It is known from ensemble spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures that variants of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein (GFP) occur in interconvertible spectroscopically distinct forms which are obscured in ensemble room temperature spectroscopy. By analyzing the fluorescence of the GFP variants EYFP and EGFP by spectrally resolved single-molecule spectroscopy we were able to observe spectroscopically different forms of the proteins and to dynamically monitor transitions between these forms at room temperature. In addition to the predominant EYFP B-form we have observed the blue-shifted I-form thus far only seen at cryogenic temperatures and have followed transitions between these forms. Further we have identified for EYFP and for EGFP three more, so far unknown, forms with red-shifted fluorescence. Transitions between the predominant forms and the red-shifted forms show a dark time which indicates the existence of a nonfluorescent intermediate. The spectral position of the newly-identified red-shifted forms and their formation via a nonfluorescent intermediate hint that these states may account for the possible photoactivation observed in bulk experiments. The comparison of the single-protein spectra of the red-shifted EYFP and EGFP forms with single-molecule fluorescence spectra of DsRed suggest that these new forms possibly originate from an extended chromophoric pi-system analogous to the DsRed chromophore.


Fourteen preterm infants who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia diagnosed radiologically were compared with a group of similar infants who did not. The two groups were of comparable maturity and birth weight. The clinical histories indicated that those infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had had longer periods of supplemental oxygen, more frequent treatment with dexamethasone, and a higher mean total dosage of frusemide. Bone mineral content in the mid-forearm was measured by photon absorptiometry at or near the postconceptional age of 40 weeks in all cases; no significant difference was found between the two groups, although both were severely undermineralised when compared with infants born at full term. In both groups mean daily calcium intake (about 70 mg/kg/day) was about half the daily intrauterine accretion of calcium.


Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) are the common cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality world over. Recent global estimates reported that their incidence is on decline, but in developing countries like India they rank second only to anemia. Objectives: Study the incidence of Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and requirement of immediate postnatal resuscitation and outcome in babies born to these mothers. Materials and methods: Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients and methods: 778 neonates with maternal history of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy formed the study group and equal numbers of babies born to normotensive mothers were taken as controls. Relevant maternal and neonatal data was recorded in a structured proforma. Number of neonates who required resuscitation were identified and resuscitated as per neonatal resuscitation protocol by American Heart Association. Type of resuscitation required and outcome in cases and controls was assessed in relation to maternal and neonatal risk factors. Results: Overall 75% cases required no resuscitation / basic resuscitation and 25% required advanced resuscitation while from control group only 7% required advanced resuscitation, 93% needed no or basic resuscitation. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.0004). Out of total 778 cases 84%babies survived and 16% died. Among controls 95% survived and only 5% died. Conclusions: In general 99% of babies can be saved with basic resuscitation even at peripheral health facility but babies of hypertensive mothers require more of advanced resuscitation and specialist services.


textabstractIn 2005 there was a re-offense by a TBS (Dutch entrustment) patient on leave, which lead to upheaval in society and a parliamentary inquiry commission into the TBS-system, which reported in 2006. This trend of continuing changes in policy and legislation since the last major revision of the TBS-provisisions in 1988 called for a rethinking of the system, addressed through the following question: What form should the TBS system – or the reaction to dangerous mentally disordered offenders – take, considering an analysis of historical bases of recent issues, the system and foreign alternatives?
Through a 'discourse analysis', the issues under discussion since 1988 were identified in chapter 2. They were placed on the following domains: societal and political context, legal orientation, nature of the criminal measure, criteria for imposition, regulation of the execution and practice of the execution. In chapter 3 these issues were traced back to the genesis of the system (1795-1928) and in chapter 4 to its developmental history (1928-1988).
An analysis in chapter 5 led to the conclusion that the TBS has shown to be a pre-eminently responsive sanction, of which the regulation was formulated in an open manner to ensure consensus between parties and positions on the primary aim of safety. Most of the issues under discussion can be derived from the multi-interpretable manner in which the provisions are formulated. Solutions proposed for certain problems in the discourse are usually derived from a perspective on the TBS-system as a whole. In recent years these positions may be best divided in an emphasis on safety, treatment or legal protection. As an extreme position on any of these dimensions, which balance the system, would lead to its abolishment, for alternatives one should look abroad. As a final method therefore, a legal comparative analysis with the historical development of forensic mental health systems in other countries was done. Sweden, Germany, England (& Wales), Scotland and Canada were selected, as they are the countries the Netherlands seems to take example from in policy plans and are therefore deemed comparable. As the development of systems is driven by moral, criminal politics, scientific evidence and jurisdiction-specific culture in society and single incidents, the Dutch system did not look too bad. Comparable measures in Sweden and England had less effect, because of less investments in sociotherapeutic milieu and less attempts of rehabilitation, while other than a German measure the rehabilitative approach was endorsed by the European Court of Human Rights. Lessons for the Netherlands included the possibilities of treatment in prison and the possibilities for supervision in society. A covering conclusion is that the open formulation of the TBS-provisions have brought about that the measure is 'convicted to preconviction' (as the entrustees are), in a sense that it is doomed to be interpreted by different positions in a way that fits their ideology. New provisions are advised which are adapted to current insights, as well as a name change. From general assumptions, solutions for individual issues are also proposed, such as abolishment of the formal longstay-modality, less political involvement in the procedure for granting leave and stimulating the judiciary to determine the conditions for imposition (including disorder) in cases in which the defendant has refused evaluation.


The Swedish pension reform probably represents the most far-reaching reconstruction of a mature public pay-as-you-go pension system undertaken in Western Europe after 1945. The reform was drafted back in 1992; a political agreement to implement it was reached in 1994, and its principal elements were legislated in 1998. This article provides a brief background and description of the reform process, with an emphasis on describing the main features of Sweden's new public pension system. Also reported are some of the early experience with the new scheme and how it has been received.


This paper focuses on union form in cross-gender relationships in later life, against the background of the transformation of intimacy in late modernity. Results are based on a survey to 60–90 year old Swedes (n=1225; response rate 42%) and European census data. Sweden seems to be the only country where there are more divorced than widowed people in this age group. Almost 1/3 of Swedes, aged 60-90, categorized as "singles" by official Swedish census data on civil status, are in fact living as LATs or cohabitants. In new romantic relationships initiated 60+ the dominant union form is LAT (70%) followed by cohabitation (26%), while marriage is rare (4%). Less than 2 in 10 singles think that is important to be married – and among marrieds less than 8 in 10. Relationship history data shows that although half of the respondents have been married only once, one third (33%) have had 2+ cohabiting unions (marital/non-marital), half (46%) 2+ established relationships, and a majority (66%) 3+ sexual partners. The results indicate that the transformation of intimacy includes older Swedes. Discussion: Should we see older people as a vanguard in the exploration of late modern intimacy, rather than carriers of cultural lag?


Statement of the issue: Bacterial anti-infection opposition is an overall general medical issue requiring and new methodologies. Foundation: Sigma S (σs) controls the union of proteins that add to the opposition of microscopic organisms like uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in the fixed period of development, where microorganisms are generally harmful; σs is encoded by the rpoS quality. Approach: Colony framing unit arrangement was utilized to decide anti-toxin affectability; a novel microfluidic gadget decided affectability at single-cell level. Results: Lack of rpoS expanded UPEC affectability to bactericidal anti-toxins: gentamicin (Gm), ampicillin and norfloxacin. Gm will be talked about to show the discoveries with the three anti-infection agents. Worldwide proteomic examination embroiled debilitated cell reinforcement resistance. Utilization of the psfiA hereditary columnist, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF) color, and Amplex Red demonstrated that Gm created increasingly oxidative worry in the freak. Cell extension can bargain the aftereffects of HPF, yet the anti-toxin treatment did not influence the elements of fixed stage microscopic organisms. The cancer prevention agent, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and anaerobiosis diminished medication lethality. Hence, more noteworthy oxidative pressure brought about by lacking extinguishing of endogenous ROS as well as breath connected electron spillage added to the expanded affectability of the freak; this was affirmed additionally in vivo. Wiping out of quencher proteins, SodA/SodB and KatE/SodA, or the pentose phosphate pathway proteins, Zwf/Gnd and TalA, (wellspring of NADPH required by the quenchers), additionally produced more prominent oxidative pressure and slaughtering by Gm. The outcomes were affirmed at single-cell level, just as under microgravity during space flight where space traveler safe reaction is undermined. End and Significance: Besides their set up method of activity, bactericidal anti-toxins additionally eliminate microscopic organisms by oxidative pressure. Focusing on the cancer prevention agent resistance will in this way upgrade their viability. Fixed stage infinitesimal living beings expect fundamental employments in disease causation Due to a deficiency of enhancements and also various parts, organisms in the host every now and again experience this late improvement stage and it is in this stage an extensive parcel of their hurtfulness characteristics are basically imparted For example, in pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, the csgBA characteristics, encoding curli which mediate have assault and the fim characteristics, encoding type I fimbriae which are related with bladder colonization, are conveyed in fixed stage .Stationary-stage microorganisms become significantly impenetrable to disinfectants, are difficult to murder, and accept a key activity in the raised block of bacterial biofilms.. it is in this way imperative to investigate implies for their control. The bacterial general pressure reaction (GSR), controlled by σS (result of the rpoS quality), is initiated in the fixed period of E. coli microscopic organisms and is answerable for their high level of obstruction, which is because of the declaration of a center arrangement of proteins that ensure essential cell biomolecules, i.e., proteins, DNA, and the cell envelope Since bactericidal anti-toxins apply their poisonous impacts in microbes by harming these particles, we alongside others hypothesized that σS is probably going to have a job in securing microorganisms against these medications also, and it has been indicated that constitutive articulation of rpoS can limit anti-toxin affectability in a multidrug-safe strain of E. coli and that a rpoS freak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa turns out to be increasingly delicate to carbapenems in fixed stage However, the robotic premise of this job has up 'til now stayed unexplored. In fixed stage E. coli, the loss of σS does without a doubt bring about rendering the bacterium uniquely increasingly delicate to three bactericidal anti-microbials that target various macromolecules: gentamicin ([Gm] ribosomes), ampicillin (peptidoglycan), and ciprofloxacin (DNA). Here, we present inside and out investigation of the biochemical premise that renders the ΔrpoS freak delicate to Gm; a future report will manage the other two anti-microbials. We show that the adequacy of Gm in murdering fixed stage E. coli is improved by the nonattendance of σS as well as of a few σS-subordinate proteins of cell reinforcement safeguard, that this misfortune prompts more significant levels of receptive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative worry upon Gm treatment, and that the cancer prevention agent guard adds to Gm obstruction of E. coli additionally in vivo. In recognizing new focuses for improving the viability of a generally utilized anti-toxin, we address the overall general wellbeing danger presented by the expanding bacterial anti-toxin obstruction. σs has been involved in opposition of fixed stage E. coli to bacteriostatic medications by Kolodkin-Gal and Engelberg-Kulka however just in strains additionally missing the MazEF poison immunizing agent framework, which is not the situation with the instrument announced here. The MazF poison was involved as being liable for the executing, yet whether this poison really eliminates microbes is questionable. Notwithstanding, their investigations managed an alternate class of anti-toxins. There is at present a solid debate concerning the job of oxidative worry in the poisonousness of bactericidal medications in exponential-stage E. coli. The fixed stage microscopic organisms vary from their exponential-stage partners not just as respects the σs-intervened changes noted above yet additionally in different regards. In this way, as fixed stage microscopic organisms speak to a physiological state altogether different from exponential-stage cells, this debate is not apropos to this investigation and is noted distinctly in significant settings.
"The fundamental instrument of the activity of bactericidal anti-infection agents is notable, just as the methods microbes utilize to counter them. Ongoing examinations show that notwithstanding these known systems, another way that anti-infection agents (e.g., gentamicin, norfloxacin, ampicillin) hurt microorganisms is by applying oxidative pressure, which microscopic organisms oppose by activating their enemy of oxidative protection. Stationary-stage microbes are significant in illness. The σs-controlled general pressure reaction causes them to become impervious to disinfectants, however the job of σs in bacterial anti-toxin opposition has not been explained. Loss of σs rendered fixed stage Escherichia coli increasingly delicate to the bactericidal anti-toxin gentamicin (Gm), and proteomic examination recommended association of a debilitated cancer prevention agent protection. Utilization of the psfiA hereditary correspondent, 3′-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF) color, and Amplex Red indicated that Gm produced increasingly receptive oxygen species (ROS) in the freak. HPF estimations can be misshaped by cell stretching, however Gm did not influence fixed stage cell measurements. Coadministration of the cancer prevention agent N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) diminished medication lethality especially in the freak, as did Gm treatment under anaerobic conditions that forestall ROS development. More prominent oxidative worry, because of inadequate extinguishing of endogenous ROS or potentially breath connected electron spillage, hence added to the more prominent affectability of the freak; contamination by a uropathogenic strain in mice demonstrated this to be the situation likewise in vivo. Interruption of cancer prevention agent resistance by taking out the quencher proteins, SodA/SodB and KatE/SodA, or the pentose phosphate pathway proteins, Zwf/Gnd and TalA, which give NADPH to ROS decay, likewise created more prominent oxidative pressure and executing by Gm. Pertinent parts of the present contention on the job of ROS in executing by bactericid.


This thesis is a cross-sectional study of the
Rocky Cape Geanticline, one of the major tectonic
elements of Tasmania. The Rocky Cape Geanticline consists
of deformed, unfossiliferous, and dominantly unmetamorphosed
sedimentary rock of presumed Proterozoic age. The internal
structure is due to the Penguin Orogeny of late Proterozoic
age. Two distinct lithological assemblages are recognised,
corresponding to different basins of deposition. These
basins have a northeast southwest trend, parallel to the
axis of the Rocky Cape Geanticline, and flank the older
Precambrian nucleus Which lies to the east.
To the west of the axis of the geanticline is
an unstable shelf sequence about 20,000 feet thick,
consisting of Shale, Oiltstone, orthoquartzite and minor
dolomite. This comprises the Rocky Cape Group; a revised
definition is given for the Rocky Cape Group, and new
names are given to the Constituent formations. First
record of sedimentation indicates a starved euxinic
environment. This was followed by a stable, Shallowwater,
frees-circulating environment in which unusually
large thicknesses of cross-bedded orthoquartzite
accumulated. Palaeocurrent directions from cross-bedding
have diametrically opposed, bimodal or polymodal patterns,
which are interpreted as the expression of transverse
dispersal currents. These may reflect a gently oscillating
palaeoslope. Further to the west the Rocky (Cape Group
is overlain, with a low-angle unconformity, by the
Smithton Dolomite which has a basal conglomerate.
East of the axis of the geanticline, a flysch-
type sequence at least 15,000 feet thick accumulated.
This is called the Burnie Formation, and is considered to
be younger than the Rocky Cape Group. It consists of slate,
quartz wacke and minor pillow lava. Axially directed
turbidity currents were an important agent of sedimentation, although, large-scale festoon cross-bedding Indicates that traction movement by bottom currents was significant.
 These currents are considered to be Independent of the
turbidity currents.
A variety of sedimentary deformation structures
occur. Most are post-depositional, and can be further
classified into those due either to-down-Slope mass
movement, (block slide, slump sheet, and fluxoturbidite);
or to small vertical, horizontal, or toroidal movements,
(load cast, psendonddule, diapiric contortion, ball-andpillow
structure and convolute lamination). Liquefaction
is considered to be an important process In the development
of the latter category. The imposed tectonic cleavage
is Commonly-controlled by the pre-existing sedimentary
deformation, but crosscutting relationships also occur,
and assist in the distinction between sedimentary and
tectonic Structures.
Major tectonic Movements during the Penguin
Orogeny were to the southeast, so that the Burnie Formation
was squashed between the older basement to the east and
the Rocky Cape Group to the west. Albite dolerite (Cooee
Dolerite) in the form of dykes, sills and sheets were
intruded during the early stages of folding. The two
main sedimentary assemblages are now separated by the
Keith Metamorphics, a belt about five miles wide,
composed of pelitic schist, basic schist and amphibolite.
The western boundary is gradational across, strike, and
displays cataclastic textures. The Keith Metamorphics
was derived in part from the surrounding sediments and
partly from basic igneous rock, believed to be equivalent
to the Cooee Dolerite. This belt is interpreted as a
high-angle Shear zone. Correlation with similar schists
along the axis of the Rocky Cape Geanticline indicates
that this is a fundamental structure, and it is here
termed the Arthur Lineament.
The structure in the Rocky Cape Group is simple,
consisting of a series of folds trending parallel to the
major axis. The folds are tight and asymmetrical near the
shear zone, and become more open and symmetrical to the
west. This folding affects the Smithton Dolomite.
Detailed structural analysis of the Burnie
Formation reveals a complex picture of progressive .
deformation involving five phases, all on approximately
the same axis.. The first and third generations were the
major events in the structural evolution. The major
structure consists of two overturned synclines separated
by a flat belt and an anticlinal hinge. The overall
vergence is to the southeast, toward the older Precambrian
nucleus.
Mesoscopic folds and associated Structures of
one phase tend to form in zones which are spatially
segregated from zones of other generations. Thus,
the first generation folds are Mostly confined to the
overturned limbs of the major synclines, and the third
generation folds are confined to the intervening fiat
belt. Smaller scale segregation is demonstrated by the
occurrence of the later phases in zonee of planar
bedding between clusters of.first generation folds. The
area of overlap of these zones is generally small, So
that examples of refolded structures are not abundant,
and a false impression is given of rapid changes in
tectonic style of the one fold generation. The segregation
of fold phases is most strongly expressed where the
bedding remained kinematically active, a feature which
suggests that there is a mechanical limitation to
Superposed folding.
In the first generation mesoscopic folds, the
geometry of the arenite beds approximately fits that Of
flattened concentric folds. At Sulphur Creek, the
mesoscopic folds have a marked asymmetry, shown by
common-limb thinning of the fold couplet, a "half-fan" cleavage, and offset carinate structures. These features
may be explained by an obliquity between the initial
axial plane and the plane of flattening. The flattening
stage of fold development was followed by a disharmonic
stage involving variable lateral shortening, and the
formation of "slip-off" structures, oblique shear joints
and boudinage. Cleavage formed continuously throughout
the sequence of development of the P1 minor structures,
although the mairpariod of formation was during the
flattening stage. The change in behaviour of the
arenite beds during folding from initially competent, to
incompetent, and back to competent, may be due to the
role of internal pore water during deformation.
The evolution of the Rocky Cape Geanticline
fits into a pattern of pxoterozoic Lower Palaeozoic
orogenesis, in which the axis of sedimentation progressively
shifted toward the older nucleus, and the tempo of
- sedimentation and structural deformation increased to
a climax in the Upper Cambrian.


The present study shows that ozonation of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is likely to be a future treatment solution to remove estrogens and xeno-estrogens. The required ozone dose and electrical energy for producing the ozone were determined in two WWTP effluents for removal of 17 estrogenic chemicals. The estrogenic compounds included parabens, industrial phenols, sunscreen chemicals, and steroid estrogens. The obtained values of Electrical Energy per Order (EEOs) for the treatment of the estrogens were in the range 0.14-1.1 kWh/m(3) corresponding to 1.7-14 g O3/m(3). It is furthermore suggested that UV-absorbance is a useful parameter for online control of the ozone dose in a full scale application since the absorbance of the WWTP effluents and the remaining concentration of the estrogens and xeno-estrogens correlated well with the applied ozone dose.


Background: Work related low back pain has been identified as a one of the most costly disorders among the worldwide working population. This condition was highly prevalent that approximately 85% patients having back pain were brought on by prolonged sitting. With the rapid development of modern technology, sitting has now become the most common posture in today's work- place. Idea of using motor control learning approach provides the optimal control and coordination of the spine. The McKenzie evaluation was received using repeated movements and sustained positions. Therefore high quality randomized clinical trial was required to compare the effectiveness of these treatments for work related low back pain. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of motor control exercises and McKenzie exercises in reducing pain and disability in work related low back pain. Method: The study included 40 subjects with work related low back pain due to prolonged sitting. They were randomly allocated into two groups (Group A and Group B). Group A was treated with motor control exercises and group B was treated with McKenzie exercises for 4 weeks. Results: Both the groups have shown statically significant improvement in vas with p < 0.0001 and ODI with p < 0.0001. When the comparison was done after the 4 weeks, the percentage of improvement in group A was much higher than Group B. Conclusion: The study concluded that motor control exercises have shown statically and clinically significant improvement in reducing pain and disability when compared to McKenzie exercises among work related low back pain subjects.


According to the 2003 report of the Presidential Commission on Mental Health, it is vital that all Americans obtain an equal share in the best available mental health services and outcomes, irrespective of race, gender, ethnicity, or geographic location. The report suggests that services must be tailored to include culturally diverse populations and should also provide access to positive outcomes of care. While spirituality has been historically linked to Black Americans as a resource and buffer, the nature and role of its effectiveness still needs to be determined and explored. This study moves our understanding forward in terms of defining spirituality and its effect on healthy psychological functioning by exploring how spiritual beliefs can possibly bolster one's ability to cope with hardships. Understanding what factors in one's life can possibly improve psychological functioning is of particular significance at this time when so many challenges are disproportionately affecting the well-being of Black Americans. The search for resilience promoting factors must also be examined. Participants in this study were 362 Black individuals enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs in colleges and universities who completed the Black Racial Identity Scale (BRIAS; Helms & Parham, 1985), the Spirituality Scale (SS; Jagers, Boykin, & Smith, 1997), the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory (ACSI) (Utsey et al., 2000), the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18; Derogatis, 2000), the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB; Ryff, 1989), and a personal data form. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that spirituality partially mediates the relationship between racial identity and psychological functioning. Furthermore, results support the historical notion that spirituality is an important instrument by which Blacks are able to deal with negative experiences. Implications for clinical practice and future considerations are discussed.


In a concurring judgment in Thomas v Mowbray, a High Court of Australia case turning on the Constitutional validity of terrorism-related control orders, Callinan J offers a re-evaluation of the Court's earlier decision in the Australian Communist Party case to curtail executive power. According to Callinan J, factual matters knowable (but not known) at the time of the earlier decision might have given rise to a different outcome. In a dissenting judgment by Kirby J in the same case the Court's reasoning in the Australian Communist Party case is robustly defended. These contested issues connect with the theoretical dispute between 'common law constitutionalism' and 'constitutional positivism' analysed by Dyzenhaus in the context of states of emergency where the limits of executive action and the role of supporting facts become particularly salient. They press the question of the status of the rule of law in the international as well as in the municipal sphere.


INJURY RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE FEMUR IN CHILDREN WITH OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA Jessica M. Fritz, M.S. Marquette University, 2016 Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder characterized by increased bone fragility and decreased bone mass, which leads to high rates of bone fracture. OI has a prevalence of 1/5,000 to 1/10,000 in the United States. About 90% of persons with OI have a genetic mutation in the coding for collagen type I, which is the major protein of connective tissues, including bone. While its prevalence classifies it as a rare disease, it is the most common disorder of bone etiology. Until recently, little was known about the mechanics and materials of OI bone or their impact on fracture risk. Fracture risk is typically characterized by clinical type and radiographs. Finite element (FE) models have recently been developed to examine fracture risk during ambulation and various daily activities of the femur and tibia in children and adolescents with OI. This research aims to provide further information about the impact of OI in children and adolescents during loading conditions. FE models of the femur with normal bone, OI type I (mild) bone and OI type III (severe) bone material properties were developed and analyzed. These models showed the effects of lateral bowing versus increased gluteus medius and gluteus maximus force production on bone injury risk. Lateral bowing and muscle force increase permutations to the standard model of no bowing and normal muscle forces during ambulation showed significant changes to stress levels. Along with FE models, quantitative gait analyses were performed on 10 children with mild OI and ten ageand gender-matched controls to analyze the firing patterns of the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles during normal ambulation. The OI population exhibited a delay in gluteus maximus activation. Additional FE models examined the impact of creating the model directly from a CT scan of a child with severe OI versus scaling a standard model to match the size and shape of and OI femur based on x-ray images alone. Comparison of these two model geometry development techniques resulted in a significant difference in femoral stresses and strains.


Changes in the higher education sector have forced private universities in Germany to reflect how they can best compete in the market, attract students, find their market niche and differ-entiate themselves from similar institutions. The recruitment of students at private universities is particularly difficult. This study explores which factors influence their selection and evalua-tion process. In order to better understand students' expectations and experiences, the study compares the selection criteria of students at state and private universities. The results indicate the criteria which are relevant for students for and after enrollment at state and private univer-sities in Germany. Undergraduate students have often unrealistic expectations and therefore are often disappointed about their chosen university. The analysis of private university stu-dents' selection criteria is important, as marketers can specifically develop and address their expectations and needs. The study reveals that different types of students apply different crite-ria for selecting and evaluating private universities. Based on an empirical study of 152 stu-dents at one state and one private university in Hamburg, the thesis shows similarities and dif-ferences between the selection and evaluation phases and between the two types of higher ed-ucation institutions. The statistical outcomes are based on a descriptive, a bivariate, an explor-ative factor and multivariate regression analysis. The developed conceptual recruitment and marketing model will support recruitment strategies at private universities. The study derives important implications for strategic marketing and management activities and student satisfac-tion management of higher education institutions in Germany. Moreover, recommendations for future studies are outlined. The expectations and experiences of students have not been analysed in depth at private universities in Germany. Data or studies which analyses the stu-dents selection and evaluation process and determine different types of students are missing for German private universities. Furthermore, reliable studies which also compare the selec-tion process for private and state universities in Germany are missing. Thus, the study helps to fill this important gap. Secondly, and on a practical nature, it is hoped that the study will pro-vide higher education practicioners with empirical evidence that can be used in future re-cruitment strategies.


ObjectGoal Navigation (ObjectNav) is an embodied task wherein agents are to navigate to an object instance in an unseen environment. Prior works have shown that end-to-end ObjectNav agents that use vanilla visual and recurrent modules, e.g. a CNN+RNN, perform poorly due to overfitting and sample inefficiency. This has motivated current state-of-the-art methods to mix analytic and learned components and operate on explicit spatial maps of the environment. We instead re-enable a generic learned agent by adding auxiliary learning tasks and an exploration reward. Our agents achieve 24.5% success and 8.1% SPL, a 37% and 8% relative improvement over prior state-of-the-art, respectively, on the Habitat ObjectNav Challenge [35]. From our analysis, we propose that agents will act to simplify their visual inputs so as to smooth their RNN dynamics, and that auxiliary tasks reduce overfitting by minimizing effective RNN dimensionality; i.e. a performant ObjectNav agent that must maintain coherent plans over long horizons does so by learning smooth, low-dimensional recurrent dynamics. Site: joel99.github.io/objectnav/


We focus on nonconvex and nonsmooth minimization problems with a composite objective, where the differentiable part of the objective is freed from the usual and restrictive global Lipschitz gradient continuity assumption. This longstanding smoothness restriction is pervasive in first order methods (FOM), and was recently circumvent for convex composite optimization by Bauschke, Bolte and Teboulle, through a simple and elegant framework which captures, all at once, the geometry of the function and of the feasible set. Building on this work, we tackle genuine nonconvex problems. We first complement and extend their approach to derive a full extended descent lemma by introducing the notion of smooth adaptable functions. We then consider a Bregman-based proximal gradient methods for the nonconvex composite model with smooth adaptable functions, which is proven to globally converge to a critical point under natural assumptions on the problem's data. To illustrate the power and potential of our general framework and results, we consider a broad class of quadratic inverse problems with sparsity constraints which arises in many fundamental applications, and we apply our approach to derive new globally convergent schemes for this class.


Open and flexible labor markets foster growth, development and integration in Europe. The single European labor market is still a vision, however, whereas the core challenge is a lack of sufficient mobility. The presentation discusses the value of labor mobility for economic prosperity and its determinants. Labor migration and not welfare migration dominates reality and supports economic equality. It does not depress wages or take jobs away. A brain drain for sending countries does not have to happen. Diaspora economies provide potentials for economic and political collaborations. Europe will face in the future a much higher level of circular and permanent migration.


This brief essay by the founder of scientific management has served for nearly a century as a primer for administrators and for students of managerial techniques. Although scientific management was developed primarily as a system for increasing productivity in industry, its principles have been applied to all kinds of large-scale enterprises, including operations with departments and agencies of the federal government. It is in this volume that Frederick Winslow Taylor gave the theory of scientific management its clearest airing. Born in 1856, Taylor began work at age eighteen as an apprentice to a pattern-maker and as a machinist. A few years later he joined the Midvale Steel Company as a laborer, and in eight years rose to chief engineer. During this time he developed and tested what he called the "task system," which became known as the Taylor System and eventually as scientific management. He made careful experiments to determine the best way of performing each operation and the amount of time it required, analyzing the materials, tools, and work sequence, and establishing a clear division of labor between management and workers. His experiments laid the groundwork for the principles that are expounded in this essay, which was first published in 1911.


According to official estimates, between 2003 and 2012, the share of rural children living in poor families rose from 20.1 percent to 26.7 percent, its highest level since at least 1968. According to ERS research, 35 percent of this increase in rural child poverty was due to declining average family income, 24 percent stemmed from demographically driven changes in the distribution of income, and the remaining 41 percent of the increase may be attributed to other changes in the distribution of income—namely, faster-than-average income declines for families near the poverty line—that cannot be explained by demographic shifts, and that occurred despite rising educational attainment. Between 2012 and 2014, average real incomes for urban and rural families with children grew by about 6 percent, approximately returning to their 2003 levels. This income growth has reduced poverty, but the rise in income inequality since 2003 has not been reversed, and this growing inequality has limited the extent of poverty reduction in both urban and rural counties. As a result, urban and rural child poverty rates remain 3 to 4 percentage points above their 2003 levels.


Dana UllmanEvidence Based Homeopath--02/15/2012 The Swiss government has a long and widely-respected history of neutrality, and therefore, reports from this government on controversial subjects need to be taken more seriously than other reports from countries that are more strongly influenced by present economic and political constituencies. When one considers that two of the top five largest drug companies in the world have their headquarters in Switzerland, one might assume that this country would have a heavy interest in and bias toward conventional medicine, but such assumptions would be wrong.


Background: Few data are available in the literature as to whether an additive-free diet is more nutritious when compared to one that contains azo-dyes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a significant difference in the nutritional content of an azo-free diet compared to one that contains azo-dyes. This formed part of an extension of a study that looked at the effect of food additives on behaviour of children (Bateman, 2004). Methods: Azo-dyes [(E102), (E104), (E110), (E122), (E123), 4R (E124), (E127), (E128), (E129), (E131), (E132), (E133), (E142), (E151), (E154), (E155), (E180)] and a preservative [(Sodium benzoate (E211)] were eliminated from the diet of children. The study dietitian advised families on how to avoid foods that contain food colours and preservatives such as those found in certain brands of beverages, sweets, cakes, ice lollies, desserts, jam and crisps. To aid compliance to the diet, suitable alternatives were recommended. The parents of 21 children (11 females) aged 8–9 years completed a 7 day food diary (baseline) before and during week 3 of the diet period. The food diaries were collected and coded for portion sizes by the study dietitian and analysed using CompEat. Nutrient values were compared to the recommended nutrient intake. The data was analysed using SPSS 12 and paired samples t-test (significance level P £ 0.005). Results: There was no significant difference in energy, protein or fat intake between baseline diet and the azo-dye free diet. There was a reduction in the mean intake of carbohydrate (P = 0.000), sugar (P = 0.000), phosphorous (P = 0.005), magnesium (P = 0.002), potassium (P = 0.005), chloride (P = 0.003) and vitamin C (P = 0.002) when an azo-free diet was followed. Discussions: Any dietary manipulation may effect overall nutrient intake. The effect may result in a nutritionally superior diet but this is not always the case (Isolauri et al., 1998). The children in this study showed that eliminating azo-dyes from their diet resulted in their intake of two micronutrients (potassium and magnesium) and one macronutrient (carbohydrate) being below that recommended for their age (Department of Health, 1991). Conclusion: Elimination diets may have a detrimental effect on nutritional intake, even when the food that is eliminated is perceived as unhealthy. Any nutritional manipulation should be made with caution and the resultant diet should be assessed to ensure its nutritional adequacy.


Epidemiologic studies have shown that diabetics receiving the biguanide metformin, as compared with sulfonylureas or insulin, have a lower incidence of breast cancer. Metformin increases levels of activated AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and decreases circulating IGF-1; encouraging its potential use in both cancer prevention and therapeutic settings. In anticipation of clinical trials in nondiabetic women, the efficacy of metformin in nondiabetic rat and mouse mammary cancer models was evaluated. Metformin was administered by gavage or in the diet, at a human equivalent dose, in standard mammary cancer models: (i) methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) mammary cancers in rats, and (ii) MMTV-Neu/p53KO ER− (estrogen receptor–negative) mammary cancers in mice. In the MNU rat model, metformin dosing (150 or 50 mg/kg BW/d, by gavage) was ineffective in decreasing mammary cancer multiplicity, latency, or weight. Pharmacokinetic studies of metformin (150 mg/kg BW/d, by gavage) yielded plasma levels (Cmax and AUC) higher than humans taking 1.5 g/d. In rats bearing small palpable mammary cancers, short-term metformin (150 mg/kg BW/d) treatment increased levels of phospho-AMPK and phospho-p53 (Ser20), but failed to reduce Ki67 labeling or expression of proliferation-related genes. In the mouse model, dietary metformin (1,500 mg/kg diet) did not alter final cancer incidence, multiplicity, or weight. Metformin did not prevent mammary carcinogenesis in two mammary cancer models, raising questions about metformin efficacy in breast cancer in nondiabetic populations. Cancer Prev Res; 8(3); 231–9. ©2015 AACR.


A workshop in the context of the Annihilation exhibition at the Lethaby Gallery and at the Warburg Institute.

In 2016 a collaboration between CSM, Bilderfahrzeuge and the KBW staged a colloquium event at the KBW entitled 'The Warburg Haus: Apparatus, Inscription, Data, Speculation'. Mick Finch gave a paper, The Technical Apparatus of the Warburg Haus: possible returns from oblivion, where he discussed the significance of an exhibition staged in 1941, curated by Fritz Saxl and Rudolf Wittkover which later became a publication and especially in the context of Kenneth Clark and John Berger's use of image-led narratives and particularly in relation to 'Civilisation' and 'Ways of Seeing'. In June 2016 the entire archive of British Art and the Mediterranean was located in the Photographic Collection of the Warburg Institute. The value of this material extends to being a living trace of Warburg's Mnemosyne Atlas and also as an important artefact produced by a refugee organisation during a time of crisis The political parallels of the archive's context in 1941 and the present are also highly significant.

The Annihilation event interacted with the material, engaging with a selection its panels. This process involved students from CSM and the Warburg, teaching staff from CSM and the Warburg, the help of the CSM Study Collection, members of the Bilderfahrzeuge team and other external interventions. This took place on Wednesday 22 March 2017 with a public conversation at 1pm about the project and in reference to specific material from the archive in the context of the Annihilation event at. The processing of the material is seen as a major step in activating this archive, bringing it into the present, in a context where it now, more than ever has resonance and value. On the 20 and 21 March there were other session held with the material at the Warburg Institute.


Background and Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent disease affecting millions of patients worldwide. The search for new antidiabetic drugs with innovative mechanisms continues. Dapagliflozin is a second agent in a new class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs; the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Materials and Method: Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of new oral antihyperglycemic drug Dapagliflozin in the treatment of type 2 DM as monotherapy or combination with other hypoglycemic agents. All patients treated with Dapagliflozin in HGH since its introduction as nonformulary medication on 1st April 2013 until 30th April 2015 were included. Data regarding prescribed drugs were obtained from the pharmacy computerized system. Demographic information and laboratory results of patients were obtained from the patient»s electronic system (CERNER). Results: 81 patients were identified to receive Dapagliflazone during the study period, 71 % of them were males, 100 % were Qataries with mean age 57 ± 9 and mean A1c baseline 9 ± 1.4Dapagliflozin as add-on therapy was found to decrease A1c significantly after 6 months by − 0.8 (P = 0.006) and after 12 months by − 1.5 (P = 0.062) The fasting blood was significantly reduced at 6 months and 9 months (P = 0.001, P = 0.03 respectively) There was no significant association between different coadministered antidiabetic medication and reduction in A1c or FBG Conclusion: Dapagliflozin significantly reduced HbA1c level of type 2 diabetic patients in combination of other OHA or insulin within 6 to 12 months of treatment References: 1. Komoroski B, Vachharajani N, Feng Y, Li L, Kornhauser D, Pfister M. Dapagliflozin, a novel, selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control over 2 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 85(5), 513–519 (2009) 2. Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA1c, body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care 35, 1473–1478 (2012).


Social media generates a prodigious wealth of real-time content at an incessant rate. From all the content that people create and share, only a few topics manage to attract enough attention to rise to the top and become temporal trends which are displayed to users.The question of what factors cause the formation and persistence of trends is an important one that has not been answered yet. In this paper, we conduct an intensive study of trending topics on Twitter and provide a theoretical basis for the formation, persistence and decay of trends. We find that the resonance of the content with the users of the social network plays a major role in causing trends. Also, we observe that a majority of the content propagated to cause trends arise from traditional media sources with social media acting as a selective amplifier for them.


Abstract. Quantitative risk assessments of debris flows and other hydrogeological hazards require the analyst to predict damage potentials. A common way to do so is by use of proportional loss functions. In this paper, we analyze a uniquely rich dataset of 132 buildings that were damaged in one of five large debris flow events in Switzerland. Using the double generalized linear model, we estimate proportional loss functions that may be used for various prediction purposes including hazard mapping, landscape planning, and insurance pricing. Unlike earlier analyses, we control for confounding effects of building characteristics, site specifics, and process intensities as well as for overdispersion in the data. Our results suggest that process intensity parameters are the most meaningful predictors of proportional loss sizes. Cross-validation tests suggest that the mean absolute prediction errors of our models are in the range of 11%, underpinning the accurateness of the approach.


In this article, I consider what a casual observer can see of a notorious product's primary place of fabrication. Few products have been criticized in recent years more than cigarettes. Meanwhile, around the world, the factories manufacturing cigarettes rarely come under scrutiny. What have been the optics helping these key links in the cigarette supply chain to be overlooked? What has prompted such optics to be adopted and to what effect? I address these questions using a comparative approach and drawing upon new mapping techniques, fieldwork, and social theory. I argue that a corporate impulse to hide from public health measures, including those of tobacco control, is not the only force to be reckoned with here. Cigarette factory legibility has been coproduced by multiple processes inherent to many forms of manufacturing. Cigarette makers, moreover, do not always run from global tobacco control. Nor have they been avoiding all other manifestations of biopolitics. Rather, in various ways, cigarette makers have been embracing biopolitical logics, conditioning them, and even using them to manage factory legibility. Suggestive of maneuvers outlined by Butler (2009) and Povinelli (2011) such as "norms of recognizability" and "arts of disguise," cigarette factory concealment foregrounds the role of infrastructural obfuscation in the making of what Berlant (2007) calls "slow death." Special focus on manufacturing in China illustrates important variations in the public optics of cigarette factories. The terms cloak and veil connote these variations. Whereas tactics currently obscuring cigarette manufacturing facilities generally skew toward an aesthetic of the opaque cloak in much of the world, there are norms of recognizability and arts of disguise applied to many factories across China that are more akin to a diaphanous, playful veil. I conclude with a discussion of how this article's focus on factory legibility gestures toward novel forms of intervention for advocates working at tackling tobacco today, offering them an alternative political imaginary in what is one of the world's most important areas of public policy making.


A review of the available research indicates that relatively little is known about how districts employ Academic Achievement Teams or similar mechanisms to reduce declines in student achievement and sustain increased student achievement at the elementary school level (Kutash, Nico, Gorin, Rahmatullah, & Tallant, 2010). Turning around chronically lowperforming schools is challenging work requiring a systemic rather than school-by-school approach (Robinson & Buntrock, 2011). The most successful turnaround efforts have both highimpact leaders and the district capacity to initiate, support, and enhance transformational change through the use of data. Educational leaders on all levels are realizing meaningful information can only be acquired through a proper analysis of data and good decisions are based on this thoughtful process of inquiry and analysis (Creighton, 2007). The intent of this study was to identify practices of Academic Achievement Teams that facilitated student achievement. Interviews were conducted with principals, directors of elementary education, a teacher, and district liaison representing the Virginia Department of Education's Office of School Improvement to gain insight into the operational and organizational structures of the Academic Achievement Teams. A qualitative design was selected to conduct this descriptive cross case study. In addition to the one-on-one interviews, observations of the Academic Achievement Team meetings and review of documents from each of the two study schools were examined to gain additional perspective regarding how the Academic Achievement Team operated to increase student achievement. The interviews, observations, and document reviews were analyzed using the Constant Comparative Method to understand the specific practices employed by Academic Achievement Teams that increased student achievement at two elementary schools (Maykut & Morehouse, 1994).


This paper presents a literature review of some of the most relevant work in the field of urban planning on the relationship between the characteristics of public spaces and their use. The synthesis put forward focuses on the characteristics of public spaces which contribute to their intense use. The former relate to urban form and public space design and management. Key words: public space, public space use, urban design, urban management.


Abstract. During recent years, elevated ozone (O3) values have been observed repeatedly in the Upper Green River basin (UGRB), Wyoming, during wintertime. This paper presents an analysis of high ozone days in late winter 2011 (1 h average up to 166 ppbv – parts per billion by volume). Intensive operational periods (IOPs) of ambient monitoring were performed, which included comprehensive surface and boundary layer measurements. On IOP days, maximum O3 values are restricted to a very shallow surface layer. Low wind speeds in combination with low mixing layer heights (~ 50 m above ground level around noontime) are essential for accumulation of pollutants within the UGRB. Air masses contain substantial amounts of reactive nitrogen (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emitted from fossil fuel exploration activities in the Pinedale Anticline. On IOP days particularly in the morning hours, reactive nitrogen (up to 69%), aromatics and alkanes (~ 10–15%; mostly ethane and propane) are major contributors to the hydroxyl (OH) reactivity. Measurements at the Boulder monitoring site during these time periods under SW wind flow conditions show the lowest NMHC / NOx ratios (~ 50), reflecting a relatively low reactive NMHC mixture, and a change from a NOx-limited regime towards a NMHC-limited regime as indicated by photochemical indicators, e.g., O3 /NOy, O3 /NOz, and O3 / HNO3 and the EOR (extent of reaction). OH production on IOP days is mainly due to nitrous acid (HONO). On a 24 h basis and as determined for a measurement height of 1.80 m above the surface HONO photolysis on IOP days can contribute ~ 83% to OH production on average, followed by alkene ozonolysis (~ 9%). Photolysis by ozone and HCHO photolysis contribute about 4% each to hydroxyl formation. High HONO levels (maximum hourly median on IOP days: 1096 pptv – parts per trillion by volume) are favored by a combination of shallow boundary layer conditions and enhanced photolysis rates due to the high albedo of the snow surface. HONO is most likely formed through (i) abundant nitric acid (HNO3) produced in atmospheric oxidation of NOx, deposited onto the snow surface and undergoing photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion to HONO (estimated HONO production: 10.2 ± 40% ppbv h−1) and (ii) combustion-related emission of HONO (estimated HONO production: ~ 0.1 ± 30% ppbv h−1). HONO production is confined to the lowermost 10 m of the boundary layer. HONO, serves as the most important precursor for OH, strongly enhanced due to the high albedo of the snow cover (HONO photolysis rate 10.7 ± 30% ppbv h−1). OH radicals will oxidize NMHCs, mostly aromatics (toluene, xylenes) and alkanes (ethane, propane), eventually leading to an increase in ozone.


Background The benefit of antiplatelet medication in confirmed acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is well established. In the Emergency Department (ED) diagnostic uncertainty may lead to over-treatment, with consequent risks (e.g., bleeding), or under-treatment, compromising clinical outcomes. Clinicians must subjectively balance the anticipated risks and benefits with their perceived probability of ACS in order to decide whether to prescribe these medications. We aimed to construct a clinical model to optimise and personalise recommendations for anti-platelet prescription in this context. Methods In stage 1 we conducted three full systematic reviews, which were registered with PROSPERO and conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane to quantify the risks and benefits of ticagrelor, clopidogrel and nothing/placebo in comparison with aspirin alone. We extracted data for (a) the outcomes of cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and major bleeding at 30 days and 12 months; and (b) weighted patient preferences (utilities) for each outcome or health state. In stage 2, we used those data to construct a probabilistic model that calculated the probability of each relevant outcome for patients with and without ACS. We assigned the patient-centred utilities identified to each clinical outcome, and calculated the net expected utility for each treatment strategy. Using that model, we calculated the probability of each outcome under conditions of diagnostic uncertainty. We then identified the threshold probability of ACS at which each treatment option became superior. Finally, we ran sensitivity analyses using both one-at-a-time (OATS) and Monte Carlo simulation with 10 000 cases. Results Systematic review identified three relevant original studies, and three sub-studies. After extracting data, we constructed two separate models, based on clinical outcomes after 30 days and 12 months. Aspirin alone led to greater net utility at probabilities below 7.4%, whereas treatment with ticagrelor led to greater net benefit when the probability of ACS exceeded 8.3% (figures 1 and 2). Sensitivity analyses including 10,000-fold Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the models were robust to a wide range of assumptions (figure 3). Figure 1 Acute coronary syndrome risk thresholds of treatment strategy superiority. (Clopidogrel and ticagrelor treatment strategies included the use of aspirin at ACS treatment) Figure 2 Net expected utility of anti-platelet therapy in 12 months combined outcome model Figure 3 A monte carlo simulation (n=10,000) – net expected utility of anti-platelet therapy in 12 month combined outcome model – varying risk and utility outcomes Conclusion This work suggests that treatment with ticagrelor yields greater net benefit for patients when the probability of ACS exceeds 8.3%. This has potential to improve clinical outcomes when used alongside a prediction model, such as the Manchester Acute Coronary Syndromes (MACS) decision aid, which calculates each patient's individual probability of ACS. The clinical and cost effectiveness of this novel 'precision Emergency Medicine' approach should now be evaluated in clinical studies.


As a result of fierce advocacy, people with disabilities have been uniquely successful in securing federal legislation protecting them from discrimination in all areas of life. The modern disability rights movement is engaged in a constant struggle to enforce these rights, both in and out of the courts. There has been little attention to directly using the Constitution to protect the rights of people with disabilities. In a recent project, I interviewed many of the key leaders of the disability rights movement, who confirmed that while they would like to devote more attention to constitutional issues, there is no current short- or long-term constitutional strategy. Rather, these lawyers take the Supreme Court's decision in City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, holding that people with disabilities are only entitled to rational basis review under the Equal Protection Clause, as a given. Their attention has turned elsewhere. This deconstitutionalization has costs. State laws still facially discriminate against people with disabilities, often people with mental disabilities. Federal legislation is an incomplete tool to challenge the exclusions these laws create. Progressive theorizing of constitutional law is happening, just not regarding disability. Although functionally justifiable, this reluctance to pursue constitutional claims impoverishes the disability rights movement, as constitutional claims engage courts in articulating our core values in a way that statutory claims do not. Disability law can and should do more to fulfill the constitution's guarantees of Equal Protection and full citizenship. In this Article, I explore what a more progressive future for disability constitutional law might look like. Building on gains by the LGBT movement, I offer specific areas where courts should entertain a more contextualized application of the Equal Protection Clause in disability cases.


We attempted to differentiate monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) on morphologic grounds and to determine interobserver reproducibility of the differentiation. Cytologists blindly evaluated bone marrow smears from 154 patients with bone marrow plasmacytosis for the proportion of plasma cells with predefined cellular atypias. The single morphologic characteristic that most strongly differentiated MM from MGUS was the presence of nucleoli. The percentage of plasma cells, cytoplasmic contour irregularities, and anisocytosis also predicted a diagnosis of myeloma in multivariate analysis. Six cytologists independently evaluated 68 consecutive cases to determine sensitivity and specificity of these cytomorphologic features. The interobserver coefficient of variation for the plasma cell count was 33%. On consideration of the diagnosis, 36 of 41 MGUS cases and all 24 cases of myeloma were classified correctly. The use of a predesigned score system did not present such a bias, although it did not improve overall efficiency. The plasma cell count is the most predictive characteristic of myeloma from a cytologic viewpoint, but the interobserver variability is high. Interobserver variability is also high in the assessment of morphologic atypia, and atypical traits are not uncommon in plasma cells in MGUS.


ABSTRACT In 2014, a newly formed group of teachers graduated from Swedish universities. In addition to their qualification as leisure-time pedagogues, their degree includes teaching practical/aesthetical subjects in compulsory school. This group of teachers thus has to relate to dual professional identities and to maintain a balance between the socially oriented leisure-time centres and a goal- and results-driven school. In this article we describe their first two years after graduation, trying to get hold of their negotiation of professional identities and orientation in the professional landscape. Results shows that the graduates try to balance own ideals and hybrid professional intentions against traditional professional identities and labour market conditions and that position in a liminal phase might be crucial for the outcome.


Optimum growth conditions of CdS thin films depositted on GaAs (111) B substrate by MBE were investigated. The films were characterized by full width at half maximum (FWHM) of X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curve, photoluminescence (PL), and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The FWHM became minimum when the film was grown under the following conditions : The substrate temperature of 280°C, the ratio of molecular beam intensity of S to that of Cd about 1/1.5 and the interruption period of Cd supply for about 0.1 second. Although buffer layer depositted at 150°C for 15 seconds did not seem to affect the FWHM of the film, PL spectra indicated that the film with the buffer layer had better quality than that without the buffer layer. The roughness of the film surface was found to decrease by insertion of the buffer layer.


1. The distribution and composition of in-stream habitats are reflections of landscape scale geomorphic and climatic controls. Correspondingly, Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are largely adapted to and constrained by the quality and complexity of those in-stream habitat conditions. The degree to which lands have been fragmented and managed can disrupt these patterns and affect overall habitat availability and quality. 2. Eleven in-stream habitat features were modelled as a function of landscape composition. In total, 121 stream reaches within coastal catchments of Oregon were modelled. For each habitat feature, three linear regression models were applied in sequence; final models were composed of the immutable and management-influenced landscape predictors that best described the variability in stream habitat. 3. Immutable landscape predictors considered proxies for stream power described the majority of the variability seen in stream habitat features. Management-influenced landscape predictors, describing the additional human impacts beyond that which was inherently entwined with the immutable predictors, explained a sizeable proportion of variability. The largest response was seen in wood volume and pool frequency. 4. By using a sequential linear regression analysis, management-influenced factors could be segregated from natural gradients to identify those stream habitat features that may be more sensitive to land-use pressures. These results contribute to the progressing notion that the conservation of freshwater resources is best accomplished by investigating and managing stream systems from a landscape perspective. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 27 January 2011; Revised 7 July 2011; Accepted 7 August 2011


The Argentine Air Force Materiel General Directorate (AAFMGD) has initiated an effort to assure logistical support and to gradually increase the productivity and efficiency of related processes. Within the efforts of increased productivity and efficiency over the AAF Overhauling Facilities, the Planning and Control Departments (PCD) became targets for improvements. These departments are tasked with providing the best certainty and visibility of all assets within their facilities to feed the logistics pipeline, and better support air operations. This thesis, sponsored by the MGD, is focused on achieving improvements in the PCD processes, through an academically rigorous evaluation of confounding factors and the eventual selection of appropriate information technology solutions. Software solutions were evaluated on their ability to produce the desirable benefits of improving current processes control, improving project timeline certainty, and obtaining visibility over the overhauling and maintenance activities so as to better support management-level decisions. Two solutions are proposed to the AAFMGD for final review.


One of the most basic and unresolved puzzle in the chemistry of vision is the mechanism regulating the absorbance of the visual photoreceptors. Rhodopsin, the rod pigment that mediates black/white vision in the human eye, absorbs at 498 nm; while the artificial retinal analogue isorhodopsin containing the isomeric 9-cis form
peaks at 485 nm and the early photo intermediate bathorhodopsin encompassing a distorted all-trans-retinal absorbs at 543 nm. The spectra of these pigments are clearly a function of the protein environment the chromophore "sees"; in other words, the spectra are tuned by the protein. Three mechanisms are generally agreed to be involved in spectral tuning: 1) distortion of the chromophore as a result of steric interactions with the protein binding pocket; 2) interaction of the chromophore with the counterion balancing its positive charge; and 3) interaction of the chromophore with the remaining polar and/or non- polar amino acids lining the binding pocket. Employing the best available structural data we show that the three contributions discussed above add up quantitatively to the experimentally observed spectral shift of the chromophore on going from the vacuum to the rhodopsin molecule. We have studied the wavelength dependence of 11-cis-, 9-cis- and all-transretinal absorbencies of the chromophore at the multiconfigurational level of theory using second order perturbation theory (CASPT2) within an atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis set on MP2 and SCC-DFTB optimized geometries in vacuo and in protein environments. In addition to the quantum-mechanical description for the chromophore and its counterion we have used three types of atomic charges obtained from a natural population analysis (NPA), Mulliken population analysis (MPA) and from the environment insensitive CHARMM charges, to account for the electrostatic interaction between the chromophore and the polar amino acids. We demonstrate that in vacuo, the sensitivity of the retinal chromophore to its protonation state covers a wavelength range of 610 to 353 nm. In protein, by far the largest effect is exerted by the counterion (Glu-113) on the absorption maximum. Since the protein environment provides and stabilizes the chromophore distortion necessary for the selective and ultrafast transformation to bathorhodopsin, we conclude that this is its primary role and that spectral tuning by the binding pocket is not the goal pursued by evolution.


This research examines the narratives of mainland Chinese spouses regarding their participation in a Taiwanese organization and their experience and adaptation to a new life in Taiwan. Fourteen spouses, members of a Taiwanese organization called Chinese Association for Relief and Ensuing Service (CARES), completed in-depth interviews. Qualitative analysis identified prominent themes in participants' responses in relation to three main subjects: community communication, participation, and empowerment. Analysis revealed that organizational communication techniques were applied in community communication. Semi-horizontal and bottom-up approaches were identified. This condition also appeared in the process of mainland Chinese spouses' participation and empowerment. The participation of women in community communication was only partially realized. The same can be said about empowerment, which was achieved mainly at the psychological level. The study offered a list of possible factors which could be related to the partial development of empowerment and participation, including cultural, organizational, and personal factors. Based on these findings, suggestions to the service organization and mainland Chinese spouses have been proposed.


Objectives: To determine the drinking and driving habits reported in people aged 21–34 years. Design: Random digit dialing survey. Setting: Seattle and Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregon. Participants: 917 individuals aged 21–34 years, who had a valid driver's license, who had consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last year and who lived in Seattle, Spokane or Portland. Outcome measures: Driving after drinking, use of a designated driver and serving as a designated driver. Results: 62% drank alcohol at least weekly, and 31% binged at least once per month in the last year. 21% drove after drinking too much in the last month. Two-thirds of individuals reported being a designated driver at least once in the last year, and in most instances, this had been decided before the group went out for the evening. Over three-quarters of individuals reported that they drank less than they usually do the last time they were a designated driver. When using a designated driver, almost half of the individuals reported drinking more on that occasion than usual, with approximately half of those having at least three more drinks than usual. Conclusions: These results point to the need for interventions to combat the problem of drunk driving and prevent its associated morbidity and mortality. Rigorous evaluation of the effect of designated driver and safe ride home programs are needed.


The paper investigates the conflicting findings in empirical studies linking land productivity to plot size, livestock ownership, investment in farm assets, and land improvement practices. The conflicting impacts found are partly as a result of different model specifications, the type of data used – panel or cross sectional data – and possibly due to imperfections in rural markets. We control for these problems using household and plot level panel data from rural farmers in Uganda. We find that ownership of cattle has a negative and significant impact on land productivity. Investment in farm related assets, land improvements and other small livestock, however, significantly increases productivity. The conflicting impacts are a result of measurement error. The plot size inverse productivity is robust to different specifications and is largely explained by plot-specific unobserved heterogeneity and imperfections in rural markets.


Abstract The continuous technological development requires the use of modern materials also in agricultural engineering. Knowledge of the characteristics of tribological materials pairs cooperating with each other is useful for developing sliding nodes of agricultural machinery. Tribological properties of materials should be assessed for selection of technological materials beyond the economic criterion. The article presents analysis of the characteristics of tribological ball-on-disc wear of polymeric materials used as sliding elements for farm machines. Tribological tests were carried out under dry friction for a polymer-metal pair, and a wear rate and friction coefficient of the sample; the signs of wear were submitted to SEM observations.


ABSTRACT Randomness in scientific estimation is generally assumed to arise from unmeasured or uncontrolled factors. However, when combining subjective probability estimates, heterogeneity stemming from people's cognitive or information diversity is often more important than measurement noise. This article presents a novel framework that uses partially overlapping information sources. A specific model is proposed within that framework and applied to the task of aggregating the probabilities given by a group of forecasters who predict whether an event will occur or not. Our model describes the distribution of information across forecasters in terms of easily interpretable parameters and shows how the optimal amount of extremizing of the average probability forecast (shifting it closer to its nearest extreme) varies as a function of the forecasters' information overlap. Our model thus gives a more principled understanding of the historically ad hoc practice of extremizing average forecasts. Supplementary material for this article is available online.


Aim: Controlled drug delivery system (CDDS) provides the continuous oral drug delivery at predictable and reproducible kinetics for a predetermined period throughout the course of Gastro intestinal transit and emerges various routes of administration to achieve oral controlled drug delivery. Aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate controlled release microspheres of Antiviral drug, Acyclovir. Polymethacrylates (Eudragits) used as release retardant polymer material. Material & Methods: Microspheres prepared by non-aqueous solvent evaporation method using alcohol/light liquid paraffin. Magnesium stearate act as a droplet stabilizer and n-hexane is to harden the microspheres. The microspheres evaluated for their compatibility study Fourier transform infra-red(FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), flow & micromeritics properties, particle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency, In vitro dissolution study in both 1.2 and 6.8 pH buffer, Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and accelerated stability study. Results & Discussion: The prepared microspheres were free flowing and spherical shape. The actual drug content in microspheres showed entrapment and release controlled till 12h the rate of drug release was found to decrease with increasing sphere size. The compatibility studies showed no interactions in formulations. Scanning electron microscope study of microspheres were Spherical and porous in nature. The best fit release kinetics achieved was Hixon-crowell plot. Conclusion: The formulation and evaluation of Controlled Release Acyclovir microspheres is influenced by drug to polymer ratio and particle size and was found to be dissolution controlled. The formulation enhanced bioavailability upto 24hrs.


Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential to most fundamental cellular processes. There has been increasing interest in reconstructing PPIs networks. However, several critical difficulties exist in obtaining reliable predictions. Noticeably, false positive rates can be as high as >80%. Error correction from each generating source can be both time-consuming and inefficient due to the difficulty of covering the errors from multiple levels of data processing procedures within a single test. We propose a novel Bayesian integration method, deemed nonparametric Bayes ensemble learning (NBEL), to lower the misclassification rate (both false positives and negatives) through automatically up-weighting data sources that are most informative, while down-weighting less informative and biased sources. Extensive studies indicate that NBEL is significantly more robust than the classic naïve Bayes to unreliable, error-prone and contaminated data. On a large human data set our NBEL approach predicts many more PPIs than naïve Bayes. This suggests that previous studies may have large numbers of not only false positives but also false negatives. The validation on two human PPIs datasets having high quality supports our observations. Our experiments demonstrate that it is feasible to predict high-throughput PPIs computationally with substantially reduced false positives and false negatives. The ability of predicting large numbers of PPIs both reliably and automatically may inspire people to use computational approaches to correct data errors in general, and may speed up PPIs prediction with high quality. Such a reliable prediction may provide a solid platform to other studies such as protein functions prediction and roles of PPIs in disease susceptibility.


The extent to which a salient distractor captures attention during visual search depends on a number of bottom-up and top-down factors. We have recently demonstrated that in order to effectively overcome attentional capture individuals must learn to ignore distractor-defining features, with behavioral capture effects decreasing as exposure to these features increases. In the current work, we examined the electrophysiological signature of this distractor-related learning process, examining ERP components related to both attentional selection (N2pc) and distractor suppression (Pd). Participants performed a simple visual search task in which they searched heterogeneous displays for a shape-defined target while ignoring a salient color singleton distractor that appeared on half of trials. Critically, we manipulated participants' ability to learn distractor-defining features from block to block. In fixed distractor blocks distractor color was held constant throughout block, allowing participants the opportunity to learn and suppress the distractor-defining feature. Conversely, in random distractor blocks distractor color varied unpredictably from trial to trial, eliminating the ability of participants to learn a specific distractor-defining feature. In random distractor blocks we observed behavioral capture effects and an N2pc to the distractor item, suggesting that the distractor captured attention. In contrast, in fixed color blocks we observed a decrease in behavioral capture effects and a Pd to the distractor item, suggesting that participants were able to learn distractor-defining features and use this information to attenuate the influence of the distractor on performance. In addition, in fixed blocks the Pd emerged after ~15 trials of exposure to the distractor, suggesting a rapid learning process enabling distractor suppression. This is consistent with behavioral results showing that the effectiveness of top-down control over attentional capture relies on having sufficient exposure to distractor defining features, and underscores the importance of feature-based learning processes in attentional control. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


A total number of 339 patients who received a pacemaker implantation between June 2012 and June 2014 at Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College (Wuhan, China) were investigated in the present study. The aims of the present study were to explore the risk factors of pocket hematoma following pacemaker implantation, and to analyze the effect of anti-allergy treatment on pocket-related complications following pacemaker implantation. Predictors of hematoma occurrence were determined and analyzed via a Chi-square test. Patients suffering from pocket hematoma, which were indicated to be partially caused by an allergic reaction to the pacemaker component, were distinguished by routine blood parameters. Furthermore, the pacemaker component was distinguished by histopathological examinations in one patient. Promethazine (25 mg/day) was used to treat allergic patients. The results demonstrated that in patients with a history of allergies, the rate of pocket hematoma was significantly higher when compared with patients without a history of allergies (22.00 vs. 7.61%; P=0.027). A significantly increased incidence of hematoma was indicated in patients with a lower body mass index when compared with patients of normal weight (15.79 vs. 7.38%; P=0.042). Furthermore, implantation of larger-sized devices, such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy, were significantly predictive of hematoma development (29.63 vs. 8.01%; P=0.015). Patients with diabetes were also identified to exhibit a significantly high incidence of hematoma (22.22 vs. 8.25%; P=0.023). Promethazine administration significantly decreased the incidence of re-operating (P=0.017) and the duration of hospital stay (P=0.038) in patients whose pocket hematoma was caused by an allergy. In conclusion, promethazine may be a beneficial agent to treat pocket hematoma caused by allergic reactions following pacemaker surgery.


In an effort to reduce the impact of seals on fish farms, the trapping and relocation of seals at Tasmanian salmonid farms began in 1990. To the end of May 2000,353 identified individual seals had been trapped in 672 capture events. Most were non-breeding male Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriftrus). The number of seals captured increased (from four in 1990 ro a peak of 164 in 1998) with the size and extent of the farms, and an increase in salmon production from 55 tonnes in 1986/87 to almost 10000 tonnes in 1999/2000.
Of 586 capture events 52% were of seals that had been captured more than once. When seals are recaptured following trapping and relocation, this occurs on average 25 days after capture. Capture-mark-recapture calculations show that many seals in the vicinity of fish farms are not 'trappable', suggesting that trapping is only effective for certain individuals. Some individuals are recaptured many times, reflecting the predisposition of some individuals to be captured ('trap-happy'). Interaction is seasonal, with most seals trapped during winter, between May and September. The assessment of trends in capture rates is problematic, due to the lack of capture effort information from the farms. A further confounding factor has been the change in management practice both between farms and over time, as the use of predator nets has become more widespread. Two seals trapped at fish farms and fitted with satellite transmitters before relocation have
either not returned to the farm or returned to the vicinity of farms and not interacted with them, although on one occasion the individual was trapped. The effectiveness of the relocation program as a management tool to reduce seal interactions cannot be quantified from the relocation data per se, but relocation does not stop seals interacting with farms.


Essential to human life, our bodies are brimming with water. Although it covers approximately seventy per cent of the world's surface, acquiring suitable drinking water has proved to be a perpetual challenge for humans. Water: A Global History tells the story of how our relationship with the necessary elixir has developed and changed over time. Dating back to our very beginning, water has offered a variety of uses and problems. It wasn't until the nineteenth century that scientists alarmingly discovered that water supplies can contain thousands of deadly germs, and there is still a modern issue of supplying accessible water to non-western countries. However, water also has distinct medicinal proprieties, and people have looked to it for more than just drink since ancient times. Ranging from tea to alcohol, humans have worked hard to create more palatable versions of the drink, but the past two hundred years have turned drinking water into a majorly commercialised, profitable product.Water: A Global History explores the natural history of water, but also the changing cultural perceptions and adaptations of it that have occurred across millennia. Filled with beautiful illustrations and modern water recipes, this book provides a fully global view of drinking water and the issues and delights it provides for us.


ABSTRACT Although great strides have been made in the last 20 years in overcoming discrimination against women, there is still a very long way to go and a lot of perceptions to change along the way. Discrimination in the business world toward women takes on many different forms and although they are all very destructive, some may be more visible than others. The glass ceiling is still an ever present obstacle in today's business environment. In only four sectors of the business world women seem to transcend this barrier. They are in consumer advertising and marketing, the beauty industry, local small businesses, and education (Peiss, 1998). Though this is a good start, it only represents a very small percentage of all business. Speculations exist as to why there are not more women in upper level management of companies, but when this question is looked at in a historical perspective, it is observed that 10 years ago women were having a difficult time just breaking into middle management (MacRae, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to look at some areas of discrimination toward women in business, some areas of opportunity for women to overcome discrimination, and some ways for women to overcome discrimination and move forward. STATISTICS OF WOMEN IN BUSINESS In a recent study it was found that a whopping 66% of the United States workforce was made up of women, with only 21% at the middle management level and a dismal 15% at the senior management level (Veale & Gold, 1998). The women in today's workforce seem to still be going the way of their female predecessors, that is to say, they are concentrated most heavily within the caring or humanities industries (Veale & Gold, 1998). This could be because of the almost inborn caring nature of women or because that is what society at large has deemed to be the most acceptable positions for women in America. Although the gap between men and women in management careers is closing, the glass ceiling is still very evident in today's business environment. The fact remains that there are still significantly more men in management positions than women (Wentling, 2003). The one exception to this can be seen in the educational arena where elementary school principals tend to be mostly women (Cai & Kleiner, 1999). In fact, the number of women in leadership roles within their career is less than 30%. Some people believe that this issue is linked to the fact that management in and of itself has been traditionally thought of as a male occupation and, thus, is not suitable for a woman as a choice of profession (Cai & Kleiner, 1999). GENDER BASED STEREOTYPING Gender based stereotyping is solely based on opinions and perceptions and not on facts. One of the most common stereotypes men put on women is that they are not as good at problem solving as their male counterparts. This is especially unfortunate when the fact is considered that this is one of the main objectives of successful managers (Catalyst, 2005). A study reveals that stereotypically the difference between women and men is that women take care and men take charge (Catalyst, 2005). However, research shows that when people have preconceived notions about someone, they are more likely to find and remember those fallacies about those people. This is to say that if you believe that everyone from culture Y is a follower and not as decisive as you and your fellow culture Xers, then when you see someone from culture Y demonstrating one of these characteristics, that is what tends to be remembered. Women see this phenomenon more specifically in traditionally male professions such as construction. Although a man will make the same mistake as a woman, the men that she works with will hold her at a higher standard and remember that one instance of a shortcoming (Catalyst, 2005). In fact people will many times consciously reject any new information that goes against their preconceived notions of that group. …


Hundreds perished in Rome's Second Proscription, but one victim is remembered above all others. Cicero stands out, however, not only because of his fame, but also because his murder included a unique addition to the customary decapitation. For his corpse was deprived not only of its head, but also of its right hand. Plutarch tells us why Mark Antony wanted the hand that wrote the Philippics. But how did it come to pass that Rome's greatest orator could be so hated for the speeches he had written? Charting a course through Cicero's celebrated career, Shane Butler examines two principal relationships between speech and writing in Roman oratory: the use of documentary evidence by orators and the 'publication' of both delivered and undelivered speeches. He presents this fascinating theory that the success of Rome's greatest orator depended as much on writing as speaking; he also argues against the conventional wisdom that Rome was an 'oral society', in which writing was rare and served only practical, secondary purposes.


This paper was presented at the conference "The Mission and the Condition of the Supreme Court in the Contemporary Society" organized by the Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan, July 2013.The power of judicial review is the power to declare legislation (or action by the government) unconstitutional. Courts vested with this authority are properly denominated, "constitutional courts," whether judicial review is their exclusive function, as is the case with the German Federal Constitutional Court, or whether judicial review is but one of their functions, as is the case with the Supreme Court of the United States. The basic point of judicial review is to insulate constitutional or fundamental law from the pressures of the transitory needs perceived by the immediate majority operating under the constitution. It is true, though, that constitutional courts operate within the arena of politics, and it is also true that the decisions of constitutional courts, which are sometimes quite controversial, operate within political arena and often make law. I have developed a model that may lessen some of the "political" discomfort that arises from the practice of judicial review and make it more "legitimate." My model suggests that constitutional decisions should be premised on "durable principles," by which I mean legal standards that can, by logic and analogy, be applied uniformly to a wide range of similarly situated cases. The articulation and application of those standards must be justified through a reasoned elaboration that takes into account the full sweep of constitutional text and tradition, considers the measure of evolving cultural norms, including new perspectives on established standards, and presents a fair and thorough consideration of real-world consequences. Taken together, this decisionmaking process represents an act of creation, but does so within the breadth of the existing constitution.


Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) systems construct models for data using domain-specific background information. When using these systems, it is typically assumed that sufficient human expertise is at hand to rule out irrelevant background information. Such irrelevant information can, and typically does, hinder an ILP system's search for good models. Here, we provide evidence that if expertise is available that can provide a partial-ordering on sets of background predicates in terms of relevance to the analysis task, then this can be used to good effect by an ILP system. In particular, using data from biochemical domains, we investigate an incremental strategy of including sets of predicates in decreasing order of relevance. Results obtained suggest that: (a) the incremental approach identifies, in substantially less time, a model that is comparable in predictive accuracy to that obtained with all background information in place; and (b) the incremental approach using the relevance ordering performs better than one that does not (that is, one that adds sets of predicates randomly). For a practitioner concerned with use of ILP, the implication of these findings are two-fold: (1) when not all background information can be used at once (either due to limitations of the ILP system, or the nature of the domain) expert assessment of the relevance of background predicates can assist substantially in the construction of good models; and (2) good "first-cut" results can be obtained quickly by a simple exclusion of information known to be less relevant.


Shapley value is a classic notion from game theory, historically used to quantify the contributions of individuals within groups, and more recently applied to assign values to data points when training machine learning models. Despite its foundational role, a key limitation of the data Shapley framework is that it only provides valuations for points within a fixed data set. It does not account for statistical aspects of the data and does not give a way to reason about points outside the data set. To address these limitations, we propose a novel framework -- distributional Shapley -- where the value of a point is defined in the context of an underlying data distribution. We prove that distributional Shapley has several desirable statistical properties; for example, the values are stable under perturbations to the data points themselves and to the underlying data distribution. We leverage these properties to develop a new algorithm for estimating values from data, which comes with formal guarantees and runs two orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art algorithms for computing the (non-distributional) data Shapley values. We apply distributional Shapley to diverse data sets and demonstrate its utility in a data market setting.


Abstract. Ischemic stroke initiates a cascade of biochemical reactions, among which the processes of free radical oxidation occupy a key place. The most important place in management this disease takes reperfusion therapy, the conduct of which is closely related to the problem of neuroprotection. Use of antioxidants is a promising direction for the treatment of ischemic stroke. They have antioxidant effects and could prevent free radical processes. Edaravone is a new low molecular weight free radical scavenger, which inhibits the ischemic cascade. The article provides an overview of studies on the effectiveness and safety of edaravone in patients with ischemic stroke.


The research presented in this thesis examines the role of inspiration in contemporary
work organisations by exploring various meanings attributed to the term inspiration in
organisational settings.
This research is based on the interpretive philosophical paradigm concerned with
understanding of the social world as it is at the level of subjective experience and utilises
philosophical hermeneutics as a methodological approach of elucidating inspiration in
organisational contexts; whereas philosophical hermeneutics emphasises the importance
of conditions in which pre-understanding of inspiration evolves sufficiently to draw
technical conceptions of inspiration in organisational settings.
The material for developing a progressive understanding of inspiration has been provided
by hermeneutic interviews carried out with volunteers at different levels of organisational
hierarchy from three participating organisations to identify the various meanings of
inspiration and their use, as well as gain a richer understanding how inspiration affects
people at work. The findings stemming from participants' accounts were then used to
conceptualise inspiration in organisational settings.
The results of the study indicate that inspiration is significant to the context of
contemporary work organisations and is often intentionally sought out at all
organisational levels. The account on inspiration created in this study signifies that
currently use of inspiration in organisational contexts lacks theoretical underpinning,
wherein inspiration is often merely used in a flexible lexical way to add either clarity or
ambiguity to any communication, depending on its context.
Overall, having explored inspiration in organisational settings, this study has identified it
as an emerging concept, which fundamentally exists and is recognised in contemporary
work organisations. The developed conceptualisations of inspiration allow for the
rethinking of various aspects of organisational contexts and leadership and motivation
theory in particular. The theoretical underpinning for inspiration laid out in this study can
be used as a basis for future research.