In situations where people have an incentive to coordinate their behavior, law can provide a framework for understanding and predicting what others are likely to do. According to the focal point theory of legal compliance, the law's articulation of a behavior can sometimes create self-fulfilling expectations that it will occur. Existing theories of legal compliance emphasize the effect of sanctions or legitimacy; we argue that, in addition to sanctions and legitimacy, law can also influence compliance simply by making one outcome salient. We tested this claim in two experiments where sanctions and legitimacy were held constant. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a mandatory legal rule operating in a property dispute influenced compliance only when there was an element of coordination. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a default rule in a contract negotiation acted as a focal point for coordinating negotiation decisions. Both experiments confirm that legal rules can create a focal point around which people tend to coordinate.


The open secret of Supreme Court advocacy in a digital era is that there is a new way to argue to the Justices. Today's Supreme Court arguments are developed online: They are dissected and explored in blog posts, fleshed out in popular podcasts, and analyzed and re-analyzed by experts who do not represent parties or have even filed a brief in the case at all. This "virtual briefing" (as we call it) is intended to influence the Justices and their law clerks but exists completely outside of traditional briefing rules. This article describes virtual briefing and makes a case that the key players inside the Court are listening. In particular, we show that the Twitter patterns of law clerks indicate they are paying close attention to producers of virtual briefing, and threads of these arguments (proposed and developed online) are starting to appear in the Court's decisions.

We argue that this "crowdsourcing" dynamic to Supreme Court decision-making is at least worth a serious pause. There is surely merit to enlarging the dialogue around the issues the Supreme Court decides - maybe the best ideas will come from new voices in the crowd. But the confines of the adversarial process have been around for centuries, and there are significant risks that come with operating outside of it particularly given the unique nature and speed of online discussions. We analyze those risks in this article and suggest it is time to think hard about embracing virtual briefing -- truly assessing what can be gained and what will be lost along the way.


Voiced speech consists mainly of the source signal that is frequency weighted by the acoustic filtering of the upper airways and vortex-induced sound through perturbation in the flow field. This study investigates the flow instabilities leading to vortex shedding and the importance of coherent structures in the supraglottal region downstream of the vocal folds for the far-field sound signal. Large eddy simulations of the compressible airflow through the glottal constriction are performed in realistic geometries obtained from three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging data. Intermittent flow separation through the glottis is shown to introduce unsteady surface pressure through impingement of vortices. Additionally, dominant flow instabilities develop in the shear layer associated with the glottal jet. The aerodynamic perturbations in the near field and the acoustic signal in the far field are examined by means of spatial and temporal Fourier analysis. Furthermore, the acoustic sources due to the unsteady supraglottal flow are identified with the aid of surface spectra, and critical regions of amplification of the dominant frequencies of the investigated vowel geometries are identified.


This study investigated the relationships between phonological awareness and reading in Oriya and English. Oriya is the official language of Orissa, an eastern state of India. The writing system is an alphasyllabary. Ninety-nine fifth grade children (mean age 9 years 7 months) were assessed on measures of phonological awareness, word reading and pseudo-word reading in both languages. Forty-eight of the children attended Oriya-medium schools where they received literacy instruction in Oriya from grade 1 and learned English from grade 2. Fifty-one children attended English-medium schools where they received literacy instruction in English from grade 1 and in Oriya from grade 2. The results showed that phonological awareness in Oriya contributed significantly to reading Oriya and English words and pseudo-words for the children in the Oriya-medium schools. However, it only contributed to Oriya pseudo-word reading and English word reading for children in the English-medium schools. Phonological awareness in English contributed to English word and pseudo-word reading for both groups. Further analyses investigated the contribution of awareness of large phonological units (syllable, onsets and rimes) and small phonological units (phonemes) to reading in each language. The data suggest that cross-language transfer and facilitation of phonological awareness to word reading is not symmetrical across languages and may depend both on the characteristics of the different orthographies of the languages being learned and whether the first literacy language is also the first spoken language.


The World Health Organization estimates that almost a third of the world's population still lacks access to essential medicines. The distribution network for medicines is ineffective and inefficient in many developing countries. Discussions often centre on why the medicines supply chain cannot replicate the supply chain for consumer products and beverages. There is little understanding of the similarities and differences between the two supply chains. This article compares these two supply chains in developing countries from a structural and incentive perspective. It illustrates the complexity of medicine supply chains, and highlights the important differences between these and consumer beverage (soft drink) supply chains.


Stress corrosion cracking of Zircaloy fuel cladding by fission products is thought to be an important mechanism influencing power ramping defects of water-reactor fuels. We have used the fixed-deflection stressed slotted-ring technique to demonstrate the following: 1. Hydride layers plated electrolytically onto the surfaces of Zircaloy rings, cut from a batch of cold-drawn material, either increased the time to failure or prevented cracking in iodine vapor at 573 ′ 3 K, giving rise instead to a generalized pitting attack. The presence of hydride changed the cracking mode from mainly transgranular cleavage to mainly integranular cracking. 2. In two batches of tube-reduced Zircaloy tubing, one annealed and one as-received, cracking could not be induced in iodine vapor at 573 ′ 3 K even with axial scratches on the inside surface. However sharp precracks did propagate readily when their depths and the applied stresses were great enough. 3. One batch that had remained intact when tested in the as-received condition cracked readily in iodine vapor at 573 ′ 3 K after stress relief. In the stress-relieved tubing, prescratching did not affect failure times, and cracks nucleated away from the notches. This contrasted with tests in methanol-iodine at room temperature, where notches shortened failure times substantially, the cracks nucleating at the notches. The results show both the sensitivity and limitations of the stressed slotted-ring method in determining the responses of tubing to stress corrosion cracking. They are interpreted in terms of stress relaxation behavior, both on a microscopic scale for hydrogen-induced stress-relief and on a macroscopic scale for stress-time characteristics. Our analysis also takes account of nonuniform plastic deformation during loading and residual stress buildup on unloading. It is shown that when stress corrosion cracking occurred, it was in conditions where stress relaxation was sufficiently slow that the applied stress exceeded the critical stress for stress corrosion cracking, which itself is a function of exposure time and also the metallurgical condition of the tubing.


Researchers have identified social participation for the elderly as a salient activity that benefits their wellbeing. Along that vein, prior studies have reported that ICT use increases the extent to which the elderly participate socially with one another. However, the literature remains silent on the mechanisms by which ICT use leads to social participation. In this paper, we draw on two prominent IS theories, actor-network theory (ANT) and activity theory (AT), to develop a conceptual framework by incorporating four social participation-oriented factors: ICT use, social participation, social isolation, and loneliness. We used a quantitative approach based on the cross-sectional survey to collect data from 240 elderly people. We analyzed the data using structural equation modeling based on SmartPLS 3.0. We found that the size of the social network constituted the critical factor in the association between ICT use and social participation. The outcome of the model suggests that ICT use does not impact the social participation directly. Rather, social isolation (absence of social network) mediates the relationship between the ICT use and social participation. Additionally, loneliness, one of the commonly observed psychological states in the elderly, weakens the influence of ICT use on social isolation. Our research advances our theoretical understanding about social participation among seniors and helps governments and businesses prepare ICT plans for the elderly appropriately.


Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the economic development and provide most of new jobs. At the same time, SMEs are contributing factors in environmental degradation due to their high numbers and their cumulative effect. In this context, broad application of sustainable innovations to SMEs becomes a priority task. The article presents results of a study conducted in Lithuania seeking to analyse obstacles and drivers for implementation of sustainable innovations in small and medium sized enterprises. For analysis, enterprises have been divided in two groups: SMEs with experience in development/ implementation of sustainable innovations and SMEs without such experience. To check reliability of results and to compare SME opinions in different countries, results of the study conducted in Lithuania have been compared to those of three similar studies carried out in other countries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.60.2.1242


cAMP-dependent protein kinases are reversibly complexed with any of the four isoforms of regulatory (R) subunits, which contain either a substrate or a pseudosubstrate autoinhibitory domain. The human protein kinase X (PrKX) is an exemption as it is inhibited only by pseudosubstrate inhibitors, i.e. RIα or RIβ but not by substrate inhibitors RIIα or RIIβ. Detailed examination of the capacity of five PrKX-like kinases ranging from human to protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei) to form holoenzymes with human R subunits in living cells shows that this preference for pseudosubstrate inhibitors is evolutionarily conserved. To elucidate the molecular basis of this inhibitory pattern, we applied bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and surface plasmon resonance in combination with site-directed mutagenesis. We observed that the conserved αH-αI loop residue Arg-283 in PrKX is crucial for its RI over RII preference, as a R283L mutant was able to form a holoenzyme complex with wild type RII subunits. Changing the corresponding αH-αI loop residue in PKA Cα (L277R), significantly destabilized holoenzyme complexes in vitro, as cAMP-mediated holoenzyme activation was facilitated by a factor of 2–4, and lead to a decreased affinity of the mutant C subunit for R subunits, significantly affecting RII containing holoenzymes.


The Production of Voice Onset Time in Voiceless Stops by Spanish-English Natural Bilinguals Ivan K. Banov Department of Spanish and Portuguese, BYU Master of Arts This study analyzes the production of Voice Onset Time (VOT) of natural SpanishEnglish bilinguals. VOT is a linguistic characteristic that measures the amount of aspiration occurring after the release of a stop consonant. In terms of VOT, English stop consonants differ substantially from their Spanish equivalents. This study analyzes whether or not natural bilinguals produce VOTs that approximate VOTs of monolingual speakers of each language. Participants completed two surveys to quantify their linguistic dominance in English and Spanish. They were then recorded performing similar speaking tasks in both languages. The conclusions show that natural bilinguals do not produce their English or Spanish VOTs within the monolingual norms defined in previous studies. If conclusions were to be drawn solely from this data, then the participants would theoretically have no monolingual-like language production of VOT. There is also no correlation between language dominance scores and production of VOT. These results support the conclusion that a natural bilingual is not the equivalent of two natural monolingual speakers. Significant correlations exist between VOT production and gender, age of learning English, and amount of time spent watching TV in each language. Another interesting conclusion is that many of the participants score more Spanishdominant when a survey is given in Spanish and more English-dominant when the very same survey is given in English. This shows that even the language of a survey may skew responses slightly.


eIF2B is a five-subunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is negatively regulated by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of its substrate, eIF2, leading to inhibition of translation initiation. To analyze this regulatory mechanism, we have characterized 29 novel mutations in the homologous eIF2B subunits encoded by GCD2, GCD7, and GCN3 that reduce or abolish inhibition of eIF2B activity by eIF2 phosphorylated on its alpha subunit [eIF2(alphaP)]. Most, if not all, of the mutations decrease sensitivity to eIF2(alphaP) without excluding GCN3, the nonessential subunit, from eIF2B; thus, all three proteins are critical for regulation of eIF2B by eIF2(alphaP). The mutations are clustered at both ends of the homologous region of each subunit, within two segments each of approximately 70 amino acids in length. Several mutations alter residues at equivalent positions in two or all three subunits. These results imply that structurally similar segments in GCD2, GCD7, and GCN3 perform related functions in eIF2B regulation. We propose that these segments form a single domain in eIF2B that makes multiple contacts with the alpha subunit of eIF2, around the phosphorylation site, allowing eIF2B to detect and respond to phosphoserine at residue 51. Most of the eIF2 is phosphorylated in certain mutants, suggesting that these substitutions allow eIF2B to accept phosphorylated eIF2 as a substrate for nucleotide exchange.


Research shows that teachers presented with new curricula designed to be more student-centered do not usually implement that curricula as intended, even when they receive associated professional development. To date, researchers have examined the implementation issue by focusing on teachers' beliefs, knowledge, and motivations to explain their practices, although results are complex and sometimes contradictory. Similarly, this case study research investigates how a geology instructor (Eric, a pseudonym) chose to implement a student-centered, inquiry-rich, discussion-focused curriculum by using traditional teacher-centered strategies instead. Classroom observations and multiple audio-recorded meetings with Eric were a means to understand why he chose and amended certain parts of the proposed curriculum. The object of focus is Eric's spontaneous use of metaphor when talking about teaching, learning, and knowledge to understand and explain the factors involved in his instructional decision making. Analyzing Eric's conversations and teaching through an embodied cognition theoretical framework shows that he structured his teaching with two metaphors: the jigsaw puzzle metaphor and the fieldtrip metaphor. These parallel metaphors worked in concert to shape how Eric perceived his role, his students' role, and the role and nature of knowledge; thus, they structured what and how he taught. Understanding teachers' conceptual metaphors can aid curriculum designers to develop content with a higher likelihood of implementation, just as collaboration and communication between designers and teachers will support teaching-in-the-making.


Stock exchange markets play a critical role in their economies. They facilitate the movement of capital, often aggregating resources of small individual savers into sufficiently large capital sums that can be successfully invested by commercial companies and at the same time provide opportunities for investors to generate returns. Fluctuation in this markets influence personal and corporate financial live and economic health of a country. The debate on random walk hypothesis has been pointed out as dealing with whether or not security price fully reflect historical prices or returns information. This study empirically investigates whether or not stock prices at Nairobi stock exchange follow a random walk model. Previous studies have been inconclusive and produced varying and conflicting findings. The key question investigate is whether successive share price returns on the Nairobi stock exchange independent random variables so that the price return cannot be predicted from historical price returns. This study employed serial correlation tests and runs tests to analyze daily price returns for eighteen companies whose stocks constituted the NSE 20 share over the period July 2008 to June 2011. The findings suggest that random walk model cannot be a good description of successive price returns at the Nairobi stock exchange. This is analogous to the earlier evidence by Parkinson 1984 that random walk model does not apply on Nairobi stock exchange. The findings are contrary to earlier evidence (Dickson and Muragu; 1994, Githiga; 2008 and Anyumba; 2010) that random walk model was a good description of successive price returns at the NSE. The results obtained are contrary to the hypothesis that successive stock prices are independent random variables and also not consisted with efficient market hypothesis.


Application areas of signal processing have grown dramatically in importance in recent times, in parallel with the growth of powerful and low-cost processing chips. This has led, in turn, to many new applications, including multimedia delivery and hand-held communications delivery. Image processing is one an important application among them, which has a strong mathematical basis. Specifically authors demonstrate point processes which use only the information in individual pixels to produce new images. Arithmetic operations, XOR operations, histograms, contrast stretching and intensity transformations are implemented using Xilinx System Generator (XSG). XSG is a useful tool to understand fundamental Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation. FPGAs provide a better platform for real-time algorithms on application-specific hardware with substantially greater performance than programmable DSPs. The study reveals that the hardware implementation results which are presented here will be extended to perform hardware-in-the-loop simulation.


It is well known that Ca2+ fluxes occur before the activation of the fertilized ovum; however, little is known about the events preceding Ca2+ mobilization. Kuo et al. show that nitric oxide (NO) is required for egg activation. Fluorescence assays indicated that NO synthase is present in sperm at the head and concentrated at the acrosome; however, NO production depended on the acrosome reaction. Eggs injected with a NO donor, S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine (SNAP), or with recombinant NO synthase in conjunction with calmodulin became activated, whereas preinjection of eggs with oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb), a NO scavenger, prevented egg activation. Addition of ionomycin to oxyHb rescued the ability of eggs to become activated. Similarly, injecting SNAP into eggs elicited a strong wave of Ca2+ release; this was blocked by preinjection with oxyHb, suggesting that NO production is necessary and sufficient before the elicitation of Ca2+ fluxing and egg activation. Kuo, R.C., Baxter, G.T., Thompson, S.H., Stricker, S.A., Patton, C., Bonaventura, J., and Epel, D. (2000) NO is necessary and sufficient for egg activation at fertilization. Nature 406: 633-636. [Online Journal]


The microstructure stability during δ sub-solvus annealing was investigated in Inconel 718 alloy. A reference dynamically recrystallized microstructure was produced through thermomechanical processing (torsion). The reference microstructure evolution during annealing was analyzed by EBSD (grain size, intragranular misorientation) and SEM (Σ <5 phase particles). Results confirm that, in the absence of stored energy, the grain structure is controlled by the δ phase particles, as predicted by the Zener equation. If the reference microstructure is strained (a < 0.1) before annealing, then stored energy gradients between grains will induce selective grain growth leading to coarsening. The phenomenon is controlled by the balance of three forces (acting on boundaries migration) having the same order of magnitude: capillarity, stored-energy and pinning forces. All these forces could be modeled in a single framework by the level set method. The first numerical results demonstrate the capability of the method to simulate 2D Zener pinning. © 2012 The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society. All rights reserved.


The world is beginning to recognize the need, accuracy and persuasiveness of measuring business performance. Economists are continuously searching for the appropriate tool with which companies can plan, manage and control their business processes and which takes into account current market expectations and requirements. Economic Value Added (EVA) is one of the most important evaluation indicators. This contribution describes the basic characteristics of this indicator and puts forward several options for the calculation of EVA. The options are based on either the accounting (or operative) approach or the financial (or current value) approach, and specifically concerns the calculations of EVA Equity and EVA Entity. The source of the data for the calculations are the annual reports of a transport company for the years 2003-2009. To fulfil the aim of this article, the calculation of EVA Equity is based on the process identified by Neumaierova and Neumaier, and the decomposition of EVA Equity is determined according to the methodology prescribed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic. This contribution seeks to decompose EVA Equity, which is viewed as the strategical goal of a company, into partial indicators that can be incorporated into a company ́s tactical plan in the form of operative plan indicators.


SUMMARY

While differences between male and female salespeople are well documented in the literature, evidence is less clear whether these differences matter to the buyer or whether buyers of different gender make decisions differently. The article reports results of a survey of male and female purchasers on the behaviors, trust, credibility and customer orientation of a salesperson. Almost no differences were found on any of the variables for male or female buyers. This calls into question past research that has found differences, and this paper argues that previous findings, while statistically significant, are probably not managerially significant.


Previous studies examining the P300-based concealed information test typically tested for mock crime or autobiographical details, but no studies have used this test in a counterterrorism scenario. Subjects in the present study covertly planned a mock terrorist attack on a major city. They were then given three separate blocks of concealed information testing, examining for knowledge of the location, method, and date of the planned terrorist attack, using the Complex Trial Protocol (Rosenfeld et al., 2008). With prior knowledge of the probe items, we detected 12/12 guilty subjects as having knowledge of the planned terrorist attack with no false positives among 12 innocent subjects. Additionally, we were able to identify 10/12 subjects and among them 20/30 crime-related details with no false positives using restricted a priori knowledge of the crime details, suggesting that the protocol could potentially identify future terrorist activity.


The proof of the relative consistency of the axiom of choice has been mechanized using Isabelle⁄ZF, building on a previous mechanization of the reflection theorem. The heavy reliance on metatheory in the original proof makes the formalization unusually long, and not entirely satisfactory: two parts of the proof do not fit together. It seems impossible to solve these problems without formalizing the metatheory. However, the present development follows a standard textbook, Kenneth Kunen's Set theory: an introduction to independence proofs , and could support the formalization of further material from that book. It also serves as an example of what to expect when deep mathematics is formalized.


The recent eLearning developments from the JISC have considered the provision of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), with the vision of enabling the aggregation of a number of discrete services in to a coherent whole for the end user. The Assis project, funded by the JISC and completed in March 2005, looked technically and pedagogically at how learning materials including formative assessment could be delivered by integrating simple sequencing and assessment. It is envisaged that the approach developed by the project can be used as the first steps in a move towards explorative and games-based learning.
In order to translate this technical architecture into a concept both teachers and learners can engage with, it has become apparent that a higher level design paradigm is required. Assis explored the creation and development of a Floor-Corridor-Room model.
The generation of such learning experiences also requires an interface allowing the searching, previewing and downloading of assessment items from a question bank. Assis created a common interface to Web Services based search services for two different assessment systems with item banks (TOIA and Samigo).
At the core of Assis technical developments is the Player, a micro integration of discrete services to produce a service oriented tool. By communicating with a number of external services, the Player delivers structured dynamic packages of content to the user by the rendering and response processing of assessment items, processing the sequencing rules and providing additional, context sensitive resources.
The presentation will include a demonstration of a simple adaptive sequence of content using the Player tool in conjunction with sequencing and assessment services. An intended future demonstrator in the field of archaeology, more closely aligned with the intention to create more explorative environments, will also be presented.
To conclude, an examination of the effectiveness of the SOA approach will be considered, both in terms of creating and developing tools and the implications for potential future work by the JISC and others in the community.


A model that resolves reef island formation in relation to both reef platform substrate development and mid-Holocene sea-level change is presented for Bewick Island, northern Great Barrier Reef, based on morphostratigraphic analysis and radiometrically dated island sediments and reef corals. On Bewick Island, microatolls record reef-flat development at higher sea level (+1.5 m) by 6500 yr B.P. Island building began on a partially emergent reef flat 5000–4000 yr B.P., when sea level was 0.5 m above present. As sea level fell to its present level, the reef platform process window closed and the island core stabilized. Results present the first unequivocal evidence of island building directly over a reef flat comprising microatolls, and the first detailed model of island formation from the Great Barrier Reef. The model demonstrates that the interplay of sea level and reef surface elevation can vary between sites but their convergence is critical for island initiation. Future trajectories of island change will vary, dependent on the unique relative sea level and substrate depth conditions that govern island formation.


Background Patients lost to follow-up pose problems when performing implant survival analysis. We are unaware of any report detailing how implant survival is affected by the sequential capture of patients. Aims To assess the logistics of long-term follow-up of patients undergoing Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR), and to determine what impact this had on implant survival with time. Methods Between 1997 and 2006 data was prospectively collected on consecutive BHR's implanted by a single surgeon in patients under 50 years of age. Survival analysis was performed at monthly intervals during this study with all patients lost to follow-up at any point in time considered to have failed. Results There were 447 BHR's implanted in 393 patients. At study commencement cumulative 10-year survival was 42% (95% CI 36% to 48%) calculated on the confirmed knowledge of the outcome at that time of 275 BHR's, with the remaining 172 lost to follow-up and considered to have been revised. As patients were actively followed-up there was gradual improvement in survival and narrowing of confidence intervals with a final 10-year BHR survival of 96.3% (95% CI 93.7% to 98.3%) with no loss to follow-up. Conclusions The findings demonstrate improvement in long-term implant survival with the sequential capture of young and active patients undergoing BHR who were initially considered lost to follow-up. The results reiterate the recommendation that every effort should be made to follow all patients up after joint replacement. This will improve the accuracy of survival reporting and assist comparison between different prostheses.


While the Supreme Court outlawed discrimination in jury selection over 40 years ago, both empirical studies and candid interviews show that lawyers routinely rely on characteristics such as race, gender, and religion in striking prospective jurors. In large part, this practice continues because, when challenged, attorneys proffer non-verbal factors such as facial expressions, inattentiveness, eye contact (or lack thereof), or even laughing or coughing to justify their peremptory strikes. Without a way to assess the validity of these reasons, the trial judge and then the appellate court on review, have little ability to enforce the anti-discrimination prohibition set forth in Batson v. Kentucky. To give teeth to Batson's protection against discrimination in jury selection, both trial judges and appellate courts should use videotapes of voir dire proceedings to assess the credibility of attorneys proffering neutral reasons for striking jurors, particularly when those neutral reasons are based on non-verbal factors that cannot be assessed from a written transcript. Although many appellate courts have been reluctant to rely on "videorecords" for fear of intruding on the province of the fact finder, the Batson inquiry is unique enough and important enough to warrant a departure from reliance solely on a cold, written record.


The One Minute Film Festival took place annually in a barn outside of a small town in upstate New York, on the first Saturday after the 4th of July, from 2003-2012. On that day, artists, writers, film- and video-makers, and their friends and families would arrive in the afternoon with food and drink and a one-minute movie. After sunset, everyone took their seats and the movies began, usually lasting two or three hours, and afterwards people danced. Many people camped out, others made the late night drive home, and more would stay in nearby inns or at friends in the Narrowsburg, NY, area, in western Sullivan County, near the Pennsylvania border. The festival was organized and hosted by artists Jason Simon and Moyra Davey.

The festival samples a decade through the participation of hundreds of makers: ten years spanning the extremes of George Bush and Barack Obama, of You Tube and the near ubiquity of video within cultural institutions. Using the festival as a backdrop for reflections on moving image art practices, the book takes the festival's eponymous time signature, in combination with its production of the social (more festive than festival), as a critical frame for contributors. The exhibition will celebrate the 10 years of the festival, including a special exquisite corpse film for year 10. This hour-long film was created by artists each receiving the last second of a previous film and building a new minute based on that glimpse.

Participating artists include Peggy Ahwesh, Judith Barry, Gregg Bordowitz, Todd Beecraft, Chris Brunt, Megan Cump, Eric Davis, Peter Cole, Anna Craycroft, Adam Simon, Shit TV, Robert Williams, Sowon Kwon, Alex Yalakidis, Martin Beck, Moyra Davey, Ewa Einhorn, Su Friedrich, Alice and Della Wilsey, Angel Nevarez, Bill Burns, Aaron Namenwirth, Anna Hansflen, Andrea Fraser, Daphne Fitzpatrick, Josiah McElheny, David Dempewolf, Bill Stone, Myrel Chernick, Jimmie Durham, Jon Kessler, Hope Ginsburg, Jennifer Montgomery, Matt Dugan, Lenka Clayton, Klara Hobza, Mark Dion, Christy Gast, Claire Pentecost, Barbara Bergstrom, Perry Bard, Ellen McMahon, Holen Kahn, Sam Lewallen, Roddy Bogawa, J. Morgan Puett, Dana Sherwood, Amy Yoes, Valerie Tevere, Matthew Buckingham, Liza Philips, Karin Felbermayer, Jorge Colombo, Andrea Geyer, Julie Ault, Sean Reynard, Francis Cape, Bob Braine, Francisca Benitez, Raina Benoit, Catherine Berg, Jacob Borndal, Pat Carullo, Dennis Balk, Cathy Clarke, Anne Colvin, Shea Craig, Megan Cump, Pradeep Dalal, Richard Elovitch, Kelly Fancher, Erik Freeland, Marc Ganzglass, Dave Gearey, Michael Gitlin, Chelsea Goodchild, Mitchell Goodman, Jackie Goss, Thersa Hackett, John Haskell, Sharon Hayes, Liza Johnson, Iain Kerr, Athena Kokoronis, E.M, Langer, Eli Langer, Jerry Lerner, Lana Lin, Lan Thao Lam, Jeff Luckey, Keith Malik, Babette Mangolte, Amanda Mattes, Yvette Matern, Richard & Eric Metzgar, Ulrike Muller, Julia Murray, Molly Nesbit, Jaye Nydick, Jason Protass, Michael Owens, Rebecca Purcell, Gary Graham, William Bryan Purcell, George Quasha, Lucy Raven, Fay Ray, Larilyn Sanchez, Jeff Silva, Sherry Williams, Pawel Wojtasik, S. Wolle and hundreds of others.


This thesis consists of four papers dealing with estimation and inference for quantile regression of longitudinal data, with an emphasis on nonlinear models.The first paper extends the idea of quantile regression estimation from the case of cross-sectional data with independent errors to the case of linear or nonlinear longitudinal data with dependent errors, using a weighted estimator. The performance of different weights is evaluated, and a comparison is also made with the corresponding mean regression estimator using the same weights.The second paper examines the use of bootstrapping for bias correction and calculations of confidence intervals for parameters of the quantile regression estimator when longitudinal data are used. Different weights, bootstrap methods, and confidence interval methods are used.The third paper is devoted to evaluating bootstrap methods for constructing hypothesis tests for parameters of the quantile regression estimator using longitudinal data. The focus is on testing the equality between two groups of one or all of the parameters in a regression model for some quantile using single or joint restrictions. The tests are evaluated regarding both their significance level and their power.The fourth paper analyzes seven longitudinal data sets from different parts of the biostatistics area by quantile regression methods in order to demonstrate how new insights can emerge on the properties of longitudinal data from using quantile regression methods. The quantile regression estimates are also compared and contrasted with the least squares mean regression estimates for the same data set. In addition to looking at the estimates, confidence intervals and hypothesis testing procedures are examined.


Kenya was a British dependence since 1897 in more ways
than just the political fact of colonial government. Even
after independence in 1963, the capitalist ideology and
economic structure pursued by the colonial regime has been
maintained with the well to do African bourgeoisie taking
over political power from the non-Africans. Private Foreign
Investment was one of the economic mainstays particularly
in Industry, at independence. It still is a dominant factor
in the present Economy.
Although the government of independent Kenya has not
used legislation much in regulating PFI, it has nevertheless,
sought to impose some form of regulation on such investment.
This study argues that despite such attempts, the active
encouragement of PFI has meant that the government has been
less than enthusiastic in pursuing its regulation with
vigour and that, on the whole, PFI has been able to establish
and operate in Kenya with minimal and often insignificant
regulatory constraints. The study examines the government's
three-pronged main thrust at regulation of PFI viz. the PFI
approval process prior to establishment; the attempt to
acquire corporate control over investment through Africanization
of equity and management; and use of financial and
fiscal measures. The study argues that these measures are
undermined by the policy environment that often rwscounter
to their intended objectives. It calls for a review of the
broad economic and social policies pursued by the government
in order to remove the policy-induced distortions that
afflict the attempts to regulate PFI thus rendering them
largely ineffective.


Can classical music change lives? In Soul Music, novelist Candace Allen embarks on a personal journey that takes her from the streets of London and Scotland to Venezuela, where the Sistema scheme has offered thousands of young people a route out of the ghetto mentality through virtuoso musical training, bringing global fame to the charismatic conductor Gustavo Dudamel; to Ramallah, and Daniel Barenboim's East-West Divan Orchestra in which young Israelis and Palestinians play side-by-side.


Cloned cDNAs encoding both subunits of Drosophila melanogaster casein kinase II have been isolated by immunological screening of lambda gt11 expression libraries, and the complete amino acid sequence of both polypeptides has been deduced by DNA sequencing. The alpha cDNA contained an open reading frame of 336 amino acid residues, yielding a predicted molecular weight for the alpha polypeptide of 39,833. The alpha sequence contained the expected semi-invariant residues present in the catalytic domain of previously sequenced protein kinases, confirming that it is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Pairwise homology comparisons between the alpha sequence and the sequences of a variety of vertebrate protein kinase suggested that casein kinase II is a distantly related member of the protein kinase family. The beta subunit was derived from an open reading frame of 215 amino acid residues and was predicted to have a molecular weight of 24,700. The beta subunit exhibited no extensive homology to other proteins whose sequences are currently known.


Electron internal transport barriers (eITBs) are generated in the TCV tokamak with strong electron cyclotron resonance heating in a variety of conditions, ranging from steady-state fully noninductive scenarios to stationary discharges with a finite inductive component and finally to transient current ramps without current drive. The confinement improvement over L-mode ranges from 3 to 6; the bootstrap current fraction is invariably large and is above 70% in the highest confinement cases, with good current profile alignment permitting the attainment of steady state. Barriers are observed both in the electron temperature and density profiles, with a strong correlation both in location and in steepness. The dominant role of the current profile in the formation and properties of eITBs has been conclusively proven in a TCV experiment exploiting the large current drive efficiency of the Ohmic transformer: small current perturbations accompanied by negligible energy transfer dramatically alter the confinement. The crucial element in the formation of the barrier is the appearance of a central region of negative magnetic shear, with the barrier strength improving with increasingly steep shear. This connection has also been corroborated by transport modelling assisted by gyrofluid simulations. Rational safety-factor (q) values do not appear to play a role in the barrier formation, at least in the q range 1.3–2.3, as evidenced by the smooth dependence of the confinement enhancement on the loop voltage over a broad eITB database. MHD mode activity is however influenced by rational q values and results in a complex, sometimes cyclic, dynamic evolution.


Back in 2000, videoconference (VC) systems were introduced in criminal courts in England and Wales so that defendants could attend their pre-trial court hearings from prison. Since then, the number of cases heard via VC technologies has been on the increase, and, in its 2015-2016 annual report, Her Majesty's Courts & Tribunals Service (2016) indicates that approximatively 25% of court hearings were conducted through this technological means.

In order to be able to conduct a hearing remotely, courts and prisons are equipped with cameras, screens, microphones, and loud-speakers which link up both locations so that participants can hear and see each other. In terms of research, various reports on the viability of such systems acknowledge the benefits of conducting court hearings remotely, whilst also highlighting shortfalls (such as Johnson & Wiggins, 2006; Plotnikoff & Woolfson, 1999, 2000). Interestingly, most of these studies were carried out in a monolingual setting, and fewer studies examine the impact of VC equipment in multilingual court settings (Braun, 2011, 2013, 2016; Fowler, 2012, 2013). In this context the interpreter's role, and more particularly her role perception when technologies are used in a courtroom, remains under-explored.

Notwithstanding the above, the court interpreter's role has been subject to many studies in face-to-face settings. Scholars such as Hale (2008) and Nartowska (2016) demonstrate that the court interpreter plays a more active role than that of a conduit or a machine translation, and many labels have been created to designate the interpreter's role(s). Moving away from role-labels, Llewellyn-Jones and Lee (2014) investigate how the interpreter's role can be conceptualised as 3-D models by analysing it along three axes: presentation of self, participant alignment, and interaction management.

This paper aims to report on a doctoral study that explores practising court interpreters' perceptions of their role in England and Wales. To do so, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eighteen participants, and the data gathered was analysed through the prism of role-space. It will be argued that, in line with Llewellyn-Jones and Lee (2014)'s models, some interpreters perceive their role as a 3-D fixed entity, whilst other create a 3-D continuum. However, building on Llewellyn-Jones and Lee (2014), this paper will also demonstrate that, unlike in face-to-face court hearings, technologies force some interpreters to create split role models.


Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an integral part of health professionals' training. However, there is little research concerning learning outcomes in the allied health student population. This study explored changes in self-reported EBP knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours, and actual EBP knowledge of entry-level physiotherapy students following exposure to formal EBP training. Methods: Entry-level Bachelors and Masters physiotherapy students were surveyed before and after completing EBP training courses. Two validated and reliable surveys, the Evidence-Based Practice Profile Questionnaire (EBP2) and the Knowledge of Research Evidence Competencies (K-REC) survey were used. The EBP2 included self-reported domains: relevance, sympathy, terminology (knowledge), practice, and confidence. The K-REC survey measured actual EBP knowledge. Paired t-tests and effect sizes (ES) were used to assess the change in scores after exposure to one or both EBP training courses. Mixed design between-within ANOVAs were performed to assess the impact of EBP training on participants' scores in the two different student groups (Masters and Bachelors). Results: In the group of 77 students, completion of EBP courses resulted in significant change in all self-reported domains: relevance p < 0.001 (ES = 0.49), sympathy p = 0.005 (ES = 0.30), terminology p < 0.001 (ES = 1.07), practice p < 0.001 (ES = 1.34) and confidence p < 0.001 (ES = 0.89), and also actual knowledge p < 0.001 (ES = 1.13). There were no interaction effects between time and the student sub-group (Masters or Bachelors) for relevance, terminology, confidence, and sympathy (p≥ 0.05). There was a significant interaction between time and the student sub-group for practice and actual knowledge (p< 0.05). Conclusion: These findings allow identification of the size of changes likely to result from current EBP courses in entry-level training. The results provide a basis for measuring the effect of modifications to EBP courses and for future EBP training interventions.


Allergology undergoes a transition towards molecular-based diagnosis using single molecular allergen components, which becomes integrated in clinical practice globally, complementing or replacing in some cases the diagnosis based on allergen extracts.
This article showcases the main seasonal aeroallergens (tree pollen, grass pollen, weeds pollen) and their molecular allergenic components, that can be individually assessed by in vitro methods for molecular diagnosis. In addition, a series of advantages conferred by this approach are discussed, including: increased analytical sensitivity, improved risk assessment of the sensitizing allergen, distinction between primary and cross-reactive sensitization and selection of the appropriate allergen immunotherapy.


Abstract. A retrieval algorithm that uses a statistical strategy based on dimension reduction is proposed. The methodology and details of the implementation of the new algorithm are presented and discussed. The algorithm has been applied to high resolution spectra measured by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer instrument to retrieve atmospheric profiles of temperature, water vapour and ozone. The performance of the inversion strategy has been assessed by comparing the retrieved profiles to the ones obtained by co-locating in space and time profiles from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis.


In recent decades, behavioural ecologists have contributed to our understanding of the family
through extensive studies of animal and traditional human populations. This research
emphasises the importance of sibling competition for parental resources and adaptive
patterns of biased parental care. In contrast, modern human families are rarely considered by
behavioural ecologists, with increases in wealth generally considered to decrease the
importance of resource dilution within families and modern cultural rules discouraging of
unequal treatment of children. In this thesis, I question the validity of these assumptions and
use rich longitudinal data to consider family structure effects on parental investment and child
development in contemporary Britain. I consider time-based and financial investment in
offspring and measures of physical, cognitive and behavioural development over a 10 year
period. The following specific hypotheses are tested. First, parents will face a trade-off
between fertility, investment per child and ultimately child well-being. This hypothesis is
supported for all measures, except for behavioural well-being. Second, parents will bias
investment towards early-born offspring. This hypothesis is largely supported. Later-born
children receive lower investment and have reduced physical and cognitive well-being.
However, mental health is improved in the presence of older siblings. Third, parents will bias
investment towards male offspring. Support for this hypothesis is mixed. Measures of
investment indicate a male-bias driven by fathers, while number of brothers relative to sisters
is associated with reduced cognitive, but not physical or behavioural well-being. Fourth,
children with unrelated father figures will receive less investment. This hypothesis is
supported. Unrelated father figures are associated with lower investment from both parents
and reduced physical and behavioural well-being. Finally, I test the hypothesis that higher
socio-economic status will alleviate family size trade-offs. This hypothesis is rejected, with
some evidence that resource competition is of increased importance in relatively wealthy and
well-educated families.


Validity is considered by many to be the most important criterion for evaluating a set of scores, yet few agree on what exactly the term means. Since the mid-1800s, scholars have been concerned with the notion of validity, but over time, the term has developed a variety of meanings across academic disciplines and contexts. Accordingly, when scholars with different academic backgrounds, many of whom hold deeply entrenched perspectives about validity conceptualizations, converge in the field of medical education assessment, it is a recipe for confusion. Thus, it is important to work toward a consensus about validity in the context of medical education assessment. Thus, the purpose of this work was to present four fundamental tenets of modern validity theory in an effort to establish a framework for scholars in the field of medical education assessment to follow when conceptualizing validity, interpreting validity evidence, and reporting research findings.


There are considerable innovation challenges within health and social care in order to fully utilise ICT capabilities and technological platforms to improve efficiencies and help deliver more effective services and programmes. Physical activity is the fourth highest health factor by the World Health Organisation and inadequate levels can lead to heart disease, stroke, depression and other conditions. Moreover, mental health-related services are amongst the most expensive cost categories in the health system. Therefore, developing innovative ways in which citizens can reduce their sedentary behaviour in an array of contexts and proactive approach to reducing mental health related conditions are high on the agenda of regional governments. In doing so, the barriers to achieve these health and wellbeing outcomes need to be fully understood and subsequent programmes that converge ICT, policy and society should also aim to demonstrate additionally.


Currently, the river forecasting system deployed in each of 13 River Forecast Centers of the National Weather Service primarily uses lumped parameter models to generate hydrologic simulations. With the deployment of the weather surveillance radar 1988 Doppler radars, more and more precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolution have become available for hydrologic modeling. Hydrologists inside and outside the National Weather Service are now investigating how to effectively use these data to enhance river-forecasting capabilities. In this paper, six years of continuously simulated hydrographs from an eight-subbasin model are compared to those from a single-basin ~or lumped! model, both applied to the Blue River basin ~1,232 km 2 ! in Oklahoma. The Sacramento soil moisture accounting model is used to generate runoff in all cases. Synthetic unit hydrographs for each subbasin convey the water to the outlet of the basin without explicit flow routing. Subdividing the basin into eight subbasins captures spatially variable rainfall reflected in the next generation weather radar products and produces improved results without greatly increasing the computational and data requirements. Strategies for calibrating the hydrologic model parameters for multiple subbasins are explored.


A new on-line free chlorine sensor based on a microdisc electrode array is presented. The sensor is microfabricated using microelectronic-based processes. Sensor characteristics include a good linearity in the 0-1 mg/l range, a sensitivity of 13 nA/(mgCl2/l) with a detection limit of 0.02 mg/l of free chlorine. The sensor response has a low pH and flow dependence. A very good stability over 4 weeks of continuous use in drinking water is demonstrated. Mounted on an automatic control valve the sensor will offer the possibility to monitor and control the water quality in a distribution network.


Between the years 1906 and 1912, Jung practiced as a psychoanalyst, and his association with Freud was very close. Though their personal relationship became strained after the publication of Jung's book, Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1911-12), Jung continued to serve as president of the International Psychoanalytic Association until 1914. The present volume covers the period of Jung's close and enthusiastic collaboration with Freud and includes one of Jung's famous studies in word association which demonstrates Freud's influence even before they were working together. Originally published in 1975. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Abstract In the early 1950s, two American geologists, Bruce Charles Heezen (1924–1977) and Marie Tharp, began mapping the sea floor to improve understanding of ocean-basin geology and to connect the oceans to the continents theoretically. Both were researchers at the Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University, now Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Heezen and Tharp used the 'physiographic mapping' technique, which makes it possible to relate topographic features to underlying geology. The diagrams mostly utilized light and texture, rather than colour, and were sketched using a hachuring technique. Heezen collected data for research purposes and Tharp used his information to compile their physiographic diagrams. During this process, she confirmed previous predictions when she made an important discovery: a rift on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Tharp's visual interpretations of the sea-floor data contributed to the reintroduction of continental drift theory and the 1960s geological revolution. At a time when most women were excluded from scientific careers, Tharp, initially a research assistant, succeeded in this competitive arena. Working with Heezen as a geologist and cartographer, she had an unusual opportunity to participate in the era's exciting discoveries; and her contributions were acknowledged. While their data-gathering activities and analyses stimulated change and contributed to the revolution in the Earth sciences, Heezen and Tharp were not directly involved in the plate-tectonics revolution, but favoured expanding-Earth theory.


We propose a novel, Bayesian formulation of the edge-stopping (diffusivity) function in a nonlinear diffusion scheme in terms of edge probability under a marginal prior on noise-free gradient. This formulation differs from the existing probabilistic diffusion approaches that give stochastic formulations for the conductivity but not for the diffusivity function of the gradient. In particular, we impose a Laplacian prior for the ideal gradient, but the proposed formulation is general and can be used with other marginal distributions. We also make links to related works that treat correspondences between nonlinear diffusion and wavelet shrinkage


"He started inviting me to spend the nights with him when my mother was at work," recalls Ntombi (name changed), a Swazi now in her mid-twenties who was raped by her father on a routine basis from the age of twelve. "He said if I said anything to my morn, he would kill me. He said he would protect me from her beatings." The weekly violations went on for a period of seven years until Ntombi finally got help from a teacher. Aberrant as the case may seem, it is by no means unusual in Swaziland as revealed by a 2007 study carried out by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in association with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States of America. The purpose of the study was to describe the epidemiological distribution of sexual violence against young girls in this country of just over one million people. The results were chilling. "Approximately one in three females experienced some form of sexual violence as a child, nearly one in four experienced physical violence, while three in 10 experienced emotional abuse," says Dr Jama Gulaid, representative of UNICEF in Swaziland. "It is important to point out that child sexual abuse is a global problem," says Dr Alexander Butchart, from the Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability at the World Health Organization. "Even in high-income countries, it is estimated that more than one in five females experienced some form of sexual abuse as a child, and one in five children have experienced severe parental physical abuse. "While not unique in having a high prevalence of child sexual abuse, Swaziland is exceptional in being one of the few low- and middle-income countries in any region to have so fully acknowledged and thoroughly investigated the epidemiology of child sexual abuse as a basis for prevention," Butchart says. The study revealed that boyfriends and husbands were the most frequent perpetrators of sexual assault, while non-sexual physical violence was typically meted out by male relatives (not including victims' fathers). Emotional abuse typically came from female relatives. Sexual violence most frequently occurred in the victim's home or the home of a friend, relative or neighbour. "There are only a few cases of children who get raped in the bushes or in areas far away from home by complete strangers," says Ncamisile Gwebu, a child protection officer in the Hhohho region in Swaziland. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] As is the case with rape all over the world, underreporting was a factor, with less than half of the incidents of child sexual violence being reported to the authorities. Remarkably, however, the primary reasons the victim did not report in this study were: fear of abandonment, a desire to protect the perpetrator or lack of awareness that what she had experienced was in fact abuse. Not that they were unaffected by their experiences. According to Ndo Mdlalose, a clinical psychologist based in the capital Mbabane, the victims typically suffer from depression, panic attacks and anxiety, though the adverse effects are by no means limited to emotional and behavioural problems. "Child maltreatment has also been associated with broader health issues such as diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, sexually transmitted diseases and a variety of health risk behaviours including smoking," says James Mercy, from the Division of Violence Prevention at the CDC. Swazi children subject to abuse find themselves isolated at many levels, an isolation which is often self-imposed. "Typically, they blame themselves rather than the perpetrators for what has happened," says Mdlalose. There is a tendency to suffer in silence. Those children brave enough to seek professional counselling make do with the two psychologists responsible for the needs of the entire country. Of course, ideally, these children should never be exposed to the abuse in the first place, which is why Mercy believes that prevention is the key to dealing with the issue. …


Soil temperature regimes of forested and open conditions at selected depths of 5, 10, 20 and 30
cm, were reported based on data collected over a two-year period. Results showed that temperature of
soil under forest cover was consistently lower than of the open by 4 to GOC due to 'shading effect' of
forest cover. The top 5 cm layer in the open showed the greatest variation whilst insignificant differences
were observed among layers under forest. Weighted average soil profile temperature for both
conditions seemed to follow closely the mean air temperature. However, open air temperatures consistently
recorded lower values.


This paper seeks to provide insight into contemporary creative practice-based research, exploring themes of human ruin, (re)membering and remembrance. In doing so, the research specifically examines and contextualises the photographic series Aftermath (Shepherdson, 2014) which was commissioned to commemorate the centenary of the beginning of the First World War. Aftermath, in re-appropriating the found images of Ernst Friedrich's 1924 Krieg dem Kriege, examines 'ruination' relating to the human form, a form all too vulnerable to mechanical warfare. In addition the paper will discuss how physical vulnerabilities might be translated forcefully, yet simultaneously tenderly, through images of the damaged human face.

The presentation will demonstrate Aftermath's use of the esoteric photographic technique of emulsion lifting, whereby the photographic emulsion - similar to that of a fine layer of skin - is lifted away, re-echoing the fragility of the face and the utter devastation at its loss. As Sally Minogue comments "The damaged face was one of the most difficult disfigurements for a surviving combatant to bear because of the public response of disgust and rejection, as well as the sufferer's own deep loss of confidence and sense of identity. In facing Shepherdson's photographs we take on a responsibility to face up to what modern warfare means" (2014:23).

A characteristic of emulsion lifts are tears and creases which subsequently require slow, gentle teasing and stroking out by hand using soft natural bristle brushes. This act of stroking and easing the face back into shape is of course in sharp distinction to the moment of facial destruction. The specificity of this process also limits scale and thus distills each work into a unique artifact with consequent 'flaws' accepted and welcomed. In considering photography's potential to connote human fragility and ruin, the paper will draw upon the salient writings of Derrida, Sontag and Berger.


Web-based self-learning (WBSL) has received a lot of attention in recent years due to the vast amount of varied materials available in the Web 2.0 environment. However, this large amount of material also has resulted in a serious problem of cognitive overload that degrades the efficacy of learning. In this study, an information graphics method is proposed to resolve this problem. This method is based on social tagging, which is used to visualize the relationships among materials and can thus assist learners in facilitating learning. To examine the feasibility of the proposed method for managing cognitive load, an experimental model was designed in which cognitive load theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. A total of 60 university students participated in the experiment, and the partial least squares method was used to verify the experimental model. The results show that the information graphics method has a positive impact on three types of cognitive load, namely intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. Furthermore, intrinsic and germane cognitive load have a positive influence on perceived learning effectiveness, while extraneous cognitive load does not have a significant influence. One possible reason for this outcome is that the problem of visual load was not considered in the design of this study. The overall summary of the findings is that the use of social tagging can effectively manage cognitive load and positively links to perceived learning effectiveness.


One of the strongest earthquakes, with magnitude M 8.9, occurred at the sea bottom near to the east coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. This study is devoted to the investigation of anomaly disturbances in the main magnetic field of the Earth and in ultra-low frequency magnetic variations (F <10 Hz) observed before this earthquake. Secular variations of the main geomagnetic field were investigated using three-component 1-h data from three magnetic observatories over the 11-year period of January 1, 2000, to January 31, 2011. The Esashi and Mizusawa magnetic stations are situated northwest of the earthquake epicenter, at distances of around 170 km to 200 km, and the Kakioka observatory is situated southwest of the earthquake epicenter, at a distance of about 300 km. During this period, there were four local anomalies in the secular variations. The last anomaly was the biggest, which began around 3 years prior to the earthquake moment. All of the anomalies can be most distinctly recognized, in the form of differences in the corresponding magnetic components at these remote magnetic stations. For investigations of the ultra-low frequency magnetic field disturbances, three-component 1-s data at two magnetic stations (Kakioka and Uchiura) were used. The Uchiura station is situated 119 km south of Kakioka, at a distance of about 420 km from the earthquake epicenter. Data from the time interval of February 18, 2011 to March 10, 2011 (only at night-time: 01:00 to 04:00 local time) were investigated in a wide frequency range. In the frequency range of 0.033 Hz to 0.01 Hz, there was the clearest anomaly, seen as a decrease in the correlation coefficients of the corresponding magnetic components at these two stations, from February 22, 2011. Differences in the Z components showed an increase, and became positive after this date. This might suggest that the ultra-low frequency lithospheric source appeared north of the Kakioka station. Outside this specified frequency range, the anomalies were not well defined.


International Affairs- "One of the many good things about this book is the ample contribution from academics living and working in the region they add to the immediacy of the problems and to the integrity of the analysis. The book also calls into question the otiose concept of the clash of cultures, only to prevalent recently. What it makes plain is that the challenge to the West does not lie in the monolithic nature of Islam turning aggressively outward towards Europe and the United States but in the rivalries between regimes ruling over societies increasingly divided by an imbalance of wealth and power." Mediterranean Politics "A number of practical suggestions might have been useful here but there is little doubt that this volume does a good job in highlighting the problems that the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership is facing and will be facing in the future." Millennium- " These essays offer a sobering analysis of the challenges facing the Mediterranean region without forcing the reader to undergo an ideological conversion in the process. This is perhaps the greatest strength of the book. " Choice- " Highly recommended for upper-division undergraduates through faculty


Half the time available for a research is often spent on trying to figure out what later on appears to have been known for a long time. The Utrecht Documentation System (UDS) was set up as a very special extra access to the information that is scattered in many places. Although the set-up is intended for the entire Netherlands, the system contains a lot of information on the city of Utrecht in particular. An example. At the end of the 19th century Lange Viestraat in Utrecht was widened on the north side and in the thirties of the 20th century on the south side; this causes problems during historical research. According to the recent catalogue of the Centraal Museum the stone tablet 'In den royen os, 1639' comes from Lange Viestraat 4. Building-historical research in this building will not provide the context. The tablet comes from a building that was demolished in 1906, situated 25 metres east of no. 4, exactly in the place of the present road surface. Sorting out all the addresses on both sides of the street, before and after the demolition, took half a year. But all the old construction drawings are in the right place now and it was worth the trouble. For over 20 years the motivation of the group of volunteers working at the UDS has been to promote respectful dealing with the cultural heritage, based on an understanding of the history of the built environment. The documentation system is a means thereto. Initially, it was organised as a paper encyclopaedia for Utrecht. The series of folders now takes up 20 metres' space and is situated in Utrecht. As in the meantime important information is available for the entire Netherlands, a start has now been made on the internet via the website www.documentie.org . The purpose of the site is to provide or show the way to answers, in words and pictures, to questions related to the conservation of monuments in the widest sense of the word. Both laymen and experts belong to the target group. It concerns the whole range, from arousing interest to promoting scientific research. The site offers reading lists, often also texts and illustrations. Even those who cannot quite figure out what exactly they want to ask, will be assisted as much as possible, e.g. by plans you can click and the catchword 'zoekplaat' (picture puzzle). A lot of attention is devoted to links to other sites, from which the information searched for can be shown directly. Thus the way is shown to information of both co-ordinating organisations and local initiatives. The ideal is not one central site for culture, but a network of private and public initiatives freely communicating with each other.


"No more passionate voice ever sounded in Russian poetry of the 20th century," Joseph Brodsky writes of Marina Tsvetaeva. And yet Western readers are only now starting to discover what Tsvetaeva's Russian audience has already recognized, "that she was one of the major poetic voices of the century" (Tomas Venclova, The New Republic ).

Born to a family of Russian intelligentsia in 1892 and coming of age in the crucible of revolution and war, Tsvetaeva has been seen as a victim of her politicized time, her life and her work marked by exile, neglect, and persecution. This book is the first to show us the poet as she discovered her life through art, shaped as much by inner demons as by the political forces and harsh realities of her day. With remarkable psychological and literary subtlety, Lily Feiler traces these demons through the tragic drama of Tsvetaeva's life and poetry. Hers is a story full of contradictions, resisting social and literary conventions but enmeshed in the politics and poetry of her time. Feiler depicts the poet in her complex relation to her contemporaries—Pasternak, Rilke, Mayakovsky, Mandelstam, and Akhmatova. She shows us a woman embodying the values of nineteenth-century romanticism, yet radical in her poetry, supremely independent in her art, but desperate for appreciation and love, simultaneously mother and child in her complicated sexual relationships with men and women.

From prerevolutionary Russia to Red Moscow, from pre-World War II Berlin, Prague, and Paris to the Soviet Union under Stalin, Feiler follows the tortuous drama of Tsvetaeva's life and work to its last tragic act, exposing at each turn the passions that molded some of this century's most powerful poetry.


This paper highlights the general failure to effectively respond to and prevent xenophobic violence in South Africa and offers critical reflections on reasons thereof. Drawing mainly on the evaluation of a number of anti-xenophobic programmes by government and civil society organisations, the paper argues that past and current interventions, instead of muzzling dogs that bite, have been rather barking up the wrong tree. National government and relevant local authorities have thus far either tended to ignore the problem or categorise violence against foreign nationals and other outsiders as normal crime with no need for more specific or more targeted interventions. Although wellintentioned, civil society efforts to foster peaceful cohabitation and tolerance through social dialogues and campaigns aimed at changing attitudes have also largely proven ineffective in reducing violence. There are many reasons why these interventions continue to fail. Chief among these reasons is the fact that interventions are not evidence-based and are not informed by a clear understanding of the drivers of the violence. Similarly, past and current responses and interventions are based on shaky foundations and untested theories of change. Indeed, by focussing almost exclusively on public attitudes, interventions neglect factors and motivations that trigger violent behaviour; perhaps ignoring that attitudes are not always a good predictor of behaviour. Without a clear understanding of the drivers of the violence and of what type of responses work or do not work, intervention strategies can only be ineffective at best, and counter-productive at worst.


The technology of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis provides an efficient way to produce hydrogen. In combination with renewable energy sources, it promises to be one of the key factors towards a carbon-free energy infrastructure in the future. Today, PEM electrolyzers with a power consumption higher than 1 MW and a gas output pressure of 30 bar (or even higher) are already commercially available. Nevertheless, fundamental research and development for an improved efficiency is far from being finally accomplished, and mostly takes place on a laboratory scale. Upscaling the laboratory prototypes to an industrial size usually cannot be achieved without facing further problems and/or losing efficiency. With our novel system design based on hydraulic cell compression, a lot of the commonly occurring problems like inhomogeneous temperature and current distribution can be avoided. In this study we present first results of an upscaling by a factor of 30 in active cell area.


DNA databases enable extremely accurate criminal identification, and a database with appropriate privacy safeguards could be a boon not only for law enforcement but for civil libertarians as well. Unfortunately, current DNA databases lack important precautions and expose DNA donors to serious risks of abuse. The courts that have heard Fourth Amendment challenges to these databases have uniformly upheld them using one of two different rationales. Some courts have held that DNA databases serve a special need, and others have held that the convicted offenders targeted by current statutes have diminished privacy interests in their DNA. However, neither rationale provides a convincing justification for compelling individuals to provide DNA for a database, with or without safeguards. The problem is not with the substantive reasonableness of DNA collection for an ideal database, but with crafting a judicial decision procedure that allows only reasonable databases and not unreasonable ones. The solution proposed by this Note, accordingly, is an alternative decisionmaking procedure that enlists the assistance of the political process. Under the "universality exception" to the warrant requirement proposed by this Note, a search is reasonable if it is authorized by a statute that truly applies equally to every member of the population. The political process leading to the enactment of a universal DNA database, which this exception would require, would ensure that any such database had appropriate safeguards.


In this article we present a set of functionalities that we consider to be of fundamental importance for an e-learning platform that has to be applied in the context of engineering studies. As a practical case we describe the ACME platform, highlighting the automatic generation and assignation of problems with open solutions, the on-line correction and feed-back to the students, the automatic assessment of problems and the final assessment of students work. ACME has been used in the University of Girona in Spain, during the last years. The results, both qualitatively as well as quantitatively, confirm us that the application of the platform improves academic outcomes and also the learning process of the students. As a conclusion it can be said that elearning platforms that provide the described functionalities are suitable for engineering studies and overcome the main limitations of standard platforms.


In this review, various processes for conversion of ligno(hemi)cellulosic biomass into hydrogen gas are comprehensively reviewed in terms of two main groups, namely (1) thermochemical processes [pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis, different gasification, co‐gasification, supercritical water gasification (SCWG)] and (2) biochemical‐cum‐biological conversions, along with electrolytic and photolytic processes. This review depicts much about the thermochemical processes for hydrogen production and its utilization via pyrolysis of biomass, gasification, gasification combined with pyrolysis, supercritical water (fluid‐gas) extraction, steam reforming (SR), auto thermal reforming (ATR), dry reforming (DR), liquid phase reforming (LPR), aqueous‐phase reforming (APR), and partial oxidation (POX) of renewable carboxylates such as bioethanol, acetic acid, phenol, glycerol, carbohydrates, different water‐soluble sugars, and bio‐oil, which are some of the areas to be explored for widespread awareness of hydrogen usage. Biomass‐based hydrogen production systems are emphasized and discussed in terms of their energetic and exergetic aspects with the help of reaction mechanisms. Different oxygenate compounds as derived from biomass with their potential catalyst tested by several literature studies and potential methods are then summarized. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:139–155. doi: 10.1002/wene.111


Production process has utmost importance on a firm's survival in a competitive market. For this purpose,  firms from developed countries choose to produce in different parts of the world to benefit from cheap labor  supply. On the contrary, firms in developing countries prefer to import capital goods from developed  countries to increase their chance to survive in a harsh competitive environment. But these capital goods are  designed and optimized specially for the firms in developed countries. Thus, it is unclear whether the  strategy of firms in developing countries is beneficial or not. In this paper, we clarify the results of firms'  strategies from both developed and developing countries. Theoretically, the strategy of firms that originated from developed countries is profitable. On the other hand, the strategy of firms in developing countries  harms their profit levels.


In September of 2005, the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University hosted a conference designed to explore online teacher professional development (oTPD). During the two day conference, the participants explored 10 models of oTPD. The ultimate goal of the conference was to establish a research agenda for oTPD, as little is known about the effectiveness of these programs or ways in which these models can influence teacher education programs. This special issue of the Journal of Technology and Teacher Education continues that exploration. ********** There are several models available for online teacher professional development. Some of these models, such as the Milwaukee Professional Support Portal (Spicer & Dede, 2006) and the Inquiry Learning Forum (Barnett, 2006), are formal and developed through multiple partnerships. Some are designed by a university and lead to a formal degree or certificate program (Esprivalo Harrell & Harris, 2006). Other models are less formal and involve the use of a variety of tools, including case studies (Paulus & Roberts, 2006) or e-mail and discussion boards (Parr, 2006), or course websites (Friedman, 2006) supplementing face-to-face professional development programs. However, all of these models have the same goal in mind ... to improve teachers' understanding of learning and to change their teaching practice. How do we know if these programs are effective in achieving this goal? How do we know if the oTPD has an impact on teachers' practice? What are the issues that such programs raise in terms of inservice and preservice teacher education? What questions should we, as a field, be asking as we implement oTPD? The articles in this issue attempt to answer some of these questions. Opportunities and Challenges for Learning Online teacher professional development models provide high quality learning opportunities. Teachers have access to experts in a given field. They are able to collaborate with others. Online learning allows time for reflection and for dialogue. It allows for flexibility in scheduling, timing, and the development of one's own learning spaces. In other words, it can be empowering as teachers take ownership of their own learning. However, there are also challenges involved with oTPD. Experts in a given field are not always the best teachers. Although they may understand the content, imparting it to others in a way that is comprehensible can be a challenge. Therefore, the mentors and experts need extensive training in online interactions, pedagogical knowledge, and best teaching practices for the given content area. Designers of oTPD environments also face the challenge of balancing resources on demand, in which the content is available but teachers have to go and find it on their own, with building and sustaining a learning community. Resources on demand have the initial cost of building and creating the environment, while sustaining a learning community requires ongoing continuous support to be effective. Finding the right balance between both is an area of research yet to be explored. This is an important issue because it is unclear as to what is the required depth and scope of oTPD that will allow for real shifts in practice that have an impact on K-12 students' learning. There is also a need to understand what motivates teachers to seek out online professional development opportunities. For some, the programs are mandated by their school district or university. For others, the need to obtain continuing education credit is the motivator. Some teachers voluntarily seek out such opportunities. Understanding teachers' motivation and needs can help with the design and creation of oTPD environments. Riddle (2004) found that teachers who voluntarily participate in oTPD are influenced by their school climate: Those who come from a controlling school with little support seek out oTPD to have their ideas validated, while those who come from a supportive school seek out oTPD to find ideas for improving their teaching and their students' learning. …


We report on an optical fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor that exhibits multiple resonance peaks. The sensor is based on a uniform-waist single-mode tapered fiber coated on one side with a thin metal layer. Owing to the asymmetry of the sensor structure, the different hybrid surface plasmon modes supported by the semicircular layer can be excited by the fundamental fiber mode. As a result, the sensor transmission spectrum exhibits several dips that depend on the taper waist diameter. The advantages of a plasmon resonance sensor with multiple dips are discussed.


This thesis describes the experimental investigations of the structural properties of the conductive polymer, poly aniline. These studies have been performed on free-standing film samples, solution cast using the solvent N- methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). Such specimens have enabled a wealth of detailed information about polyaniline to be derived. The polymer itself was synthesised in the emeraldine base form using a chemical route optimised at Durham. The product was then assessed for its chemical structure and molecular weight using (^13)c NMR, elemental analysis and gel permeation chromatography. The process of fabricating the polymer into free-standing films is discussed and assessed. It has been shown that such films may be oriented by the application of uniaxial stress at elevated temperatures and this procedure has been described and analysed in detail. This stretching process aligns the polymer chains on a molecular level and hence produces changes in the physical properties of films. In particular, upon doping to the conducting emeraldine salt form by protonation in aqueous HCl, stretch oriented films display a remarkable increase in conductivity (parallel to the stretch direction) over their unstretched, doped counterparts. Various thermal analysis techniques, including dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, dielectric thermal analysis, thermomechanical analysis and infrared spectroscopy have been used to probe the physical properties of polyaniline films. Using these techniques a number of important thermal transitions have been observed and furthermore the stretch alignment process has been rationalised. Infrared orientational analysis has revealed detailed information about the molecular orientation produced during macroscopic stretching of a film. The type and degree of chain orientation has been analysed as well as the geometrical structure of a single chain. X-ray diffraction has probed the crystalline fraction of polyaniline films. Various aspects concerning the crystalline fraction of film samples has been derived along with an orientational analysis which has been contrasted with the infrared results. An even greater amount of structural information has been revealed by neutron diffraction and this technique has enabled a detailed examination of the structure of the crystalline phases of polyaniline to be made.


Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to investigate how customers' satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and service quality affect profitability. Research methodology: A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed, 424 were returned and a Partial Least Square (PLS) modeling technique was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The results of this study explain that customers' satisfaction and employee satisfaction play essential roles in enhancing profitability, service quality on customers' satisfaction, and employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction. Finally, there are no essential roles between service quality on profitability. Limitations: This study only used customer satisfaction, service quality, and employee satisfaction as the determinant of profitability. There may be other factors that affect profitability, such as perceived value and customer loyalty, that can be considered to determine which marketing strategy should be used as a practical contribution. Contribution: Therefore, based on the research, hotel management should build a favorable image on a long-term basis using identification and efficient management in terms of promise, positioning, personality, and people. This research implies that the hotel manager should continuously improve service quality and employee satisfaction, thus increasing customers' satisfaction, which will lead to profitability.


Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to examine the disjoining pressure effect of a water thin film adsorbed on a metal surface. The model was validated against experiments and verified against previous MD simulations. The variation of vapor pressure with film thickness was examined for a water thin film adsorbed on a gold surface. The results agree well with the classic disjoining pressure theory without surface charges and show that liquid layering does not affect disjoining pressure. However, surface charges of the gold substrate enhance the disjoining pressure of the water thin film, consistent with experimental evidences for polar liquids. VC 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858469]


We address moisture diffusion in epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) at temperatures higher than 100°C. The objectives of this paper are thus: 1) to obtain diffusion properties of EMCs in both absorption and desorption modes at a wide range of temperatures; 2) to establish a non-Fickian correlation for diffusivity; and 3) to assess moisture diffusion behaviors during a solder reflow process, described by two different Fickian diffusivities of absorption and desorption and the non-Fickian diffusivity. An experimental procedure is established to measure the diffusivity and solubility of selected EMC materials. The results are utilized in a numerical simulation to analyze the effect of the non-Fickian diffusion characteristics on the moisture distribution during the reflow process.


SYNOPSIS In the late 1990s and early 2000s, governments and activist organizations around the world set their sights on ending the business of human trafficking. Many groups emerged to assist victims of the crime, but few made progress toward eliminating the roots of the problem. Duncan Jepson, a lawyer for a Hong Kong–based bank, said he believed too little was being done to spotlight the shadowy criminal networks that typically crossed government jurisdictions and sometimes included otherwise legitimate businesses. Jepson decided that disrupting the trade in human beings required new types of collaboration to unravel criminal networks and confront the organizations that abetted their activities. In 2012, he founded a nongovernmental organization called Liberty Asia, which aimed to bridge institutional gaps and approach human trafficking from an economic perspective by using increasingly robust anti-money-laundering tools that were at the disposal of banks and bank regulators. This case profiles Liberty Asia's efforts and focuses on the challenges associated with coordinating many different types of organizations to confront a common challenge.


The Permian Greenhills Complex of Southland, New Zealand, is a small ultramafic to mafic layered intrusion that hosts primary magmatic platinum-group minerals (PGMs) as inclusions in cumulus chromian spinel grains. We have determined the major and trace element chemistry of the parent magmas of the complex, using the composition of rehomogenized melt inclusions trapped in cumulus spinel grains from dunite. These melt inclusions have compositions similar to those of primitive ankaramite dikes that cut the complex, verifying that our data are representative of the parent-melt chemistry. These magmas have high MgO and CaO and are enriched in Pb, Sr, and large ion lithophile elements compared to high field strength and rare earth elements. We suggest that the parent magmas to the complex were primitive low-K island-arc tholeiite basalts that formed by high degrees of melting of a spinel peridotite source. The platinum-group element contents of such magmas are expected to be very high. Therefore, the primary PGMs at Greenhills are suggested to have precipitated directly from the melt following differentiation and cooling in a shallow magma chamber.


Reduced fat Bologna-type turkey sausages were manufactured and the effects of pea fiber or potato starch based fat replacers on organoleptic characteristics were evaluated. Fat was partially (25, 50 or 75 %) replaced with potato starch or pea fiber resulting 16-17%, 31-33% and 45-50% decrease in gross energy content, respectively. Differences in measured color values were small, being undetectable by assessors. Reduced fat sausages containing medium or high levels of potato starch (3.9%, 5.8%) or high level of pea fiber (1.8%) were perceived less salty than control and scores of saltiness were in line with that of juiciness. Organoleptic properties of sausages with low and medium levels of pea fiber (0.6, 1.2%) and potato starch (1.9%) were similar than that of full fat sausage.


The Chagos Islanders Case will be remembered for its abandonment of the common law's affirmation of a Subject's right to be free from exile, when more than a decade ago the British Government in the exercise of its imperial powers decided upon the permanent exclusion of an entire population from its homeland for reasons unconnected with their collective well-being. Paradoxically, freedom from exile is a right guaranteed in the folklore of the UK, as demonstrated only too vividly in the celebrations of the 800th Anniversary of Magna Carta in 2015. A judgment given by Laws LJ in the Divisional Court in 2000 when the matter first arose in challenge brought by Louis Oliver Bancoult, a Chagos Islander, against the actions of the British Goverment, and subsequently affirmed most resoundingly by Sedley LJ in the Court of Appeal in 2007, had upheld this historic right. They had held that government objectives could not lawfully be accomplished by the use of prerogative powers. The Crown has to exercise governance over the Colonies as a Crown function. The interests of these territories are not coterminous with interests of the UK state and its allies. The governance of each colonial territory is in constitutional principle a discrete function of the Crown. However, in 2008 the House of Lords (as it then was) overturned these decisions, only to revisit the question again in judgment delivered in 2016, thus demonstrating the particularly protracted and vexatious nature of the issues which the Government had sought to determine through the ill-judged mechanism of the Royal Prerogative. The Bancoult saga is the longest Supreme court case ever heard. The 2008 decision was not its last. In 2016 the Supreme Court gave a split decision, but which nonetheless still fully acknowledged that its earlier 2008 decision had moved the law forward and that, in the words of Lord Mance giving the majority decision (and who had also given judgment in 2008), the exercise of prerogative powers were "susceptible to judicial review on ordinary principles of legality, rationality and procedural impropriety." Yet, the plight of the Chagos Islanders remained unchanged in 2008 as it did in 2016 – such that further legal challenges remain likely. The story is not yet over and this analysis is an attempt to locate the Bancoult litigation in its proper political context and to suggest that the House of Lords in 2008 could – and indeed should – have a taken a different decision for reasons connected entirely to the fact that the Government was using prerogative powers in the context of colonial governance.This has serious implications both for the future use of the Prerogative and for Public Law in general.


Introduction: The EYTO-kids (European Youth Tackling Obesity in Adolescents and Children) study aims to increase fruit and/or vegetable consumption and physical activity, decrease sedentary lifestyles, and reduce the intake of sugary drinks and fast food using an innovative methodology based on social marketing and youth involvement. Methods: This study is a pilot school-based cluster randomized controlled 10-month intervention spanning two academic years (2015–2016 and 2016–2017), with eight primary schools and three high schools randomized into and designated the control group and eight primary schools and four high schools designated the intervention group in Reus, Spain. At least 301 younger school peers per group should be included. At the intervention high schools, the adolescent creators (ACs) receive an initial 16-h training session. In total, 26–32 high school ACs (12–14 years) from the four high schools will design and implement four health-promotion activities (1 h/each) for their younger (8–10 years), primary school peers. The control group will not receive any intervention. The outcomes (fruit, vegetable, fast food and sugary drink consumption; physical activity; and sedentary behaviors) of the control and intervention groups will be measured pre- and post-intervention. Conclusion: This study describes a protocol for pilot, peer-led, social marketing and youth-involved intervention, where adolescents design and implement activities for their younger peers to promote healthy lifestyles.


Ronald Ross discovered that the plasmodium parasite--'Laveran's germ'--was transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes to human beings to cause malaria. This discovery won him a Nobel Prize in 1902, but the route to this success was by no means clear. He was an indifferent student, he liked to write novels and poems and only just managed to gain a medical qualification. Fortuitously he was mediocre enough to enter the least prestigious section of the Indian Medical Service, which put him directly in contact with the parasites that were to become his passion. Despite honours being showered on him, life after the Prize also was not straightforward, he was irrascible and his innovative mathematical and economic approaches to disease control were overlooked.


Prime lamb has not received the same level of economic research as Australia's other major livestock markets and knowledge of the lamb market's operations remains relatively limited. This market has experienced increasing problems including highly variable saleyard prices, strong retail competition and calls for market reform. To date, there has been no quantitative mechanism for assessing the potential impacts of these issues on the state or national lamb markets. This paper reports the development of a quarterly econometric model of the New South Wales prime lamb market. The model considers prime lamb as a separate market entity and places emphasis on the demographic influences on supply response. The estimated model is validated under historical dynamic simulation which generates simultaneous equilibrium solutions for twelve endogenous variables. The model's ability to respond to exogenous shocks is established under impact analysis and some proposed uses for the model are indicated.