A BIBLICAL-THEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF CHRIST'S PRIESTHOOD AND COVENANT MEDIATION WITH RESPECT TO THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT David Stephen Schrock The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2013 Chair: Dr. Stephen J. Wellum This dissertation argues that a biblical theology of the priestly mediation of the new covenant is necessary for understanding the extent of the atonement and that such a study will result in a clear affirmation of definite atonement. Chapter 1 shows how theologians have truncated Christ's priestly office and how biblical scholars have neglected to apply the priesthood to matters of the atonement's efficacy and extent. This chapter validates the need for a whole Bible typology of the priestly work of Christ. Chapter 2 proposes an approach to typology that sets forth the methodological commitments of this dissertation. It argues that typology should be prospective in its orientation, Christotelic in its aim, and covenantal in its structure. It explains these three facets at length, helping the reader to understand how the dissertation uses typology. Chapter 3 introduces the priestly prototype in the person and work of Adam. Next, it asserts that Noah and Abraham functions as priestly types when they offer sacrifice, mediate covenants, and offer blessings. With each type, theological reflections are given in conversation with the New Testament fulfillment of Adam, Noah, and Abraham. Chapter 4 examines the legislation of the priesthood. It asserts that three functions of the priesthood emerge in the Law of Moses: The priest is (1) a Kohen Victor, who defends the holiness of God's sanctuary, (2) a Kohen Mediator, who offers sacrifice for atonement, and a (3) Kohen Teacher, who teaches the covenant community the torah of God. This threefold orientation provides the authorized "mold" (Vorbild) by which the priestly type (Nachbild) can be formed and evaluated. Chapter 5 argues that the prophets condemned the Levitical priests for their disobedience to God's law and their failure to fulfill their assigned duties (guarding, sacrificing, and teaching). The prophets' criticisms function in this dissertation as an inspired rubric for evaluating theological proposals for Christ's priesthood and the atonement. In particular, this chapter argues that general atonement does not match the stipulations of the priesthood, and is therefore liable to prophetic censure. Chapter 6 outlines the priestly expectations of the Former and Latter Prophets. It suggests that the eschatological priest is a royal figure from the line of David who defends God's holiness (Kohen Victor), sacrifices himself for his people (Kohen Mediator), and instructs the covenant community with absolute efficacy (Kohen Teacher). On the basis of these prophetic anticipations, this chapter argues that the priest of the new covenant will provide a definite and particular atonement. Chapter 7 shows from the New Testament how Christ Jesus fulfills all of the Old Testament promises in regards to the priesthood. Specifically, it demonstrates the threefold ministry of Christ—Kohen Victor, Kohen Mediator, and Kohen Teacher. Following the chronological development of Christ's priestly ministry (i.e., on earth, on the cross, in heaven), it will argue that the atonement's extent must be particular and definite, not general and indefinite. Chapter 8 summarizes the biblical theological data espoused in chapters 3 to 7. It applies the priesthood to five areas of systematic theology (i.e., theological hermeneutics, the extent of the atonement, the person of Christ, the universal offer of the gospel, and reconciliation of the cosmos). It concludes with an appeal for holding definite atonement on the basis of Christ's priesthood. In addition, it suggests various avenues for doing future research on the priesthood of Christ.


This chapter presents an overview of some recent work in anthropology on howtime cognition works and on the human measurement of time. It attempts todemonstrate how language, mind, social process and ecology interact to underpinthe ways in which different cultural groups experience, use and understandtime. I review how time is constituted as a domain, examining different kinds ofunit by which time is divided, and thereafter consider the logics through whichthe organization of time is integrated. These problems include the juxtapositionof cyclical and linear notions; the intrinsic complementarity of idioms ofspace and time; whether 'time as such' is a cognitive domain and conceptualuniversal beyond the particularities of local culture experience; whether thearchitectures of dualism and cognitive economy are integral to our understandingof time; the extent to which memory and narrativity are crucial to humanconstructions of time; and whether certain aspects of time organization dependentirely on its encoding in language. The chapter concludes by agreeing withStephen Levinson that the contribution of anthropology to understanding thelanguage cognition of complex domains such as time is through its emphasison grounded ethnography, an insistence on holistic approaches, on comparisonand on the implications of integrating data from the extremes of culturaldiversity.


An outbreak of cryptosporidium infection affected at least 172 British tourists who had stayed at a family hotel in a Mediterranean resort. Recognition of the outbreak came from non-official sources. In the absence of any meaningful investigations by the public health authorities of both the countries, a tour operator undertook an investigation. The epidemiological studies were restricted but it was concluded that the outbreak was associated with contaminated swimming pool water at the hotel. The initial source of contamination was most probably a hotel guest who was excreting cryptosporidium oocysts. Examination of the water treatment system revealed some deficiencies in the sand filters but the effect on the course of the outbreak could not be determined. Although the media in the filters was thoroughly cleaned and the filters refreshed, oocysts could still be detected in pool water and further cases occurred. The challenges of an outbreak involving more than one country and the measures necessary to reduce the risks of cryptosporidium infections associated with hotel swimming pools are discussed.


With the growth in social networking and the potential for larger and larger breaches of sensitive data,it is vital for all enterprises to ensure that computer users adhere to corporate policy and project staff design secure systems. Written by a security expert with more than 25 years' experience, this book examines how fundamental staff awareness is to establishing security and addresses such challenges as containing threats, managing politics, developing programs, and getting a business to buy into a security plan. Illustrated with real-world examples throughout, this is a must-have guide for security and IT professionals.


Transitioning enterprise operations to the cloud brings a variety of opportunities and challenges. Such step requires a deep and complex understanding of all elements related to the technology as well as defining the manner in which specific cloud challenges can be dealt with. To provide a better understanding of these opportunities and challenges within healthcare, systematic literature overview and industrial cases review is used. Results of the two methods show interconnection between cloud deployment advantages and constrains. However, healthcare case studies provide interesting insights emphasizing cloud complexity and superposition which seems to balance organizational limitations.


This paper analyses existing research with reference to motivations for attending special events with specific reference to musical performances. Its purpose is to identify emerging themes, detect similarities and contradictions, and uncover gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed by further research. While the overall aim is to understand the motivations to attend music festivals, the lack of specific studies in this area requires the analysis of motivations to be conducted within the broader context of special events. The first two sections of the paper therefore identify, describe and analyse the main motivational theories and frameworks utilised in the special event context and subsequently critically examines these theories. It is suggested that the most relevant issues are motivational dimensions, the relationship between motivation and socio-demographic variables and the generalisability of motivators. A section specifically on music festivals is then presented and analysed in greater detail. The final section concludes the analysis by highlighting the significant overall findings and identifying the gaps in the existing literature so that future studies may use this as a platform for guidance in further research.


In an effort to determine how crude gradients of transcriptional activators and repressors specify sharp stripes of gene expression in the early embryo, we have conducted a detailed study of even‐skipped (eve) stripe 2. A combination of promoter fusions and P‐transformation assays were used to show that a 480 bp region of the eve promoter is both necessary and sufficient to direct a stripe of LacZ expression within the limits of the endogenous eve stripe 2. The maternal morphogen bicoid (bcd) and the gap proteins hunchback (hb), Kruppel (Kr) and giant (gt) all bind with high affinity to closely linked sites within this small promoter element. Activation appears to depend on cooperative interactions among bcd and hb proteins, since disrupting single binding sites cause catastrophic reductions in expression. gt is directly involved in the formation of the anterior border, although additional repressors may participate in this process. Forming the posterior border of the stripe involves a delicate balance between limiting amounts of the bcd activator and the Kr repressor. We propose that the clustering of activator and repressor binding sites in the stripe 2 element is required to bring these weakly interacting regulatory factors into close apposition so that they can function both cooperatively and synergistically to control transcription.


The ethical principle of respect for patient autonomy is widely recognized in contemporary medical science. This undeniably positive development raises a number of questions. The answer to these questions determines whether autonomy should be regarded as a helpful or an overburdening principle.
By drawing on the results from a qualitative study in which palliative and curative medical professionals where questioned about handling the breaking of bad news as well as about their perception, support, and the viability of patient autonomy, the thesis discusses the principle of autonomy's feasibility against the backdrop of Palliative Care's ideals and the complex bioethical debate about relational autonomy. The interviews (n=21) were based on a theme-centered interview guide, while the material of the interviews was analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
The intention is not to draw another conflict issue, but rather, by analysing communication strategies as a practical instrument, to give insights into dealing and decision making in the context of end of life questions. Especially regarding doctor-patient-relationships and the principle of autonomy's role as a corrective for the medical system.
By examining the feasibility of the principle of autonomy in a qualitative study, the thesis acts on two levels. On its operational level it focusses on communication strategies and undergirds the methods of the study. On its ethical level the thesis deals with the bioethical debate about relational autonomy and the term of dignity. According to that two levels the practical relevance is given.
The following 3-level-conclusion became apparent:
First, considering the medical practice, it appears that ideals integrated from the outside can diverge from the inner logic of the practice. Secondly, the experts´ responsibility – for medical ethics and palliative care – seems to be of great relevance. Especially with regard to (medical) ethics playing a role as a corrective, it has to be the topic of the discourse whether normative images, like the principle of autonomy, should be regarded as helpful or overburdening. Furthermore, a discourse dealing with the professions´ internal tensions is needed. Thirdly, reflecting the principle of autonomy's feasibility in the context of end of life questions, it should be considered, what is happening topically in public and whether the discourse has to be opened for another level. The reason for this is found in the fact that the public debate on dying is inflated and leeds to the problem that a "real death" is partly put under taboo again. An aspect that can bring up conflicts in dealing with patient autonomy in end of life questions. Focussing that - thereof against the backdrop of Palliative Care's ideals – the discussion leads to the reflection of the consequences of defining a universal ideal of a so-called "good death".
Overall, the study was valuable in putting the focus on new specific difficulties within the debate of the principle of autonomy's feasibility and highlights the new aspect of the importance of different professions and the self-perception of medical professionals in dealing with patient autonomy in the context of end of life questions.


In this work, we focus our attention to algorithmic solutions for problems where the instances are presented as straight-line programs on a given algebra. In our exposition, we try to survey general results by presenting some meaningful examples; moreover, where possible, we outline the proofs in order to give an insight of the methods and the techniques. We recall some recent results for the problem PosSLP, consisting of deciding if the integer defined by a straight-line program on the ring Z is greater than zero; we discuss some implications in the areas of numerical analysis and strategic games. Furthermore, we propose some methods for reducing Compressed Word Problem from an algebra to another; reductions from trace monoids to the semiring of nonnegative integers are exhibited and polynomial time algorithms for compressed equivalence in monoids related to Dyck reductions are shown. Finally, we consider inclusion problems for context-free languages, proving how in some cases efficient algorithms for these problems benefit from the ability to work with compressed data.


In this paper a mathematical model; basically a Fourier-series model, is proposed for the current-voltage characteristics of a Carbon-Nanotube (CNT)-based nanorelay. Using this model closed-form expressions for the amplitudes of the harmonic and intermodulation components of the drain current of a CNT-based nanoraely, excited by a source-to-gate voltage comprising a multisinusoidal signal superimposed on a DC bias voltage, are obtained. These expressions, basically in terms of the ordinary Bessel functions, can be used for investigating the harmonic and intermodulation performance of the CNT-based nanorelay excited by a multisinusoidal signal. The results obtained from the special case of a two-tone equal-amplitude signal are given in detail.


In this paper we investigate a hybrid network topology that is suitable for supporting interplanetary' communications. We define an architecture comprised of a network of sensor nodes on a remote planetary surface, connected to a hybrid terrestrial network of wired and wireless LANs through a series of satellite relays. All the nodes in the network are IP-addressable and support public and symmetric key cryptography. The resulting network forms a hierarchical hybrid mesh that connects users on Earth to networks on or around a remote planetary surface. We describe the design of the network and present preliminary simulation results illustrating the network performance for various parameters. We also discuss how algorithms for user authentication, message integrity and data confidentiality can be incorporated in the network infrastructure for secure end-to-end communication


Abstract:  This research focuses on the spaces and politics of weight loss. It is informed by "fat studies", critical geographical scholarship on fat, and two contrasting feminist readings of Michel Foucault's notion of "care of the self". Using autobiography as a method of inquiry I share my experience of "becoming smaller" through weight loss dieting. I argue that losing weight for me has been paradoxical on at least three counts: first, by being a feminist scholar who critiques discourses around women and slimness while at the same time desiring to be slim; second, by my new eating patterns marking me simultaneously as both a disciplined and a disordered subject; and third, by publically and politically supporting the Health at Every Size movement but privately in my "quest" to recreate myself emphasizing shedding kilos over fitness. The article concludes that understanding these paradoxes that surround weight loss is useful for furthering understanding of a complex embodied, gendered and spatialized process.


This article examines the disruption that the global advertising industry is undergoing as it struggles to adapt to the extraordinary opportunities for marketing over the Internet and still maintain its former hold over "legacy" media. The "fresh" global media players, particularly Google, have risen quickly to claim unprecedented influence over the flows of advertising revenue that are the lifeblood of the media, obliging advertising agencies to compete in the new digital space that Internet advertising has opened. However, U.S.-based new media companies are having to deal with strong local competitors in major developing markets, at the same time as they face social criticism and regulatory intervention for their practices in exploiting users for marketing purposes in their more established markets.


The global crash of 2008/9 revealed many hidden fault lines in the edifice of
finance capitalism and in the policy architecture of the states called upon to
sort out its mess. Many of these fault lines were programmed into the operational
mindset of the most recent generation of policy makers in the so- called
'advanced economies'. One such fault line is evident in the Balkanisation of
macro- economic policy making, in particular the neutralisation of policy
coordination in the adoption of autonomous central banks and the associated
imposition of a debt- avoidance imperative on treasury departments and individual
spending ministries/agencies in most states. The real fragmentation of
the political governance of macro- economic affairs stands in stark contrast to
the popular image among European electorates, for example, of an incremental
arrogation of power in policy making to public officials at both state and,
in particular, at EU level.


We study algorithmic questions for concurrent systems where the transitions are labeled from a complete, closed semiring, and path properties are algebraic with semiring operations. The algebraic path properties can model dataflow analysis problems, the shortest path problem, and many other natural problems that arise in program analysis. We consider that each component of the concurrent system is a graph with constant treewidth, a property satisfied by the controlflow graphs of most programs. We allow for multiple possible queries, which arise naturally in demand driven dataflow analysis. The study of multiple queries allows us to consider the tradeoff between the resource usage of the one-time preprocessing and for each individual query. The traditional approach constructs the product graph of all components and applies the best-known graph algorithm on the product. In this approach, even the answer to a single query requires the transitive closure (i.e., the results of all possible queries), which provides no room for tradeoff between preprocessing and query time. Our main contributions are algorithms that significantly improve the worst-case running time of the traditional approach, and provide various tradeoffs depending on the number of queries. For example, in a concurrent system of two components, the traditional approach requires hexic time in the worst case for answering one query as well as computing the transitive closure, whereas we show that with one-time preprocessing in almost cubic time, each subsequent query can be answered in at most linear time, and even the transitive closure can be computed in almost quartic time. Furthermore, we establish conditional optimality results showing that the worst-case running time of our algorithms cannot be improved without achieving major breakthroughs in graph algorithms (i.e., improving the worst-case bound for the shortest path problem in general graphs). Preliminary experimental results show that our algorithms perform favorably on several benchmarks.


Community question answering (cQA) services have gained popularity over the past years. It not only allows community members to post and answer questions but also enables general users to seek information from a comprehensive set of well-answered questions. However, existing cQA forums usually provide only textual answers, which are not informative enough for many questions. In this paper, we propose a scheme that is able to enrich textual answers in cQA with appropriate media data. Our scheme consists of three components: answer medium selection, query generation for multimedia search, and multimedia data selection and presentation. This approach automatically determines which type of media information should be added for a textual answer. It then automatically collects data from the web to enrich the answer. By processing a large set of QA pairs and adding them to a pool, our approach can enable a novel multimedia question answering (MMQA) approach as users can find multimedia answers by matching their questions with those in the pool. Different from a lot of MMQA research efforts that attempt to directly answer questions with image and video data, our approach is built based on community-contributed textual answers and thus it is able to deal with more complex questions. We have conducted extensive experiments on a multi-source QA dataset. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.


Linear programming is an extremely useful area of applied mathematics and is used on a daily basis by many industries. Most books on linear programming require an in depth knowledge of linear algebra in their exposition, making the subject matter inaccessible to the average reader. This second edition continues the presentation of the subject from a very elementary point of view, using as a foundation just a basic knowledge of high school algebra. The author manages to go into great depth with these minimal prerequisites, and helps the reader understand even some of the most subtle aspects of the subject. This is accomplished by weaving some of the more difficult ideas into informal proofs, with the result that the reader often doesn't even know he or she is reading very difficult material. Some formal proofs are included, and even these are often broken down into small steps to give them clarity. The reader who gets through the whole book will have a strong knowledge of linear programming and also a good basic knowledge of the related areas of game theory, integer programming, goal programming, network analysis, and dynamic programming. This book can be (and has been) used as a primary text for a course in linear programming and related topics. It can also be used for self study by the person who wants to know more about this fascinating and very useful subject. Exercises have been carefully chosen to illustrate a broad range of applications that occur in practice leaving the reader with an appreciation of the wide applicability of this subject to real life problems. Also, solutions to many of the exercises are given, making this an ideal book for the person who is studying this subject independently.


PurposeSince construction workers often need to carry various types of loads in their daily routine, they are at risk of sustaining musculoskeletal injuries. Additionally, carrying a load during walking may disturb their walking balance and lead to fall injuries among construction workers. Different load carrying techniques may also cause different extents of physical exertion. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of different load-carrying techniques on gait parameters, dynamic balance, and physiological parameters in asymptomatic individuals on both stable and unstable surfaces.Design/methodology/approachFifteen asymptomatic male participants (mean age: 31.5 ± 2.6 years) walked along an 8-m walkway on flat and foam surfaces with and without a load thrice using three different techniques (e.g. load carriage on the head, on the dominant shoulder, and in both hands). Temporal gait parameters (e.g. gait speed, cadence, and double support time), gait symmetry (e.g. step time, stance time, and swing time symmetry), and dynamic balance parameters [e.g. anteroposterior and mediolateral center of pressure (CoP) displacement, and CoP velocity] were evaluated. Additionally, the heart rate (HR) and electrodermal activity (EDA) was assessed to estimate physiological parameters.FindingsThe gait speed was significantly higher when the load was carried in both hands compared to other techniques (Hand load, 1.02 ms vs Head load, 0.82 ms vs Shoulder load, 0.78 ms). Stride frequency was significantly decreased during load carrying on the head than the load in both hands (46.5 vs 51.7 strides/m). Step, stance, and swing time symmetry were significantly poorer during load carrying on the shoulder than the load in both hands (Step time symmetry ration, 1.10 vs 1.04; Stance time symmetry ratio, 1.11 vs 1.05; Swing time symmetry ratio, 1.11 vs 1.04). The anteroposterior (Shoulder load, 17.47 mm vs Head load, 21.10 mm vs Hand load, −5.10 mm) and mediolateral CoP displacements (Shoulder load, −0.57 mm vs Head load, −1.53 mm vs Hand load, −3.37 ms) significantly increased during load carrying on the shoulder or head compared to a load in both hands. The HR (Head load, 85.2 beats/m vs Shoulder load, 77.5 beats/m vs No load, 69.5 beats/m) and EDA (Hand load, 14.0 µS vs Head load, 14.3 µS vs Shoulder load, 14.1 µS vs No load, 9.0 µS) were significantly larger during load carrying than no load.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest that carrying loads in both hands yields better gait symmetry and dynamic balance than carrying loads on the dominant shoulder or head. Construction managers/instructors should recommend construction workers to carry loads in both hands to improve their gait symmetry and dynamic balance and to lower their risk of falls.Practical implicationsThe potential changes in gait and balance parameters during various load carrying methods will aid the assessment of fall risk in construction workers during loaded walking. Wearable insole sensors that monitor gait and balance in real-time would enable safety managers to identify workers who are at risk of falling during load carriage due to various reasons (e.g. physical exertion, improper carrying techniques, fatigue). Such technology can also empower them to take the necessary steps to prevent falls.Originality/valueThis is the first study to use wearable insole sensors and a photoplethysmography device to assess the impacts of various load carrying approaches on gait parameters, dynamic balance, and physiological measures (i.e. HR and EDA) while walking on stable and unstable terrains.


Abstract Bleeding esophagogastric varices and ascites are the most serious complications of portal hypertension. Rupture of varices develops because of progressively rising portal pressure as rapid splanchnic blood flow combines with increasing portal vascular resistance (active congestion). The greater the restriction to transhepatic portal venous flow, the less the increment in splanchnic blood flow required to generate a venous pressure ultimately exceeding the bursting tension of thin-walled varices. Ascites, on the other hand, represents an imbalance of hydrodynamic forces in the microcirculation of the liver and digestive tract. Large amounts of fluid are driven out of the vascular space into visceral tissues. When the rate of lymph return to the systemic venous circulation fails to keep pace with increased capillary filtration, peritoneal transudation ensues. A complex sequence of events is then set into motion leading to renal salt and water retention. Plasma volume is restored, but at the same time hepatosplanchnic lymph formation is aggravated and a vicious cycle is thereby created. Treatment depends on reduction of lymph formation by indirect (dietary restriction of salt and water and diuretic drugs) or direct (portasystemic shunt) portal decompression or, alternatively, on acceleration of an already rapid lymph return (peritoneovenous shunt) to match the high rate of lymph production.


A systematic investigation is carried out using the B3LYP, BLYP, and BHLYP functionals and MP2 level of theory to characterize the low-lying electronic singlet and triplet GeC2N2 isomers. The basis sets used are of double-ζ plus polarization quality with additional s- and p-type diffuse functions, DZP++. Three bent isomers Ge(CN)2, CNGeCN, and Ge(NC)2 are located on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces. In visualizing the reaction pathways for the singlet isomerization of the bent isomers, two three-membered [Ge, C, N] cyclic systems, with exocyclic -C-C≡N and -C-N≡C bonding, appear on the energy surface. Four types of electron affinities reported are: the adiabatic electron affinity, the zero-point vibrationally corrected electron affinity, the vertical electron affinity, and the vertical detachment energy of the anion. The ionization energies and singlet-triplet gaps for all isomers are also reported. The energetic ordering (kcal mol(-1)) (B3LYP) with zero-point vibrational energy corrections for the singlet ground state isomers follows: Ge(CN)2 (global minimum) < CNGeCN (2.3) < Ge(NC)2 (3.3) < Cyc_exo_CCN (15.3) < Cyc_exo_CNC (30.6). All the bent and cyclic isomers are found to be below the dissociation limit to Ge ((3)P) + C2N2 ((1)Σg). The rate constants for all interconversions are evaluated using transition state theory.


Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen and a major cause of infective endocarditis (IE), an infection of native as well as prosthetic heart valves. The fibronectin-binding protein of S. aureus (FnBPA) is a cell-wall attached adhesin that is closely linked with the development of IE owing to its ability to bind the plasma glycoproteins fibrinogen (Fg) and fibronectin (Fn). The FnBPA molecule contains adjacent Fn- and Fg-binding regions. Previous studies identified eleven intrinsically unstructured, homologous repeats from FnBPA (FnBRs) that bind Fn through an unusual tandem β-zipper mechanism. It was proposed that the Fg-binding region of FnBPA comprised two domains, N2 and N3, with predicted IgG folds. The main focus of this work is to characterise the FnBPA Fg interaction, to define the N2N3/FnBRs boundary and to determine whether simultaneous binding of Fg and Fn to FnBPA is affected by cooperativity or potential steric effects.

Surface plasmon resonance in conjunction with isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the FnBPA N2N3 region retains the Fg binding activity of intact FnBPA. X ray crystallography of N2N3 in complex with the Fg peptide revealed the location of the Fg binding site on N2N3 and that a β zipper was formed upon Fg binding. A range of new biophysical data led to a redefined N2N3/FnBRs boundary, which, in the form of a ten residue long flexible linker, comprised more residues than originally thought. Simultaneous binding of Fg and the N terminal domain of Fn to an rFnBPA construct, consisting of the N2N3 region and the first FnBR, was demonstrated for the first time. However, simultaneous binding was not observed when intact Fg and Fn were used, providing the first preliminary evidence for the importance of steric hindrance in regulation of the ternary complex formation.


Nuclear DNA from individuals belonging to nine different families in which two sibs were affected with isolated growth hormone deficiency type I were studied by restriction endonuclease analysis. By using 32P-labeled human growth hormone or the homologous human chorionic somatomammotropin complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences as a probe, the growth hormone genes of affected individuals from all families yielded normal restriction patterns. Polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites (HincII and MspI), which are closely linked to the structural gene for growth hormone on chromosome 17, were used as markers in linkage analysis of DNA of family members. Of the nine affected sib pairs two were concordant, three were possibly concordant, and four were discordant for both linked markers. Since only concordant sib pairs would have inherited the same growth hormone alleles, further studies to identify mutations of the growth hormone genes should be limited to this subgroup. It is unlikely that the discordance observed in four of the sib pairs is due to recombination, because the polymorphic HincII site is only 116 base-pairs from the -26 codon of the growth hormone gene. Thus, in at least four of the nine families, the mutation responsible for isolated growth hormone deficiency is not within or near the structural gene for growth hormone on chromosome 17.


ABSTRACT In this Special Issue, we show that the study of civil society, social movements, and protest is central for assessing the current state of German politics. First, moving beyond political parties and electoral politics delivers crucial insights into the ideological, affective, and organisational structuring of emerging polarisation and cleavages. Second, the transformations in electoral politics are closely interrelated with dynamics in civil society. Building on these perspectives, the contributions to the Special Issue underline that, due to the emergence of new cleavages, Germany, like other European countries, has seen a double transformation of its landscape of political contestation: 'New contentious politics' is on the rise, marked by new issues and claims as well as hybrid organisational forms and close interactions between protest and electoral politics. Importantly, in contrast to long-held assumptions, protest is not the exclusive terrain of 'progressive' forces and not shaped by increasingly differentiated arenas of mobilisation. Based on a broad range of cases and methods, the contributions take stock of social movement and civil society activism in Germany since the 2000s, i.e. in an era of multiple crises and increasing polarisation.


This report sets out the findings of a feasibility study that aimed to understand how to define 'good' children's social care services and how to assess whether they have improved. The intention was for the feasibility study to support a larger project exploring the processes involved in improving children's social care services. The key findings of the study are:
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There is a lack of consistent expectations about outcomes for children's social care services and what indicators should be used to monitor them. There is mixed evidence about the features that characterise good children's social care services, and a significant proportion of it is based on expert opinion and has not been tested quantitatively.
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Analysis of the relationship between outcome data for children in need collated nationally by the Department for Education and Ofsted ratings of children's services found very little association. There did not seem to be any pattern in terms of the local authorities that were in the top or bottom percentiles for child outcome. Only one child outcome variable and one workforce variable had a statistically significant relationship with the Ofsted ratings.
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Before proceeding with a study exploring how children's social care services improve, it is important to identify an outcomes framework that a wide range of stakeholders agree is appropriate and to establish a set of indicators that reflect these outcomes and that could be collected and collated at a national level.
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The study team concluded that at this time it is not feasible to go ahead with the main project as originally envisaged, and instead to focus on how to create an outcomes framework and establish an appropriate set of indicators.


The optimal QoS path provisioning of coexisted and aggregated traffic in networks is still demanding problem. All traffic flows in a domain are distributed among LSPs (Label Switching Path) related to N service classes, but the congestion problem of concurrent flows can appear. As we know the IGP (Interior Getaway Protocol) uses simple on-line routing algorithms (e.g. OSPFS, IS-IS) based on shortest path methodology. In QoS end-to-end provisioning where some links may be reserved for certain traffic classes (for particular set of users) it becomes insufficient technique. On other hand, constraint based explicit routing (CR) based on IGP metric ensures traffic engineering (TE) capabilities. The algorithm proposed in this paper may find a longer but lightly loaded path, better than the heavily loaded shortest path. LSP can be pre-computed much earlier, possibly during SLA (Service Level Agreement) negotiation process. As w e need firm correlation with bandwidth management and traffic engineering (TE) the initial (pro-active) routing can be pre-computed in the context of all priority traffic flows (former contracted SLAs) traversing the network simultaneously. It could be a very good solution for congestion avoidance and for better load-balancing purpose where links are running close to capacity. Also, such technique could be useful in inter-domain end-to-end provisioning, where bandwidth reservation has to be negotiated with neighbor ASes (Autonomous System). To be acceptable for real applications such complicated routing algorithm can be significantly improved. Algorithm was tested on the network of M core routers on the path (between edge routers) and results are given for N =3 service classes. Further improvements through heuristic approach are made and results are discussed.


Introductory In the recent considerations of subaerial formations so many novelties enter that in many an old and well known field a new interest is aroused. Prominent among such tracts is the country lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. Both for the origin of the vast plains surface and of the so-called fresh-water Tertiaries underlying it a more satisfactory explanation than any vet offered is now demanded. The Great Plains appear to display the effects of a general leveling process to which but scanty attention has been given. On a grand scale they seem to introduce to us a mode of terranal genesis hitherto almost unrecognized. Continental deposits thus begin to assume in this country an importance which has been never before accorded them. The vast areal extent of the Great Plains terranes, their remarkable uniformity in lithologic character, their unusual evenness or vagueness of stratification, and . . .


Speech-based virtual assistants, such as Amazon Alexa, Google assistant, and Apple Siri, typically convert users' audio signals to text data through automatic speech recognition (ASR) and feed the text to downstream dialog models for natural language understanding and response generation. The ASR output is error-prone; however, the downstream dialog models are often trained on error-free text data, making them sensitive to ASR errors during inference time. To bridge the gap and make dialog models more robust to ASR errors, we leverage an ASR error simulator to inject noise into the error-free text data, and subsequently train the dialog models with the augmented data. Compared to other approaches for handling ASR errors, such as using ASR lattice or end-to-end methods, our data augmentation approach does not require any modification to the ASR or downstream dialog models; our approach also does not introduce any additional latency during inference time. We perform extensive experiments on benchmark data and show that our approach improves the performance of downstream dialog models in the presence of ASR errors, and it is particularly effective in the low-resource situations where there are constraints on model size or the training data is scarce.


Alcoa EverCast (C862F) is a proprietary, heat-treatable, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu casting alloy (7xx.x series) that also contains small amounts of vanadium and zirconium. Compared with conventional 3xx.x alloys, 7xx.x alloys eliminate brittle silicon particles thus allowing for the highest fatigue strength. The result is significantly higher tensile and fatigue strengths compared to the traditional A356 alloy with properties equal to or better than most 6xxx alloy forgings. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting. Filing Code: Al-471. Producer or source: Alcoa Corporation.


Background Fruit has since long been advocated as a healthy source of many nutrients, however, the high content of sugars in fruit might be a concern. Objectives To study effects of an increased fruit intake compared with similar amount of extra calories from nuts in humans. Methods Thirty healthy non-obese participants were randomized to either supplement the diet with fruits or nuts, each at +7 kcal/kg bodyweight/day for two months. Major endpoints were change of hepatic fat content (HFC, by magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), basal metabolic rate (BMR, with indirect calorimetry) and cardiovascular risk markers. Results Weight gain was numerically similar in both groups although only statistically significant in the group randomized to nuts (fruit: from 22.15±1.61 kg/m2 to 22.30±1.7 kg/m2, p = 0.24 nuts: from 22.54±2.26 kg/m2 to 22.73±2.28 kg/m2, p = 0.045). On the other hand BMR increased in the nut group only (p = 0.028). Only the nut group reported a net increase of calories (from 2519±721 kcal/day to 2763±595 kcal/day, p = 0.035) according to 3-day food registrations. Despite an almost three-fold reported increased fructose-intake in the fruit group (from 9.1±6.0 gram/day to 25.6±9.6 gram/day, p<0.0001, nuts: from 12.4±5.7 gram/day to 6.5±5.3 gram/day, p = 0.007) there was no change of HFC. The numerical increase in fasting insulin was statistical significant only in the fruit group (from 7.73±3.1 pmol/l to 8.81±2.9 pmol/l, p = 0.018, nuts: from 7.29±2.9 pmol/l to 8.62±3.0 pmol/l, p = 0.14). Levels of vitamin C increased in both groups while α-tocopherol/cholesterol-ratio increased only in the fruit group. Conclusions Although BMR increased in the nut-group only this was not linked with differences in weight gain between groups which potentially could be explained by the lack of reported net caloric increase in the fruit group. In healthy non-obese individuals an increased fruit intake seems safe from cardiovascular risk perspective, including measurement of HFC by MRI. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02227511


The unilateral determination of price has been a controversial issue for an extended period of time. During the 1990s the Supreme Court of Appeal asked if the rule should still form part of South African law. Specifically, the court raised a few questions in respect of the rule and commented that the rule as applied in South African law is illogical. The court also remarked that public policy, bona fides and contractual equity might also be employed when considering such issues. Despite the criticisms of the Supreme Court of Appeal, it would seem that the rule still forms part of our law. This article investigates whether or not the rule should be retained in the South African common law. The answer will depend on two separate questions: Is the rule a manifestation of the requirement of certainty of price? If not, does public policy require that the rule be retained? The article shows that the rule prohibiting the unilateral determination of price should not be seen as a manifestation of the requirement of certainty of price. This is because there are various circumstances where the unilateral determination of the price results in certainty of price or can be applied in such a way as to arrive at certainty of price. Most of these arguments require that the discretion to determine the price should not be unfettered and should be subject to some objective standard. This can be done expressly or tacitly in the contract, or an objective standard (in the form of reasonableness) will be implied by law. Thereafter, the article considers various public policy considerations that could be used to determine if a discretion to determine the price should be enforced. The article argues that public policy may dictate that such a discretion should be valid and enforceable provided that it is not unfettered and subject to an external objective standard or reasonableness. However, in cases where an unfair bargaining position is present, public policy may dictate otherwise. The article accepts that whether a term providing for the unilateral determination of the price would be contrary to public policy or not will depend on the facts of the case. However, it is submitted that, at a minimum, the considerations and factors discussed in the article should be taken into account when making such an assessment.


The implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) began in Israeli organizations in the early 1990s. The start up of total quality activity in Israel was cautious, moderate, and gradual. In 1990, only a relatively small number of enterprises showed interest in assimilating the system. These were enterprises whose business activities were linked to other firms in the world that had applied TQM--such as Motorola, IBM, and Intel--or organizations that wanted to use TQM as a tool for attaining the International Standard Certification--ISO 9002. Since the first Israeli firm started TQM six years ago, TQM and its principles have been increasingly recognized and adopted by managers across the private and public sectors. The Israeli government declared 1994 "The Quality Year in Israeli Industries" and defined quality improvement as a national strategic objective. A National Quality Award, like the Malcolm Baldrige Award in the U.S., will be presented yearly by the Prime Minister to organizations that excel in quality. In 1994, the Israeli Ministry of Commerce and Industries initiated a project for promoting innovative quality management. The purpose of this initiative is to introduce progressive management systems, including TQM. During the last two years, an increased number of TQM workshops and seminars for managers are being offered by the Israeli Management Institute, the Israeli Society for Quality, management consulting firms, and university management schools. Even though there are no official statistics on the scope of TQM applications in Israel, it is estimated that by the end of 1994, 120 organizations were at various stages of TQM implementation. From the limited data published, it is evident that approximately 80 percent of the total number of organizations implementing TQM are industrial plants, half government owned and half privately owned. Twenty percent of the remaining organizations can be found in the service sector, including banks, insurance companies, manpower agencies, and the like. Twenty-five percent of all the organizations have been applying the TQM approach for two years or more, and 75 percent of the implementation efforts are more recent (Caspi, 1993; Sheps, 1994). The quality revolution over the last few years fostered a cultural revolution (Cole, 1993). The cumulative experience of organizations that are implementing the TQM philosophy suggests that a change of values, norms, and behaviour is an important condition for assimilating the new concepts and their success. The approach of TQM rests on a number of principles and components that capture an alternative organizational-managerial culture. Some of the central values of TQM are the focus on the customer (e.g., Anderson et al., 1994), continuous process improvement (Kano & Lillrank, 1989), team work (Dean & Bowen, 1994), full involvement by managers and workers in quality efforts (Cole et al., 1993), problem solving and decision making based on systematic data gathering (Grant et al., 1994), planned professional training and competency development (Waldman, 1994a, 1994b), and quality integration (Dean & Goodman, 1994). Yet the TQM picture is far from rosy (Spector & Beer, 1994). Cumulative managerial experiences and recently published studies report on problems and failures in TQM implementation (Krishnan et al., 1993; Mathews & Katel, 1992). Embedded in the challenge are two critical issues: the complexity of fostering cultural transformation and the degree to which quality improvement is a culturally bounded phenomenon (vs. global phenomenon). To begin to answer these questions, we review and analyze the quality improvement phenomenon in the Israeli context. Following an attempt to understand why TQM efforts were initiated in Israel, we explore some of the basic characteristics of the Israeli business context. Next, we briefly describe successful quality improvement efforts in two companies--one in the manufacturing sector and one in the service sector. …


Three dimensional (3D) imaging gained an important diagnostic role because of providing the precise diagnosis in computed tomography (CT) studies. Various 3D softwares such as; VitreaWorkstation Toshiba, Japan; OsiriXSwitzerland; Volume Viewer-General Electric, USA have been manufactured to improve its diagnostic ability. Providing the deep sense and dimensional perception, the aim of this prospective study is to compare the native 3D (N3D) CT images with 2 anaglyph images by using different softwares and delineate their contribution to 3D CT imaging.


The Romanian Subcarpathian space has been the subject of continuous transformation during the last 2 centuries under the double impact of human activities and disruptive natural factors. Time and spatial dynamics of land use and coverage determined a major impact on the structure and functionality of the Subcarpathian landscape. In the Subcarpathians between the Râmnicu Sărat and the Buzău, the main tendencies in land use changes are highlighted by the decrease of forestry areas and increase of agricultural terrains, especially pastures and orchards, a consequence of the deforestation undertaken to answer local human needs. The fragmentation and the pronounced decrease of forestry ecosystems has been quantified by calculating and analysing landscape metrics, using land use and coverage maps derived from the Corine Land Cover 1990 and 2006 database. In the Subcarpathians between the Râmnicu Sărat and the Buzău, there has been registered a deforestation rate of 10.09% in the analysed period, but also an increase in landscape fragmentation. Thus, the number of forest patches increased by 10.96% and their average size decreased by 13.73%, while the shape remained unchanged. Landscape patches became more isolated, as the value of the average proximity index decreased by 42.07%. The study underlines the necessity of elaborating a strategy of protection and preservation for these ecosystems, aimed at increasing the reforestation rate and decreasing the fragmentation degree. A sustainable planning system of land use must be enforced in order to increase forest productivity and the uniformity degree of the Subcarpathian landscape.


This paper describes and discusses how innovation impacts creativity in the advertising sector. It points to the double meaning of creativity — as innovativeness and as artistic skills — and indicates a tension between the two. Empirical illustrations consist of two case studies from the advertising sector. These point to how innovations (in terms of adaptation of new technology) negatively impact artistic creativity. Contextual factors creating a need for new technology did have an impact, and meant that companies became increasingly competitive and roles became unclear. On the company level, innovation caused knowledge gaps, increased formalization, and expanded the division of work. Contribution is made to research on the management of creativity by suggesting how innovation impacts artistic creativity. Furthermore, the discussion on company level creativity contributes to research on the advertising sector, since the literature has foremost discussed creative processes of individual campaigns.


Implied volatility is one of the key issues in modern quantitative finance, since plain vanilla option prices contain vital information for pricing and hedging of exotic and illiquid options. European plain vanilla options are nowadays widely traded, which results in a great amount of high-dimensional data especially on an intra day level. The data reveal a degenerated string structure. Dynamic semiparametric factor models (DSFM) are tailored to handle complex, degenerated data and yield low dimensional representations of the implied volatility surface (IVS). We discuss estimation issues of the model and apply it to DAX option prices.


An increasing number of geographers conduct research in foreign languages. Since the representation of research still largely takes place in English, we are inevitably confronted with the challenge of translation. All too often, however, translation is treated as a fait accompli and conceptual black box without problematizing the very act of translation as both political and highly subjective. In this paper I argue that critical translation must grapple not only with the semantic issues of translation but especially with the institutionalization of a naturalized meaning hegemony. This involves teasing out the political exclusions of translation as well as addressing the agency of the translating geographer. By way of practical examples I suggest paths to achieve such a critical treatment of translation.


This study focuses on characteristics of a historical bridge in Icmeler, Urla, Izmir. Urla, a historical settlement on the west of Izmir, has been part of a commercial network between Karaburun, Cesme and Anatolia throughout history. The aim is to understand the construction technique and material usage in Hypokremnos Bridge and identify a possible sequence of the original construction. The linear bridge was constructed by using masonry technique. It has three openings with various sizes and supported with rounded arches. The bridge wall is crowned with a road way making a crest at its center a inclined facade. This study is composed of four phases; documentation, analysis of construction technique and material usage, historical evaluation and restitution. In the first phase, by using Tgi3D Su Photoscan 2.13 and Trimble SketchUp 2013 software, three dimensional model was prepared. Visual analysis of construction technique and material usage was carried out and the mortar sample from the bridge was investigated in the conservation laboratory in the second phase. Three dimensional manual photogrammetric documentation of the historical bridge has provided the advantage of conceiving many constructional details. This condensed observation of constructional features supported with comparative study on historical bridges in Anatolia has revealed that the elements and composition of the studied bridge presents Roman characteristics, but the masonry techniques used recall those of Turkish period. The detailed data about structural system gathered from different locations of the bridge was used for the production of reconstitution of system detail. Reconstitution model of the bridge was produced by using reconstitution of system detail. To identify construction phases of the bridge, literature survey was carried out. According to structural elements and composition of the bridge, it is thought to be constructred in Roman Period, however, both the randomness in the composition of the rough cut lime stones used in the outer shells of the bridge wall, and lack of system in the form and color composition of the cut sand stones in the arches and the sea facade may be interpreted as an end result of a comprehensive repair on total reconstruction in the Turkish period.


In this new collection of essays on memory and amnesia in the postmodern world, cultural critic Andreas Huyssen considers how nationalism, literature, art, politics, and the media are obsessed with the past. The great paradox of our fin-de-siecle culture is that novelty is even more associated with memory than with future expectation. Drawing heavily on the dilemmas of contemporary Germany, Huyssen's discussion of cultural memory illustrates the nature of contemporary nationalism, the work of such artists and thinkers as Anselm Kiefer, Alexander Kluge, and Jean Baudrillard, and many others. The book includes illustrations from contemporary Germany.


Voxel-based soft robots (VSRs) are aggregations of soft blocks whose design is amenable to optimization. We here present a software, 2D-VSR-Sim, for facilitating research concerning the optimization of VSRs body and brain. The software, written in Java, provides consistent interfaces for all the VSRs aspects suitable for optimization and considers by design the presence of sensing, i.e., the possibility of exploiting the feedback from the environment for controlling the VSR. We experimentally characterize, from a mechanical point of view, the VSRs that can be simulated with 2D-VSR-Sim and we discuss the computational burden of the simulation. Finally, we show how 2D-VSR-Sim can be used to repeat the experiments of significant previous studies and, in perspective, to provide experimental answers to a variety of research questions.


Empirical legal scholarship endeavors to resolve disputes that are indeterminate at the level of theory. The nature of empirical claims, however, requires that consumers of this work bring a healthy dose of skepticism to any of these projects. Three recent works in the area of corporate reorganizations illustrate how a project that appears on its face to settle scholarly debate can rest on choices that the researcher made rather than on the data itself. One of these works seeks to discredit proposals to make bankruptcy law a default rule rather than a mandatory rule, but it draws its data from a sample half of which is made up of individuals, who by definition are outside the reach of the proposed reform. Moreover, the entire sample omits publicly held corporations, the main target of the reform being examined. The second article discredits prior reorganization practice, but only by establishing a standard that no bankruptcy system has ever satisfied. The third piece concludes that competition for large Chapter 11 cases has corrupted our bankruptcy system, but the empirical basis for this conclusion rests on combining fundamentally different types of bankruptcy cases. For empirical work to be credited, at a minimum, it has to look in the right place, ask the right question and draw the right inferences. When empirical work fails to cross this threshold, it conclusions must be rejected.


Microservices are a new and rapidly growing architectural model aimed at developing highly scalable software solutions based on independently deployable and evolvable components. Due to its novelty, microservice-related discussions are increasing in Q&A websites, such as StackOverflow (SO). In order to understand what is being discussed by the microservice community, this work has applied mining techniques and topic modelling to a manually-curated dataset of 1,043 microservice-related posts from StackOverflow. As a result, we found that 13.68% of microservice technical posts on SO discuss a single technology: Netflix Eureka. Moreover, buzzwords in the microservice ecosystem, e.g., blue/green deployment, were not identified as relevant subjects of discussion on SO. Finally, we show how a high discussion rate on SO may not reflect the popularity of a certain subject within the microservice community.


In recent years, the application of horizontal wells has been predominant in minimizing cresting scenarios due to significant reservoir exposure of its laterals. Cresting is known to occur in horizontal wells when the pressure drop supersedes the hydrostatic pressure existing between the phases in a typical reservoir. Cresting poses problems such as uneconomic oil production rates due to increasing volumes of effluent(s) (unwanted water and or gas) produced with oil over time as well as the overall recovery efficiency of oil reservoirs. Production optimization from crest-affected thick- and thin-oil rim homogeneous reservoirs were investigated experimentally by considering the effect of varying the inclined sections of a horizontal well at low angles of inclination (15o-30o), initial surface pressures (-4.351Psig), lateral length in reservoir (lr, = 0.305 m) and oil viscosity (50 cP) on oil recovery, oil produced and cumulative water produced during cresting. A strong bottom aquifer and considerable gas cap were modeled at constant bottom water injection rate of 41.68 cm3/s and at atmospheric pressure (14.7 Psi) respectively. An experimental proactive cresting control technique based on reservoir wettability, gravity segregation and effluent(s) breakthrough times were investigated for cresting control in thick- and thin-oil rim homogeneous reservoirs, using an electromagnetic valve installation. Numerical simulations were considered using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to the determine the velocity of captured water cresting images and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to validate the oil withdrawal rate, Gas-Oil-Contact (GOC) and Water-Oil-Contact (WOC) by applying boundary conditions from the physical model. From results of varying the inclined section of the horizontal well, the Short radius wells with 30o angle of inclination and ratio of vertical displacement of the inclined section to reservoir height (Vd/Hr) of 0.079 resulted in 177.75 cm3 increment in oil recovered and reduction in cumulative water produced (258 cm3) at a production time of 300 s in thick-oil rim reservoirs while 250 cm3 increment in oil was observed with 356 cm3 reduction in cumulative water produced at a production time of 495 s in thick-oil rim reservoirs with Vd/Hr, 0.063. Further increment of 108.91 cm3 in oil produced and reduction in cumulative water produced (183.99 cm3), was observed when cresting was controlled proactively in thick-oil rim reservoirs. From varying the inclined section of the horizontal well, increment in oil produced of 163 cm3 and 134 cm3 cumulative reduction in produced water were observed at Vd/Hr equals 0.079 in thin-oil rim reservoirs at a simulation time of 210 s while a lower oil increment of 6.84 cm3 and cumulative water reduction of 10.98 cm3 were observed in thin-oil rim reservoirs when controlled proactively. The over predicted quantitative results as high as 75.06% using the CFD model compared with experimental data were due to two-dimensional (2D) model limitations in porous media as well as the corresponding grain sizes. To exemplify, for WOC the predicted results was about 28.56% compared to experimental data at 4.5 s. The average velocity profile from PIV analysis increased steadily from 0.113 to 2.08E-15 m/s from 10 to 90 s.


The appraisal and the evaluation of maintenance culture, enhancing productivity through optimal machine availability and utilization in manufacturing industries has been carried out in the Akure metropolitan. Mathematical models were used to assess the performance of maintenance personnel in the four prominent manufacturing industries in Akure, Nigeria. The results obtained indicated that production machines are already getting old, thereby resulting to frequent breakdown. Maintenance analysis were generally poor due to poor review or monitoring of maintenance performance, low degree of planning, improper execution of preventive maintenance, lack of necessary spare parts, and inadequate maintenance personnel. Some useful suggestions were made in order to increase the effectiveness of maintenance in the industries. Keywords: Maintenance culture, Manufacturing industries, Evaluation, Akure metropolitan


We present a comprehensive analysis of spatially resolved moderate spectral resolution near-infrared spectra obtained with the adaptive optics system at the Keck Observatory. We identify three compositionally distinct end member regions: the trailing hemisphere bullseye, the leading hemisphere upper latitudes, and a third component associated with leading hemisphere chaos units. We interpret the composition of the three end member regions to be dominated by irradiation products, water ice, and evaporite deposits or salt brines, respectively. The third component is associated with geological features and distinct from the geography of irradiation, suggesting an endogenous identity. Identifying the endogenous composition is of particular interest for revealing the subsurface composition. However, its spectrum is not consistent with linear mixtures of the salt minerals previously considered relevant to Europa. The spectrum of this component is distinguished by distorted hydration features rather than distinct spectral features, indicating hydrated minerals but making unique identification difficult. In particular, it lacks features common to hydrated sulfate minerals, challenging the traditional view of an endogenous salty component dominated by Mg-sulfates. Chloride evaporite deposits are one possible alternative.


A novel method for determining gain in long-cavity Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot diode lasers is presented. Gain is extracted from a return-loss measurement via a simple model. The experimental setup is based on the injection of a low-coherence probe signal into the laser cavity and synchronous detection of the reflected light. Using a fiber-optics setup, gain can be determined in commercial fiber-coupled laser modules. The novel technique is particularly suitable for diode lasers with very long cavities. To illustrate the method, the gain spectra of a 980-nm pump diode laser with 1800-/spl mu/m cavity length are determined. Gain saturation due to probe signal injection is addressed.


Experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies on the Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed hydroamination reaction of terminal allenes with secondary amines reveal that in situ generated cationic Cu(I) is the catalytically active species and explain the observed regio- and stereoselectivity for the unbranched E product. Insight into the structure of the relevant transition states allowed the generalization of this methodology to allenamides and N-allenylcarbamates under unprecedentedly mild and functional-group-tolerant conditions. Chelation effects by the amide oxygen in addition to electronic effects explain the high innate reactivity of this class of substrates.


The growth of the economy is directly linked to the availability of quality power. As per the estimates of the Ministry of Power, Government of India [1], there is a power deficit to an extent of 8% in the country. It is planned to mitigate this shortfall by increasing the share of contribution of renewable sources in the energy portfolio. Renewable energy is also intended to be used in decentralized power generation systems in order to mitigate the power crises in the rural areas. This concept of decentralized power generation and distribution has been successfully demonstrated in two villages of India based on Indian Institute of Science (IISc) biomass gasification technology. One of them is a demonstration plant which had operated for more than 15 years in an un-electrified village named Hosahalli in Tumkur district, Karnataka. The other plant is related to the recently installed plant at Kasai village in Madhya Pradesh under the Village Energy Security Program (VESP) of the Ministry for New and Renewable Sources (MNRE), Govt. of India. These two are presented as case studies in this paper along with the 5 kWe demonstration model working at the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Rural Energy and Development (MGRIRED).


Introduction. Low back pain is an important public health problem affecting 70-85% of the
population worldwide and is a common cause of work-related disability. At Edendale
Hospital, the physiotherapy nursing case load related to the management of low
back pain increased from 30% to 45% over the past 3 years. The risk factors for
low back pain at Edendale Hospital remain unclear and it is not clear whether low
back pain is more prevalent in certain wards. Knowing the risk factors contributing
to the prevalence of low back pain at the Hospital will assist nursing and hospital
managers to plan appropriate interventions to minimize the occurrence.
Methods. An observational cross sectional study with an analytic component was implemented.
Data was collected utilizing a self- administered questionnaire to determine the
prevalence of low back pain amongst nurses at the Hospital. Bivariate analyses and
logistic regressions were performed to determine the risk factors associated with low back
pain. Results. The point prevalence of current low back pain was 59%, of chronic low back pain
was 47% and occupational low back pain was 57%. Logistic regression revealed
bending and working in orthopaedic, surgery, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology is significantly associated with low back pain.
Conclusion. Occupational factors are strongly associated with low back pain. Thus workplace
interventions are required.


This paper argues for the relevance of paying attention to structuring participation processes across scales as one of the ways in which participation of multi-organisational partnerships that involve conflicting interests might be managed. Issue wise the paper deals with problems in connection with land mobilisation for road widening in complex and concentrated high value urban settings. It discusses a case study of plan implementation involving individual landowners, the land development market, the local government, other governmental and non-governmental organisations and the state government, which together achieved objectives that seemed impossible at first sight. In theoretical terms, the paper engages with Jessop's (2001) Strategic-Relational Approach (SRA), arguing for its potential for informing action in a way that is capable of achieving steering outputs. The claim for SRA is demonstrated by re-examining the case study. The factors that come through as SRA is applied are drawn out and it is suggested that the theory though non-deterministic, helps guide action by highlighting certain dynamics of systems that can be used for institutional intervention. These dynamics point to the importance of paying attention to scale and the way in which participation and negotiation processes are structured so as to favour certain outcomes rather than others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Card's (1990) study of the Mariel supply shock remains an important cornerstone of both the literature that measures the labor market impact of immigration, and of the "stylized fact" that immigration might not have much impact on the wage of workers in a receiving country. My recent reappraisal of the Mariel evidence (Borjas, 2017) revealed that the wage of low-skill workers in Miami declined substantially in the years after Mariel, and has already encouraged a number of re-reexaminations. Most recently, Clemens and Hunt (2017) argue that a data quirk in the CPS implies that wage trends in the sample of non-Hispanic prime-age men examined in my paper does not correctly represent what happened to wages in post-Mariel Miami. Specifically, there was a substantial increase in the black share of Miami's low-skill workforce in the relevant period (particularly between the 1979 and 1980 survey years of the March CPS). Because African-American men earn less than white men, this increase in the black share would spuriously produce a drop in the average low-skill wage in Miami. This paper examines the robustness of the evidence presented in my original paper to statistical adjustments that control for the increasing number of black men in Miami's low-skill workforce. The evidence consistently indicates that the race-adjusted low-skill wage in Miami fell significantly relative to the wage in other labor markets shortly after 1980 before fully recovering by 1990.


Herbivorous insects stimulate signaling cascades in the plants being eaten that help the plants mount a defense against these voracious enemies. Plant defense mechanisms can involve the activation of the jasmonate and salicylate pathways that can stimulate the production of toxic chemicals known as allelochemicals. Li et al. report that the gene expression of the cytochrome P450 genes involved in allelochemical detoxification in the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, can be stimulated in response to ingestion of jasmonate or salicylate. When worms were allowed to eat celery leaves that had been previously damaged to stimulate jasmonate and salicylate production, the cytochrome P450 genes were stimulated in the worms. These damaged leaves had not yet accumulated allelochemicals, which are known to stimulate detoxifying enzyme production in insects. Finally, previous exposure to jasmonate or salicylate enhanced survival of worms ingesting celery leaves. The authors call this process "signal eavesdropping" and suggest that the ability to enhance the synthesis of detoxifying enzymes before the toxins accumulate may provide the insects with prophylactic protection from plant defenses. For biochemical details of jasmonate signaling, see the Connections Map by Liechti and Farmer. X. Li, M. A. Schule, M. R. Berenbaum, Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivore cytochrome P450 genes. Nature 419, 712-715 (2002). [Online Journal] R. Liechti, E. E. Farmer, Jasmonate biochemical pathway. Science's STKE (Connections Map as seen October 2002), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/cm/CMP_7361. [Pathway]


Turbulence at different scales, from generation to dissipation, influences planktonic communities. Many experimental studies have recently been done to determine the effects of small-scale turbulence on plankton, but it is difficult to state the relevance of the findings since there is little unbiased information on turbulence variability in the sea. In this study, we use wind velocity data series from several meteorological stations located along the Catalan coast to estimate the spatial and temporal variability of small-scale turbulence in the upper ocean. Using a peaks-over-threshold approach, we develop a statistical model to assess the frequency of wind events as a function of their persistence and intensity. Finally, the wind speed data series are converted into turbulent energy dissipation rate estimates at 1 m depth to determine the general distribution of turbulence on the Catalan coast. Geographical variability is larger than seasonal variability in frequency and persistence of wind events, owing to differences in local relief. These statistical models developed for wind events combined with empirical relationships between wind and turbulence, are tools for estimating the occurrence and persistence of turbulent events at a given location and season. They serve to put into context the past, present and future studies of the effects of turbulence on coastal planktonic organisms and processes.


We carried out a long-duration seismic time-lapse experiment consisting of two periods in 2012-2013 and 2015 in a water pumping field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using an ultra-stable ACROSS seismic source and a geophone array. The comparison of travel times and amplitudes of P waves show quite small but distinct temporal variation with time. The maximum change is approximately 1.5 ms during two months both in the first and the second periods. Because the total travel time is 0.2 s, the change of 1.5 ms corresponds to 0.75%. The resolution of travel-time change is ~0.1 ms and it is good resolution to detect the change of subsurface caused by CO2 or high-temperature H2O injection to the heavy oil reservoir. We also discuss the NRMS repeatability of the observation system using the first arrivals at the stations within 700 m from the source and found that the NRMS repeatability was better than 5% during 2 month periods. The source itself might have roughly 2% NRMS repeatability. The NRMS repeatability is based on the waveform change. The present result supports that the ACROSS source has excellent repeatability well enough to discuss the time lapse of the subsurface.


This article asks how philanthropists can make a difference over long periods in a changing world. From a structural point of view, philanthropic foundations can be designed to operate in the very long run, in principle in perpetuity. For example, the largest charitable grant-giver to London-only causes dates back to 1097. Since culture and society transcend the biological life span, they can "carry" the philanthropic foundation and the ethos its founder wished to express in perpetuity. This notion of "historical time" is an important driver of philanthropic action. Truly relevant philanthropy is associated with interventions at inflection points: tipping issues, funding major new research that fundamentally alters the intervention options, and thereby catalyzing systemic change with implications well into the future. The article suggests that it is best to look at three types of inflection points simultaneously. Together, they play an important role in defining the constraint-opportunity set of philanthropy: issues, grantees and self. First, to be solved, an issue needs to be sufficiently ripe in terms of public attention and availability of solutions - such as global warming currently - or a long-run commitment to ripening the issues needs to be made. Second, from a social impact perspective, maximizing the catalytic effect of the grantee is critical as well. This requires awareness of inflection points when making resource allocation decisions regarding specific organizations - is the grantee organization currently in a steady-state, or is it about to experience a step change such as rapid growth, merger or refocusing the mission. Moreover, philanthropists' needs and giving preferences change as the personal lifecycle progresses. Thus, timing the self is important as well. Philanthropic interventions that are designed to be commensurate with and properly anticipate built-in inflection points in the personal growth process tend to be more effective at sustaining long-term donor satisfaction and commitment. To maximize its impact, the article develops a framework for inflection-point philanthropy.Note: Downloadable document in Mandarin.


ABSTRACT Multifunctional T cells have been shown to be protective in chronic viral infections. In mycobacterial infections, however, evidence for a protective role of multifunctional T cells remains inconclusive. Short-term cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1 antigens 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) and 10-kDa culture filtrate antigen (CFP10), which are induced in the early infection phase, have been mainly used to assess T cell multifunctionality, although long-term culture assays have been proposed to be more sensitive than short-term assays for assessment of memory T cells, which are essential for long-term immunity. Here we used a long-term culture assay system to study the T cell immune responses to the M. tuberculosis latency-associated DosR antigens and reactivation-associated Rpf antigens, compared to ESAT6 and CFP10, in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and household contacts of PTB patients with long-term latent tuberculosis infection (ltLTBI), in a community in which M. tuberculosis is endemic. Our results showed that the DosR antigens Rv1737c (narK2) and Rv2029c (pfkB) and the Rv2389c (rpfD) antigen of M. tuberculosis induced higher frequencies of CD4+ or CD8+ mono- or bifunctional (but not multifunctional) T cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and/or tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) in ltLTBI, compared to PTB. Moreover, the frequencies of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells with a CD45RO+ CD27+ phenotype were higher in ltLTBI than in PTB. Thus, the immune responses to selected DosR and Rpf antigens may be associated with long-term latency, correlating with protection from M. tuberculosis reactivation in ltLTBI. Further study of the functional and memory phenotypes may contribute to further discrimination between the different states of M. tuberculosis infections.


We study the scattering problem for the non-Hermitian scattering center, which consists of two Hermitian clusters with anti-Hermitian couplings between them. Counterintuitively, it is shown that it acts as a Hermitian scattering center, satisfying $|r| ^{2}+|t| ^{2}=1$, i.e., the Dirac probability current is conserved, when one of two clusters is embedded in the waveguides. This conclusion can be applied to an arbitrary parity-symmetric real Hermitian graph with additional PT-symmetric potentials, which is more feasible in experiment. Exactly solvable model is presented to illustrate the theory. Bethe ansatz solution indicates that the transmission spectrum of such a cluster displays peculiar feature arising from the non-Hermiticity of the scattering center.


__Abstract__

Since 1949, Tibetans and Uyghurs generally have been perceived as the two most problematic members of the PRC s great family of peoples and been the targets of carrot and stick measures designed to facilitate their integration into the PRC. In recent years, a solution to the problem of Xinjiang and the Tibet has been sought in accelerated economic development, yet this is perceived by both groups with great suspicion. Addressing this situation, the volume explores the arenas of socio-economic development and market liberalization, popular culture, urban planning and relocation, environment and ecological migration, civil society, education and language, ethno-nationalism, as well as religious policies and practices. It is especially topical at a time when fieldwork in the regions where these two minorities live remains extremely difficult and politically sensitive.


This paper examines the interrelationships between teaching beliefs and approaches, instructional design, relationships with students, and academics' and students' perceptions of effective teaching and learning. Mixed methodology was utilised and included interviews with academics and students, and questionnaires, inventories, and learning journals. As anticipated educationally optimal instructional design was appreciated by academics and students, however, it was not the most significant aspect in influencing students' perceptions of 'good' or effective teaching. Differences were found between two teaching academics' beliefs about students and these translated into varied approaches to teaching, interactions with students, and different capacities to establish positive classroom environments and relationships. Academics' ethic of care and relational acumen were the pivotal components in students' criteria for effective teaching, which may present a quandary to academic developers. Findings indicate the importance of relational acumen and an ethic of care and may also have significance for university leaders in matching academic teaching activities to faculty strengths and potentially explaining negative student feedback in well-designed units.


In mid-May 1968, the Syndicat du Livre (Printers Union), to which the majority of the workers in the printing plants and paper industries belonged, joined the general movement. This meant the strikes now directly affected the news magazines of the time, in particular Paris Match, which ceased publication for four consecutive weeks. When the leading weekly news magazine of the day returned to the newsstands, it went back over events that dated in part from one month earlier. On June 15, the editors constructed a retrospective narrative of 'May '68' in an issue that presented a historicizing reading of the spring's events, despite the fact that some of the movements in question were still underway. Reinforced by a formal presentation that was highly unusual for the magazine – a departure partially necessitated by disruptions connected with the strikes taking place at the printing plants – this media construction reveals the effort that went into designing the issue as a whole. It thus helps to show how the magazine's editorial and ideological aims were expressed in the narrative presented as well as in the formal decisions supporting it, the two aspects working together to produce an overarching media system: the forme magazine.


Nursing service in hospital is the main part of health services given to patients. Nursing service quality is most affected by nurses' effectiveness in giving service on patient, because nurses give high contribution and represent the backbone of service quality in the hospital. The back and forth of nursing service is very depended on the commitment of nurse herself to organization (hospital) to always be responsible morally and professionally. A credit to be nurse and to be admitted as part of an organization is the major. The given believe and opportunity to develop in an organization will grow strong emotional string to trigger internal motivation, thus it will improve the commitment on organization. It will make nurses feel happy in performing her job
to give nursing service on patients. There are many factors, which can explain the good or bad of nursing quality. One of them is organization commitment the researcher therefore is interested to study the correlation between organization commitment with nursing service quality. This research is quantitative research with non-experimental design. Nursing service quality is dependent variable and organization commitment as the independent variable. The research subject is nurses of Citra Medika Hospital of Sidoarjo with total subject are 55 nurses using total sampling technique. Data collecting technique uses scale, that is organization commitment and nursing service quality scales. Data analysis method uses product moment correlation technique assisted by SPSS 12.00 for windows software computer program. From data analysis, the obtained result shows that there is very significant positive correlation between organization commitment with nursing service quality in Citra Medika Hospital of Sidoarjo (r = 0.699 and p = 0.000). It means that nurse who has high organization commitment is accompanied by good nursing service quality. It suggested that nursing service quality could be explained from organization commitment of 48.9%, while its remains, 51.1%, can be explained by another untested factors.


The project goal was to conduct a needs assessment concerning what factors were most important to survivors of domestic violence in terms of post-shelter living. A review of the literature on domestic violence research indicated a lack of studies focusing on long term stability planning. A survey was developed to be distributed among survivors living in a domestic violence shelter. The survey asked the survivors to rate how imp01iant different categories of services of post-shelter living were to them. These categories were: Housing, Education/Employment, Access to Community Services, Services for Children, and Healthcare. The survivors were then asked how important specific services within these categories were to them. While the survey was distributed to survivors at one domestic violence shelter, many barriers prevented any data from being analyzed. This thesis will explore those barriers and possible ways in which future research might overcome them. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Social Work First Advisor Dr. Barbara Walters Second Advisor Dr. Yvette Colon


: In the social sciences any illusion of discovery the truth is admitted: we can just hope to have a better grasp of the meaning of the observed behaviour. Which implications has, this peculiar property of the social sciences, on the way they construct theories about the effect of the context on the formation of the social behaviour? In order to give some answers to this question, this paper consists of three parts. First, some epistemological frailties of the concept of context in the effort of understanding social dynamics are discussed. Then, some trajectories of the idea of context are briefly sketched by reconstructing three crucial oscillations of the concept around a sort of barycentre with respect to two typologies: the one distinguishing between situation and frame, the other between global, analytical and structural properties. Lastly, some minimalist rules of thumb are suggested in order to correctly associate logics of action, contextual properties and research designs.


In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the exchange rate movements of
two countries, Chile and the United States, by studying the underlying fundamentals given by
the modern exchange rate theory. In this context, we included in our regression analysis three
main economic factors. Monetary policy interest rate, money supply and inflation rates were
considered for both countries since January 1990.
We also included a fourth variable in our model; Copper Price. The evolution of this
commodity's price played an important role in our study as we will discover that a significant
portion in exchange rates variation is explained by this variable. Copper was considered
because of the increasing importance of this commodity in the Chilean economy.
The results show that the determinants of the exchange rate may vary over time. The
independent variables that have an effect on the exchange rate may lose their explanatory
power when economic conditions change or a switch in the foreign exchange rate policy
dictated by central banks or, as we proved, when variations on certain markets takes place.


The quality of air breathed in South Africa is of great concern, especially in industrialised regions where PM2.5 concentrations are high. Long term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with serious adverse health impacts. Traditionally, PM2.5 is monitored by a network of ground-based instruments. However, the coverage of monitoring networks in South Africa is not dense enough to fully capture the spatial variability of PM2.5 concentrations. This study explored whether satellite remote sensing could offer a viable alternative to ground-based monitoring. Using an eight-year record (2009 to 2016) of satellite retrievals (MODIS, MISR and SeaWIFS) for PM2.5 concentrations, spatial variations and temporal trends for PM2.5 are evaluated for the Vaal Triangle Airshed Priority Area (VTAPA). Results are compared to corresponding measurements from the VTAPA surface monitoring stations. High PM2.5 concentrations were clustered around the centre and towards the south-west of the VTAPA over the highly industrialised cities of Vanderbijlpark and Sasolburg. Satellite retrievals tended to overestimate PM2.5 concentrations. Overall, there was a poor spatial agreement between satellite-retrieved PM2.5 estimates and ground-level PM2.5 measurements. Root mean square error values ranged from 6 to 11 µg/m3 and from -0.89 to 0.32 for the correlation coefficient. For satellite remote sensing to be effectively exploited for air quality assessments in the VTAPA and elsewhere, further research to improve the precision and accuracy of satellite-retrieved PM2.5 is required.


Protein family classification usually relies on sequence information (as in the case of hidden Markov models and position-specific scoring matrices) or on structural information where some sort of average positional error between the atomic locations is used. The positional error method requires that the structure of all the proteins to be classified is known. Sequence methods have the advantage that a much larger number of proteins can be classified (since far more sequences are know than structures). However, sequence methods discard a large amount of useful information contained in the structures of the subset of proteins in the family for which structures are known. A protein family classification system is presented which uses both structural and sequence information and combines this information in a way consistent with fuzzy systems theory. The nonlinear fuzzy-theory-based method is found to perform better than either an equally-weighted linear combination of the sequence and structural information or the sequence information alone.


This thesis examines how resistance is thought about and discussed within the discursive framework of the New World Order (NWO) conspiracy theory. The literature on conspiracy theories has tended to ignore or even reject the notion that conspiracy theory can be associated with political resistance; it is typically characterised as an individual, intellectual and more or less irrational puzzle-solving endeavour. Furthermore, conspiracy theory has been proposed by its very nature to be disabling (Fenster 1999: xv) and that in the face of a totalising, malevolent global conspiracy, "there is nothing you can do" (Basham 2003: 100). Such admittedly plausible conjectures are largely unsupported by empirical research, and so this thesis seeks to assess the credibility of these claims via a richly detailed discourse analysis of online conspiracy theory discussion forums. I define 'resistance discourse' in terms of perceived agency, specifically via discursive constructions of power and morality, across three social groups: heroes, villains and potential supporters. I further propose that these anti-NWO resistance discourses can be analysed in the same way as those of a social movement, and I employ Melucci's (1989; 1996) concepts of 'action system', 'ideology' and 'communicative construction' to analyse the ways in which perceptions of agency are played out and interact with each other within online conversations. Firstly in cognitive terms, relating to perceptions of the efficacy of any proposed resistance strategy, and secondly in affective terms in relation to whether or not the resistance discourse can be interpreted as empowering or disabling. The primary contribution of the thesis is not the trivially simple demonstration that conspiracy theory can be associated with imagining political resistance. Rather its objective is to demonstrate that the discursive form the conspiracy theory takes, particularly in relation to constructions of the adversary's power and morality, can result in dramatic discursive shaping and constraining influence on what kinds of strategies of resistance can be conceived, along with the extent to which they are presented as either disabling or empowering.


The U.S. is currently engulfed in the most severe financial crisis since the Great Depression. A key structural factor behind this crisis is the large demand for riskless assets from the rest of the world. In this paper we present a model to show how such demand not only triggered a sharp rise in U.S. asset prices, but also exposed the U.S. financial sector to a downturn by concentrating risk onto its balance sheet. In addition to highlighting the role of capital flows in facilitating the securitization boom, our analysis speaks to the broader issue of global imbalances. While in emerging markets the concern with capital flows is in their speculative nature, in the U.S. the risk in capital inflows derives from the opposite concern: capital flows into the U.S. are mostly non-speculative and in search of safety. As a result, the U.S. sells riskless assets to foreigners, and in so doing, it raises the effective leverage of its financial institutions. In other words, as global imbalances rise, the U.S. increasingly specializes in holding its "toxic waste."


Three new fossil species from Burmese amber are described, one clearly in family Calamoceratidae, the other two in the highly variable family Odontoceridae. The family Odontoceridae contains 18 disparate genera, but there are no good diagnostic characters, which makes it difficult to place fossil taxa in this family. We here offer a revised diagnosis for the family, highlighting the lack of good diagnostic characters, and the need to use sets of characters to place (extinct) taxa in this family. On this taxonomic basis we describe two new species in the hitherto monotypic fossil genus Palaeopsilotreta Wichard & Wang, 2017 (Odontoceridae), Palaeopsilotreta burmanica sp. nov. and P. cretacea sp. nov., redescribe the type species based on additional information, and describe features of the female, based on two specimens, one of which is embedded adjacent to a male identified as P. xiai . Males of Palaeopsilotreta bear bipectinate antennae; the antennae of the females are simple and filiform. Similarly, bipectinate antennae are present in the third species we describe, Bipectinata orientalis gen. et sp. nov., which otherwise lacks the character combinations associated with the Odontoceridae, but clearly can be assigned to the family Calamoceratidae.


The effects of charge state on structures of native-like cations of serum albumin, streptavidin, avidin, and alcohol dehydrogenase were probed using cation-to-anion proton-transfer reactions (CAPTR), ion mobility, mass spectrometry, and complementary energy-dependent experiments. The CAPTR products all have collision cross-section (Ω) values that are within 5.5% of the original precursor cations. The first CAPTR event for each precursor yields products that have smaller Ω values and frequently exhibit the greatest magnitude of change in Ω resulting from a single CAPTR event. To investigate how the structures of the precursors affect the structures of the products, ions were activated as a function of energy prior to CAPTR. In each case, the Ω values of the activated precursors increase with increasing energy, but the Ω values of the CAPTR products are smaller than the activated precursors. To investigate the stabilities of the CAPTR products, the products were activated immediately prior to ion mobility. These results show that additional structures with smaller or larger Ω values can be populated and that the structures and stabilities of these ions depend most strongly on the identity of the protein and the charge state of the product, rather than the charge state of the precursor or the number of CAPTR events. Together, these results indicate that the excess charges initially present on native-like ions have a modest, but sometimes statistically significant, effect on their Ω values. Therefore, potential contributions from charge state should be considered when using experimental Ω values to elucidate structures in solution.