Supreme Court decisions over the last three-quarters of a century have turned the words of the Takings Clause into a secret code that only a momentary majority of the Court is able to understand. The Justices faithfully moor their opinions to the particular terms of the Fifth Amendment, but only by stretching the text beyond recognition. A better approach is to consider the purposes of the Takings Clause, efficiency and justice, and go anew from there. Such a method reveals that in some cases there are good reasons to require payment by the government when it regulates property, but not to insist upon compensation to each aggrieved property owner. In other cases, the opposite is true -- compensation to individuals makes sense, but payment by the responsible government agency does not. Uncoupling efficiency and justice would invigorate the law of takings.


Laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU) is a unique modality that can produce single-pulsed cavitation and strong local disturbances on a tight focal spot (<100 μm). We utilize LGFU as a non-contact, non-thermal, high-precision tool to fractionate and cleave cell clusters cultured on glass substrates. Fractionation processes are investigated in detail, which confirms distinct cell behaviors in the focal center and the periphery of LGFU spot. For better understanding of local disturbances under LGFU, we use a high-speed laser-flash shadowgraphy technique and then fully visualize instantaneous microscopic processes from the ultrasound wave focusing to the micro-bubble collapse. Based on these visual evidences, we discuss possible mechanisms responsible for the focal and peripheral disruptions, such as a liquid jet-induced wall shear stress and shock emissions due to bubble collapse. The ultrasonic micro-fractionation is readily available for in vitro cell patterning and harvesting. Moreover, it is significant as a preliminary step towards high-precision surgery applications in future.


The main aim of this research is to disclose the essence of students' multi-dimensional thinking, also to reveal the rating of factors which stimulate the raising of effectiveness of self-development of students' multi-dimensional thinking in terms of subject-oriented teaching. Subject-oriented learning is characterized as a type of learning where self-abilities and self-processes are systematically actualized. Among them the abilities and processes of students' self-development in different learning situations are systemically important. 52 students took part in the pedagogical experiment. In order to evaluate the students' competencies of self-development of their multi-dimensional thinking the 10-point grading scale and the special suggested criteria of self-assessment of multi-dimensional application of systematic, creative, critical and reflexive thinking were used. The obtained results were subjected to statistical processing.


Reasoning is an important ability that we learn from a very early age. Yet, reasoning is extremely hard for algorithms. Despite impressive recent progress that has been reported on tasks that necessitate reasoning, such as visual question answering and visual dialog, models often exploit biases in datasets. To develop models with better reasoning abilities, recently, the new visual commonsense reasoning(VCR) task has been introduced. Not only do models have to answer questions, but also do they have to provide a reason for the given answer. The proposed baseline achieved compelling results, leveraging a meticulously designed model composed of LSTM modules and attention nets. Here we show that a much simpler model obtained by ablating and pruning the existing intricate baseline can perform better with half the number of trainable parameters. By associating visual features with attribute information and better text to image grounding, we obtain further improvements for our simpler & effective baseline, TAB-VCR. We show that this approach results in a 5.3%, 4.4% and 6.5% absolute improvement over the previous state-of-the-art on question answering, answer justification and holistic VCR.


Fixed and flexible exchange rates each have advantages, and a country has the right to choose the regime suited to its circumstances. Nevertheless, several arguments support the view that the de facto dollar peg may now have outlived its usefulness for China. (1) China's economy is on the overheating side of internal balance, and appreciation would help easy inflationary pressure. (2) Although foreign exchange reserves are a useful shield against currency crises, by now China's current level is fully adequate, and US treasury securities do not pay a high return. (3) It becomes increasingly difficult to sterilize the inflow over time, exacerbating inflation. (4) Although external balance could be achieved by expenditure reduction, e.g., by raising interest rates, the existence of two policy goals (external balance and internal balance) in general requires the use of two independent policy instruments (e.g., the real exchange rate and the interest rate). (5) A large economy like China can achieve adjustment in the real exchange rate via flexibility in the nominal exchange rate more easily than via price flexibility. (6) The experience of other emerging markets points toward exiting from a peg when times are good and the currency is strong, rather than waiting until times are bad and the currency is under attack. (7) From a longer-run perspective, prices of goods and services in China are low -- not just low relative to the United States (.23), but also low by the standards of a Balassa-Samuelson relationship estimated across countries (which predicts .36). In this specific sense, the yuan was undervalued by approximately 35% in 2000, and is by at least as much today. The paper finds that, typically across countries, such gaps are corrected halfway, on average, over the subsequent decade. These seven arguments for increased exchange rate flexibility need not imply a free float. China is a good counter-example to the popular "corners hypothesis" prohibition on intermediate exchange rate regimes.


This book resulted from the syncretism of several approaches with a common interest in the search for a theory of consciousness. A fresh approach to the problem of consciousness is advanced. A radical reformulation of core concepts: Space, Time, Event and Motion (STEM), transforms many ontological assumptions about consciousness. Combining the notion of consciousness-moment-energy-events developed by Vasubandhu, Yogacarin Buddhist with David Bohm''s quantum mechanical ideas about ''active- information'' and ''non-locality'' synthesized together with an adaptation of Bohm''s thesis of the explicate and implicate orders of the Universe – respectively Expression order and Impression order. These ideas are framed by a triadic scheme, the Triangulate-Three Principle (TTP) – Consciousness, Body-of-Experience, and the Intellect-Reflective, a proposed principle of being formed by these triadic-conditions, which coheres with a physical-theoretical model called Signature-Energy-Frequency (SEF). This book will be especially useful to professionals and students in consciousness studies, professionals in areas of metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of time.


Test case prioritization is an important testing activity, in practice, specially for large scale systems. The goal is to rank the existing test cases in a way that they detect faults as soon as possible, so that any partial execution of the test suite detects the maximum number of defects for the given budget. Test prioritization becomes even more important when the test execution is time consuming, for example, manual system tests versus automated unit tests. Most existing test case prioritization techniques are based on code coverage, which requires access to source code. However, manual testing is mainly performed in a black‐box manner (manual testers do not have access to the source code). Therefore, in this paper, the existing test case prioritization techniques (e.g. diversity‐based and history‐based techniques) are examined and modified to be applicable on manual black‐box system testing. An empirical study on four older releases of desktop Firefox showed that none of the techniques were strongly dominating the others in all releases. However, when nine more recent releases of desktop Firefox, where the development has been moved from a traditional to a more agile and rapid release environment, were studied, a very significant difference between the history‐based approach and its alternatives was observed. The higher effectiveness of the history‐based approach compared with alternatives also held on 28 additional rapid releases of other Firefox projects – mobile Firefox and tablet Firefox. The conclusion of the paper is that test cases in rapid release environments can be very effectively prioritized for execution, based on their historical failure knowledge. In particular, it is the recency of historical knowledge that explains its effectiveness in rapid release environments rather than other changes in the process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


When faced with distorted grid voltage, more harmonics will appear in the output currents of the gridconnected inverters. The grid voltage feedforward strategy, as the most direct solution to compensate the harmonics, however, is seriously affected by the errors in the grid voltage feedforward loop, such as delays. This issue is more significant for high power inverters where the switching frequency is relatively low (<5kHz), and the grid-interface inductance is small (<0.5mH). The errors mainly include the signal distortion caused by the conditioning circuits, the control delay of the digital controller, and the zero-order hold (ZOH) characteristic of pulse width modulation (PWM). In this paper, several improvements have been made to reduce the signal distortion and compensate the delays. A second-order Butterworth low-pass filter in the conditioning circuit is carefully designed with the maximum flat magnitude response and the almost linear phase response to avoid distorting the measured grid voltage. Further, based on the conventional repetitive predictor, an open-loop simplified repetitive predictor is proposed to compensate the delays in the grid voltage feedforward loop. Three predictive steps are achieved by the open-loop simplified repetitive predictor to compensate the delays: one step for the delay caused by the conditioning circuit, the second step for the control delay of the digital controller, and the third step for the ZOH characteristic of PWM. The effectiveness of the improved grid voltage feedforward strategy are experimentally validated on a 250kVA solar power generation system, where the current harmonics are effectively attenuated. In addition, the inverter starting current is suppressed.


While there are innumerable theories on the best remedy for the current financial crisis, there is agreement on one point, at least: increased transparency is good. We look at a provision from the last round of financial regulation, the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), which imposed disclosure requirements tailored to prevent some of the kinds of abuses that led to the downfall of Enron. In response to Enron's self-dealing transactions, Section 406 of SOX required a public company to disclose its code of ethics and to disclose immediately any waivers from that code the company grants to its top three executives. These waivers offer a unique window not only into ethical practices at public U.S. companies, but also into how disclosure works on the ground - whether companies are actually complying with disclosure rules and whether these rules prevent self-dealing transactions. Out of 200 randomly selected firms, we found only one waiver over 4 years disclosed pursuant to Section 406. However, by exploiting an overlap in disclosure regulations, we were able to cross check our sample companies' waiver disclosure. We find 30 instances where companies appear to be violating the law, and another 74 where companies evade illegality by watering down their codes to an arguably impermissible degree - their codes of ethics do not forbid the same Enron-style conflicts of interest that led to the adoption of Section 406 in the first place. Finally we study all waivers filed by all public companies with the SEC in the four years following SOX's passage - and find only 36 total. Event studies reveal that the market generally does not react to these transactions, suggesting that companies only use waivers to disclose innocuous, immaterial information. We draw two lessons, one specific, one general. First, the current regime is a bad one, long on costly and burdensome disclosure but short on demonstrable benefit. Section 406's disclosure requirement is not functioning as intended. Either by mistake or manipulation, companies are evading its requirements and not providing information to the market. We suggest eliminating the code of ethics waiver disclosure requirements, and substituting a requirement of immediate disclosure of related-party transactions involving the CEO, CFO, and CAO. Second, our study casts light more generally on the limited utility of regulating by means of disclosure alone.


SUMMARY

The finite difference method is used to calculate the magma dynamics, seismic radiation, and crustal deformation associated with a volcanic eruption. The model geometry consists of a cylindrical reservoir and narrow cylindrical conduit embedded in a homogeneous crust. We consider two models of eruption. In the first model, a lid caps the vent and the magma is overpressurized prior to the eruption. The eruption is triggered by the instantaneous removal of the lid, at which point the exit pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. In the second model, a plug at the reservoir outlet allows pressurization of only the magmatic fluid in the reservoir before the eruption. Magma transfer between the reservoir and conduit is triggered by the instantaneous removal of the plug, and the eruption occurs when the pressure at the conduit orifice exceeds the material strength of the lid capping the vent. In both models, magma dynamics are expressed by the equations of mass and momentum conservation in a compressible fluid, in which fluid expansion associated with depressurization is accounted for by a constitutive law relating pressure and density. Crustal motions are calculated from the equations of elastodynamics. The fluid and solid are dynamically coupled by applying the continuity of wall velocities and normal stresses across the conduit and reservoir boundaries. Free slip is allowed at the fluid–solid boundary. Both models predict the gradual depletion of the magma reservoir, which causes crustal deformation observed as a long-duration dilatational signal. Superimposed on this very-long-period (VLP) signal generated by mass transport are long-period (LP) oscillations of the magma reservoir and conduit excited by the acoustic resonance of the reservoir–conduit system during the eruption. The volume of the reservoir, vent size, and magma properties control the duration of VLP waves and dominant periods of LP oscillations. The second model predicts that when the magmatic fluid reaches the vent, a high-pressure pulse occurs at this location in accordance with the basic theory of compressible fluid dynamics. This abrupt pressure increase just beneath the vent is consistent with observed seismograms in which pulse-like Rayleigh waves excited by a shallow source are dominant. The strength of the lid plays an important role in the character of the seismograms and in defining the type of eruption observed.


Almost every species is, to a first approximation, in genetic equilibrium; that is to say no very drastic changes are occurring rapidly in its composition. It is a necessary condition for equilibrium that all new genes which arise at all frequently by mutation should be disadvantageous, otherwise they will spread through the population. Now each of two or more genes may be disadvantageous, but all together may be advantageous. An example of such balance has been given by Gonsalez(1). He found that, in purple-eyed Drosophila melanogaster, arc wing or axillary speck (each due to a recessive gene) shortened life, but the two together lengthened it.


Theoretical psychological models of positive psychotic symptoms have increasingly emphasized the interaction of multiple cognitive factors. Research into delusions in particular has focused on the interaction of two factors; a perceptual anomaly that gives rise to a need for explanation, and a bias toward premature acceptance of a hypothesis. Recently this two factor approach has been applied to positive psychotic symptoms more broadly. Two candidate factors have received extensive theoretical and empirical interest. The aberrant salience hypothesis posits that salience regulation, mediated by dopamine, goes awry in psychosis, giving rise to a generalized sense of undue significance that is applied to neutral perceptual stimuli. For the person who experiences it, this unwarranted sense of significance seems to demand an explanation. A second candidate factor, the jumping to conclusions bias has come to be regarded as one of the most stable findings in psychosis research. Reliably associated with the presence of delusions, but also associated with positive symptoms more broadly, the bias is seen when psychotic participants make a probabilistic decision on the basis of less evidence than controls. These factors may work in concert to establish unrealistic conclusions about the nature of perceptual inputs, giving rise to psychotic explanations. In a quasi-experimental study, individuals who endorsed an unusually high level of distressing attenuated positive psychotic symptoms (DAPPS) were compared with controls who endorse a lower than average number. Participants completed one behavioral and one self-report measure of aberrant salience, and a commonly used task for assessing the presence of bias in probabilistic reasoning. Results: Preliminary analyses revealed that participants in the current study did not respond in the expected way to the behavioral measure of aberrant salience. It is possible that the task used is insufficiently sensitive to detect subtle variations in salience processing among non-clinical individuals. In terms of the main results, multiple independent samples t-tests (corrected for multiple comparisons) revealed a group difference only on the self-report measure of aberrant salience. Groups showed no significant difference on the test of probabilistic reasoning, though the group with elevated rates of DAPPS requested more evidence than controls. Logistic regression models predicting group membership from the experimental variables suggested that while the inclusion of aberrant salience significantly improved predictive accuracy, neither probabilistic reasoning nor the interaction between aberrant salience and probabilistic reasoning increased predictive accuracy. This result is a consistent with an interpretation on which distressing attenuated positive psychotic symptoms are associated with aberrant salience attribution but not with probabilistic reasoning deficits. Further research is needed to establish whether these variables interact in clinical


Greater anterior knee laxity (AKL) has been identified as a risk factor of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and could be indicative of a weaker ligament. While ACL morphometry and structural composition have the potential to affect ligamentous strength and resistance to external loadings, little is understood about how ligament size and structure may contribute to AKL. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which ACL morphometry and structural composition collectively predict AKL in active females and males. A cross sectional design recruiting active collegiate females and males were used. AKL was assessed by a knee arthrometer. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were utilized to obtain ACL morphometry as assessed by ACL volume, ACL width, and ACL cross-sectional area. T1-weighted MRI scans were utilized to acquire femoral notch width. Structural composition of the ACL was assessed by T2* and T2 relaxation times. All AKL and MRI measures were used to determine 1) sex differences in ACL morphometry; 2) sex differences in ACL structural composition; and 3) which ACL morphometric measure and MR relaxation measure were the strongest independent predictors of AKL and the degree to which ACL morphometry combined with ACL structural composition to predict AKL in active females and males. Twenty college-aged active healthy males (180 ± 0.1 m, 84.0 ± 10.9 kg, 23.2 ± 2.9 yrs) and twenty females (167 ± 0.1 m, 61.9 ± 7.2 kg, 21.3 ± 2.3 yrs) were measured for AKL and underwent MRI testing on the left knee. Results revealed that males had 30% larger ACL volume and 18% larger ACL width than females, with no sex difference in ACL cross-sectional area. There were no significant differences between sexes in ACL structural composition as assessed via T2 and T2* relaxation times. ACL volume was the strongest morphometric predictor of AKL in both males and females. Smaller ACL volume and lower T2 relaxation times collectively predicted AKL in females (R2=.68), whereas smaller ACL volume and higher T2* relaxation times collectively predicted AKL in males (R2=.44). The primary findings collectively indicated that ACL morphometry and structural composition independently and collectively correlated with AKL. Further, females had smaller ACL morphometry than males with the ACL volume likely being the most appropriate measure of ACL size in studies of sex biases in ACL injury. Investigation of factors associated with the established risk factor of greater AKL could advance future prevention efforts to enhance ligament strength.


The success of deposit insurance arrangements at eliminating bank runs is likely closely tied to their credibility. We investigate this hypothesis building on two episodes which tested the insurance protection offered by the Portuguese arrangement in the midst of the country's sovereign debt crisis. Our results show that Portuguese depositors responded to foreign banks' decision to convert their subsidiaries into branches by relocating their deposits into the latter. We find a similar response following the announcement that insured depositors in Cyprus would lose part of their savings. On both instances responses are concentrated on household deposits. Given that foreign banks' branches offer the insurance protection of these banks' home countries, rather than that granted by their host country arrangement, our findings confirm that the credibility of the deposit insurance arrangement is critical for the protection it offers banks against the risk of depositor runs. These results show that sovereign-bank links can be detrimental to financial stability through a novel channel: the credibility of deposit insurance.


The intelligibility of historical justice is linked to matters of agency and causation. This article presents an account of historical justice limited to transgenerational collective agents which is immune to the agency and causation problems affecting traditional theories of diachronic justice. The novel theory is applied to the case of African Americans, to whom no reparations for past wrongs have been made up to now. When conceived as a transgenerational collective agent – i.e. as a nation–, the African Americans are shown to be owed reparations by the American polity. These reparations are deemed necessary to the goal of reconciliation and to the establishment of relations of mutual respect, which are construed as preconditions to effective distributive justice, here and now.


In this paper, the
author reported the effect of maifanite on the learning and
memory of rats suffering Cd poisoning by step-down and step-through test, analyzed the content of MDA, MT, SOD, and GSH-Px in the hippocampus of rats respectively, and assayed the
content of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, and Cd in the hippocampus of rats. In
the step-down test, it is found that maifanite can reduce the number of
electric shock, prolong step-down latency,
and cut down error times when rats are exposed to Cd 24 h. In the step-through test, maifanite can obviously prolong the latency of entering the dark cabin of rats suffering Cd poisoning. The
exogenous Cd can lead to the decrease of SOD and GSH-Px activity and the
increase of MDA and MT content. The alternation of maifanite and Cd by the gavage
can significantly increase the SOD and GSH-Px activity as well as MT content, while lessening the MDA content.
The accumulation of exogenous Cd in hippocampus causes the increase of Zn, Fe,
Mn, and Cd content, and the decrease of Cu and Se content. The intake of
maifanite can regulate the imbalance of metals
content and make its content near to the of level control group. The research
shows that maifanite can improve the ability of learning and memory of rats suffering
Cd poisoning, increase MT formation and lower hyperoxidative damage. Maifanite
has the function of balancing the content of trace elements in rats
suffering Cd poisoning, and meanwhile can alleviate the toxicity of
Cd effectively.


Comparative research on democratisation suggests the political space for the immediate punishment of previous dictatorships depends on the type of transition and the correlative power-sharing and veto capacity of the political actors and institutions. This article argues that the type and diversity of transitional justice in Portugal's democratisation must be correlated not only with the absence of the veto capacity of former authoritarian elites and institutions, due to their collapse, but mainly with the cleavages opened by democratisation and military intervention in politics. We also argue that the nature of the transition is superimposed on the nature of the authoritarian regime and the extent of its legacy in the type of transitional justice, and that the transition's powerful dynamic served to constitute another legacy for the consolidation of democracy, strongly counterbalancing those of the authoritarian regime.


Abstract There is increasing research interest in potential applications of halloysite as fillers for polymer composites, controlled drug delivery, carriers for the supply and sustained release of active agents for anticorrosion coatings, in nanoreactors or nanotemplates, and for the uptake of contaminants or pollutants and support for catalysts. In this review, recent findings in terms of the prospects and challenges of using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in different polymeric matrices targeting a range of old and new applications are discussed and evaluated. The compositions include chitosan/halloysite membranes as bone-tissue scaffolds, polylactic acid (PLA)/halloysite membranes for food-packaging applications and their antimicrobial activities, instrumented impact properties of epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites and the role of halloysite in the self-healing of epoxy composites, polyacryronitrile (PAN)/halloysite membranes for use in water filtration as well as a review of some recent applications of halloysite/alginate beads in the adsorption of contaminants such as lead.


Networked smart objects will be called on to perform multiple sophisticated tasks, and thus must manage new levels of complexity while minimizing energy use. This paper argues that today's dominant architectural vision of networked things, which is closely related to wireless sensor node architectures of years past, should be re-examined in light of key functional requirements: energy efficiency, real-time processing, and composability, as well as heterogeneity and evolvability. The traditional approach is to add software complexity to achieve all but the first, but the associated overhead incurs an energy cost, degrading device lifetime. An alternative approach is to harness, at the system level, recent and significant improvements in low-power technologies. Here we demonstrate a re-thinking of smart object design based on the goal of minimum life-cycle cost, and show how it motivates the organizational principles of specialization and division of labor. These coupled principles in turn suggest a functional architecture for smart objects that integrates two system-level properties: parallel processing and hierarchical power gating. We describe a prototype architecture and implementation that incorporates this design approach, and discuss its benefits to smart object design.


Cool roofs reflect sunlight and therefore can reduce cooling energy use in buildings. Further, since roofs cover about 20 – 25% of most cities, widespread deployment of cool roofs could mitigate the urban heat island effect and partially counter urban temperature increases associated with global scale climate change. The magnitude of these potential benefits for a given city depends on the increase in albedo that can be achieved using reflective roofs. Assessing this increase requires knowledge of roof albedo at the cityscale, which until now has been unknown due to a lack of reflectance data with sufficient spatial coverage, spatial resolution, and spectral information. In this work we use multiband aerial imagery to derive the albedos of individual roofs in seven California cities: Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Diego, Bakersfield, Sacramento, San Francisco, and San Jose. The radiometrically calibrated, remotely sensed imagery has high spatial resolution (1 m) and four narrow band reflectances: blue, green, red, and near-infrared. First, we locate roof pixels within GIS building outlines. Next, we use laboratory measurements of the solar spectral reflectances of 190 roofing products to empirically relate solar reflectance (albedo) to reflectances in the four narrow bands; the empirical relationship well predicts albedo as indicated by a low root-mean-square of the residuals of 0.016. Albedos computed from remotely sensed reflectances are calibrated to ground measurements of roof albedo in each city. The error (accuracy) at 90% confidence interval of the calibrated albedos is found to vary by city from 0.00 – 0.01 at low albedo and 0.06 – 0.14 at high albedo. The fraction of urban area covered by roofs ranged by city from 10 to 25%. City-wide average roof albedo ranged from 0.17 ± 0.08 to 0.20 ± 0.11 (mean ± standard deviation) for five of the cities; values were higher in Sacramento (0.24 ± 0.11) and San Diego (0.29 ± 0.15). Buildings with small roofs were found to constitute a large fraction of city roof area and to have low mean albedos. This suggests that efforts to increase urban albedo through the use of reflective roofs should include small roofs, which are presumably mostly residential. Roof albedos derived for Bakersfield were used in a regional climate model (WRF) to estimate temperature changes attainable by converting the current stock of roofs to "cool" high albedo roofs. It was found that seasonal mean afternoon (15:00 LST) temperatures could be reduced by up to 0.2 °C during both the summer and winter. Changes in precipitation were not significant at the 95% confidence level.


Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) has been employed to study polymer laminates composed of poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) using different base layer thicknesses and different angles of incidence on a ZnSe substrate. By varying the "barrier" layer of PMMA it has been confirmed that different effective penetration depths into the PVOH are achieved, in very good agreement with the calculated electric field as a function of distance away from the substrate surface. These results show that the two-layered model system can be successfully employed to provide a semi-quantitative depth profile of the laminate. Following the FTIR-ATR study on polymer/polymer interface we have demonstrated how the evanescent field absorption from a IR beam can also be used to monitor in situ the molecular interaction at polymer/liquid interfaces. The chosen system was a series of sulphonated polyethersulphones (SPES) and water. The v(_s)(SO(_3)) and V(_a)(SO(_3)) vibrational modes were monitored as the degree of hydration was varied. It has been found that the v(_3)(SO(_3)) mode increases with hydration suggesting that, with hydration the sulphonic acid groups of SPES are dissociated into SO(_3) ions. It has been found that changes also occur in the benzene ring vibrational band that are dependent on the degree of hydration. Spectral subtraction has been employed to highlight changes in the V(_a)(SO(_3)) mode which were not readily observed in the raw spectra due to overlapping bands. The particular behaviour of V(OH) vibrational mode of water molecules has also been analysed. The main conclusion in this case was that the average hydrogen bond strength of the sorbed water is considerable lower than that in pure water. This would favour an efficient flux of water through the membrane. A method based on monitoring the time dependent change in the v(OH) mode of water has been developed to calculate the diffusion of water on SPES membranes. After reaching a steady state, the normalised absorbance plot versus time has been used for numerical evaluation. Two models have been developed, one for Fickian diffusion and another for the dual sorption mode. The experimental results show a much better agreement for the second model. The diffusion coefficient values have been calculated for different samples and interesting variations of the diffusion coefficient as a function of sulphonation level, solvent and film thickness have been analysed in detail.


REpresentational State Transfer (REST) guided the creation and expansion of the modern web. The reformations introduced with REST permitted the web to achieve its goal as an internet-scale distributed hypermedia system. Yet, the web has now seen the introduction of a vast sea of shared and interdependent services. Despite the expressive power of REST, these new services have not consistently realized the anticipated benefits from REST.
In order to better understand the unwritten axioms necessary to realize these anticipated benefits, we survey the history and evolution of the web's infrastructure - including Apache HTTP Server, Firefox, and Squid. We also recount our experiences developing such systems and the challenges we faced due to the lack of thorough design guidance. We then critically examine these new services from the vast sea - including Serviceoriented architectures, RESTful Web Services, and AJAX - to glean previously undocumented lessons about how these services are constructed and why they do not consistently realize the benefits expected from REST.
Based on this, this dissertation presents a new architectural style called Computational REST (CREST). This style recasts the web from a model where content is the fundamental measure of exchange to a model where computational exchange is the primary mechanism. This crucial observation keys a number of new axioms and constraints that provide new ways of thinking about the construction of web applications. We show that this new style pinpoints, in many cases, the root cause of the apparent dissonance between style and implementation in critical portions of the web's infrastructure. CREST also explains emerging web architectures (such as mashups) and points to novel computational structure. Furthermore, CREST provides the necessary design guidance to create new web applications which have not been seen before. These applications are characterized by the presence of recombinant services which rely upon fine-grained computational exchange to permit rapid evolution.


I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND OF FEDERAL CAP-AND-TRADE POLICIES WITHIN UNITED STATES AND CANADA A. United States Federal Policy and Cap-and-Trade B. Canadian Federal Policy and Cap-and-Trade III. CANADIAN OIL SANDS ARE CRITICAL COMPONENT TO CONTINENTAL CAP-AND-TRADE DEBATE A. Oil Sands Production is Expensive and Creates High Emissions B. Alberta Developed Unique Climate Change Strategy IV. REGIONAL FRAMEWORKS AND FACILITATING INSTITUTIONS PROMOTE NORTH AMERICAN CLIMATE CHANGE COOPERATION A. Regional Alliances Between Canadian and American Jurisdictions Serve as Focal Points for Trans-Boundary Cooperation B. Important Facilitating Institutions for Continental Cap-and Trade Already in Place V. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA PROMOTE COOPERATION BUT BARRIERS TO AGREEMENT PERSIST A. Canada and the United States Agreed to Clean Energy Dialogue B. The United States has a Strong Interest in Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technology Because of High Emissions From Coal Consumption C. Canada's Intensity-Based Emissions Proposal may be Incompatible with United States' Hard Cap System D. Regional Agreements Will Impact Federal Cap-and-Trade Policies within the United States and Canada, but These Initiatives May Languish VI. ALBERTA INCREASINGLY ISOLATED WITHIN CONTINENTAL CAP-AND-TRADE DEBATE A. Alberta's Favorable Response to Clean Energy Dialogue B. Oil Sands Heavily Impacted by American Low Carbon Fuel Standards C. Proposal for Securing Alberta's Cooperation VII. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Mexico Could be Important North American Cap-and-Trade Partner B. Continental Cap-and-Trade Considered in Light of North American Free Trade Agreement C. North American Cap-and-Trade System Must Consider Problems of E. U. Emissions Reduction Scheme VIII. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Canada and the United States share an energy relationship that is unsurpassed by any other two countries in the world. More oil, natural gas, and electricity are imported into the United States from Canada than from any other country. (1) As the largest energy consumer in the world, (2) the United States is an invaluable customer of Canadian energy production. Because of the size and importance of this relationship, Canada's energy and environmental policies can have a tremendous economic impact on the United States and vice versa. Specifically, these two countries face similar challenges in reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining their critical energy relationship. As the U.S. and Canadian federal governments consider implementing domestic cap-and-trade programs for carbon dioxide emissions, each country's proposals reveal the high degree of interdependence characterizing this North American relationship. While some linkage between these two countries' eventual cap-and-trade systems is inevitable, the United States and Canada should actively negotiate a continental cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions. If carefully crafted, this system would preserve North American energy security while promoting the development of carbon-reducing technologies. Such a comprehensive framework would also maintain the vital economic relationship between Canada and the United States by sustaining energy production and innovation. Additionally, continental cooperation would avoid potential international trade disputes that could threaten the strong ties between these two countries. Though not the primary focus of this paper, Mexico may also be a willing partner to such an agreement, likely strengthening the continental cap-and-trade framework even further. While there are many advantages to such a comprehensive emissions trading scheme, the initiation of this endeavor presents numerous legal challenges to Canada and the United States. …


Programmers write programs, expressing plans for machines to execute. When composed so that they may cooperate, plans may instead interfere with each other in unanticipated ways. Plan coordination is the art of simultaneously enabling plans to cooperate, while avoiding hazards of destructive plan interference. For sequential computation within a single machine, object programming supports plan coordination well. For concurrent computation, this paper shows how hard it is to use locking to prevent plans from interfering without also destroying their ability to cooperate.

In Internet-scale computing, machines proceed concurrently, interact across barriers of large latencies and partial failure, and encounter each other's misbehavior. Each dimension presents new plan coordination challenges. This paper explains how the E language addresses these joint challenges by changing only a few concepts of conventional sequential object programming. Several projects are adapting these insights to existing platforms.


Hexamethylene tetramine (HMT) is a food additive, currently only permitted in EU for use in Provolone cheese. The maximum permitted level is 25 mg/kg residual amount, expressed as formaldehyde, the break down product of HMT under acidic conditions. HMT has been previously evaluated by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA, 1974) who established an ADI of 0.15 mg/kg bw/day based on a reproductive study with a NOEL of 15 mg/kg bw/day. Due to the limitations in the database the Panel could not identify a critical study and therefore to derive an ADI. However, the Panel noted that the exposure to formaldehyde from HMT of high level consumers of Provolone cheese equalled 18 μg formaldehyde/kg bw/day in adults and could be as high as 87 μg formaldehyde/kg bw/day in children according to a theoretical conservative assumption that all ripened cheese consumed was Provolone cheese. Considering the estimated exposure from the very limited permitted use, the toxicological database on HMT, the data from use of HMT therapeutically, the available oral toxicity and toxicokinetic data of formaldehyde and the magnitude of the potential effect on intracellular formaldehyde levels arising from this use of HMT, the Panel concluded that the use of HMT in Provolone cheese at the MPL of 25 mg/kg residual amount, expressed as formaldehyde, would not be of safety concern. However the Panel considered that any increase in the permitted uses of HMT or increases in the MPL of 25 mg /kg residual amount, expressed as formaldehyde would need detailed assessment which might require new toxicity data as well as use levels and/or an evaluation of its impact on formaldehyde levels in vivo. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014


Monograph is covering the historiography, culture and identity of a Palestinian village, Lubya, demolished in 1948, uprooting and dispersing all its population; nowadays residing in thirteen different countries in the four corners of the world. To erase the witnesses and the debris of the houses, a huge green forest called "South African Forest" is planted to bury the last remnants and cover up the horrible crime of the demolishment. Around 3500 people were living in Lubya before the Nakba in 1948; nowadays, they are almost 50.000. The main method used to reconstruct the historiography of Lubya - the biggest in Tiberias district, and the second in Galilee- is qualitative interviews with the elderly generation, supported by archival documents in Jerusalem, Nazareth, London; diaries, newspaper articles and historical references. Young Lubyan generation living in exile were interviewed as well to follow their aspirations, livelihood, identity question, integration and their dreams of return.


Objective: To investigate an outbreak of Serratia marcescens bacteremia among patients after general anesthesia. Design: A case-control study. Setting: A 304-bed, pediatric teaching hospital. Patients: Twenty-three pediatric patients who developed S. marcescens bacteremia within 2 weeks after general anesthesia between June 15 and September 22, 1999, were compared with 46 age-matched control-patients who had undergone procedures on the same clinical services of the hospital during the same period. Results: Cases were distributed over a wide range of surgical services and were not correlated with exposure to any of the surgical, anesthesia, or nursing staff. Case-patients were significantly more likely than control-patients to have received cefazolin (odds ratio [OR], 11.1; 90% confidence interval [CI90], 1.9 to 24.3) or to have had perioperative placement of a central vascular catheter (OR, 4.2; CI90, 1.2 to 18.8). The timing of the procedures of patients who subsequently developed S. marcescens bacteremia was significantly associated with the shifts of one or more of five operating room technicians (OR, 2.9 to 6.8) who were responsible for preparing intravenous fluids used both to reconstitute perioperatively administered antibiotics and to prime central vascular catheter assemblies. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with a pattern of intermittent contamination due to periodic breaches in sterile technique, rather than a point-source of contamination. The unique challenges that such a procedural breakdown presents to an epidemiologic investigation are discussed. This outbreak stresses the importance of providing comprehensive training in antisepsis when multifunctional personnel are incorporated into an operating room work environment.


Students with significant disabilities, including those with autism-spectrum labels, are increasingly being included in the regular education classroom for literacy instruction and held to high standards for literacy achievement (Yell, Drasgow, & Lowrey, 2005), but research with these students as participants has been limited, especially in inclusive settings such as the home or classroom. Grounded in perspectives from disability studies (Biklen, 2005; Kliewer, Biklen, & Kasa-Hendrickson, 2006) and socio-cultural theories of literacy (Gallego & Hollingsworth, 2000; O'Brien, 2003), this qualitative study used inductive methods (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) to analyze the literacy-related messages of 16 autobiographies authored by individuals on the autism spectrum. Analysis revealed a key role for parents in supporting their children's literacy development at home, with results clustering in these three areas: (a) parents' persistence in following small cues related to literacy development, (b) their use of literacy to make social codes explicit, and (c) their strategic employment of support to ensure their children's success with literacy while increasing challenges over time. Implications for practice and research are discussed, with an emphasis on collaborative inquiry with learners on the autism spectrum and their parents.


From the perspective of cultural difference, we are able to produce new, deep, continuing, and rapid insights into people' s lives and needs. As firms internationalize, there is a growing need to understand how cultural factors might affect adoption and utilization of IT in organizations with diverse workforces. Previous studies have examined how beliefs and behaviors related to time can influence how both individual employees and work groups perceive their work, their organization, and each other, and how those perceptions play a role in the productivity of the organization. This study examines the temporal orientation of knowledge workers as an antecedent to their attitudes toward adoption of mobile computing technologies.


The purpose of this study is to build an experimental platform for scenario and policy analyses of social security institutions that deploy pay-as-you-go schemes as the financing method. To realize this aim, system dynamics methodology is utilized and a generic dynamic simulation model is constructed. Afterwards, the financial sustainability of the social security institution in Turkey, as a susceptible country for its aging population, is investigated via scenario and policy analyses. The results show that (i) irrespective of scenarios and policies, aging phenomenon is quite dominant and a serious threat to financial sustainability, (ii) informal sector plays a crucial role in the financial sustainability of social security systems, and (iii) a hybrid policy combining increase in retirement age, premiums and decrease in informal employment ratio seems to be the most promising one among the others. Future research involves modeling the fully funded scheme complementing this study to enable the public policy makers to compare and contrast the two financing methods comprehensively.


Humans reason about the mental states of others; this capacity is called Theory of Mind (ToM). In typically developing adults, ToM is supported by a consistent group of brain regions: the bilateral temporoparietal junction (TPJ), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), precuneus (PC), and anterior temporal sulci (aSTS). How experience and intrinsic biological factors interact to produce this adult functional profile is not known. In the current study we investigate the role of visual experience in the development of the ToM network by studying congenitally blind adults. In experiment 1, participants listened to stories and answered true/false questions about them. The stories were either about mental or physical representations of reality (e.g., photographs). In experiment 2, participants listened to stories about people's beliefs based on seeing or hearing; people's bodily sensations (e.g., hunger); and control stories without people. Participants judged whether each story had positive or negative valance. We find that ToM brain regions of sighted and congenitally blind adults are similarly localized and functionally specific. In congenitally blind adults, reasoning about mental states leads to activity in bilateral TPJ, MPFC, PC, and aSTS. These brain regions responded more to passages about beliefs than passages about nonbelief representations or passages about bodily sensations. Reasoning about mental states that are based on seeing is furthermore similar in congenitally blind and sighted individuals. Despite their different developmental experience, congenitally blind adults have a typical ToM network. We conclude that the development of neural mechanisms for ToM depends on innate factors and on experiences represented at an abstract level, amodally.


Considerable research in the area of "market micro structure" focuses on the problem faced by market makers who are obliged to quote firm prices and trade with all comers, even when some of the traders they face will have access to valuable information that they do not know. For an optional stock, there are two classes of information about which way the stock price is likely to move next, and volatility information, relating to the likely size of the price move, which is most important for options trading. The two types of information have different implications for market makers in the stock and the options. In this article, Cherian and Weng investigate the extent to which trading activity in a stock and its options can provide insight into which type of information traders are currently active, and, then, how prices and bid-ask spreads respond in the different situations.


Similarly to all other species, also in the dog improvements in the knowledge on perinatology are mandatory for a better management of newborns, mainly aimed to reduce the impact of perinatal mortality. However, until recently, the study of canine perinatology was limited mainly because of the invasiveness of many investigation procedures, such as repeated blood sampling. In recent times, the claws/nails were proved to be a useful, non invasive, matrix for long time-frame retrospective hormone concentrations analysis also in babies and puppies [1,2], providing a suitable matrix for perinatal long-term hormonal changes studies. The last intrauterine foetal stage of development and the neonatal period represent the most challenging phases for the mammals offspring. It was demonstrated that the activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leads to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) secretion, the major fetal steroids. Thus, DHEA-S measured at birth in newborns could be considered as a marker of offspring HPA axis activity, under the maternal influence. This study was aimed to assess the DHEA-S concentrations in newborn puppies claws, collected at birth and at 30 days of age, and to evaluate the possible influence of age, gender and type of birth on DHEA-S claws accumulation. The study was performed on 58 large purebred, normal, healthy, viable (Apgar≥7) puppies, 31 males and 27 females, born by vaginal spontaneous (N=22) or caesarean (N=36) parturition. DHEA-S was analysed by RIA. The mean ± SD DHEA-S claws concentration significantly (p<0.01) decreased from birth (210±152.00 pg/mg) to 30 days (91±72.63 pg/mg), evidencing the higher fetal DHEA-S secretion in the last fetal stage of pregnancy in comparison to the first postnatal month of age. According to the type of parturition, higher (p<0.001) DHEA-S claws concentrations were found at birth in puppies born by spontaneous than caesarean parturition (300±167.05 vs 154±112.23 pg/mg, respectively); this finding deserves further investigations. No influence of newborn gender was found. Claws DHEA-S values at birth were a bit higher, but with a lower SD, in comparison to data reported for babies 1-3 weeks old [1]. The trend of decrease is in agreement with data reported for cortisol [2] in dead puppies, and suggests, beside the role of cortisol, the important effects of DHEA-S around the time of birth, also in puppies, as reported for babies [1].
[1] Tegethoff et al. Dehydroepindrosterone in nails of infants: a potential biomarker of intrauterine responses to maternal stress. Biological psychology, 87: 414-420, 2011. [2] Veronesi et al. Coat and claws as new matrices for noninvasive long-term cortisol assessment in dogs from birth up to 30 days of age. Theriogenology, 84: 791-796, 2015.


We present research that the use of ellipsis in English is evidence that users are interacting. Ellipsis is a linguistic phenomenon where we can leave something unsaid and the context allows us to supply the missing part. For example, when someone asks us a question like "Where did you see him?", we do not need to give a full sentence answer like "I saw him over there". The context of the question allows us to just give the relevant information that is the answer to the question where, i.e. "over there". Since ellipsis is contextual in this way, we can suppose that the phenomenon is interactive by nature. Many strategies have been discussed in the literature which are used by speakers to interact, and this is an issue that is very much discussed in literature on computer-mediated communication. Peterson (2009) analyses data from textchats by Japanese learners of English and identified a series of strategies that show that interaction is taking place. These include back channel support (continuers), giving and seeking help, correction of self and others, and off-task discussion. Darhower (2002) discusses greeting/leave-taking, intersubjectivity (maintaining and developing a discourse topic) and use of a speaker's first language (if not already the main language of the discourse). Repetition is discussed by Cogo (2009: 260), Suvimiitty (2012, chapter 7) and Mauranen (2012: chapter 7) in discourses involving speakers of English as a Lingua Franca. These strategies suggest that the learners are creating and maintaining social cohesion, and lead to the formation of discourse communities. We analyse data from textchat logs that come from my own corpus of seminar discussions from an online MA programme in English Linguistics, also involving non-native speakers of English. We show that the intersubjectivity, repetition, continuer and correction functions can be found in our data set, and we propose one more: comments. Intersubjectivity is by far the most common function as we might expect from seminar discussions, while continuers and corrections are very rare. The use of these functions clearly marks that students are interacting as members of a discourse community.


Significance There are numerous reasons why institutions of higher education may choose to embrace diversity. A common rationale sanctioned by the US Supreme Court is that diversity provides compelling educational benefits and is thus instrumentally useful. We show that such instrumental rationales are the predominant rationale for diversity efforts in American higher education, are preferred by White Americans and not by Black Americans, that they are expected to advantage White Americans, and that they correspond to greater racial disparities in academic achievement. Overall, these findings suggest that the rationales behind universities' embrace of diversity have nonlegal consequences that should be considered in institutional decision making. It is currently commonplace for institutions of higher education to proclaim to embrace diversity and inclusion. Though there are numerous rationales available for doing so, US Supreme Court decisions have consistently favored rationales which assert that diversity provides compelling educational benefits and is thus instrumentally useful. Our research is a quantitative/experimental effort to examine how such instrumental rationales comport with the preferences of White and Black Americans, specifically contrasting them with previously dominant moral rationales that embrace diversity as a matter of intrinsic values (e.g., justice). Furthermore, we investigate the prevalence of instrumental diversity rationales in the American higher education landscape and the degree to which they correspond with educational outcomes. Across six experiments, we showed that instrumental rationales correspond to the preferences of White (but not Black) Americans, and both parents and admissions staff expect Black students to fare worse at universities that endorse them. We coded university websites and surveyed admissions staff to determine that, nevertheless, instrumental diversity rationales are more prevalent than moral ones are and that they are indeed associated with increasing White–Black graduation disparities, particularly among universities with low levels of moral rationale use. These findings indicate that the most common rationale for supporting diversity in American higher education accords with the preferences of, and better relative outcomes for, White Americans over low-status racial minorities. The rationales behind universities' embrace of diversity have nonlegal consequences that should be considered in institutional decision making.


An abstract of the thesis of Jonathan Michael Honea for the Master of Arts in Biology presented May 23, 1997. Title: The Periphyton Community of a Second Order Subalpine Stream Following Salmon Carcass Decomposition: a potential facilitator of the energy flow from adult to juvenile salmonids. To protect and manage Pacific Northwest salmonid stocks, sound management programs must be developed that incorporate knowledge of the ecological processes critical to their survival. One such process is the nutrient dynamic in headwater spawning streams. It is essential that we understand the trophic relationships among the spawners, the I to 3 year-old juveniles, the invertebrates, and the primary producers in these streams. The hypothesis that I tested is that photoautotrophic production increases due to the decomposition of salmon carcasses. Increased primary production would stimulate the production of invertebrates which are an important food resource of juvenile salmonid species. The hypothesis was tested by comparing periphyton communities sampled from upstream reference sites with those sampled from sites within and downstream of a onemile reach of Still Creek, a stream within the Zigzag Ranger District of the Mount Hood National Forest, in which approximately 300 coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) carcasses were distributed. Comparisons were based on the numbers of each diatom species observed and periphyton biomass measured as chlorophyll a concentration and mass of organic matter lost on ignition. To more accurately characterize the response of the periphyton community, base-line data were collected before enrichment ascertaining the initial degree of nutrient limitation and measuring the variation within and among sample sites prior to site modification. Nutrient concentration and physical characteristics of the water were also monitored. The data collected indicate that the periphyton communities at each site were similar before carcass enrichment. After enrichment, treatment sites showed an increase m periphyton biomass. No change in species composition was observed from reference to treatment sites during the enrichment. Some suggestions are made for improving the experimental design to better characterize the response of the periphyton community to salmon carcass decomposition, such as increasing sample size, adding more "before treatment" sample times, and adding a second treatment stream. THE PERIPHYTON COMMUNITY OF A SECOND ORDER SUBALPINE STREAM FOLLOWING SALMON CARCASS DECOMPOSITION: A POTENTIAL FACILITATOR OF THE ENERGY FLOW FROM ADULT TO JUVENILE SALMONIDS by JONATHAN MICHAEL HONEA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Ill BIOLOGY Portland State University 1997


This article introduces the special issue "REDD+ crossroads post Paris: politics, lessons and interplays". The contributions to the special issue demonstrate, first, that REDD+ design in the studied countries has generally lacked social legitimacy and sidelined key actors that have an important role in shaping land-use sector dynamics. Second, they show that REDD+ early actions have tended to oversimplify local realities and have been misaligned with other policy goals and local needs. Third, REDD+ efforts have remained constrained to the forestry or climate mitigation policy sectors and have thus suffered from a lack of harmonization across local, national and international concerns, specifically of contradictory policy. As REDD+ moves from its preparedness to its implementation phase, more research efforts should be aimed at analysing the power relations that underpin and determine the design and implementation of REDD+ policies and actions, the potential for and limits to the vertical and horizontal harmonization of land-use policies and management, and the processes of resistance to or accommodation of REDD+ practices on the ground. In doing so, we advocate for multi-and transdisciplinary research that does not take for granted the benefits of REDD+ and which critically scrutinizes the multiple goals of this ambitious international policy framework, and where it sits within the broader Paris Agreement implementation agenda.


As the debate about the need to clarify the content of the human right to science intensifies, this article assesses opportunities for opening a scholarly and policy dialogue on fair and equitable benefit-sharing between international human rights and biodiversity lawyers. To that end, the article contrasts the emerging conceptualizations of the right to science in the context of international cultural rights and of fair and equitable benefit-sharing under international biodiversity law. It then critically assesses the potential for cross-fertilization with specific regard to: the sharing of scientific information and promotion of scientific cooperation, the transfer of technology, and the protection and valorization of traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities. While acknowledging that both the right to science and fair and equitable benefit-sharing are far from being fully understood or operationalized, the article argues that developments in international biodiversity law concerning the latter may provide insights into how a vague and optimistic concept can (and when it cannot) lead to tangible outcomes, rather than remaining merely rhetorical.


The main aim of the current study was to investigate the performance of the obese individuals comparing with the normal subjects and those who recovered by diet regime on the executive function. Method: Three groups of women subjects from Tehran city including obesity group (N= 30, BMI (30 kg/m 2 ), recovered obesity group (N=30, has reduced their weight by diet), and normal control group (N=30, without any history of obesity and psychological problems) who were matched by age and level of education were participated at this study. The instruments were included Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop task, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State - Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: The results showed that obese group and recovered group performed worse than normal group on Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop task. Conclusion: The results are consisting with the previous findings and also indicated that the obese patients suffer from cognitive problems.


Objective Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in women. Large studies evaluating key AF risk factors in older women are lacking. We aimed to identify risk factors for AF in postmenopausal women and measure population burden of modifiable risk factors. Design Prospective observational study. Setting The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study. Patients 93 676 postmenopausal women were followed for an average of 9.8 years for cardiovascular outcomes. After exclusion of women with prevalent AF or incomplete data, 8252 of the remaining 81 892 women developed incident AF. Main outcome measures Incident AF was identified by WHI-ascertained hospitalisation records and diagnosis codes from Medicare claims. Multivariate Cox hazard regression analysis identified independent risk factors for incident AF. Results Age, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, myocardial infarction and heart failure were independently associated with incident AF. Hypertension and overweight status accounted for 28.3% and 12.1%, respectively, of the population attributable risk. Hispanic and African–American participants had lower rates of incident AF (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.70 and HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.65, respectively) than Caucasians. Conclusions Caucasian ethnicity, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and peripheral arterial disease were independently associated with higher rates of incident AF in postmenopausal women. Hypertension and overweight status accounted for a large proportion of population attributable risk. Measuring burden of modifiable AF risk factors in older women may help target interventions.


The reconfigurable architecture is a parallel computation model that consists of many processor elements (PEs) and a reconfigurable bus system. There are many variant proposed reconfigurable architectures, for example, reconfigurable mesh (R-Mesh), directional reconfigurable mesh (DR-Mesh), processor arrays with reconfigurable bus systems (PARBS), complete directional processor arrays with reconfigurable bus systems (CD-PARBS), reconfigurable multiple bus machine (RMBM), directional reconfigurable multiple bus machine (directional RMBM), and etc. In this paper, a transitive closure (TC) algorithm of digraph is proposed on the models without the directional capability (non-directional). Some related digraph problems, such as strongly connected digraph, strongly connected component (SCC), cyclic checking, and tree construction, can also be resolved by modifying our transitive closure algorithm. All the proposed algorithms are designed on a three-dimensional (3-D) n×n×n non-directional reconfigurable mesh, n is the number of vertices in a digraph D, and can resolve the respective problems in O(log d(D)) time, d(D) is the diameter of the digraph D. The cyclic checking problem can be further reduced to O(log c(D)) time, c(D) is the minimum distance of cycles in the digraph D. There exist two different approaches: the matrix multiplication approach on the non-directional models for algebraic path problems (APP) and s-t connectivity approach on the directional models. In this paper, we will use the tree construction algorithm to prove those two approaches are insufficient to resolve all digraph problems and demonstrate why our approach is so important and innovative for digraph problems on the reconfigurable models.


DNA microarrays show tremendous power for yielding information. By sorting on the basis of fluorescent protein expression, Furlong et al. acquired enough biological material to do DNA microarray analysis on Drosophila embryos of known developmental stages and known mutant status. With a particular view toward mesoderm development, the data yield information on hundreds of genes that are turned on and off during normal mesoderm development, seemingly orchestrated by a particularly important transcription factor, Twist. Analysis of embryos lacking Twist and embryos overexpressing Twist, when compared to expression profiles from normal embryos, leads to insights into the function of individual genes as well as groups of coregulated genes. E. E. M. Furlong, E. C. Andersen, B. Null, K. P. White, M. P. Scott, Patterns of gene expression during Drosophila mesoderm development. Science 293, 1629-1633 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


What is the fate of art in an age of publicity? How has the role of traditional public (i.e., government-owned) art changed in contemporary culture, and how have changing conditions of public space and mass communications altered the whole relationship between art and its potential audiences? With contributions from the arts, philosophy, criticism, and the law, the thirteen essays in this volume explore the aesthetic, social, and political dynamics that make contemporary public art so controversial, and that that have placed recent art work at the center of public debates. Contributors include Vito Acconci, "Public Space in a Private Time"; Agnes Denes, "The Dream"; W. J. T. Mitchell, "The Violence of Public Art: "Do the Right Thing""; Ben Nicholson, "Urban Poises"; Michael North, "The Public as Sculpture: From Heavenly City to Mass Ornament"; Barbara Kruger, in an interview with W. J. T. Mitchell; Barbara Hoffman, "Law for Art's Sake in the Public Realm"; Richard Serra, "Art and Censorship"; James E. Young, "The Counter-Monument: Memory Against Itself in Germany Today": Charles Griswold, "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Mall: Philosophical Thoughts on Political Iconography"; John Hallmark Neff, "Daring to Dream"; and David Antin and Virginia Maksymowicz. Presenting a balance of theoretical and performative essays by both critics and artists, this book will provide deep and discordant analyses of contemporary public art for general readers, as well as students and scholars of art, architecture, and public policy related to the arts. Most of these articles originally appeared in the journal "Critical Inquiry."


Britain and the Widening War 1915-1916: "In a series of concise, thought-provoking chapters the authors summarize – and make accessible – the latest scholarship on the middle years of the Great War – 1915 and 1916 – and cover fundamental issues that are rarely explored outside the specialist journals. Their work is an important contribution to advancing understanding of Britain's role in the war, and it will be essential reading for anyone who is keen to keep up with the fresh research and original interpretation that is transforming our insight into the impact of the global conflict. The principal battles and campaigns are reconsidered from a new perspective, but so are more general topics such as military leadership, the discord between Britain's politicians and generals, conscientious objection and the part played by the Indian Army. The longer-term effects of the war are also considered – facial reconstruction, developments in communication, female support for men on active service, grief and bereavement, the challenge to religious belief, battlefield art, and the surviving vestiges of the war." Pen & Sword, 2016

Edited by Peter Liddle
Contributors: Andrew Bamji, Clive Barrett, Nick Bosanquet, James Cooke, Emily Glass, Graeme Gooday, Adrian Gregory, Andrea Hetherington, Robert Johnson, Spencer Jones, Peter Liddle, Juliet MacDonald, Jessica Meyer, David Millichope, NS Nash, William Philpott, James Pugh, Duncan Redford, Nicholas Saunders, Gary Sheffield, Jack Sheldon, John Spencer, Kapil Subramanian.

Chapter 20, 'Drawing on the Front Line', by Juliet MacDonald, focuses on the artist Adrian Hill, later famous as a TV presenter and writer, and also as a proponent of the therapuetic value of art, said to have coined the term 'art therapy'. Hill arrived on the Western Front in July 1916 during the battle of the Somme. This chapter draws on archive material, including Hill's letters home and his drawings, to trace his experiences during his first few months of active service in the Somme region. The chapter narrates Hill's transition, during the course of the following year, from infantry corporal to an appointment as official war artist with the new National War Museum (later the Imperial War Museum).


We consider the problem of building a secure cloud storage service on top of a public cloud infrastructure where the service provider is not completely trusted by the customer. We describe, at a high level, several architectures that combine recent and non-standard cryptographic primitives in order to achieve our goal. We survey the benefits such an architecture would provide to both customers and service providers and give an overview of recent advances in cryptography motivated specifically by cloud storage.


The purpose of this study was to reveal prospective Turkish Language teachers' views on the primary level Reading and Writing course they take at university. Employing the qualitative research method, data were collected from participants by administering a semi-structured interview form with six open-ended questions that was prepared and administered to the participants by the researcher. Findings obtained were then interpreted under six individual themes. Based on the results of this research, it can be argued that the prospective teachers selected the course mostly to benefit their personal and professional development. They believed in the need to make the lesson compulsory, deemed the course effective, and they regarded using audio-visual and technology-supported materials as important. However, they faced certain problems on the course due to a number of factors stemming from the insufficiency of the physical setting and equipment, inadequacy of total course hours, special features of consonants, change of format in writing activities, characteristics of students to whom they showed their presentations, and challenges experienced in material design.


This text is a guide to the foundations of method engineering, a developing field concerned with the definition of techniques for designing software systems. The approach is based on metamodeling, the construction of a model about a collection of other models. The book applies the metamodeling approach in five case studies, each describing a solution to a problem in a specific domain. Suitable for classroom use, the book is also useful as a reference for practitioners. The book first presents the theoretical basis of metamodeling for method engineering, discussing information modeling, the potential of metamodeling for software systems development, and the introduction of the metamodeling tool ConceptBase. The second, and larger, portion of the book reports on applications of the metamodeling approach to method engineering. These detailed case studies range from telecommunication service specification, hypermedia design, and data warehousing to cooperative requirements engineering, chemical device modeling, and design of new abstraction principles of modeling languages. Although these chapters can stand alone as case studies, they also relate to the earlier theoretical chapters. The metamodeling approach described in the book is based on the Telos metamodeling language implemented by the ConceptBase system. An accompanying CD-ROM contains the ConceptBase system and a large collection of Telos metamodels discussed in the text. The CD-ROM enables readers to start directly with method engineering, from small method chunks up to complete method definitions. The complete definition of Ed Yourdon's structured analysis method is included as an instructional example. Cooperative Information Systems series


Abstract The Death Valley area of eastern California and southern Nevada has been highly influential in the development of ideas about extreme crustal extension. One of the tightest constraints on Death Valley extension is apparently provided by clasts in inferred alluvial-fan deposits of the Eagle Mountain Formation (~ 15–11 Ma) and their source in the Hunter Mountain batholith, now located > 100 km from some of the deposits. Because alluvial fans are usually less than 10–20 km in radius, the remaining separation has been interpreted as tectonic. New research reported here suggests that the Eagle Mountain Formation at its type location was deposited in a fluvial–lacustrine setting, and provides no constraint on either the magnitude or the direction of tectonic transport and/or crustal extension. Confidence in palinspastic reconstruction thus depends on resolving ambiguities in the correlation of pre-extensional markers or on the recognition of demonstrably proximal facies tectonically distributed across the region. The succession at Eagle Mountain comprises (1) diffusely stratified monolithologic carbonate breccia and sandstone (~ 140 m) onlapping Cambrian carbonate rocks at an unconformity with ~ 110–140 m of relief (fluvial or fluvially influenced); (2) ~ 10 m of tabular-bedded siltstone, diamictite, and sandstone (lacustrine); (3) cross-stratified and channelized sandstone and polymict conglomerate bearing Hunter Mountain clasts, with minor siltstone and carbonate (~ 110 m; mostly fluvial); and (4) tabular-bedded sandstone, siltstone, and minor carbonate (~ 140 m; mostly lacustrine). Eight prominent stratigraphic discontinuities mapped within the third interval are characterized by up to 15 m of local erosional relief, and by abrupt upward coarsening from siltstone or carbonate to conglomerate or sandstone. A fluvial interpretation for the same critical part of the succession is based upon the existence of the mapped surfaces; the ubiquitous development of channels, trough cross-stratification, and upward fining trends (particularly between the mapped surfaces); and the abundance of well rounded clasts in conglomerate. Paleocurrents are generally directed between southward and eastward, although with considerable dispersion, and they shift from approximately southward or southeastward in the mostly fluvial deposits to approximately eastward in the upper lacustrine interval. An unusual feature of the Eagle Mountain Formation at Eagle Mountain is the presence of five crosscutting conglomerate bodies, interpreted as vertically infilled fissures of tectonic origin. Numerous normal, reversed normal, and oblique-slip faults with up to 34 m of stratigraphic separation are thought to postdate sedimentation and tilting of the Eagle Mountain Formation after ~ 11 Ma.


Mosquitoes present a key threat to millions of people worldwide, since they are vectors for dangerous pathogens and parasites of diseases such as malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus disease. Culex quinquefasciatus is the principal vector of bancroftian filariasis and also a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley fever virus. To prevent proliferation of mosquito-borne diseases and to improve quality of environment and public health, mosquito control is essential. Plants enriched with phytochemicals are reported to possess insecticidal properties particularly mosquitocidal. Therefore, in the present study, the larvicidal efficacy of crude petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of Melia dubia and Swietenia mahagoni against Culex quinquefasciatus was studied at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L. Larval mortality was assessed 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. The results revealed that the petroleum ether leaf extract of Melia dubia and Swietenia mahagoni showed the highest larvicidal activity than the other extracts. One hundred per cent larval mortality was observed in petroleum ether extract of both plants at 500 mg/L after 48 hours. The LC50 values of crude petroleum ether leaf extract was 380.11 and 80.31; 70.51 and 52.70 mg/L after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Among the two plant species tested, Swietenia mahagoni was found to show higher activity as its LC50 value was five times less than the LC50 value of Melia dubia after 24 hours treatment. Further investigations are needed to elucidate this activity against a wide range of all stages of mosquito species and also the active ingredient(s) of the extract responsible for larvicidal activity should be identified


Surface wax of plants is the outer layer, which protects the plant from dehydration, extreme temperatures, UV radiation and changes in the environment, as well as attacks from moulds and bacteria. Studies of berry surface wax are of importance to understand metabolism character (factors affecting wax layer composition in different berry species) as well as to increase the shelf life of berries and increase the microbial resistance. The aim of this study was analysis of surface wax composition of commercially grown 8 blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties, wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.). More than 80 different compounds were identified and quantified belonging to 9 groups of compounds, namely, alkanes, phytosterols, alcohols, fatty acids, phenolic acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters and tocopherols. Significant differences were found between blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) surface wax composition. Amongst studied berries differences were found in concentrations of triterpenes (up to 62% in blueberries), and fatty acids (up to 26% in bilberries) identifying species related differences influencing associated functional properties of berry wax (antimicrobial activity, stress caused by environmental changes). Blueberry variety 'Polaris' had the highest amount of ursolic acid (9.30 g 100 g-1), alpha-amyrin (11.07 g 100 g-1) and lupeol (10.2 g 100 g-1). Research on berry surface wax composition could help reduce loss of commercially produced berries due to environmental impacts or microbial attacks, prolonging shelf life and overall quality of fruits and vegetables post-harvest.


Using the 2016 European Commission's Eurobarometer survey, this study analyzed how a multitude of factors are associated with identification and intention of following proper antibiotic treatment. Multilevel analyses showed that knowledge and information from medical professionals and mass media (individual-level predictors), and advanced access to education (a structural-level factor) are associated with identification. For intention, structural factors (Access to Information & Communications, Health & Wellness, Nutrition & Basic Medical Care) contributed significant variances to the model, in addition to the individual-level effects (sources and trust in medical professionals and mass media). Results demonstrate a need to consider these structural-level influences to shed light on the process though which antibiotic resistance preventions and interventions might impact individuals' health literacy and behavioral outcomes.


The dual issues of leadership features and innovativeness constitute an important component of the related literature along with the studies focusing on the connections between these two. The current study considers this connection with the notion that innovativeness should be included as a feature of a leader, but it also moves further by trying to understand how leadership orientations and innovativeness are patterned together within the leadership concept. To this end, the authors of the current study collect data from the top managers of businesses in the Istanbul Leather Organized Industrial Zone and perform inferential analyses. It is discovered that leadership orientations have three and that innovativeness has five distinct factors. A structural equation model that includes all of these factors together under the concept of leadership is proposed. Although all of the innovativeness factors are found to be integrated within this model, only one factor for leadership orientations – people orientation – can be integrated within the model. In other words, innovativeness can entirely be included within the proposed model of leadership, but leadership orientations can only partially be included. Most of the innovativeness factors are positively and moderately related to leadership, albeit assertiveness is not considerably favored. Overall, the emphasis appears to be on people oriented and innovative leadership.


A domino nitrosation and addition-elimination of nitroacetanilides with NaNO2 and H2SO4 has been developed to synthesize a variety of 1,4,2,5-dioxadiazine-3,6-dicarboxamides in excellent yields. The substrate scope can be extended to aryl nitromethyl ketones. A cascade reaction mechanism is proposed and the conjugated aryl moiety is considered to help stabilize the aci-nitroso species, the key intermediates in the cascade reaction. The methodology is practical and efficient because it avoids the purification of the intermediates. The nitroacetanilides were prepared from nitroacetic acid and various anilines employing DCC-DMAP as coupling reagents, and this protocol also possesses advantages like easy handling and high yields.


There has been a dramatic increase in the popularity of Container as a Service (CaaS) clouds. The CaaS multi-tier applications could be optimized by using network topology, link or server load knowledge to choose the best endpoints to run in CaaS cloud. However, it is difficult to apply those optimizations to the public datacenter shared by multi-tenants. This is because of the opacity between the tenants and the datacenter providers: Providers have no insight into tenant's container workloads and dependencies, while tenants have no clue about the underlying network topology, link, and load. As a result, containers might be booted at wrong physical nodes that lead to performance degradation due to bi-section bandwidth bottleneck or co-located container interference. We propose 'DocMan', a toolset that adopts a black-box approach to discover container ensembles and collect information about intra-ensemble container interactions. It uses a combination of techniques such as distance identification and hierarchical clustering. The experimental results demonstrate that DocMan enables optimized containers placement to reduce the stress on bi-section bandwidth of the datacenter's network. The method can detect container ensembles at low cost and with 92% accuracy and significantly improve performance for multi-tier applications under the best of circumstances.


In this paper, we propose and develop an electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) finger with bidirectional motion and its application to a flexible hand. The finger is composed of a finger tube (5 mm in diameter) and a unit of ECF jet generators (5 × 7 × 8 mm3). The ECF is a kind of functional and dielectric fluid. Its jet flow is generated between two electrodes surrounded by the ECF under the high DC voltage. The ECF jet generator can be utilized as a hydraulic pressure source for the flexible finger tube and embedded in the finger. The flexible finger tube consists of two silicone rubber chambers whose cross-section is the shape of semi-circle along its axis. In the unit, there are two ECF jet generators, each of which has two pairs of needle-ring electrodes in parallel and which are connected to each other through the common line and placed to the opposite direction for the bidirectional motion of the ECF finger. One chamber of the finger expands due to the inner pressure generated by the ECF jet and the other one as an ECF container shrinks, causing the ECF finger to bend. The suitable parameters of the flexible finger tube are obtained by optimizing the cross-sectional shapes, the thickness of the partition and the fiber interval of the finger tube. Besides, the characteristics of the ECF finger including the displacement and self-generating force are investigated by experiments. The experimental results indicate that the proposed ECF finger can realize bidirectional motions with 9.2 mm in left-displacement and 6.4 mm in right-displacement and generate the maximum force: 6.6 mN. The final application of the ECF finger to a flexible hand also clearly shows the fingers are capable of grasping and releasing the object.


We use the chemical evolution predictions of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations with our latest theoretical stellar population synthesis, photoionization, and shock models to predict the strong line evolution of ensembles of galaxies from z = 3 to the present day. In this paper, we focus on the brightest optical emission-line ratios, [N ii]/Hα and [O iii]/Hβ. We use the optical diagnostic Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich (BPT) diagram as a tool for investigating the spectral properties of ensembles of active galaxies. We use four redshift windows chosen to exploit new near-infrared multi-object spectrographs. We predict how the BPT diagram will appear in these four redshift windows given different sets of assumptions. We show that the position of star-forming galaxies on the BPT diagram traces the interstellar medium conditions and radiation field in galaxies at a given redshift. Galaxies containing active galactic nucleus (AGN) form a mixing sequence with purely star-forming galaxies. This mixing sequence may change dramatically with cosmic time, due to the metallicity sensitivity of the optical emission-lines. Furthermore, the position of the mixing sequence may probe metallicity gradients in galaxies as a function of redshift, depending on the size of the AGN narrow-line region. We apply our latest slow shock models for gas shocked by galactic-scale winds. We show that at high redshift, galactic wind shocks are clearly separated from AGN in line ratio space. Instead, shocks from galactic winds mimic high metallicity starburst galaxies. We discuss our models in the context of future large near-infrared spectroscopic surveys.


The numerous and highly diverse Antarctic benthos is subject to intense research. Much efforts were put into a comprehend picture of its composition and the distribution of species. Due to the logistic challenge experimental field work regarding the underlying forces that structure and shape these communities are rare. Here we demonstrate that computer models can help to gain insight into some of the relevant processes.Recent work has shown that iceberg scouring is the major natural disturbance mechanism for the deeper shelf benthos in Antarctica. We developed SIMBAA, a spatial explicit, individual based simulation model, to address the questions which species traits control the re-colonisation and succession patterns.From modelling results we conclude that typical succession pattern can emerge from longevity and dispersal strategy. Estimates of the regarding traits for representative members of different re-colonisation stages from field work and literature lead to a peaked diversity in the model when disturbance parameters are set analogue to natural disturbances. Other physical properties such as direction of flow and spatial intensity of disturbance are also important factors determining shape and composition of the model assemblages.


Even though the Cold War ended two decades ago, its outdated strategies continue to shape US foreign policy. Nowhere is this more evident than in the foreign relations of the United States with Latin American countries. Because US interests in the region have changed, the United States must apply new strategies to achieve its new goals. Instead of militaristic intervention and paternalism, the United States should adopt an increasingly hands-off approach as Latin American countries assert themselves more strongly in the world arena. The exception to this strategy is trade, since increasing trade in the Americas is the best way to alleviate poverty and many other problems that plague the region. Not only are paternalistic policies expensive and ineffective, but they also strengthen anti-US sentiments within the region, creating more problems than solutions. The United States should not worry that its influence is declining but instead adjust to the reality that Latin American countries deserve respect in managing their internal affairs as the United States helps them further integrate into the world community and the global economy. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] An Evolution of Interests The end of the Cold War is significant not just because communism fell in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The post-Cold War order also brought about a change of US strategic interests in Latin America. For more than four decades between the end of World War II and the demise of the Soviet Union, US policy in the region was part of a grander Cold War strategy. Policies and actions were examined and carried out in the light of the greater goal of containing and eventually defeating communism. To deal with the specter of communism, the United States often depended on the use of covert force. The best-known examples of successful US intervention in Latin America occurred in 1954, when the United States overthrew President Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala, and in 1973, when the United States encouraged the Chilean military to oust Salvador Allende, the democratically elected president of Chile. In both cases, the reason was that those leaders were too close to communism for US comfort. But with the fall of the Soviet Union, fear of communist influence in Latin America should no longer drive US policy. US goals in the region have shifted from resisting communism to promoting growth, stability, and democracy. As a result, it is not only reasonable but also necessary that the United States change its policy from interventionism and paternalism to cooperation. The United States should work with Latin American countries as equal partners in promoting the common welfare of the Western Hemisphere. Military Relations and US Paternalism US military policy toward Latin America still contains remnants of the Cold War era. As a result, the relationship between the United States and Latin America should be reformed to better suit the needs of the 21st century. The United States has and should continue to decrease its military presence in Latin America. The United States developed strong military ties in the region following World War II. Most weapons systems were either purchased from the United States or obtained from excess US stocks. The United States provided the model for training and doctrine and assumed a tutelary role which included deciding which weapons systems were transferred in order to maintain regional stability. Nowadays, when a Latin American country wants to modernize its weapons systems, Western European countries and former members of the Soviet Union regularly compete with the United States as suppliers. The sophistication, complexity, and cost of US weapons systems also exceed the needs and resources of most Latin American nations. The United States, for example, no longer produces non-nuclear submarines, opening opportunities for several western European countries that do. …


After victorious federal troops swept through southern Louisiana in 1862, the state became the testing ground for Abraham Lincoln's approach to reconstruction, and thus the focal point for the debate over post-war policy in Washington. Peyton McCrary offers a comprehensive account of the social and political upheavals in Louisiana, set against the background of a new interpretation of the revolutionary dimensions of the Civil War party system. He compares the moderate Republican regime set up by Lincoln with the antebellum social and political system, and contrasts it with the reactionary government established in 1865 under the aegis of Andrew Johnson and the Democratic Party. The author also explores the social history of the contract labor system, the evolution of the Freedmen's Bureau, and the growing participation of blacks in the Louisiana Republican movement. Drawing on extensive research in unpublished manuscripts, party records, and newspapers, and using sophisticated quantitative analysis of electoral and legislative behavior, Professor McCrary suggests a significant revision of earlier interpretations of Lincoln's reconstruction policies. He finds that the real architect of the gradualist approach with which the President was publicly identified was his commanding general in Louisiana, Nathaniel P. Banks, who was less open to the idea of Negro suffrage than was Lincoln himself.Originally published in 1979.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


▼ Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. It occurs in approximately 10–20 % of patients with diabetes, or roughly 40–50 % patients with diabetic neuropathy. However, the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathic pain is still largely unknown. Several animal models have been used to study the underlying mechanisms for this complication. Some commonly used animal models include streptozotocin-induced rat and mouse models, diet/nutrition-induced models, combination of chemicallyand nutritioninduced model, Zucker diabetic fatty rat model, type 1 insulinopenic BB/Wor and type 2 hyperinsulinemic diabetic BBZDR/Wor rat models, and transgenic/knock-out models. Even though the manifestations of diabetic neuropathic pain vary from thermal or chemical hyperalgesia, thermal or chemical hypoalgeia, allodynia, to spontaneous pain, some pathogenesis factors are shared among these symptoms. Increased AR activity, oxidative-nitrosative stress, protein kinase C, PARP and ACE activations, C-peptide defi ciency, impaired neurotrophism, and proinfl ammatory responses have been identifi ed in the development of diabetic neuropathic pain. This review discusses selected animal models for diabetic neuropathic pain, as well as some commonly shared pathways in these models. T hi s do cu m en t w as d ow nl oa de d fo r pe rs on al u se o nl y. U na ut ho riz ed d is tr ib ut io n is s tr ic tly p ro hi bi te d.