Objectives: We aimed to determine the incidence of electrographic seizures in children in the pediatric intensive care unit who underwent EEG monitoring, risk factors for electrographic seizures, and whether electrographic seizures were associated with increased odds of mortality. Methods: Eleven sites in North America retrospectively reviewed a total of 550 consecutive children in pediatric intensive care units who underwent EEG monitoring. We collected data on demographics, diagnoses, clinical seizures, mental status at EEG onset, EEG background, interictal epileptiform discharges, electrographic seizures, intensive care unit length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Results: Electrographic seizures occurred in 162 of 550 subjects (30%), of which 61 subjects (38%) had electrographic status epilepticus. Electrographic seizures were exclusively subclinical in 59 of 162 subjects (36%). A multivariable logistic regression model showed that independent risk factors for electrographic seizures included younger age, clinical seizures prior to EEG monitoring, an abnormal initial EEG background, interictal epileptiform discharges, and a diagnosis of epilepsy. Subjects with electrographic status epilepticus had greater odds of in-hospital death, even after adjusting for EEG background and neurologic diagnosis category. Conclusions: Electrographic seizures are common among children in the pediatric intensive care unit, particularly those with specific risk factors. Electrographic status epilepticus occurs in more than one-third of children with electrographic seizures and is associated with higher in-hospital mortality.


The Exxon Valdez litigation marathon - a protracted, two-decade-long battle over the propriety and constitutionality of the jury's $5 billion punitive damages award - provides a window into the past, present, and future of punitive damages. Acting akin to a common law court under federal admiralty jurisdiction, the U.S. Supreme Court provided a template for lower courts to follow. Free of constitutional constraints, the Court diagnoses the problem with punitive damages - unpredictability - and propose a solution: a 1:1 ratio of punitive to compensatory damages. The flaws in the Court's statistical analysis provide a reminder that those "unsophisticated in statistics" should proceed with caution. The Court's single-minded focus on unpredictability almost inexorably drives it to embrace and reinforce an exclusively retributive rationale for punitive damages. The Court invokes the analogy of the sentencing guidelines as a model for achieving greater predictability; once enamored with this model, the linkage between the guidelines and criminal retribution spills over to punitive damages as civil retribution. There is, moreover, an uncanny coincidence between the Court's common law, policy-laden analysis, and the heavy-handed direction its constitutional excessiveness decisions had been taking. Three issues loom large on the horizon of punitive damages doctrine and policy. First, the Court's fixation on unpredictability can be linked with a broader trend in the Court's jurisprudence of circumscribing the role of the civil jury in the name of certainty, predictability, and efficiency. Second, the Court had before it a case in a unique procedural posture: the plaintiffs were part of a "limited fund," mandatory, non-opt out class action for resolution of punitive damages only. Because that element of the case was not appealed to the Court, the Court left for another day resolution of the classwide determination of punitive damages. Third, the Court's quest for a national solution to the punitive damages problem and its equation of punitive damages and criminal fines presage impending federalism battles. By elevating a single punitive damages goal - that of retributive punishment - the Court sets the stage for a clash with state courts and legislatures who might be inspired to define their legitimate state interests in punitive damages differently.


The recent inclusion of an urban Sustainable Development Goal in the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda represents an important acknowledgement of the reality of global urbanization and the many social, economic, infrastructural and political challenges posed by the human transition to a predominantly urban world. However, while the SDG provides goals for housing, transportation, land use, cultural heritage and disaster risk prevention, food is not mentioned at all. This discussion paper aims to correct this unfortunate omission by reviewing the current evidence on the challenges of feeding rapidly-growing cities in the Global South. The paper first documents the magnitude of the urban transition and the variety of indicators that have been deployed to measure the extent of food insecurity amongst urban populations. It then looks at the way in which urban food systems are being transformed by the advent of supermarkets (the so-called "supermarket revolution") and the growth of the informal food economy. The final section of the paper examines the relationship between formal and informal food retail and asks whether the one is undermining the other or whether they co-exist in an uneasy, though symbiotic, relationship. Against this backdrop, the secondary purpose of the paper is to lay out a research agenda which will guide the Hungry Cities Partnership as it attempts to give greater global prominence to the critical but neglected issue of urban food systems and food insecurity.


Background: Fuse was established in 2008 as one of five public health research centres of excellence in the UK funded by the UK Clinical Research Centres collaboration. The centre works across five universities in the North East of England. This is an innovative collaboration
 and enables the pooling of research expertise. A prime focus of the centre is not just the production of excellent research, but also its translation into usable evidence, a dual focus that remains uncommon.Aims/objectives: This practice paper outlines Fuse's approach to knowledge
 exchange (KE) by reflecting on ten years of collaborative research between academics and policy and practice partners in the North East of England. We will describe the principles and assumption underlying our approach and outline a conceptual model of four steps in Fuse's KE process
 to develop collaborative research and achieve meaningful impact on policy and practice.Key conclusions: Our model describes a fluid and dynamic approach to knowledge exchange broken down in four steps in the KE process that are concurrent, iterative and vary in intensity over time:
 awareness raising; knowledge sharing; making evidence fit for purpose; and supporting uptake and implementation of evidence. These steps support the relational context of KE. Relationship building and maintenance is essential for all stages of KE to develop trust and explore the meaning and
 usefulness of evidence in a multi-directional information flow that supports the co-creating and application of evidence.


Objective: Biological dressings like collagen are impermeable to bacteria, and create the most physiological interface between the wound surface and the environment. Collagen dressings have other advantages over conventional dressings in terms of ease of application and being natural, non-immunogenic, non-pyrogenic, hypo-allergenic, and pain-free. This study aims to compare the efficacy of collagen dressing in treating burn and chronic wounds with that of conventional dressing materials. Materials and Methods: The records of 120 patients with chronic wounds of varied aetiologies and with mean age 43.7 years were collected and analyzed. The patients had been treated either with collagen or other conventional dressing materials including silver sulfadiazine, nadifloxacin, povidone iodine, or honey (traditional dressing material). Patients with co-morbidities that could grossly affect the wound healing like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, chronic liver or renal disease, or major nutritional deprivation were not included. For the purpose of comparison the patients were divided into two groups; 'Collagen group' and 'Conventional group', each having 60 patients. For assessment the wound characteristics (size, edge, floor, slough, granulation tissue, and wound swab or pus culture sensitivity results) were recorded. With start of treatment, appearance of granulation tissue, completeness of healing, need for skin grafting, and patients' satisfaction was noted for each patient in both groups. Results: With two weeks of treatment, 60% of the 'collagen group' wounds and only 42% of the 'conventional group' wounds were sterile (P=0.03). Healthy granulation tissue appeared earlier over collagen-dressed wounds than over conventionally treated wounds (P=0.03). After eight weeks, 52 (87%) of 'collagen group' wounds and 48 (80%) of 'conventional group' wounds were >75% healed (P=0.21). Eight patients in the 'collagen group' and 12 in the 'conventional group' needed partial split-skin grafting (P=0.04). Collagen-treated patients enjoyed early and more subjective mobility. Conclusion: No significant better results in terms of completeness of healing of burn and chronic wounds between collagen dressing and conventional dressing were found. Collagen dressing, however, may avoid the need of skin grafting, and provides additional advantage of patients' compliance and comfort.


Charge-density distributions and the associated nuclear radii are calculated with the Hartree-Fock method for comparison with available data from electron scattering. Two forms of Skyrme interactions are used for the calculations. As a further refinement the single-particle occupancies are constrained to values obtained from shell-model calculations. A significant improvement in the agreement is obtained if shell-model occupancies are used.


NEUTRON SCATTERINGThe $1.3 billion Spallation Neutron Source, planned to be built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, will be the largest new science project in the U.S. budget for 1999. It will give neutron-scattering scientists a welcome boost after the demise of the $3 billion Advanced Neutron Source in 1995 and the closing last year of an important reactor at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The facility, which would generate neutrons with an accelerator instead of a reactor ([see sidebar][1]), could begin construction by 2000, say those familiar with the effort. Unlike other DOE facilities, this one will be built as a collaboration of five labs, creating a political juggernaut, say supporters. Skeptics, however, caution that the management structure could prove cumbersome and expensive, and that federal funding remains tight.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/279/5350/471


Yellow rust resistance locus Yr10 located on chromosome 1B in Moro and originated from the Turkish line PI178383 was investigated in terms of polymorphism in seven winter type bread wheat cvs. (Triticum aestivum ssp. Aestivum) Altay2000, zgi2001, Sonmez2001 (yellow rust resistant), Aytýn98, ES14, Harmankaya99 (yellow rust susceptible) and PI178383 as control. Exon 1 (1 - 833 bp) and Exon 2 (1989 - 3630 bp) parts of Yr10 were amplified with three primers. Amplification was not observed with E2A primers in Harmankaya99, zgi2001 and Sonmez2001 cvs, while amplification products were observable at all tested varieties with the other primers. PCR results showed that E2A reverse primer is not able to anneal to the three varieties mentioned above. Sequence analysis and bioinformatics analysis proved that there has been single nucleotide changes especially in the second exon. The most similar sequences to the first exon of Harmankaya99, zgi01 and Sonmez2001 are AF509535 (Aegilops tauschii NBS-LRR-like gene), AF509534 (A. tauschii NBS-LRR-like gene sequence) and AF509534, respectively. These results could be helpful in revealing divergence between resistant and susceptible varieties.


The evolution of partnership forms is stimulated by powerful economic foreces that can lead to widespread prosperity and wealth creation for a society. Given the importance of closely held firms in the United States and Europe, "The Evolution of Legal Business Forms in Europe and the United States" argues that partnership law should trouble itself less with historical and descriptive arguments about the legal rules and structure of the partnership form and focus much more on the analytical apparatus of the economics of organizational form as well as the fundamental economic learning that informs the debates on limited liability, partnership rules regarding management and control, conflict resolution and fiduciary duties. Introducing and extending the best available theories from law and economics, particularly those from the theory of the firm, the book's analysis demonstrates that the patterns of European partnership law and its recent history are best understood from an economic and comparative law perspective. By examining the economic theories of the firm and the economics of organization choice, this book conceives partnership-type business forms as contractual entities. The key feature of the modern partnership form is that partners have significant flexibility and power to limit their liability, transfer all of their rights, and to freely exit the firm. Another key feature of partnership law is the insight that lawmakers should provide the rules and enforcement mechanisms to regulate the important relationships within the partnership. This book applies an efficiency test to determine which sets of default rules are likely to resolve the main problems in partnerships. Having identified parthership law with the economic theory of organization, the book then goes on to argue that most of partnership law is directed at offering bundles of legal rules for different types of firms. Lawmakers should promote partnership rules that attract investors and can be expected to be efficient if they allow entrepreneurs to freely select the bundle of rules that best match their priorities. In a modern vision of partnership law, lawmakers promote economic welfare through creating non-mandatory rules that allow multiple businesses to switch to a favourable business form without significant costs. Jurisdictions plagued by falling incorporations and low levels of small and medium business activity, should abandon the mandatory and standardized framework and the "lock in" effect that it promotes, and focus on the mechanisms of legal evolution and rules that tend to mimic the market.


ABSTRACT Topic models, and more specifically the class of latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), are widely used for probabilistic modeling of text. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling from the posterior distribution is typically performed using a collapsed Gibbs sampler. We propose a parallel sparse partially collapsed Gibbs sampler and compare its speed and efficiency to state-of-the-art samplers for topic models on five well-known text corpora of differing sizes and properties. In particular, we propose and compare two different strategies for sampling the parameter block with latent topic indicators. The experiments show that the increase in statistical inefficiency from only partial collapsing is smaller than commonly assumed, and can be more than compensated by the speedup from parallelization and sparsity on larger corpora. We also prove that the partially collapsed samplers scale well with the size of the corpus. The proposed algorithm is fast, efficient, exact, and can be used in more modeling situations than the ordinary collapsed sampler. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


Abstract Researchers have been quantifying energy savings from lighting controls in commercial buildings for more than 30 years. This study provides a meta-analysis of lighting energy savings identified in the literature—240 savings estimates from 88 papers and case studies, categorized into daylighting strategies, occupancy strategies, personal tuning, and institutional tuning. Beginning with an overall average of savings estimates by control strategy, successive analytical filters are added to identify potential biases introduced to the estimates by different analytical approaches. Based on this meta-analysis, the best estimates of average lighting energy savings potential are 24 percent for occupancy, 28 percent for daylighting, 31 percent for personal tuning, 36 percent for institutional tuning, and 38 percent for multiple approaches. The results also suggest that simulations significantly overestimate (by at least 10 percent) the average savings obtainable from daylighting in actual buildings.


The analysis of Ukrainian-Hungarian transborder cooperation has been made, the problematic issues have been determined together with the possible ways of conducting reforms and changes in the context of forming an integral Ukrainian-Hungarian transborder region. The role of transborder cooperation in the system of international relations as well as in the context of developing logistic infrastructure in the social and economic development of border regions of Ukrainе and Hungary has been analysed. The main directions of the development of the border region are: making use of the possibilities of the favourable geographical and geopolitical location of the region, development of tourism, intensification of international transport corridor, formation of an international logistic cluster. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.1.20611


TCR engagement induces CD8 CAR T cell exhaustion and poor in vivo functionality in mice. A tale of two receptors Although there has been an explosion of research on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, most preclinical studies use transduced human T cells in immunodeficient mice so that the clinical products can be evaluated. However, the endogenous T cell receptors (TCRs) on the human cells are unable to be activated by peptides presented in mouse MHC. To determine how CAR activity is affected by TCR engagement, Yang et al. used a CAR targeting CD19 and multiple types of transgenic T cells in immunocompetent mice. Exposure of CD8 CAR T cells to the antigen recognized by the TCR led to T cell exhaustion, apoptosis, and lack of efficacy; this phenomenon was not observed for CD4 CAR T cells. Their findings demonstrate how considering T cell biology could further improve CAR T cell therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–expressing T cells induce durable remissions in patients with relapsed/refractory B cell malignancies. CARs are synthetic constructs that, when introduced into mature T cells, confer a second, non–major histocompatibility complex–restricted specificity in addition to the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR). The implications of TCR activation on CAR T cell efficacy has not been well defined. Using an immunocompetent, syngeneic murine model of CD19-targeted CAR T cell therapy for pre–B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in which the CAR is introduced into T cells with known TCR specificity, we demonstrate loss of CD8 CAR T cell efficacy associated with T cell exhaustion and apoptosis when TCR antigen is present. CD4 CAR T cells demonstrate equivalent cytotoxicity to CD8 CAR T cells and, in contrast, retain in vivo efficacy despite TCR stimulation. Gene expression profiles confirm increased exhaustion and apoptosis of CD8 CAR T cells upon dual receptor stimulation compared to CD4 CAR T cells and indicate inherent differences between CD4 and CD8 CAR T cells in the use of T cell–associated signaling pathways. These results provide insights into important aspects of CAR T cell immune biology and indicate opportunities to rationally design CAR constructs to optimize clinical efficacy.


OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular mortality risk remains high among patients with type 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress indicated by high urinary excretion of the biomarker for RNA oxidation, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), is associated with an increased risk of death in newly diagnosed and treated patients. We assessed whether 8-oxoGuo is associated with specific cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Urinary biomarkers for nucleic acid oxidation were measured in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥60 years (n = 1,863), along with biochemical measurements, questionnaire findings, and Central Person Registry information to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for log2-transformed RNA oxidation using Cox regression. RESULTS During the 5-year follow-up, 173 of 1,863 patients had died (9.3%), including 73 patients who died of cardiovascular disease (42.2%). Doubling of RNA oxidation was associated with an HR of all-cause mortality of 2.10 (95% CI 1.63–2.71; P < 0.001) and an HR of cardiovascular death of 1.82 (95% CI 1.20–2.77; P = 0.005) after multiple adjustments. The 5-year absolute risks (ARs) of all-cause mortality (AR 13.9 [95% CI 10.8–17.0] vs. AR 6.10 [95% CI 4.00–8.30]) and cardiovascular mortality (AR 5.49 [95% CI 3.44–7.55] vs. AR 3.16 [95% CI 1.59–4.73]) were approximately two times higher in the highest quartile of RNA oxidation than in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that high RNA oxidation is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Targeting oxidative stress via interventions with long-term follow-up may reveal the predictive potential of the biomarker 8-oxoGuo.


Drug related deaths (DRDs) have been increasing in Scotland over at least the past decade. This study aimed to describe the characteristics (gender, age, ICD10 cause of death), toxicology and circumstances of all Scotland's DRDs in 2003 to help inform a national overdose prevention strategy. Coronial files for 300/317 (95%) DRDs registered with the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) in 2003 were examined retrospectively (in 2004). Characteristics: 241/300 (80%) were male. Mean age at death was 32.8 years (SE 0.63, range 16–82). Route of administration was injecting for 137/268 (51%) who were classifiable. Classified injectors were more likely to be male (91%: 124/137) and younger (mean age of 32 years) than those whose death was by a non-injecting route (male: 87/131 (66%) and mean age of 35 years). Twenty-five to forty-four year olds made up 108/137 DRDs by injecting (79%), but only 62/131 (47%) by non-injecting routes. Cases of intentional self-poisoning (injectors 1; non-injecting 34) and undetermined intent (injectors 14; non-injecting 26) were infrequent among injectors. Of those who died by the injecting route, 108/137 were known intravenous drug users, but so too were 29/131 DRDs by non-injecting routes. Toxicology: overall 38/300 cases of DRD (13%) were negative for opioid drugs–only 2/137 DRDs by injecting (1%) were negative for opioids compared with 33/131 (25%) by non-injecting route. Methadone was present for 15/137 DRDs by injecting route (11%) and for 57/131 DRDs by non-injecting routes (44%, p < 0.001). Presence of dihydrocodeine, and anti-depressants was about three times and six times respectively, more likely in DRDs by non-injecting routes. Irrespective of route, two-thirds of DRDs tested positive for benzodiazepines (202/300 DRDs). Circumstances: time between overdose and death was within the hour for 61/137 DRDs (45%) by injecting, but rarely by non-injecting routes (3%: 4/131). Three out of four DRDs occurred in a house or flat: 98/137 DRDs (72%) by the injecting route and 101/131 (77%) by non-injecting routes. Interpretation: A relatively high proportion of cases died by non-injecting routes. National mortality databases should separate out cases of injecting-related DRD from non-injecting cases, and public health strategies to reduce DRDs should distinguish between these groups. Widespread availability in Scotland of prescribed and illicit benzodiazepines needs attention.


Fiscal sustainability is one of the most pressing policy issues of our time. Yet it remains difficult to quantify. Official debt is plagued with a number of measurement difficulties since its measurement reflects the choice of words, not policies. And forming the fiscal gap-the imbalance in the government's intertemporal budget-requires strong discount rate assumptions. An alternative approach, taken here, is specifying a stochastic general equilibrium model and determining via simulation how long it takes for the economy to reach game over-the point where current policy can no longer be maintained. Our simulations, based on an OLG model calibrated to the U.S. economy, produce an average duration to game over of roughly one century, with a 35 percent chance of reaching the fiscal limit in roughly 30 years. The prospect of man-made economic collapse produces large equity premia, like those observed in the data. Our simulations show that both the fiscal gap and the equity premium rise as the economy gets closer to hitting its fiscal limit, suggesting that the fiscal gap and the equity premium may be good indicators of unsustainable policy.


This paper describes a pilot study on constructing corpora to analyze grammatical change. The specific topic discussed in this study is the loss of the passe simple in French. This paper addresses the difficulties in using written data to discuss questions of language change, specifically when the forms in question are considered to be distributed differently in writing than in speech. The proposal of this paper is that comparisons between observed changes in different textual categories can illuminate the character of the change itself. Although the current paper is primarily concerned with how to ensure representativeness in diachronic corpora, the larger project addresses the character of the period of variation between the passe compose and the passe simple in French within the grammaticalization paradigm. The corpora described in this paper will ultimately be used to mount a multivariate analysis of the shift in past tense usage in French in order to determine if the passe compose was significantly favored in specific syntactic contexts. Additionally, the corpora will be used to determine if it is possible to quantify contexts in which the passe compose and the passe simple appear to be in variation with each other, i.e. to analyze the degree of semantic overlap between the two tenses as well as to identify whether or not both could be used to denote a series of discrete past events. In order to address these questions, it is first necessary to discuss possible methods for using written data to model language change. Thus the current paper specifically addresses the issues of text type sensitivity and stability in the construction of diachronic corpora, tackling the problems of data sampling and analysis, especially when there are restrictions on the availability of resources.


Poinciana, Florida is a growing community in Central Florida. The master homeowners association contracted for an incorporation feasibility study to determine whether Poinciana could survive as a city. This article describes the public participation process designed and implemented as part of the feasibility study and articulates the goals, principles, and venues of the design, the challenges or barriers confronted, and suggestions for revisions to statutory guidelines for incorporation are described with the purpose of moving towards the institutionalization of public participation as a cultural norm.


Epithelial ovarian carcinoma rarely occurs because of a single event. Therefore, no single biological tumor factor will give accurate prognostic information for all ovarian cancer patients. On the other hand, a combination of two or more independent factors may yield an improved overall prognostic index. Because FIGO stage is included in most of the previously presented models, inaccurate surgical staging in patients with apparently early disease has been a problem. In a series of 226 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinomas in FIGO stages IA–IIC, a number of clinicopathological factors (age, FIGO stage, histopathologic type, and tumor grade) were studied in relation to the biological factors p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), important regulators of the apoptosis and mitosis. Immunohistochemical techniques were used. All patients received adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy after the primary surgery. Expression of p53 was significantly associated with the tumor grade and disease-free survival (DFS). EGFR expression was also associated with DFS. In a Cox multivariate analysis, tumor grade, p53 status, and EGFR status were all independent and significant prognostic factors with regard to DFS. A prognostic model was proposed using these factors. A low-risk group, an intermediate-risk group, and a high-risk group were defined. DFS amounted to 89% in the low-risk group (grades 1–2, p53-negative, and EGFR-negative), 66% in the intermediate-risk group (grade 3, p53-negative, and EGFR-negative or grades 1–2, p53-positive or EGFR-positive) and 39% in the high-risk group (grade 3, p53-positive, and EGFR-positive).


A lightweight, low-power camera dart has been designed and tested for context imaging of sampling sites and ground surveys from an aerobot or an orbiting spacecraft in a microgravity environment. The camera penetrators also can be used to image any line-of-sight surface, such as cliff walls, that is difficult to access. Tethered cameras to inspect the surfaces of planetary bodies use both power and signal transmission lines to operate. A tether adds the possibility of inadvertently anchoring the aerobot, and requires some form of station-keeping capability of the aerobot if extended examination time is required. The new camera penetrators are deployed without a tether, weigh less than 30 grams, and are disposable. They are designed to drop from any altitude with the boost in transmitting power currently demonstrated at approximately 100-m line-of-sight. The penetrators also can be deployed to monitor lander or rover operations from a distance, and can be used for surface surveys or for context information gathering from a touch-and-go sampling site. Thanks to wireless operation, the complexity of the sampling or survey mechanisms may be reduced. The penetrators may be battery powered for short-duration missions, or have solar panels for longer or intermittent duration missions. The imaging device is embedded in the penetrator, which is dropped or projected at the surface of a study site at 90 to the surface. Mirrors can be used in the design to image the ground or the horizon. Some of the camera features were tested using commercial "nanny" or "spy" camera components with the charge-coupled device (CCD) looking at a direction parallel to the ground. Figure 1 shows components of one camera that weighs less than 8 g and occupies a volume of 11 cm3. This camera could transmit a standard television signal, including sound, up to 100 m. Figure 2 shows the CAD models of a version of the penetrator. A low-volume array of such penetrator cameras could be deployed from an aerobot or a spacecraft onto a comet or asteroid. A system of 20 of these penetrators could be designed and built in a 1- to 2-kg mass envelope. Possible future modifications of the camera penetrators, such as the addition of a chemical spray device, would allow the study of simple chemical reactions of reagents sprayed at the landing site and looking at the color changes. Zoom lenses also could be added for future use.


Network community detection--the problem of dividing a network of interest into clusters for intelligent analysis--has recently attracted significant attention in diverse fields of research. To discover intrinsic community structure a quantitative measure called modularity has been widely adopted as an optimization objective. Unfortunately, modularity is inherently NP-hard to optimize and approximate solutions must be sought if tractability is to be ensured. In practice, a spectral relaxationmethod is most often adopted, after which a community partition is recovered from relaxed fractional values by a rounding process. In this paper, we propose an iterative rounding strategy for identifying the partition decisions that is coupled with a fast constrained power method that sequentially achieves tighter spectral relaxations. Extensive evaluation with this coupled relaxation-rounding method demonstrates consistent and sometimes dramatic improvements in the modularity of the communities discovered.


In this brief, we show that using Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) can be a good alternative which achieves near-optimal solutions when the future driving schedule can be known in real-time. The control concept can be solved forward in time when a constant costate value is decided. The constant costate can be interpreted as an equivalent ratio linking fuel usage and electric energy consumption. If the fuel economy is the only objective function to minimize, the control concept based on PMP is near global optimal when the final is close to a desired value. In this brief, a method to calculate the proper costate to sustain the within a reasonable range is suggested. In this method, two parameters, and , which depend on the driving patterns, are used to link the driving cycle to the optimal costate. Simulation results show that we can achieve near optimal control, in which 86% of final values stay within 4% of the desired final value for tested city driving schedules.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we assess the recent and anticipated changes on Scotland's livestock-producing crofts, using a representative survey of Scottish farmers undertaken in 2013. We find that crofters are similar to other livestock farmers, both inside and outside of the traditional crofting counties, in terms of age, years of involvement in the holding and percentage of identified successors, but are less likely to own their holdings or to operate them for profit. Crofters reported being more subsidy dependent than other livestock producers, and many appear likely to retreat from crofting in the event of substantive subsidy reductions. However, crofting respondents identified input costs, regulations, commodity prices and climate change as having had greater influence on how they manage their crofts than the 2005 transition to the 'Single Farm Payment'. Overall, crofters reported making fewer changes than their counterparts in non-crofting counties, but similar levels to those of other livestock farmers within crofting counties, suggesting less 'room for manoeuvre' within the remote areas in which most crofts are located. However, there is some evidence that 'active' crofts are 'bouncing forward' in response to recent challenges, particularly into forestry and agri-tourism, also reporting significantly higher perceived economic prospects.


The article investigates resources used by parties in interaction to successfully complete each others' utterances. Among the different ways in which recipients can demonstrate their understanding, collaborative completions are the most convincing since they display not only recipients' understanding of the stance or the import of a turn-in-progress, but the minute analysis of the action itself. The article starts with a discussion of syntactic and action-sequential features of talk that can account for collaborative turn sequences and then focuses on other, non-verbal resources that may be made relevant at particular interactional junctures. An analysis of the several instances of collaborative completions illustrates the use of visually accessible features of the surround, gestural and postural conduct, and gaze direction in collaborative turn sequences. It is suggested that an interplay of these multiple modalities enables the participants to collaborate in co-constructing single syntactic units of talk.
The electronic edition of this article includes audio-visual data.


In the last twenty years, the European Court of Auditors has placed increasing importance on the production of "special reports" examining the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of EU spending (the three "E"s). This institutional focus on performance audit, alongside traditional financial and compliance audit, has occurred at a time when the European Union is increasingly evaluating its own policies and programmes, under political pressure to demonstrate their added value. With performance audit, the EU's external auditors make value judgements on what was achieved through the EU budget, arguably bringing a greater political dimension to the Court as it works to deliver conclusions and recommendations meant to assist the legislature (European Parliament) in carrying out its scrutiny role and the executive (European Commission) in shaping better future policy. This raises questions about how financial accountability is interpreted, and whether it depends on the quality of audit reports or on the forums to which they are delivered, and subsequently, how they act upon them. This article analyses the factors that explain the increased use of special reports by the Court, questioning if they resemble evaluation studies. It examines their focus and impact, as well as the institutional challenges implicit in performance audit.


Overactive bladder (OAB) is defined by its hallmark symptom, urgency. It can be associated with urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and dramatically impact the patients' quality of life. Etiologies of OAB are numerous, and under this common wording, virtually all the population is covered (men as well as women, patients with or without neurogenic disease, and all age categories). OAB and UUI management have been historically based on non-interventional therapies, antimuscarinics, and surgery. In the last decade, innovations in the treatment of this highly prevalent condition have been multiple, and further insights came from various horizons (drug invention, innovative use of existing drugs, new medical devices, tissue engineering, gene and cell therapy). Notably, the use of BoNT and neuromodulation techniques have deeply modified the algorithm of specialized OAB management, delaying surgery indications and offering mini-invasive alternatives to patient refractory to behavioral and medical treatment. Whilst some of these techniques are about to reach maturity, numerous questions remain unsolved about their indications, long term effects, rank in the armamentarium, cost-effectiveness, hypothetical combination or sequential use. The present review depicts the actual wide range of options available for OAB management in adults, focusing on the latest evolutions. When relevant, a distinction was made between genders and OAB subtypes (idiopathic vs neurogenic) regarding treatment outcomes.


The electric power sector in the United States faces many challenges related to climate change. On the demand side, climate change could shift demand patterns due to increased air temperatures. On the supply side, climate change could lead to deratings of thermal units due to changes in air temperature, water temperature, and water availability. Past studies have typically analyzed these risks separately. Here, we developed an integrated, multimodel framework to analyze how compounding risks of climate-change impacts on demand and supply affect long-term planning decisions in the power system. In the southeast U.S., we found that compounding climate-change impacts could result in a 35% increase in installed capacity by 2050 relative to the reference case. Participation of renewables, particularly solar, in the fleet increased, driven mostly by the expected increase in summertime peak demand. Such capacity requirements would increase investment costs by approximately 31 billion (USD 2015) over the next 30 years, compared to the reference case. These changes in investment decisions align with carbon emission mitigation strategies, highlighting how adaptation and mitigation strategies can converge.


Co-administration of piperonyl butoxide (PB) potentiates fenbendazole (FBZ) in small ruminants. The resultant increase in bioavailability of FBZ and its metabolite oxfendazole (OFZ) has important implications for the efficacy of these drugs against benzimidazole (BZD)-resistant strains of Teladorsagia circumcincta. This study evaluated the racemic (achiral) and enantiomeric (chiral) plasma disposition kinetics of OFZ and its metabolites after the co-administration of PB and OFZ in sheep. Six 6-8-month-old, parasite-free, female Dorset sheep (30-40 kg) were used in a two-phase crossover experiment. In phase I, three sheep received 30 mg/kg PB orally, followed by a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of OFZ at 5 mg/kg. The other three animals were treated similarly except that 5 mL of water replaced PB. In phase 2, treatments for the two groups were reversed and were given 14 days after the initiation of phase I. Three analytes OFZ, FBZ and fenbendazole sulphone (FBZSO(2)) were recovered in plasma up to 48 h post-treatment in both experimental groups. Achiral and chiral pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles for OFZ, after the co-administration of PB, were characterized by a significantly greater area under the concentration--time curve (AUC) and a longer mean residence time (MRT). Chiral OFZ distribution ratios were comparable in both treatment groups. Piperonyl butoxide treatment markedly influenced the plasma PK profiles for FBZ and FBZSO(2) following OFZ administration. Production of FBZ was enhanced as reflected by increased (> 60%) AUC, delayed T(max) and a significantly delayed (> 45%) elimination (t(1/2)(el)). Although AUC values for FBZSO(2) were not significantly different between groups, this metabolite was depleted more slowly from plasma (t(1/2)(el) > 60% and MRT > 42%) following PB treatment. This study demonstrated that PB co-administration is associated with an inhibition of OFZ biotransformation, as evidenced by the significantly higher plasma concentrations of OFZ and FBZ, and this could have important implications in terms of anti-parasite therapy against BZD-resistant parasite strains.


Purpose: X‐ray CT has been widely applied in a number of clinical and preclinical applications. However, the images are often insufficient to distinguish diagnostically crucial shading differences due to poor tissuecontrast and inherent quantum noise. Recently, Spectral CT (SCT) base on photon counting technology has attracted a lot of attention due to its ability of providing full energy resolved tomographyimages. Currently, SCT is often reconstructed by using the conventional filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithms on each energy channel independently. Yet, it is expected that the anatomical features between energy channels are highly correlated. In this work, we propose an correlated iterative SCT reconstruction algorithm using tight wavelet frame based regularizations. Methods: In our study, we propose a model that reconstructs SCT images via solving an optimization problem. The objective function contains both a data fidelity term, requiring the consistency between reconstructed data and the measurement in each energy channel, and a regularization term applied along both the spatial dimension and the energy dimension. Bregman iteration method is used to solve the optimization model efficiently. To validate our algorithm, we synthesis a set of energy resolved x‐ray projections in fan‐beam scanning geometry on an NCAT digital phantom. Reconstruction results from our algorithm are compared with those from the conventional FBP algorithm. Results: It is found that our algorithm has lead to visually better image quality than the FBP algorithm. Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) is used to evaluate the reconstruction quality. Our algorithm can enhance the SNR by a factor of 4–5 compared with the FBP algorithm. Conclusions: We have designed a wavelet frame based regularization method for SCT image reconstruction. Higher quality SCT images than that from FBP algorithms have been achieved.


Abstract Electronic textiles, also referred to as smart fabrics, are quite fashionable right now. Their close relationship with the field of computer wearables gives us many diverging research directions and possible definitions. On one end of the spectrum, there are pragmatic applications such as military research into interactive camouflage or textiles that can heal wounded soldiers. On the other end of the spectrum, work is being done by artists and designers in the area of reactive clothes: "second skins" that can adapt to the environment and to the individual. Fashion, health, and telecommunication industries are also pursuing the vision of clothing that can express aspects of people's personalities, needs, and desires or augment social dynamics through the use and display of aggregate social information. In my current production-based research, I develop enabling technology for electronic textiles based upon my theoretical evaluation of the historical and cultural modalities of textiles as they relate to future computational forms. My work involves the use of conductive yarns and fibers for power delivery, communication, and networking, as well as new materials for display that use electronic ink, nitinol, and thermochromic pigments. The textiles are created using traditional textile manufacturing techniques: spinning conductive yarns, weaving, knitting, embroidering, sewing, and printing with inks.


Background: coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is expensive, uses disposable appliances and patients require more perioperative intensive care, long stay in hospital and often have a lengthy recovery time. These complications, together with the growing trend towards less invasive techniques in other areas of surgery, have encouraged cardiac surgeons to see if minimally invasive cardiac surgery can become a reality with improved outcomes and costs.
Methods: This is a prospective nonrandomized comparative clinical study done at the Department of Cardiac Surgery in National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) Sher-E- Bangla Nagar, Dhaka from July 2006 to June 2008 among routine CABG patients. Purposive sampling was done with 26 patients in group A selected for MIDCAB and 24 patients in Group B selected for conventional CABG surgery. Patients were followed up for three months. Postoperative outcomes were assessed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MIDCAB in relation to conventional CABG.
Results: Mean age were 54.19 vs 53.87 in group A and Group B. 92.3% vs 87.5% were male respectively. Mean duration of operation, per operative blood loss transfusion and arrythmia were lower in MIDCAB group (p<0.05) number of grafts were also statistically significant (p< 0.001). Regarding post-operative outcome ventilation time in hours ICU stay post-operative hospital stay in days, postoperative MI and stroke rate were lower in favor of group A MIDCAB patients (p<0.001). Three months postoperatively six-meter walking distance is also statistically significant in favor of Group A MIDCAB (p<0.01) patients. However, pain score in early post-operative period was higher in group A significantly but it decreased significantly in late post-operative period which is also highly statistically different (p<0.001). However, mortality and quality of life at three months were similar in both groups.
Conclusion: No difference in mortality rates detected between MIDCAB and CCABG group. But there was evidence that MIDCAB is associated with less perioperative and early postoperative morbidity and improved quality of life. The MIDCAB surgery is an effective procedure of complete revascularization in ischemic heart diseases like CCABG. The procedure is associated with shorter operating time, shorter ICU stay time, shorter hospital stays and better quality of life than for CCABG.
Cardiovasc. j. 2021; 13(2): 135-143


The control computation for a loop in a program is that part of the program concerned with the initialization, incrementation, and testing of the variables that determine the flow of control into, through, and out of the loop. The elements of loop control computations are idenified and their role in structuring our understanding of loops is analyzed. It is argued, through examples drawn from a Pascal compiler, that the intelligibility of a loop is closely tied to the accessibility and intelligibility of the loop control computation. It is further argued, from an analysis of all the loops in this compiler, that most loop control computations fail in a few standard patterns, mostly concerned with the sequential processing of elements of data structures. In light of these results, common loop control statements are critiqued. It appears that better loop control structures than the while, repeat-until, and similar statement structures are possible and desirable, and some proposals for better structures are given.


Neural networks are both computationally intensive and memory intensive, making them difficult to deploy on embedded systems with limited hardware resources. To address this limitation, we introduce "deep compression", a three stage pipeline: pruning, trained quantization and Huffman coding, that work together to reduce the storage requirement of neural networks by 35× to 49× without affecting their accuracy. Our method first prunes the network by learning only the important connections. Next, we quantize the weights to enforce weight sharing, finally, we apply Huffman coding. After the first two steps we retrain the network to fine tune the remaining connections and the quantized centroids. Pruning, reduces the number of connections by 9× to 13×; Quantization then reduces the number of bits that represent each connection from 32 to 5. On the ImageNet dataset, our method reduced the storage required by AlexNet by 35×, from 240MB to 6.9MB, without loss of accuracy. Our method reduced the size of VGG-16 by 49× from 552MB to 11.3MB, again with no loss of accuracy. This allows fitting the model into on-chip SRAM cache rather than off-chip DRAM memory. This also makes it possible to fit neural networks into mobile apps given size limit.


This thesis describes the study of the channel t \overline{t} H^{0}(H^{0}\rightarrowb\overline{b} with
the ATLAS detector with 30fb^-1 of data and a center of mass energy
of 10 TeV.
Chapter 1 provides a description of the ATLAS detector, followed
by a theoretical background in Chapter 2 and a discussion of phenomenology
and event generation in Chapter 3. Issues associated
with leptons and missing energy are presented in Chapter 4, with
focus on optimising the preselection cuts to reduce the rate of background
processes, including those previously unconsidered for this
channel but found to be important as a consequence of this study. In
addition, the reconstruction of the leptonically decaying W Boson
from lepton and missing energy is described. The treatment of jets is
introduced in Chapter 5, with the focus being again on the optimisation
of preselection cuts. Studies presented here are on corrections
for energy lost via both muons and neutrinos in semi-leptonic bdecays
and preselection cuts based on the transverse momenta and
b-weights of individual jets. The issues associated with combinatorial
background and the use of jet charge to reduce it is also introduced
here. The choice of jet algorithm is considered of great importance
for this channel, thus is presented in detail in Chapter 6. Chapter
7 explores the reconstruction of the Higgs Boson from jet pairs, focusing
on the segregation of jets by b-weight. The reconstruction of
the t \overline{t} H^{0} system is studied with various techniques; an investigation
of the use of jet charge to discriminate between b and \overline{b} jets is
presented as a novel likelihood variable.Chapter 8 summarises the
results obtained using the optimised preselection, jet algorithm and jet charge method. Systematic uncertainties are discussed throughout
the thesis where relevant and also summarised.


Over the past two years, I have interviewed hundreds of in-house and law firm lawyers from around the globe to explore the changing legal marketplace, expectations of clients, and innovation in law. One of my main conclusions is that we are experiencing an Innovation Tournament in Law and almost everyone is playing in it. As I explain in more detail in my book, Legal Upheaval: A Guide to Creativity, Collaboration, and Innovation in Law, driven by a combination of technology, socio-economics, and globality, we are witnessing innovation on almost every legal dimension, including how legal services are priced, packaged, sourced, and delivered. Importantly, this innovation is not only coming from legal tech startups and new law companies. Law firms, the Big Four, and corporate legal departments are creating innovations of their own including new services, products, tools, and, importantly, new processes. Even those that aren't creating innovations are playing in the Innovation Tournament by utilizing the innovations (or exapting them) to become more efficient and deliver better service. Although we are not yet seeing disruption in the law marketplace in the Clayton Christensen sense, all lawyers should care about the Innovation Tournament regardless and here's why:

Lawyers of all types, from big law to small and mid-size firms, from government to in-house, and even solo lawyers, are being challenged to change the way they work. Clients are asking their lawyers to innovate (and often with others outside their organization or departments). However, lawyers don't know what their clients are asking for when they ask for innovation or how to do it—or both. The good news is, however, that my interviews and my experience working with over 210 teams of lawyers and their clients on innovation journeys, indicate that what clients are really asking for with "the call to innovate" is a new type and level of collaboration and client service. The evidence suggests that our clients' call for us to innovate is actually a call for service transformation in disguise. Whether they want an innovation in and of itself or not, our clients want lawyers to hone the mindset, skillset, and behavior of innovators. The problem with this is that many lawyers are ill-equipped to meet these new demands. Some combination of our temperament, training, and professional identity seems to work against us when we try to espouse the DNA of innovators.This is why the new discipline for practicing and aspiring lawyers needs to be innovation.

This chapter was first published by Stampfli Verlag in the book: New Suits: Appetite for Disruption in the Legal World, co-curated by me and Dr. Guenther Dobrauz. It begins by demonstrating that clients' call for innovation is really a call for transformation in service from their lawyers. It then explores why answering this call can be problematic for lawyers. It seeks to show that lawyers' professional identity, training, and temperament (along with extrinsic and intrinsic motivation) make it difficult for lawyers to adopt the collaborative, creative mindset and skillset of innovators. This chapter recommends that innovation be incorporated as a new key discipline at both the law school and executive education (continuing education) level because in the process of learning how to innovate, lawyers hone the mindset, skillset, and behaviors that clients desire. In support of this contention, it reveals that, as an added benefit, by honing the innovator's DNA, lawyers also grow into inclusive leaders our society needs us to be. The chapter concludes with some suggestions for lawyers to help them better collaborate towards innovation along with a pie-in-the-sky call to the legal universe to make innovation the new key discipline for practicing and aspiring lawyers.


Internet-of-Things (IoT) promises to give services to the users through connecting physical things using Internet. The conventional context aware system collects the data from users and stores it in cloud server. But, accuracy of classifying collected data using existing method was poor to store the user data with lower space complexity and to respond the user needed services with minimal time. In order to solve the above drawbacks, an Adaptive Discriminant Quadratic Boosting Classification based Radix Hash Cloud Data Storage (ADQBC-RHCDS) Model is proposed. The ADQBC-RHCDS Model is designed for providing the context aware IoT services to the cloud users with minimal response time and space complexity. In ADQBC-RHCDS model, Internet-of-Things (IoT) afford the services to the end cloud users by connecting an entity (i.e., person, place, or object) with sensors through Internet. Context Aware IoT helps to monitor and gather the information from users. After collecting the information, it is forwarded to the cloud server. Followed by, the cloud server classifies the collected information by designing Adaptive Discriminant Quadratic Boosting Ensemble Classifier (ADQBEC). After that, the classified data gets stored in the Radix Hash Tree Based Secured Cloud Data Storage (RHT-SCDS) for easy data access. Radix Hash Tree is a search tree used to store a set of data. Whenever the cloud user needs to access the data (i.e. insert or delete data), user sends the request to the cloud server. Then, cloud server provides the required services to the cloud user with minimal response time. Experimental evaluation of ADQBC-RHCDS model is carried out on factors such as classification accuracy, space complexity, and response time. The experimental result shows that the ADQBC-RHCDS model is able to reduce the space complexity and response time of context aware IoT services to the cloud users when compared to state-of-the-art works.


Unix has evolved for almost five decades, shaping modern operating systems, key software technologies, and development practices. Studying the evolution of this remarkable system from an architectural perspective can provide insights on how to manage the growth of large, complex, and long-lived software systems. Along main Unix releases leading to the FreeBSD lineage we examine core architectural design decisions, the number of features, and code complexity, based on the analysis of source code, reference documentation, and related publications. We report that the growth in size has been uniform, with some notable outliers, while cyclomatic complexity has been religiously safeguarded. A large number of Unix-defining design decisions were implemented right from the very early beginning, with most of them still playing a major role. Unix continues to evolve from an architectural perspective, but the rate of architectural innovation has slowed down over the system's lifetime. Architectural technical debt has accrued in the forms of functionality duplication and unused facilities, but in terms of cyclomatic complexity it is systematically being paid back through what appears to be a self-correcting process. Some unsung architectural forces that shaped Unix are the emphasis on conventions over rigid enforcement, the drive for portability, a sophisticated ecosystem of other operating systems and development organizations, and the emergence of a federated architecture, often through the adoption of third-party subsystems. These findings have led us to form an initial theory on the architecture evolution of large, complex operating system software.


This article reevaluates the historical conditions of the concomitant rise of computational systems and DNA-coding in the 1950s (M'Charek, Gilroy) and addresses the implementation of behavioral psychology and cybernetic technologies of control after the Second World War. From this historical perspective, this article interrogates the intersectional relation that automatic systems of control share with models of segregation and structures of knowledge oppression. It engages with the work of French philosopher Gilbert Simondon and poses Simondon's cybernetic theory as an opportunity to question systems of knowledge imposed on ontological domains. Finally, it reveals how cybernetics reproduces a model of cultural understanding based on exclusion/inclusion and addresses the difficulty of creating new critical paradigms (Said, Spivak) from within the informational technologies of neo-colonial episteme.


A multi-band slotted bowtie antenna for L, S and C band applications is presented. The proposed antenna has the configuration of 40 mm∗58 mm∗1.5 mm. The slots are etched on the bowtie antenna to obtain multi-band features. The number of slots and spacing between them is varied for parametric study. The designed is fabricated on FR4 material and the measured and simulated results are in good agreement with each other thus confirming the proposed antenna design. High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) is used for simulating the antenna design.


Cells can survive heat stress by increasing the abundance of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and other cytoprotective proteins to prevent toxicity from excess improperly folded proteins. In addition, heat shock inhibits translation and disrupts the cytoskeleton. The increased expression of HSPs is mediated by activation of the transcription factor HSF1, which is kept in inactive monomeric state in unstressed cells. Shamovsky et al. found that translation elongation factor eEF1a and a noncoding RNA that they called heat shock RNA-1 (HSR1) in cell lysates from heat-shocked cells bound to immobilized recombinant HSF1. When eluted from HSF1, this eEF1a-HSR1 complex activated HSF1 in vitro based on measurements of electrophoretic mobility shift, DNA binding activity, and trimerization of HSF1. Antisense oligonucleotides or short interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments with cultured cells demonstrated that HSR1 was crucial for the activation of HSF1 and stimulation of HSP72 synthesis (which is encoded by an HSF1 target gene) and that cells lacking HSR1 succumbed more quickly to lethal heat stress. These results demonstrate a role for a noncoding RNA in activation of gene expression during heat shock response and indicate that eEF1a represents a mechanism for connecting cessation of translation induced by heat with stimulation of the heat shock response. I. Shamovsky, M. Ivannikov, E. S. Kandel, D. Gershon, E. Nudler, RNA-mediated response to heat shock in mammalian cells. Nature 440, 556-560 (2006). [PubMed]


Purpose: To report an unusual case of orbitocranial meningioma presenting in a neonate. Methods: Case report Results: A 1-day-old neonate was presented with severe proptosis of the left eye. CT scan and MRI showed an extensive mass with involvement of left orbit and brain. Discrete calcification could be seen on CT scan. The patient did not have any signs of neurofibromatosis and family history was negative. Histopathologic evaluation of orbital biopsy was compatible with meningioma. Conclusion: This is an unusual presentation of meningioma in a neonate and to our knowledge this is the second report of such a case in the literature.


A new image-based approach for fast and robust vehicle tracking from a moving platform is presented. Position, orientation, and full motion state, including velocity, acceleration, and yaw rate of a detected vehicle, are estimated from a tracked rigid 3-D point cloud. This point cloud represents a 3-D object model and is computed by analyzing image sequences in both space and time, i.e., by fusion of stereo vision and tracked image features. Starting from an automated initial vehicle hypothesis, tracking is performed by means of an extended Kalman filter. The filter combines the knowledge about the movement of the rigid point cloud's points in the world with the dynamic model of a vehicle. Radar information is used to improve the image-based object detection at far distances. The proposed system is applied to predict the driving path of other traffic participants and currently runs at 25 Hz (640 times 480 images) on our demonstrator vehicle.


Over the last decade, technological advancements have substantially decreased the cost and time of obtaining large amounts of sequencing data. Paired with the exponentially increased computing power, individual labs are now able to sequence genomes or transcriptomes to investigate biological questions of interest. This has led to a significant increase in available sequence data. Although the bulk of data published in articles are stored in public sequence databases, very often, only raw sequencing data are available; miscellaneous data such as assembled transcriptomes, genome annotations etc. are not easily obtainable through the same means. Here, we introduce our website (http://reefgenomics.org) that aims to centralize genomic and transcriptomic data from marine organisms. Besides providing convenient means to download sequences, we provide (where applicable) a genome browser to explore available genomic features, and a BLAST interface to search through the hosted sequences. Through the interface, multiple datasets can be queried simultaneously, allowing for the retrieval of matching sequences from organisms of interest. The minimalistic, no-frills interface reduces visual clutter, making it convenient for end-users to search and explore processed sequence data. Database URL: http://reefgenomics.org


UPM CP Titanium Grade 3 (UNS R50550) is an unalloyed commercially pure titanium that exhibits moderate strength (higher strength than that of Titanium Grade 2), along with excellent formability and corrosion resistance. It offers the highest ASME allowable design stress of any commercially pure grade of titanium, and can be used in continuous service up to 425 °C (800 °F) and in intermittent service up to 540 °C (1000 °F). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ti-167. Producer or source: United Performance Metals.


© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved. Aerosols influence many areas of our daily life. They are at the core of environmental problems such as global warming, photochemical smog and poor air quality. They can also have diverse effects on human health, where exposure occurs in both outdoor and indoor environments. However, aerosols can have beneficial effects too; the delivery of drugs to the lungs, the delivery of fuels for combustion and the production of nanomaterials all rely on aerosols. Advances in particle measurement technologies have made it possible to take advantage of rapid changes in both particle size and concentration. Likewise, aerosols can now be produced in a controlled fashion. Reviewing many technological applications together with the current scientific status of aerosol modelling and measurements, this book includes:Satellite aerosol remote sensing. The effects of aerosols on climate change. Air pollution and health. Pharmaceutical aerosols and pulmonary drug delivery. Bioaerosols and hospital infections. Particle emissions from vehicles. The safety of emerging nanomaterials. Radioactive aerosols: tracers of atmospheric processes With the importance of this topic brought to the public's attention after the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull, this book provides a timely, concise and accessible overview of the many facets of aerosol science.


Visual perception of biological motion is a complex process that involves several independent mechanisms. Particularly, two such mechanisms have to be distinguished. One responds to the local motion of the feet of a moving animal and signals both the presence and the facing direction of the animal. The second integrates the global configuration of a set of moving dots into the coherent, articulated shape of a human or animal body. We hypothesize that the first one is evolutionary old, not specific to human motion, and not sensitive to learning, while the second requires individual learning and is therefore specific to human motion. Here, we conducted two experiments. The first one required an observer to derive the direction in which a stationary walker was facing. The walker depicted either a human walker, a walking pigeon or a walking cat masked by a varying number of stationary flickering dots. Walkers were shown either spatially intact or scrambled. Five blocks of 60 trials each were run to probe for learning effects. The second experiment was a 2AFC detection experiment. In each trial, two displays were shown. One contained only a mask of scrambled walkers while the other one also contained a coherent walker. Walkers depicted a human, a pigeon, or a cat. Again, five blocks with 60 trials each were run to test for learning effects. Results confirmed our hypotheses: For the first task which focused on the local mechanism, we found effects of the number of masking dots, and an effect of scrambling, but neither an effect of the nature of the walker, nor an effect of learning. In contrast, for the second task (requiring global shape-from-motion processing) we found much better performance for the human walker as compared to the non-human walkers, and a strong effect of learning.


This paper focuses on the design and development of a fine microwire feeder for laser applications. The use of metallic wires as a medium of deposition has been popular in aerospace and car manufacturing industries. These micro sized wires are also gaining importance in medical and semi-conductor industries. The use of wire-feeders in laser welding and electrical discharge machining applications has been prominent. There are devices used in laser applications which can handle wires from 0.25mm to 10.0 mm in diameter. The handling of microsized wire in laser application is often considered difficult due to its low buckling strength exposure to harsh environment. The primary function of the microwire feeder described in this paper was to feed wires of varying microdiameters to a desired location with high accuracy and precision to be used in a laser aided manufacturing processes. This can be designed by dividing the microwire feeder into four basic sub-mechanisms: (1) feeding mechanism (2) transfer mechanism (3) precision guidance mechanism (4) adjustment mechanism. These sub-mechanisms are integrated to account for compactness, flexibility and precision. This microwire feeder is capable of handling wires as low as 0.05 mm in diameter. The precision and accuracy of the device was experimentally tested prior to its practical application. A case study on laser deposition was presented; where; a 316 stainless steel microwire of 0.125 mm diameter was fed into a melt pool of 0.2 mm. The wire feed and the traverse speed of the table were varied to achieve a uniformly distributed clad. The effect of wire feed and traverse speed were studied and a deposition process window was developed for future experimentation.


IZA DP No. 14602 JULY 2021 Retirement and Health Outcomes in a Meta-Analytical Framework This paper presents a meta-analysis on the effects of retirement on health. We select academic papers published between 2000 and 2021 studying the impact of retirement on physical and mental health, self-assessed general health, healthcare utilization and mortality. Among 275 observations from 85 articles, 28% (13%) find positive (negative) effects of retirement on health outcomes. Almost 60% of the observations do not provide statistically significant findings. Using meta-regression analysis, we checked for the presence of publication bias after distinguishing among different journal subject areas and, once correcting for it, we find that the average effect of retirement on health outcomes is small and barely significant. We apply model averaging techniques to explore possible sources of heterogeneity and our results suggest that the different estimated effects can be explained by the differences in both health measurements and retirement schemes. JEL Classification: I10, J14, J26


Background: Strengthening health research is essential to inform public health policies. However, few research training programs have systematically measured their impact on capacity building and most evaluations have been limited to reporting of individual trainee metrics. Hence, we conducted an evaluation of the impact of a five-year training program focused on building both trainee and institutional research capacity at a public medical college in India. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess the individual and institutional research capacity building of a five-year HIV-TB research training program at Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College in Pune, India, supported by the US National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center. In addition to documentation of the number of trainee research projects initiated, the number of research papers produced by the Fogarty Scholars (FSs) available on PubMed was calculated. The institutional impact of this program was assessed by documentation of research training activities conducted by the FSs, as well as by surveys and in-depth interviews conducted at the beginning and end of the program. Results: Twenty-one mid-level BJGMC faculty were provided training in HIV-TB research competencies. Between 1 April 2014 and 1 April 2019, 13 of these FSs designed and implemented new IRB-approved research studies and contributed to 49 PubMed listed research papers, including 11 first-authored manuscripts. FSs also conducted 36 journal club discussions, mentored 58 student research projects and conducted 5 institutional research method workshops. Pre- and-post-program surveys and in-depth interviews documented a perceived increase in institutional research capacity, particularly in TB research (epidemiology, clinical research, laboratory research). The impact of the Fogarty Training Program on institutional scientific output was perceived to be marginally improved. Conclusion: The Fogarty Training Program had a significant impact on building individual research capacity. To sustain this impact beyond the five years of Fogarty support, additional governmental and institutional resources, the establishment of dedicated space for faculty research and protected faculty time for research are needed. These findings can inform the design and implementation of future health research capacity building initiatives.


The final stages of the emplacement of the Dalradian block into Scotland are recorded in the Old Red Sandstone rocks that lie faulted against the main Dalradian belt. In the case of the Balmaha–Queen Elizabeth Forest sequence this involves the Gualann Fault, a splay of the Highland Boundary Fault, which transects c. 6.5 km of Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerates and sandstones between Balmaha and Aberfoyle. A sequence of coarse conglomerates at Balmaha, near the top of the succession, derived from the SE, was deposited unconformably on the Highland Border Complex. This conglomerate has been studied in detail and the sequence is interpreted as an oblique section through an alluvial fan. Fitting the average dimensions of other alluvial fans to the unfolded cross-section suggests that it once extended some 5 km to the north, over the position of the Dalradian block. The conglomerate–sandstone sequence beneath was also deposited in alluvial fans that accumulated in a strike-slip, extensional basin in which units of conglomerate become progressively younger to the SW. Immediately NW of the Gualann Fault, in the Queen Elizabeth Forest, sub-horizontal red sandstones and breccias rest unconformably on the Highland Border Complex and were probably deposited beyond the reach of the coarse conglomerates. It is suggested that the Gualann Fault was initially a very low-angle or flat thrust, which was rotated in mid-Devonian times during the development of the steep NW limb of the Strathmore Syncline. It brought sub-horizontal breccias and sandstones, originally deposited 10–15 km to the NW, well out of the influence of the conglomerates on the SE side of the fault, into juxtaposition with folded coarse conglomerates south of the Fault. As the Gualann Fault is a splay of the Highland Boundary Fault this implies that the latter may also be a thrust that brought the Dalradian block over the Highland Border rocks. The whole sequence, from Balmaha to the Queen Elizabeth Forest, reflects the unroofing of an existing source of conglomerates to eventually erode their quartzite basement. The Highland Boundary Fault, although a fairly straight and prominent feature to the NE, becomes displaced and difficult to follow in the area to the SW where it is accompanied by many splays trending roughly N–S. The area, in and around the Firth of Clyde, has been regarded as the product of a locked phase of the fault movement that produced an extensional basin in Upper Old Red Sandstone times, but is also likely to have generated the more northern basins seen here. There are a few records of conglomerates and associated rocks cut by the Highland Boundary Fault to the NE, suggesting that Old Red Sandstone basins extended well beyond the present Highland Boundary Fault. These basins may also have relevance to the timing of the incoming of the Dalradian block, absent from Scotland during earlier periods.


Abstract Previous research has recognized positive health implications, both physical and mental, as an outcome of participation in leisure pursuits. They provide opportunities for self-expression and stress reduction, as well as an environment in which people can socialize. Leisure activities, specifically sport activities, can play a significant role in young people's identity development. This paper explores the leisure activities in which young people in Adelaide, Australia participate. It examines the role of leisure activities in terms of young people's identity and feelings towards their hometown. This study consisted of semi-structured focus groups conducted with 24 senior high school students, followed by a survey resulting in 226 useable responses. Respondents were aged between 16 and 18 years of age. From the range of activities identified and explored, the results revealed sports activities to have the greatest impact on young people's lives. The results demonstrated that frequency of participation has a significant effect on young people's involvement levels and how they identify with the activity.


An increasing number of community colleges in the United States are becoming baccalaureate-granting institutions. Proponents of the community college baccalaureate (CCB) argue that the CCB provides students with access to higher education, while others argue the CCB will compromise the community college's core values. The purpose of this study is to explore faculty members' intention to support the CCB transition. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior provides the theoretical framework for the study. The theory assumes that changes in behavior are intentional and, therefore, can be planned. This theory posits that attitudes, subjective (social) norms, and perceived behavioral control predict intentions to support a behavior and, ultimately, to behave in a certain way. Full-time faculty members from two community colleges in Florida were invited to participate in the Web-based survey; 95 of the 317 faculty members invited to participate in the study chose to complete the survey, representing a 30% response rate. Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated among the direct measures and their underlying beliefs indicate significant relationships among (a) attitude and behavioral beliefs (r = .46, p = .01) and (b) subjective norms and normative beliefs (r = .48, p = .01). Correlation analysis among the direct measures and behavioral intention indicate significant relationships among (a) attitude and behavioral beliefs (r = .82, p = x .01), (b) subjective norms and normative beliefs (r = .22, p = .05), and (c) perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention (r = .34, p = .01). The multiple linear regression analysis indicated the linear combination of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control account for 69% of the variability in faculty members' intention to support the CCB transition, with greatest the contribution from perceived behavioral control, (b = .87), followed by attitude (b = .22), and subjective norms contributing the least (b = .05). The findings from this study can be used to reflect upon CCB transitions that have already occurred or are in process. In addition, the findings can inform future efforts by community colleges to develop more effective and efficient processes for making the transition to CCB institutions. Lastly, the findings provide insight of the CCB transition from a faculty members' perspective, as well as to contribute to existing literature on the theory of planned behavior.


Background:We longitudinally examined the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) on condom and diaphragm nonadherence among women in the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa study, a phase III HIV prevention trial in southern Africa. Methods:Recent IPV (fear of violence, emotional abuse, physical violence, or forced sex, in past 3 months), condom nonadherence, and diaphragm nonadherence were assessed at baseline, 12 month, and exit visits (up to 24 months). The association between IPV and (1) condom nonadherence or (2) diaphragm nonadherence across visits was modeled using Generalized Estimating Equations adjusting for potential confounders. Results:Of 4505 participants, 55% reported recent IPV during their trial participation. Women reported fearing violence (41%), emotional abuse (38%), being physically assaulted (16%), and forced sex (15%) by their regular male partner. IPV was associated with condom nonadherence in both study arms [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24 to 1.61 (control arm) and AOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.69, (intervention arm)] and with diaphragm nonadherence (AOR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.45) adjusting for age, study sites, number of sex partners, and knowledge of male partner infidelity. Modeling effects of each form of IPV separately on nonadherence outcomes yielded similar results. Conclusions:Prevalence of recent IPV was high and associated with condom and diaphragm nonadherence during the trial. Counseling in prevention trials should proactively address IPV, for its own sake, and in product and risk-reduction counseling. Strategies to encourage men's positive involvement in product use and prevent IPV perpetration should be considered.


A Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate resistant to imipenem was recovered from a wound sample. The patient, a 57-year-old man, underwent a surgical resection of small bowel and sigmoid colon and was treated with multiple courses of antimicrobials. PCR analysis revealed that the clinical isolate was carrying simultaneously bla(VIM-1), bla(KPC-2), bla(SHV) and bla(TEM) genes. The concomitant presence of these genes is alarming and poses therapeutic as well as infection control problems.


Modern care is often based on investigations such as laboratory markers and imaging - for example, x-ray or ultrasound. The results contribute to a diagnosis and, if judged necessary, treatment is initiated. This diseased-oriented approach is the prevailing mode of management in modern medicine. In contrast, person-centered care (PCC) takes the point of departure from each person´s subjective experience of illness and its impact on daily life. A patient is considered as a person with emotions and feelings. PCC is considered present within clinical care according to a definition articulated by the Centre for Person Centred Care at the University of Gothenburg (GPCC) when three core components are present: elicitation of a detailed patient narrative; formulated partnership between caregiver and patient and documentation of the partnership in the patient record. Accordingly, when there is an illness requiring care and the person is attended using these components, PCC is being applied. In most situations today, PCC is not applied as the narrative is not fully elicited or the partnership and/or the documentation are not included. It is proposed that the challenge to Society arising from changing demographics can be addressed by implementing PCC and creating an alternative to existing healthcare. The importance and benefits of such an approach on a wider scale is not yet clear as research has been limited to date. Studies in selected patient populations (heart failure and hip fractures), however, have shown promising results. As the population ages, there will be a dramatic increase in healthcare consumption. Even with technological developments, there will be a need for tremendous resources to be dedicated to care. A new organization and attitude from healthcare policymakers and providers above and beyond the present model appears required in order to respond to this demand. As part of such change, person-centred care, with the interaction between healthcare providers and the person of the patient, can facilitate, compensate and develop more effective healthcare services for the future.


Introduction Violent encounters with police represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA, especially among Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC). This study characterises trends in fatal police shootings overall and by armed status and quantifies inequities in mortality burden and years of life lost (YLL) across racial/ethnic groups. Methods Longitudinal study of Washington Post data on fatal police shootings in the USA using generalised linear-mixed models to capture trends with time and relative rates. Results This study shows that the rate of fatal police shootings for Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) is constant from 2015 to 2020. Further, BIPOC have significantly higher death rates compared with Whites in the overall victim pool (Native American RR=3.06, Black RR=2.62, Hispanic RR=1.29) and among unarmed victims (Black RR=3.18, Hispanic RR=1.45). Native American (RR=3.95), Black (overall RR=3.29, unarmed RR=3.49) and Hispanic (RR=1.55, unarmed RR=1.55), victims had similarly high rates of YLL relative to Whites. Conclusion Fatal police shootings are a public health emergency that contribute to poor health for BIPOC. Urgent attention from health professionals is needed to help drive policy efforts that reduce this unjust burden and move us towards achieving health equity in the US.


Theorems stating that something is impossible are notoriously difficult to understand for many students and amateur mathematicians. In this talk I shall discuss how the role of such impossibility statements has changed during the history of mathematics. I shall argue that impossibility statements have changed status from a kind of meta-statement to true mathematical theorems. I shall also argue that this story is worth telling in the classroom because it will clarify the nature of impossibility theorems and thus of mathematics. In particular it will show to the students how mathematics is able to investigate the limits of its own activity with its own methods.


The post-genomic era presents new opportunities for manipulating plant chemistry for improvement of plant traits such as disease and stress resistance and nutritional qualities. This conference will provide a setting for developing multidisciplinary collaborations needed to unravel the dynamic complexity of plant metabolic networks and advance basic and applied research in plant metabolic engineering. The conference will integrate recent advances in genomics, with metabolite and gene expression analyses. Research discussions will explore how biosynthetic pathways interact with regard to substrate competition and channeling, plasticity of biosynthetic enzymes, and investigate the localization, structure, and assembly of biosynthetic metabolons in native and nonnative environments. The meeting will develop new perspectives for plant transgenic research with regard to how transgene expression may influence cellular metabolism. Incorporation of spectroscopic approaches for metabolic profiling and flux analysis combined with mathematical modeling will contribute to the development of rational metabolic engineering strategies and lead to the development of new tools to assess temporal and subcellular changes in metabolite pools. The conference will also highlight new technologies for pathway engineering, including use of heterologous systems, directed enzyme evolution, engineering of transcription factors and application of molecular/genetic techniques for controlling biosynthetic pathways.


The ultraviolet spectral response characteristics of several 1P28 photomultipliers constructed in quartz envelopes, and of conventional 1P28 photomultipliers in glass were measured using a vacuum grating monochromator equipped with a thermocouple for measuring the absolute energy at the exit slit. The radiation source was a hydrogen discharge tube. The quartz multipliers were found to respond to 1550A and the glass multipliers to 1750A. The limits and response near the limits were determined by the absorption of the respective envelopes. Each type responded to a small extent at wavelengths below the enevlope transmission limits, because of fluorescence of the envelope. The response at 2537A varied over the same range for both types.


Cell-cell signaling is a central process in the formation of multicellular organisms. Notch (N) is the receptor of a conserved signaling pathway that regulates numerous developmental decisions, and the misregulation of N has been linked to various physiological and developmental disorders. The endocytosis of N and its ligands is a key mechanism by which N-mediated cell-cell signaling is developmentally regulated. We review here the recent findings that have highlighted the importance and complexity of this regulation.


Indigenous knowledge related to Lanhouin processing, commercialization, and consumption was investigated through a survey in the Mono District in the south of Benin using a questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on the socio-cultural profile of actors, the raw materials used for the processing, the technologies used, the quality attributes, the forms of consumption, and the storage of the product. The data collected were analysed by means of descriptive statistics and correspondence analysis. The results showed that Lanhouin is generally processed in informal small-scale plants. A large number of women are engaged in the production and the trade of Lanhouin and this constitutes the main source of income for most of them. Three variants of technologies were used to produce Lanhouin, but all apparently concluded in the same end product. The appreciation of the quality of Lanhouin by the actors is mainly based on sensory attributes such as the colour, texture, aroma, consistency of flesh, and the general appearance of the product. In Benin, Lanhouin serves various markets: domestic markets and sub-regional markets that contribute to an expanding market. As regards the forms of consumption, Lanhouin is used as a taste and flavour enhancing condiment in some main dishes such as vegetable, slimy vegetable, and tomato sauces.


This paper investigates the determinants of the real exchange rate using a panel of disaggregated data for the OECD countries. It also marries two literatures - one which uses panel data to measure relationships between changes in exchange rates to changes in the determinants, and the other which uses cointegration techniques to measure the long-run relationship between the level of the exchange rate and the level of the determining factors. The previous panel studies cannot account for deviations from long-run trend levels, while the extant literature using time series cointegration techniques can only intermittently detect and measure posited relationships. Estimating the relationships in levels is an interesting activity because it allows one to calculate trend real exchange rates. After surveying the previous litera- ture, a dynamic model of the real exchange rate is used to motivate the empi- rical exercise. In examining this problem, we exploit recent developments in the econometric analysis of nonstationary variables in panel data. The results indicate that under certain assumptions it is easier to detect cointegration in panel data than in the available time series; moreover, the estimates of reversion to trend are also estimated with greater precision. The most empirically successful models include productivity measures, government spend- ing ratios, and either the terms of trade, or the real price of oil. Using this latter model, we find that the implied equilibrium exchange rates indicate less overvaluation of the dollar than that implied by a naive version of purchasing power parity.


ABSTRACT  Herbivory is common on the federally endangered Clematis morefieldii (Ranunculaceae), but little is known about its effect on reproductive output. Over 3 yr, we applied the insecticide Sevin (0.26% carbaryl) or water (as a control) to 40 plants (20 per treatment) every 3 wk during the growing season. Herbivores destroyed fewer flower buds on insecticide-treated plants (18.4% fewer in 2010, 45.6% fewer in 2011, 39.7% fewer in 2012), but fruit production increased 3.7-fold on insecticide-treated plants only in 2011. High rainfall during peak flowering/fruiting (April–June) influenced the effectiveness of treatments by boosting achene production in 2011. We compared the amounts of vegetative herbivory (vertebrate browse damage, invertebrate browse damage, piercing-sucking herbivore damage, or leaf miner damage) within each year. Both vertebrate and invertebrate browse damage were significantly greater (1.2- to 2.2-fold) on control plants for all three years. Piercing-sucking herbivory was greater (25–40% more) on control plants during most of the growing season for all three years. Vertebrate damage was more frequent on insecticide-treated plants (25–40% greater) during 2012. During high rainfall years, invertebrate herbivory reduced reproductive output, either directly by attacking flower buds/flowers or indirectly by vegetative herbivory that reduces resources available for reproduction. Insecticide use during years of high insect infestation could be a viable option for managers seeking to increase seed output by this rare plant.


Image degradations can affect the different processing steps of iris recognition systems. With several quality factors proposed for iris images, its specific effect in the segmentation accuracy is often obviated, with most of the efforts focused on its impact in the recognition accuracy. Accordingly, we evaluate the impact of 8 quality measures in the performance of iris segmentation. We use a database acquired with a close-up iris sensor and built-in quality checking process. Despite the latter, we report differences in behavior, with some measures clearly predicting the segmentation performance, while others giving inconclusive results. Recognition experiments with two matchers also show that segmentation and matching performance are not necessarily affected by the same factors. The resilience of one matcher to segmentation inaccuracies also suggest that segmentation errors due to low image quality are not necessarily revealed by the matcher, pointing out the importance of separate evaluation of the segmentation accuracy.


We show with a laboratory experiment that individuals adjust their moral principles to the situation and to their actions, just as much as they adjust their actions to their principles. We first elicit the individuals' principles regarding the fairness and unfairness of allocations in three different scenarios (a Dictator game, an Ultimatum game, and a Trust game). One week later, the same individuals are invited to play those same games with monetary compensation. Finally in the same session we elicit again their principles regarding the fairness and unfairness of allocations in the same three scenarios. Our results show that individuals adjust abstract norms to fit the game, their role and the choices they made. First, norms that appear abstract and universal take into account the bargaining power of the two sides. The strong side bends the norm in its favor and the weak side agrees: Stated fairness is a compromise with power. Second, in most situations, individuals adjust the range of fair shares after playing the game for real money compared with their initial statement. Third, the discrepancy between hypothetical and real behavior is larger in games where real choices have no strategic consequence (Dictator game and second mover in Trust game) than in those where they do (Ultimatum game). Finally the adjustment of principles to actions is mainly the fact of individuals who behave more selfishly and who have a stronger bargaining power. The moral hypocrisy displayed (measured by the discrepancy between statements and actions chosen followed by an adjustment of principles to actions) appears produced by the attempt, not necessarily conscious, to strike a balance between self-image and immediate convenience.


The Supreme Court's 1857 Dred Scott decision denied citizenship to African Americans and enabled slavery's westward expansion. It has long stood as a grievous instance of justice perverted by sectional politics. Austin Allen finds that the outcome of Dred Scott hinged not on a single issue - slavery - but on a web of assumptions, agendas, and commitments held collectively and individually by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and his colleagues. Allen carefully tracks arguments made by Taney Court justices in more than 1,600 reported cases in the two decades prior to Dred Scott and in its immediate aftermath. By showing us the political, professional, ideological, and institutional contexts in which the Taney Court worked, Allen reveals that Dred Scott was not simply a victory for the Court's prosouthern faction. It was instead an outgrowth of Jacksonian jurisprudence, an intellectual system that charged the Court with protecting slavery, preserving both federal power and state sovereignty, promoting economic development, and securing the legal foundations of an emerging corporate order - all at the same time. Here is a wealth of new insight into the internal dynamics of the Taney Court and the origins of its most infamous decision.