ABSTRACT Aim: Endosialin is a cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed on cells involved in the development of tumor vasculature, primarily pericytes and stromal fibroblasts. Ontuxizumab is humanized immunoglobulin G-1-kappa (IgG1/k) monoclonal antibody that is the first clinical-stage agent to target endosialin. The antibody has shown antitumor activity in a variety of models and its pharmacologic activity have shown distinct non-disease activities as compared to other anti-vascular therapies, such as no observed impact on wound healing. Methods: Patients (pts) with solid tumor who have no other appropriate treatment were eligible in the study. Each cycle consisted of four weeks. Ontuxizumab was administered weekly until disease progression or occurrence of a DLT and administered to 4 cohorts at 2, 4, 8 and 12 mg/kg weekly schedule in a stepwise dose escalation manner. Results: Fifteen pts were enrolled including three gastric cancer, two gastrointestinal stromal tumor, two breast cancer and a patient with lung cancer, malignant pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, thymic carcinoma, renal pelvis cancer and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. No DLT was observed. Treatment related adverse events were observed in 5 of 15 pts and the most common events were grade 1 constipation (two pts), grade 2 hyperkalaemia (two pts), grade 2 infusion related reaction (two pts). Cmax and AUC values of ontuxizumab after single administration increased in a dose-related manner. Mean t1/2 was 85.2 - 219 hours after multiple administrations. Human anti-human antibody was not detected. Of eight pts with stable disease, one pt with GIST after failure of imatinib and sunitinib showed tumor shrinkage by CT evaluation based on Choi's criteria at 12 mg/kg. The longest duration of ontuxizumab treatment was 32 weeks for one gastric cancer pt in 4 mg/kg. Conclusions: Ontuxizumab was well tolerated in pts with advanced solid tumors at up to 12 mg/kg. Ontuxizumab is currently being investigated in Ph2 studies for its potential treatment of melanoma, metastatic colorectal carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma. Disclosure: T. Doi: Other substantive relationships:Participant in Eisai sponsored speaker's bureau; Y. Naito: Other substantive relationships:Participant in Eisai sponsored speaker's bureau; M. Tahara: Advisory Board: Eisai; K. Nakai: Employee of Eisai. Own stock of Eisai, A. Ohtsu: Advisory Board: Eisai. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Specifically developed as a current and comprehensive look at the rapidly evolving field of deaf education, this first edition text covers a wide array of critical topics regarding deaf and hard-of-hearing education including cognition, social development, personal development, myths and misconceptions, postsecondary opportunities and employment, cochlear implants, and personnel training. Supplemented with a variety of illustrations, charts, and tables, Deaf Education in the 21st Century has been carefully written and organized to prepare today's students to work effectively with this population.


The indictment of the Milberg, Weiss firm and two of its named partners for allegedly illegal payments to lead plaintiffs stands at the intersection of important recent developments in both the expanding criminalization of corporate conduct and the federalization of corporate law. Many have noted the irony and hypocrisy of the Milberg firm's alleged use of illegal tactics to prosecute corporate illegality. However, the more important hypocrisy is that Milberg's prosecutors are essentially paying the same witness - Vogel - that Milberg is being prosecuted for paying. This case illustrates the need to need to develop coherent standards regarding payments to litigants and witnesses. These standards should take account of the incentive effects of the payments, rather than being based on a desire to discourage or encourage particular types of actions.


This paper presents two time-scale pitch-scale modification techniques to be used in speech synthesis systems. They have been applied to Microsoft's Whistler system, which is based on concatenative synthesis. Both methods are based on a source-filter model, one of them using LPC parameters and the other one using cepstral parameters. The proposed methods achieve high quality prosody modification, retain the characteristics of the donor speaker, allow for spectral manipulation (to reduce spectral discontinuities at unit boundaries), yield compact acoustic inventories and improved voiced fricatives.


George W. Bush's secretary of defense, Donald Rumsfeld, has been characterized as a "central political figure in our time." (1) He is also one of the most controversial and contentious cabinet members of the Bush administration. Analysts argue Rumsfeld is simultaneously "widely admired" and "ever so widely resented," even as critics rile charges of failed leadership against him. (2) Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona, a senior member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, which has oversight of military operations and considerable influence over the Pentagon budget, has publicly stated he has "no confidence in the defense secretary." (3) Despite these criticisms, Rumsfeld, who has been described as "one of the most high-profile, powerful and polarizing Defense secretaries since Robert McNamara in the 1960s," remains a leading advisor to the president and was tapped by President Bush for an extended tour of duty as secretary of defense in his second administration. (4) The events following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, including the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq that ensued, have catapulted Secretary Rumsfeld into the national spotlight. This attention has enabled Americans to monitor and assess his performance as secretary of defense. This article investigates the public's evaluations of Secretary Rumsfeld's job performance over time. It also seeks to explain the patterns in opinion we observe. More generally, this study assesses the degree to which the public's evaluations of key cabinet members, such as Donald Rumsfeld, impact public evaluations of the president. As a theoretical matter, we may expect that presidents, as rational actors, may act to maximize their own popularity by replacing unpopular cabinet members, but this is reasonable only if there exists a relationship between cabinet member performance ratings and presidential approval. Lacking evidence of such a direct link, it is not clear that presidents stand to benefit much from dismissing cabinet secretaries, even if they are unpopular. An alternative possibility is that presidents will not mind unpopular subordinates as their lack of popularity may deflect criticism away from the president and onto the subordinate, distancing the president from direct fallout. In both of these scenarios, however, unpopular subordinates are not, at a minimum, adversely affecting public evaluations of presidential performance. Under such circumstances, subordinates are expected to survive, whereas a president may have incentives to dismiss unpopular administration officials whose poor approval ratings hurt the president's directly. This may help to explain why Secretary Rumsfeld, for example, remains a central figure in the Bush administration despite calls for his resignation. A growing literature reflects on conditions under which principals (prime ministers, presidents) may sack agents (cabinet members) (Palmer 1995), and this study aims to present an examination of the U.S. case. Public Opinion and Donald Rumsfeld The American public's attitudes about Donald Rumsfeld have been regularly assessed by polling organizations during his tenure as secretary of defense in the George W. Bush administrations. This article examines the dynamics of public opinion toward Rumsfeld between October 2001 and January 2005. (5) Quarterly data on Rumsfeld's job approval ratings are displayed in Figure 1. The data presented reveal variation in job approval between 2001 and 2005 and also show that the public's evaluation of Rumsfeld's performance as secretary of defense has declined steadily during this period. Rumsfeld's job approval rating, which exceeded 90 percent in the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, has hovered around 50 percent in the four most recent quarters included in the analysis. In fact, Rumsfeld's job approval has declined in every quarter except two over this time period. For the first time in the series, a majority of Americans indicated they disapproved of Rumsfeld's job performance during the fourth quarter of 2004. …


Previous studies of the biological activity of melanin produced by the Antarctic black yeast Pseudonadsoniela brunnea have shown its antioxidant, stress-adaptogenic, dermatotropic, wound-healing and antibacterial effects. However, the primary physicochemical mechanisms of the system influence of melanins remain insufficiently studied. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine effects of the intragastral administration of melanin produced by the Antarctic black yeast Pseudonadsoniela brunnea on the optical properties of a protein component and an aqueous phase of rat serum. White nonbread adult male rats weighing 180–200 g were used in the experiments. The intragastric route of administration of melanin by means of soft gastric catheter at a dose of 3 mg/kg was used. Rats of the control group were administered the physiological solution in the same way. After 1 hour the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood serum was obtained for further studies. The absorption spectra of blood serum samples were recorded using Shimadzu Biospec-Mini spectrophotometer in the range of 190–1100 nm. Analysis of the absorption spectra of blood serum in a wide range from UV to near IR indicated that one hour after intragastral administration of melanin to rats at the dose of 3 mg/kg the optical properties of protein component were not changed, but the properties of the aqueous phase of the blood serum were changed due to statistically significant decrease of an amount of hydrogen bonds. Authors hypothesized that the appearance of substances that destruct the hydrogen bond network in the blood is one of the reasons for such changes. Changes of properties of water as the solvent and the structure-forming factor can have further systemic consequences due to changes in the hydration of biological polymers and low molecular weight metabolites, their solubility and intermolecular interactions, cell membrane permeability, molecular dynamics and functional activity of biomacromolecules, etc.


The expansion dynamics of ion and neutral species in laterally colliding laser produced aluminum plasmas have been investigated using time and space resolved optical emission spectroscopies and spectrally and angularly resolved fast imaging. The emission results highlight a difference in neutral atom and ion distributions in the stagnation layer where, at a time delay of 80 ns, the neutral atoms are localized in the vicinity of the target surface (<1 mm from the target surface) while singly and doubly charged ions lie predominantly at larger distances, <1.5 and <2 mm, respectively. The imaging results show that the ions were found to form a well defined, but compressed, stagnation layer at the collision front between the two seed plasmas at early times (Δt<80 ns). On the other hand, the excited neutrals were observed to form a V-shaped emission feature at the outer regions of the collision front with enhanced neutral emission in the less dense, cooler regions of the stagnation layer.


We develop computational strategies for extended maximum likelihood estimation, as defined in Rinaldo (2006), for general classes of log-linear models of widespred use, under Poisson and product-multinomial sampling schemes. We derive numerically efficient procedures for generating and manipulating design matrices and we propose various algorithms for computing the extended maximum likelihood estimates of the expectations of the cell counts. These algorithms allow to identify the set of estimable cell means for any given observable table and can be used for modifying traditional goodness-of-fit tests to accommodate for a nonexistent MLE. We describe and take advantage of the connections between extended maximum likelihood estimation in hierarchical log-linear models and graphical models.


Over its thirteen year history, the negotiated rulemaking process has yielded only thirty-five final administrative rules. By comparison, the federal government publishes over 3,000 final rules each year through the ordinary notice-and- comment process. Why have federal agencies relied so little on negotiated rulemaking? I examine this question by assessing the impact of negotiating rulemaking on its two major purposes: (1) reducing rulemaking time; and (2) decreasing the amount of litigation over agency rules. My analysis suggests that the asserted problems used to justify negotiated rulemaking have been overstated and that the limitations of negotiated rulemaking have been understated. Negotiated rulemaking by all accounts consumes more resources for agencies and stakeholders than does notice-and-comment rulemaking, yet it fails to yield any significant impact on the levels of litigation or controversy which normal rulemaking occasionally engenders. Indeed, 6 out of the 12 negotiated rules adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have resulted in court challenges, a litigation rate higher than the overall rate for EPA rules. My findings draw into question the growing call among scholars and policymakers for reforming the regulatory process to rely more extensively on formal negotiated rulemaking, suggesting that formal negotiation can actually expand the range of potential conflicts in the regulatory process rather than reduce them.


Abstract The analysis of different central nervous system regions is interesting and necessary as each one is involved in specific physiological processes and pathologies. On that matter, differences in the chemical composition between the same brain regions in different mice strains have been reported. In this sense, the development of a simple method for the identification of these regions depending on their chemical composition becomes relevant. Raman microspectroscopy, a non-destructive analytical chemical approach for biological samples, is a widely used method for qualitative, quantitative, and structural analysis in biochemical research. Ten brain structures in three different mice strains (Triple transgenic for Alzheimer Disease, 3xTgAD; Cluster 57 black 6, C57BL/6; and the Swiss strain, CD1) were analyzed, and variations among samples from several brain regions were found. Particularly, the pattern of signals from the hippocampus, the prefrontal and temporal cortices, the basal forebrain, the striatum, the cerebellum, and the hypothalamus was discernable. Interestingly, notable signals regarding non-peptide small neurotransmitters were observed, including those related to acetylcholine. These bands were present in the Raman spectra of the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex in the three mice strains, consistent with the relative abundance of this neurotransmitter in those regions. However, signals with lower intensities appeared in the basal forebrain of C57BL/6 in comparison with the same tissue of the other two strains. In addition, the Raman intensity of bands assigned to catecholamines in the striatum was lower in the 3xTgAD than those from both CD1 and C57BL/6 mice strains. This approach, as well as the reported differences, has potential application for designing analysis on specific murine models of brain diseases.


Working Women's Selection of Care for Their Infants: A Prospective Study* We interviewed 102 employed women before and after the birth of their first child to examine: (1) the influences of environmental constraints and maternal beliefs on mothers' care decisions, and (2) change in environmental constraints and beliefs. Both employmentrelated constraints and maternal beliefs were related to infant care decisions, and mothers who chose nonparental versus parent-only care differed in how their constraints and beliefs changed over time. Implications for practitioners are discussed. Key Words: child care, infants, parental beliefs. In the United States, an estimated 60% of women with children age 1 and under are working at least part time, and the large majority of these mothers select a non-maternal care arrangement for their infants (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1995). Given the importance of child care selection in the lives of mothers and their children, researchers have begun to investigate factors that influence mothers' decisions. Pungello and Kurtz-Costes ( 1999) recently reviewed this literature and proposed a theoretical model that identified three types of influences on child care search and selection behaviors: environmental constraints (e.g., need to work for income, work schedule flexibility), maternal beliefs (e.g., attitudes toward child care), and child characteristics (e.g., child's age). These authors also proposed that care selection decisions might lead mothers to change aspects of their environment as well as cause changes in maternal beliefs and attitudes. For instance, a mother who decides to stay home with her infant might arrange to work out of her home, thereby changing her work situation. This same mother might become more persuaded over time about the benefits of staying home with her infant and of the detriments of nonparental care. Thus, not only are environmental and belief factors proposed to influence care selection, but conversely, mothers' selection of infant care is hypothesized to lead to changes in their environmental constraints and beliefs. Strong empirical support for these bi-directional relationships has not yet been established due to a methodological weakness of much of the work in this area. Most of the studies that have examined this topic have employed retrospective designs. That is, because mothers' beliefs and environmental constraints have been assessed after care was selected, the direction of causality in these studies is unclear. Further, of the few studies that have employed prospective designs (e.g., NICHD, 1997), most have not examined changes in these constructs over time. Therefore, the purposes of the current study were to examine the influences of maternal factors (environmental constraints, beliefs) on infant care selection, and to document changes in those maternal factors after care selection with a prospective, longitudinal research design. We chose to focus on mothers because in the vast majority of families, it is mothers who have primary responsibility for finding and selecting nonparental care arrangements (e.g., Atkinson, 1991; Bradbard & Endsley, 1986; Clarke-- Stewart, 1993). Influences of Environmental Constraints and Beliefs on Care Selection Environmental constraints. We define environmental constraints as any characteristics of the mother's environment that constrain or limit her choices regarding infant care (cf. Cairns, McGuire, & Gariepy, 1993; Pungello & Kurtz-Costes, 1999). For working women soon to have their first child, constraints related to employment may be particularly salient. For example, if a couple relies heavily on the wife's income, it would be difficult for her to take a lengthy unpaid leave after her infant's birth. In the current study, we examine three environmental constraints that are hypothesized to influence mothers' infant care choices: income constraints, flexibility of the mother's day-to-day work schedule, and long-term career goals. …


This study describes the experiences of parents who have a child with autism. Four themes emerged from a thematic analysis of in depth interviews with eight parents. All the parents interviewed experienced a sense of isolation which often manifested itself in a reluctance to participate in social events. Also, the advent of having a child with autism impacted families in different ways, however variably all the parents described feeling overwhelmed due to the demands associated with services and care for their child. Lack of support from family, friends and school districts was noted. The study points out that it is necessary to provide continuous opportunities for parents to engage with others who have experienced the same phenomenon in order to share experiences and feel connected to one another.


Globally, disasters due to natural hazards takes an enormous toll in terms of human lives, destruction to crops and livelihoods, and economic losses. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) has therefore become a critical part of sustainable development strategies. Over the past decades, the role of healthy ecosystems in providing cheap, reliable protection against natural hazards has been increasingly recognized. However, DRR strategies based on ecosystem services are failing in many places because natural ecosystems are being degraded and destroyed. As a result, protected areas are being increasingly recognized as potential tools for their role in facilitating DRR. The following handbook provides practical guidance on the effective use of protected areas as tools to reduce the likelihood and impacts of disasters, drawing on case studies. It is aimed at DRR specialists and protected area system administrators and managers.


Diagnosis of mental illness (MI) inconsistently predicts aggressive behavior although co-occurrence of substance use appears to increase the frequency of aggression in MI populations. We propose that alcohol use should moderate the relationship between mental disorders marked by deficits in self-control and aggression and victimization. In the present study, alcohol use, physical aggression perpetration, physical aggression victimization, injury and psychiatric symptoms were assessed in a sample of 297 substance use disorder patients (102 women; Mage = 38.9, SD = 20.2) recruited from a residential treatment facility. Negative binomial regression analyses examined the relationship of physical aggression, victimization, and injury over the previous 12 months to symptoms of bipolar mania, psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and daily volume of alcohol consumed. Consistent with past research relating MI to aggression, rates of victimization were higher than rates of perpetration. Results demonstrated that alcohol use moderated the relationship of manic symptoms of bipolar disorder to perpetration of aggression and causing injury to others. Three way-interactions between gender, alcohol use, and both psychotic and ASPD symptoms were related to victimization. The combination of heavy alcohol use and increased psychotic or ASPD symptoms was related to greater victimization for women but not for men. Women with more psychotic symptoms who were heavy drinkers were also more likely to report causing injury to another person. Results were generally consistent with the multiple-thresholds model of alcohol-related aggression; however, the moderating effects of alcohol use were dependent on gender and type MI.


Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa is a single volume containing two research reports by eight authors examining policy towards misinformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. The volume first examines the teaching of 'media literacy' in state-run schools in seven Sub-Saharan African countries as of mid-2020, as relates to misinformation. It explains the limited elements of media and information literacy (MIL) that are included in the curricula in the seven countries studied and the elements of media literacy related to misinformation taught in schools in one province of South Africa since January 2020. The authors propose six fields of knowledge and skills specific to misinformation that are required in order to reduce students' susceptibility to false and misleading claims. Identifying obstacles to the introduction and effective teaching of misinformation literacy, the authors make five recommendations for the promotion of misinformation literacy in schools, to reduce the harm misinformation causes. The second report in the volume examines changes made to laws and regulations related to 'false information' in eleven countries across Sub-Saharan Africa 2016-2020 from Ethiopia to South Africa. By examining the terms of such laws against what is known of misinformation types, drivers and effects, it assesses the likely effects of punitive policies and those of more positive approaches that provide accountability in political debate by promoting access to accurate information and corrective speech. In contrast to the effects described for most recent regulations relating to misinformation, the report identifies ways in which legal and regulatory frameworks can be used to promote a healthier information environment.


Dodge City was founded in a prairie in the Southwest corner of Kansas in 1872 and was incorporated three years later. The region benefited from large buffalo herds, a nearby U. S. Army Fort, the expansion of the railroad into the area, and the lucrative cattle trade. The Westward movement of the quarantine line ended the cattle trade in Dodge City in the mid 1880s but the little city with a wicked reputation prevailed. The emphasis on agriculture increased, businesses adapted, and three of the city's proficient leaders stepped forward once again. Robert Wright, George Hoover, and Adolph Gluck were leaders in Dodge City before the end of the cattle trade and in the city's darkest hour; they remained in Dodge City, they invested and started additional businesses, and they guided the city into the Progressive Era. The development of services and modern amenities such as water, electricity, natural gas, sewer, and graded and paved streets were developed in Dodge City under the initial leadership and persistence of Wright, Hoover, and Gluck. They did not always agree on the next step the city ought to take, nor did they agree on the pace in which new developments should be leveraged against a city that suffered from indebtedness, but they were in unison on the preservation and growth of Dodge City. They were progressive, not socially, as they challenged prohibition vehemently, and not necessarily politically, as they were more concerned with municipal development and reform than they were with political strategy. These three were assisted by other notable residents such as Samuel J. Crumbine, who practiced medicine in early Dodge City, and later served as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Crumbine played an influential role in Dodge City's first city-wide sewer system at the request of Jess C. Denious, the editor of a prominent newspaper in Dodge City. Crumbine went on to publish a book, Frontier Doctor, and Denious went on to serve in the state legislature and then as Lieutenant Governor of Kansas. Wright, Hoover, and Gluck all passed by 1917, leaving behind a modern city with strong agriculture and commerce, and a growing population. Dodge City sprang up in less than half a century and became a sustainable city, a tribute to Wright, Hoover, and Gluck. An account of their progressive agendas is preserved in the city's early newspapers, which is examined in this thesis.


There is often a division between scholarly publication and activist knowledge—something that Sarah Maddison and Sean Scalmer (2005) suggest may be countered by taking the knowledge produced by activists seriously. In this interview, Simon Hunt reflects on the genesis of Pauline Pantsdown, a drag persona that he developed in the late 1990s in reaction to Australian Conservative politician Pauline Hanson, who generated controversy for her racist and divisive views. The introduction briefly considers the importance of activist accounts and contextualizes Hunt's practice in relation to arts activism and networked societies. From there, Hunt discusses a range of significant considerations for activism, notably the significance of using persona as a means for activism, the affordances and challenges of using social media, and methods for activating participation in a changing media landscape.


Competition between the spermatozoa of different males to fertilize the eggs of a single female acts as a selection pressure on the behaviour of males and females. However, quantitative predictions about behaviour can only be made if the paternity consequences of different patterns of copulation are known. Because exhaustive empirical measurement of these consequences may be impractical, interest has centred on determining the mechanisms by which sperm competition occurs, knowledge of which may allow consequences to be calculated. One method of elucidating mechanisms of sperm competition is to use mathematical models to determine which mechanisms are necessary or sufficient to account for empirical observations. We use this approach for zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata and show that empirically measured rates of disappearance of sperm from the reproductive tract, and differences in the number of sperm in the first and subsequent ejaculates of each male, are sufficient to account for observed levels of sperm precedence. Special mechanisms of sperm competition, such as displacement or stratification of sperm, are therefore unnecessary to explain sperm precedence in this species.


The growth in health inequality and the deterioration of health outcomes (evident from numerous indicators that show the lack of progress against key Millennium Development Goals) make it clear that there is a need to unify the health system, so that both public and private health-care providers can contribute to meeting South Africa's public health challenges - particularly HIV, tuberculosis, the provision of primary health care (PHC) to all and management of the growing epidemic of non-communicable diseases.
The extent to which the National Health Insurance (NHI) system will strengthen equality in health, rapidly revitalise health services and ensure sufficient funding for health is still unknown. Given the strong legal architecture in the country, it is important that existing laws and, in particular, the guidance provided by the Constitution, are harnessed towards full and effective implementation of a NHI policy that advances access to quality health services.


The impacts of plantation forest management on soil C stocks in New Zealand need to be better understood for the purposes of C accounting under the Kyoto Protocol. We investigated the impacts of three harvest residue management treatments on C and N stocks in a scoriaceous forest soil: whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal, whole-tree harvesting, and stem-only harvesting. Volumetric samples were collected from the forest floor and three mineral soil depth increments (0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.3 m) 16 to 17 yr after harvesting. Both fine ( 2-mm) fractions of the mineral soil were analyzed. No significant impacts on stocks of C and N were observed in the mineral soil fine fraction. Averaged across treatments, the 0- to 0.3-m mineral soil coarse fraction contained 5.2 ± 0.52 Mg C ha -1 , representing 25% of total mineral soil C, with most derived from the fine-earth-coated scoria gravel. The inclusion of the coarse fraction stocks enabled the detection of significant treatment effects. Stem-only harvesting (residue retention) had significantly larger C stocks in the 0- to 0.1-m total mineral soil (fine + coarse fractions), forest floor, and total soil (forest floor + 0-0.3-m total mineral soil) pools than whole-tree harvesting (residue removal) plus forest floor removal. We recommend the retention of both harvest residues and forest floor materials for the maintenance of soil C stocks in plantation forests. Detection of residue management impacts on C stocks in soils with vesicular gravels may require analysis of the coarse fraction.


The purpose of the present study was to test the potential of an MSC (mesenchymal stem cell)/PDO/PVA [polydioxanone/poly(vinyl alcohol)] hybrid scaffold construct to repair cartilage defects. For the in vitro study, MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow and cultured in PDO/PVA scaffolds for 4 weeks. Gross and microscopic examinations were performed, as well as RT‐PCR (reverse‐transcription PCR) analyses for cartilage‐specific genes. For the in vivo study, MSCs isolated from rabbits were cultured in the PDO/PVA scaffolds and tissue‐engineered into neocartilage, then implanted into the osteochondral defect on the distal femur of the same rabbits. Gross and histological evaluations were performed at 8 weeks after the implantation. The results of the in vitro study demonstrated that the physical stability of the cell‐cultured hybrid scaffold was maintained until 4 weeks after initial placement. Scanning electronmicroscopy indicated the infiltration of the cells into, and appropriate interactions with, the scaffolds. RT‐PCR showed an expression of cartilage‐specific genes similar to that seen with pellet‐cultured MSCs. From the in vivo study, the defect area of the experimental group showed smooth consistent glistening white tissue resembling articular cartilage, whereas the control group showed a red irregular tissue with surface depression. The regenerated cartilage of the experimental group showed metachromasia on both Safranin‐O and dense staining for type II collagen, whereas the control group showed little metachromatic staining and less intense staining for type II collagen. A histological score of the quality of cartilage formation indicated that the MSC/PDO/PVA hybrid scaffold successfully produced neocartilage in vitro and enhanced the repair of the osteochondral defect in vivo. Further in vivo studies will be necessary to elucidate further the value of PDO/PVA as a scaffold material for cartilage regeneration.


Recent analytical work has focused on exchange-rate regimes" and their general and specific consequences for growth and stability. Although significant progress has been made in formulating taxonomies of regimes, general consensus on which regimes are likely to prove optimal for given economies has proven elusive. In recent years, the five Andean economies have adapted a variety of exchange-rate regimes. Their experience appears to support the view that the most convenient exchange-rate regimes are those that afford policymakers sufficient freedom of maneuver to adjust their policies in response to evolving emphases on stability and growth objectives. That is, "intermediate", relatively flexible, regimes seem generally preferable to "polar" regimes that leave no scope for policy intervention. Bolivia and Peru, and more recently Colombia, have been able to secure a high degree of price-level and exchange-rate stability through disciplined monetary policy and exchange-rate management under flexible regimes. In Ecuador, dollarization has brought about price stability but aggravated competitiveness problems. Venezuela has had to adjust its fixed exchange rate repeatedly, although clearly this economy's difficulties go far beyond its exchange-rate regime. The different economies' different exchange-rate regimes have led to haphazard consequences for their bilateral trade relationships, and this appears to have significantly affected interregional trade."


The present theses discusses the development, technical design and realization as well as the read-out electronics of a detection system for the identification and tracking of low energy spectator protons. With the knowledge of the four-momentum of such spectator protons it will be possible to use deuterium as an effective neutron target. Previous measurements with an early version of the detection system have already shown that this method works quite well to investigate for instance the omega or eta-meson production in proton-neutron collisions. Moreover, after the completion and installation of the polarized internal target (PIT) at ANKE, it will be even possible to engage in that field with double polarized experiments. To increase the luminosity the polarized target is equipped with an extended target cell. The described detection-system will provide the vertex reconstruction for this extended interaction region. In addition, it will act as an independent beam polarimeter at ANKE. The detection system consists of three layers of double-sided silicon strip detectors which are arranged in a telescope structure and placed inside the accelerator vacuum as close as 2 cm to the interaction region. The modular design of the electronics and the support structures for the detectors allows one to exchange detectors and electronics in a maximum flexible way. In a minimum configuration the telescope is equipped with two detectors, a thin (69 um) double-sided Silicon strip detector as a first layer and a very thick (>=5 mm) double-sided micro-structured Lithium-drifted Silicon detector as a second layer. With this arrangement it is possible to track and identify protons in a kinetic energy range from 2.5 MeV to 25 MeV. For deuterons this range for such a telescope configuration is from 4 MeV to 34 MeV$. The performance concerning the energy determination and tracking is shown based on data taken during a beam-time in November of 2003. With the existing setup an energy resolution of 120 keV for the 69 um thick first detection layer could be achieved. The proton-deuteron separation was in the order of 3.8 sigma. First results of the measurements of the analyzing powers Ay and Ayy for the reaction dp -> dp as well as Ay for the reactions dp -> (pp)n and dp -> (np)p are presented to demonstrate the possible applications of the detection-system.


This dissertation examines aspects of networking, industrial organisation, innovation, and industrial agglomeration in the Irish furniture manufacturing industry. With its focus on firm behaviour, industrial organisation and industrial structure the research is located within the tradition of industrial economics.

Based on heterodox economic perspectives and utilising a variety of methods (albeit principally case study based), the dissertation provides new theoretical and empirical knowledge on this under-researched, resilient, predominantly Irish-owned and geographically dispersed low and medium technology industry. The dissertation consists of four thematically homogenous papers, the theme being the industrial economics of the furniture industry in Ireland.

The first paper, based on a case study of a network of three furniture firms, differentiates between two main situations in terms of the evolution of trust: where firms are geographically clustered and where they are spatially dispersed.

The second paper examines the development of the Irish furniture industry in the context of policy changes, and compares two different forms of industrial organisation in the furniture industry, the wooden furniture industrial district in County Monaghan and the TORC network in Dublin, Wicklow and Cork.

The third paper, drawing on case studies of four firms, examines the changing nature of embeddedness and innovation for Irish low-tech firms, focusing primarily on the furniture industry but also including data on another low-tech sector – fabricated metal products – as a comparison.

The final paper, using the methodology of standardised location quotients, addresses whether or not there is evidence of industrial agglomeration in the Irish furniture industry.

Findings and implications of the research are drawn together in the conclusion.


INTRODUCTION Whether it was O.J. Simpson, Casey Anthony, or Scott Peterson, history has shown that Americans love an exciting criminal trial. As a result, in the United States, the coverage and analysis of high-publicity criminal cases is ever-growing, creating many opportunities for attorneys to work in media as legal commentators. The term "legal commentator" has no precise definition, but generally entails attorneys making statements in the media that contain legal analysis. When attorneys speak in the media they simultaneously act in two roles: as a licensed attorney who has professional responsibilities and as a journalist who must meet viewership requirements. These two different roles can have countervailing interests and values. The legal profession may demand that an attorney's speech educate the public and promote respect for the judicial system, while the media may demand easily digestible soundbites that boost ratings. In this media context, the legal profession must consider how to best ensure that attorneys provide ethical legal commentary regarding the criminal justice system. To better demonstrate how a legal commentator can face the temptation to provide style over substance at the expense of the legal system, consider the example of Wendy Murphy. Murphy, a former prosecutor and adjunct professor at New England School of Law, became a prolific presence on television talk shows during the prosecution of multiple Duke University lacrosse players for an alleged rape. Throughout the case, Murphy provided outrageous commentary that was strongly slanted toward the prosecution. For example, over the course of several different guest appearances, Murphy referred to the defendants as rapists; speculated, without evidence, that one or more of the defendants had been molested as a child; and dismissed evidence that the defendants had good disciplinary records at school by responding that "Hitler never beat his wife either . . . So what?" Furthermore, Murphy even questioned the presumption of innocence (one of the most important tenets of U.S. criminal law) by stating, "I'm really tired of people suggesting that you're somehow un-American if you don't respect the presumption of innocence because you know what that sounds like to a victim? Presumption you're a liar." By providing headline-worthy but legally-deficient commentary, Murphy's behavior epitomizes why the legal profession needs to confront the ethical issues that attorneys face when speaking in the media. The American Bar Association ("ABA") addressed the issue of legal commentary ethics in 2013 when it adopted its first-ever criminal justice ethical ∗I would like to thank Professor Bruce Green for his invaluable help and guidance while advising me on this Note, the IPLJ Editorial Board and staff for their hard work, and my family for their support. standards for legal commentators (the "2013 Standards"). The 2013 Standards provide ethical guidance to legal commentators by explaining how a commentator can become competent to provide commentary on a given case, what conflicts a commentator should disclose, and what types of comments a commentator should avoid making. However, the 2013 Standards do not go far enough and could benefit from certain clarifications. First, the 2013 Standards do not define "legal commentator," leaving room for interpretation as to what types of attorneys qualify as commentators. Second, the 2013 Standards limit what statements qualify as commentary, excluding certain types of statements that could nevertheless cause harm to individuals, the public, and the legal system generally. Third, the 2013 Standards do not encourage commentators to avoid inflicting unnecessary reputational harm on individuals involved in criminal litigation (such as defendants or subjects of investigation), despite the great damage that such commentary can cause. Voluntary standards should broadly construe who qualifies as a legal commentator and what qualifies as legal commentary, and such standards should address the dangers of unnecessary reputational harm caused by legal commentary. Part I of this Note will explore the media's impact on the criminal justice system, explain what makes legal commentators different from other journalists, and discuss the history of regulation of legal commentators. Part II will discuss how voluntary codes have, and have not, addressed who qualifies as legal commentators, what qualifies as legal commentary, and what should be done about the risks of causing unnecessary reputational harm. Part III will explain why expanding the reach of voluntary standards is important. It will propose that the ABA apply its new ethical standards for legal commentators more broadly by adding an inclusive definition of legal commentator and applying the standards to all legal analysis provided by a commentator. Part III will also suggest that voluntary standards should encourage commentators to avoid causing reputational harm when their commentary has no countervailing educational purpose, and that the ABA add such language to its standards. Part IV concludes.


A circular Nim game is a two player impartial combinatorial game consisting of  $n$ stacks of tokens placed in a circle. A move consists of choosing $k$ consecutive stacks, and taking at least one token from one or more of the $k$ stacks.  The last player able to make a move wins.  We prove results on the structure of the losing positions for small $n$ and $k$ and pose some open questions for further investigations.


The glacial history of the continental shelf in the southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica, is poorly known. Sparse multibeam data collected on previous expeditions from the outer, middle and inner shelf parts of Filchner Trough and along the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf front revealed the presence of subglacial bedforms in the Filchner, Ronne and Hughes bathymetric troughs, while highly consolidated diamictons recovered in cores elsewhere from the Weddell Sea shelf were classified as subglacial tills. These findings were interpreted as evidence for the widespread presence of grounded ice both in the troughs and on shallower shelf banks during the younger geological past, probably at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ca. 19-23 ka BP). In contrast, cosmogenic surface exposure ages of erratics collected from nunataks in the hinterland of the Weddell Sea embayment indicated that the LGM ice sheet could not have been thick enough to cause its grounding in the deeper parts of the Filchner and Ronne palaeo-ice stream troughs. Resolving these contradicting reconstructions is crucial, however, for a correct estimation of the ice volume stored in Antarctica during the LGM and for deciphering whether the Antarctic Ice Sheet was the main contributor for the rapid, drastic global sea-level rise of meltwater pulse 1A (MWP-1a; ca. 14.5 ka BP) during the last deglaciation.
In order to solve this problem multibeam swath bathymetry data (ATLAS Hydrosweep DS3), acoustic subbottom profiles (ATLAS Parasound P-70) and marine sediment cores were collected from the East and West Antarctic continental shelves in the southern Weddell Sea during RV "Polarstern" expedition PS96 in Dec 2015-Feb 2016. Despite severe sea-ice conditions that hampered multibeam surveys and coring operations a previously unknown grounding zone wedge (GZW) within the outer shelf part of Filchner Trough could be mapped and sampled with two gravity cores. Morphology and acoustic stratigraphy of the GZW suggest that this feature marks the maximum extent of the Filchner palaeo-ice stream at the LGM rather than the position of a grounding-line stillstand during ice stream retreat from the shelf edge. In addition, hydroacoustic data and seabed images (Ocean Floor Observation System) acquired from other areas of the continental shelf reveal the strong control of seabed substrate and tidal currents on the orientation and shape of iceberg furrows. Here we present a collection of the new geomorphological and geological data and discuss their significance for bedform genesis and Antarctic Ice Sheet history.


This thesis investigates the ways in which scientific and technical information are used to challenge policies regarding development in landslide-prone areas in Seattle, Washington. It examines the values that underlie actor arguments within those challenges, using the theoretical lens of Science, Technology, and Society. Twelve case studies are selected from a set of 90 permitting appeals, court cases, and growth management hearings board appeals between the years of 1990 and 2015, and analyzed to identify the complex ways in which scientific information is used to further actor positions. A narrative analysis approach is used to analyze the case studies, archived news coverage, and interviews with geologists and planners in order to identify actor values and narratives. The results of this project suggest that, despite the science-centered arguments of developers and government, actor decisions are highly influenced by values. Neighbors who oppose development draw their arguments from aesthetic values; developers draw their arguments from values that center on property rights and right to accept risk; and all actors, including government, base arguments on potential economic gains or losses. What can be concluded is that despite hillside development policy being based upon science and technical knowledge, actor arguments and concerns are often based upon values, which cannot be articulated through science and technical information. Though well-resourced actors can influence policy through the leveraging of science and technical information, the prominence of values in debates about landslide regulation indicate that science-based policy approaches that do not consider values may encounter more challenges from the public.


I. INTRODUCTION The treatment of religion by civic authorities today is a product of their respective histories and cultures. In almost every country in the industrialized world, however, there is a strong long-term trend from a close association between politics and religion to separation of the two. A series of debates in seventeenth century Britain contributed to this process. In ancient times, religion and the state were closely related. In ancient Greece, Socrates chose to die rather than accept the gods as defined by the state of Athens. Rome required of all its citizens at least a formal acknowledgement of its gods. From the fourth century onwards, with the enthronement of Constantine as emperor, Christianity was elevated to the status of state religion and enjoyed this position in virtually all of the political entities of eastern and western Europe for nearly seventeen hundred years. The close association of Christianity and the state survived major fractures within the Christian community, including the split between East and West, which became definitive in the eleventh century,1 as well as the divisions resulting from the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. In both cases, the new dispositions still assured a privileged civic status for the Christian religion, although they introduced diversity in terms of the versions so privileged. Radical change only came with the United States Constitution, which provided for the separation of religion and the state. More radical forms of separation were implemented later in Latin America, as a result of anticlericalism, and in Eastern Europe, under the influence of the atheist tenets of Marxist-Leninism. Today, responding to the growing acceptance of international human rights instruments, the growth of secularist rather than religious beliefs in the West, worldwide population movements that have resulted in religiously diverse societies, and the demise of most militantly atheist regimes, many countries are seeking to assure freedom of religion and belief in their societies. In practice, this is resulting in increasing separation of religion and state, although not necessarily following the United States model. The history of these changes provides some fascinating episodes in the search for ways to accommodate religious diversity. In his 1960 report to the United Nations on religious freedom, the Indian scholar Arcot Krishnaswami reports that twenty-three centuries ago, King Asoka, patron of Buddhism, recommended tolerance to his subjects, on the grounds that [a]cling thus, we contribute to the progress of our creed by serving others. Acting otherwise, we harm our own faith, bringing discredit upon the others. He who exalts his own belief, discrediting all others, does so surely to obey his religion with the intention of making a display of it. But behaving thus, he gives it the hardest blows. And for this reason concord is good only in so far as all listen to each other's creeds, and love to listen to them. It is the desire of the king, dear to the gods, that all creeds be illumined and they profess pure doctrines.2 More recently, in 1998, through the International Religious Freedom Act (the "IRFA"),3 the United States government adopted another approach to the promotion of religious freedom. The IRFA makes the enforcement of religious freedom through various diplomatic and economic measures a major component of the foreign policy of the United States, the world's most powerful nation. No other nation has yet taken such a position. These two approaches, namely that of Krishnaswami and the United States Government, are very different in time and tone. The first emphasizes the need for the community to examine, debate, and accept common rules,4 and the full title of the Act reads "An Act to establish an Office of Religious Persecution Monitoring, to provide for the imposition of sanctions against countries engaged in a pattern of religious persecution and for other purposes. …


Approximately sixty percent of the undiscovered oil and fifty percent of the undiscovered gas probably lies in the sedimentary basins offshore Alaska (USGS 1980). Because of this hydrocarbon potential, both domestic and international oil companies have been actively exploring for oil and gas in the offshore regions of the Arctic since the early 1970's. As part of this exploration effort, the oil companies have been constructing fill islands capable of resisting both global and local ice movements since 1973. Sacrificial beach, earth berm and sheet-pile and concrete caisson-retained fill islands have emerged as viable drilling platforms for exploration in the offshore Arctic basins.


From the Publisher:
The MPEG standards are an evolving set of standards for video and audio compression. MPEG 7 technology covers the most recent developments in multimedia search and retreival, designed to standardise the description of multimedia content supporting a wide range of applications including DVD, CD and HDTV.
Multimedia content description, search and retrieval is a rapidly expanding research area due to the increasing amount of audiovisual (AV) data available. The wealth of practical applications available and currently under development (for example, large scale multimedia search engines and AV broadcast servers) has lead to the development of processing tools to create the description of AV material or to support the identification or retrieval of AV documents. Written by experts in the field, this book has been designed as a unique tutorial in the new MPEG 7 standard covering content creation, content distribution and content consumption. At present there are no books documenting the available technologies in such a comprehensive way.
Presents a comprehensive overview of the principles and concepts involved in the complete range of Audio Visual material indexing, metadata description, information retrieval and browsingDetails the major processing tools used for indexing and retrieval of images and video sequencesIndividual chapters, written by experts who have contributed to the development of MPEG 7, provide clear explanations of the underlying tools and technologies contributing to the standardDemostration software offering step-by-step guidance to the multi-media system components and eXperimentation model (XM) MPEG reference softwareCoincides with the release of the ISO standard in late 2001.
A valuable reference resource for practising electronic and communications engineers designing and implementing MPEG 7 compliant systems, as well as for researchers and students working with multimedia database technology.


There is a growing body of research examining psychosocial aspects of diabetes. Relatively few studies, however, have investigated a theoretical framework to help integrate empirical knowledge. This study tested the utility of an expanded health belief model for explaining regimen adherence among Type II Diabetes patients. Furthermore,
the study examined differences between Maltese Australian people and Anglo-Saxon Australian people. A paper and pencil questionnaire was administered to 147 people
with Type II Diabetes who attended Diabetes Australia in Sunshine, Western Metropolitan Melbourne. The questionnaire measured adherence to diabetes medication, dietary treatment adherence, adherence to home blood glucose monitoring, 'perceived susceptibility and severity of diabetes and its complications', 'perceived benefits and
barriers to carrying out treatment', 'health locus of control', 'attitudes toward doctors', 'beliefs about food', and demographic factors. Health beliefs predicted dietary treatment adherence. There were predictive relationships found between health beliefs and ethnic differences were evident. A new 'Diabetes Dietary Adherence Model' emerged from the findings, which may assist in re-directing patient education programs.


This paper deals with particle deposition onto solid walls from turbulent flows. The aim of the study is to model particle deposition in industrial flows, such as the one in gas turbines. The numerical study has been carried out with a two fluid approach. The possible contribution to the deposition from Brownian diffusion, turbulent diffusion and shear-induced lift force are considered in the study. Three types of turbulent two-phase flows have been studied: turbulent channel flow, turbulent flow in a bent duct and turbulent flow in a turbine blade cascade. In the turbulent channel flow case, the numerical results from a two-dimensional code show good agreement with numerical and experimental results from other resources. Deposition problem in a bent duct flow is introduced to study the effect of curvature. Finally, the deposition of small particles on a cascade of turbine blades is simulated. The results show that the current two fluid models are capable of predicting particle deposition rates in complex industrial flows.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


Paul Glowaski, Garden Director for the Homeless Garden Project in Santa Cruz, California, was born in 1979 in Fort Wayne, Indiana. During the summers, he helped on his grandfather's grain and cattle farm. Glowaski studied Latin American history at DePauw University in Indiana, and traveled to Mexico as part of a delegation of college students to Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas shortly after the Zapatista uprising. He was part of the Chiapas Media Project in the Mexico Solidarity Network. His experiences with farmers in Chiapas affected him deeply. After graduation, Glowaski joined Americorps' National Civilian Community Corps, and worked with people who are homeless. He continued this work at the Committee on Temporary Shelter in Burlington, Vermont. Interested in urban agriculture because it offered self-sufficiency and food security to those in low-income communities, Glowaski decided to pursue training in organic farming, embarking on a path that led first to an organic farm in Kentucky, then to an apprenticeship at the Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, and finally to his current position at the Homeless Garden Project. The Homeless Garden Project runs a two-acre market farm in Santa Cruz that trains low-income and homeless community members in sustainable agriculture, also supporting a CSA that provides organic fruits and vegetables to Santa Cruz County residents. As farm manager of the Homeless Garden Project, Glowaski brings together his passions for economic, social, ecological, and food justice. With his friend Cooper Funk, Glowaski also runs Urban Eggs, a consulting business that teaches city residents how to raise chickens in their backyards. This interview with Paul Glowaski was conducted by Irene Reti on February 9, 2009 in the Regional History offices at McHenry Library, UC Santa Cruz.


This paper seeks to explore the experiences and perceptions of international, non-EU students at the Dublin Institute of Technology. My interest in the subject derives from my work as a lecturer at a college with an increasing number of international students and from my participation as a student on a course which made me appreciate the value of a diverse student and lecturer body. The sample of the survey I carried out included international students and lecturers at one campus of the Dublin Institute of Technology. While the results indicated that international students are just as heterogeneous as Irish students, they are faced with specific problems deriving from difficulty with language, differences in academic culture and segregation from the Irish students. They are also subjected to discrimination and racism, which is often not expressed explicitly and therefore hard to challenge. Because of falling numbers of Irish students, institutions of higher education have increasingly become dependent on the recruitment of international students, but do not appreciate the educational benefits of a diverse student population. The revenue generated by the international students does not correspond to an adequate infrastructure of support and services. The lack of acknowledgement by the institution corresponds with the failure to recognise the international students as an integral part of life on campus. As a consequence the international students expressed the feeling of being ignored and neglected. As Irish students were not part of the survey their attitude could be deducted only from how the international students perceived them. The fact that the majority of lecturers regarded international students as an asset gives an indication of the hidden potential of diversity. The detailed suggestions of both students and lecturers could help to improve the situation and to create the conditions for an intercultural campus. In addition, the institution needs to develop policy guidelines and codes of practice for the development of awareness of diversity issues and recognition of the value of a diverse student population.


Conventional wisdom has it that inventory investment destabilizes the economy because it is procyclical to sales. Khan and Thomas (2007) show that the conventional wisdom is wrong in a general equilibrium (S,s) model with capital. We argue that their finding is not robust—the conventional wisdom can still hold in general equilibrium if firms can adjust output by varying the capacity utilization rate. Our result also holds true if there exist investment adjustment costs. Unlike the existing (S,s) inventory literature that relies on the Krusell-Smith (1998) numerical solution methods, we characterize (S,s) inventory policies in closed form despite the large state space in our general equilibrium model. Standard log-linearization methods can be used to solve the model and generate impulse response functions.>


In this paper we study the Steiner tree problem over a dynamic set of terminals. We consider the model where we are given an n-vertex graph G=(V,E,w) with positive real edge weights, and our goal is to maintain a tree which is a good approximation of the minimum Steiner tree spanning a terminal set S ⊆ V, which changes over time. The changes applied to the terminal set are either terminal additions (incremental scenario), terminal removals (decremental scenario), or both (fully dynamic scenario). Our task here is twofold. We want to support updates in sublinear o(n) time, and keep the approximation factor of the algorithm as small as possible. We show that we can maintain a (6+ε)-approximate Steiner tree of a general graph in ~O(√n log D) time per terminal addition or removal. Here, strecz denotes the stretch of the metric induced by G. For planar graphs we achieve the same running time and the approximation ratio of (2+ε). Moreover, we show faster algorithms for incremental and decremental scenarios. Finally, we show that if we allow higher approximation ratio, even more efficient algorithms are possible. In particular we show a polylogarithmic time (4+ε)-approximate algorithm for planar graphs. One of the main building blocks of our algorithms are dynamic distance oracles for vertex-labeled graphs, which are of independent interest. We also improve and use the online algorithms for the Steiner tree problem.


During the past five years the Bayesian deep learning community has developed increasingly accurate and efficient approximate inference procedures that allow for Bayesian inference in deep neural networks. However, despite this algorithmic progress and the promise of improved uncertainty quantification and sample efficiency there are---as of early 2020---no publicized deployments of Bayesian neural networks in industrial practice. In this work we cast doubt on the current understanding of Bayes posteriors in popular deep neural networks: we demonstrate through careful MCMC sampling that the posterior predictive induced by the Bayes posterior yields systematically worse predictions compared to simpler methods including point estimates obtained from SGD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that predictive performance is improved significantly through the use of a "cold posterior" that overcounts evidence. Such cold posteriors sharply deviate from the Bayesian paradigm but are commonly used as heuristic in Bayesian deep learning papers. We put forward several hypotheses that could explain cold posteriors and evaluate the hypotheses through experiments. Our work questions the goal of accurate posterior approximations in Bayesian deep learning: If the true Bayes posterior is poor, what is the use of more accurate approximations? Instead, we argue that it is timely to focus on understanding the origin of the improved performance of cold posteriors.


The Copley Medal is awarded to Professor A. F. Huxley, F. R. S. A. F. Huxley has made outstanding contributions to our knowledge of the nerve impulse and of the mechanism by which muscle fibres are caused to contract. Jointly with Hodgkin, he introduced the powerful method of intracellular recording from nerve cells and showed that during the propagation of an impulse the membrane potential reverses its sign, and does not simply fall towards zero as had been widely believed. This work – interrupted by the 1939–45 war, but later resumed – led to the proposal that the impulse arises from a transient influx of sodium ions through the axon membrane. The 'ionic theory' of nervous conduction was then established by a series of convincing experiments and calculations for which Huxley later shared the Nobel Prize. Huxley next turned his attention to the mechanism of muscular contraction. He equipped himself for this purpose by inventing a new type of interference microscope. In experiments on living isolated muscle fibres, Huxley showed that contraction is accompanied by a shortening of the isotropic band of each sarcomere, while the remaining portion (the anisotropic band) retains approximately constant length. His findings complemented the important ultrastructural studies of H. E. Huxley and led them both to propose a 'sliding filament' mechanism as the basis of muscular motion. During further microscopic observations on the living muscle fibre, A. F. Huxley produced most striking evidence on the way in which an excitatory potential change of the surface membrane is communicated, through local tubular channels, to the interior of the fibre where it activates the contractile elements. In his most recent work, A. F. Huxley has continued to develop his single-fibre technique to resolve even finer details of the dynamic changes which occur during muscular activity. His work is characterized by a rare combination of profound theoretical insight, mathematical skill and superb technical mastery, all of which has enabled him to select problems of first-rate importance and to pursue them with outstanding success.


In this paper, we study the problem of escaping from saddle points in smooth nonconvex optimization problems subject to a convex set $\mathcal{C}$. We propose a generic framework that yields convergence to a second-order stationary point of the problem, if the convex set $\mathcal{C}$ is simple for a quadratic objective function. Specifically, our results hold if one can find a $\rho$-approximate solution of a quadratic program subject to $\mathcal{C}$ in polynomial time, where $\rho<1$ is a positive constant that depends on the structure of the set $\mathcal{C}$. Under this condition, we show that the sequence of iterates generated by the proposed framework reaches an $(\epsilon,\gamma)$-second order stationary point (SOSP) in at most $\mathcal{O}(\max\{\epsilon^{-2},\rho^{-3}\gamma^{-3}\})$ iterations. We further characterize the overall complexity of reaching an SOSP when the convex set $\mathcal{C}$ can be written as a set of quadratic constraints and the objective function Hessian has a specific structure over the convex $\mathcal{C}$. Finally, we extend our results to the stochastic setting and characterize the number of stochastic gradient and Hessian evaluations to reach an $(\epsilon,\gamma)$-SOSP.


This ethnographic study is concerned with the relationship dynamics between groups jointly tasked with decision making. It seeks to answer the general question: what are the main relationship drivers and influences at work during the process of inter group activity? The research examines the issues surrounding the inter group relationship. How are
relationships between the groups formed and maintained and how do they impact the efficacy of the inter group decision process? What makes the inter group relationship in
organisational decision making work at a practical level? The work lies within, and makes a contribution to, the areas of social and management psychology. In commercial entities, where a Board comprising executive and non-executive members is charged with strategic decision making, a client/advisor relationship often exists with another group. In the situation researched, one group has the ultimate responsibility for making the decisions
whilst a second group is tasked with identifying the requirement for a decision, information gathering, the search for alternatives and the recommendation to the Decision Group. This particular situation is not uncommon within limited companies, partnerships, listed companies and a range of other organisations and is the situation within the research organisation. Successful and effective decision making is an essential ingredient of organisational management. The result of a set of dysfunctional relationships and inefficient processes can be terminal to the organisation. An understanding ofthe
relationship dynamics at work improves the decision process and enables managers to identify those negative elements that may compromise efficacy. Additionally, the research
conclusions have implications for group recruitment and group training. The research deals with individuals, their actions and their thought processes, both conscious and
unconscious. The conceptual framework for the research centers upon the relationship dynamics and relationship overlap between the individuals that are members ofboth
groups. The subject and circumstances lend themselves to qualitative research methodology and interpretive ethnography is the approach chosen and is seen as a useful
counterbalance and addition to the considerable amount of empirical work on group dynamics available to researchers. An additional dimension is added by the position ofthe
researcher as both an insider in the organisation and that organisation's Chief Executive. This poses certain ethical issues which are addressed within the thesis and also illustrates and proposes the use of insider interpretive ethnography as a powerful management tool for newly appointed senior managers and organisational leaders. The qualitative interview is the primary method of data gathering, however, a number of ethnographic methods are
employed, including the extensive use of observation field notes. The research is directly grounded in the area of inter group relations and the findings show the direct importance oft he sharing dynamics of fate, motivation, values and understanding to the inter group relationship and the impacts upon trust within and between groups. The role of group leadership is examined and its significant impact on the inter group relationships is proposed. The research provides a further example ofthe use of interpretive ethnography by an organisational insider.


Industry largely underestimates the critical societal need to embody the highest levels of security in every network-connected device—every child's toy, every household's appliances, and every industry's equipment. High development and maintenance costs have limited strong security to high-cost or highmargin devices. Our group has begun a research agenda to bring high-value security to low-cost devices. We are especially concerned with the tens of billions of devices powered by microcontrollers. This class of devices is particularly ill-prepared for the security challenges of internet connectivity. Insufficient investments in the security needs of these and other price-sensitive devices have left consumers and society critically exposed to device security and privacy failures. This paper makes two contributions to the field of device security. First, we identify seven properties we assert are required in all highly secure devices. Second, we describe our experiment working with a silicon partner to revise one of their microcontrollers to create a prototype, highly secure microcontroller. Our experimental results suggest that in the near future even the most price-sensitive devices should be redesigned to achieve the high levels of device security critical to society's safety. While our first experimental results are promising, more ongoing research remains and we seek to enlist the broader security community in a dialog on device security.


Eucalyptus gomphocephala DC (tuart) is a woodland tree endemic to the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. The species is of importance for ecological, economic and cultural values. However, E. gomphocephala is in severe decline and the cause of the decline is poorly understood. Due to their important role in ecosystem function, mycorrhizal fungi are hypothesized to play a role in the health status of E. gomphocephala. Recently a fungal pathogen, Phytophthora multivora has been implicated in tree decline.

In vitro and glasshouse trials were conducted to examine the impact of P. multivora on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and E. gomphocephala seedlings. Phytophthora multivora was negatively affected by Pisolithus albus (Cooke and Massee) Priest and a Pisolithus sp., and the ECM fungi were not/or only slightly impacted by P. multivora. The ECM fungal inoculation did not increase shoot growth of E. gomphocephala seedlings in the presence of P. multivora, however, root growth increased and shoots appeared healthy throughout the trial.

Intact soil cores for bioassay were collected from 12 sites with E. gomphocephala canopy condition ranging from healthy to declining. Sites were classified into three classes; healthy, moderately healthy and declining based on total crown health index. In each site, four trees were randomly selected and eight intact soil cores (0 - 20 cm depth) were collected. Soil samples for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi spore assessment and chemical analysis were collected adjacent to the intact soil core. Sites differed for seventeen soil chemistry parameters, and nine variables measured were significantly related to the canopy condition of E. gomphocephala in the field. Although spore density of AM fungi differed between the sites there was no relationship between spores and canopy condition of E. gomphocephala.

A bioassay pot experiment with E. gomphocephala as the trap plant was set up using intact soil cores to evaluate inoculum potential of mycorrhizal fungi. Soil cores for AM fungi spore assessment were taken one month prior to harvest and plants were harvested at seven months. Roots were assessed for mycorrhizal colonization and the relationship between mycorrhizal colonization and crown health was evaluated. ECM fungi colonization dominated seedling roots produced in soils taken from under healthy canopies whereas AM fungi dominated seedling roots in soils taken from under trees with declining canopies. From the seventeen soil chemical properties measured, eight and ten variables were related to ECM and AM colonization, respectively.

Molecular analysis was undertaken to evaluate mycorrhizal communities associated with seedling roots from the bioassay trial. This confirmed observations on root colonization, namely there were more ECM fungi associated with seedling roots grown in soil collected from under healthy canopies, and more AM fungi were found in seedling roots grown in soil collected from under declining canopies. Also, there were more saprophytic fungi for seedling roots grown in soil collected from healthy canopies than for seedlings in declining canopy soil, but the reverse was the case for pathogenic and root rot fungi.

A second glasshouse trial was undertaken to assess mycorrhizal colonization over time using soils taken from contrasting sites. A similar trend in dominance of ECM in seedlings grown in soil collected from under a healthy canopy was observed even when the seedlings were still quite young. For example, at 5 weeks root tips of seedlings in a healthy site soil were 24% colonized by ECM fungi compared with 3% in the declining site soil.

This is the first study to investigate mycorrhizal formation in relation to the health status of E. gomphocephala. The low ECM fungal colonization of E. gomphocephala seedlings grown in declining sites soil might indicate reduced ECM inocula in the sites where the soil were collected. Reasons for the changes in populations of mycorrhizal fungi under declining trees are discussed. This research now needs to be extended to the field by investigating colonization patterns in seedlings and also the molecular analysis of mycorrhizal fungi populations in sites with a range of canopy conditions. An approach for managing health of E. gomphocephala, thus could be gained in the future.


There are two active faults, i.e., the Chinshan and Shangjiao faults in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. The moment magnitude (M), maximum displacement (Dmax), and average displacement (Dave) of potential earthquakes, which would rupture the two faults, are evaluated. The fault lengths are 25 and 20 km, respectively, for the Chinshan and Shangjiao faults. The optimum values of the three parameters are: (1) M = 6.6, Dmax = 0.97 m, and Dave = 0.42 m for the Shangjiao fault; and (2) M = 6.7, Dmax = 1.35 m, and Dave = 0.55 m for the Chinshan fault; and (3) M = 7.0, Dmax = 3.28 m, and Dave = 1.15 m for the Chinshan-Shangjiao fault system.


The genera here reviewed have in common many morphological attributes, and in both, all species are parasites of the larvae of leaf-eating insects—pergid sawflies for Froggattimyia and chrysomelid or curculionid beetles for Anagonia. Perhaps significantly, the host larvae themselves show a degree of physical resemblance and all are charged strongly with eucalyptus oil from their foodstuffs. Twelve species are recognized in Froggattimyia, the following six are new: F. carnei, F. coracina, F. macdonaldi, F. woodorum, F. truncata, and F. vicina, one is near F. hirta and remains undescribed. Twenty-five species are recognized in Anagonia, the following sixteen are new: A. angustifrons, A. commoni, A. conformis, A. crosskeyi, A. dayi, A. errator, A. latistylus, A. loripes, A. minor, A. norrisi, A. perplexa, A. propinqua, A. similis, A. teratostylus, A. uptoni, and A. zentae; F. tillyardi Malloch is newly combined in Anagonia. Most species are so highly variable as to make a classification based on internal structure at best tentative. Colless, DonalD H. 2012. The Froggattimyia-Anagonia genus group (Diptera: Tachinidae). Records of the Australian Museum 64(3): 167–211.


Permafrost soils currently store approximately 1672 Pg of carbon (C), but as high latitudes warm, this temperature‐protected C reservoir will become vulnerable to higher rates of decomposition. In recent decades, air temperatures in the high latitudes have warmed more than any other region globally, particularly during the winter. Over the coming century, the arctic winter is also expected to experience the most warming of any region or season, yet it is notably understudied. Here we present nonsummer season (NSS) CO2 flux data from the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research project, an ecosystem warming experiment of moist acidic tussock tundra in interior Alaska. Our goals were to quantify the relationship between environmental variables and winter CO2 production, account for subnivean photosynthesis and late fall plant C uptake in our estimate of NSS CO2 exchange, constrain NSS CO2 loss estimates using multiple methods of measuring winter CO2 flux, and quantify the effect of winter soil warming on total NSS CO2 balance. We measured CO2 flux using four methods: two chamber techniques (the snow pit method and one where a chamber is left under the snow for the entire season), eddy covariance, and soda lime adsorption, and found that NSS CO2 loss varied up to fourfold, depending on the method used. CO2 production was dependent on soil temperature and day of season but atmospheric pressure and air temperature were also important in explaining CO2 diffusion out of the soil. Warming stimulated both ecosystem respiration and productivity during the NSS and increased overall CO2 loss during this period by 14% (this effect varied by year, ranging from 7 to 24%). When combined with the summertime CO2 fluxes from the same site, our results suggest that this subarctic tundra ecosystem is shifting away from its historical function as a C sink to a C source.


Recent advances in genetic research have led to a dramatic increase in the number of genes found to be associated with the development of inherited human diseases. For many genetic disorders, increased knowledge has led to a better understanding of the underlying causes, allowing genetic diagnosis and preventive medicine, as well as the development of new therapies based on the molecular biology. For some people, these developments in genetic science have been disconcertingly rapid, as discoveries at the research laboratory bench move far ahead of our current understanding of the implications. However, like most advances in technology, most developments will eventually lead to welcome improvements in human health.

In particular, it has been the rise in GWA studies that has provided important new developments in our understanding of human disease. Advances that have occurred only in the past 2 years have led to dramatic developments in our basic understanding of the pathobiology of many previously intractable complex diseases.1 2 Complex diseases are conditions in which multiple genetic variants combine with environmental factors to provide an increased likelihood of a particular disease developing. Each genetic variant makes a small contribution to the disease, but is not sufficient by itself to cause the disease. Genetic variants may interact with other variants and also with environmental factors, such as diet, smoking, hormones, exposure to pollution and other lifestyle factors, often making it difficult to understand which are the most important. Although complex diseases can be overwhelmingly challenging to study, they may prove to be the most important genetic diseases to investigate, as they are the most common causes of death in humans.

The development of GWA studies is the result of advances in genomic technology that have arisen from the Human Genome Project. The increase in our understanding of the presence in …


In this chapter, a new method for stator resistance compensation in direct torque control (DTC) drives, based on neural networks, is presented. The estimation of electromagnetic torque and stator flux linkages using the measured stator voltages and currents is crucial to the success of DTC drives. The estimation is dependent only on one machine parame‐ ter, which is the stator resistance. Changes of the stator resistances cause errors in the es‐ timated magnitude and position of the flux linkage and therefore in the estimated electromagnetic torque. Parameter compensation by means of stator current phasor error has been proposed in literature. The proposed approach in this chapter is based on a principle that states the error between the measured current magnitude of the stator feed‐ back and the stator's command, verified with neural network, is proportional to the var‐ iation of the stator resistance and is mainly caused by the motor temperature and the varying stator frequency. Then the correction value of stator resistance is achieved by means of a fuzzy controller. For the first time, a combination of neural control and fuzzy control approach in stator resistance variations based on the stator current is presented. The presented approach efficiently estimates the correct value of stator resistance.


Named Data Networking (NDN) supports the best effort data retrieval using Interest-Data exchanges. When either an Interest or Data packet is lost and not recovered by the router's Interest forwarding strategy (e.g., by retransmitting the Interest along an alternative path), relying on end applications for loss detection may add significant delays in data retrieval that can impact application performance. In this paper, we propose a best effort hop-by-hop link layer reliability protocol (BELRP) for point-to-point communication links. BELRP makes a quick, non-persistent attempt to detect and recover packet losses over a single link with minimal delay. We evaluated BELRP through simulations and our results show that BELRP can significantly shorten data retrieval delays and hence improve application performance, especially over networks with nonnegligible probability of packet losses.


In this essay I construct a literary genealogy that situates William Dean Howells in the middle of a call-and-response literary conversation with popular women writers about race, gender, and genre. Since Howells correlated racial questions with realism, his only novel that treats intermarriage, An Imperative Duty (1891), offered Howells an opportunity to deploy his presumably objective, scientific, realist knowledge about race in order to challenge women's romantic miscegenation plots found in Margret Holmes Bates's The Chamber over the Gate (1886) and Alice Morris Buckner's Towards the Gulf (1887), two novels that he had recently read and reviewed. Yet the tragic mulatta stereotype, a stock figure of romanticism and sentimentality that was resistant to scientific discourse, ruptures Howells's goal of representing the figure according to the tenets of realism. In Iola Leroy (1892), Frances Ellen Watkins Harper cunningly recasts the tragic mulatta stereotype both to critique Howells's project and to represent the potential of black womanhood. Knowledge of Bates and Buckner can change critical conversation about the influence of women writers on Howells, the understanding of the role of the racialized woman in his fiction, and his conception of the link between the romantic mulatta and realist representation. Likewise, Harper takes issue with Howells's supposed ironic sophistication about race, and in Iola Leroy she rewrites many of his views in order to show the ways that miscegenation is at once a novelistic and a national problem.


Powdery mildews are one of the most common diseases of plants growing in many nurseries, city parks, and home gardens in Turkey. Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is widely cultivated in Turkey for ornamental purposes. In September 2010, zinnia plants grown in Hatay, Turkey were found to be heavily infected with a powdery mildew. Pathogen mycelia and sporulation were observed as circular to irregular, white patches on both sides of the leaves and on stems and flower petals. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Hyphae were straight to wavy and 4 to 7 μm wide. Conidiophores arose from the upper part of the hyphae, measured 120 to 190 × 10 to 13 μm, were simple, and produced two to six immature conidia in chains with a sinuate edge, followed by two to three straight cells. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, measured 25 to 42 × 14 to 22 μm (length/width ratio = 1.3 to 2.5), lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes on the perihilar position, with reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. No chasmothecia were observed. The structures described above were typical of the Oidium subgenus Reticuloidium, anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements were compatible with those of G. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta described previously (1,3). To confirm the tentative identification based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences from a representative material (MKU-ZK311077, duplicate KUS-F25655) was conducted. The complete ITS regions of rDNA were amplified using primers ITS5 and P3 as described by S. Takamatsu (4) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 508 bp from MKU-ZK311077 was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JN051414). A GenBank BLAST search using the current data revealed an exact match for several sequences of G. cichoracearum, including Australian and Korean powdery mildews on zinnia plants, with a 100% sequence similarity. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of three healthy, potted zinnia plants. Three noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 10 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. The powdery mildew infections of Z. elegans associated with G. cichoracearum are nearly circumglobal, including Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Oceania, and Western Asian localities like India, Nepal, Jordan, and Israel (1,2). The current work confirmed the occurrence of G. cichoracearum infecting Z. elegans in Turkey using detailed morphological and molecular analysis. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedw. 89:1, 1987. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 24, 2011. (3) M. J. Park et al. Plant Pathol. J. 27:85, 2011. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.


A novel method to measure the output voltage of a zinc oxide nanowire nanogenerator is proposed. Various tests are performed to verify that the output voltage does indeed originate from the nanogenerator and not from environmental noise. Although noise does influence the output voltage measurements, the output voltage is easily distinguishable from the measured noise. It is also shown that the method can be used to determine the internal resistance of the nanogenerator by measuring the output voltage over different output resistors.


Although much of the first half of the 20th century was affected by major events such as war and dictatorship, the party systems of the Western Europe stayed quite static. In the words of Lipset and Rokkan, the party systems had frozen and were still in the middle of the 1960s a reflection of the cleavage structures which dominated the first decades of the century. Somewhat ironically, just years after their study was published, an explosion of new parties entering national parliaments took place more or less all over Western Europe. This enlightens the need for understanding why and when new parties enter national parliaments for the first time. This study shows that the cross-national variation between the West European countries are significant and that all three Scandinavian countries can be labelled as low-scorers when it comes to number new parties in their national parliaments. The survey also shows that more new parties have entered during the latter part of the 20 th century than during the 1960s and 1970s. Three different types of factors, institutional, societal and economic, are tested to explain the cross-country variations. Overall the analysis gives weak results. Some institutions and economic indicators seem to explain at least some of the variance. But most of these factors, for instance electoral system, and the societal conditions seem to be of little importance. The main conclusion drawn from this is the difficulty of explaining new party entrance with the use of system-level analysis. In-depth case studies can perhaps be a more appropriate way to get an understanding of when new parties enter national parliaments.


Curcumin, the active constituent of the rhizome Curcuma longa has been extensively studied as an anticancer agent for various types of tumours. However, its efficacy as an anticancer agent is constrained due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, degradation in acidic media and consequently, low oral bioavailability. In the present study, we aim to formulate a curcumin-containing mucoadhesive nanoparticulate delivery system that offers protection to curcumin from the degradative effects of the upper digestive tract system but capable of releasing the payload in the colon for the localised treatment of colorectal cancer. Such a system should have a good surface coverage locally at the tumour site and ideally, capable of traversing the tumour. Thus, nanopariculate delivery is most suited to achieve this objective. The latter was formulated using chitosan and pectin as polymers due to their biodegradability and non-toxicity. The objectives of this study were (i) to fabricate, optimize and characterize the curcumin-containing delivery system; (ii) to evaluate the mucoadhesive propensity, release of curcumin from the carrier, and stability of the formulation in various milieu; (iii) to investigate the in vitro antiproliferative efficacy of the formulation as well as the cellular uptake profiles; and (iv) to proof the concept of the formulation using animal modules. The formulated nanoparticulate system had a z-average of 206.0 nm (± 6.6 nm), zeta potential of +32.8 mV (±0.5 mV), and encapsulation efficiency of 64%. The nanoparticles were more mucoadhesive at alkaline pH compared to acidic pH. Furthermore, more than 80% release of curcumin was achieved in simulated colonic medium as opposed to negligible release in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The nanoparticles were taken-up by HT-29 colorectal cancer cells which ultimately resulted in a tremendous reduction in cell propagation. This anti-proliferative effect of the encapsulated curcumin was similar to that of free curcumin at equivalent doses which confirms that the encapsulation process did not affect the anticancer efficacy of curcumin. The bioavailability of curcumin from the nanoparticles was enhanced by 4-folds after oral administration after 6 hr of treatment. Moreover, the half-life, Cmax, and AUC of curcumin were significantly improved. A lower elimination rate was observed from the formulation compared to equivalent doses of free curcumin. These findings are a strong indication of the potential of the studied formulation for the possible treatment of colon cancer via oral administration.


The issues that challenge the stewardship of Pasifika's peoples are as complex and diverse as the Pacific itself. We have our own conceptual tools that help us understand these complex issues. Our problem has been that we have a hard time using the tools of others and we end up with somewhat distorted understanding of our own issues. No wonder we have problems sometimes in communicating our issues to the people we serve. Telling our own stories, in our own language, with our own conceptual tools, so that we can construct meaning and bring understanding is the aim of Pacific journalism.


A simple and strictly all-fiber 1300-nm cw laser is presented. It is tunable over 16 nm with 0.5-nm linewidth and several milliwatts of output power in the whole tuning range from 1292 to 1308 nm. The setup uses a fiber Bragg grating as a combined tuning element and narrow-band output mirror. The simplicity and stability of this system are due to the following two characteristics: First, polarization control is not necessary anywhere in the system, and second, a wavelength-selective system and a narrow-band mirror are combined into one novel fiber-optic element.


Abstract In this paper, we present detailed field observations, chronological, geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data and discuss the petrogenetic aspects of two types of mafic dykes, of alkaline to subalkaline nature. The alkaline mafic dykes exhibit a cumulate to foliated texture and strike NW–SE, parallel to the main trend of the region. The 40Ar/39Ar amphibole age of 321.32 ± 0.55 Ma from an alkaline mafic dyke is interpreted as an indication of Carboniferous cooling through ca. 550 °C after intrusion of the dyke into the granitic Galeh-Doz orthogneiss and Amphibolite-Metagabbro units, the latter with Early Carboniferous amphibolite facies grade metamorphism and containing the Dare-Hedavand metagabbro with a similar Carboniferous age. The alkaline and subalkaline mafic dykes can be geochemically categorized into those with light REE-enriched patterns [(La/Yb)N = 8.32–9.28] and others with a rather flat REE pattern [(La/Yb)N = 1.16] and with a negative Nb anomaly. Together, the mafic dykes show oceanic island basalt to MORB geochemical signature, respectively. This is consistent, as well, with the (Tb/Yb)PM ratios. The alkaline mafic dykes were formed within an enriched mantle source at depths of ˃ 90 km, generating a suite of alkaline basalts. In comparison, the subalkaline mafic dykes were formed within more depleted mantle source at depths of ˂ 90 km. The subalkaline mafic dyke is characterized by 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.706 and positive ɛNd(t) value of + 0.77, whereas 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.708 and ɛNd(t) value of + 1.65 of the alkaline mafic dyke, consistent with the derivation from an enriched mantle source. There is no evidence that the mafic dykes were affected by significant crustal contamination during emplacement. Because of the similar age, the generation of magmas of alkaline mafic dykes and of the Dare-Hedavand metagabbro are assumed to reflect the same process of lithospheric or asthenospheric melting. Carboniferous back-arc rifting is the likely geodynamic setting of mafic dyke generation and emplacement. In contrast, the subalkaline mafic sill is likely related to the emplacement of the Jurassic Darijune gabbro.