BACKGROUND
Multiple reforms have been instigated across Europe to enhance prescribing efficiency. Supply-side reforms in the Republic of Serbia include measures to lower the price of generics and originators, with demand-side measures including patient copayments and prescribing restrictions. Specific measures for renin-angiotensin inhibitor drugs include a 50% copayment for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) versus approximately 50 cents per prescription for established angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), as there is no perceived difference in effectiveness between the two classes.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the influence of these measures on ARB utilization, as well as reimbursed prices of ACEIs and ARBs over time.

METHOD
Observational retrospective case study of all ambulatory care patients in the Republic of Serbia's Health Insurance Fund database who were dispensed at least one ACEI or ARB alone or in combination (fixed dose combination [FDC]) between 2005 and 2011. Utilization measured in defined daily doses (DDDs) and only reimbursed expenditure (overall and expenditure/DDD) as Health Insurance perspective.

RESULTS
There was a 1.8-fold increase in renin-angiotensin inhibitor drug utilization, rising to 207.4 DDDs/1000 inhabitants per day in 2011. This is driven principally by a 19.6-fold increase in ACEI FDCs. There was only limited utilization of ARBs at just 2% of total renin-angiotensin inhibitor drugs in 2011. Reimbursed expenditure increased 2.54-fold due to an appreciable increase in ACEI FDC utilization at approximately twice the cost of ACEIs in recent years. Alongside this, we noted considerable differences in expenditure/DDD for different ACEIs. CONCLUSION & FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: High patient copayments for ARBs appreciably limited their utilization in Serbia, which mirrors the findings from other studies. Potential future measures to enhance prescribing efficiency include reference pricing for ACEIs based on the lowest price of an established ACEI. In addition, reference pricing for FDCs should be based on the reference price of the individual components combined. This builds on recent reforms restricting the reimbursement of FDCs until 3 months after individual components have been prescribed separately.


The grid is an integrated infrastructure that can play the dual roles of a coordinated resource consumer as well as a donator in distributed computing environments. The enormous growth in the use of mobile and embedded devices in ubiquitous computing environment and their interaction with human beings produces a huge amount of data that need to be processed efficiently anytime anywhere. However, such devices often have limited resources in terms of CPU, storage, battery power, and communication bandwidth. Thus, there is a need to transfer ubiquitous computing application services to more powerful computational resources. In this paper, we investigate the use of the grid as a candidate for provisioning computational services to applications in ubiquitous computing environments. In particular, we present a competitive model that describes the possible interaction between the competing resources in the grid infrastructure as service providers and ubiquitous applications as subscribers. The competition takes place in terms of quality of service (QoS) and cost offered by different grid service providers (GSPs). We also investigate the job allocation of different GSPs by exploiting the noncooperativeness among the strategies. We present the equilibrium behavior of our model facing global competition under stochastic demand and estimate guaranteed QoS assurance level by efficiently satisfying the requirement of ubiquitous application. We have also performed extensive experiments over distributed parallel computing cluster (DPCC) and studied overall job execution performance of different GSPs under a wide range of QoS parameters using different strategies. Our model and performance evaluation results can serve as a valuable reference for designing appropriate strategies in a practical grid environment.


1 MOTIVATIONThis contribution investigates the warming of per-mafrost and potential causes: (i) snow cover and physical properties, (ii) soil thermal state before on-set of snowfall (iii) climate parameters such as win-ter air temperatures and radiation balance. The main factors determining the permafrosts heat transfer are: (i) phase composition of soil (specifically avail-able pore space) which enables vapor diffusion and/or water advection during all periods (ii) the temperature gradient between atmosphere and soil which is largely affected by the snow cover. The heat transfer into the ground is largely transmitted via conduction with the exception of snow melt and freeze back. The insulating capacity of snow damp-ens the effect of cold winter air temperatures on the soil. Winter warming events, rain-on-snow events, early-onset snow packs and warm end-of-summer soil conditions can contribute to warmer soil condi-tions throughout the winter. Warmer soils contain more liquid water and respond more slowly to in-creased heat loss to the atmosphere.2 INVESTIGATION AREA AND METHODSWe use hourly data from automated weather and soil and snow temperature/volumetric water content sta-tions from the Bayelva site near Ny-Alesund. Auxil-iary data include radiation balance data from the BSRN station network in Ny- Alesund. 3 RESULTSThe 11-year permafrost temperature record from the Bayelva site shows a warming and thawing trend, especially pronounced over the last 5 years. In total, about 50 cm of upper permafrost has been lost at this site over the 11 year period since 1998. It is not clear yet what causes the observed warming trend. Factors considered include changes of the surface energy balance (radiation budget, atmospheric fluxes), changes of the surface characteristics (snow, vegeta-tion cover, wetness), and changes in subsurface composition (ice content, soil material). Further-more, (warm) ocean currents and ice cover dynamics give Svalbard its relatively mild maritime climate. The hourly air temperature data from Ny-Alesund southeast of the Bayelva site shows a long term pro-nounced winter warming trend (superimposed on strong interannual variability). From 1990 to 2009, the winter (Oct-Apr) temperatures increased by 0.13°C/year, whereas the summer temperatures (Jul-Aug) only increased by 0.05°C/year


Abstract— Many empirical researches of fringe areas have
been carried out in megapolitan cities like Jakarta,
Surabaya, and Bandung. Most theoretical studies in this
particular problem have been concerned about the
expanding urban areas. This study differs firstly,
concerning urban sprawl in fringe areas of a metropolitan
city named Semarang, and secondly using historical reading
method as a different approach which presenting an
opportunity to explore whether the morphology of fringe
areas is specific. This paper also discusses the importance
of understanding the fast growth of sprawl settlements on
the urban fringe areas. The integration process of several
types of settlements will shape the urban form's future. A
lesson learnt from western urban growth is always trigger
vast urban sprawl and drive urban chaos, which leads to the
borderless city and inefficient of urban infrastructure. The
productive land in the fringe areas will rapidly changed on
to "dormitory suburbs" which occupied by almost the
entirely white collar middle and high classes. The city
might be segregated by race and income, both could boost
crucial social problem.
Base on satellite image and old map evaluation, Semarang
urban fringe areas indicated dualistic characteristics, a
mixing of formal and informal, modern and traditional,
planned and un-planned settlements. These conditions raise
complicated social problems. Planned and un-planned
settlements spread out unstructurally do not lead to the
proper urban spatial configuration. This phenomenon in the
future will shape chaos urban shape, difficult to be
adjusting into the sustainability issues, in order to make
liveable city.
Keywords: dormitory suburbs, dualistic character, spatial
configuration.
1st Doctoral Candidate at the Doctorate Program of
Architecture and Urban Planning, Diponegoro University.
e-mail: keliek2000@ yahoo.com.,
2nd Professor at the Doctorate Program of Architecture and
Urban Planning, Diponegoro University.
e-mail: email@example.com,
3rd Associate Professor at the Doctorate Program of
Architecture and Urban Planning, Diponegoro University.
e-mail: email@example.com,
4thSenior Lecturer at the Doctorate Program of Architecture
and Urban Planning, Diponegoro University.
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Introduction
In the global context, urban population growth has become
a strategic issue. During the period of 1920 - 1980's world
urban population increased by fifth fold from 360 million to
1.807 million people. By the end of 2000, the urban
population reached 78 percent became 3.208 million. In the
same period, urban population in developed countries rise
up to 300 percent, however urban population in developing
countries increased nearly 1000 percent from 100 million to
972 million people. The United Nation estimates the urban
population of the developing countries in the year of 2020
will reach 2.116 million people (Hauser, 1982).
According to Janice Pearlman (Firman, 1991), the
increasing urban population percentage in the world follows
four transformation phenomena of global settlement during
21st century. They are: [1] transforming from rural to urban.
[2] Transforming from developed to developing countries.
[3] Transforming from formal socio economic activity to
the informal one. [4] Transforming from cities to
megacities. The United Nation has been predicted by the
year of 2015, it will be 358 million cities in the world and
153 million cities are located in Asia. Urban area
development is very rapid and it grows horizontally,
occupied rural surrounding areas. City has gigantic scale
cover hundred kilometres square and very hard to
distinguish the border between rural and urban area, called
"the borderless city".


Objective: Preeclampsia is a complex heterogeneous disease commonly defined by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria in pregnancy. Women experiencing preeclampsia have increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) later in life. Preeclampsia and CVD share risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms, including dysregulated inflammation and raised blood pressure. Despite commonalities, little is known about the contribution of shared genes (pleiotropy) to these diseases. This study aimed to investigate whether genetic risk factors for hypertension or inflammation are pleiotropic by also being associated with preeclampsia. Methods: We genotyped 122 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in women with preeclampsia (n = 1006) and nonpreeclamptic controls (n = 816) from the Norwegian HUNT Study. SNPs were chosen on the basis of previously reported associations with either nongestational hypertension or inflammation in genome-wide association studies. The SNPs were tested for association with preeclampsia in a multiple logistic regression model. Results: The minor (G) allele of the intronic SNP rs17367504 in the gene methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) was associated with a protective effect on preeclampsia (odds ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.53–0.80) in the Norwegian cohort. This association did not replicate in an Australian preeclampsia case–control cohort (P = 0.68, odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.83–1.32, minor allele frequency = 0.15). Conclusion: MTHFR is important for regulating transmethylation processes and is involved in regulation of folate metabolism. The G allele of rs17367504 has previously been shown to protect against nongestational hypertension. Our study suggests a novel association between this allele and reduced risk for preeclampsia. This is the first study associating the minor (G) allele of a SNP within the MTHFR gene with a protective effect on preeclampsia, and in doing so identifying a possible pleiotropic protective effect on preeclampsia and hypertension.


Trade agreements influence the distribution of money, goods, services and daily living conditions – the social determinants of health and health equity, which ultimately impacts differentially on health within and between countries. In order to advance health equity as a trade policy goal, greater understanding is needed of how different actors frame their interests in order to shape government priorities, thus helping to identify competing agendas across policy communities. This paper reports on a study of how policy actors framed their interests for the Trans Pacific Partnership agreement. We analysed 88 submissions made by industry actors, not for profit organisations, unions, researchers and individual citizens to the Australian government during treaty negotiations. We show that policy actors' ideas of the purpose of trade agreements are shaped by competing underlying assumptions of the role of the state, market and society. We identify three primary framings: a dominant neoliberal market frame, and counter frames for the public interest and state sovereignty. Our analysis highlights the potential enabling and constraining impact of policy frames for health equity. In particular, the current dominant market framing largely excludes the social determinants of health and health equity. We argue that advocacy needs to tackle head on the underlying assumptions of market framings in order to open up space for the social. We identify successful examples of health framing for equity as well as opportunities for engagement with 'non-traditional' allies on shared issues of concern.


Sexual harassment is a sensitive and pervasive topic in higher education. Programs and institutions have the responsibility to protect the students from sexual harassment under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (United States Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, 2011). While much attention has been focused toward on-campus interactions (i.e., professor/student, student/student), many students participate in off-campus fieldwork and internships associated with coursework, where the students are still protected under Title IX. The purpose of this discussion is to define sexual harassment, summarize research regarding sexual harassment in a fieldwork setting, consider how sexual harassment affects students, and identify resources to help programs identify and respond to sexual harassment.


The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the suitability of diverse data mining techniques for construction delay analysis. Data of this research obtained from 120 Iranian construction projects. The analysis consists of developing and evaluating various data mining models for factor selection, delay classification, and delay prediction. The results of this research indicate that with respect to accuracy and correlation indexes, genetic algorithm with K-NN learning model is the most suitable model for factor selection. By conducting the genetic algorithm, eight significant variables causing construction delay are identified as: Changes in project manager, Difficulties in financing project by owner, Number of employees, Project duration, Unforeseen events, Project Location, Number of equipment, How to get the project. This research also revealed that in the case of delay classification and prediction, respectively, bagging decision tree and bagging neural network has the least amount of error in comparison with other techniques. In addition, to compare the diversity of data mining methods, the optimized parameter vectors of the selected models were also identified.


Coral species are difficult to identify due to few distinct morphological features and high levels of phenotypic variation; furthermore, hybridization is thought to play an important role in coral evolution. The genus Pocillopora is one of the most abundant reef-building corals in the Pacific, yet species boundaries within this important group remain enigmatic, with conflicting interpretations of molecular data. To further examine the relationship between morphology and genetic variation, we examined in situ photographs, microscopic images, and molecular markers (ORF, CR, ITS-2) from 59 Pocillopora colonies representing a range of atypical morphologies thought to be rare or endemic to remote locations (the Hawaiian Archipelago, Johnston Atoll, Palmyra Atoll, and Howland Island). Additionally, we combined our data with previously published genetic data from the western Indian Ocean, Taiwan, the Great Barrier Reef, and the tropical east Pacific (n = 298) to examine phylogeographic relationships more broadly. Mitochondrial markers revealed six distinct clades, while nuclear data (ITS-2) resolved no clear groups due in part to intragenomic variation. Although colony-level morphology is highly variable within each mitochondrial clade, microscopic corallite-level morphology showed less variation and stronger concordance with mitochondrial groups, and one clade was found only in the Hawaiian Archipelago. These findings will assist with efforts to delineate species boundaries in the genus Pocillopora and contribute to understanding the scale of species-level variation in reef building corals. Accurate determination of species boundaries will improve conservation efforts and further our understanding of the evolution and biodiversity of reef building corals.


A cost-effectiveness evaluation and a cost-benefit analysis were performed on a park-and-ride system consisting of 26 lots in the Seattle metropolitan area. Costs and benefits of the system were examined with respect to the user, the community at large, and the public agencies responsible for providing for the community's transportation needs. A user survey was conducted at the 26 lots. With the survey data and other data as input, a model was developed to calculate the total incurred trip costs with and without the park-and-ride lot. These trip costs were compared in a before-and-after analysis. In addition, the park-and-ride system was analyzed for its effect on the following transportation system measures of effectiveness: travel time, person miles traveled (PMT), vehicle miles traveled (VMT), traffic volumes, vehicle emissions, accidents, and energy consumption. General results indicated that the park-and-ride system in the Seattle area is cost-effective. The average park-and-ride trip was estimated to be 11.6 percent less expensive than the corresponding average previous trip by another mode. Results also indicated that the lots have had a slightly negative impact on travel time and PMT (i.e., these measures have increased), but VMT, traffic volumes, accidents, vehicle emissions, and energy consumption have all been reduced.


Title of Document: ONLINE APPROXIMATION ASSISTED MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN APPLICATIONS Khaled Hassan Mohamed Saleh, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Directed By: Shapour Azarm, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Computer simulations can be intensive as is the case in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The computational cost can become prohibitive when using these simulations with multiobjective design optimization. One way to address this issue is to replace a computationally intensive simulation by an approximation which allows for a quick evaluation of a large number of design alternatives as needed by an optimizer. This dissertation proposes an approach for multiobjective design optimization when combined with computationally expensive simulations for heat exchanger design problems. The research is performed along four research directions. These are: (1) a new Online Approximation Assisted Multiobjective Optimization (OAAMO) approach with a focus on the expected optimum region, (2) a new approximation assisted multiobjective optimization with global and local metamodeling that always produces feasible solutions, (3) a framework that integrates OAAMO with multiscale simulations (OAAMOMS) for design of heat exchangers at the segment and heat exchanger levels, and (4) applications of OAAMO combined with CFD for shape design of a header for a new generation of heat exchangers using Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS). The approaches developed in this thesis are also applied to optimize a coldplate used in electronic cooling devices and different types of plate heat exchangers. In addition many numerical test problems are solved by the proposed methods. The results of these studies show that the proposed online approximation assisted multiobjective optimization is an efficient approach that can be used to predict optimum solutions for a wide class of problems including heat exchanger design problems while reducing significantly the computational cost when compared with existing methods. ONLINE APPROXIMATION ASSISTED MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN APPLICATIONS


In behavioral pharmacology, overall response rate is the measure most often used to
study the effects of drugs on an animal's ongoing operant behavior. However, it has been argued
that an overall measure of response rate may not provide the most valid description of behavior
and, thus, a more detailed analysis might prove beneficial in classifying drug effects. The
purpose of the present research was to (1) study effects of methamphetamine on schedulecontrolled
responding, (2) determine if a log-survivor analysis recently used to study nose-poke
responding in rats could be extended for use with key-pecking in pigeons and (3) examine
microproperties of pigeon responding using an IRT analysis. Pigeons were trained to peck a
lighted key under a multiple random-interval (RI) 1-min, RI 4-min schedule. Interresponse times
(IRTs) were collected and then analyzed via log-survivor plots and an analysis described by
Blough (1963) and used in greater detail by Palya (1992). Log-survivor plots show the
proportion of IRTs greater than some time as a function of time in the session. The IRT analysis
involved graphing each individual IRT as a function of its temporal position within the interval.
Several doses of methamphetamine were administered (0.3 – 5.6 mg/kg) and the effect on both
summary measures (overall response rates) as well as the more detailed analyses was observed.
Log-survivor analyses did not produce the "broken-stick" responding seen in previous studies
with rats and quantitative measures of bout-initiations and within-bout responses could not be
obtained. The IRT plots showed clear bands of responding at 350 ms and 700 ms and responding
in the initial (350 ms) band was affected more than responding during other bands or at other
IRTs. These results strengthen the argument that not all responding (various IRTs) is uniformly
affected by methamphetamine administration and suggest that a detailed analysis of responding
might prove more useful than summary measures in characterizing drug effects on behavior.


* Traudt, Paul J. (2004). Media, Audiences, and Effects: An Introduction to the Study of Media Content and Audience Analysis. Boston; Allyn & Bacon, pp. 224. * Demers, David P. (2005). Dictionary of Mass Communication and Media Research. Spokane, WA: Marquette Books, p. 358. The media effects class is a staple in the curriculum of communication programs. If I were asked to teach such a course today, selecting a text would be a difficult task for me as there are many to choose from that vary in quality, perspective, and emphasis. But most are common in approach by breaking the content into various themes, such as media and advertising; media and children; the effects of violent content; and, more recently, video games. Traudt's Media, Audiences, and Effects: An Introduction to the Study of Media Content and Audience Analysis is similar in that way, but it has one feature that to me makes it unique. Each chapter categorizes the material by methodological approach. Chapter 6 on "Children and Advertising" is typical, starting first with a page and a half that sets the context for the research that follows. It progresses to describe current research on children and advertising conducted using content analysis (e.g., how children are represented in advertising pre- and post-World War II), experiments (e.g., how prior exposure to certain messages influence a child's recall for advertising), surveys (parents' perceptions of and attitudes about businesses that try to get children to call "900" numbers), and qualitative methods (e.g., strategies kids use to influence the purchasing decisions of the parents). Each short chapter (ten to fifteen pages) provides a small sample of recent studies in the area. I would recommend this book to someone teaching a media effects course either for the first time or after a long hiatus and who needs a quick overview of recent developments and examples. Although very little attention is dedicated to older research and thus the reader gets little sense of the evolution of research in an area, a feature I think is lacking in this book, its focus on the various methodological approaches employed by media researchers makes it stand out. Undergraduate communication programs vary in the timing and extent of training they give to students in research methods. Most programs offer and even require a basic overview course on research methods, and some even offer their own statistical methods courses. At my institution, research methods is a requirement of most communication majors, but it is a prerequisite to no course in the curriculum. As a result, no faculty member can assume students in his or her course have any exposure to research methods and must, therefore, devote valuable class time to overviewing the basics of methodology-surveys, experiments, content analysis, their weaknesses and strengths, and so forth. Without at least some background, how can you expect a burgeoning social scientist to understand the logic and assumptions the communication scientist makes when studying communication processes and effects in a substantive context? Most introductory media effects books cater to this by providing the obligatory chapter or two on research methods and data analysis. For Traudt's book this is particularly important given how each chapter is divided into studies with a common methodological approach. Unfortunately, the pages that are devoted to methods in books of this sort are typically too few and frequently misrepresent the business of communication science. No experimentalist that I know of, for instance, makes the "fundamental assumption" that "every potential subject for study has an equal chance of being included in the study" (p. 25). And a statistical purist would take issue with Traudt's equating of a p-value with the complement of the probability of replication (p. 20). Indeed, if you were to take chapters in any book such as this literally (and Traudt's is only one exemplar), you'd think that communication researchers are nothing other than glorified public opinion pollsters, interested in making population inferences from random samples of populations. …


In this paper, I find support for the idea that plural marking shows variation across languages but can still be captured in a universal syntax (Wiltschko 2008, 2011). The proposal that the plural morpheme heads the Number Phrase (Ritter 1991; Bernstein 1991; Valois 1991; inter alia) is not adequate to account for plural marking in all languages. Wiltschko (2008) proposed that plurals may merge either as heads or adjuncts to various projections along the spine of the Determiner Phrase (DP, NumP, nP and the root). I provide syntactic, semantic and experimental evidence that the plural morpheme in Yucatec Maya is adjoined to the DP. I highlight evidence from other language types for variation in the syntax of plural marking, and I discuss how this variation might be constrained in particular ways. The implication of these findings is that identity of function does not imply identical syntax or semantics. Keywords: plural marking; Number Phrase; Determiner Phrase; Yucatec Maya; sentence production; morphosyntactic priming


Undergraduate accounting students would benefit from the combined learning approach of simultaneous classroom and workplace experience to better prepare them for the challenges of industry. In the absence of teachers, subjects and assessment, students need to know how to learn by reflecting on their workplace knowledge and skills, both for professional growth and development, and to adapt to an ever-changing workplace environment. This paper presents a unique internship programme for business students, focusing on their learning beyond the classroom. The Commerce Internship Programme (CIP) developed and implemented at the University of Wollongong, Australia, offers a model for enhancing student engagement in learning through practical experience. This study explored the reflective learning insights of accounting students who participated in CIP. Data was collected across two cohorts of students who participated in the internship program in the autumn and spring semesters of 2009. Preliminary results suggest that accounting students reveal learning pertaining to their workplace preparedness, understanding of accounting principles and taught concepts, generic skill enhancement and consolidation of accounting as their chosen professional career. The paper suggests that such a programme as the one examined will contribute to the professional bodies' expectations of accounting graduates to possess key cognitive and behavioural skills.


Many developing nations such as Nigeria have embraced PPP approach in order to bridge their significant infrastructural gaps such as prisons, roads, schools, rail tracks and train systems, among others, through Public Private Partnership (PPP) schemes which have gained international recognition in the last two decades. One of the major factors militating against PPP projects successful growth and development in Nigeria and some part of the world is poor end-user stakeholder management.
There is a paucity of research on end-user stakeholder management in PPP projects within Nigerian context despite significant efforts on researchwhich informs this study aim to develop a framework that will encapsulate the strategic approach for successful management of the diverse interests of end user stakeholders of the PPP road projects in Nigeria.
The pragmatism philosophical paradigms with the mixed method approach were adopted. The case study and survey strategies were used with end-users and professionals that have worked on the PPP projects as target respondents. The two cases used are Lekki-Epe PPP toll road and Apakun Muritala Muhammed PPP toll road. Eighteen interviews were carried out and analysed using thematic analysis (qualitative). A total number of 282 completed questionnaires were retrieved and analysed using reliability and factor analysis (quantitative).
The thematic analysis resulted in 29 themes which were used to create the 33 variables used in questionnaire. Reliability analysis of questionnaire data revealed five variables as unreliable. Factor analysis of the remaining 28 variables revealed seven valid underlying factors which affects end-users stakeholders' management framework in PPP road project in Lagos Nigeria. These factors are: safety efforts by the contractor; socio-economic impact; benefit realisation and community participation; environmental impact; public utilities compensation; integration with the host community; and integration with political groups.
Considering all these factors, it can be concluded that the end-users stakeholders believed that their active involvement in decision-making on PPP projects from inception to conclusion is a major solution to the problem of end-user stakeholder's agitation in Nigeria.


For too many years, the academic discipline of history has ignored American Indians or lacked the kind of open-minded thinking necessary to truly understand them. Most historians remain oriented toward the American experience at the expense of the Native experience. As a result, both the status and the quality of Native American history have suffered and remain marginalized within the discipline. In this impassioned work, noted historian Donald L. Fixico challenges academic historians-and everyone else-to change this way of thinking. Fixico argues that the current discipline and practice of American Indian history are insensitive to and inconsistent with Native people's traditions, understandings, and ways of thinking about their own history. In Call for Change, Fixico suggests how the discipline of history can improve by reconsidering its approach to Native peoples. He offers the "Medicine Way" as a paradigm to see both history and the current world through a Native lens. This new approach paves the way for historians to better understand Native peoples and their communities through the eyes and experiences of Indians, thus reflecting an insightful indigenous historical ethos and reality.


Abstract. Frechet (sensitivity) kernels are an important tool in glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) investigations to understand lithospheric thickness, mantle viscosity and ice-load model variations. These parameters influence the interpretation of geologic, geophysical and geodetic data, which contribute to our understanding of global change. We discuss global sensitivities of relative sea-level (RSL) data of the last 18 000 years. This also includes indicative RSL-like data (e.g., lake levels) on the continents far off the coasts. We present detailed sensitivity maps for four parameters important in GIA investigations (ice-load history, lithospheric thickness, background viscosity, lateral viscosity variations) for up to nine dedicated times. Assuming an accuracy of 2 m of RSL data of all ages (based on analysis of currently available data), we highlight areas around the world where, if the environmental conditions allowed its deposition and survival until today, RSL data of at least this accuracy may help to quantify the GIA modeling parameters above. The sensitivity to ice-load history variations is the dominating pattern covering almost the whole world before about 13 ka (calendar years before 1950). The other three parameters show distinct patterns, but are almost everywhere overlapped by the ice-load history pattern. The more recent the data are, the smaller the area of possible RSL locations that could provide enough information to a parameter. Such an area is mainly limited to the area of former glaciation, but we also note that when the accuracy of RSL data can be improved, e.g., from 2 m to 1 m, these areas become larger, allowing better inference of background viscosity and lateral heterogeneity. Although the patterns depend on the chosen models and error limit, our results are indicative enough to outline areas where one should look for helpful RSL data of a certain time period. Our results also indicate that as long as the ice-load history is not sufficiently known, the inference of lateral heterogeneities in mantle viscosity or lithospheric thickness will be interfered by the uncertainty of the ice model.


The majority of lymphomas in the setting of acquired, iatrogenic, or congenital immunodeficiencies are B-cell lymphoproliferations. We describe a rare T-cell lymphoma in a fulminantly ill patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The T-cell nature of the process was defined genotypically (monoclonal T-cell receptor beta-chain [CT beta] rearrangement) and phenotypically (CD45RO+, CD4+, CD5+, CD25+, CD8-, CD3- and negative for a variety of B-cell and monocyte markers). The CD4+, CD25+ (interleukin-2 receptor [IL-2R]) phenotype with production of IL-2 and IL-2R RNA is analogous to human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL); however, no HTLV-1 could be detected. Southern blot analysis did demonstrate monoclonally integrated HIV-1 within the tumor genome. Furthermore, the tumor cells were producing HIV p24 antigen as shown by immunohistochemistry. This is the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which HIV-1 infection may have played a central role in the lymphocyte transformation process.


Throughout recent decades, the incidence of preterm birth has risen worldwide, and although the majority of preterm neonates now survive infancy, many suffer from debilitating morbidities in the short term and/or increased disease risks in the long term. Traditional diagnostic biomarkers suffer from considerable confounders, limiting their use in the early identification of diseases. There is a need to develop novel biomark‐ ers that can identify, in real time, the evolution of organ dysfunction in an early diag‐ nostic, monitoring, and prognostic fashion. Use of "omics," particularly metabolomics, may provide valuable information regarding functional pathways underlying different pathologies and prediction of clinical outcomes. The emerging knowledge generated by the application of metabolomics in neonatology provides new insights that can help to identify markers of early diagnosis, disease progression, response to treatment, and new therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of different metab‐ olomics technologies in neonatal‐perinatal medicine, including biomarker discovery, defining as yet unrecognized biologic therapeutic targets, and linking of metabolomics to relevant standard indices and long‐term outcomes.


The Shannon–Wiener index is a popular nonparametric metric widely used in ecological research as a measure of species diversity. We used the Web of Science database to examine cases where papers published from 1990 to 2015 mislabelled this index. We provide detailed insights into causes potentially affecting use of the wrong name 'Weaver' instead of the correct 'Wiener'. Basic science serves as a fundamental information source for applied research, so we emphasize the effect of the type of research (applied or basic) on the incidence of the error. Biological research, especially applied studies, increasingly uses indices, even though some researchers have strongly criticized their use. Applied research papers had a higher frequency of the wrong index name than did basic research papers. The mislabeling frequency decreased in both categories over the 25-year period, although the decrease lagged in applied research. Moreover, the index use and mistake proportion differed by region and authors' countries of origin. Our study also provides insight into citation culture, and results suggest that almost 50% of authors have not actually read their cited sources. Applied research scientists in particular should be more cautious during manuscript preparation, carefully select sources from basic research, and read theoretical background articles before they apply the theories to their research. Moreover, theoretical ecologists should liaise with applied researchers and present their research for the broader scientific community. Researchers should point out known, often-repeated errors and phenomena not only in specialized books and journals but also in widely used and fundamental literature.

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The SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S protein) acquired a unique new 4 amino acid -PRRA- insertion sequence at amino acid residues (aa) 681–684 that forms a new furin cleavage site in S protein as well as several new glycosylation sites. We studied various statistical properties of the -PRRA- insertion at the RNA level (CCUCGGCGGGCA). The nucleotide composition and codon usage of this sequence are different from the rest of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. One of such features is two tandem CGG codons, although the CGG codon is the rarest codon in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. This suggests that the insertion sequence could cause ribosome pausing as the result of these rare codons. Due to population variants, the Nextstrain divergence measure of the CCU codon is extremely large. We cannot exclude that this divergence might affect host immune responses/effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, possibilities awaiting further investigation. Our experimental studies show that the expression level of original RNA sequence "wildtype" spike protein is much lower than for codon-optimized spike protein in all studied cell lines. Interestingly, the original spike sequence produces a higher titer of pseudoviral particles and a higher level of infection. Further mutagenesis experiments suggest that this dual-effect insert, comprised of a combination of overlapping translation pausing and furin sites, has allowed SARS-CoV-2 to infect its new host (human) more readily. This underlines the importance of ribosome pausing to allow efficient regulation of protein expression and also of cotranslational subdomain folding.


Background ADT (Androgen Deprivation Therapy) is widely used as prostate cancer treatment which suppresses serum testosterone and inhibits the cancer cell growth. Since people with prostate cancer have relatively high 5-year survival rate, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) may impact their quality of life and overall survival more than those of patients with other cancer types. Recently, possible adverse effects of ADT have been issued which may be associated with an increased risk of CVD and DM. Purpose The possible association between ADT and CVD or DM has not been fully studied in Korean men with prostate cancer, and the purpose of the current retrospective observation study is to investigate this association. Materials and methods The study included 546 patients treated with ADT and 262 patients treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) at the National Cancer Center in Korea from January 2001 through December 2008. Study subjects were those who have node-negative localised and advanced localised prostate cancer. After excluding patients with a history of radiation therapy, node-positivity, evidence of metastasis and pre-existing CVD and DM, 96 patients treated with ADT and 90 patients with RRP were remained for the analysis. The data on these patients, followed-up until December 2010, were retrospectively reviewed from electronic medical records (EMR). To test the difference in the incidences of CVD or DM between RPP and ADT groups, exact logistic regression analysis was performed due to the small number of incidences. Baseline variables including age, body mass index, family history of CDV or DM, history of smoking and T-stage were examined to check the imbalance between two groups. Variables that were significantly imbalanced between groups were considered in the multivariable logistic regression, and variable selection method based on exclusion criteria of p-value at 0.1 was performed to obtain the final model. All reported p-values are two-sided and the criterion for significance was p-value less than 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using R statistical software, version 2.12. Results Newly developed CVD or DM were found in 7 out of 96 patients in the ADT group, and 1 out of 90 patients in the RRP group. The incidence of CVD or DM was higher in ADT group than RRP group, but it failed to reach statistical significant at 0.05 with the observed p-value=0.066. Subgroup analysis based on different treatment drugs (LHRH agonists + antiandrogen (AA), or each alone) revealed that the incidence of CVD or DM was higher in the combination of LHRH agonists and AA group (odds ratio=2.05; 95% CI 1.01-4.12; p=0.043). However, it was not significant in LHRH agonists alone, and AA alone groups. Conclusions In conclusion, our study found that there is a tendency of increased CVD or DM in Korean men with prostate cancer treated with ADT compared to RRP, however, it failed to reach statistical significance. Considering the limitations of the retrospective observation study, including possible selection bias, further well-designed prospective studies are needed to thoroughly assess the impact of ADT on CVD or DM in patients with prostate cancer, and as recommended by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA), careful monitoring of prostate cancer patients treated with ADT who have pre-existing CVD or DM is required.


Abstract. Freshwater inputs in North Atlantic due to huge surge of icebergs coming from ice sheets might be responsible for drastic regional and global abrupt climatic transitions. To quantify the sensitivity of climate system to these freshwater inputs, we use a model of intermediate complexity coupled to ice-sheet models for both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. We mimic the Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich Events by forcing the model with appropriate freshwater perturbations. The originality of this study is to investigate with such a global model, the response of the coupled system to freshwater discharges for three different climate contexts, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Last Glacial Inception (LGI) and the present-day (PD) climates. We first show that in all climate contexts, the North Atlantic circulation is more sensitive to freshwater flux when ice sheets are present. Secondly, the "seesaw" mechanism occurs mostly for the North Atlantic freshwater perturbation whereas it remains very weak for the Southern Ocean freshwater release. Moreover, this seesaw is generally enhanced when ice sheets are interactive. The most striking result is that the freshwater perturbation amplifies the inception of the North American ice sheet at LGI the sea-level drop associated is significantly increased and in a much better agreement with data.


For close to half a century, judges and scholars alike have spoken out about a critical problem facing the federal appellate courts: the caseload has grown at an exponential rate. Whereas in 1950 circuit judges had to review an average of only 73 appeals, their modern counterparts must decide more than four times as many, with an average of 329 appeals per annum today. Attempts to assess and ameliorate this crisis have come from the bench, bar, and academy. Yet no one has contributed more to this field than two court scholars together — William M. Richman and William L. Reynolds. Through a series of critical articles, Richman and Reynolds were able to pinpoint the precise effects of the caseload crisis, both on litigants and the system as a whole. Furthermore, they were able to show the interplay of these various effects, providing a holistic account of the problem in a way that no one else had done. Their recent book, Injustice on Appeal: The United States Courts of Appeals in Crisis, stands as a culmination of their earlier work, bringing together vital analysis of the caseload crisis, the ways in which appellate review has suffered as a result of that crisis, and potential solutions. More broadly, Injustice on Appeal stands as one of the most comprehensive and thoughtful accounts of the largest problem facing the federal judiciary today. Part I of this Essay assesses the major contributions of the book — namely Richman and Reynolds's detailed discussion of the effects of the courts' staggering caseload. As the Injustice authors were among the first to point out, the courts' increased workload has meant that only a fraction of all appeals now receive what one might call "traditional" appellate adjudication in the form of oral argument, consideration by a judge and his or her clerks, and then a published opinion. Instead, the vast majority of appellate litigants currently receive no oral argument, have their cases worked up primarily by staff attorneys, and then have their cases disposed of via unpublished order or summary judgment. Injustice delineates the losses associated with each of these case-management developments. While the Review by-and-large concurs with Richman and Reynolds's diagnosis of the problems facing the federal judiciary, it parts company on the cure. Part II assesses the final portion of Injustice, which provides the authors' would-be prescriptive measures. Specifically, Richman and Reynolds argue that the obvious solution to the problem of an overworked judiciary is simply to increase the size of the judiciary — and substantially, by as much as one hundred percent. While increasing the resources of a resource-constrained court system might seem like a fitting response, the authors' proposal falls short in two respects. First, it fails to provide any sort of detail about how this change would be implemented, including whether it would involve increasing the size of the existing circuits or adding new circuits altogether, and whether it would happen gradually or in a condensed timeframe. Problems afflict all of these implementation mechanisms, and because the authors fail to articulate a full proposal for expanding the judiciary, it is possible that Richman and Reynolds's solution might amount to a cure that is worse than the disease. Yet beyond these ground-level practical problems is a greater problem, still — the problem of political reality. By the authors' own account, proposals to expand the bench have stalled because the judiciary has been opposed to them and Congress has not been moved to act on its own. Barring an explanation of why the motivations of both branches have changed, it seems highly unlikely that these same branches would now support a plan to add over 150 new judges (at an initial cost of over $150 million) any time soon. The final Part of the Essay therefore focuses on more fruitful avenues for improving the judiciary. In particular, Part III considers ways of enhancing "non-traditional" review through means such as altering judicial voting practices and increasing the specialization of staff attorneys. It also sets out potential ways to improve appellate adjudication more generally, focusing on the use of visiting judges, senior judges, and other so-called "housekeeping" practices of the courts that together have a significant impact on tens of thousands of cases each year. The Essay concludes that although Richman and Reynolds may not have provided the optimal prescription for improving the state of the federal courts of appeals, their book serves a critical function by providing the most comprehensive account of the problems plaguing those courts today and over the past several decades. That account stands to make a significant contribution on its own, and will no doubt inspire a second wave of scholars to contemplate one of the key questions for the judiciary and the academy: how can we improve the quality of appellate review in this country?


There has been a rapid increase in recent years in invasive species and animal management economic research. Expanded interest in the topic has been partially driven by the practical importance of public policy to deal effectively with invasive species, given its public good aspects. This paper shows that the basic criteria of public goods: non-rivalry and non-excludability, apply directly to animal disease border measures and eradication services, with some caveats. It is also argued that public policy should assess disease control and eradication on grounds of biology, national economic interests, and international cooperation. Specific regulations and programs must be evaluated on the basis of cost benefit principles.


ABSTRACT Objectives: To identify the types of research focusing on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) amongst Indigenous people in order to (i) synthesise their findings and (ii) ascertain where research gaps exist. Methodology: A systematic review using the PRISMA approach was employed. Eight databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published at any date. Findings: Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The majority of studies focused on the prevalence or incidence of TBI amongst Indigenous people (n = 15). Twelve of these found Indigenous people had a higher prevalence or incidence of TBI compared to non-Indigenous people. Under-researched areas include (with number of articles identified in brackets): Indigenous level of injury or recovery (n = 2), neuropsychological assessment and TBI (n = 3), Indigenous perspectives of TBI (n = 2), Indigenous intervention for TBI (n = 1), and rehabilitation for TBI (n = 4). Conclusion: Published studies demonstrate that Indigenous people have a higher prevalence or incidence of TBI compared to non-Indigenous people. Limited studies explore culturally appropriate rehabilitation and intervention methods and Indigenous understandings of TBI. It is imperative that future research consider the nature and efficacy of culturally appropriate approaches and their contribution towards better outcomes for Indigenous people with TBI, and their families and communities.


Segmentation of enhancing tumours or lesions from MRI is important for detecting new disease activity in many clinical contexts. However, accurate segmentation requires the inclusion of medical images (e.g., T1 post contrast MRI) acquired after injecting patients with a contrast agent (e.g., Gadolinium), a process no longer thought to be safe. Although a number of modality-agnostic segmentation networks have been developed over the past few years, they have been met with limited success in the context of enhancing pathology segmentation. In this work, we present HAD-Net, a novel offline adversarial knowledge distillation (KD) technique, whereby a pre-trained teacher segmentation network, with access to all MRI sequences, teaches a student network, via hierarchical adversarial training, to better overcome the large domain shift presented when crucial images are absent during inference. In particular, we apply HAD-Net to the challenging task of enhancing tumour segmentation when access to post-contrast imaging is not available. The proposed network is trained and tested on the BraTS 2019 brain tumour segmentation challenge dataset, where it achieves performance improvements in the ranges of 16% - 26% over (a) recent modality-agnostic segmentation methods (U-HeMIS, U-HVED), (b) KD-Net adapted to this problem, (c) the pre-trained student network and (d) a non-hierarchical version of the network (AD-Net), in terms of Dice scores for enhancing tumour (ET). The network also shows improvements in tumour core (TC) Dice scores. Finally, the network outperforms both the baseline student network and AD-Net in terms of uncertainty quantification for enhancing tumour segmentation based on the BraTs 2019 uncertainty challenge metrics. Our code is publicly available at: https://github.com/SaverioVad/HAD_Net


Women's movements - both domestic and international - have made enormous political gainsjust in the past century. Gender inequality persists, however, in institutionalized politics around the world. The proportion of women in national legislatures or parliaments serves as a useful indicator and basis for cross-national comparison of political, as well as social, (in)equality; numerous scholars have offered explanations for the relative lack of women's political representation in parliaments and for the global differences in that representation. This field, however, has not fully analyzed women's social movements as factor increasing women's legislative presence. Likewise, social movement theory, although it has often grappled with operationalizing movement outcomes, has not fully addressed outcomes that are both politicaland cultural, as is women's political representation. Using data from women's organizations that are registered with the United Nations, this paper employs OLS multiple regression to analyze the effect of women's social movement organizing on the percentage of women in parliament, using a sample of countries from around the world. Location in Scandinavia and national quota threshold are consistently significant factors, which supports previous research. Although organizations are not initially a strong explanatory factor for the proportion of women in politics, interactions between organizations and civil liberties, GDP, and the regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe are significant variables. This study finds that the presence of women's organizations lessens and can even reverse the negative relationship between civil liberties and percent female legislators. GDP and women's political representation are positively related, but the presence of women's organizations increases the strength of the relationship, where even a small increase in GDP leads to substantial gains in women's political representation. Past research has found that countries in sub-Saharan Africa often have higher proportions of female legislators, and that finding is borne out here; women's organizations, however, actually moderate that relationship, such that African women's organizing is negatively associated with political representation. Finally, this paper finds that, although Eastern Europe is negatively associated with women's political representation, the presence of women's organizations attenuates that relationship.


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In one of the most striking developments in American legal scholarship over the past quarter century, social movements have become central to the study of law.  In constitutional theory, movements have emerged as key drivers of legal reform, creating new constitutional ideals and minimizing concerns of activist courts overriding the majority will.  In lawyering theory, movements have appeared as mobilized clients in the pursuit of social change, leading political struggle and shifting attention away from concerns about activist lawyers dominating marginalized groups.  In a surprising turnabout, social movements—long ignored by legal academics—have now achieved a privileged position in legal scholarship as engines of progressive transformation.  Why social movements have come to play this dramatic new role is the central inquiry of this Article.  To answer it, the Article provides an original account of progressive legal theory that reveals how the rise of social movements is a current response to an age-old problem: harnessing law as a force for social change within American democracy while still maintaining a distinction between law and politics.


Coastal marine environments provide livelihoods as billions of people around the world depend greatly on sustainability efforts in the Blue Economy. In this study, we investigated how stakeholders from important Blue Economy sectors along the German North Sea coast perceive the impacts of climate change on their daily work life and the growth of the Blue Economy. In a two-stage approach we first conducted two stakeholder workshops with representatives from the regional sea food sector, science, NGOs and local authorities, in order to identify important issues linked to climate change affecting environment, society, economy and policy. In the second stage, we conducted semi-structured interviews with key knowledge holders from the Blue Economy, to evaluate and validate the most important issues identified during the first stage, and the impacts on the respective sectors. The workshop participants identified perceptible effects of climate change on their marine environment. Early career scientists showed that they possess a clear focus on measures for climate change adaptation, transdisciplinary approaches and knowledge transfer. The interviews revealed that the climate change effects could be perceived as both negative and positive, depending on the sector. Other issues, especially political decisions and developments are perceived to have a greater immediate impact on the Blue Economy than the slow progress of climate change effects. Additionally, increased human activities, in the form of new or intensified uses like marine renewable energy generation, have a greater influence and lead to conflicts between the Blue Economy sectors. Our study showed that economic and societal stakeholders in Germanys North Sea region are aware of climate change and already perceive its effects on their businesses. Synergies and conflicts between the sectors and political decisions might influence sustainable growth of the Blue Economy in highly contested regions, such as the North Sea basin, much stronger than the effects of climate change. This calls for a more flexible and adaptive approach to policymaking, taking into account the changing environmental, social and economic realities.


One feature of climate change is the increasing heat exposure in many workplaces where efficient cooling systems cannot be applied. Excessive heat exposure is a particular problem for working people because of the internal heat production when muscle work is carried out. The physiological basis for severe heat stroke, other clinical effects, and heat exhaustion is well known. One feature of this health effect of excessive workplace heat exposure is reduced work capacity, and new research has started to quantify this effect in the context of climate change. Current climate conditions in tropical and subtropical parts of the world are already so hot during the hot seasons that occupational health effects occur and work capacity for many working people is affected. The Hothaps-Soft database and software and ClimateCHIP.org website make it possible to rapidly produce estimates of local heat conditions and trends. The results can be mapped to depict the spatial distribution of workplace heat stress. In South-East Asia as much as 15% to 20% of annual work hours may already be lost in heat-exposed jobs, and this may double by 2050 as global climate change progresses. By combining heat exposure data and estimates of the economic consequences, the vulnerability of many low- and middle-income countries is evident. The annual cost of reduced labor productivity at country level already in 2030 can be several percent of GDP, which means billions of US dollars even for medium-size countries. The results provide new arguments for effective climate change adaptation and mitigation policies and preventive actions in all countries.


This research was supported by a Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Scheme Fellowship within the 7th European Union Framework Programme, under project NETEP- European Brazilian Network on Energy Planning (PIRSES-GA-2013612263).


This article explains the variation in opposition behavior by investigating parliamentary voting of opposition parties across 16 European national parliaments. It finds that features of an opposition party that increase its likelihood of winning office in future elections—its size and experience in government—increase the party's tendency toward confrontation with the government, as do features that increase the party's need to differentiate itself from the government. At the systemic level, features that increase the attractiveness of cooperation—such as an open structure of competition and considerable influence of the opposition on parliamentary decision-making—decrease tendencies toward confrontation. Together, party-specific and systemic features explain two-thirds of the observed variation in the behavior of opposition parties, even without controlling for vote-specific factors.


Abstract This article focuses on European migrants living in Morocco and now near retirement or retired. Using a lifecourse approach we are interested in whether their timing of migration to Morocco made a difference in terms of their motivations to settle there and subsequently with the social relationships at the destination. To this end, we conducted 36 biographical interviews with Swiss, Dutch and Belgian Flemish migrants aged 50 and older. Findings show the relevance of a lifecourse perspective for international migration studies. Early adulthood migrants to Morocco had no strong obligations in their home country and were ready to explore new affective or professional experiences in a new country. They had the time to discover and find a place in Moroccan society and to develop long-lasting social relationships with kin and non-kin. Middle-adulthood migrants moved with the intention of rapidly accessing a higher standard of living thanks to the tourism economy, with hedonistic perspectives in a setting with a better climate. Their social life is limited to interaction with business clients and a few like-minded migrants from Europe, and their communication with personnel is a daily challenge. Most late-in-life migrants experienced disruptive life events before migrating, and expected to find in Morocco a second chance to build a better life. They generally move in select circles of European expatriates.


Content: HIV infections among young men who have sex with men (YMSM), ages 13-29 in New York City have been steadily increasing over the last decade. Objective: To document the sexual onset and behavior of YMSM as a means for informing the development of new HIV prevention messaging. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Five hundred fifty-eight YMSM, with more than 60% racial/ethnic minorities. Results: Young adults (25-29 years) reported a greater number of lifetime sexual partners, but the adolescents (13-17 years) and emerging adults (18-24 years) reported having their first sexual encounter with another man at a younger age. Black and Latino men first engaged in various sexual behaviors, including receptive anal intercourse, at a younger age than either Asian/Pacific Islander or white men, and were more likely to report an HIV-seropositive status. Across race/ethnicity, YMSM reported an equivalent number of recent male sex partners and selected both main and casual partners who were age and race/ethnicity matches. During the most recent sexual encounter with a casual male partner, black men were more likely than white men to have had unprotected receptive anal intercourse, whereas white men were more likely to report unprotected oral sex. Black YMSM reported more recent female partners than all other groups. Conclusions: Black and Latino YMSM may be at increased risk for seroconversion because they tend to start having sex with other men at a younger age than their white and Asian/Pacific Islander peers and because they engage in unprotected sexual behaviors with men of concordant race/ethnicity and of a similar age where levels of viremia may be more elevated but not because of the sheer number of sexual partners.


This study compared the life cycle environmental impacts of different wood waste processing methods in three impact categories: climate impact, acidification impacts and eutrophication impacts. The wood waste recovery methods examined were the use of wood waste in terrace boards made out of wood composite which replace impregnated terrace boards, incineration of wood waste in a multi-fuel boiler instead of peat and the use of wood waste in the production of particleboard in either Finland or Central Europe. The results of the life cycle analysis are based on source materials derived from literature, previous Finnish life cycle assessments and database inventory materials. As such, the results do not directly illustrate the impacts of any individual processing facility. The net life cycle emissions of wood composite were positive in all impact categories, meaning that the emissions were higher than the emissions avoided in the production of the replaced impregnated wood. The uncertainty assessments of the environmental impacts show that results are strongly dependent on whether the plastic used in production is virgin or recycled plastic. In other words, the environmental load of wood composite production is inversely proportional to the share of recycled plastic used to produce the composite. No inventory data was available on the acidification impacts and eutrophication impacts of the production of impregnated wood. The climate impact of wood composite production is lower than that of particleboard production but higher than that of energy recovery, as long as the plastic used in production consists primarily of recycled plastic. High-quality wood waste is suitable for the production of particleboard. In fact, in the current market situation all particleboards are produced from industrial wood side streams and waste. Since using wood waste in the production of particleboard does not therefore replace virgin raw materials, no processes are avoided and the results consist only of direct emissions. The energy recovery of wood waste was found to be the best option in Finland in regard to net environmental impacts in all environmental impact categories. Using wood waste to replace fossil fuels in energy production can also reduce the carbon-dioxide emissions resulting from energy production and facilitate the realisation of set climate objectives. According to the EU's Waste Framework Directive, re-use and material recycling should be preferred to energy recovery from waste. However, according to the Directive reaching the best overall environmental outcome may require specific waste streams departing from the hierarchy where this is justified by life cycle thinking on the overall impacts of the generation and management of such waste. Based on this study, the energy recovery of wood waste is a justified option in Finland and results in an overall better environmental outcome in regard to life cycle impacts compared to the other recycling methods examined. This should be taken into consideration in the setting of recycling targets based on the EU's waste directives and in the definition of calculation methods for the recycling rate of wood.


Abstract The focus of this paper is on the management of the learner discipline in the secondary schools. Two secondary schools were sampled for data collection. A qualitative research design was used engaging four focus group interviews with the learners, two focus groups for educators with eight participants each, as well as two one on one interviews for the principals and the other eight educators from both the schools for in-depth interviews. A total of 74 participants were involved. This study considered the collaborative effort in managing learner discipline in secondary schools. It is concluded that educators are experiencing difficulties and constrains to manage the learner behaviour and to handle the nature of learner misconduct in the school and in the classroom. Recommendations were made to assist the principals, educators and the learners to deal with learner misconduct and implement alternative strategies to manage discipline in schools.


Communication between parents and teens about sexuality can reduce early sexual behavior. However, little research investigates how parents who were adolescents when they had children (early parents) talk with their teens about sex. In-depth interviews were conducted with a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 29 parents of seventh graders. Salient themes of conversations with adolescents were risks of early parenthood, sexually transmitted infections, delaying sex, and using protection. Compared with parents who were older when they had children (later parents), early parents were more likely to report having had negative sexuality communications with their families of origin and to express a wish to communicate differently with their own children. Early parents were more likely than later parents to discuss risks of early parenthood and to rely on extended family involvement in sexuality communication. Findings suggest that early parents may bring unique perspectives that enable them to approach sexuality communication differently than do later parents.


Parish Communities and Religious Conflict in the Vale of Gloucester, 1590-1690-Daniel C. BEAVER 2009-06-30 Many historians have attempted to understand the violent religious conflicts of the seventeenth century from viewpoints dominated by concepts of class, gender, and demography. But few studies have explored the cultural process whereby religious symbolism created social cohesion and political allegiance. This book examines religious conflict in the parish communities of early modern England using an interdisciplinary approach that includes all these perspectives. Daniel Beaver studies the urban parish of Tewkesbury and six rural parishes in its hinterland over a period of one hundred years, drawing on local ecclesiastical court records, sermons, parish records, corporate minutes and charity books, and probate documents. He discusses the centrality of religious symbols and ceremonies in the ordering of local societies, particularly in local conceptions of place, personal identity, and the life cycle. Four phases in the transformation of parish communities emerge and are examined in this book. This exploration of the interrelationship of religion, politics, and society, and the transformation of local communities in civil war, has a value beyond the particular history of early modern England, contributing to a broader understanding of religious revivals, fundamentalisms, and the persistent link between religion, nationalism, and ethnic identity in the modern world. Table of


Most people who go abroad experience a bit of culture shock, but to reap the rewards of studying and learning abroad, one must identify and face squarely the difficulties in experiential learning in a different culture.Studying Abroad/Learning Abroad is a student-friendly abridgement of J. Daniel Hess' The Whole World Guide to Culture Learning that will guide you through sorting out the dynamics of studying abroad. This books helps you dig beneath the surface of superficial actions to experience cultural learning at its deepest, most meaningful level by teaching to make note of cultural differences, body language, and interaction styles; overcome cucarachas, or elements of a host culture that are irritating or even repugnant; observe differences in time use; documents the experiences of studying abroad with a journal; and how to adapt on the return home. Hess outlines attitudes and character traits that foster effective learning, including how to deal with the dilemma of cultural relativism, and defines an action-reflection-response method for dealing with intercultural experiences.With its carefully selected excerpts from The Whole World Guide to Culture Learning, Studying Abroad/Learning Abroad provides a thorough review of culture learning and will greatly enrich any study abroad program. Contents Preface Introduction 1 Culture Learning 2 Attitudes and Character Traits that Promote Culture Learning 3 Methods in Culture Learning: The Action-Reflection-Response Strategy 4 Methods in Culture Learning: Reflection as Cultural Analysis 5 Culture Learning, Values, and Ethical Choices 6 Guides to the Culture Learning Process Bibliography and References


Space, power consumption and speed are major design issues in VLSI circuit. The design component has conflicting affect on overall performance of circuits. An optimization of power dissipation can be achieved by compromising various components. Power consumption in VLSI circuit (like in multipliers) is also data dependent. In this paper attempt has been made to test different design methods and propose a modular approach for optimizing power consumption. It is found that algorithm based design reduce gate switching activity considerably and as result power consumption in multiplier is reduced.


Henrietta Rose-Innes' short story 'Poison' (from Homing 2010) is set in the aftermath of a chemical explosion of cataclysmic proportions in Cape Town. The story's protagonist and narrator, Lynn, is among the last to flee the city; she ends up alone at an abandoned highway petrol station. She sips Coke and eats crisps and waits passively – for a rescue team, for the will to try and escape, or for the (presumably) inevitable end. The story provides us with some clues as to her lack of motivation, although she remains enigmatic. This article offers a reading of 'Poison' that examines Lynn's apparent indifference to her fate and considers what it may represent. Her character is read metonymically in order to pose and, tentatively, answer certain questions. Does she stand for a particular kind of response to impending or actual catastrophe? Is it a common response, arguably one that is analogous to global responses to climate change and environmental degradation? How is it inflected by the privilege of whiteness? What might the race and class dynamics of an imagined post-apocalyptic community tell us about present social fault-lines in South Africa? Recruiting the diverse discourses of Shakespearean universality and Twitter hashtags towards a common end, the article investigates the relationship between whiteness and the 'End Times' – and finds in 'Poison' a critique of the ways in which imagined utopian and dystopian futures may perpetuate white privilege and the dominance of whiteness.


This paper presents results of a comparative project documenting the development of verbal agreement inflections in children learning four different Mayan languages: K'iche', Tzeltal, Tzotzil, and Yukatek. These languages have similar inflectional paradigms: they have a generally agglutinative morphology, with transitive verbs obligatorily marked with separate cross-referencing inflections for the two core arguments ('ergative' and 'absolutive'). Verbs are also inflected for aspect and mood, and they carry a 'status suffix' which generally marks verb transitivity and mood. At a more detailed level, the four languages differ strikingly in the realization of cross-reference marking. For each language, we examined longitudinal language production data from two children at around 2;0, 2;6, 3;0, and 3;6 years of age. We relate differences in the acquisition patterns of verbal morphology in the languages to (1) the placement of affixes, (2) phonological and prosodic prominence, (3) language-specific constraints on the various forms of the affixes, and (4) consistent vs. split ergativity, and conclude that prosodic salience accounts provide the best explanation for the acquisition patterns in these four languages.


This document analyzes the implications for land tenure and land policy of climate change. It assesses the implications of ongoing anthropogenic climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions for land tenure and the role that land policy can play in climate change adaptation planning in the developing world; it also sets out a simple framework for tracing the linkages between climate change, impacts on land use systems, and the land tenure implications, including those which result from adaptation and mitigation responses to global warming.
Although the linkages between climate change and land tenure are complex and indirect, the effects of climate change and variability are felt through changes in natural ecosystems, land capability and land use systems. Increasingly, these changes will place diminishing supplies of land under greater pressure, for both productive use and human settlement. As a result land issues and policies should be key considerations for adaptation planning, so as to strengthen land tenure and management arrangements in at risk environments, and secure supplies and access arrangements for land for resettlement and changing livelihood demands.
The central chapter of this paper explores the implications of climate change scenarios in more depth to identify the requirements and practical scope for land policy related interventions in developing appropriate adaptive responses. The cases examined include low lying coastal areas and river deltas affected by sea level rise and increasingly frequent and severe storm events, especially in South Asia, major coastal cities (again in South Asia), semi arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa facing increased aridity and climate variability threatening the sustainability of agriculture (specifically, exploring adaptations to existing climate variability in the Sahel), and irrigation systems supplied by glacial melt-waters.
Moreover it explores the land tenure implications of carbon emissions reduction through avoided deforestation and reforestation schemes, together with the implications of climate change for indigenous people's and women's land rights. The paper finds that climate change reinforces the urgency of scaling up the delivery of secure land tenure over land and natural resources, using low cost, decentralised systems of documentation and building where possible on functional informal systems. Adaptation also requires increasing emphasis on land use regulation, the governance of land resources, and the delivery of land in safe and secure sites for informal urban settlements, and both temporary and in some cases permanent resettlement for populations that have to move.
There are three critical problems which cross cut the range of at risk areas in developing countries, and which land policies need to address:
i) Land use and settlement in areas facing significant direct risks from climate change - notably low lying coastal areas, including cities and river deltas, and particularly in those areas at serious risk in South Asia.
ii) Accelerated provision of secure land tenure arrangements to enhance households and communities capacities to adapt to climate change impacts on livelihoods and food security.
iii) Measures to protect the poor and vulnerable from loss of livelihood resources and develop the opportunities available for them to gain direct benefits as a result of climate change mitigation measures
In conclusion, the paper makes recommendations on integrating land policy measures with wider adaptive planning, also identifying gaps in understanding of region and country specific climate change impacts and the scope for land tenure and land use adaptations.
In relation to land policy, the paper recommends strengthening existing efforts to:
• Provide tenure security for all through a diversity of forms of tenure, to improve land access for the poor, and to strengthen their negotiating position
• Improved land and natural resource information: including improved inventories of land occupation in urban and rural areas including the informal sector; improved analysis and mapping of natural hazard risks for informal settlements; better inventories of land available for resettlement or temporary relocation
• Strengthen land administration: including increasing capacity for low cost land survey and registration and for comprehensive, socially inclusive land information systems; devolving land administration responsibilities to more local levels; safeguarding against corruption in land administration
In addition, national and regional climate adaptation initiatives should incorporate important land and resource tenure dimensions including:
• Resettlement planning for populations at risk of displacement and loss of livelihoods
• Integrated land and water resource management
• Special programmes for land and natural resource tenure in semi arid areas subject to climate change: pastoralist custodianship of rangeland areas, territorial plans for water resource management are high priorities
• Effective regulatory frameworks, standards and monitoring arrangements for carbon mitigation schemes which threaten to undermine land access and use rights of poor and vulnerable groups, such as market based avoided deforestation / reforestation programmes and biofuels development
Practically oriented research can make potentially important contributions in strengthening adaptive planning. Research should combine case-by-case regional climate modelling with assessment of the quality of available information about land occupation, use and tenure conditions, and the capacity of land institutions on the ground. Research priorities identified include:
• Regional impact modeling: to understand the likely land use impacts at regional and sub-regional scales in the developing world


The aim of this study is to implement a closed-loop feedback control with a modeled controller of the flow over a NACA-4412 airfoil equipped with leading-edge zero net-mass actuators. We showed at the AIAA 2004 Portland meeting how low-dimensional methods can be effective for smart flow control. A first simple proportional feedback method was a crucial starting point for verifying the applicability of such low-dimensional methods to, not only control of flow separation over a wing, but to flow control in general. These methods based on the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and modified Linear Stochastic Measurement (mLSM) techniques have already shown effective in extracting, estimating and representing the most energetic features of turbulent flows but the proportional feedback control showed that these features were great candidates for applied flow control. Using only real-time measurements of unsteady pressure along the chord of the airfoil, we are able to spatially estimate the flow field above the wing at all times and sense the incipient separation. For a better understanding of the actuation effect on the flow over the NACA-4412 airfoil, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in a wide window above the airfoil were taken. A higher order estimation, the modified Quadratic Stochastic Estimation (mQSM) is performed here and shows more effective in representing the coherent structures in the flow. By then solving a system of ordinary differential equations based on learning samples of the estimated POD coefficients and through Low-Order Dynamical Systems (LODS) development, we are able to obtain an estimate of the evolution equation of the flow. A novel way of decomposing the velocity field enables us to explicitly include the effect of the actuation in the evolution equation of the flow above the NACA-4412 airfoil for controller development.


We synthesized molecules containing one or two dendritic segments and a rigid-rod-like segment with their structures in the solid state. The molecules with rod-dendron or dendron-rod-dendron architecture had biphenyl ester rigid segments and 3,4,5 tris(re-dodecyloxy)benzoate of first or second generation as their dendritic segments. The variables investigated included the rod segment length as well as dendron generation, and all materials obtained were characterized by optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray scattering. Depending on the size of the rod segment and generation number of the dendritic segment, molecules organized into smectic, columnar, or cubic phases, and the symmetries observed were dominated by the anisotropic rod-rod interactions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Clustering large data is a fundamental problem with a vast number of applications. Due to the increasing size of data, practitioners interested in clustering have turned to distributed computation methods. In this work, we consider the widely used k-center clustering problem and its variant used to handle noisy data, k-center with outliers. In the noise-free setting we demonstrate how a previously-proposed distributed method is actually an O(1)-approximation algorithm, which accurately explains its strong empirical performance. Additionally, in the noisy setting, we develop a novel distributed algorithm that is also an O(1)-approximation. These algorithms are highly parallel and lend themselves to virtually any distributed computing framework. We compare each empirically against the best known sequential clustering methods and show that both distributed algorithms are consistently close to their sequential versions. The algorithms are all one can hope for in distributed settings: they are fast, memory efficient and they match their sequential counterparts.


Background. Human dendritic cell-specic intracellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM3)-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is a mannose-binding lectin that initiates interaction between dendritic cells and resting T-lymphocytes. DC-SIGN is highly expressed in placental tissue on dendritic cells and Hoauer cells, and it is suggested that HIV may become adsorbed to DC-SIGN on Hoauer cells as part of the mechanism of mother-to-child HIV transmission. A possible mechanism of transfer of the virus from the Hoauer cells to the fetus is the subsequent adsorption to DC-SIGN-related molecules (DC-SIGNRs), present on immediately adjacent capillary vascular endothelium. However, data on DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression in the placenta are few. Methods. Forty term placentas from HIV-positive mothers and 21 term placentas from HIV-negative mothers underwent immunohistochemistry staining for DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression. Five random sets of 10 villi were assessed, and the average number of positive cells were counted in each case. In addition, where possible, maternal and cord blood viral loads and maternal CD4 + counts were performed in the HIV-positive group only. Results. �e median maternal CD4 + count was 377 cells/µl and 27% of participants had undetectable viral loads; the median detectable viral load was 3.72 log. Most (97%) of the cord bloods tested in infants from HIV-positive mothers had lower than detectable viral loads. HIV-positive cases had signicantly greater expression of both DC-SIGNRs (median values in HIV-positive cases, 14.5 positive cells/10 villi (pc/10villi), compared with 11 pc/10villi in HIV-negative cases, p=0.020) and DC-SIGN (median value in HIV-positive cases, 26.5 pc/10villi, compared with 23 pc/10villi in HIV-negative cases, p=0.037). DC-SIGNR expression was also noted in Hoauer cells and decidual macrophages in addition to endothelium (reported currently). �ere was no dierence in expression of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNRs in patients with or without chorioamnionitis, but there was an inverse relationship between DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression and maternal CD4 + counts in HIV-positive cases. Conclusion. Both DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expression were higher in placentas from HIV-positive mothers compared with HIV-negative cases. �ese lectins may be potential new therapeutic targets for preventing vertical transmission of HIV.


This article uses a variety of data sources to examine the extent to which economic disadvantagement explains race bias in admissions and college attendance patterns, then addresses the possibility of reaching racial diversity through economicallybased affirmative action. The first section presents evidence to support reconsidering the validity of admissions measures. Some admissions measures will be shown to exhibit racial bias and race-blind policies do not mean that racially biased measures can be used to determine college admission. The underlying cause of bias will be shown to be economic disadvantage. Second, in spite of phenomenal growth in financial aid programs, statewide attendance patterns will show that financial barriers to attendance exist even among public colleges. Students do not necessarily attend the most selective school that would accept them and their attendance suggests that economic resources play heavily in the decision. The third section reports the results of attempts to produce racial diversity by adjustments to offset students' social and economic circumstances. The technique produced a more racially diverse student body than would be the case using economically neutral race-- blind policies. The development, evolution, and current status of racial affirmative action programs will not be reviewed for two reasons. First, there are several excellent reviews available (Heffernan and Bazluke 1996; Preer 1981; Friedl 1999). Second, racial affirmative action policies have been fairly ineffective. After more than 20 years of affirmative action, minority graduates have declined as a percentage of the minority population in general (Astone and Nunez-Wormack 1990). From 1976 to 1988 the number of 18- to 24-year-old African-Americans increased by nearly 8 percent; the proportion going to college decreased by about 5 percent. So while the number attending college increased over this period, the number not attending increased even more (Astone and Nunez-Wormack 1990). Why has affirmative action been ineffective? One reason may be that it became myopically focused on superficial student characteristics and forgot that its original mission was to help people overcome the economic circumstances that were the legacy of racial discrimination and legal segregation. It was the consequence of these circumstances that affirmative action was to offset, but evaluating success became a strictly enumerative determination of racial composition. Maybe affirmative action would be attacked with less zeal if it focused on economic disadvantagement and worked to alleviate barriers to attendance faced by all poor students, whether minority or not (Fuller and McNamara 1978). Would an economically-based affirmative action policy yield a racially diverse campus? Alexander Astin (1978) struggled with the question over two decades ago. Astin tried to create admissions policies that would yield the proportional racial distributions then required by law without directly considering race. His effort was founded on the principle that public support for special minority programs was largely support for helping people overcome the social, economic, and educational handicaps of discrimination. He noted that public resistance increased as special policies emphasized race rather than social and economic disadvantage. Using a disadvantagement index computed from the sum of standardized scores on parental education and income, Astin compared the minority composition of eight alternative admissions strategies. Those strategies varied by selection-ratio used, measures included, and weights assigned. When applied to the applicant pool, models that incorporated test scores, either singularly or in combination with other measures, produced the least representative freshman class. Class grades were less of a problem and a strategy that equally weighted grades and disadvantagement yielded nearly proportional representation. In sum, Astin was able to produce accepted applicant groups of nearly any racial composition by varying the admissions measures and weights assigned. …


This study investigates the problem of low probability of intercept (LPI)-based distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar waveform design against barrage jamming in signal-dependent clutter and coloured noise. Given the priori knowledge of the extended target impulse response, signal-dependent clutter, barrage jamming signals and coloured noise, the LPI-based scheme for optimal radar waveform design is proposed to minimise the total power consumption of the MIMO radar system by optimising the transmitted waveforms of different transmitters with a predetermined mutual information (MI) constraint for target characterisation performance. Firstly, the MI between the received echoes from the target at each receiver and the target impulse response is derived as a practical metric to characterise the parameter estimation performance of a target. Then, the LPI-based distributed MIMO radar waveform design strategy is developed. The resulting radar waveform optimisation problem is convex and solved analytically, whose solutions represent the optimum power allocation for each transmitter in the MIMO radar system. With the aid of numerical simulations, it is illustrated that to minimise the total transmission power, the optimal waveform should match with the target, clutter, jamming and coloured noise. In addition, it is also demonstrated that the LPI performance of the MIMO radar system can be significantly improved by employing the proposed radar waveform design scheme.


We derive bounds on the path length $\zeta$ of gradient descent (GD) and gradient flow (GF) curves for various classes of smooth convex and nonconvex functions. Among other results, we prove that: (a) if the iterates are linearly convergent with factor $(1-c)$, then $\zeta$ is at most $\mathcal{O}(1/c)$; (b) under the Polyak-Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz (PKL) condition, $\zeta$ is at most $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{\kappa})$, where $\kappa$ is the condition number, and at least $\widetilde\Omega(\sqrt{d} \wedge \kappa^{1/4})$; (c) for quadratics, $\zeta$ is $\Theta(\min\{\sqrt{d},\sqrt{\log \kappa}\})$ and in some cases can be independent of $\kappa$; (d) assuming just convexity, $\zeta$ can be at most $2^{4d\log d}$; (e) for separable quasiconvex functions, $\zeta$ is ${\Theta}(\sqrt{d})$. Thus, we advance current understanding of the properties of GD and GF curves beyond rates of convergence. We expect our techniques to facilitate future studies for other algorithms.


Mechanization of rice cultivation, including transplanting, is spreading in Bangladesh in order to reduce the cost of production, the need for labour and to increase productivity of rice cultivation. Quality seedlings are a key factor for the success of mechanical rice transplanting. Seeding density in the seedling tray has considerable influence on seedling quality, and hence on plant establishment and the percentage of missing hills in the field after transplanting. There are combined effects of seedling adjustment options of the rice transplanter and seedling density on number of plants per hills and percentage of missing hills. Rice grain size and shape in terms of length, breadth and length-breath ratio differs among rice varieties. Based on size and shape, rice grain can be classified as bold, medium and slender, long and extra long (Belsnio, 1992). This study, conducted during the irrigated dry season of 2013-14, aimed to identify the optimum seed rate for quality seedlings production to minimize the percentage of missing hills. In addition, suitable seedling adjustment option of the rice transplanter for different seedling densities were identified to maintain optimum numbers of seedlings per stock (plants/hill) by the rotary picker of the transplanter.


Photograph of a stained-glass window pane depicting a Krakow candelabra with three branches. It is one of more than two dozen circular stained-glass discs created in 1947 for the sanctuary of Fort Worth's Temple Beth-El; most of the images were copied from a book on Jewish treasures to represent a collection of Judaica in miniature. This image depicts the original candelabra created in Krakow, Poland, during the 18th century by a coppersmith. The metalwork includes a pair of frolicking deer in reference to the opening lines of Psalm 42: "As the deer pants after the water brooks, so my soul pants after thee, O God." When the congregation moved in 2000, this pane was removed and stored in the Temple Archives.