Geographic routing is a promising routing scheme in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), is shifting toward duty-cycled WSNs in which sensors are sleep scheduled to reduce energy consumption. However, except the connected-k neighborhood (CKN) sleep scheduling algorithm and the geographic routing oriented sleep scheduling (GSS) algorithm, nearly all research work about geographic routing in duty-cycled WSNs has focused on the geographic forwarding mechanism; further, most of the existing work has ignored the fact that sensors can be mobile. In this paper, we focus on sleep scheduling for geographic routing in duty-cycled WSNs with mobile sensors and propose two geographic-distance-based connected-k neighborhood (GCKN) sleep scheduling algorithms. The first one is the geographic-distance-based connected-kneighborhood for first path (GCKNF) sleep scheduling algorithm. The second one is the geographic-distance-based connected-k neighborhood for all paths (GCKNA) sleep scheduling algorithm. Geographic routing can achieve much shorter average lengths for the first transmission path explored in WSNs employing GCKNF sleep scheduling and all transmission paths searched inWSNs employing GCKNA sleep scheduling compared with those in WSNs employing CKN and GSS sleep scheduling


It is a well known fact that the value of an option on an asset following a Levy jump-process, can be found by solving a Partial Integro-Differential Equation (PIDE). In this project, two new schemes are presented to solve these kinds of PIDEs when the underlying Levy process is of infinite activity. The infinite activity jump-process leads to a singular Levy measure, which has important numerical ramifications and needs to be handled with care. The schemes presented calculate the non-local integral operator via a fast Fourier transform (FFT), and an explicit/implicit operator splitting scheme of the local/global operators is performed. Both schemes will be of 2nd order on a regular Levy measure, but the singularity degrades convergence to lie in between 1st and 2nd order depending on the singularity strength. On the logarithmically transformed PIDE, the schemes are proven to be consistent, monotone and stable in $L^infty$, hence convergent by Barles-Perthame Souganidis.


Metastatic carcinoma of urogenital origin is a common cause of mortality in free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). The etiology of this cancer is likely multifactorial, with viral infection, genetic factors, and exposure to environmental organochlorine contaminants possible contributing factors. In this study, expression of estrogen receptor α (ER α), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, and Ki67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 12 sea lions with metastatic carcinoma, genital epithelial dysplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia; 4 with genital epithelial dysplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia without metastases; and 6 control animals. Dysplastic and neoplastic lesions were identified in multiple areas of the cervix, vagina, penis, prepuce, and urethra in affected animals, suggesting multicentric development. Lesions were graded according to degree of epithelial dysplasia and infiltration and lesions of different grades were evaluated separately. Estrogen receptor expression was lower in intraepithelial lesions compared with normal genital epithelium, and expression in metastatic lesions was completely absent. There was progesterone receptor expression in neoplastic cells in intraepithelial lesions of all grades and in metastases, with no significant difference between lesion grades or between control and affected epithelium. Ki67 index and p53 expression increased with lesion grade and were higher in lesions than normal epithelium. Metastatic tumors exhibited highly variable morphology; however, proliferation index, ER α, PR, and p53 expression were similar in tumors with different patterns of growth. These results suggest that endogenous hormones, environmental contaminants that interact with steroid hormone receptors, and alterations in p53 may play a role in urogenital carcinogenesis in California sea lions.


There are few studies in sub-Saharan Africa on providers' attitudes and delivery practices regarding emergency contraception (EC), though they could provide an important component of contraceptive programmes there. Thirty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of reproductive health service providers in Ghana and Burkina Faso as part of the Emergency Contraception in Africa study (ECAF) conducted in 2006-2007. A typology of provider-responses was constructed using two dimensions reflecting providers' "acceptance" and "provision" of EC. Provider attitudes broadly favoured EC, although most in Burkina Faso were cautious about providing it (fearing that regular use might displace condom use, thus increasing HIV risk), while in Ghana, many highlighted useful role of EC in reducing unwanted pregnancy. Overall, respondents wanted to limit distribution to health facilities and pharmacies and were reactive, rather than proactive, EC providers. Their attitude towards people seeking emergency contraception varied: those suffering contraceptive method failure or provider failure were seen as deserving, while those who came because they had used their contraceptive method incorrectly or not used one at all were regarded less favourably.


We use state and county level variation to examine the impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on employment. A cross state analysis suggests that one additional job was created by each $170,000 in stimulus spending. Time series analysis at the state level suggests a smaller response with a per job cost of about $400,000. These results imply Keynesian multipliers between 0.5 and 1.0, somewhat lower than those assumed by the administration. However, the overall results mask considerable variation for different types of spending. Grants to states for education do not appear to have created any additional jobs. Support programs for low income households and infrastructure spending are found to be highly expansionary. Estimates excluding education spending suggest fiscal policy multipliers of about 2.0 with per job cost of under $100,000.


The present article shows the relation that Colombian consumer ethnocentrism has with country image and local brand preference in the textile, apparel and leather industry and it infers the possible implications this relation has when planning marketing strategies for the Colombian market in such industry. This study follows an interpretative approach which included a survey of Colombian consumers in Antioquia. Results show that (i) gender and age are not determinants of ethnocentric consumer tendencies, (ii) the less income a Colombian person has, the more ethnocentric he/she is, (iii) consumer ethnocentrism does not have a universal pattern but varies from country to country, (iv) the more educated a Colombian person is, the less ethnocentric he/she is, (v) the developed or developing condition of the countries where the consumer is from, is not a determining factor to conclude whether or not a consumer has a tendency towards ethnocentric behaviour patterns and (vi) if a person has a positive image of his/her own country, he/she is likely to develop ethnocentric behaviour patterns. This article contributes to filling the gap in the literature since it shows that ethnocentrism is positively related to preferences for local brands in Colombia.


Doubly-doped LiNbO3:Fe:Ni crystals have been grown by Czochralski technique. The transmission spectrum and the effect of light-induced absorption change by ultraviolet (UV) illumination are measured. Nonvolatile holographic storage is realized by red light (633 nm) recording and UV (365 nm) sensitizing. The results show that the saturation diffraction efficiency, the fixing diffraction efficiency, and the recording sensitivity of oxidized LiNbO3:Fe:Ni crystals are higher than those of other reported doubly-doped LiNbO3 crystals. Besides, the nonvolatile holographic recording can't be realized by green light (514 nm) recording and UV light (365 nm) sensitizing. LiNbO3:Fe:Ni has the potential of being a new highly efficient nonvolatile holographic recording material.


In an attempt to improve the effectiveness of distance learning, the present study aims to introduce an innovative way of creating and designing distance learning instructional material incorporating Bernice McCarthy's 4MAT Model based on learning styles. According to McCarthy's theory, all students can learn effectively in a cycle of learning that consists of eight steps, which adapt to all learners' learning styles. For this reason, Bernice McCarthy's 4MAT Model is analysed, its innovative application to distance learning material is discussed, while an example of material directed to teachers for the purposes of a training course concerning the art of Drama of the kindergarten curriculum is presented.


A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to design photonic crystal fiber structures with user-defined chromatic dispersion properties. This GA is combined with a full vectorial finite element method in order to determine the effective index of propagation of the modes and then, the chromatic dispersion of structures generated by GA. This method proves to be a powerful tool for solving this inverse problem.


Introduction: An accurate and passive fit of implant framework prosthesis, as well as the successful surgical operation is suggested as one of the critical requirements for long-term implant success. Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of the master cast using open tray impression technique with conventional and novel splinting materials. Methodology: A mandibular reference model with four ADIN implants was done. Ten custom trays were fabricated using the light curable resin sheets. Medium body polyether impression material was used. These trays were randomly divided between the two groups, with five trays in each group. Impression techniques were divided into two groups namely: Group A: Direct impression technique with open tray impression copings splinted with autopolymerizing acrylic resin (GC pattern resin). Group B: Direct impression technique with open tray impression copings splinted with Pro-temp TM 4 (bis-GMA) syringable temporization material. Thus, final impressions were made. Total of 10 master casts were fabricated. Evaluation of casts using Dynascope-Vision Engineering, TESA microhite two- dimension and coordinate measuring machine were used. Results: Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA test and post-hoc test. Same amount of deviation values obtained with resin splinted and bis-GMA splinted impression copings. Conclusion: The master cast obtained by both the splinting material exhibits no difference from the reference model. So bis-GMA can be used, which is easy to handle, less time consuming, less technique sensitive, rigid, and readily available material in clinics.


In The Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt criticises the "abstract nakedness" of human rights and the dangers of statelessness. She invokes the "right to have rights" as the only universal right, identifying the fundamental aporia of human rights: despite the claim to universality, rights are only ever granted to those belonging to particular political communities. Through the case of the French Sans-papiers, this paper addresses the question of statelessness by situating theories of "acts of citizenship" within a broader theoretical understanding of law. The aim is to develop a model of citizenship, where status and practice are seen as mutual conditions of (im)possibility. The practice of making rights-claims reveals the constitutive tension inherent to citizenship, where the universal rights from which its sovereignty is derived and its laws flow, cannot be contained within its borders. The figure of the migrant, as citizen to-come, marks the mutual implication of 'transgression' and 'belonging'.


Using nationally representative workplace data for Britain we show that over the last quarter century union voice – especially union-only voice – has been associated with poorer climate, more industrial action, poorer financial performance and poorer labour productivity than nonunion voice and, in particular, direct voice. On the other hand, union-based voice regimes have experienced lower quit rates than non-union and "no voice" regimes, as theory predicts. Over that time, while the workplace incidence of voice has remained constant, with roughly 8 workplaces out of 10 providing some form of voice, there has been a big shift from union to non-union voice, particularly direct employer-made voice. Thus employers are prepared generally to bear the costs of voice provision and manifest a reluctance to engage with their workforce without voice mechanisms in place. The associations between non-union voice mechanisms and desirable workplace outcomes suggest that these costs may be lower than the benefits voice generates.


The purpose of a Satellite Based Augmentation System, such as EGNOS or WAAS, is to decompose all range error sources and to distribute them to the civil aviation user community with reliable navigation services for different flight phases. Integrity refers to the notion of trust that the user may have in the positioning. Integrity includes the ability of the system to provide confidence thresholds as well as Alarms in case of anomalies. Considering satellite integrity, two ways are possible for an SBAS. The first is to broadcast per satellite the same UDRE value applicable for every user located inside the service area defined by the message type 27 content. As these UDREs are dimensioned to protect the worst user location – generally at the border zone – it penalizes automatically the users having lower residual errors. The second is to broadcast per satellite a covariance matrix of residual errors through the message type 28. This matrix contains all the structure of the orbitography and synchronization residual errors. It can be seen as a protective ellipsoid around the computed satellite position and clock containing the true – but unknown – satellite position and clock at a certain level of confidence. Using the MT28 message each user is able to reconstruct the integrity value by projecting this protective ellipsoid along its line of sight. EGNOS operational system is implementing the MT27 solution whilst the WAAS is based on the MT28 one. The MT28 approach is the current baseline for EGNOS V3. Starting from recent R&D activities, Thales Alenia Space together with CNES (French Space Agency) has developed a dedicated module providing the message type 28 based on orbitography and fast synchronization variance-covariance matrices combined with satellites residual measurement errors. The MT28 formulation has been designed in collaboration with Statistics and Probabilities laboratories (Paris Descartes and Toulouse Paul Sabatier) in France. The algorithm contains also a mechanism that reacts immediately to orbit or clock satellite feared events such as a clock jump. This new concept for EGNOS provides a drastic improvement with respect to the first studies provided during EGNOS V3 phase A & B and HISTB V2 by the Thales consortium. The new MT28 module is integrated into a SPEED platform, the SBAS Operational Test-bed that fully represents EGNOS performances in terms of accuracy, continuity, availability and integrity for Safety Of Life services. The performance evaluation shows a very good level of EGNOS LPV200 availability with respect to the MT27 current approach. The integrity is constantly maintained on the Geostationary Broadcast Area with a good level of integrity margin. This paper provides a high level architecture description of this new EGNOS algorithm as well as a set of performance figures showing the achieved improvements.


The occurrence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth has prompted a shift in weed management strategies worldwide. Studies were conducted with the aim to (1) establish and compare the degree of tolerance of GR Palmer amaranth populations; (2) assess the efficacy of glufosinate, tembotrione, 2,4-D or dicamba, applied alone or tank-mixed, on Palmer amaranth with higher tolerance to glufosinate in the greenhouse and corn field, and (3) establish the mechanism involved in the tolerance of Palmer amaranth to glufosinate. Tembotrione, 2,4-D, dicamba, and glufosinate applied at 1x controlled 80 to 100%, 98 to 100%, 84 to 100%, and 94 to 100% Palmer amaranth, respectively. Differential response of Palmer amaranth populations to the test herbicides existed. The potential of selecting for resistance was highest in tembotrione, followed by dicamba. In the tank mixture test, all herbicides applied individually at 1x rate controlled Pra-C population 99 to 100% in the greenhouse and 91 to 100% in the field study. In corn, the control in Pra-C, Mis-C, and STF-C populations was 33 to 54% for tembotrione, 68 to 89% for 2,4-D, and 96 to 100% for glufosinate applied at their commercial rates. The study showed that half rates of 2,4-D and glufosinate can be applied, only in combination, without significantly compromising Palmer amaranth control. The majority of glufosinate + tembotrione and some glufosinate + dicamba mixtures were not compatible; glufosinate + 2,4-D mixtures were generally additive and in few cases, synergistic. The reduced efficacy from antagonism was overcome by mixing 1x rates of the herbicides. Pra-C (tolerant) had 2-folds higher tolerance than Lee-A (susceptible), with LD50 values of 344 and 141 g ha -1 , respectively. The basal activity of the tolerant population was 20% higher than that of the susceptible. Tolerance to glufosinate is certainly due to higher baseline activity of GS in the tolerant plants, which would require more herbicide molecule to cause substantial inhibition. This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council.


In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.


The present study evaluated the dental care plan offered to 4,000 employees of a private hospital and their respective families. The analysis covered three stages: (1) baseline (control), when dental care was provided by an outsourced company with a network of dentists paid for services, (2) a renegotiation of costs with the original dental care provider, and (3) provision of dental care by the hospital itself, through directly hired dentists on regular salaries. Monthly economic and clinical data were collected for this research. The dental plan renegotiation reduced costs by 37% in relation to baseline, and the hospital's own dental service reduced costs by 50%. Renegotiation led to a 31% reduction in clinical procedures, without altering the dental care profile; the hospital's own dental service did not reduce the total number of clinical procedures, but modified the profile of dental care, since procedures related to the causes of diseases increased and surgical/restorative procedures decreased.


s and mission will provide readers with a glimpse of some of the topics that are currently under investigation in Africa. This author's latest fieldwork efforts in Africa, between October and December 2003, lead her to prize the reports contained in this volume. The Convention for Biological Diversity has focused new attention on indigenous biodiversity in low-income countries. It empowers heads of national Gene Banks to issue stern concerns about benefit sharing and access to genetic resources. While most countries have not yet codified their regulations about access to genetic resources, anyone interested in studying plants is now subject to intense scrutiny and may be denied permission outright. It seems unfortunate that previous collaborations that were easy are prohibited, and very obscure taxa that were up to this time ignored by scientists, are stalled by overly zealous petty bureaucrats. It makes research reported in this book less achievable. Other seasoned scientists understand that this viewpoint is too narrow and the result is a loss to science as well as to their nation, but have no power to influence the new administrators. It seems that it will take half a decade or more to sort this out. Meanwhile, research subjects that are already so little investigated, have low or no economic impact, and have been thoroughly neglected continue unstudied. It is shameful to waste these opportunities while permanent loss in biodiversity of wild species, crop landraces and habitats rush ahead, unabated. DOROTHEA BEDIGIAN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS AND MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Tarweeds & Silverswords, Evolution of the Madiinae (Asteraceae). Sherwin Carlquist, Bruce G. Baldwin, and Gerald D. Carr (eds.). 2003. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, PO Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299. xiv 1 294 pp. (paperback). $29.95. ISBN 1-930723-20-2. The Hawaiian silversword-complex of three genera (Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia: Asteraceae) represents one of the most spectacular cases of adaptive radiation in island systems. It is probably cited as a case study second only to Darwin's finches as an example of speciation and evolution in textbooks. This eleven chapter book (8 authored by the editors) is a multi-author effort presenting all of the most up to date results of studies on the subtribe Madiinae in the sunflower family. Having all these research projects in one volume is ideal for the scientist wishing to understand the subtribe. It also will be useful as an example to students exemplifying different experimental approaches that may be used to study the evolutionary patterns of plant lineages. In the first two chapters of this book, co-editor Baldwin summarizes the natural history and morphological character variation that occurs in the continental tarweeds and the Hawaiian silverswords. These chapters describe the morphological and ecological diversity in the group which range from sea-level to alpine habitats, inhabit arid regions and one of the wettest localities in the world, are annuals and perennials, and range from herbaceous species to shrubs, large trees, vines, and monocarpic rosettes. He also discusses the variation in floral morphology and additional characters in detail. The following two chapters, by co-editor Carr, thoroughly elucidate the chromosome evolution and rearrangements that take place among the species 122 [VOL. 58 ECONOMIC BOTANY of the alliance. This led to the discovery that hybridization played a significant role in the radiation of the lineage and to artificial hybridization experiments that have even produced a tri-generic hybrid. These studies helped explain the origins of the Hawaiian species. The next three chapters are authored by the third editor, Sherwin Carlquist. These chapters focus on the anatomy of the trichomes and glandular structures (the exudate of these give the California tarweeds their common name), leaves (which range from reticulate to longitudinally oriented appearing almost parallel), and wood (which shows remarkable changes that relate to the group's adaptation to the diverse habitats and habits). The ensuing three chapters are not by the co-editors. Chapter 8, by Bohm and Yang, surveys the secondary metabolites that vary among the lineages of the subtribe and discuss systematics of the group based on flavonoid loss and gains throughout the evolutionary history of the lineage. The subsequent chapter delves into an investigation of floral regulatory genes and the correlation of these genes to the wide phenotypic diversity in the group which was discussed by Baldwin in Chapter 2. Once again the researchers, Purugganan, Remington, and Robichaux, show the difficulty applying techniques perfected in model systems and to natural systems when the group under investigation has undergone polyploidy and chromosomal rearrangements as is the case in the silversword-complex. Coauthors Friar and Robichaux summarize the conservation concerns facing some of the rare members of the Hawaiian group and the problems of implementing preservation strategies. They use a genetic fingerprinting approach to examine genetic diversity in the remaining individuals of the Mauna Kea silversword. The last chapter by Baldwin ties the preceding ten chapters together nicely. He examines the character evolution, ecology, and biogeography of the Madiinae in a phylogenetic context. Two appendices follow that clarify the taxonomy of the group and they include a list of all taxa and synonymy and a nomenclator that reflects the most recent treatments of the tarweeds and


Effective planning, response, and recovery (PRR) involving terrorist attacks or natural disasters come with a vast array of information needs. Much of the required information originates from disparate sources in widely differing formats. However, one common attribute the information often possesses is physical location. The organization and visualization of this information can be critical to the success of the PRR mission. Organizing information geospatially is often the most intuitive for the user. In the course of developing a field tool for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office for Bombing Prevention, a geospatial integrated problem solving environment software framework was developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This framework has proven useful as well in a number of other DHS, Department of Defense, and Department of Energy projects. An overview of the software architecture along with application examples are presented.


This paper presents a new method of rotor time constant estimation using artificial neural networks, for the speed sensorless implementation of the indirect vector controlled induction motor drive. The back propagation neural network technique is used for the real time adaptive estimation. The error between the desired state variable of an induction motor and the actual state variable of a neural model is back propagated to adjust the weights of the neural model, so that the actual state variable tracks the desired value. The performance of the neural network based estimator is investigated with the help of simulations and experiments, for variations in the rotor resistance from their nominal values, with both speed and load torque disturbances. A Programmable Cascaded Low-Pass Filter is used for the estimation of rotor flux, from the measured stator voltages and currents. The rotor speed is estimated from the flux angles and the estimated slip speed.


The ability to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc (abbreviated as OSKM)1 has provoked interest to define the molecular characteristics of this process2-7. Despite important progress, the dynamics of epigenetic reprogramming at high resolution in correctly reprogrammed iPSCs and throughout the entire process remain largely undefined. This gap in understanding results from the inefficiency of conventional reprogramming methods coupled with the difficulty of prospectively isolating the rare cells that eventually correctly reprogram into iPSCs. Here we characterize cell fate conversion from fibroblast to iPSC using a highly efficient deterministic murine reprogramming system engineered through optimized inhibition of Gatad2a-Mbd3/NuRD repressive sub-complex. This comprehensive characterization provides single-day resolution of dynamic changes in levels of gene expression, chromatin modifications, TF binding, DNA accessibility and DNA methylation. The integrative analysis identified two transcriptional modules that dominate successful reprogramming. One consists of genes whose transcription is regulated by on/off epigenetic switching of modifications in their promoters (abbreviated as ESPGs), and the second consists of genes with promoters in a constitutively active chromatin state, but a dynamic expression pattern (abbreviated as CAPGs). ESPGs are mainly regulated by OSK, rather than Myc, and are enriched for cell fate determinants and pluripotency factors. CAPGs are predominantly regulated by Myc, and are enriched for cell biosynthetic regulatory functions. We used the ESPG module to study the identity and temporal occurrence of activating and repressing epigenetic switching during reprogramming. Removal of repressive chromatin modifications precedes chromatin opening and binding of RNA polymerase II at enhancers and promoters, and the opposite dynamics occur during repression of enhancers and promoters. Genome wide DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that de novo DNA methylation is not required for highly efficient conducive iPSC reprogramming, and identified a group of super-enhancers targeted by OSK, whose early demethylation marks commitment to a successful reprogramming trajectory also in inefficient conventional reprogramming systems. CAPGs are distinctively regulated by multiple synergystic ways: 1) Myc activity, delivered either endogenously or exogenously, dominates CAPG expression changes and is indispensable for induction of pluripotency in somatic cells; 2) A change in tRNA codon usage which is specific to CAPGs, but not ESPGs, and favors their translation. In summary, our unbiased high-resolution mapping of epigenetic changes on somatic cells that are committed to undergo successful reprogramming reveals interleaved epigenetic and biosynthetic reconfigurations that rapidly commission and propel conducive reprogramming toward naïve pluripotency.


While influenza virus diversity and antigenic drift have been well characterized on a global scale, the factors that influence the virus' rapid evolution within and between human hosts are less clear. Given the modest effectiveness of seasonal vaccination, vaccine-induced antibody responses could serve as a potent selective pressure for novel influenza variants at the individual or community level. We used next generation sequencing of patient-derived viruses from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vaccine efficacy to characterize the diversity of influenza A virus and to define the impact of vaccine-induced immunity on within-host populations. Importantly, this study design allowed us to isolate the impact of vaccination while still studying natural infection. We used pre-season hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition titers to quantify vaccine-induced immunity directly and to assess its impact on intrahost populations. We identified 166 cases of H3N2 influenza over 3 seasons and 5119 person-years. We obtained whole genome sequence data for 119 samples and used a stringent and empirically validated analysis pipeline to identify intrahost single nucleotide variants at ≥1% frequency. Phylogenetic analysis of consensus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences showed no stratification by pre-season HAI and NAI titer, respectively. In our study population, we found that the vast majority of intrahost single nucleotide variants were rare and that very few were found in more than one individual. Most samples had fewer than 15 single nucleotide variants across the entire genome, and the level of diversity did not significantly vary with day of sampling, vaccination status, or pre-season antibody titer. Contrary to what has been suggested in experimental systems, our data indicate that seasonal influenza vaccination has little impact on intrahost diversity in natural infection and that vaccine-induced immunity may be only a minor contributor to antigenic drift at local scales.


A unique cloth of silk and gold with Arabic inscriptions praising the Ilkhan Abū Saʽīd "Būsaʽīd"), Mongol ruler of Iran (1316-35), survives in three pieces used for the burial garment of Rudolph IV at Vienna (d. 1365). Presenting some of the findings from a new study of this
textile, this article reconstructs the original cloth, draws attention to a specific type of striped design and discusses its context of use. In the reconstructed cloth, bold inscriptions in broad golden letters, alternating with a delicate repeat pattern, ran lengthwise from both short sides in opposite reading directions. Meeting at some point in the cloth, they divided it into two parts, raising questions about its use. While striped designs are well-known, this monumental type with large inscriptions may have been a new form, relating to Iranian textile traditions and ṭirāz inscriptions in Islamic art; contemporaneous Chinese art seems to have had no particular bearing on the motifs. In the cloth as a medium of representation, monumental inscriptions and gold may have visually communicated an identity, both Islamic and Mongol, of the Ilkhanid ruler.


In face-to-face interviews with seriously ill patients and/or their family members, we used a validated questionnaire to assess key components of in-hospital end-of-life (EOL) communication and decision-making at 11 Canadian hospitals. We report preliminary data from 123 seriously ill hospitalised patients (age 80±9 years, mean±SD) and 77 family members (age 62±13 years). Patients rated being comfortable and minimising suffering as 8.8±2.5 (1=not at all important; 10=very important) and avoidance of being attached to machines as 7.5±3.5. Nearly 50% of participants reported that a decision was made in hospital about the use of life-sustaining treatments (LST) in the event of a life-threatening deterioration. However, when patients were asked about EOL communication with their in-hospital care providers, only 8 (6.5%) reported receiving a disclosure of prognosis, 37 (30.1%) received information about comfort measures to control symptoms, 15 (12.2%) were asked what was important to them when considering decisions about EOL care, and 16 (13.0%) had discussed the risks and benefits of life-sustaining treatments (LST) with a physician. In family members who were asked about EOL communication regarding their relative (the patient), 12 (15.6%) received a disclosure of prognosis, 24 (31.2%) received information about comfort measures, 12 (15.6%) were asked what was important to them when considering decisions about EOL care for their relative, and 11 (14.3%) had discussed risks and benefits of LST with a physician. There are many opportunities to improve the quality of EOL communication and decision-making with seriously ill hospitalised patients and their families.


Using a non-luminescent crystal of rock-salt, a quartz spectrograph with a fine slit, and the 2536.5 A resonance radiations of mercury arc as exciter, the Raman effect in rock-salt has been studied. The spectrum exhibits nine distinct Raman lines with frequency shifts 135, 184, 202, 235, 258, 278, 314, 323 and 350 cm.-1. The frequency shifts 235 and 184 cm.-1 representing conspicuous lines in the Raman spectrum agree as nearly as could be expected with the position of the two subsidiary infra-red absorption maxima observed by Barnes & Czerny with thin films of rock-salt. The principal infra-red absorption frequency of 163 cm.-1 is inactive in the Raman effect, but its octave is represented. The nature of the Raman spectrum to be expected is deduced on the basis of a theory due to Tamm, as also on the basis of another due to Fermi, the vibration spectrum of the rock-salt lattice being taken to be that worked out by Kellermann on the basis of the Born lattice dynamics. The results are altogether of a different nature from those actually observed experimentally in the present investigation. The conclusion is thus reached that the Born lattice dynamics does not correctly picture the vibration spectrum of the rock-salt lattice. On the other hand the observed facts, both in respect of Raman effect and infra-red absorption, fit into the theoretical picture provided by the dynamics of crystal lattices recently worked out by Sir C. V. Raman.


include (1) providing recognition and respect for existing village with diversity before and after the formation of the Republic of Indonesia; (2) provide clarity and legal certainty on the status of the village in the constitutional system of the Republic of Indonesia for the sake of justice for all Indonesian people; (3) to preserve and promote the customs, traditions, and culture of the village; (4) encouraging initiative, movement, and the participation of the village community and the potential for development of village assets to the common welfare; (5) form a professional Village Government, efisien and effective, open, and accountable; (6) improve public services for the people of the village in order to accelerate the realization the general welfare; (7) increases the resistance of social culture in order to create the village of villagers who are able to maintain social cohesion as part of national security; (8) promote the economy of the village community and overcome the gap of national development; and (9) to strengthen the village community as a subject of development. But the substance of these goals difficult to implement if no optimization performed by the communication functions of government. In this paper the author tries to describe how the optimization of government communications in the application of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning the village with 3 communication functions by using the theory of Robbins including oversight function, the function of motivation, and functions of information, coupled with the function of empowerment in the concept of government communications.


Conceptual understanding about effective teaching was explored among basic education teachers from public schools situated in the City of Manila. Teacher-respondents from kindergarten, elementary and high school levels (N=355) were asked to respond to a questionnaire with open-ended items from which qualitative research data were gathered. Thematic analysis served as the springboard for the identification of underlying themes and core related ideas as guided by four 'a priori' major categories embodied in the study's conceptual framework. Five major themes ultimately emerged to characterize the conglomeration of conceptions of effective teaching from personality-based dispositions, teaching competence traits, content mastery and expertise, pedagogical knowledge and extension of the self. The study concluded that there was no single, predominant factor or heuristic that was identified upon which effective teaching is largely and/or solely contingent. Instead, effective teaching was viewed as a confluence of various dispositions, traits, knowledge, and skill sets. A new framework was crystallized to depict the five critical factors of effective teaching in the basic education. The resulting typical and variant core ideas of what effective teaching is, served as useful benchmarks in curriculum planning and re-designing of pre-service teacher education programs administered in teacher education institutions in the Philippines. Some implications of the findings to in-service teacher education were also established in the study.


As a continuation of our previous work [Appl. Opt.54, 1453 (2015)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.54.001453] in which we have studied the performance of coherent free space optical (FSO) communication systems operating over a horizontal path, in this paper we study the coherent FSO system operating over a general slant path. We evaluated system bit-error-rate (BER) in the case when the quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation format is applied and when an adaptive optics (AO) system is employed to mitigate the air turbulence effects for both maritime and terrestrial air transmission scenarios. We adopted a multiple-layer scheme to efficiently model the FSO slant-path links. The atmospheric channel fading was characterized by the wavefront phase distortions and the log-amplitude fluctuations. We derived analytical expressions to characterize log-amplitude fluctuations of air turbulence by asserting the aperture averaging within the frame of the multiple-layer model. The obtained results showed that use of AO enabled improvement of system performance for both uplinks and downlinks, and also revealed that it is more beneficial for the FSO downlinks. Also, AO employment brought larger enhancements in BER performance for the maritime slant-path FSO links than for the terrestrial ones, with an additional striking increase in performance when the AO correction is combined with the aperture averaging.


Soil erodibilities (K) associated with the EI30 index vary not only with soil properties but also with soil moisture as it varies in time and space. In Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Version 2 (RUSLE2), temporal variations in soil erodibility in the USA are calculated using monthly precipitation and temperature as independent variables. KUM, the soil erodibility factor associated with the QREI30 index, varies independently of runoff and the product of KUM and the runoff ratio for the unit plot (QR1) provides an alternative to the temporally varying Ks currently used in predicting storm soil loss in RUSLE2. Comparisons were made between the product of QR1 and KUM and RUSLE2 Ks for representative storms at four locations representing the north to south variation in climate in the USA. Peak erosion associated with the current approach used in RUSLE2 was slightly higher at two locations and slightly lower at the other two locations. One other location, Morris, MN, provided an exception with the peak loss predicted by using the product of QR1 and KUM being 1.7 times that obtained using RUSLE2 Ks. In theory, average annual KUM values should be better related to soil properties than the average annual values of K frequently used when the average annual values of EI30 are used to predict soil loss. However, work has yet to be performed to determine how KUM varies directly with soil properties and in space and time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Desk-based worksites are increasingly the focus of workplace health and wellbeing interventions. These interventions often utilize an educational session prior to participants engaging, yet limited studies have specifically examined the effect education has on compliance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect pre-intervention participant education had on the odds of compliance to a passive e-health software program designed to increase non-exercise activity thermogenesis throughout the workday. Participants in the experimental group (n=46) were exposed to multifaceted pre-intervention participant education one day prior to initiating the e-health software intervention for an eight-week study period. The control group (n=33) also received the intervention for eight weeks, however these participants received no education prior to initiation. The e-health software had a self-report progress recording function, which recorded all logged movement entries to gain frequency counts of per day usage. The experimental group logged more active days, more movements per day and was significantly more compliant to the e-health software (OR=1.87, 95% CI = 1.56-2.24). A pre-intervention participant education session, coupled with a passive e-health software program, was an effective mechanism for decreasing prolonged employee sedentary periods and increasing movement throughout the workday.


Despite its usefulness in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) faces several limitations, and its sensitivity and specificity are not well established. The diagnostic accuracy and limitations of FNAC were studied in comparison with conventional microbiological methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sixty patients with lymphadenopathy and a clinical diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis were subjected to FNA. The aspirate was used for cytological examination, Ziehl‐Neelsen staining, mycobacterial culture and PCR. PCR was performed using two sets of oligonucleotide primers for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a single primer for M. bovis species. The results of FNAC, microbiological methods and PCR correlated with the clinical outcome after follow‐up for an average period of 24 months. Twenty‐five cases (41.6%) were treated and responded well to anti‐tuberculosis therapy, among them 17 were correctly diagnosed by FNAC (68%), eight by microbiological methods (32%) and 24 by PCR (96%). When PCR is considered the gold standard, FNAC predicted the correct diagnosis in 62% of cases with a high false negative rate (38%) due to the absence of granuloma/necrosis in smears from cases of early tuberculosis. In the latter group PCR proved to be the most valuable and a diagnostic success of 100% was achieved when FNAC and PCR were combined. In addition, PCR allowed immediate characterization of M. tuberculosis in the vast majority (96.2%) of cases in the study population.


Violent mutiny was common in seafaring enterprises during the Age of Discovery-so common, in fact, that dealing with mutineers was an essential skill for captains and other leaders of the time. Mutinies in today's organizations are much quieter, more social and intellectual, and far less violent, yet the coordinated defiance of authority springs from dissatisfactions very similar to those of long-ago shipboard crews. This highly original book mines seafaring logs and other archives of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century ship captains and discovers instructive lessons for today's leaders facing challenges to their authority as well as for other members of organizations in which mutinous events occur. The book begins by examining mutinies against great explorer captains of the Age of Discovery: Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Sebastian Cabot, and Henry Hudson. The authors then identify lessons that entrepreneurs, leaders, and other members may apply to organizational insurrections today. They find, surprisingly, that mutiny may be a force for good in an organization, paving the way to more collaborative leadership and stronger commitment to shared goals and values.


The luminescence quenching of Er in crystalline Si at temperatures between 77 and 300 K is investigated. Samples were prepared by solid-phase epitaxy of Er-implanted amorphous Si layers with or without O codoping. After epitaxial regrowth at 620 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, thermal annealing at 900 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for 30 sec was performed in order to eliminate residual defects in the regrown layer and electrically and optically activate the Er ions. Measurements of photoluminescence intensity and time decay were performed as a function of temperature and pump power. By increasing the temperature from 77 K to room temperature the luminescence intensity decreases by \ensuremath{\sim} three orders of magnitude in the Er-doped sample without O codoping, but only by a factor of 30 in the O-doped sample. In this sample room-temperature photo-luminescence and electroluminescence have been observed. Time-decay curves show a fast initial decay (\ensuremath{\sim}100 \ensuremath{\mu}sec) followed by a slow decay (\ensuremath{\sim}1 msec), with the relative intensity of these two components depending on temperature, pump power, and O codoping. The decay curves can be fitted by a sum of two exponential functions revealing the existence, in both samples, of two different classes of optically active Er sites. The concentration of excitable sites belonging to the slow-decaying class is similar for the samples with or without O codoping and rapidly decreases when temperature is increased. At temperatures above 150 K the Er luminescence is dominated by the fast-decaying centers the concentration of which is greatly increased by the presence of O. It is found that in the absence of oxygen room-temperature luminescence is hampered by the limited amount of excitable Er ions. In contrast, in O-doped samples the nonradiative decay of excited Er is the main quenching mechanism. The main factors determining the temperature quenching of Er luminescence and the crucial role of oxygen are discussed.


Background/Context The Internet has democratized access to information but in so doing has opened the floodgates to misinformation, fake news, and rank propaganda masquerading as dispassionate analysis. Despite mounting attention to the problem of online misinformation and growing agreement that digital literacy efforts are important, prior research offers few concrete ideas about what skilled evaluations look like. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Our purpose in this study was to seek out those who are skilled in online evaluations in order to understand how their strategies and approaches to evaluating digital content might inform educational efforts. We sampled 45 experienced users of the Internet: 10 Ph.D. historians, 10 professional fact checkers, and 25 Stanford University undergraduates. Analysis focused on the strategies participants used to evaluate online information and arrive at judgments of credibility. Research Design In this expert/novice study, participants thought aloud as they evaluated live websites and searched for information on social and political issues such as bullying, minimum wage, and teacher tenure. We analyze and present findings from three of the tasks participants completed. Findings/Results Historians and students often fell victim to easily manipulated features of websites, such as official-looking logos and domain names. They read vertically, staying within a website to evaluate its reliability. In contrast, fact checkers read laterally, leaving a site after a quick scan and opening up new browser tabs in order to judge the credibility of the original site. Compared to the other groups, fact checkers arrived at more warranted conclusions in a fraction of the time. Conclusions/Recommendations We draw on insights gleaned from the fact checkers' practices to examine current curricular approaches to teaching web credibility as well as to suggest alternatives.


Modern office work practices increasingly breach traditional boundaries of time and place, making it difficult to interact with colleagues. To address these problems, we developed myUnity, a software and sensor platform that enables rich workplace awareness and coordination. myUnity is an integrated platform that collects information from a set of independent sensors and external data aggregators to report user location, availability, tasks, and communication channels. myUnity's sensing architecture is component-based, allowing channels of awareness information to be added, updated, or removed at any time. Our current system includes a variety of sensor and data input, including camera-based activity classification, wireless location trilateration, and network activity monitoring. These and other input channels are combined and composited into a single, highlevel presence state. Early studies of a myUnity deployment have demonstrated that use of the platform allows quick access to core awareness information and show its utility in supporting communication and collaboration in the modern workplace.


The paper presents a Sub-Modelling Boundary Element Method (BEM) for computing SCFs in samples exposed to pitting corrosion. The goal of this technique is to provide a detailed mapping of the stress concentration factor (SCF) including the effects of deep pits of several microns in a sample of a few centimetres size, provided that the topographical data of the sample is known in detail. The methodology is summarised as follows. First, the original geometrical data representing the top surface of the sample is used for building a hierarchical sequence of defeatured levels by means of a moving average approach. Second, an iterative three-dimensional BEM solving scheme is launched in order to explore and solve the sample data at a defeatured level. The calculation resolution level can be selected by the user. When the iterative solving scheme ends, an iterative assembly scheme starts in which the results of SCF and the geometrical error of the model are collocated at sampling points corresponding to the resolution selected by the user. Finally, and repeatedly if necessary, a new solving iteration sequence may be launched with increased resolution, in the regions of the sample data that require more accuracy, such as zones of high SCF, large geometrical error, or steep gradient of any of them. The process continues until convergence of results is achieved. The tool has been successfully tested in several real case scenarios, and the results obtained compare well with experimental findings.


htmlabstractProgramming languages are mostly not designed for
humans, but for computers. As a result, programming time
is increased by the necessity for programmers to translate
problem description into a step-wise method of solving the
problem. This demonstration shows a step towards
producing more human-oriented programming languages,
by developing an interactive map application in a language
that allows specification of what needs to be solved rather
than how to solve it.


SUMMARY: A wide diversity of treatments can cause rapid and extensive bursting of hyphal tips of Mucor rouxii. Most hyphal tips from colonies grown on full-strength agar medium burst readily when flooded with distilled water. In contrast, hyphal tips from colonies grown on diluted medium survived flooding with distilled water but succumbed to dilute aqueous solutions (particularly acids, but also neutral salts, EDTA, alcohols, acetone, detergents). Apex bursting was generally inhibited by alkaline solutions but took place at certain concentrations of ethanolamine or NH40OH. Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ caused pronounced swelling of the hyphal apex followed by an occasional burst. Sharp temperature increases also brought about apical disintegration regardless of nutrient concentration.
Colonies of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium sp., Neurospora crassa (wild-type and two morphological mutants), Penicillium claviforme, Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus arrhizus also underwent apical bursting when flooded with water or rapidly heated. Schizophyllum commune, several Phytophthora spp., and some morphological mutants of N. crassa were refractory.
The bursting of hyphal tips by flooding colonies with water is not simply an osmotic phenomenon; its temperature coefficient (Q10 1.3 to 2.0) suggests the additional participation of biochemical reaction(s) as a rate-limiting step in the bursting process. Probably, enzymatic degradation and hence weakening of the wall is a prerequisite for bursting. These observations are offered as circumstantial evidence supporting the following conclusions: (i) the growing tips of fungi have a large wall lytic potential; (ii) the release of this activity during growth must be gradual and delicately co-ordinated with wall synthesis; (iii) this balance can be easily disturbed by a wide variety of external stimuli and the ensuing surge of lytic activity results in the violent disintegration of the hyphal apex.


Hitler's attempt to murder all of Europe's Jews almost succeeded. One reason it fell short of its nefarious goal was the work of brave non-Jews who sheltered their fellow citizens. In most countries under German control, those who rescued Jews risked imprisonment and death. In Poland, home to more Jews than any other country at the start of World War II and location of six German-built death camps, the punishment was immediate execution. This book tells the stories of Polish Holocaust survivors and their rescuers. The authors traveled extensively in the United States and Poland to interview some of the few remaining participants before their generation is gone. Tammeus and Cukierkorn unfold many stories that have never before been made public: gripping narratives of Jews who survived against all odds and courageous non-Jews who risked their own lives to provide shelter. These are harrowing accounts of survival and bravery. Maria Devinki lived for more than two years under the floors of barns. Felix Zandman sought refuge from Anna Puchalska for a night, but she pledged to hide him for the whole war if necessary - and eventually hid several Jews for seventeen months in a pit dug beneath her house. Through some twenty stories like these, Tammeus and Cukierkorn show that even in an atmosphere of unimaginable malevolence, individuals can decide to act in civilized ways. Some rescuers had antisemitic feelings but acted because they knew and liked individual Jews. In many cases, the rescuers were simply helping friends or business associates. The accounts include the perspectives of men and women, city and rural residents, clergy and laypersons - even children who witnessed their parents' efforts. These stories show that assistance from non-Jews was crucial, but also that Jews needed ingenuity, sometimes money, and most often what some survivors called simple good luck. Sixty years later, they invite each of us to ask what we might do today if we were at risk - or were asked to risk our lives to save others.


We propose a new framework for deploying Reverse Time Migration (RTM) simulations on distributed-memory systems equipped with multiple GPUs. Our software, TB-RTM, infrastructure engine relies on the StarPU dynamic runtime system to orchestrate the asynchronous scheduling of RTM computational tasks on the underlying resources. Besides dealing with the challenging hardware heterogeneity, TB-RTM supports tasks with different workload characteristics, which stress disparate components of the hardware system. RTM is challenging in that it operates intensively at both ends of the memory hierarchy, with compute kernels running at the highest level of the memory system, possibly in GPU main memory, while I/O kernels are saving solution data to fast storage. We consider how to span the wide performance gap between the two extreme ends of the memory system, i.e., GPU memory and fast storage, on which large-scale RTM simulations routinely execute. To maximize hardware occupancy while maintaining high memory bandwidth throughout the memory subsystem, our framework presents the new-of-core (OOC) feature from StarPU to prefetch data solutions in and out not only from/to the GPU/CPU main memory but also from/to the fast storage system. The OOC technique may trigger opportunities for overlapping expensive data movement with computations. TB-RTM framework addresses this challenging problem of heterogeneity with a systematic approach that is oblivious to the targeted hardware architectures. Our resulting RTM framework can effectively be deployed on massively parallel GPU-based systems, while delivering performance scalability up to 500 GPUs.


Knowledge of the growth dynamics of young and mature trees contribute to development of efficient orchard management practices. In this experiment, the aim was to provide apple growers with practical information on how vegetative growth (at both shoot and whole-tree level), yield and fruit quality change during the transition period, from young to mature trees. The experiment orchard was planted at 3.5 m × 1 m inter-row and intra-row spacings, respectively, with 'Golden Delicious'/M.9 trees. Trees were trained since planting as modified vertical axis. Vegetative growth at shoot level reacted differently to yield load than that at the whole-tree level. The yield, yield efficiency and annual canopy volume increase and decrease (a vegetative growth indicator at the whole-tree level) showed a positive correlation with shoot length. TCSA (annual increase and actual TCSA), as another vegetative growth indicator at whole-tree level in the experiment, correlated negatively with shoot length. The yield varied biennially and, was greatest in the seventh year after planting (21.76±8.46 kg tree-1, corresponding to an orchard yield of ~62 t ha-1) that is an acceptable tonnage in the region of the experiment. To maintain the balance between vegetative growth and fruiting, orchard management practices should be conducted considering yield. No pruning or light pruning is recommended in the 'off-year' of biennial cycle of fruiting as a result of this study.


During the past decade, corporate transparency has become a fundamental value and strong signifier in today's business environment. Today, companies must reveal more Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) information about their operations than ever. This study investigates if asset managers can benefit from ESG information by incorporating it into the investment process. An event study is conducted on companies that improved their ESG performance and the financial results is evaluated post of the improvement. Three different time-perspectives are used, 1-year, 3-years and 5 years to see if the relationship is sensitive to changes in time. In sum, only the mid-term test give a statistical significant result, with indication of a negative impact from ESG improvements on financial performance. There is weak evidence that the financial performance may improve in the ultra-long run, but additional research needs to be done to confirm such hypothesis. I suggest that regardless of how the relationship between ESG and financial performance is, more integrated ESG models will be important for asset managers in the future.


Background The relationship between statin treatment and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality has been discussed due to the pleiotropic effects of statins on coagulation and immune mechanisms. However, available observational studies are hampered by study design flaws, resulting in substantial heterogeneity and ambiguities. Here, we aim to determine the relationship between statin treatment and COVID-19 mortality. Methods and findings This cohort study included all Stockholm residents aged 45 or older (N = 963,876), followed up from 1 March 2020 until 11 November 2020. The exposure was statin treatment initiated before the COVID-19-pandemic, defined as recorded statin dispensation in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register between 1 March 2019 and 29 February 2020. COVID-19-specific mortality was ascertained from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariable Cox regression models. We further performed a target trial emulation restricted to initiators of statins. In the cohort (51.6% female), 169,642 individuals (17.6%) were statin users. Statin users were older (71.0 versus 58.0 years), more likely to be male (53.3% versus 46.7%), more often diagnosed with comorbidities (for example, ischemic heart disease 23.3% versus 1.6%), more frequently on anticoagulant and antihypertensive treatments, less likely to have a university-level education (34.5% versus 45.4%), and more likely to have a low disposable income (20.6% versus 25.2%), but less likely to reside in crowded housing (6.1% versus 10.3%). A total of 2,545 individuals died from COVID-19 during follow-up, including 765 (0.5%) of the statin users and 1,780 (0.2%) of the nonusers. Statin treatment was associated with a lowered COVID-19 mortality (adjusted HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.97, P = 0.01), and this association did not vary appreciably across age groups, sexes, or COVID-19 risk groups. The confounder adjusted HR for statin treatment initiators was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.59 to 1.05, P = 0.10) in the emulated target trial. Limitations of this study include the observational design, reliance on dispensation data, and the inability to study specific drug regimens. Conclusions Statin treatment had a modest negative association with COVID-19 mortality. While this finding needs confirmation from randomized clinical trials, it supports the continued use of statin treatment for medical prevention according to current recommendations also during the COVID-19 pandemic.


In 2015, McDonald, Thompson highlighted the risks associated with candidate profiling for recruitment, where "…the gathering of information by employers on employees via online search engines or individual social media sites in order to select an appropriate job applicant. Profiling appears to be a pervasive employer practice." This is a trend that is increasing year-on-year with "70% of employers are snooping on candidates' social media profiles" (Salm, 2017). If students had an opportunity to see everything they've made public across social media, in curated space, would this encourage them to proactively adjust how they used social media to enhance their own employability? Am I Hired?, developed at the University of Lincoln, enables students to consider just that.

Use of the Am I Hired? to date has revealed interesting trends in way students use social media and case studies have provided evidence of students taking proactive and positive steps to adjust and improve their social media profiles.

Am I Hired? allows users to create a 'social media CV' providing a snapshot of their public profile in one, curated space. The tool was developed from a graduate intern project pitched by Lincoln alumni, now working at the University, in the summer of 2016 and following consultancy and development, a BETA version launched in October 2017 and has, to date, received over 2,000 unique views from students.

This presentation addresses the issue of student social media use, how this can impact on employability and what digital technology can do to combat this issue by informing and educating students so that they are empowered to take ownership of what they share publicly on social media and the impact of doing so.

The presentation covers the vision behind the initiative, practical implementation, unexpected benefits and problems, reflections, and plans for moving forward and next steps. Video output and a live demonstration feature throughout.

Building on the unique way in which public facing social media posts are shared with the user, Am I Hired? Has been built from the ground up to feature embedded advice and guidance from the University of Lincoln's careers and employability service, designed to educate and inform students of best practice when using social media. Video content is embedded throughout the tool, created by Lincoln's student video support assistants, and after using the tool students can take away a PDF export of their 'social media CV' which they are encouraged to take away and use to inform changes and improvements to their social media usage, before coming back and giving Am I Hired? Another try.

So far, results from the BETA launch of the tool have proved positive, with over 60% of students going on to generate an output of their social media usage and use the tool to its full potential. Indeed, some have acted immediately on the results, shocked by what they've seen and unaware that it was publicly available to a future employer, while others have used the results to help them develop businesses and open new social media accounts to share their practice with a wider audience.

References:

McDonald, P & Thompson, P (2015). Social Media(tion) and the Reshaping of Public/Private Boundaries in Employment Relations. [online] Wiley Online Library. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12061 [Accessed 22 March 2018].

Salm, L (2017). 70% of employers are snooping candidates' social media profiles. [online] CareerBuilder. Available at: https://www.careerbuilder.com/advice/social-media-survey-2017 [Accessed 22 March 2018].

Resources for participants:

http://amihired.lincoln.ac.uk


Abstract My aim in this paper is to argue against the claim that agent causation is more fundamental than event causation. To accomplish this aim, I shall first briefly discuss the motivation behind agent causation. Second, I shall highlight the differences between agent causation and event causation. Third, I shall begin briefly with the weaker claim held by Timothy O'Connor and Randolph Clarke that there is no good reason to believe that event causation is more fundamental than agent causation. Fourth, I shall discuss the stronger claim held by E. J. Lowe that agent causation is more fundamental than event causation, and raise objections against the various arguments Lowe advances for the stronger claim. To the extent that my objections against Lowe's stronger claim succeed, they raise questions for O'Connor's and Clarke's weaker claim.


Forecast climate scenarios indicate global surface temperature to rise by up to 5.8 Celsius degrees (C°) by 2100, although considerably more at high-latitudes. Possible responses of long-lived species, such as seabirds, to climate change are less easy to predict. The Great Skua, Catharacta skua, adapted for breeding at high-latitudes, may be restricted by heat stress at southern range margins and is an ideal species for which to determine responses to climatic change. A biophysical model constructed for the Great Skua, indicated that the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone was ~10˚C and the critical limit, above which evaporative heat loss was no longer sufficient for thermoregulation, was ~20˚C. Within the next 80 years, critical levels will only be exceeded regularly at colonies in arctic Russia or south of current range margins. Field data from Foula, Shetland, in 2002 and 2003, indicated that breeding Great Skuas were currently responding to heat stress by increasing the time spent bathing at the expense of other activities. When foraging conditions were poor, however, bathing was traded-off for extra foraging time and heat was lost by panting. Within Foula, mean operative temperature (a measure of heat stress) at low altitude breeding sites was consistently greater than at higher altitudes, and adult bathing activity was correspondingly more frequent at lower altitudes. Even so, breeding performance (laying date, hatching success and productivity) was not influenced by differences in heat stress exposure, even when adult energy expenditure was high. The flexibility of adult behaviour therefore accommodated current levels of heat stress. Dispersal models indicated that Great Skua breeding populations were still expanding from artificially low levels and, if not restricted by changes in food availability, would spread throughout the coasts of western Scotland and Northern Ireland by 2100. The European Great Skua distribution is probably in equilibrium with climate and future distributions are expected to track changes in food availability. In arctic areas, the timing of spring snow melt constrains the length of the breeding season and was the most probable climatic mechanism restricting seabird breeding distributions. The Great Skua, being primarily limited by pelagic food availability, illustrated the likely impacts of climate change on predominantly sub-arctic seabirds. Uncertainty concerning climatic impacts on marine productivity, combined with interspecific variation in foraging ecology, however, will cause species to respond in individualistic ways to climate change.


This paper considers the monetary and time costs of producing *Findings* (formerly *Transport Findings*). After enumerating the journal's expenses, we find the marginal monetary cost of an article is, on average, about $65, and that the journal incurs $1966 in fixed costs per year. Also, using data from a survey of *Findings*' reviewers and estimate of reviewers' value of time, we also calculate the time costs of operating findings. Most reviewers agree that compensating them for producing timely reviews would be an effective inventive.


According to most of the present exponents of a critical theory of the state, the recent transformations in statehood have to be analyzed as results of social struggle und political strategies. But most of them lack a social theory of the specific historical character of heteronomy and the relationship between structure and agency in capitalism. Therefore they tend to overestimate the degree of social contingency and the possibilities for an intrinsic reform of capitalism. The article tries to outline an alternative, but nevertheless non-functionalist, model of the specific logic of the transformations in statehood which is linked to a concept of the historical core dynamic of capitalism in general. In this way the article aims to contribute to an understanding of the vast historical changes from liberal, to Fordist, and then to neo-liberal modes of capitalism by offering a theoretical perspective to analyze the dynamic character of the capitalist reproduction of modern society.


"Bob Joe," [Silvano] said quietly in American, burning with hatred for Sicilians. "My name are Bob Joe. I work for you, please." "It's these Pranken, these paws, that will build our farms and the town. Let the name show the work of our hands" ... "So call it Pranken, then." ... but when they filed the papers at the county seat, the word was written down as Prank. "If we called it Hande," said Loats, "it would have turned into Hand, a not bad name. But Prank? A joke. Your life place becomes a joke because language mixes up!" (1) The machine had killed a ranch hand years earlier in a rollover accident at the weed-filled irrigation ditch--Maurice Ramblewood, or what? Rambletree, Bramblefood, Rumbleseat, Tumbleflood? ... Maurice Stumblebum ... Morris Gargleguts. (2) NAMES--given, taken and forsaken--assume a central place in the narrative structure of these two works through elaborate, self-referential naming schemes comprising various types of metaphorical and allusive names, odd-sounding names, and variant spellings. Cultural identity and conflict are refracted in names given to characters; names parents give their children; renaming by oneself or by others; nicknames; and place names. There are also real names of places and historical figures, and, finally, copious glosses and comments on the etymology, derivation, aptness, and implication of the names. Nearly all the names elicit interpretation by different means of self-referentiality, until it becomes apparent that the cumulative significance extends to the entire naming scheme. One of the major concerns in literary translation is preserving the foreignness of the source text and the source culture in the target text without reducing it to the familiar. These two works posit a source culture that is foreign to itself, dissonant, fragmented. It is the purpose of this essay to examine translation's ability to account for this cultural representation. In Accordion Crimes, a novel spanning one hundred years of immigration to America, the central motif of renaming attests to the immigrants' desire to assimilate into the perceived unity of American society and the often disastrous results, as well as to the denial of their cultural identity. In Close Range, set in the American West inhabited by unlovely and unlucky would-be cowboys, it is the density of odd and metaphorical names that exposes the absurdity and randomness governing their lives. Although proper names are not normally translated, it is generally acknowledged that meaningful names present a special problem and might be translated in order to convey their characterization properties and thematic import. (3) While it might seem that translating a name with an identifiable semantic component presents no difficulty, there are nonetheless reasons for leaving it untranslated: translators can choose to leave all proper names--both conventional and meaningful ones--in their original form, thus leaving the foreign cultural setting as an aspect of the "otherness" of the original text fully intact and actually emphasizing it. On the other hand, they can also decide to translate those names that have a more or less equivalent form in the target language, or indeed all names, naturalizing the whole nomenclature of a translated text and helping to integrate it into the culture and textual habits of its prospective audience. (4) Luca Manini suggests a twofold reason for the practice of not translating names: 1) the risk of blunting the original cultural context which the names evoke, by supplanting them with those recognizably belonging to the target culture; 2) the difficulty involved in preserving ambiguity and allusions that resist reduction to identifiable components. In Proulx's work, the semantic element in names is but a strand in the "onomastic web." (5) Even names with no semantic or allusive significance accrue meaning and elicit interpretation in a hermeneutic circle whereby the parts can be understood only in light of the whole and the whole only in light of the parts. …


Voters simultaneously choose among candidates running for different offices, with different terms, and occupying different places in the Constitutional order. Conventional wisdom holds that these overlapping institutional differences make comparative electoral research difficult, if not impossible. Paul Gronke's path-breaking study compares electoral contexts, campaigns, and voter decision-making in House and Senate elections. Gronke's book offers new insights into how differences--and similarities--across offices structure American elections.Congressional elections research holds that Senate races are more competitive than House contests because states are more heterogeneous, or because candidates are more prominent and raise more money, or because voters have fundamentally different expectations. Because House and Senate contests are seldom compared, we have little empirical evidence to test the various hypotheses about how voters make choices for different offices. Gronke finds that the similarities between House and Senate elections are much greater than previously thought and that voters make their decisions in both races on the same bases.Gronke first looks at differences in congressional districts and states, showing that context does not really help us understand why Senate elections feature better candidates, higher spending, and closer outcomes. Next, he turns to campaigns. Surprisingly, over a turbulent twenty-year period, House and Senate candidacies have retained the same competitive dynamics.Gronke also considers voting behavior in House and Senate elections. Focusing on the 1988 and 1990 elections, he argues that voters do not distinguish between institutions, applying fundamentally the same decision rule, regardless of the office being contested. Gronke closes by considering the implications of his results for the way we relate settings, electoral dynamics, and institutional arrangements.This book will appeal to those interested in Congress, political campaigning, and voting.Paul Gronke is Associate Professor of Political Science at Reed College.


Keywords: PRODUCTION AT. INDOMARINE BOILER DIVISION Singosari

ABSTRACT
In an era of increasingly advanced technological developments, any organization or company wants a win in the competition for their business.
To win a competition in many ways they travel through the improvement factors which can give impetus to the progress and success of the company for both short and long term.
In a company, human resources is an important factor in all activities undertaken by the company. To achieve optimum company goals, it needs to be supported by human resources
creative and qualified so that it runs effectively and efficiently. The importance of human resources within an enterprise can be seen from the performance of existing employees, meaning that high performance employees will increasingly support the achievement of company objectives. Be aware that performance will not easily arise. Internally and the human person, the employee's performance can be improved through the motivation and good working environment.
Motivation is something that drives a person to act and behave in particular. According to Abraham H. Maslow humans have five level or hierarchy of needs are physiological needs, security needs, social needs, the need for dihormti and the need to create 2 self. The company's efforts to improve performance among others, by motivation, either financial or non financial. With the motivation to improve work performance or the performance of employees, as known
motivation is how much we want something or wish for us
to achieve it. Concerning the problem of motivation in PT. Indomarine Boiler Division engaged in engine and boiler, has been trying to do the activities in motivating the employees to meet the needs or employee wishes both physiological needs, safety needs, needs socialization, esteem need, as well as self-actualization needs, companies spur employees to work better and the company can be said to successfully meet the various needs of its employees.
Employee performance is basically the embodiment of the work done by an employee that affects how much they give
contributions within a certain time period in accordance with the quality and quantity set by the company. To move the employee to be consistent with the desired PT. Boiler Division Indomarine Malang, then must be understood that bekarja employee motivation in the company, because motivation is what determines the behavior of people working, or with words Another behavior is a reflection of the simplest of motivations.
PT. Indomarine Boiler Division in carrying out the production process take a long time to provide motivation in various forms, but does not occur on an ongoing basis because the manufacture of products made where there are only 3 bookings only. It makes employees work part production achievement at the time of the production process if there is an order.
The company is never too late to meet the minimum wage of its employees in addition to PT. Boiler Division Indomarine Malang also provide bonuses, overtime pay, promotions, and charter. In terms of safety and security of the company's work has used peralatan-peralatan that meet safety standards and job security, giving awards to outstanding employees, and impose penalties on employees who make mistakes. PT. Boiler Division Indomarine Malang is a company engaged in the technical implementation for industrial engines and boilers, in the production process requires a long time, so that in the manufacture of engine products are only made where there reservations only. The company has a great importance for achievement of employees always well maintained, because if the employee achievements are well preserved, the corporate objectives will be achieved, especially when the company receives orders in large numbers.
Given that each individual in the company come from various
berbedabeda background, motivation of employees are also required differently, it will be very important for companies to see what needs and expectations of employees, what talents and skills they have.
If the company can find out things such, it will be easier to 4 placing the employee on the most appropriate position, so he will be more motivated, but requires hard work and commitment sungguhsungguh.
Thus it can be said that the performance or often referred to as employee performance and organization as a whole is determined by How much of the motivation that made the work (Arifin Rois, 2003:57).
Seeing the importance of motivation in PT. Idomarine Boiler Division for improving employee performance to achieve results or the quality and purpose
The company's main priority, so researchers are interested to take title "The Effect of Motivation on Employee Performance At PT. Indomarine Boiler Division Singosari Malang ".


A number of approaches towards Enterprise Architecture (EA) management is proposed in literature, differing in the underlying understanding of the EA as well as in the description of the function for performing EA management. These plurality of methods and models should be interpreted as an indicator of the low maturity of the research area. In contrast, some researchers see it as inevitable consequence of the diversity of the enterprises under consideration. Staying to this interpretation, we approach the topic of EA management from a cybernetic point of view. Thereby, we elicit constituents, which should be considered in every EA management function based on a viable system perspective on the topic. From this perspective, we further revisit selected EA management approaches and show to which extent they allude to the viable system nature of the EA.


Schistosomes cause schistosomiasis, the world's second most important parasitic disease after malaria. A peculiar feature of schistosomes is their ability to produce viable and fertile hybrids. Originally only present in the tropics, schistosomiasis is now also endemic in Europe. Based on two genetic markers the European species had been identified as a hybrid between the ruminant-infective Schistosoma bovis and the human-infective Schistosoma haematobium.Here we describe for the first time the genomic composition of the European schistosome hybrid (77% of S. haematobium and 23% of S. bovis origins), its morphometric parameters and its compatibility with the European vector snail and intermediate host Compatibility is a key parameter for the parasites life cycle progression. We also show that egg morphology (a classical diagnostic parameter) does not allow for differential diagnosis while genetic tests do so. Additionally, we performed genome assembly improvement and annotation of S. bovis, the parental species for which no satisfactory genome assembly was available.For the first time since the discovery of hybrid schistosomes, these results reveal at the whole genomic level a complex admixture of parental genomes highlighting (i) the high permeability of schistosomes to other species' alleles, and (ii) the importance of hybrid formation for pushing species boundaries not only conceptionally but also geographically.


The balance between work and family life is the single most commonly mentioned issue among senior executives worldwide. This book provides a framework for analyzing immediate and long-term balance. Using case studies of how twelve or more executives in various industries have handled the challenge, readers are invited throughout the volume to compare their current structures with those of the subjects in the cases presented.


Individuals can apply different processing strategies to deal with situations they encounter. One central question in social-cognition research refers to the factors that determine reliance on different processing strategies. Parting from a functional perspective, which holds that processing strategies need to be adjusted to the requirements of the situation, we argue that individuals' mood carries information about the benign versus problematic nature of the situation and thus that mood can regulate cognitive processing. Focusing on mental abstraction, we propose that positive mood contributes to a processing style characterized by reliance on prior knowledge in the form of general knowledge structures, whereas negative mood elicits a processing style characterized by attention to details and consideration of new situation-specific information.


This paper examines the "price puzzle", the rise in the price level following a contractionary monetary policy shock, using monthly US data from 1960 to 2006. Deviating from the standard practice is including commodity prices to "solve the puzzle", our benchmark VAR contains output, prices, the federal funds rate and M1 money stock, while the augmented VAR includes the 10-year long bond yield. Splitting the sample at October of 1979, we find very contrasting patterns and rationalize them under the changing relationship between money and the funds rate across periods. First, the price puzzle is confined to the pre-Volcker period. Second, in the pre-Volcker period the funds rate respond largely to their own shocks, while the post-Volcker period witnesses a larger role for output fluctuations. Third, positive output shocks are more recently followed by price increases, federal funds hikes, and monetary contractions, very much consistent with the "Taylor rule". Fourth, the "monetarist experiment" of late 1979-1982 reinforces our basic results: the more explicit the reliance on money supply, the less visible the price puzzle becomes.


From the 7th to the 8th of February 2019, more than 70 scientists from different disciplines and countries came together for the international Conference "Urban Infrastructure: Criticality, Vulnerability and Protection" which was organised by the Research Training Group KRITIS at Technische Universitat Darmstadt. The focus of the conference was on networked critical infrastructures (CI) in cities as socio-technical systems that require special protection strategies due to their vulnerabilities. Five multidisciplinary panels on Governance, Spatiality, Temporality, Safety and Security, and ICT Solutions elucidated urban CI protection. The keynote lectures by Per Hogselius (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm), Jon Coaffee (University of Warwick; New York University) and Christoph Lamers (State Fire Service Institute North Rhine Westfalia) highlighted and deepened the aspects relevant to this context.
Despite all the diversity of the contributions from many different disciplines, one aspect has always been prominent: the enormous complexity of urban CI. Regardless of the task at hand - governing and planning cities, creating security concepts and making cities more resilient - the complexity of the CI systems must always be considered. On the conference, civil engineers, computer scientists, urban and spatial planners, architects, sociologists, political scientists, historians and philosophers as well as practitioners from public administration, and operators of critical infrastructures made interesting suggestions on how to deal with the uncertainties involved. It also became clear that current challenges require approaches that cannot be found in a single discipline alone.


Time series techniques are used to analyze the variability in waste treatment plant performance of eight municipal plants. Statistical analyses of the data indicate a range in the coefficient of variation of secondary effluent BOD from 0.2 to 1.1. The coefficient of variation tends to increase as plant treatment levels increase. Power spectrum analyses show the presence of five-day-on and two-day-off oscillations for several plants. For one plant, the amplitude of this weekly oscillation is about 20% of the mean load. Cross-spectral analyses indicate a tendency for plug flow conditions across the primary treatment step. Coherencies are significant between raw influent and primary effluent but are insignificant between raw influent and secondary effluent indicating some statistical independence. Linear system analyses permit estimation of effects of this load variability on stream quality. Inputting the waste load discharge spectrum into a nondispersive stream indicates that DO variations of 1.0 mg per l appear possible in medium-size rivers (flow = 1,000 mgd).


Abstract. Icelandic dust sources are known to be highly active, yet there exist few model simulations of Icelandic dust that could be used to assess its impacts on the environment. We here present estimates of dust emission and transport in Iceland over 27 years (1990–2016) based on FLEXDUST and FLEXPART simulations and meteorological re-analysis data. Simulations for the year 2012 based on high-resolution operational meteorological analyses are used for model evaluation based on PM2. 5 and PM10 observations in Iceland. For stations in Reykjavik, we find that the spring period is well predicted by the model, while dust events in late fall and early winter are overpredicted. Six years of dust concentrations observed at Storhofði (Heimaey) show that the model predicts concentrations of the same order of magnitude as observations and timing of modelled and observed dust peaks agrees well. Average annual dust emission is 4.3 ± 0.8 Tg during the 27 years of simulation. Fifty percent of all dust from Iceland is on average emitted in just 25 days of the year, demonstrating the importance of a few strong events for annual total dust emissions. Annual dust emission as well as transport patterns correlate only weakly to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Deposition amounts in remote regions (Svalbard and Greenland) vary from year to year. Only limited dust amounts reach the upper Greenland Ice Sheet, but considerable dust amounts are deposited on Icelandic glaciers and can impact melt rates there. Approximately 34 % of the annual dust emission is deposited in Iceland itself. Most dust (58 %), however, is deposited in the ocean and may strongly influence marine ecosystems.


Background: Nosocomial infections are acquired during hospitalization, and they are strongly influenced by the healthcare workers' hand hygiene. Many factors can affect hand sanitation compliance, including healthcare worker's perception, profession, high workload, lack of time, access to hand washing materials, presence of skin irritation, team of healthcare workers, and knowledge regarding the importance of hand sanitation. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of individual factors (knowledge, perception, and profession), the availability of hand sanitation facilities, and the hand hygiene workload on the hand sanitation compliance among dental personnel. Method: This quantitative observational study involved 36 dentists and 14 dental hygienists at the outpatient dental clinic of the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, from July 2013 to January 2014. The data were obtained via observation and questionnaires, and it was analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square test) and a multivariate analysis with a logistic regression. Result: There were no correlations between the knowledge (P = 0.086) or profession (P = 0.181) and the hand sanitation compliance. However, significant correlations were found between the hand sanitation compliance and the individual perception toward hand sanitation (P = 0.000), availability of hand sanitation facilities (P = 0.000), and hand hygiene workload (P = 0.029). Conclusion: The factors that influenced the dental personnel's compliance to the hand sanitation procedures at the outpatient dental clinic were the availability of the hand sanitation facilities and the individual perceptions of the dental personnel. However, further research is needed to determine the level of hand sanitation compliance when using hand rubs and liquid soap.


Abstract Background and study aims The Full-Thickness Resection Device (FTRD) provides a novel treatment option for lesions not amenable to conventional endoscopic resection techniques. There are limited data on the efficacy and safety of FTRD for resection of upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) lesions. Patients and methods This was an international multicenter retrospective study, including patients who had an endoscopic resection of an upper GIT lesion using the FTRD between January 2017 and February 2019. Results Fifty-six patients from 13 centers were included. The most common lesions were mesenchymal neoplasms (n = 23, 41 %), adenomas (n = 7, 13 %), and hamartomas (n = 6, 11 %). Eighty-four percent of lesions were located in the stomach, and 14 % in the duodenum. The average size of lesions was 14 mm (range 3 to 33 mm). Deployment of the FTRD was technically successful in 93 % of patients (n = 52) leading to complete and partial resection in 43 (77 %) and 9 (16 %) patients, respectively. Overall, the FTRD led to negative histological margins (R0 resection) in 38 (68 %) of patients. A total of 12 (21 %) mild or moderate adverse events (AEs) were reported. Follow-up endoscopy was performed in 31 patients (55 %), on average 88 days after the procedure (IQR 68–138 days). Of these, 30 patients (97 %) did not have any residual or recurrent lesion on endoscopic examination and biopsy, with residual adenoma in one patient (3 %). Conclusions Our results suggest a high technical success rate and an acceptable histologically complete resection rate, with a low risk of AEs and early recurrence for FTRD resection of upper GIT lesions.


As an outcome of the European Science Foundation scientific programme, GEODE, on geodynamics and ore deposit evolution, this book examines the underlying geodynamic processes that lead to the formation of ore deposits in order to discover what controls the timing and location of major ore deposits in an evolving orogen.

A collection of 19 research papers examines various aspects of ore genesis in the context of the geodynamic processes occurring within an evolving orogen. Although the majority of papers relate to Europe, their findings have a global significance for metallogenesis.

The book will be of interest to all those involved in research or mineral exploration concerned with metallogenesis. In addition, ore deposits provide new evidence about magmatism associated with transient, rapid changes in plate motions and subduction processes in unusual tectonic settings, and are therefore of interest to those involved in both the magmatic and tectonic processes of orogenesis.


** Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ABSTRACT Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were evaluated for mapping onto the genetic linkage map of an oil palm interspecific hybrid mapping population (Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis). The genetic linkage of the markers was determined using the two-way pseudo-testcross strategy and the parental map was constructed using JoinMap 4.0. A total of 36 informative ISSR markers consisting of 20 singleprimers and 16 double-primers were genotyped and generated 41 scorable polymorphic bands. Of these 41 polymorphic markers, 39 segregated in the E. guineensis male parent (T128) and only two segregated in the E. oleifera female parent (UP1026). As there were insufficient number of markers generated for UP1026, only the linkage map for T128 could be constructed. Twenty-eight of the ISSR markers were successfully mapped on the T128 parental map together with the existing RFLP, AFLP and SSR markers. Overall, 25 linkage groups covering a total map length of 2402.6 cM with an average interval of 7.1 cM were constructed in this study. Eight ISSR markers were incorporated into six of the 18 linkage groups, while 20 ISSR formed seven small groups separately. The ISSR markers were mostly mapped at the distal ends of linkage groups, regions which were generally not accessible by the other marker systems. This study demonstrated that ISSR markers are useful in combination with other markers for genetic mapping in oil palm. The ISSR primers with CT repeats developed from the dinucleotide 3'anchored sites also showed the highest level of polymorphism. Furthermore, the development of ISSR markers is comparatively simple, fast, cost-effective and shows reproducibility, thus revealing its potential for genetic analyses of oil palm.