application of a new analysis of the peak ion energies at the equatorward edge of the cleft/cusp/mantle dispersion seen by the DMSP satellites identifies the dayside reconnection merging gap to extend in MLT from about 9.5 to 15.5 h for most of the interval. Anal- ysis of the boundary motion, and of the convection veloci- ties seen near the boundary by EISCAT, allows calculation of the reconnection rate (mapped down to the ionosphere) from the flow component normal to the boundary in its own rest frame. This reconnection rate is not, in general, signif- icantly different from zero before 06:45 UT (MLT<9.5 h) - indicating that the X line footprint expands over the EISCAT field-of-view to earlier MLT only occasionally and briefly. Between 06:45 UT and 12:45UT (9.5<MLT<15.5 h) recon- nection is continuously observed by EISCAT, confirming the (large) MLT extent of the reconnection footprint deduced from the DMSP passes. As well as direct control by the IMF on longer timescales, the derived reconnection rate variation shows considerable pulsing on timescales of 2-20 min during periods of steady southward IMF.


Amino acid radicals have been found as key components in a number of biological redox processes. In specific, redox−active tyrosine residues play an essential role in DNA biosynthesis and photosynthesis, among other processes. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of one−electron redox reactions involving tyrosine have long been obscured by the highly unstable nature of the products of tyrosine oxidation. Remarkable control of these species is achieved within natural proteins. Proteins must, therefore, provide interactions to the amino acid cofactor to generate, control and direct the redox chemistry within the protein milieu. Electrochemical characterization of redox−active tyrosine residues inside natural radical proteins is highly challenging due to potential oxidation of other cofactors and residues. Numerous small−molecule models have been generated in which factors that affect tyrosine/phenol redox chemistry have been elucidated, such as hydrogen−bonding. Although these models have contributed to our knowledge about these systems, these lack the protein environment that certainly renders a stabilizing environment for these species. We have developed a de novo−designed model protein family in which to study these reactions. The family of α3X proteins consists of a well−structured, pH−stable, three−helix bundle with a single redox−active residue within the core of the protein. Construction and characterization of tyrosine−containing (α 3Y, α 3Y−K29H, and α 3Y−K36H) and tyrosine−analogue−containing (2MP− α 3C, 3MP− α 3C, and 4MP− α 3C) proteins are described in this dissertation work. Electrochemical characterization of α 3Y and 2MP− α 3C by Square Wave Voltammetry has allowed us to obtain fully reversible voltammograms and formal reduction potentials for the long−lived neutral radicals formed within these proteins. In the case of α 3Y, we have also found that the protein scaffold is intimately involved in the electron transfer process. We have also achieved the introduction of a tyrosine−histidine interacting pair in two α 3Y variants. This interacting complex is of great interest and will provide insights into how interaction with these basic residues might impact tyrosine redox chemistry within a protein scaffold. In addition, the solution NMR structure of 4MP− α 3C is reported and compared to the previously determined 2MP− α 3C structure. Key structural features are described that are likely to have a major impact on the protein redox properties. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics First Advisor Cecilia Tommos This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/776


: The purpose of this paper is to locate rentiers in the Brazilian distributive conflict. A rentier income share is estimated and compared to the shares of wages and profit of enterprise for the period between 2000 and 2017. The estimation allows for an analysis of the role played by interest payments out of wage income and profits in the tripartite functional income distribution, as well as an examination of the trajectory of the income of the financial firms. From 2004 to 2011, pressures from rising wages were shifted from functioning capitalists to rentiers and from the latter back to workers, as rentiers managed to compensate for the fall of property income received from functioning capitalists with a rising interest income coming from workers. In the period between 2012 and 2013, however, rentiers exhausted their ability to pass on the distributive pressures to workers and experienced an income squeeze.


A potential for synergy exists between organic waste recycling, biomass production and long-term risk management for contaminated land, particularly where the immediate economic case for reuse of the land is marginal. The possibility of income generation from waste management activities and biomass production offers scope for the regeneration of useful and sustainable economic activity on such marginal land. It also offers an alternative economic use to `hard' redevelopment, as well as a means of facilitating such redevelopment, where the topography or extent of surrounding brownfield land inhibits the case for inward investment for a key site where conditions are otherwise favourable. The presence of plant roots, organic matter and associated biological activity may play a significant role in the degradation or stabilisation of contaminants, and the presence of the plant cover may also contribute to the stabilisation of the site and increase its amenity value.


This leads to both under-nutrition (micronutrients deficiency) and over-nutrition (energy overconsumption resulting in overweight and obesity) within the members of a community, depending on the age group, gender and level of deprivation. The disadvantaged also develop chronic diseases at an earlier age compared with higher socio-economic groups; usually identified by educational and occupational levels.


There is a danger as new teachers struggle with how to implement their educational theories in the classroom to fall back into teaching how they have been taught, regardless of whether or not that method is appropriate to their beliefs or considered best-practice. In order to combat that tendency, this teacher-research project was designed to problem-solve the often-times conflicting relationship between curriculum and theory that all too often results in fall-back teaching. But also, this project aimed to collect and analyze student work in order to better inform instruction in a way that was both reflective and active. Specifically, the context of this project was a student-internship in a ninth grade English classroom in Boise, Idaho where intern, Kaidi Stroud, and mentor, Sarah Veigel explored the instructional benefits of teaching students how to question texts, rather than simply respond to texts. This specific instructional intervention evolved from an exploration of a new district-wide program, AVID (Advancement Via Individual Determination), and utilized Costa's levels of questioning and Bloom's hierarchy of cognitive skills (AVID Center, 2008). The findings indicate that providing direct and explicit instruction on this questioning framework promotes critical literacy, debate, responsibility, and higher-level thinking in students.


ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorder is a complex and genetically heterogeneous disorder, which has hampered the identification of the etiological factors in each patient and, consequently, the genetic counseling for families at risk. However, in the last decades, the remarkable advances in the knowledge of genetic aspects of autism based on genetic and molecular research, as well as the development of new molecular diagnostic tools, have substantially changed this scenario. Nowadays, it is estimated that using the currently available molecular tests, a potential underlying genetic cause can be identified in nearly 25% of cases. Combined with clinical assessment, prenatal history evaluation and investigation of other physiological aspects, an etiological explanation for the disease can be found for approximately 30 to 40% of patients. Therefore, in view of the current knowledge about the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder, which has contributed for a more precise genetic counseling, and of the potential benefits that an etiological investigation can bring to patients and families, molecular genetic investigation has become increasingly important. Here, we discuss the current view of the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder, and list the main associated genetic alterations, the available molecular tests and the key aspects for the genetic counseling of these families.


Misbehavior in mobile ad-hoc networks occurs for several reasons. Selfish nodes misbehave to save power or to improve their access to service relative to others. Malicious intentions result in misbehavior as exemplified by denial of service attacks. Faulty nodes simply misbehave accidentally. Regardless of the motivation for misbehavior its impact on the mobile ad-hoc network proves to be detrimental, decreasing the performance and the fairness of the network, and in the extreme case, resulting in a non-functional network. Countermeasures to prevent or to combat misbehavior have been proposed, such as payment schemes for network services, secure routing protocols, intrusion detection and reputation systems to detect and isolate misbehaved nodes. We discuss the trade-offs and issues of self-policing mobile ad-hoc networks and give an overview of the state of the art, discussing and contrasting several solution proposals.


The Engineers Without Borders (EWB) Design Challenge is an excellent example of how universities from across the globe allow students to engage with humanitarian engineering. Massey University has been utilising the EWB Design Challenge as a framework to introduce engineering practice to first year students, and this has led to our teams winning multiple regional and international prizes. This article shares our experience of the design and teaching of this first year course and provides engineering educators with a successful example of how students learn about engineering practice in product, process, and system building, as well as their personal and interpersonal skills. We highlight how, by using a humanitarian engineering context, we embed CDIO thinking. Our case study illustrates how we project manage this process using Stage-GateTM (Cooper, 2008); support students to conduct reflective practice by using logbooks (Osgood, 2013); include practising engineers as consultants; and provide detailed assessment guidelines and rubric examples to guide students through the myriad challenges during engineering practice. This case study shows that the implementation of the EWB Design Challenge has been successful in providing a useful framework to introduce engineering practice. It is particularly effective in exposing students to a number of ethically driven social competencies required for the global engineer. It is hoped that by sharing our experience of operating this course that engineering faculty may take on-board some of our learning and assessment practices to improve the offering of an introductory design project at their institution.


Background: Poor symptom control is common in asthma. Breathing training exercises may be an effective adjunct to medication; it is therefore important to understand facilitators and barriers to uptake of breathing training exercises. Aims: To gain insight into patients' perceptions of breathing training exercises designed to help control asthma symptoms. Methods: Semi-structured think-aloud interviews were conducted with 29 people with asthma about their views of a booklet on breathing training exercises. Results: Thematic analysis showed breathing training exercises were seen as acceptable in principle because they were viewed as non-pharmacological, holistic, unobtrusive, and likely to increase patient confidence in managing symptoms. Anticipated disadvantages included the time required and perceived irrelevance for those with well-controlled asthma. These views were influenced by prior experience of changing breathing, wanting to self-manage asthma, negative views of medication, and perceived asthma control/severity. Anticipated barriers to carrying out the exercises included difficulties with nose breathing, remembering to do them, and persevering with them. Anticipated facilitators included monitoring tools and social support. Conclusions: The idea of breathing training was viewed positively as an acceptable non-pharmacological treatment that patients can do discreetly to help them breathe more easily and reduce their reliance on medication. Uptake of breathing training may be greater among those who perceive their asthma as severe and/or have negative views of medication. To enhance uptake, it might be helpful to present breathing training exercises as holistic skills that can also benefit those with mild symptoms.


Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a common hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. It is rarely reported in patients without asthma. We hereby presented an ABPA case with an atypical clinical presentation and high attenuation mucoid impaction. Our aim is to emphasize that ABPA can occur with atypical clinical findings.


This paper examines the determinants of M&A activity in the pharmaceutical-biotechnology industry and the effects of mergers using propensity scores to control for merger endogeneity. Among large firms, we find that mergers are a response to excess capacity due to anticipated patent expirations and gaps in a company's product pipeline. For small firms, mergers are primarily an exit strategy for firms in financial trouble, as indicated by low Tobin's q, few marketed products, and low cash-sales ratios. We find that it is important to control for a firm's prior propensity to merge. Firms with relatively high propensity scores experienced slower growth of sales, employees and R&D regardless of whether they actually merged, which is consistent with mergers being a response to distress. Controlling for a firm's merger propensity, large firms that merged experienced similar changes in enterprise value, sales, employees, and R&D relative to similar firms that did not merge. Merged firms had slower growth in operating profit in the third year following a merger. Thus mergers may be a response to trouble, but they are not an effective solution for large firms. Neither mergers nor propensity scores have any effect on subsequent growth in enterprise value. This confirms that market valuations on average yield unbiased predictions of the effects of mergers. Small firms that merged experienced slower R&D growth relative to similar firms that did not merge, suggesting that post-merger integration may divert cash from R&D.


The rapid dose fall-off from treatment target to the adjacent critical organs has been the Holy Grail for radiotherapy treatment planning. The modern treatment delivery technologies to address such goal include volumetric modulated rotational therapy, non-coplanar EVIRT beams and the use of unflattened beams to reduce the penumbra area. In this lecture, the integration of above techniques will be presented to achieve the goal of a sharp gradient dose around the target and also the discussion of middle to low dose volumes. Use of volumetric modulated rotational therapy by multiple non-coplanar arcs is an idea treatment modality to focus the high dose in the target area while spreading the low dose to even larger volume to reduce the middle range dose to surrounding critical organs. This is especially important for SBRT treatment plans since the fraction dose is much higher than the traditional fraction schema. The challenges we face today are 1. the gantry-couch (patient) collision issue for non-coplanar beam angles, 2. the treatment delivery efficiency due to multiple arc rotations and 3. the massive inverse optimization computation for multiple rotational arcs can be resource intensive and time consuming for treatment plan systems. It might not be easy to resolve all the challenges at one time. However, the high efficient unflattened beam can certainly improve the delivery speed by reducing the beam- on time and this, again, is essential to SBRT patients with high fractional dose. In this lecture, the non-coplanar rotational therapy treatment planning techniques will be presented and be evaluated by using comformality index, gradient index as well as dose volume histogram comparison. The differences in treatment delivery time will be tabulated and compared. At the end, the high-medium-low dose volumes will be illustrated with radiobiological models for the philosophy of sun tanned versus sun burned.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand treatment plan and dose gradient advantages of using non- coplanar rotational therapy 2. Understand potential delivery efficiency by using unflattened beams for multiple non-coplanar rotational beams 3. Understand sun tanned versus sun burned: the low dose volume and integrated dose.


Background: Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization to wheat is more common than a doctor's confirmed wheat allergy and is also frequently observed in grass pollen-allergic patients (pollinosis patients). Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the level and feature of serological IgE cross-reactivity between grass pollen and wheat in a cohort of pollinosis subjects with no diagnosis of wheat allergy. Methods: Seventy-two children, aged 5–17 years, with a doctor's diagnosis of pollinosis, IgE towards grass pollen, and currently eating wheat were recruited. Serum samples were analyzed for IgE against wheat, timothy grass/wheat-specific allergen components, Pru p 3, and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) and specific IgE-binding inhibition experiments were performed. Results: Sixty percent of the grass pollen subjects were sensitized to wheat with a median of 0.5 kUA/L. Wheat-sensitized subjects were more often sensitized to the two allergens, Phl p 12 and CCD, known to be cross-reactive between grass and wheat. Sensitizations to seven wheat-specific allergens derived from the gluten fraction were, with the exception of one individual, only found in wheat-sensitized subjects. These subjects also more often reported current and past history of allergy to staple foods (milk, egg, wheat, soy, and fish). Conclusion: Wheat sensitization caused by cross-reactivity but also by sensitization to wheat-specific allergens was common in the grass-allergic children and also associated with allergy to staple foods other than wheat. The results indicate the presence of a subgroup of pollinosis patients with simultaneous sensitization to wheat and food allergy not only caused by cross-reactions.


A simple and controllable method is proposed to fabricate suspended three-dimensional carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) structures by tailoring diffraction-induced light distribution in photolithography process. An optical model is set up and the corresponding affecting parameters are analyzed to interpret and predict the formation of suspended structures based on Fresnel diffraction theory. It is identified that mask pattern dimensions, gap distance between the photomask and photoresist, and the exposure time are critical to the final suspended structures, which have also been verified through experimental demonstrations. The fabricated biocompatible suspended C-MEMS structures could find wide applications in electrochemical and biological areas.


There is no doubt that UN sanctions are among the most powerful tools that the international community can resort to in its quest to maintain international peace and security. Under Article 39 of the UN Charter, the Security Council is empowered to adopt enforcement measures in response to a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression. Whether the Council would, in fact, take such action is contingent on whether it sees a particular situation as applicable to these criteria. When the Security Council met in a summit on January 31, 1992, a Presidential Statement was issued declaring that "[t]he proliferation of all weapons of mass destruction constitutes a threat to international peace and security." The members of the Council also committed themselves to working to prevent the spread of such weapons and to take appropriate action to that end. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] This Presidential Statement was a mere abstract statement and did not entail the adoption or application of any concrete measures. However, the Council did take concrete actions more in line with this statement following the ballistic missile launch and nuclear weapons test conducted by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea) in 2006. The Security Council adopted resolutions 1695 (2006) in July and 1718 (2006) in October, respectively. Another Council resolution, resolution 1874 (2009), was adopted in June 2009 to strengthen sanctions against the DPRK in response to the DPRK's second nuclear test. How these resolutions are implemented will be a litmus test to see if the United Nations can effectively cope with today's most acute security issue: the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. This article analyzes the main provisions of resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009), which impose specific sanctions on the DPRK, as well as their implementation by UN member states. Both of these resolutions were adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and by consensus. Normative Enforcement Measures The operative paragraphs of resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009) include two kinds of enforcement measures: normative and practical. Normative aspects of the measures mainly concern the DPRK's ballistic missile and nuclear activities. With regard to ballistic missile activities, the resolutions demanded that the DPRK not conduct further launches of any ballistic missiles. They also decided that the DPRK suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile program and re-establish its pre-existing commitment to a moratorium on missile launching. As resolutions adopted under Chapter VII, such demands and decisions are legally binding and the DPRK is legally obligated to do what is prescribed by the resolutions. There is no dispute that Security Council decisions are legally binding, as Article 25 of the UN Charter provides that "[t]he Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter." However, the term "demands" is also considered to be legally binding on all UN member states in accordance with recent UN practice. Given that the demands in resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009) are legally binding on the DPRK, they have more far-reaching repercussions in relation to the DPRK's nuclear activities. The Council demanded that the DPRK immediately retract its announcement of withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and that it return to the NPT and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. In January 2003, the DPRK gave notice to the Security Council of its immediate withdrawal from the NPT "in exercising its national sovereignty" as provided for in Article X of the Treaty. Despite different views held by some of the parties to the NPT regarding North Korea's status under the treaty, the resolutions implicitly recognized that the DPRK is now out of the NPT by demanding that it return to the NPT generally rather than simply return to compliance with the NPT. …


In the current density functional theory of linear and nonlinear time-dependent phenomena, the treatment of exchange and correlation beyond the level of the adiabatic local density approximation is shown to lead to the appearance of viscoelastic stresses in the electron fluid. Complex and frequency-dependent viscosity/elasticity coefficients are microscopically derived and expressed in terms of properties of the homogeneous electron gas. As a first consequence of this formalism, we provide an explicit formula for the linewidths of collective excitations in electronic systems.


This significant new volume contains incisive chapters on a number of prominent concerns, including changes in the British system of utility regulation, the spectrum allocation question, liberalisation of EU energy markets, security of supply issues, reform in the European postal sector, the future of rail regulation, the cost of capital and Ofcom's strategic approach to regulation. Chapters on each topic are followed by comments from regulators, competition authority chairmen and other experts in the relevant fields. By confronting the most important international developments in utility regulation, the authors offer practical policy recommendations for an effective way forward.


Research at the Northeast Group explores how the malleability of commoner identity is crucial to interpretations of ancient Maya society. This volume has two main aims: first to demonstrate how residents of the Northeast Group used materials and architecture to distinguish themselves from others in the neighborhood, and second to examine the implications of commoners as agents of history. Fundamental to this is the deconstruction of what archaeologists mean by commoner and the theoretical and methodological assumptions built into these definitions. Regardless of extensive research in settlement and household studies, interpretations of ancient Maya society continued to be framed with reference to elites. As elites are defined as the motor of change within civilization, commoners, in contrast, are characterized as static and passive. This books seeks to demonstrate that these models do not accurately reflect who commoners were and their impact in the construction of ancient Maya society as a whole.


In a time when a greater part of the world hails elections as the hallmark of democracy, skepticism of their true value has severely increased in the academic community. Building on an analysis of 232 elections in Africa, this article argues that an uninterrupted series of elections tends to cause any society to become imbued with democratic qualities since the mere repetition of multiparty elections—regardless of whether they are free and fair—leads to increases in human freedom and the spread of democracy.


The ultra-structure of the developing notochord in urodele embryos, from the neurula to young tadpole stages, has been studied in thin sections. The first part of the paper is concerned with the intercellular membranes, the second with intracellular structures. In neurula stages the notochord cells are in rather loose contact, and gaps of considerable size occur between them. In tailbud stages, the cells become much more closely apposed, the surface of contact being usually thrown into slight waves or bumps; when sectioned normally it appears as two closely adherent profiles. In later tailbud stages the plasma membranes of the cells begin to fall apart again. The first sign of this is the appearance of small vesicles whose form suggests that fluid is being secreted into the intercellular spaces. These membrane vesicles increase considerably in numbers, but not in average dimensions(diameter about 500 to 700 Å). It is concluded that the increase in the closeness of association between contiguous cell membranes, which is seen during the early stages of chordagenesis, might provide the motive force which brings about the morphogenesis of the organ, as has been suggested earlier. The later separation of the cell membranes, with the appearance of membrane vesicles, is an unexpected phenomenon the significance of which is not clear. At the beginning of the period, the cells are of an undifferentiated embryonic type; by the end of it they have acquired a specific histological character, involving the appearance of large fluid-filled intracellular vacuoles, the formation of a notochordal sheath and other features. During the course of differentiation, two different types of ergastoplasm make their appearance one after another. The first is associated with the formation of the fluid-filled vacuoles; the second with the formation of the sheath ; and an ergastoplasm resembling the second chordal type is also found in the mesenchyme cells which lie against the external surface of the sheath. All three ergastoplasms are continuous with the nuclear envelope at the time when they are rapidly increasing in size; and it seems probable that they are directly derived from the outer member of the nuclear envelope. Golgi elements, mitochondria and various other types of granule ('multi-vesiculate bodies') are also found. In the early stages the body of the nucleus is often penetrated by long cytoplasmic processes. It is suggested that these may arise when the new nuclear envelope is being formed at telophase. It is argued that the morphologically characteristic types of ergastoplasm found in different types of cell, and at different stages during the development of a given type of cell, are probably not merely consequences of the particular type of synthesis proceeding, since they appear before such synthesis can have got very far; it seems more probable that the ultra-microscopic morphology of the nuclear envelope and ergastoplasm is a visible expression of the nature of the synthetic machinery. The functions of these structures might either be to increase the efficiency of the nuclear control of cytoplasmic processes, or to contribute to the co-ordination between the various different synthetic processes which must be involved in differentiation.


: The agricultural machines become more and more complex and complicated systems aimed to produce cheaper and plenty of agricultural products. The modern farmers uses computer technology and equipment not only for monitoring and analysis of the financial results from his activity, but also for expert assessment of yields, state of soil, crops, animals, machinery, product parameters, climatic conditions. Being acquainted with the principles of operation, structure, parameters and modes of adjustment and work with such electronic systems is becoming an obligatory part of the training of agricultural production experts.


Boat Building in Winterton, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. Revised edition. By David A. Taylor. (Gatineau, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, 2006. United States distribution by the University of Washington Press, Seattle. Pp. xxii + 164, abstract, foreword, preface, acknowledgments, introduction, maps, photographs, illustrations, tables, graphs, illustrations, tables, graphs, chapter notes, appendices, glossary, bibliography. $29.95 paper) In 1985, I learned how to use oakum and a caulking iron to seal the deck of the schooner Ernestina. David Taylor's Boat Building in Winterton, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, brought it all back: the fibrous oakum; the fanning blade of the caulking iron; the piney smell of oil, wood, and sweat. More importantly, though, Taylor's book ably preserves the memories of others. Annie Proulx, author of The Shipping News (1993) and of this revised edition's foreword, says even fewer people since this work's original publication in 1982 possess the boat building skills that Taylor's volume describes. The new edition also calls attention to changes in folkloristics as it presents the master's thesis of a scholar and teacher who has since led many more preservation efforts at the American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress. Proulx's foreword attests to Taylor's foresight and the success of his preservation efforts, which include not only this book, but support for the Winterton Boat Building Museum (2003). A strength of Boat Building in Winterton is the original photographs and diagrams that carefully detail the construction of the small craft, helping correct a dearth of written records of boat design. Boat Building in Winterton joins materials from the regional archive with maritime and local history books to make them more accessible, thus supporting cultural tourism, which has helped replace income in the decline of Winterton's fishing industry. Taylor integrates the visuals with descriptive prose, which is necessary but not quite so successful as the historical sections. While words such as "oakum" and "caulking iron" admitted me to the collective memory, I found myself excluded later on, when technical terms were used before being introduced. Readers may find themselves paging back and forth in search of definitions with which to untangle jargon. The detailed diagram and glossary near the end of the book are helpful, but a more complete diagram, an index, and careful editing are needed to promote ease of reading. The dense descriptions may partly reflect Taylor's struggle as a new scholar dealing with the multiple audiences that public-sector folklorists must address-here, communities seeking to preserve their traditions and folklorists looking for theory and data to use in other studies. The second audience will likely find the boatbuilding language off-putting, while the first might find the detailed discussion of research methodology excessive. …


*Corresponding Author Email: firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT Background and aims: Transgenders face several social disadvantages in the Indian cultural context, and often live on the fringe of the society. Presence of adverse life circumstances predisposes them to have psychological morbidity. In the absence of previous systematic evidence, this pilot study aimed to assess emotional distress and quality of life among transgenders attending a clinic in south India. Methods: This hospital based cross-sectional study assessed transgenders attending a specialized multi-speciality clinic. Participants were assessed for relevant demographic and clinical information. Anxiety and depression were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), while General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used to assess for general emotional distress. WHOQOL Bref was used to assess quality of life. Results: The pilot study included 15 transgenders with a median age of 30 years. All the participants had experienced sexual abuse in childhood, and 11/15 (73.3%) had a lifetime suicide attempt. The median HADS anxiety, HADS depression and GHQ scores were 9, 14 and 8 respectively. About 66.7% of the sample had significant anxiety symptoms while 100% had significant depressive symptoms as per HADS cut-off. The quality of life scores were particularly low for the 'social' domain. Conclusion: Transgenders experience considerable emotional distress and have poor social quality of life. Medical professionals need to be sensitive to the health-care needs of transgenders to improve their psychological well being.


We find that traditional authentication ways donpsilat act well in MANETs for the features of dynamic topology and non-existence of central facilities in mobile ad hoc networks. This paper presents a distributed trust proving language, which is based on role trust. The solution of constructing credential authentication infrastructure and the problem how to perform automated trust negotiation are also discussed. Our design defines roles and policies to make distributed trust negotiation and it can avoid unrelated credential fetching. Simulations show that Our design outperforms traditional trust negotiation ways and is more efficient as a security authentication mechanism in the MANET environments.


We have characterized the cytotoxic activity of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, which resides within a membrane-bound vacuole during the 2-day infection cycle. We have established that infected epithelial cells and macrophages die through apoptosis, which is measurable within 1 day of infection and requires productive infection by the bacteria. Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis has no effect on cell death, but blocking bacterial entry or bacterial protein synthesis prevents apoptosis, implying that bacterial growth is required for death of the host cell. Apoptosis was confirmed through the use of electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, gel agarose electrophoresis of fragmented DNA, and propidium-iodide labeling of host cell nuclei. Although infected cells died preferentially, both infected and uninfected cells became apoptotic, suggesting that the infected cells may secrete proapoptotic factors. Inhibition of either of two proapoptotic enzymes, caspase-1 or caspase-3, did not significantly affect Chlamydia-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that, as in the case of apoptosis due to Bax expression or oncogene dysregulation, which initiate the apoptotic program within the cell interior, the Chlamydia infection may trigger an apoptotic pathway that is independent of known caspases. As apoptotic cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, Chlamydia-induced apoptosis may contribute to the inflammatory response of the host.


The purpose of this study was to know the factor of value of market opportunities and RCA index in controlling the stability of sawit prices in the local market and internationally, knowing the mapping relationship sell price the export of palm production (CPO) of to output data of palm fruit crop productivity, formulate strategic planning of policy implementation new, and create of price stability against economic dynamics of palm industry. A method of this research using analysis kualititatif training namely analysis of the value to reach hope business opportunities industry palm. In addition to the qualitative method in this research uses quantitative methods namely as a method of econometrics basic stratejik program increased economic value in the provinsi Lampung of palm .Qualitative analysis results show that indonesia are at a position with the value of the top 64 % followed by malaysia with value is 22 % that this condition of indonesia controlling market growth data during the last three years.Compared with the value of total export value of exports of CPO and exporting countries divided by comparison of the export value of exports of CPO and the total value of the world acquired the value of RCA.While the analysis of comparative advantages to having ekonomitrika CPO Indonesia .The condition of CPO in Lampung contribute to the province of 7 % of CPO export .The increase in factory palm oil production recovery from an average of 20-21 % toward 23-2 %; up grading the quality of the value of land productive DOBI have the outer covering a wide. Key word : RCA, Stratejik, economic value


Cell migration and phagocytosis ensue from extracellular-initiated signaling cascades that orchestrate dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The reorganization is mediated by effector proteins recruited to the site of activity by locally-generated lipid second messengers. Phosphatidic acid (PA), a membrane phospholipid generated by multiple enzyme families including Phospholipase D (PLD), has been proposed to function in this role. Here, we show that macrophages prepared from mice lacking either of the classical PLD isoforms PLD1 or PLD2, or wild-type macrophages whose PLD activity has been pharmacologically inhibited, display isoform-specific actin cytoskeleton abnormalities that likely underlie decreases observed in phagocytic capacity. Unexpectedly, PA continued to be detected on the phagosome in the absence of either isoform and even when all PLD activity was eliminated. However, a disorganized phagocytic cup was observed as visualized by imaging PA, F-actin, Rac1, an organizer of the F-actin network, and DOCK2, a Rac1 activator, suggesting that PLD-mediated PA production during phagocytosis is specifically critical for the integrity of the process. The abnormal F-actin reorganization additionally impacted neutrophil migration and extravasation from the vasculature into interstitial tissues. Although both PLD1 and PLD2 were important in these processes, we also observed isoform-specific functions. PLD1-driven processes in particular were observed to be critical in transmigration of macrophages exiting the vasculature during immune responses such as those seen in acute pancreatitis or irritant-induced skin vascularization.


Biomolecular Electronics – the electrical control of biological phenomena – is a scientific challenge that, once fully realized, will find a wide range of applications from electronics and computing to medicine and therapeutic techniques. This new arena of biomolecular electronics is approached using familiar concepts from many areas such as electrochemistry, device electronics and some mechanisms of gene expression level control. Practical techniques are explored by which electrical and electronic means can be used to control biological reactions and processes. Also, the current and future applications for this new and expanding field are discussed. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers involved in both research and commercial applications across fields including bioelectronics, bionanotechnology, electrochemistry and nanomedicine – providing a state-of-the-art survey of what's going on at the boundary between biology and electronic technology at the micro- and nano- scales, along with a suggestive insight into future possible developments.

Demystifies the science and applications of electrically-driven biological reactions.
Explains how the techniques of bioelectronics and electrochemistry can be deployed as biological control technologies.
Provides applications information for diverse areas from bio-electrochemistry to electrical control of gene expression levels.


Climate change is likely to alter wildfire regimes, but the magnitude and timing of potential climate-driven changes in regional fire regimes are not well understood. We considered how the occurrence, size, and spatial location of large fires might respond to climate projections in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE) (Wyoming), a large wildland ecosystem dominated by conifer forests and characterized by infrequent, high-severity fire. We developed a suite of statistical models that related monthly climate data (1972–1999) to the occurrence and size of fires >200 ha in the northern Rocky Mountains; these models were cross-validated and then used with downscaled (∼12 km × 12 km) climate projections from three global climate models to predict fire occurrence and area burned in the GYE through 2099. All models predicted substantial increases in fire by midcentury, with fire rotation (the time to burn an area equal to the landscape area) reduced to <30 y from the historical 100–300 y for most of the GYE. Years without large fires were common historically but are expected to become rare as annual area burned and the frequency of regionally synchronous fires increase. Our findings suggest a shift to novel fire–climate–vegetation relationships in Greater Yellowstone by midcentury because fire frequency and extent would be inconsistent with persistence of the current suite of conifer species. The predicted new fire regime would transform the flora, fauna, and ecosystem processes in this landscape and may indicate similar changes for other subalpine forests.


This thesis describes a new technique, absolute distance contouring, and a phase unwrapping algorithm for phase maps with discontinuities.
Absolute distance contouring, which is based on the shadow moire method, using the rotation of a grating, is a technique which can be used for the measurement of absolute distance from the grating to the object and the determination of an object's height. By the selection of suitable rotation angles, images are captured at different positions of the grating to obtain the required data. The technique is divided into three different methods, according to the number of images required for each measurement and the rotation angles. These are known as: the absolute distance contouring method, the four-image method, and the three-image method.
Using these methods, the three-dimensional shape of the object can be obtained directly and it is not necessary to determine the absolute moire fringe order nor to judge the hills and valleys of the object's surface. Some of the problems of the previous shadow moire methods can be solved and some inconvenience can be overcome by the proposed methods. The techniques have been verified by experimental work which was carried out on a specially designed system. The results show that the methods are fast and the accuracy is better than 10μm. The maximum measurable range is related to the geometry of the optical system and the rotation angles.
The phase unwrapping algorithm is a technique to obtain the correct phase distribution for a phase map with discontinuities. A crossed grating, which has two sets of lines in two different directions, is projected onto the surface to be measured. The modulated grating image, which is equal to the superposition of two separate modulated images, is captured and Fourier transformed. The two images are separated in the Fourier domain. After filtering and frequency shifting, they are inverse transformed to obtain two phase maps with different precisions. Phase unwrapping at each pixel is carried out independently and the correct phase values can be obtained in the presence of discontinuities caused by a surface with steps or noise. This fast algorithm has been verified experimentally by measuring the shapes of objects with height steps, and it only requires a single image for each measurement.
The methods of absolute distance contouring and the new phase unwrapping algorithm are new techniques for the measurement of three-dimensional object profile, which will find application in many areas.


Broadcasters globally are dependent on the commercial news agency wholesalers of television pictures. By following the chronological development of a story, this article demonstrates how framing determined in agency planning processes influences the stories told to audiences by broadcasters. It is hypothesised that news agency economic priorities drive international event coverage planning; that news-coverage "frames" influence the news delivered to agency clients and the stories told to audiences by broadcasters; and that wealthy broadcasters are more likely to localise their coverage of international events, while smaller broadcasters relay to their audiences strictly the stories told by agencies. The case of the Mururoa nuclear testing and Tahiti independence rioting ill 1995 are used to demonstrate that the reproduction of news frames manufactured by news agencies may be expected among broadcasters worldwide, diminishing the possibility of multiple interpretations of global events.


'To talk of many things' is a remarkable account of a remarkable life. This story covers two world wars and the near sixty years that followed in a life dominated by mathematics and public service. Profoundly deaf from birth, Dame Kathleen has never seen her condition as an obstacle. She travelled widely through Europe between the wars, was a wartime don at Somerville College, Oxford, served on national education committees from the 1950s onwards, has been at various times on the Boards of the Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester Polytechnic and Lancaster and Salford Universities and in the 1990s chased total eclipses of the sun round the globe. A former Lord Mayor and Freeman of the City of Manchester, Dame Kathleen writes compellingly of her greatest enthusiasm - mathematics. The publication of her work on Magic Squares and her presidency of the Institute of Mathematics have been high points in a long and distinguished career.


After several years of stagnation, the Czech Republic has experienced a sharp rise in numbers of drug offences registered by the police as well as in other statistical indicators related to this type of crime. Between 2009 and 2014, the number of drug offences registered per year by the police increased by 80% and the number of persons convicted of drug offences per year almost doubled. This finding could indicate that there is a period of an enormous spread of drug offences on the streets of the Czech Republic. But the reliance on official crime statistics as the only source of data on crime rate and trends can lead to misleading and oversimplified conclusions. The paper is based on the results of the recent research of the Institute of Criminology and Social Prevention in Prague. Using a qualitative approach and findings from the analysis of statistics on drug offences, the analysis of epidemiological data, the assessment of the new legislation, the analysis of relevant strategic documents and the expert questionnaire survey, the authors present possible explanations for the recent development in drug offences rate, pointing out certain shortcomings of the official statistics of registered offences. The analysis indicates that the real increase in drug crime, connected mainly with the rise in numbers of problem (high-risk) drug users, can in part explain the development of the registered drug crime rate. However, other factors, like the shift in the priorities of the Czech police leaders and related shift in the allocation of capacities, play probably more important role, which confirms the limited usability of registered crime statistics in describing and explaining the real state and development of crime.


We have been developing a methodology/system called GLS (Global Learning Scheme) for knowledge discovery in databases. The development of GLS has two main aspects. The first is to develop a multi-strategy system. That is, many kinds of discovery/learning methods are cooperatively used in multiple learning phases for performing multi-aspect intelligent data analysis as well as multi-level conceptual abstraction and learning. As a multi-strategy system, GLS is implemented as a toolkit composed of several sub-systems and optional parts with a multi-level structure. We have finished main parts belonging to this aspect, and have undertaken another aspect, i.e., extending GLS into a multi-agent, distributed and cooperative discovery system. We try to increase versatility and autonomy of GLS by multi-strategy and distributed cooperation. This paper briefly discusses these two aspects of GLS.


Well characterized photon number resolving detectors are a requirement for many applications ranging from quantum information and quantum metrology to the foundations of quantum mechanics. This prompts the necessity for reliable calibration techniques at the single photon level. In this paper we propose an innovative absolute calibration technique for photon number resolving detectors, using a pulsed heralded photon source based on parametric down conversion. The technique, being absolute, does not require reference standards and is independent upon the performances of the heralding detector. The method provides the results of quantum efficiency for the heralded detector as a function of detected photon numbers. Furthermore, we prove its validity by performing the calibration of a Transition Edge Sensor based detector, a real photon number resolving detector that has recently demonstrated its effectiveness in various quantum information protocols.


Exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in drinking water has been linked to a number of adverse health effects including cancer, liver, and kidney damage. However, the large number of potential contaminants and the cost and complexity of existing analytical methods limits the extent to which water quality is routinely characterized. This project focused on the laboratory development and evaluation of an instrument for field analysis of VOCs in drinking water. The instrument is based on an array of six polymer-coated surface-acoustic-wave microsensors. A test-set consisting of dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, perchloroethylene, and m-xylene was used in a series of experiments designed to optimize the purge-trap preconcentration system, calibrate the instrument over the concentration range of 0.2-2 times the USEPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), and compare results to those of a reference laboratory. The primary goal was to develop a cost-effective alternative for on-site evaluation of VOCs in water. Calibration and evaluation test results for spiked water samples demonstrate adequate sensitivity for 19 of the 21 regulated VOCs considered using a ten minute sampling and analysis cycle. Monte Carlo simulations characterized the performance of trained artificial neural networks (ANNs) which had correct classification rates of 99%, 90%, and 80% for the five individual test-set vapors and their binary and ternary mixtures, respectively. These results demonstrate the excellent potential of this technology for addressing the need for improved VOC field-screening methods for water supplies.


The effect of recombinant interleukin 6 (rIL-6) on the transcript levels of rat glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes rGSTA2, rGSTP1, rGSTM1 and rGSTM2 was examined in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. rIL-6 had little effect on the increase in expression of rGSTP1 that occurs in cultured hepatocytes. Dexamethasone (DEX), in contrast, prevented the expression of rGSTP1 by hepatocytes, and rIL-6 in combination with DEX had no additional effect. Neither rIL-6 nor DEX alone had a significant effect on the transcript levels of rGSTA2, rGSTM1 and rGSTM2 in cultured hepatocytes. However, when both were present (15 ng/ml rIL-6 and 10(-7) M DEX) the transcript levels of rGSTA2, rGSTM1 and rGSTM2 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after 48 h in culture. If the rIL-6 was removed from the cultures after 24 h, the levels of transcripts recovered and were the same at 48 h as cells cultured without rIL-6 for the entire period. Dose-response relationships of rIL-6 with 10(-7) M DEX were determined for transcripts of each GST isoenzyme and the IC50 values were between 1.5 and 7.5 ng/ml. Declines in transcript levels of rGSTA2 were observed with rIL-6 plus 10(-8) or 10(-7) M DEX but not with rIL-6 plus 10(-9), 10(-6), or 10(-5) M DEX. To determine if the cytokine and glucocorticoid effects were mediated by sequences in the 5'-flanking sequence of rGSTA2, a plasmid construct containing a 1.6 kb fragment of the 5'-flanking sequence of the rGSTA2 gene and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was used to transfect rat hepatocytes in primary culture. The addition of rIL-6 and DEX to the culture medium caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in CAT activity after 48 h in culture. If rIL-6 was removed after 24 h in culture, CAT activity after an additional 24 h in culture was greater than the CAT activity in cells cultured for 48 h without rIL-6. Therefore cytokines and glucocorticoids may be important physiological regulators of GST expression.


Abstract In the ever-more connected and intertwined world, driven by specialization, economies of scale, and outsourcing, results are obtained through extensive communication and collaboration in international environment. We are witnessing successful complex business endeavors that rely on unobstructed and creative exchange of information and synergy of skills and resources. These processes are accomplished in international environment to a greater extent than ever. This calls for a deeper understanding of intercultural processes and communication for the purpose of achieving business results. This article aims to provide the guidance in negotiating with American partners, based on a number of structured interviews. Attempt was made to link major intercultural theories with practical experience of Austrian companies and individuals working with their United States (US) partners, as well as with self-assessment of a number of American business people. According to the best of our knowledge, there is a shortage of articles that deal with specific features of negotiating with American partners.


Improving prediction models applied in systems monitoring natural hazards and machinery A method of combining three analytic techniques including regression rule induction, the k-nearest neighbors method and time series forecasting by means of the ARIMA methodology is presented. A decrease in the forecasting error while solving problems that concern natural hazards and machinery monitoring in coal mines was the main objective of the combined application of these techniques. The M5 algorithm was applied as a basic method of developing prediction models. In spite of an intensive development of regression rule induction algorithms and fuzzy-neural systems, the M5 algorithm is still characterized by the generalization ability and unbeatable time of data model creation competitive with other systems. In the paper, two solutions designed to decrease the mean square error of the obtained rules are presented. One consists in introducing into a set of conditional variables the so-called meta-variable (an analogy to constructive induction) whose values are determined by an autoregressive or the ARIMA model. The other shows that limitation of a data set on which the M5 algorithm operates by the k-nearest neighbor method can also lead to error decreasing. Moreover, three application examples of the presented solutions for data collected by systems of natural hazards and machinery monitoring in coal mines are described. In Appendix, results of several benchmark data sets analyses are given as a supplement of the presented results.


This study examined the efficiency of using educational electronic games in improving English language skills of the fourth Elementary grade students in Riyadh region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the objectives of the study, two tests were prepared: first, to measure English language skills and the second to measure the electronic programming that provides appropriate validity and reliability. Afterwards, the programme was applied to the sample that consisted of 63 female students who were randomly distributed into two samples; one represented the experimental group (31 students) and the second the control group consisting of 32 students, from those who were enrolled during the second semester of the academic year 2015-2016. In order to answer the main questions of the study, means, standard deviations and One-Way- ANOVA were used. The study showed that there are no significant statistical differences in the English language skills among either group (experimental and control groups) that are attributed to the method of teaching, for the benefit of the software of the educational electronic games.


Post-crisis, macro-prudential ideas have challenged the epistemic authority of private risk management technologies, declaring them to be pro-cyclical contributors to systemic risk. This discursive challenge has been most critical of the shadow banking system, where private risk management instruments are central. This challenge, however, has not been translated into regulatory tools which reflect these convictions. This paper studies this process of discursive challenge to (failed) regulatory intervention for the case of the repo-market, the heart of the current shadow banking system. It traces regulatory efforts on the global and EU level from regulatory statements to (lack of) action, documenting both the persistent articulation of macro-prudential ideas challenging private risk-management systems and timid to no regulatory intervention. It links this hiatus to international coordination problems, the need for macro-prudential action to span regulatory communities, involving banking and financial market authorities and disagreements between micro- and macro-prudentially oriented regulators. The lack of evidence and the difficulty to generate it are identified as major impediments for regulatory consensus, further aggravated by ambiguities about the goals of anti-cyclical regulation. Beyond governance problems and the persistent appeal of private risk-management systems, the paper thus points to difficulties operationalizing macro-prudential ideas as a major explanatory factor.


Background: Complexity of clinical situation, non-oriented patients and abundant medical devices make the ICUs one of the most prevalent wards for patient harms and incidents. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess patient safety management system in ICU for hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in 9 hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences which had Intensive Care Unit in 2011. Structural survey of patient safety assessment was used to identify status quo of hospitals. The sample size was 54 employees, top and middle managers, patients and their relatives who were interviewed. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method was used for specific identification of ICU in terms of patients safety by group discussion in clinical teams and the VOLERE logics was used to design patient safety management system based on identifying functional and nonfunctional requirements. Findings: Mean scores of 6 main components of the questionnaire (safety culture, safety leadership, patient and family partnership on safety, reporting safety errors and incidents, safety education and technology/environment) were lower than expected. Some failures identified by FMEA were: admission and discharge error, medication error, patient fall and high rate of infection. With regards to the Risk Priority Number (RPN), the highest score was related to nosocomial infection and the and lowest score was related to re-extubation because of inability to open the patient airway. Familiarity and responsibility of the clinical teams, managers and hospital staff about patient safety were low and organizational and managerial problems were the root causes of many failures and errors in the ICUs. Conclusion: With regards to the results, designing a patient safety management system is strongly needed and the proposed system of this study can be applied in other intensive care units.


Cellular phones offer a whole range of interesting and exciting possibilities for entertainment systems coupled with a very resource-constrained environment. In this article we consider the possibilities currently achievable through the example of a networked sports service. Applications that keep users up-to-date with sports results and playing fantasy team games, based on the results of actual events, are well established on the Internet; they attract millions of subscribers world-wide. As yet, the sports results services on cellular phones, even within countries that offer 3G services, are by and large SMS or WAP-based, and there are no dedicated fantasy team game services for cellular phones. In this article we present a novel application using GPRS that not only keeps users up-to-date, wherever they are, with the events of the English Premier Football League, but also provides the opportunity of playing a real-time fantasy football game as these events transpire. As we are seeing moves by cellular phone manufacturers to adopt standardized operating systems, we compare application development in Symbian, Brew, and J2ME. Although J2ME is not an operating system, it has, up until recently, been the only means of cross-platform application development for cellular phonesThis application not only takes advantage of the "nature" of the cellular network, rather than porting existing services off the Internet, but radically improves currently available services in terms of cost and efficiency. It also highlights the fact that resource constraints on a cellular phone are not a bar to creating compelling content. This technique could be applied to a whole range of sports from Formula 1 to baseball.


We review explanations for two controversial vertical restraints commonly used in gasoline marketing: price zones and territorial restrictions. After a discussion of the relevant empirical and theoretical economics literature, we consider procompetitive and anticompetitive theories behind the practices. Price zones may be one part of a complicated relationship between gasoline marketers and retailers that facilitates efficient risk-sharing, provides optimal incentives for marketers and retailers, and allows marketers to react more quickly to changes in localized retail competition. Alternatively, if gasoline marketers have substantial market power, price zones may facilitate coordination or help deter entry. Territorial restrictions may prevent inefficiencies in distribution and reduce free-riding on investments marketers make in developing networks of retail stations. At the same time, territorial restrictions help marketers maintain price zones (with the same welfare implications), and may, if marketers have substantial market power, facilitate coordination.


INTRODUCTION
Various drugs have been investigated in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD), such as hydroxyurea, piracetam and calcium antagonists. Most of these drugs are potentially toxic and are not suitable for long-term therapy. Recently, Nigella sativa (NS) has been reported to have calcium antagonist and antioxidant activities, both of which play a role in the management of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antisickling effect of extracts from NS.

METHODS
Thirty-two patients with SCD, aged 7-47 years old, were recruited for the study. A total of 3 ml of venous blood was collected from each patient and divided into six tubes with heparin. The blood was mixed with 0.5 ml of either 0.1 percent, 0.05 percent or 0.01 percent v/v of the oil extract of NS. A slide was prepared by spreading a drop of treated blood, covered with a cover slide to ensure the complete deoxygenation condition. The separation of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) was performed on eight patients by a density gradient (Percoll-Renografin) centrifugation method.

RESULTS
The 0.1 percent v/v concentration of the oil extract of NS resulted in an approximately 80 percent reduction in the formation of sickle cells. The 0.05 percent v/v concentration of NS produced an intermediate effect, while the 0.01 percent v/v concentration had no effect on the formation of sickle cells. The 0.1 percent v/v concentration of the fixed oil of NS led to a considerable reduction in the formation of ISCs.

CONCLUSION
The fixed oil extracted from NS seeds has an in vitro antisickling activity.


As human thought was developing, likewise, the technology used for illumination was growing. But a haul through history, reviewing its pages and analyzing it, inherently brings up old and new question, like: Is it possible to alter negatively the image of historic buildings and monuments through inadequate lighting to the degree of distorting the perception that people have of the work? and if so, what are the causes that generate it? Do the light designers take into consideration criteria to protect not only historic buildings and monuments, but also the environment? What are the consequences that may generate the inadequate lighting of urban heritage to the environment? What are the factors to consider for a proper illumination of urban heritage? The answers to these questions will help lay the foundation for proper illumination of the urban heritage, avoiding at the maximum the light pollution and the effects that it generates, seeking a balance and harmonious reconciliation between the technology, urban heritage and environment, taking as a framework and the case study the urban heritage of a city from the colonial era in southern Mexico, with pre-Hispanic roots and where today you can still see through its streets and buildings an atmosphere of mysticism reflection of their folklore and traditions, this city is known as Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas.


From a specimen of Acer saccharinus collected in a Prague park, 38 females of Tremex fuscicornis (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) were reared and sixteen isolates of a symbiotic basidiomycete were isolated from their mycangia. All isolates shared morphology and RAPD patterns. The fungus was identified using rDNA (regions ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and D1D2 part of the 28S rDNA) as Cerrena unicolor (Basidiomycota: Polyporales). The identification is discussed with respect to related horntail taxa and former identification attempts.


The Second Fifth Day is meant to be a genetic hard science fiction thriller novella that employs real scientific methods and concepts whenever possible. The novella is meant to explore the ethical and ecological questions concerning genetic de-extinction utilizing CRISPR genetic editing technology. Much of the science in the book is either real, or not beyond the scope of what's possible.Dust Jacket:In upstate New York, a controversial genetic laboratory, Day5, is violently attacked in the middle of the night and its most valuable assets are stolen. FBI agent Molly Harris and her partner Josh Barnes are called in to investigate. In doing so, they learn that the de-extinction lab was working on utilizing revolutionary CRISPR-cas9 slicing techniques to reintroduce an extinct species of waterfowl back into the wild. However, the awesome genetic power created in the lab has garnered progressively harsher scientific scrutiny and negative media attention. What's more, Molly and Josh become increasingly concerned that the technology utilized to bring life to the dead in the lab, could be used to end life outside of it. Everyone is now a suspect, from ethics board directors to radical anti-genetic modification activists, and Molly and Josh must race against time to find the genetic technology before it is used to put the nation, and the entire world, in danger of extinction.


A hundred years after William James delivered the celebrated lectures that became The Varieties of Religious Experience, one of the foremost thinkers in the English-speaking world returns to the questions posed in James's masterplece to clarify the circumstances and conditions of religion in our day. An elegant mix of the philosophy and sociology of religion, Charles Taylor's powerful book maintains a clear perspective on James's work in its historical and cultural contexts, while casting a new and revealing light upon the present. Lucid, readable, and dense with ideas that promise to transform current debates about religion and secularism, Varieties of Religion Today is much more than a revisiting of James's classic. Rather, it places James's analysis of religious experience and the dilemmas of doubt and belief in an unfamiliar but illuminating context, namely the social horizon in which questions of religion come to be presented to individuals in the first place. Taylor begins with questions about the way in which James conceives his subject, and shows how these questions arise out of different ways of understanding religion that confronted one another in James's time and continue to do so today. Evaluating James's treatment of the ethics of belief, he goes on to develop an innovative and provocative reading of the public and cultural conditions in which questions of belief or unbelief are perceived to be individual questions. What emerges is a remarkable and penetrating view of the relation between religion and social order and, ultimately, of what "religion" means.


Choked pipes presents an in-depth case study of Pakistan's health system, identifying systemic bottlenecks and proposing areas for reforms. It serves two main purposes: (i) it contributes to the as-yet-limited evidence base on comparative organization and functioning of health systems in low- and middle-income countries; and (ii) it provides a systems analysis linked to a multi-dimensional reform agenda.

The book refocuses attention on health systems as the lynch-pin that shapes progress on health indicators. As current development dialogue centres on the achievement of Millennium Development Goals and poverty reduction targets, this book provides a timely spotlight on the investment needed to develop effective, transparent and pro-poor health systems.

The book opens by outlining the "mixed" public and private sector configuration of Pakistan's heath-care system. It explains this design by the colonial origin of the public sector and unharnessed growth of the private sector. The main body of the book then provides a detailed description of the health system and its operational realities. Discussion is structured around World Health Organization domains of health policy, governance, financing, service delivery, human resource, medicine and technology, and health information systems. The most critical problem is institutional decay due to rigid bureaucracies, staff malpractice and low government priority social sector reform. This blunts the public system's performance and limits its ability for "out-of-the-box" responses for creatively dealing with the growing private sector and responding to intra-sectoral issues. The last chapters are the analytical ones providing a framework for reform. This perspective is refreshingly based on a wider interpretation of health as a broad social policy vision and a universal right rather than the more commonly applied interpretation of health as a commodity.

The book is well articulated and candidly sets out issues constraining health system outcomes. Although drawn from the Pakistani setting, this book will be relevant to other low- and middle-income countries. It could have further benefited from the use of primary research and case studies to illustrate some of the key discussion points and to delve into reasons for failure of projects for health systems improvement.

Nishtar's book has something to offer for both the local and global audience. To the local audience, it argues for a radical overhaul of Pakistan's poorly performing health systems – hence the analogy to "choked pipes" – and charts a pathway for reform. Of relevance to the global audience is the analytical linking of health systems improvements to pro-poor macro-economic reforms, institutional re-engineering and adequate resourcing of the public sector, strategic use of technology and creative harnessing of the private sector.


The STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials Of Moxibustion (STRICTOM), in the form of a checklist and descriptions of checklist items, were designed to improve reporting of moxibustion trials, and thereby facilitating their interpretation and replication. The STRICTOM checklist included 7 items and 16 sub-items. These set out reporting guidelines for the moxibustion rationale, details of moxibustion, treatment regimen, other components of treatment, treatment provider background, control and comparator interventions, and precaution measures. In addition, there were descriptions of each item and examples of good reporting. It is intended that the STRICTOM can be used in conjunction with the main CONSORT Statement, extensions for nonpharmacologic treatment and pragmatic trials, and thereby raise the quality of reporting of clinical trials of moxibustion. Further comments will be solicited from the experts of the CONSORT Group, the STRICTA Group, acupuncture and moxibustion societies, and clinical trial authors for optimizing the STRICTOM.


In recent years, jihadists across the world have transformed their gendered violence, shocking the world by breaking from prior taboos and even celebrating abuses that they had previously prohibited. This behavior is surprising because jihadists represent a class of insurgents that are deeply bound by rules and norms. For jihadists, deviating from established Islamist doctrines is no easy feat. What then explains these sudden transformations in the rules and norms governing jihadist violence? An inductive investigation of contemporary jihadist violence in Pakistan and Nigeria reveals a new theory of jihadist normative evolution. Data from these cases show that dramatic changes in jihadist violence occur when an external trigger creates an expanded political space for jihadist entrepreneurs to do away with normative constraints on socially prohibited types of violence. [R, abr.]


********** The public policies that pertain to quality of care in nursing homes were last stated in the 1986 Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report (Hawes, 1991) and the subsequent Nursing Home Reform Act, which is part of the 1987 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) (P.L. 100-203) legislation. These documents remain the basis for regulating the nursing home industry. State and federal regulations drive the evaluation standards for nursing homes, and annual inspections help determine certification for both Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement. Despite considerable efforts, however, regulations cannot guarantee the quality of care received by nursing home residents. One hurdle is the lack of a universally accepted definition of quality. Donabedian (1988) conceived of quality of care in three categories: structure, process, and outcome. Structure refers to attributes of the physical setting (that is, facility, equipment, money), human resources (that is, number and qualifications of personnel), organizational structure, and methods of reimbursement. Process refers to hands-on patient care. Outcome refers to the effects of care on the patient and patient satisfaction with that care. The three categories are interconnected--good structure increases the likelihood of good process, which increases the likelihood of good outcomes--and together constitute quality of care. Regulations concentrate on the process and structural aspects of quality of care because they are easy to measure and document. Nursing homes routinely collect and report information about their performance. Our case study site measures quality of clinical care with 24 clinical quality indicators including fractures, weight loss, prevalence of pressure ulcers, use of antipsychotic medications, and so forth. These indicators are monitored on a monthly basis. Structural characteristics such as staff-to-patient ratios, and process assessment (the provision of actual health care) are used as proxy measures to demonstrate quality, but compliance with the regulations on those measures will still not ensure that the resident receives quality care (Davis, 1991). Outcome assessment is the most consumer-oriented portion of Donabedian's framework; it alone addresses the actual impact of care on the resident's physical and emotional well-being (Davis, 1991). The IOM committee, in 1986, and Congress, in the 1987 OBRA regulations, agreed that it was important to focus on "the quality of life experienced by residents, as well as making the regulations more resident-centered and outcome-oriented" [emphasis added] (Hawes, 1991, p. 158). Resident-centered care emphasizes quality of care as defined by the resident. Although the views of all stakeholders are important, it is vital to focus on the residents' views because they may not agree with the views of others about the importance of many items (Young, Minnick, & Marcantonio, 1996), and they are difficult to assess accurately. Many believe there has been too little emphasis on the quality aspects most meaningful to residents (Davis, Sebastian, & Tschetter, 1997). A customer satisfaction survey can monitor concerns about nursing home quality. In fact, a survey can empower residents, because its primary purpose is to communicate "the point of view of the people for whom long-term care services are created in the first place" (CohenMansfield, 2000, p. 1). Despite well-known limitations to surveys of nursing home residents (such as fear of reprisals, difficulty in interviewing residents with dementia, disagreement about what to measure), satisfaction surveys may be the best way to comprehend and address resident-identified problems. It is interesting that quality assurance mechanisms that have looked at other areas are now beginning to focus on resident rights and on techniques to assess resident satisfaction with care (Applebaum, Straker, & Geron, 2000). Social workers are essential to this type of assessment given their communication and interpersonal skills and training. …


If a domestic criminal-law system is to be equipped to operate in conformity with the underlying idea of complementarity that is among the International Criminal Court's underpinnings, it is vital that, amongst other aspects of general principles of responsibility, the superior responsibility doctrine be transposed into domestic law properly. Accordingly, the paper deconstructs Art. 88 (1) of the Estonian Penal Code, which stipulates the superior responsibility concept in the Estonian legal system, for the purpose of assessing whether it exhibits compliance with customary international law on superior responsibility or Art. 28 of the Rome Statute. The analysis presented reveals considerable differences between the Estonian regulatory scheme and relevant international norms: it appears that there are several respects in which Estonian regulation does not meet the international standard and, hence, large lacunae are to be found in Estonian law on superior responsibility. For this reason, the article concludes with a recommendation that Estonian regulation of superior responsibility be complemented in such a way that it is rendered consistent with international law – specifically, with the requirements of Art. 28 of the Rome Statute – while simultaneously taking into consideration the demands stemming from Estonian criminal-law dogmatics, especially the guilt principle.


As part of strategies to improve dog and community health in rural and remote Indigenous communities, this study investigated preferences and impacts of dog health education programs. Semistructured interviews with 63 residents from five communities explored learning preferences. Though each community differed, on average yarning was preferred by most (68.4%) respondents, followed by visual (65.0%) and practical learning (46.9%). Text-based and computer/screen-based learning were important to 16.2% and 14.6% of respondents respectively. With paper-based visual and text resources, respondents reported a preference for locally made (28/36 or 78%) over mainstream resources. Twenty eight residents involved in the creation of locally made resources reported satisfaction, knowledge exchange, and displayed enthusiasm for the process. Colour resources were more successful than black and white resources or word of mouth in terms of program advertising, alerting 67% (10/15) of respondents compared to 6% to 24% for programs using word of mouth. Dog health programs that incorporated education programs based on these identified preferences achieved significantly better results in terms of improvements in mange prevalence and average condition score, partly through increased community understanding and engagement with the program. Thus, culturally appropriate and locally relevant education programs can significantly improve the success of dog health programs.


Extant Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems are very complex softwares, which embed multiple layers of heuristics and embark very large numbers of numerical parameters. As a result, it is difficult to analyze output translations and there is a real need for tools that could help developers to better understand the various causes of errors.

In this study, we make a step in that direction and present an attempt to evaluate the quality of the phrase-based translation model. In order to identify those translation errors that stem from deficiencies in the phrase table (PT), we propose to compute the oracle BLEU-4 score, that is the best score that a system based on this PT can achieve on a reference corpus. By casting the computation of the oracle BLEU-1 as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem, we show that it is possible to efficiently compute accurate lower-bounds of this score, and report measures performed on several standard benchmarks. Various other applications of these oracle decoding techniques are also reported and discussed.


Mesh is an important and powerful type of data for 3D shapes and widely studied in the field of computer vision and computer graphics. Regarding the task of 3D shape representation, there have been extensive research efforts concentrating on how to represent 3D shapes well using volumetric grid, multi-view and point cloud. However, there is little effort on using mesh data in recent years, due to the complexity and irregularity of mesh data. In this paper, we propose a mesh neural network, named MeshNet, to learn 3D shape representation from mesh data. In this method, face-unit and feature splitting are introduced, and a general architecture with available and effective blocks are proposed. In this way, MeshNet is able to solve the complexity and irregularity problem of mesh and conduct 3D shape representation well. We have applied the proposed MeshNet method in the applications of 3D shape classification and retrieval. Experimental results and comparisons with the state-of-the-art methods demonstrate that the proposed MeshNet can achieve satisfying 3D shape classification and retrieval performance, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method on 3D shape representation.


SUMMARY Several diseases, pests and physiological disorders threat date palm life. Among them, Brittle leaf disease or, in French, Maladie des feuilles cassantes (MFC) is a lethal disease that has acquired alarming proportions since the 1960s, when it was first observed in southern Tunisia. Up to now no causal agent has been found. Previous studies have reported that brittle fronds are deficient in manganese but the mechanisms involved in symptom expression have not yet been identified. In this study, an anatomical investigation was carried out in order to identify the deleterious effect of MFC on the development and structure of palm fronds. Results showed that in old healthy fronds the major tissue is schlerenchyma, which is characterized by very thick lignified cell walls and is often associated with conducting tissue. Indeed, large vessels are surrounded by schlerenchyma fibers that are strongly lignified when compared with those of young fronds. Diseased young fronds have almost the same shape as the healthy young fronds. Nevertheless, in old diseased fronds MFC induces important structural changes. Xylem and phloem vessels are larger, taking more space through the fibers that are smaller in number and size, and tighter. The larger diameter of the lumen and the lower thickness of the fibers present in the fronds in advanced disease stages, decreases the lignin content of cells walls, leading to an increased frond friability, which gives "the brittle leaf disease" its name.


The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the Howley Basin and
its hydrocarbon potential using a magnetotellurics (MT) survey. This sedimentary
basin is located in western Newfoundland, and is covered by the Howley formation
which is only found in this basin. Very little is know about the basin and its structure.
The Rocky Brook formation, which consists of organic rich mudstone that is known
for generating hydrocarbons, is found in the adjacent Cormack Basin and is believed
to be present in the Howley Basin as well.
The MT method is a passive electromagnetic method that is sensitive to the electrical
conductivity structure of the subsurface. The source for MT is completely natural,
resulting from the flow of charged particles in the ionosphere (e.g. from solar storms)
and from lightning strikes. These cause natural variations in the Earth's magnetic
field which in turn result in induced currents in the subsurface.
MT sounding of an 18 km long profile was conducted in August and September 2013,
crossing from the Topsail Igneous Complex formation into the Howley formation at
about 3 km from the southeast end of the survey and extending to the anticipated
location of the boundary between the Howley and Cormack Basins in the northwest.
The Howley Basin is characterized by higher conductivities than the surrounding igneous basement. Strike analysis reveals the basin has a preferred geo-electric orientation
of 9⁰ with the deeper structures having a preferred strike of 33⁰. A range of 2D
inversions were performed for both strikes. TM mode only inversion yielded the best
results with misfit (least square fit to the observed impedances) of 3.9 for the strike
of 9⁰ and 2.4 for the strike orientation of 33⁰. The MT data suggest a maximum
thickness of the basin along the profile of approximately 2 km and that the basin
is decreasing in thickness towards its eastern boundary. There are also indications
of a conductive feature or features extending beneath the basin, possibly related to
faulting through the basin and into the basement or of a step in the base of the basin.


Purpose: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive and therapy-resistant neoplasm arising from the pleural mesothelial cells, without established indicators to predict responsiveness to chemotherapy. Experimental Design: Our study involving 79 MPM patients showed that 73.4% of MPM expressed CD26 on cell membrane. Results: The majority of epithelioid and biphasic types of MPM expressed CD26 on the cell membrane, whereas the sarcomatoid type showed a lack of CD26 surface expression. Although the sarcomatoid type was associated with poor prognosis (P < 0.0001), no significant relationship between CD26 expression and survival was observed. On the contrary, there was a trend for an association between response rate to chemotherapy and CD26 expression (P = 0.053), with a higher level of CD26 expression more likely to be linked to better response to chemotherapy. Moreover, CD26 expression was a significant factor associated with improved survival in patients who received chemotherapy [median survival time (MST), 18.6 vs. 10.7 months, P = 0.0083]. Furthermore, CD26 expression was significantly associated with better prognosis in patients receiving non–pemetrexed-containing regimens (MST, 14.2 vs. 7.4 months, P = 0.0042), whereas there was no significant association between CD26 expression and survival time for patients receiving pemetrexed-containing regimens. Our in vitro and microarray studies showed that mesothelioma cells expressing high CD26 displayed high proliferative activity, and CD26 expression was closely linked to cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance. Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that CD26 is a clinically significant biomarker for predicting response to chemotherapy for MPM. Clin Cancer Res; 18(5); 1447–56. ©2012 AACR.


BACKGROUND
Several studies suggest yoga may be effective for chronic low back pain; however, trials targeting minorities have not been conducted. PRIMARY STUDY OBJECTIVES: Assess the feasibility of studying yoga in a predominantly minority population with chronic low back pain. Collect preliminary data to plan a larger powered study.

STUDY DESIGN
Pilot randomized controlled trial.

SETTING
Two community health centers in a racially diverse neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.

PARTICIPANTS
Thirty English-speaking adults (mean age 44 years, 83% female, 83% racial/ethnic minorities; 48% with incomes < or = $30,000) with moderate-to-severe chronic low back pain.

INTERVENTIONS
Standardized series of weekly hatha yoga classes for 12 weeks compared to a waitlist usual care control.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Feasibility measured by time to complete enrollment, proportion of racial/ethnic minorities enrolled, retention rates, and adverse events. Primary efficacy outcomes were changes from baseline to 12 weeks in pain score (0=no pain to 10=worst possible pain) and back-related function using the modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (0-23 point scale, higher scores reflect poorer function). Secondary efficacy outcomes were analgesic use, global improvement, and quality of life (SF-36).

RESULTS
Recruitment took 2 months. Retention rates were 97% at 12 weeks and 77% at 26 weeks. Mean pain scores for yoga decreased from baseline to 12 weeks (6.7 to 4.4) compared to usual care, which decreased from 7.5 to 7.1 (P=.02). Mean Roland scores for yoga decreased from 14.5 to 8.2 compared to usual care, which decreased from 16.1 to 12.5 (P=.28). At 12 weeks, yoga compared to usual care participants reported less analgesic use (13% vs 73%, P=.003), less opiate use (0% vs 33%, P=.04), and greater overall improvement (73% vs 27%, P=.03). There were no differences in SF-36 scores and no serious adverse events.

CONCLUSION
A yoga study intervention in a predominantly minority population with chronic low back pain was moderately feasible and may be more effective than usual care for reducing pain and pain medication use.


This thesis is a small contribution to the ambitious goal of understanding some of the more complex flows that are found in nature, namely, flows of fluids with a microstructure. There is a great diversity of such flows: suspensions, emulsions, polymeric solutions, ..., each exhibiting phenomena not found in the flow of homogeneous Newtonian fluids. A bit of this diversity has been incorporated in this thesis: The first part of it is on some aspects of non-Newtonian fluid flow, and in the second part Brownian motion involving interfaces between Newtonian fluids is studied.

Given the large amount of effort devoted recently to the numerical simulation of non-Newtonian fluid flow, the absence of mathematical proofs that any of the standard computational methods for solving the equations will converge except for nearly Newtonian flows seems somewhat disturbing. While there is evidence that investigators may have overcome the so-called "high Weissenberg-number problem," at least in specific cases, confidence in the numerical solutions would undoubtedly be increased by a rigorous mathematical foundation for the numerical algorithm. The first, and in many cases nontrivial, step towards this is to prove that a solution actually exists. In the first part of this thesis, a proof of existence without restriction on the parameters is given for a particular modified finitely extendible nonlinear elastic dumbbell model. A physical basis for the modifications is given.

For numerical computation, the issue of stability of a flow is also an important one, as the small errors introduced by discretization are essentially perturbations in the flow, which, if they grow too fast, can make convergence impossible. An energy method calculation is given here for the same FENE dumbbell model considered in the existence proof (except for the modifications) to show that for any flow in a bounded domain, at small enough Reynolds number and high enough Deborah number, all disturbances will remain bounded. While the estimate found for the highest Reynolds number and lowest Deborah number for guaranteed stability may be very conservative, the result is nevertheless useful in that it shows that if there is an instability, it must occur at a critical Reynolds or Deborah number.

While the Brownian motion of a rigid particle has received much attention in the literature, and the Stokes-Einstein diffusivity of a rigid particle is a result almost as well-known as the Stokes drag law, the Brownian motion of systems that are more complex hydrodynamically has only recently begun to be investigated. Most recent work on such systems has been for systems with rigid boundaries, e.g., suspensions of rigid spheres. In this thesis, the case of deformable fluid-fluid interfaces is considered. Since the understanding of the behavior of clusters or suspensions of particles can only follow an understanding of the behavior of a single particle, the two cases considered here are a drop in an infinite fluid, and an isolated particle in the presence of an approximately planar interface. Expressions for statistical quantities, such as the velocity autocorrelation, of the particle and drop motion are derived. In the case of the interface, the nature of its effect on the particle's behavior, beyond the obvious fact that it changes the particle's mobility, is explored. Similarly, the surface-tension dependence of the drop's motion is investigated.

Finally, in a slight digression, the problem of high-frequency oscillatory Stokes flow around two spheres, with specified velocity at their surfaces, is reduced to an infinite system of algebraic equations for the (frequency-dependent) coefficients in a spherical harmonic expansion of the solution. This is expected to be useful for computations of such flows where better accuracy than an approximate solution obtained by the method of reflections is desired.