This article describes a study evaluating the impact of school-counselor-led interventions on student academic achievement and school success behavior. A group counseling and classroom guidance model called student success skills (SSS) was the primary intervention. The focus of the SSS model was on three sets of skills identified in several extensive reviews of educational research as being critical to school success: cognitive, social, and self-management skills. Students in grades five, six, eight, and nine participated. Positive effects on multiple measures were found. ********** A research project involving school counselors and students in fifth, sixth, eight, and ninth grades was implemented to determine the impact of school-counselor-led groups and classroom guidance on student academic achievement and behavior. The need for more accountability research related to school counselor services has been well documented. Whiston & Sexton (1998) represents the most current review of outcome research related to school counseling. In the 50 studies reviewed (1988-1995), tentative support was found for career planning, group counseling, social skills training, and peer counseling. Forty-three percent of the studies used standardized instruments or instruments that had been used in previous research. Thirty percent of the studies used instruments developed by the author of that particular study. The review concluded that a broad range of activities school counselors perform often result in positive change for students. Due to methodological limitations and the small number of outcome studies, Whiston & Sexton also concluded that there was a very limited reliable and valid body of research related to school counseling services. Four years later, Whiston (2002) responded to a special issue of the Professional School Counselor that focused on the past, present, and future of school counseling. Whiston made three major points that highlight the need for school counselors to measure the impact of their services. The first point was that although we can agree that counselors are helpful to students and have a significant influence on their development, there is not sufficient documentation, in the counseling literature, of the positive effects of school counselor services. The second point was that the school counseling profession is at risk because we do not have substantial research showing that school counseling programs produce positive results for children. The third point that Whiston made was that, in the current era of accountability, there will be increased demands for evidence that shows school counselors have a positive influence on student performance. Other researchers have also called for more school counseling accountability research, especially related to student performance (Fairchild, 1993; Fairchild, 1994; Otwell & Mullis 1997). One particular review of research reinforces the need for additional research related to school counselors' impact on student performance. Prout & Prout (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of 17 school-based studies, with 550 subjects, covering a 10-year period and found an effect size of .97 across all studies and outcome variables. A .97 effect size means that students receiving the interventions were significantly better off than approximately 97% of the comparison students. Almost all of the studies involved group counseling and all were conducted in schools. However, most interventions were not led by school counselors. While this review of research is important to school counselors because it highlights the positive aspects of counseling interventions in schools, it also highlights two weaknesses which need to be addressed. First, although most of the outcome research reviewed was conducted in schools, the research usually involved school psychologists or other mental health providers other than school counselors. Further, most of the outcome measures were self-reports, with little evidence of a strong link between counseling interventions and improvements in academic performance. …


BACKGROUND
 Children have high levels of curiosity and eagerness to explore. This makes them more vulnerable to danger and hazards, and they thus have a higher risk of injury. Safety education such as teaching safety rules and tips is vital to prevent children from injuries. Although game-based approaches have the potential to capture children's attention and sustain their interest in learning, whether these new instructional approaches are more effective than traditional approaches in delivering safety messages to children remains uncertain.

 OBJECTIVE
 The aim of this study is to test the effectiveness of a game-based intervention in promoting safety knowledge and behaviors among Hong Kong school children in Grades 4-6. It will also examine the potential effect of the game-based intervention on these children's functioning and psychosocial difficulties.

 METHODS
 This study comprises the development of a city-based role-playing game Safe City, where players are immersed as safety inspectors to prevent dangerous situations and promote safety behavior in a virtual city environment. The usability and acceptability tests will be conducted with children in Grades 4-6 who will trial the gameplay on a mobile phone. Adjustments will be made based on their feedback. A 4-week randomized controlled trial with children studying in Grades 4-6 in Hong Kong elementary schools will be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the Safe City game–based intervention. In this trial, 504 children will play Safe City, and 504 children will receive traditional instructional materials (electronic and printed safety information). The evaluation will be conducted using both child self-report and parent proxy-report data. Specifically, child safety knowledge and behaviors will be assessed by a questionnaire involving items on knowledge and behaviors, respectively, for home safety, road safety, and sport-related safety; child functioning will be assessed by PedsQL Generic Core Scales; and psychosocial difficulties will be assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. These questionnaires will be administered at 3 time points: before, 1 month, and 3 months after the intervention. Game usage statistics will also be reviewed.

 RESULTS
 This project was funded in September 2019. The design and development of the Safe City game are currently under way. Recruitment and data collection will begin from September 2020 and will continue up to March 1, 2021. Full analysis will be conducted after the end of the data collection period.

 CONCLUSIONS
 If the Safe City game is found to be an effective tool to deliver safety education, it could be used to promote safety in children in the community and upgraded to incorporate more health-related topics to support education and empowerment for the larger public.

 CLINICALTRIAL
 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04096196; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04096196

 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT
 PRR1-10.2196/17756


The primary focus of this study is with the interactions and
power relations between UK companies and other persons and
organisations (who directly or indirectly are involved with their
concerns) and the Accounting Standards Committee(RSC). Such a
concern is explored at both the general level (i.e interactions and
power relations about the process of setting accounting standards
more generally) and on the specific level (i.e the depreciation and
leasing standards).
Th. contents of this study can be seen to be divided into
three major parts. The first, presents a case for, and describes
the nature of, a methodological approach based on Foucault's
philosophy. The second, building on the first, takes a critical
look at literature related to the concern of this study, paying
particular attention to Its epistemological and methodological
underpinnings. The third part, building again on the first,
traces the micro —powers (techniques of power ) exercised between
UK companies (directly or indirectly) and the ASC.
In so doing, the study demonstrates and lends support to the
following points. Firstly, to fully understand, the interactions
and power relations between UK companies and the ASC concerning
particular standards requires an uncovering of the wider context
of interactions between the other interested parties and the RSC.
In addition, these interactions should be placed in the wider
context of interactions concerning the process of setting
accounting standards more generally. Secondly, any change in the
standards and the process of setting them, as visible events, are
preceded and surrounded with Invisible interactions and power
relations between UK companies and other interested parties and
the ASC. Thirdly, these interactions have been expressed through
both visible and invisible procedures and processes. These
different forms of interaction are presented at every stage in the
formulation of any standard. Fourthly, and finally, power
exercised In the process of setting accounting standard on both a
general and specific level has disciplinary, relational, and
positive aspects.


Pancreatic cancer is often accompanied by
severe pain. Patients typically experience upper
abdominal and/or thoracolumbar back pain.
For those cases failing to respond to standard
medical management, as suggested by the World
Health Organization, interventions designated at
interruption of the sympathetic axis (such as neurolysis
of the celiac plexus or splanchnic nerves)
have been shown to be efficacious. Other than
axial drug delivery, there are few interventional
alternatives in patients with pancreatic cancerrelated
pain.
There is little knowledge regarding the therapeutic
effects of treating peripheral somatic soft tissue
among oncological patients. Here we report
on 2 such patients, whose back pain improved
following a quadratus lumborum block.
Two patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer
presented with severe back pain. The pain pattern
and patients' physical exams were compatible
with myofascial pain arising from the quadratus
lumborum muscle, possibly irritated by the
abdominal tumor. Advanced pain management,
including long- and short-acting opioids and adjuvants,
as well as celiac plexus neurolytic block,
failed to provide satisfactory pain relief. Given the
apparent muscular origin of the pain, a bilateral
ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block
was performed. Four weeks post procedure, the 2
patients reported substantial pain relief supported
by reduced consumption of pain medication and
improved functional status. No adverse events or
complications were observed in either case.
In the patients described here, quadratus lumborum
block proved to be safe and efficacious in
alleviating back pain related to pancreatic cancer.
In our opinion, clinicians should be aware of the
possible contribution of a myofascial component
to pain in pancreatic cancer and in cancer-related
pain in general.
Key words: Quadratus lumborum block, cancer
pain, pancreatic cancer, pain control, myofascial
pain syndrome, interventional pain management


This is the first of two articles presenting a brief overview of Chinese historical syntax from the Pre-Archaic period to Middle Chinese. The phenomena under examination in the two papers are primarily aspects of pre-medieval grammar which differ markedly from modern Chinese varieties, specifically fronting of object NPs to preverbal position, the asymmetry between subject and object relative clause formation, and the encoding of argument structure alternations like active and passive. I relate each of these characteristics to morphological distinctions on nouns, verbs, or pronouns, which are either overtly represented in the logographic writing system in Archaic Chinese or have been reconstructed for (Pre-)Archaic Chinese. In the second part of this series, I discuss the changes in the Archaic Chinese grammatical features and correlate these innovations with the loss of the (Pre-)Archaic Chinese morphology. The main goal of these articles is to highlight a common denominator, i.e. the morphology, which enables a systemic view of pre-medieval Chinese and the changes which have resulted in the striking differences observed in Middle Chinese and beyond.


Transition-metal catalyzed C-H functionalizations have impacted and changed synthetic approaches towards the construction of relevant complex molecules, comprising natural products, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and organic materials. This thesis describes the development of Rh(III)-catalyzed reactions via directed C-H functionalization and non-directed C-H functionalization. In this respect, acylated sulfonamides and N-sulfonyl ketimines were successfully employed as suitable directing groups, enabling directed C-H bond activation in the presence of a rhodium(III) catalyst. Subsequent migratory insertion of internal alkynes delivered a rich array of versatile benzosultams and chiral spirocyclic sultams, both of which are relevant structures in medicinal chemistry. Notably, the use of rhodium(III) complexes equipped with a suitable atropchiral cyclopentadienyl ligand enables enantioselective and high yielding access to the challenging spirocyclic sultam scaffolds. Complementary to the directed C-H bond functionalizations, application of Cp*Rh(III) complexes in non-directed C-H functionalization reactions have been disclosed. Specific applications of this challenging strategy include the synthesis of highly valuable polyarenes from completely unbiased arenes via double C-H activation, and subsequent addition of internal alkynes. This method provides a convenient handle to access highly substituted and highly soluble acenes, possessing valuable electronic and photo physical properties. Furthermore, non-directed C-H functionalization of electron-rich heterocycles was also developed. In this context, a Cp*Rh(III) catalyst enables a C2-selective activation of heteroarenes. Upon addition across an alkyne, a transmetalation to Cu(II) allows reductive C-O bond formation to deliver tetrasubstituted enol esters in a trans-selective fashion. A three-component coupling of heteroarenes, alkynes, and carboxylic acids was successfully demonstrated.


Born in Lancashire as the wealthy heiress to her British father's textiles empire, Leonora Carrington was destined to live the kind of life only known by the moneyed classes. But even from a young age she rebelled against the strict rules of her social class, against her parents and against the hegemony of religion and conservative thought, and broke free to artistic and personal freedom. Today Carrington is recognised as the key female Surrealist painter, and Poniatowska's fiction charms this exceptional character back to life more truthfully than any biography could. For a time Max Ernst's lover in Paris, Carrington rubbed elbows with Salvador Dali, Marcel Duchamp, Joan Miro, Andre Breton and Pablo Picasso. When Ernst fled Paris at the outbreak of the Second World War, Carrington had a breakdown and was locked away in a Spanish asylum before escaping to Mexico, where she would work on the paintings which made her name. In the hands of legendary Mexican novelist Elena Poniatowska, Carrington's life becomes a whirlwind tribute to creative struggle and artistic revolution. Translated by Amanda Hopkinson.


Expanding the money supply is the best option for the Bank of Canada in a low interest rate environment, states a new report from the C.D. Howe Institute. In "Putting Money to Work: Monetary Policy in a Low Interest Rate Environment," author Steve Ambler suggests that it should use quantitative easing (QE) to increase the broad money supply, on a longer term rather than a temporary basis, to encourage spending on goods and services by individuals and firms.


In the winter of 1664-65, a bitter cold descended on London in the days before Christmas. Above the city, an unusually bright comet traced an arc in the sky, exciting much comment and portending "horrible windes and tempests." And in the remote, squalid precinct of St. Giles-in-the-Fields outside the city wall, Goodwoman Phillips was pronounced dead of the plague. Her house was locked up and the phrase "Lord Have Mercy On Us" was painted on the door in red. By the following Christmas, the pathogen that had felled Goodwoman Phillips would go on to kill nearly 100,000 people living in and around London-almost a third of those who did not flee. This epidemic had a devastating effect on the city's economy and social fabric, as well as on those who lived through it. Yet somehow the city continued to function and the activities of daily life went on. In The Great Plague, historian A. Lloyd Moote and microbiologist Dorothy C. Moote provide an engrossing and deeply informed account of this cataclysmic plague year. At once sweeping and intimate, their narrative takes readers from the palaces of the city's wealthiest citizens to the slums that housed the vast majority of London's inhabitants to the surrounding countryside with those who fled. The Mootes reveal that, even at the height of the plague, the city did not descend into chaos. Doctors, apothecaries, surgeons, and clergy remained in the city to care for the sick; parish and city officials confronted the crisis with all the legal tools at their disposal; and commerce continued even as businesses shut down. To portray life and death in and around London, the authors focus on the experiences of nine individuals-among them an apothecary serving a poor suburb, the rector of the city's wealthiest parish, a successful silk merchant who was also a city alderman, a country gentleman, and famous diarist Samuel Pepys. Through letters and diaries, the Mootes offer fresh interpretations of key issues in the history of the Great Plague: how different communities understood and experienced the disease; how medical, religious, and government bodies reacted; how well the social order held together; the economic and moral dilemmas people faced when debating whether to flee the city; and the nature of the material, social, and spiritual resources sustaining those who remained. Underscoring the human dimensions of the epidemic, Lloyd and Dorothy Moote dramatically recast the history of the Great Plague and offer a masterful portrait of a city and its inhabitants besieged by-and defiantly resisting-unimaginable horror.


Purpose - This longitudinal study investigated what happened to graduates when they tried to start a digital creative business on graduating. Approach: Seven creative 'nascent graduate entrepreneurs' were followed for up to five years. They had been independently assessed as having 'promise of business success', but were young and lacking experience. The graduates were followed mainly through six-monthly semi-structured interviews, which followed their business, creative and personal development.

Findings - There are three main contributions to the academic literature. First, nearly all the graduates moved on to employment so the study provides real-time data on businesses from inception to closure. Second, events in their personal lives, for instance the arrival of children, had a big impact on their business/personal decisions. Third, although the initial transition from 'creative student' to 'creative entrepreneur' was not easy it did attract plenty of business support. The subsequent attempts to make the transition from being an unsuccessful creative entrepreneur to financial stability were harder, with little external assistance being available.

Practical Implications - The insights gained have practical implications for the support of creative graduate start-ups and for their on-going business or personal support as well as raising issues about the effectiveness of enterprise education and regional start-up support policy.

Originality/Value - The longitudinal approach has brought new insights and indicates several areas where more research would be valuable, especially in dealing with the consequences of unsuccessful business ventures.


"How Movies Work" offers the filmgoer an engaging and informative guide to the appreciation and evaluation of films. It provides a comprehensive consideration of movies from idea to script, casting, financing, shooting and distribution. Bruce Kawin addresses the book not just to students of film but to any filmgoer curious to know more about the process of the conception and creation of our favorite entertainment and art form.


Amid on-going battles over the place of religious groups and even religion itself in the marketplace of ideas known as American public education, the United States Supreme Court added fuel to the fire in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez. In Christian Legal Society, the Court affirmed an order of the Ninth Circuit, agreeing that officials at a public law school in California had the authority to implement a policy effectively marginalizing religious freedom by requiring an on-campus religious group to admit all-comers from the student body, including those who disagree with its beliefs, as a condition of becoming a recognized student organization. On remand for consideration of whether law school officials applied the all-comers policy selectively to the Christian Legal Society (CLS), the Ninth Circuit joined the Supreme Court in placing another nail in the coffin of religious freedom. In so doing, the Ninth Circuit rejected the claim of the CLS on the ground that organizational leaders failed to preserve their argument that law school officials selectively applied the policy for appeal, making it apparently the only public institution of higher learning in the United States with such a policy in place.Whether Christian Legal Society is a victory for those who think that students should not be subject to discrimination due to their religious beliefs or a setback for religious freedom depends, of course, on one's point of view. Regardless of how one interprets Christian Legal Society, it has the potential to change the landscape of religious freedom in the United States dramatically insofar as officials can potentially block faith-based groups from public facilities. In light of the ramifications for religious freedom that Christian Legal Society raises for the United States and the United Kingdom, the remainder of this article is divided into two major parts. The first section reviews the facts, judicial history, and the opinions in the Supreme Court's ruling in Christian Legal Society. The second part reflects on what Christian Legal Society means for religious freedom in educational settings. The article rounds out with a brief conclusion.


Noisy data and the similarity in the ocular appearances caused by different ophthalmic pathologies pose significant challenges for an automated expert system to accurately detect retinal diseases. In addition, the lack of knowledge transferability and the need for unreasonably large datasets limit clinical application of current machine learning systems. To increase robustness, a better understanding of how the retinal subspace deformations lead to various levels of disease severity needs to be utilized for prioritizing disease-specific model details. In this paper we propose the use of disease-specific feature representation as a novel architecture comprised of two joint networks - one for supervised encoding of disease model and the other for producing attention maps in an unsupervised manner to retain disease specific spatial information. Our experimental results on publicly available datasets show the proposed joint-network significantly improves the accuracy and robustness of state-of-the-art retinal disease classification networks on unseen datasets.


This research aims to examine the interrationship among the experiential quality, tourism site image and experiantial satisfaction toward the revisit intention of the tourism site visitors. The number of respondents in this research were 160 tourists that have visited the Muara Beting tourism site in Bekasi District. The research is based on a confirmatory model. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of AMOS statistic program was used to test the validity and the realibility of the instruments, goodness of fit model and the interrationship that were hypothesized in the proposed teoritical model. The structural model proved that almost all of the hypothesized relationship were proven to be confirmed. The results revealed that there are positive impact of experiential quality towards the experiential satisfaction and Muara Beting image. Experiential satisfaction is affected by experiential quality and tourism site image. The revisit intention is affected by the experiential satisfaction, but the tourism site image is not statistically proven affecting the revisit intention.


P-type layered oxides are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries and a wide variety of compounds have been investigated so far. Nevertheless, detailed studies on how to link synthesis temperature, structure and electrochemistry are still rare. Herein, we present a study on P-type NaₓNi₀.₂₂Co₀.₁₁Mn₀.₆₆O₂ materials, investigating the influence of synthesis temperature on their structure and electrochemical performance. The change of annealing temperature leads to various materials of different morphologies and either P3-type (700 °C), P3/P2-type (750 °C) or P2-type (800–900 °C) structure. Galvanostatic cycling of P3-type materials revealed high initial capacities but also a high capacity fade per cycle leading to a poor long-term cycling performance. In contrast, pure P2-type NaₓNi₀.₂₂Co₀.₁₁Mn₀.₆₆O₂, synthesized at 800 °C, exhibits lower initial capacities but a stable cycling performance, underlined by a good rate capability, high coulombic efficiencies and high average discharge capacity (117 mA h g⁻¹) and discharge voltage (3.30 V vs. Na/Na⁺) for 200 cycles.


In 1801 the Jeffersonian Republicans took charge of Congress, the presidency, and the national administration, determined to roll back the state-building excesses of their Federalist predecessors. In this effort they were partially successful. But the tide of history and the demands of a growing nation confounded their ambitions. While reclaiming democracy they also built administrative capacity. This Article examines administrative structure and accountability in the Republican era in an attempt to understand the "administrative law" of the early nineteenth century. That inquiry proceeds through two extended case studies: the Jeffersonian Embargo of 1807-1809 and the multi-decade federal effort to survey and sell the ever-expanding "public domain." The first was the most dramatic regulation of commerce attempted by an American national government either before or since. The second began a land office business that dominated the political and legal consciousness of the nation for nearly a century. The embargo tested the limits of administrative coercion and revealed an escalating conflict between the necessities of regulatory administration and judicial review in common law forms. The sale of the public domain required the creation of the first mass administrative adjudication system in the United States and revealed both the ambitions and the limits of congressional control of administration in a polity ideologically devoted to assembly government. Together these cases describe the early-nineteenth-century approach to a host of familiar topics in contemporary administrative law: presidential versus congressional control of administration, the propriety and forms of administrative adjudication, policy implementation via general rules, and the appropriate role of judicial review. Perhaps most significantly, both the embargo episode and the efforts to privatize the public domain demonstrate the singular importance of internal administrative control and accountability in maintaining neutrality and consistency in the application of federal law. This "internal law of administration" remains both a crucial and an understudied aspect of American administrative governance.


We study clustering effects in heavily ytterbium–erbium-codoped silica fibers. We demonstrate that the fraction of both ions found in clusters can exceed 50% in such fibers. A clustering effect is at the origin of an efficient double energy transfer process that generates a green fluorescence. An original method, based on a dynamic analysis of the ytterbium–erbium system, permits determination of the intracluster transfer rates involved, which are found to be high enough to compensate for the weak metastability of the erbium intermediate level.


Background The study was designed to investigate whether seasonal mood and behavioural changes are detectable prospectively in a non-clinical population in the way they have been reported in retrospective studies. The specificity of any seasonal fluctuation in affective state was also investigated by measuring anxiety as well as depression. Method To measure seasonal fluctuations in affect and behaviour prospectively, 25 women were interviewed every month for one year using four scales (depression, anxiety, stress, and behavioural change). Retrospective accounts of mood and behaviour at the end of the year were collected with the Seasonal Pattern and Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Results Seasonal depression peaked in winter as did atypical behaviour when measured either prospectively or retrospectively, but the difference between winter and summer was much more pronounced in the retrospective data. No seasonal effect was found for anxiety or psychosocial stressors. Conclusions The results obtained by retrospective techniques have limited reliability. In future, more prospective studies with unbiased, standardised instruments are recommended to measure seasonal variations in affect and behaviour.


Abstract Background: A statement of measurement uncertainty describes the quality of a clinical assay analysis result, and uncertainty models of clinical assays can be used to evaluate and optimize laboratory protocols designed to minimize the measurement uncertainty associated with an assay. In this study, we propose a methodology to lend systematic structure to the uncertainty modeling process. Methods: Clinical laboratory assays are typically classified based on the chemical reaction involved, and therefore, based on the assay analysis methodology. We use this fact to demonstrate that uncertainty models for assays within the same category are structurally identical in all respects except for the values of certain model parameters. This is accomplished by building uncertainty models for assays belonging to two categories – substrate assays based on optical absorbance analysis of endpoint reactions, and ion selective electrode (ISE) assays based on potentiometric measurements of electromotive force. Results: Uncertainty models for the substrate assays and the ISE assays are built, and for each category, a general mathematical framework for the uncertainty model is developed. The parameters of the general framework that vary from assay to assay for each category are identified and listed. Conclusions: Estimates of measurement uncertainty from the models were compared with estimates of uncertainty from quality control data from the clinical laboratory. We demonstrate that building a general modeling framework for each assay category and plugging in parameter values for each assay is sufficient to generate uncertainty models for an assay within a given category.


John McDowell is one of the most widely read philosophers in recent years. His engagement with a philosophy of language, mind and ethics and with philosophers ranging from Aristotle and Wittgenstein to Hegel and Gadamer make him one of the most original and outstanding philosophical thinkers of the post-war period.

In this clear and engaging book Tim Thornton introduces and examines the full range of McDowell's thought. After a helpful introduction setting out McDowell's general view of philosophy Thornton introduces and explains the following topics:

• Wittgenstein on philosophy, normativity and understanding
• value judgements
• theories of meaning and sense
• singular thought and Cartesianism
• experience, knowledge and openness to the world
• Mind and World and idealism
• action and the debate with Hubert Dreyfus on conceptual content and skilled coping.

This second edition has been significantly revised and expanded to include new sections on: McDowell's work on disjunctivism and criticisms of it; a new chapter on McDowell's modification of his account of perceptual experience and conceptual content and criticisms by Charles Travis; and a new chapter on action and McDowell's engagement with Hubert Dreyfus and the debate concerning skilled coping and mindedness.

The addition of a glossary makes John McDowell, second edition essential reading for those studying McDowell, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, ethics and epistemology, as well as for students of the recent history of analytical philosophy generally.

Tim Thornton is Professor of Philosophy and Mental Health at University of Central Lancashire, UK. He is author of Essential Philosophy of Psychiatry (2007), Wittgenstein on Language and Thought (1998), co-author of the Oxford Textbook of Philosophy and Psychiatry (2006), and Tacit Knowledge (2013) and co-editor of the Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Psychiatry (2013).


BACKGROUND
Antibacterial drugs appear to be effective in shortening the illness of a majority of cases of travelers' diarrhea.

METHODS
This was a subanalysis from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in adult travelers with acute diarrhea treated with rifaximin 200 mg three times a day or placebo for 3 days. Efficacy was assessed by the interval beginning with the first dose of medication and ending with the last unformed stool passed after becoming well [time to last unformed stool (TLUS)]; number of unformed stools passed; percent with clinical improvement; and incidence of wellness achieved.

RESULTS
Stool pathogens were not identified in pretreatment samples in 122 of 322 (38%) patients and 106 of 230 (46%) randomized to rifaximin and placebo, respectively. Among pathogen-negative patients, rifaximin was more effective than placebo for median TLUS (33 vs 68 h, p < 0.005), mean number of unformed stools passed (6.5 vs 8.6, p < 0.0001), and clinical wellness (77% vs 61%, p = 0.01). The adverse-event profiles between rifaximin and placebo were similar.

CONCLUSIONS
More than one third of patients with travelers' diarrhea had pathogen-negative illness. Rifaximin was effective in treating the illness without associated side effects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that undetected bacterial pathogens are the most likely cause of travelers' diarrhea without definable cause.


Two Swiss regions, the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg (VD-FR) and the canton of Ticino (TI), take part in the international research project MONICA (MONItoring trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease). In this framework, three surveys are planned to monitor the prevalence of the principal risk factors. The second survey was carried out in 1988/89 on 2011 participants aged 25 to 74 for the VD-FR region and on 1458 participants aged 35 to 64 for the TI region. This article is devoted to the results concerning smoking habits, blood pressure, body height and weight. In the VD-FR region, the percentage of regular smokers steadily decreases with age, from 44% for men and 36% for women in the 25-34 age group to 15% and 10% respectively in the 65-74 age group. Inversely, the proportion of participants with high blood pressure rises steeply with age from nearly zero in the 25-34 group to more than a quarter in the 65-74 group. Similar risk factor levels are observed in the TI region. Two significant trends show up in comparison with the first survey (1984-86) for the latter region: the decreases in mean blood pressure levels for both sexes and in the proportion of regular smokers for men. However, these trends are to be interpreted cautiously because of potential measurement bias between surveys.


There was a time of many alterations that changed the face of the publishing world in Portugal and Brazil during the years spanning from the second half of the 1930's to the end of the 1960's. This was a period in which one could observe an inversion of publishing influences between the two countries, with Portugal shifting its role and becoming a net book importer in its trade with Brazil. This article intends to analyze the Portuguese publishing world's point of view as their agents in different ways changed their attitudes toward Brazil as a centre of book production and diffusion. The text also sets out to understand how these transformations occurred in a context of oscillation - and tension - among discourses tied to a golden age (or imagined as such) that was reluctantly left behind, and practices of effective collaboration between the Portuguese and Brazilian publishing worlds - resulting fundamentally from the actions of individual publishers.


A prospective study of 32 normal, married primigravidas was conducted to determine the relationship between psychological factors in the third trimester of pregnancy and progress in two defined phases of labor. Data were analyzed for the total group and with five subjects deleted to control partially for the effect of medications. Psychological variables measured in pregnancy had significant correlations with variables measured at the onset of phase two labor. Conflict concerning the acceptance of pregnancy showed the most significant relationships to the phase two labor variables with correlations of .39 with anxiety. .59 with plasma epinephrine. –.70 and –.52 with two adjacent Montevideo units, and .58 with length of labor in phase two (3–10 cm cervical dilation). Other pregnancy variables which significantly correlated with the labor variables were identification of a motherhood role, history of psychological counseling or psychiatric treatment, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and fears related to helplessness, pain, loss of control, and loss of self-esteem. Several psychological variables measured in pregnancy also correlated significantly with length of labor in phase three and type of delivery. The results demonstrate that specific psychological factors in pregnancy are predictive of progress in labor.


Nestling birds use begging calls to solicit resources from adults. Efficient transmission of calls is necessary for motivating parental feeding and outcompeting siblings. However, ambient acoustic masking and costs such as predation may influence the structure of the calls. While many interspecific comparisons of begging behavior have been made, the ontogeny of calls is understudied. In this study, Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia) begging calls were recorded and analyzed at different stages of nestling development to document changes in acoustic structure and gain insight into the selective forces that influence call development. Begging calls increased in peak frequency, frequency range, and amplitude during the 5-day recording period. Call duration did not change with age. Call structure did not differ between nestlings living in distinct acoustic environments. As begging calls increase in amplitude with age, perhaps due to increased food needs and competition from nestmates, nestlings may compensate for increased predation risk by increasing the peak frequency of the calls. Higher frequency calls attenuate more quickly than do low frequency calls and fall outside the frequency range of maximum hearing sensitivity for some potential predators. Previous studies on warbler begging have shown that nestlings of ground-nesting warblers, which are subject to higher rates of predation, beg at higher frequencies than do nestlings of tree-nesting warblers. This study supports the hypothesis that changes to begging call structure during development mirror the differences in call structure of species under different predation risks.


Nowhere is the breezy and urbane romance of Paris conjured as memorably as in the photography of Robert Doisneau (1912-1994). A gentle minstrel of visual anecdote, Doisneau interpreted the city's charms in an iconography that both natives and Francophiles instantly recognize: the young hip couple stealing a spontaneous kiss at a busy intersection, the gendarme chatting with a mother while her kid tiptoes along a riverbank bench, the sweetly melancholic abandoned merry-go-round in the rain and the entire pageant of Parisian life mingling at cafes, bus shelters and on the banks of the Seine. Doisneau was possessed of both lightness of touch and spontaneity, as a result of which he has been sometimes championed as a photographer of the "pure" moment. But his ocular touch is even lighter than that suggests--his images are not so much "seized" as "netted." Accompanying the Fondation Cartier-Bresson's exhibition of around 100 prints from the Doisneau estate, "From" "Craft to Art" presents these treasures alongside a new version of Jean-Francois Chevrier's classic 1983 essay on the photographer, which describes Doisneau's knack for capturing "the shining melancholy that separates an individual from the crowd."Robert Doisneau was one of France's most popular and prolific reportage photographers. As a member of the Resistance (both as a soldier and as a photographer), he used his engraving skills to forge passports and identification papers, and photographed both the occupation and liberation of Paris. After the war he worked freelance for "Life" and "Paris Vogue," and also made superb portraits of artists including Giacometti, Cocteau, Leger, Braque and Picasso. Doisneau was awarded the Prix Niepce in 1956; a short film, "Le Paris de Robert Doisneau, "was made in 1973.


With the United States being the world's second largest consumer of primary energy, research into areas of significant consumption can provide large impacts in terms of the global energy consumption. Buildings account for 41% of U.S. total energy consumption with the residential sector making up a majority. Household appliances account for the second largest site energy consumption at 27%, after the HVAC system for the U.S. residential sector. Federal appliance standards have been instrumental in improving efficiencies but have been increasing aggressively to where it is unknown what suitable technologies can support this rate of increase. Thermally integrating residential appliances by leveraging waste heat recovery goes outside standards and has not been adequately explored by connecting all residential appliances. Limited studies exist focused only on single appliances connected to waste heat recovery or being thermally integrated. Preliminary modeling on waste heat availability from five major appliances, namely refrigerator-freezer, clothes dryer, clothes washer, dishwasher, and cooking oven was conducted. Conservative estimates predict the total amount of heat recovery to be around 2,000 kWh/year; clothes dryer - 137 kWh/year, clothes washer - 60 kWh/year, 1,500 kWh/year- refrigerator-freezer, 27 kWh/year – dishwasher, and 178 kWh/year – cooking oven. The cooking oven presents technical challenges coupled with safety concerns. The clothes dryer and refrigerator-freezer can deliver useful water temperatures and reduce compressor power consumption, up to 20%. The dishwasher has better opportunity as a heat sink to offset the internal heater, 0.17 kWh of electricity/cycle for heating wash water. The clothes washer drains large volumes of water available for heat recovery and can offset the impact of using high temperature washes with improved wash performance. Modelica appliance models have been developed for four of these five appliances. The Modelica models capture individual use and the predictions of the RF and DW were compared against available experimental data. The individual models have been connected to a simple storage tank model to simulate the integrated appliance system. An integrated appliance prototype was designed and fabricated for the collection of experimental data. Comparisons made between the experimental data and the integrated appliance simulation results adjusted the modeling approach and improved agreement with collected data. After tuning, ideal modifications to each appliance are made and reflected in a new integrated model. A parametric study is conducted on ideal improved, thermally capable appliances under a 1-week schedule for two different tank sizes. For 300L and 150 L tank sizes, the appliance total energy for the week is roughly 30.5 kWh compared to a baseline appliance system with no thermal resource sharing at 33.8 kWh. At an electricity cost of $0.15/kWh, the cost savings for the integrated system is a little over $0.40/week. Furthermore, the savings is completely diminished when considering the required auxiliary power to support the exchange of heat between each appliance and storage tank. The impact of tank size should be explored further to identify a critical tank size where the system savings is no longer available. Accounting for all the domestic hot water needs of the home would generate an improved picture where integrated appliances have technical feasibility.


This paper explores the intellectual context of the Department of Economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) during the 1930s. We will be focusing on the contributions of F.A. Hayek, along with Lionel Robbins, in fostering an intellectual environment for the transmission and incorporation of Austrian economics, particularly the works of Ludwig von Mises. In doing so we illustrate that Hayek and Robbins were attempting to craft a unified tradition of economic theory that consisted of various strands of economic thought that had either contributed to, or were consistent with, the Austrian tradition. The work done by Hayek, as well as Robbins, at the LSE not only consolidated the ideas of the Austrian tradition that had developed from Vienna. In doing so, they also rearticulated the broader theoretical contributions of classical political economy as a counterweight against an emerging neoclassical and Keynesian paradigm.


There is evidence that many individuals make sub-optimal investment decisions when the benefits and costs associated with that decision are distributed over time. One example is the decision to adopt new electrical appliances, with the benefits of choosing a more energy efficient device materializing only in the future. This paper analyses the impact of the level of an individual's energy-related investment literacy on the adoption of energy-efficient appliances. Moreover, the empirical analysis explores the impact of decision support tools such as educational slides on the probability that individuals identify the appliance with the lowest lifetime cost, which is ideally also the most energy-efficient appliance. To test the influence of these decision support tools, we developed an online randomized controlled trial and implemented it on two independently chosen samples of the Swiss population. One treatment offers a short education program on how to calculate the lifetime cost of an appliance – via a set of information slides. The second intervention provides access to an online calculator that supports the investment decision-making of the individual. Results across the two samples are encouraging. We find that i) pre-treatment energy and investment literacy positively impact on the probability of identifying the appliance with the lowest lifetime cost; ii) the reinforcement of energy-related investment literacy increases the rate at which individuals identify the appliance with the lowest lifetime cost; and iii) while both interventions are effective in increasing the chances that an appliance with the lower lifetime cost is chosen, the online calculator turned out to be more effective than the educational program. Public policy implications are discussed.


Objectives & Background Fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) provides excellent pain relief for neck of femur fractures (NOFF). It can be given safely using an ultrasound guided technique in the Emergency Department (ED). At Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (SRFT) FICB was introduced to the analgesic pathway for hip fracture management in 2012, in combination with paracetamol and then opioids third line. The aim of this audit is to further investigate the effectiveness of FICB and determine whether the use of FICB can reduce hospital stay, discharge destination and in-hospital complication rates. Methods Data was collected retrospectively for all patients attending SRFT ED with a NOFF from 1 August 2011– 31 January 2012 and 1 August 2014–31 January 2015. 136 of 198 patients were included in the study. Patients were omitted if they were later found not to have NOFF, if they were treated non-surgically, or if any scanned notes from the ED or theatre were not available. Any patient receiving an alternative nerve block was also omitted from the study. Patient demographics and whether or not they received a FICB in the ED and in theatre were recorded. The length of stay in hospital, discharge destination, any in-hospital complications and 7 and 30 day mortality were also recorded for each patient. Results The results showed that significantly more patients were unable to go immediately home after their acute hospital admission when they did not have a FICB in the ED or theatre, compared to when they did (Pearsons Chi square test, p=0.028). The biggest impact on patient destination was determined by receiving FICB in theatre (Pearsons Chi square test, p=0.006). Giving FICB during hospital stay had no significant influence on length of stay (Mann Whitney U test, p=0.507) or in-hospital complication rates (Pearson Chi square test, p=0.117). Conclusion Giving patients a FICB increases their chances of returning home at discharge. Without it patients are more likely to be discharged to intermediate care or residential and nursing homes. FICB had no effect on length of stay or in-hospital complications. We recommend that all patients be offered a FICB in the ED.


This paper introduces a novel compact three-degree-of-freedom(DOF) parallel robot that will be used as a leg of a 9-DOF kinematically redundant parallel robot. Firstly, the kinematic model of the robot is established based on geometric constraint conditions. Then, the inverse and forward kinematic problems are solved. The inverse problem is straightforward, while the forward problem can be solved analytically by three different approaches. Afterwards, a singularity analysis is presented based on the Jacobian matrices derived from the kinematic model. The mathematical conditions for singularities are obtained and their geometric interpretation is given. Finally, the workspace of the robot is analyzed and is shown to correspond to a portion of a torus. The analysis reveals that the robot can have a singularity-free workspace of significant size relative to its footprint provided that some simple limitations are introduced at the design stage.


The Japanese residents and proprietors of Los Angeles9 Little Tokyo were forcibly evacuated in 1942. The district filled up with African Americans denied housing elsewhere. Its wartime name was Bronzeville. In 1945 when Japanese internees were allowed to return, the two communities, each with a history of race-based dislocations, made efforts to accommodate each other in a biracial "Little Bronze Tokyo." The efforts and frictions were reflected in the columns written by Nisei Hisaye Yamamoto in the pages of the Tribune, a black newspaper. A second evacuation in 1950 of part of the district for the construction of a new police headquarters injured the returning Japanese community but devastated what was left of Bronzeville. Bronzeville ceased to exist less from disputes between African and Japanese Americans than as a result of racist spatial practices by local government. In the immediate post-war period, however, both competitive and coalitional approaches to multiracialism made possible a biracial landscape. Both communities learned from the brief experience of "Little Bronze Tokyo."


The expansion of hypervirulent sequence type 4821 clonal complex (CC4821) lineage Neisseria meningitidis bacteria has led to a shift in meningococcal disease epidemiology in China, from serogroup A (MenA) to MenC. Knowledge of the evolution and genetic origin of the emergent MenC strains is limited. In this study, we subjected 76 CC4821 isolates collected across China during 1972–1977 and 2005–2013 to phylogenetic analysis, traditional genotyping, or both. We show that successive recombination events within genes encoding surface antigens and acquisition of quinolone resistance mutations possibly played a role in the emergence of CC4821 as an epidemic clone in China. MenC and MenB CC4821 strains have spread across China and have been detected in several countries in different continents. Capsular switches involving serogroups B and C occurred among epidemic strains, raising concerns regarding possible increases in MenB disease, given that vaccines in use in China do not protect against MenB.


In this paper, we propose a cross-layer design, which optimizes the energy efficiency of a potential future 5G spectrum-sharing environment, in two sharing scenarios. In the first scenario, underlying sharing is considered. We propose and minimize a modified energy per good bit (MEPG) metric, with respect to the spectrum sharing user's transmission power and media access frame length. The cellular users, legacy users, are protected by an outage probability constraint. To optimize the non-convex targeted problem, we utilize the generalized convexity theory and verify the problem's strictly pseudoconvex structure. We also derive analytical expressions of the optimal resources. In the second scenario, we minimize a generalized MEPG function while considering a probabilistic activity of cellular users and its impact on the MEPG performance of the spectrum sharing users. Finally, we derive the associated optimal resource allocation of this problem. Selected numerical results show the improvement of the proposed system compared with other systems.


In this article, we question whether formal legal processes have been of any value to women and other disadvantaged groups. We suggest that the processes of various law reform agencies might make them particularly unable to respond effectively to issues that affect women. First, we look at the ways in which law reform questions are asked and answered, and at the generally narrow way in which 'terms of reference' are often framed or constructed. Next, we consider the overemphasis on formal outcomes at the expense of attention to process. Finally, we examine the rather problematic relationship that formal law reform agencies have had, at least at times, with research, empirical data and socio-legal methods. Broadly, we argue that insufficient attention is paid to the real lives of those who interact with, and are impacted upon by, the law and legal system. We conclude with a reminder that even if such agencies were more effective, changes to laws can only ever constitute a small part of any profound social change. Yet for all its faults, we imagine that women will continue to turn to the law, as they have for some time now, as one (albeit limited) forum for addressing women's disadvantage.


The blue whale Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) was the target of intense commercial whaling in the 20th century, and current populations remain drastically below prewhaling abundances. Reducing uncertainty in subspecific taxonomy would enable targeted conservation strategies for the recovery of unique intraspecific diversity. Currently, there are 2 named blue whale subspecies in the temperate to polar Southern Hemisphere: the Antarctic blue whale B. m. intermedia and the pygmy blue whale B. m. brevicauda. These subspecies have distinct morphologies, genetics, and acoustics. In 2019, the Society for Marine Mammalogy's Committee on Taxonomy agreed that evidence supports a third (and presently unnamed) subspecies of Southern Hemisphere blue whale subspecies, the Chilean blue whale. Whaling data indicate that the Chilean blue whale is intermediate in body length between pygmy and Antarctic blue whales. We collected body size data from blue whales in the Gulfo Corcovado, Chile, during the austral summers of 2015 and 2017 using aerial photogrammetry from a remotely controlled drone to test the hypo thesis that the Chilean blue whale is morphologically distinct from other Southern Hemisphere blue whale subspecies. We found the Chilean whale to be morphologically intermediate in both overall body length and relative tail length, thereby joining other diverse data in supporting the Chilean blue whale as a unique subspecific taxon. Additional photogrammetry studies of Antarctic, pygmy, and Chilean blue whales will help examine unique morphological variation within this species of conservation concern. To our knowledge, this is the first non-invasive small drone study to test a hypothesis for systematic biology.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been an exciting topic in recent years. The services offered by a WSN can be classified into three major categories: monitoring,
alerting, and information on demand. WSNs have been used for a variety of applications related to the environment (agriculture, water and forest fire detection), the military, buildings, health (elderly people and home monitoring), disaster relief, and area or industrial monitoring. In most WSNs tasks like processing the sensed
data, making decisions and generating emergency messages are carried out by a remote server, hence the need for efficient means of transferring data across the network.
Because of the range of applications and types of WSN there is a need for different kinds of MAC and routing protocols in order to guarantee delivery of data from
the source nodes to the server (or sink). In order to minimize energy consumption and increase performance in areas such as reliability of data delivery, extensive research has been conducted and documented in the literature on designing energy efficient protocols for each individual layer. The most common way to conserve
energy in WSNs involves using the MAC layer to put the transceiver and the processor of the sensor node into a low power, sleep state when they are not being used. Hence the energy wasted due to collisions, overhearing and idle listening is reduced. As a result of this strategy for saving energy, the routing protocols need
new solutions that take into account the sleep state of some nodes, and which also enable the lifetime of the entire network to be increased by distributing energy usage between nodes over time. This could mean that a combined MAC and routing protocol could significantly improve WSNs because the interaction between the MAC and network layers lets nodes be active at the same time in order to deal with data transmission. In the research presented in this thesis, a cross-layer protocol based on MAC and routing protocols was designed in order to improve the capability of WSNs for a range of different applications. Simulation results, based on a range of realistic scenarios, show that these new protocols improve WSNs by reducing their energy consumption as well as enabling them to support mobile nodes, where necessary. A number of conference and journal papers have been published to disseminate these results for a range of applications.


The associations of densities of very early recruits of mobile intertidal species with fea- tures of their habitat have rarely been examined in the field. Here, experimental manipulation of local topography (by provision of cracks, grooves and pits of various sizes) demonstrated species-specific re- sponses by animals naturally recruiting into experimental plots. Densities of small (< 3 mm) juvenile snails (Austrocochlea porcata, Bembicium nanum and Nerita atramentosa) and limpets (Cellana tramoserica and Patelloida latistrigata) varied among experimental topographies in consistent ways. Although local densities were influenced by appropriate topographic features, only N. atramentosa and P. latistrigata showed increased density per area of shore with alteration of topography. For the former species, provision of grooves and large pits also caused enhanced densities on open surfaces. P. latistrigata had decreased densities on open surfaces, but very much enhanced densities in grooves and other features, thus increasing total numbers in an area. Experimental transplantation and subse- quent movements of small juveniles demonstrated very similar patterns to those shown after natural recruitment, indicating behavioural responses to local topography. Responses to small-scale topo- graphy can explain small-scale variation in numbers of very early recruits of intertidal gastropods.


Essay 1 This essay empirically researches the setting of multiple tax rates by county governments in the presence of tax competition and agglomerations. Previous empirical evidence outside the tax arena suggests that firms earn rents in the presence of agglomerations from external economies of scale. As a result, governments might be able to extract a portion of these rents from businesses through higher tax rates. This paper empirically examines how local governments set sales and property tax rates, the two largest taxes paid by businesses at the state and local level, taking into account tax competition pressures and agglomerations. Using county jurisdictions, results are mixed regarding whether county governments set tax rates strategically, depending upon the specification of competitors. When found to set rates strategically, county governments behave as strategic complements. More specifically, a county government responds to an increase of one percentage point in its competitors' sales (property) tax rate by increasing its rate by roughly 1.0 (0.5) percentage points. In addition, property tax rates are positively associated with certain measures of agglomerations, suggesting that governments might attempt to capture a portion of agglomeration rents through imposing higher property tax rates on businesses. These results suggest that agglomeration forces might affect the "race to the bottom" pressures. Essay 2 This essay empirically investigates how a state that easily maintains and attracts residents conducts its tax policy while simultaneously accounting for the impact that state tax rates have on migration patterns. A state that easily maintains and attracts residents is thought to have some monopoly power that would allow the state to not be as concerned about the race to the bottom in tax rates. Specifically, a state with monopoly power will not feel the same pressure to lower tax rates to attract and maintain individuals. In addition, the state with monopoly power is not as concerned with the tax rates set in other states. State policymakers have long been concerned with the potential for their state's tax policy to drive away residents and prevent non-residents from locating in the state. These fears potentially play a large role in the tax rate choices made by state policymakers. Results using a panel of state data from 1993-2004 confirm both hypotheses. Controlling for the simultaneous nature of the migration response and the tax rate decision, a positive relationship is found between the net in-migration of a state and the state personal income tax rate and the total state tax burden, indicating that a more attractive state is able to impose higher tax rates on its residents. Also a high net in-migration state responds differently to other states' tax rates than a low net in-migration state.


Despite the general view that Berber was the only important substratum for Maghrebi Arabic, Moroccan Arabic (MA) took shape in the 7th–8th centuries AD in Roman cities in which Late Latin (LL) was spoken. The occupation of Morocco was far more tenuous than in other areas conquered during the Arab expansion. Rapid language shift from LL to a contact Arabic introduced by eastern Berber troops left telltale signs in phonology and in morphological simplification. Archaic MA D-possessives di, d- and dyal- reflect Latin dē and pronominal combinations thereof, and must be dated to the language-shift period. Recognition of this has been delayed by hesitation to recognize the LL/MA relationship and by Arabic-internal explanations of D-possessives that must be rejected in light of what we now know about Maghrebi Arabic dialects.


This work outlines the synthesis and characterization of a green epoxy resin derived from bark extractives. The resins were prepared at various temperatures and catalyst amounts to determine the optima for the yield and epoxy equivalent weight values. FTIR and NMR techniques were used to characterize the chemical structures of extractive-based epoxy (E-epoxy) monomers. Measurement results indicated successful epoxidation of bark extractives after reaction with epichlorohydrin. GPC results revealed that the molecular weights and polydispersities of E-epoxy monomers were lower than those of lignin epoxy (L-epoxy) monomers. The curing kinetic parameters calculated by the Kissinger method and the Model-Free method showed that E-epoxy had a lower curing activation energy value than petroleum-based epoxy (P-epoxy). E-epoxy displayed tensile strength and thermal stability comparable to P-epoxy. The research outcome demonstrated there is promise of using bark extractives to synthesize epoxy resins replacing toxic bisphenol A.


Among the models that the Congressional Budget Office uses to analyze the economic effects of changes in federal fiscal policy is a life-cycle growth model with overlapping generations of heterogeneous households. In this paper, we extend a similar dynamic model by incorporating a population that ages in a manner consistent with projections for the United States. Under that extension, gross domestic product per capita is projected to be about 7 percent lower in 2040, and more than 11 percent lower in the long run, if the government cuts transfer rates and increases income taxes to finance the budgetary cost of an aging population, compared to results from a similar model without an aging population. In addition, the paper shows that considering an aging population is important in analyzing long-term policy changes that involve intergenerational transfers.


This paper explores the link which is often neglected in the literature between the industrial structure and the aggregate economic growth in emerging economies (EE) that are implementing an openness trade policy. Based on the Schumpeterian technological paradigm concept, we show the relevance of the technology adoption hypothesis rather than the innovation hypothesis in an EE's context. We develop an endogenous deterministic growth model for small open economies in which domestic agents adopt technology incorporated in equipment import. Through the model, we prove that equipment import, technological externalities, and the fall in relative prices are the sources of openness growth effects. In this paper we determine endogeneously the minimal efficiency threshold of entry and exit dynamics in the domestic industrial structure within an endogenous growth framework. We show that the consumption goods diversity improves the growth rate of consumption and welfare by its negative action on the surviving firms monopoly power. We argue that for intermediate goods, the agents heterogeneity is negatively correlated with stationary state growth rate. From an economic policy point of view, it would be recommended to intervene by improving the performance of the domestic firms before implementing the trade openness policy, and after its implementation by controlling the markets to avoid the monopolistic structure that is negatively correlated with economic growth at the aggregate level.


This poster presents research-in-progress into the educational affordances of so-called Web 2.0 sites, services, with a particular emphasis on those applications that involve forms of shared human-machine cognition and that promote public knowledge networking. This research involves reviewing many hundreds of Web 2.0 tools and selecting approximately 50 for further analysis and exploration as learning applications. In doing so, the research will generate examples of unusual affordances provided by Web 2.0; it will also present a more structured categorisation of the kinds of uses and benefits of these tools. This approach is valuable because much current research and analysis of the impact of Web 2.0 on education, particularly higher education, has emphasised a relatively limited array of tools – principally blogs, wikis and social networking services – that offer educators and students opportunities for student-led collaborative work. Such opportunities involve strong emphasis on constructivist pedagogy: students' interactions with each other, mediated via the Internet, are viewed as the positive benefit which networked learning can provide. However, Web 2.0 is far more than just collaboration, and associated shared self-expression. In particular, Web 2.0 includes many examples of services that take one form of input from a user and, rather than just sharing it with others, enable the transformation of that input into different forms, either as visualisations, maps, or other re-representations. Web 2.0 is also starting to see the development of knowledge-work engines that embody the concept of shared cognition, in which the service and the user cooperate in the production of some final knowledge output or which present to users knowledge that has already been processed more extensively than through simple searching. Web 2.0 is also closely associated with the idea that knowledge work is now networked and distributed; it involves users appropriating, creating and sharing knowledge products in a very public way, far beyond the narrow 'audience' of a particular course or program of study. The research presented in this poster will provide, firstly, examples of the Web 2.0 tools which emphasise these additional ways of exploiting the Internet for networked learning; secondly, the research will provide a first iteration of the overarching structure of categories and classifications which can be used to assess any proposed Web 2.0 application in terms of its affordances for learning as knowledge networking. By understanding these technologies, truly collaborative networked learning can be developed that blends with the emerging cultures of online behaviour increasingly common to contemporary student populations.


Eastern imports, including finished products, raw materials, and technologies, first appear in Crete in the Early Minoan (EM) II period. The relative inaccessibility of imports to Crete, and that they are found in clusters—sometimes in monumental tombs or associated with ritual objects—suggests that they were used in the creation and continued negotiation of elite identity. Although found primarily in mortuary contexts, these imports often show evidence of wear and sometimes repair, indicating that they were used during the lifetimes of their owners before being deposited in tombs. As many of these imports were used as bodily adornment, they were highly visible and may have taken on a performative role, especially during ceremonies or rituals. Several of the imports also draw on Eastern power symbols. Thus, as emblems, exotic imports were likely used by the Cretan emergent elite to distinguish themselves from the general population of the island and perhaps to align their new status with that of the ruling elite from powerful Eastern centers.


Games-based learning is an innovative pedagogical strategy employed at all levels of education, and much research in education, psychology, and other disciplines supports its effectiveness in engaging and motivating students, as well as increasing student learning.  Many libraries have incorporated games into their collections and programming.  College and university libraries have begun to use games for information literacy and library instruction.  Academic librarians use commercially-produced games, create their own games, and employ game principles and mechanics to enhance their traditional instructional offerings.  While there may be impediments to implementing games-based learning for information literacy, the promising benefits of this approach outweigh the obstacles.  Using games in library instruction capitalizes on the many similarities between games and the way that students do research, and has the strong potential to increase student engagement in information literacy training. Â


Ginseng has been used for thousands of years as an herbal remedy for many common ailments. Ginsenosides from ginseng have shown a wide range of biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. The goal of this project was to develop a method using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to identify and quantify seven ginsenosides in ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L., araliaceae). In addition, we sought to compare the quantities of ginsenosides in ginseng plant leaves and roots to determine in what part of the plant these compounds are more prevalent. Unlike other studies, our extraction methodology followed the typical extraction protocol most commonly utilized in the dietary supplement industry. This makes our findings relevant to the dietary supplements industry. The mass spectrometry method employed the negative ion and utilized an acetonitrile/aqueous acetic acid (1%) gradient. With this method, the ginsenosides were detected as negatively charged acetate clusters. Five leaf and their corresponding root extracts of cultivated, mature Panax quinquefolius plants were analyzed for ginsenoside content. It was determined that for ginsenosides Rb2 and Rd, there was a higher content in the leaves as opposed to the roots, while Rb1 was found to be more prevalent in the roots than in the leaves. A separate set of 1-year old ginseng seedling extracts were prepared by our collaborators and the same general trends were observed. These findings indicate that ginseng leaves are a viable source of ginsenosides,which is significant given that native ginseng populations are threatened by overharvesting. PART II: Modern demands on agricultural production for food necessitate the use of pesticides such that without their use, upwards of $40 billion in crops would be lost. In the United States alone, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports an approximate use of 1.1 billion pounds of pesticides each year, approximately 20% of global pesticide usage. This creates a critical need for monitoring the presence of pesticides and their metabolites in soil effectively. Through collaboration with our colleagues at Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, we have begun to develop a new method for this purpose. Our method is built off of the QuEChERS extraction methodology, and meets the demands for rapidness and cost effectiveness. Traditional methods employ very time consuming and costly sample preparation procedures that are unique to particular analytes. Our new method allows for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of 10 analytes of various chemical families, with the opportunity to expand further. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, we are able to detect a number of the pesticides of interest in 1 ppb spikes on soil.


By using CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), we study the effect of cavity quantum electrodynamics on the coupling of the microtoroid cavity. When with whispering gallery (WG) modes, the microtoroid cavity demonstrates high quality factor and small mode volume at visible wavelengths. Accordingly, fiber tapers allow QDs to adhere into the cavity and further permit the control of site-selected coupling. From the luminescence spectra, QDs are modulated effectively by cavity modes. Variable modulations are observed by changing QD coupling conditions. Therefore, based on experimental and theoretical research, strong and tunable Purcell enhancement can be realized by this system.The authors thank Jinming Cui and Chunhua Dong for their helpful discussion. This work was supported by the National Fundamental Research Program of China (No. 2006CB921900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 60537020 and 60621064), and the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.


For the last five decades, optical lithography has been used universally for the manufacture of integrated circuits. The drive towards smaller circuit feature size, and the resulting increase in resolution of lithography systems, has been achieved by changing the source type. The original 300− 400 nm discharge lamps have been replaced with more powerful and monochromatic excimer lasers, operating at user-selectable Ultra-Violet (UV) wavelengths from 157 − 351 nm. The success of UV lithography is due, in part, to the development of industrialized, line narrowed excimer lasers. However, the line narrowing process, along with the intrinsic coherence properties of the laser, results in a source with a considerable amount of spatial coherence. These partially coherent sources are complicated to model. Partially coherent image formation with two-dimensional intensity fields requires evaluating four-dimensional integrals. Thus calculations are complex, slow to process and place demands on system memory. The motivation behind this thesis is an improved understanding of the effects of spatial coherence in optical lithography, including beam homogenization in wafer-stepper systems. In this thesis, we expand the Elementary Function Method, a process similar to coherent mode decomposition, to develop a numerical model of a partially spatially coherent source. We design an experiment to measure the spatial coherence of a partially coherent laser source and present our results. The numerical model is tested on a theoretical Gaussian Schell-model source, and then applied to the excimer source. We examine the traditional method for beam conditioning, the imaging homogenizer, and develop a model of the physical process involved in beam homogenization. Our results show that the imaging homogenizer is designed for use with spatially incoherent sources, where it performs well. However, if the source incident on the homogenizer has any degree of spatial coherence, the intensity output is highly non-uniform.


Given the push from the private sector, as well as the resource complementarities among the three countries of North America, it is somewhat surprising that North America has not developed an integrated energy strategy based on traditional, non-renewable energy (2000-2016). How should we understand this puzzle? The answer lies in domestic forces and the structure of national preferences. Using liberal international relations theory, this thesis presents a two-step argument: first, the election of pro-green political parties has in each country led to a convergence of preferences for climate action. Essentially, as each one came to power, the winset for a regional strategy on fossil fuel production, energy exports, and energy infrastructure shrunk, while the win-set for clean energy and climate change mitigation increased. Second, key interest groups have acquired sufficient voice and power in each country to persuade the three North American governments that developing a regional strategy based on fossil fuels would undermine their interests. Through behind the door lobbying and public mobilization, the groups have been able to shift the conversation surrounding 'regional energy cooperation' to 'regional clean energy and climate change cooperation.' This thesis uses the method of process tracing to analyze the related events from 2000-2016 and test why certain governments acted the way they did in regards to energy cooperation.


A major applications of thermoplastic additive manufacturing (typically completed using the fused deposition modeling or fused filament fabrication (FDM/FFF) process) is in the production of polymer matrix composites. Several different reinforcing materials have been proposed and studied, a common one of which is chopped carbon fibers (CCF). Most of the published research on the properties and effect of the CCF reinforcement has relied upon a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix, as it has a low and stable melting temperature, low cost, and mixes readily with particulate or chopped reinforcing materials. For commercially available CCF filament for FDM/FFF, the typical fiber content is around 15–25% by volume, with the remainder being the thermoplastic matrix. To better explore the influence of the matrix material on the properties of these materials, this study compares the IZOD impact properties of standard CCF PLA with CCF-reinforced materials using polyamide/nylon (PA), polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) matrices. All cases were printed at full (100%) density. For each material, samples of 5 mm thickness were tested in the Type A (notch in tension) and Type E (notch in compression) configurations. Two print orientations (flat and horizontal) and two raster angles (0–90° and ±45°) were considered for each combination. As required by ASTM D256, the tests were replicated five times each. The results are compared with the major literature for CCF reinforced PLA, as well as benchmark tests using injection molded samples and non-CCF PLA, PA, PC, ABS, and PETG processed by FDM/FFF.


The area of freedom, security and justice was established by the EU constituent treaties and it was set as a special objective of the European integration. This area has undergone dynamic stages of institutional and normative development to become an integral part of the EU today. It would be difficult to imagine the existence of the EU without it. Historical development of the Union showed that protection of the basic citizens' values is not possible without clearly defined policies and joint cooperation of the Member States in the area of internal affairs and judiciary. Sensitivity of this cooperation stems from transferring national responsibilities to supranational level in the areas that are the core of every state's sovereignty. Use of legal force apparatus and criminal law jurisdiction have been until recently a national issue, and the Member States have been keeping this area from breakthrough of international or, in the case of EU, deeper mutual cooperation at any cost. The area of freedom, security and justice consists of three areas. The European area of freedom and free movement of people has been created by the Single Market. In addition to the advantages for the Union's citizens and citizens of third countries, the Single Market has enabled expansion and transfer of criminal activity in the area without internal borders. The European area of security entails police cooperation of the Member States on preserving security within the area of freedom and free movement of people. The cooperation in this area is the basis for efficient joint preventive and repressive action on fighting crime, especially serious crime with cross-border dimension.
The European area of justice consists of elements of criminal law and civil law cooperation of the Member States. Joint definitions of
criminal offences and sanctions, mutual recognition of verdicts and guaranteeing the rights of suspects or accused in a criminal procedure are crucial issues of the cooperation that has led gradually to supranational norms of the EU criminal law.


Daylight is an energy efficient solution for illumination and visual comfort in buildings. However, successful daylight design requires effective daylight control technology to eliminate the negative impact such as overheating, unbalanced indoor daylight distribution and glare. With this mind, the current thesis presents a novel multifunctional roof panel which might be applied in atrium and large green house. The working principle of the panel is based on the non-imaging low-concentration solar collector: dielectric Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC). Detailed study on the dielectric CPC has found that there would be some light escaping from side wall of CPC when the incident light is beyond CPC acceptance angle, which could actually be used for indoor daylight provision; while the incident light concentrated on the base of CPC could be used for concentrating PV application. Thus a dielectric CPC panel which consists of several trough dielectric CPC rods is designed and manufactured, its function of hybrid PV/Daylight is investigated through PHOTOPIA simulation and outdoor testing, both simulated and measured results showed that under sunny condition, only 10-15% of light could be transmitted through the panel in cooling season, and the rest of the light is used for concentrating PV application; while light transmittance of about 40-60% is achievable in winter period, when daylight is desired. Additionally, constant light transmittance of about 40% is achievable under overcast sky. The above figures could verify the seasonal daylight control ability of the panel. On the other hand, for the designed panel, the rejected heat on PV could still flow into the building. As a result, a PV/Thermal system is designed to remove the rejected heat on PV cell and reutilize it for thermal application such as food drying. The design parameter such as approach velocity, pitch distance, and perforation porosity are numerically investigated by CFD simulation. The prototype of the system is built and measured under solar simulator and real sky. Both simulated and measurement results showed that the heat recovery efficiency could be 40-80% depending on different geometries and approach velocities; and little amount of rejected heat could transfer from the PV cell to the building interior. The hybrid PV/Thermal application seems to be achievable. Lastly, the energy and economic performance for the EW-orientated dielectric CPC panel is investigated using new proposed concept of "inner south projection angle" and its correlation with the CPC optical performance, the building energy simulation software EnergyPlus and its weather data are also employed. An example case on an educational building with a central atrium in Nottingham shows that: compared to the conventional double glazing window, there is 55% increase in useful daylight illuminance (500-2000lux) percentage; 81.5% reduction in window solar heat gain in cooling season and only 10.78% reduction in window solar heat gain in heating season; there is also a power generation of 290.65W/m2 from PV cells; and the estimated payback period is less than 5 years. Therefore, the proposed multifunctional roof panel for PV/Thermal/Daylight application could comprehensively utilise the solar energy and provide comfort thermal and visual indoor environment.


Astrophysical fluids may acquire nonzero electrical charge because of strong irradiation or charge separation in a magnetic field. In this case, electromagnetic and gravitational forces may act together and produce new equilibrium configurations, which are different from the uncharged ones. Following our previous studies of charged test particles and uncharged perfect fluid tori encircling compact objects, we introduce here a simple test model of a charged perfect fluid torus in strong gravitational and electromagnetic fields. In contrast to ideal magnetohydrodynamic models, we consider here the opposite limit of negligible conductivity, where the charges are tied completely to the moving matter. This is an extreme limiting case which can provide a useful reference against which to compare subsequent more complicated astrophysically motivated calculations. To clearly demonstrate the features of our model, we construct three-dimensional axisymmetric charged toroidal configurations around Reissner-Nordstroem black holes and compare them with equivalent configurations of electrically neutral tori.


Welcome to the first issue of Volume Six of the Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice. This issue contains six papers exploring a range of issues relating to teaching and learning practice and marks my first issue as Senior Editor. I would like to extend our thanks to Associate Professor Helen Carter, who has been Senior Editor of JUTLP since its inception and contributed significantly to the establishment of the journal. This edition also marks a significant change for the organisation of the journal as it is now published through an automated system providing authors, reviewers and editors with up to date information on the submission and review process, allowing authors to track their article through to publication.


Marriage certificate for John Patterson and Junia Roberts Osterhout officiated by William Frear of the Baptist church. The wedding was held at the house of Henry Roberts in Pennsylvania and witnessed by P. M. Osterhout, James Frear, and Henry Roberts.


This thesis will investigate trade patterns among 77 selected countries and how these patterns may be affected by cultural attributes such as similarities in culture, institutions, common border, language, and such cultural characteristics. A cultural- and institutional distance measure will be calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem to assess the various cultural and institutional differences among countries. In more economic terms, a Euclidian space between the countries' scores on each cultural and institutional index is calculated into one measure. By the use of the gravity model an econometric analysis will be performed with 12 included variables in order to come to a conclusion if, and to what extent, various cultural distance measures affect trade flows. Due to scarce data availability in some of the variables the analysis is bound to the selected 77 partner countries and one time period ranging from 2003-2005. The dependent variable, and the trade flow considered in this thesis, is exports among the included countries. The results from the performed regressions show excellent results where all variables are significant and are shown to have an effect on trade flows. Moreover, the result indicates that being similar when it comes to cultural attributes is indeed preferential for the trade partners. That is, trade increase when countries cultural affinities are large.


We address the problem of recovering high-level, volumetric and segmented (or part-based) descriptions of objects from intensity images. As input we use three closely spaced images of an object and recover descriptions based on generalized cylinders (GCs). We start by extracting a hierarchy of groups from contour images in the three views. Grouping is based on proximity, parallelism, and symmetry. The groups in the three views are matched and their contours are labeled as "true" edges. We then infer the GC axis, its cross-section, and the scaling function. The cross-section is recovered if seen in the images, else it is inferred using the visible surfaces and GC properties. We consider groups with true edges, limb edges, or a combination of both. The coarse volumetric descriptions obtained are refined to include surface details as seen in the intensity images. We demonstrate results on real images of moderately complex objects with texture and shadows.


A number of the world's languages exhibit a phonological duration-based contrast between an extra-short coronal tap and a sustainable multiple-cycle trill. The post-SPE generative literature has focused almost entirely on the distribution of rhotics in Iberian Romance, and Spanish in particular. The main empirical goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate how Iberian Romance fits in among a broader typology of rhotic patterns. Relevant data from Spanish, Catalan, European Portuguese, Basque, Sebei, Kaliai-Kove, Kairiru, Palauan, Kurdish, and Ngizim suggest an implicational hierarchy of the form intervocalic < word-initial < elsewhere (word-final, pre- and postconsonantal), where rhotic duration contrast in a given position entails contrast in positions to the left. Further generalizations are uncovered with respect to patterns of neutralization. The theoretical goal of this dissertation is to develop a comprehensive analysis of the complete rhotic duration typology. Chapter 1 introduces the analytical framework of phonetically-based Optimality Theory, focusing specifically on Correspondence Theory, the Dispersion Theory of contrast, Segmental Autonomy, and Licensing by Cue, and then gives a preview of the proposed analysis. Chapter 2 demonstrates how contemporary generative accounts have consistently invoked syllable structure and/or sonority in attempts to explain the distribution of the tap and trill in Spanish. Data are then presented from languages beyond Spanish in order to show that not all aspects of the behavior of these rhotics can be adequately captured with reference to syllable structure alone, thereby setting the stage for the phonetically-based Optimality-theoretic analysis. Chapter 3 develops an account of the rhotic duration typology, with Spanish serving as the primary example. On this account, phonetic and phonological constraints interact directly to determine the surface distribution of rhotics without reference to syllable boundaries. Since reference to syllable structure is unnecessary, the analysis does not face the same difficulties as existing prosodic accounts when data beyond Spanish are taken into consideration. Chapter 4 presents an empirical survey of languages beyond the Iberian Romance family and documents several heretofore unnoticed generalizations regarding the positional neutralization of rhotic duration contrast. These generalizations are then shown to follow straightforwardly as a consequence of constraint interaction under the phonetically-based OT analysis developed in Chapter 3. Finally, Chapter 5 treats issues of phonological representation by focusing on the ambiguous nature of the surface trill, which patterns sometimes as a single unit and sometimes as a cluster of taps. Specifically, it is argued that a morphologically-derived sequence of taps is neutralized to trill by dint of a targeted constraint enforcing coalescence of adjacent rhotics. Chapter 5 concludes by summarizing the main results of the dissertation and by outlining some issues for future research.


This paper presents an approach to automated assessment for online training based on approximate graph matching. The algorithm lies at the core of two prototype training systems that we have built in accord with U.S. Army training materials: one for the use of a collaborative visualization and planning tool, the other for rifle maintenance. The algorithm uses approximate graph-matching techniques to align a representation of a student response for a training exercise with a predefined solution model for the exercise. The approximate matching enables tolerance to learner mistakes, with deviations in the alignment providing the basis for feedback that is presented to the student. Given that graph matching is NP-complete, the algorithm uses a heuristic approach to balance computational performance with alignment quality. A comprehensive experimental evaluation shows that our technique scales well while retaining the ability to identify correct alignments for responses containing realistic types and numbers of learner mistakes.


The mother-daughter partnership that produced the Little House books has fascinated scholars and readers alike. Now, John E. Miller, one of America's leading authorities on Laura Ingalls Wilder and Rose Wilder Lane, combines analyses of both women to explore this collaborative process and shows how their books reflect the authors' distinctive views of place, time, and culture. Along the way, he addresses the two most controversial issues for Wilder/Lane aficionados: how much did Lane actually contribute to the writing of the Little House books, and what was Wilder's real attitude toward American Indians.Interpreting these writers in their larger historical and cultural contexts, Miller reconsiders their formidable artistic, political, and literary contributions to American cultural life in the 1930s. He looks at what was happening in 1932 - from Depression conditions and politics to chain stores and celebrity culture - to shed light on Wilder's life, and he shows how actual "little houses" established ideas of home that resonated emotionally for both writers.In considering each woman's ties to history, Miller compares Wilder with Frederick Jackson Turner as a frontier mythmaker and examines Lane's unpublished history of Missouri in the context of a contemporaneous project, Thomas Hart Benton's famous Jefferson City mural. He also looks at Wilder's Missouri Ruralist columns to assess her pre - Little House values and writing skills, and he readdresses her literary treatment of Native Americans. A final chapter shows how Wilder's and Lane's conservative political views found expression in their work, separating Lane's more libertarian bent from Wilder's focus on writing moralist children's fiction.These nine thoughtful essays expand the critical discussion on Wilder and Lane beyond the Little House. Miller portrays them as impassioned and dedicated writers who were deeply involved in the historical changes and political challenges of their times - and contends that questions over the books' authorship do not do justice to either woman's creative investment in the series. Miller demystifies the aura of nostalgia that often prevents modern readers from seeing Wilder as a real-life woman, and he depicts Lane as a kindred artistic spirit, helping readers better understand mother and daughter as both women and authors.