Nonaqueous lithium–air (Li–O2) batteries, with their high theoretical energy densities far exceeding those of conventional Li-ion batteries, have attracted significant research interest over the past decade. However, the practical realization of Li–O2 batteries is still confronted with the challenge of electrode side reactions that lead to severe solvent/electrode degradation upon cycling. To understand the reaction process on the electrode, it is necessary to obtain detailed information about the chemicals formed on the Li–O2 battery electrode. Herein, a universal method to fabricate large-area regularly patterned gold nano-dots using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) mask was developed. The gold nano-dots were patterned on to conductive substrates such as Au film and graphene, and then the films were used as SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)-active cathodes in Li–O2 batteries. The discharge products on the different electrodes (graphene and gold) were analyzed and the results indicated that the SERS electrode will be a useful tool for studying the reaction process on lithium–air cathodes.


This paper aims at showing that contemporary city planners should look into Mediterranean cities. The authors go through different cities such as Toledo, Torino, Firenze, and Santorini, and demonstrate that these cites were conceived in symbiosis with their environment, long before the industrial revolution. They notably show that the form of these cities has been able to adapt to the passing of time and the appropriation by different civilisations, thus showing an incredible resiliency. The study of Mediterranean cities provides lessons of sustainability for three reasons at least. First, they have lasted more than 2,000 years adapting but keeping marks of each period of their history. Second, they were bearers of meaning for their inhabitants as individuals but also as communities, which is a fundamental concept if we want to answer the social preoccupation of sustainable cities. The target of the paper is thus to analyse how such cities have managed to integrate themselves into their bioclimatic settings while fulfilling their main political purpose (polis) and providing a high level of urban life.


OBJECTIVE
Morning stiffness is a common and clinically important symptom in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, it has not performed well as a classification criterion, perhaps due to poor definition. This qualitative study was carried out to identify the characteristics of morning stiffness through the self-reports of patients with RA in order to develop a new patient centered definition.

METHODS
Personal interviews with 24 patients with RA were analyzed independently by 2 reviewers using a grounded theory approach. A mail-out questionnaire was used to validate the information summarized from the interviews.

RESULTS
These findings resulted in the following definition of morning stiffness in RA: slowness or difficulty moving the joints when getting out of bed or after staying in one position too long, which involves both sides of the body and gets better with movement.

CONCLUSION
This new patient centered definition of morning stiffness may allow more precise classification of patients with RA.


: What characterises poetry that is understood as carrying out research? How does it generate knowledge on a poetological basis? It shapes the moment of the present, the 'Now,' immediately mediated—a paradox that provokes the path to a different, poetically researched knowledge. The approaches, methods, and constructions necessary to create these spaces of individual symbolisation are presented. At the same time, an attempt is made to approach the reflections of Alfred North Whitehead on cultural symbolisation and its modes of experience.


Migratory species depend on connected habitats and appropriate migratory cues to complete their life cycles. Diadromous fish exemplify species with migratory life cycles by moving between connected freshwater and saltwater habitats to reproduce. However, migration increases the exposure of fish to multiple threats and it is critical that managers integrate habitat connectivity into resource management and conservation. The benefit of alternative management actions was assessed for a diadromous fish, the Australian bass Percalates novemaculeata, using a spatio-temporal population model informed by individual-based movement data. The management actions comprise seasonal closures during the spawning season, and controlling fishing pressure by limiting catch or effort. The benefits of implementing seasonal closures depend upon interactions among how fishing pressure is controlled, the response of anglers to fishery regulations and river flow regimes. The results indicated that seasonal closures are ineffective if fishing pressure is merely displaced to another location or time of year. In addition, shifting seasonal closures from spawning grounds to feeding grounds increased population abundances under low flow events when fishing effort was also controlled. However, when total annual catch is limited by a fishery closure, changing the location of seasonal closure schemes had little effect. The findings in this study highlight the need for flexible management strategies that account for migratory movements and respond both to variations in connectivity (e.g. river flow regime) and direct pressures on survivorship (e.g. exploitation). As the implementation of one management action (e.g. fishing or water regulation) could affect the influence of another management action, this study emphasizes the importance of cooperation between resource managers in conserving migratory species.


An expert guide to selecting the right cloud service model for your businessCloud computing is all the rage, allowing for the delivery of computing and storage capacity to a diverse community of end-recipients. However, before you can decide on a cloud model, you need to determine what the ideal cloud service model is for your business. Helping you cut through all the haze, Architecting the Cloud is vendor neutral and guides you in making one of the most critical technology decisions that you will face: selecting the right cloud service model(s) based on a combination of both business and technology requirements.

Guides corporations through key cloud design considerations
Discusses the pros and cons of each cloud service model
Highlights major design considerations in areas such as security, data privacy, logging, data storage, SLA monitoring, and more
Clearly defines the services cloud providers offer for each service model and the cloud services IT must provide

Arming you with the information you need to choose the right cloud service provider, Architecting the Cloud is a comprehensive guide covering everything you need to be aware of in selecting the right cloud service model for you.


Onshore fold–thrust belts are commonly perceived as 'difficult' places to explore for hydrocarbons and are therefore often avoided. However, these belts host large oil and gas fields and so these barriers to effective exploration mean that substantial unexploited resources may remain. Over time, evaluation techniques have improved. It is possible in certain circumstances to achieve good 3D seismic data. Structural restoration techniques have moved into the 3D domain and increasingly sophisticated palaeo-thermal indicators allow better modelling of burial and uplift evolution of source and reservoirs. Awareness of the influence of pre-thrust structure and stratigraphy and of hybrid thick and thin-skinned deformation styles is augmenting the simplistic geometric models employed in earlier exploration. But progress is a slow, expensive and iterative process. Industry and academia need to collaborate in order to develop and continually improve the necessary understanding of subsurface geometries, reservoir and charge evolution and timing; this publication offers papers on specific techniques, outcrop and field case studies.


This paper focuses on evaluating natural dispersion runoff infiltration performance by utilizing simulated rainfall/runoff data collected using a field-scale rainfall simulator coupled with a numerical model to study the effects of slope length, angle, and impervious contributory area on natural dispersion applications. A simplified equation was established, termed the low impact development (LID) Design Equation, to analyze natural dispersion performance based on multiple variables that can be determined for site specific conditions, allowing highway engineers to tailor natural dispersion requirements to various locations throughout Washington. Furthermore, the research and resulting evaluation procedure indicate that current evaluation procedures for the use of natural dispersion as a viable stormwater quantity control strategy are not physically accurate.


Abstract In the current study the effects of serine proteinase inhibitors (TLCK, TPCK, SBTI, and a combination of SBTI and TPCK) with concentrations of 1% and 4% of dietary protein in artificial diets were tested against growth of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), development, and its gut serine proteinase targets. Analysis of variance indicated that protease inhibitors affected nymphal development time, adult weight, and survival. Mean development time of third instar nymphs in control, SBTI (1%), TLCK (1%), and TPCK was 7.18, 9.74, 9.97, and 8.52 days, respectively. The highest mortality (100 % mortality) was observed when a combination of TPCK and SBTI, both at 4% of dietary protein, was used followed by TPCK (4%) that produced 95% mortality. There were significant differences in proteinase activity between treatments and controls when BApNA and SAAPFpNA were used as substrates for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Reduction of trypsin activity in insects fed with low doses of SBTI (1%), TLCK (1%), and both doses of TPCK (1% and 4%) was 40, 26, 23, and 17%, respectively. Inhibition of chymotrypsin activity was seen in the insects fed on SBTI (1%), TLCK (1%), and TPCK (4%) where inhibition was 14, 9, and 36%, respectively. Maximum inhibition of chymotrypsin activity was observed in the insects fed on diets containing high doses of TPCK (4%). In gel assays, the greatest effects were observed when E. integriceps were fed on high doses of SBTI and TPCK. Therefore, TPCK followed by SBTI proved to be the most effective proteinase inhibitors of E. integriceps.


An essential update to the key web authoring standards of HTML, XHTML, and CSS The existence of Web pages depends on three vital technologies: HTML (base language that Web pages are written in), XHTML (standards that define how to write HTML pages), and CSS (standard that applies formatting styles to Web pages). This new edition provides you with critical coverage of these three Web authoring standards, and places special focus on the upcoming releases of HTML 5 and CSS 3. Serving as a tutorial and reference, this comprehensive resource explains the basic structure and necessary formatting to create a static (non-changing) and dynamic (changing) page on the Internet. Coverage includes: Creating Content with HTML Markup Languages HTML Values and Units What Goes into a Web Document? The HEAD Elements Text Structuring Essentials Character Formatting Essentials Lists, Links, Tables, Frames, and Forms Multimedia Dynamic HTML HTML Tools and Variants Web Development Software Publishing Your Site An Introduction To XML Creating Mobile Documents Tidying and Validating Your Documents Controlling Presentation with CSS Style Definitions CSS Values and Units CSS Inheritance and Cascade Font Properties Text Formatting Padding, Margins, and Borders Colors and Backgrounds CSS Layouts Pseudo-Elements and Generated Content Dynamic HTML with CSS Media Styles and Defining Documents for Printing The Future of CSS: CSS3 User Interface Styles Testing and Validating CSS HTML, XHTML, and CSS Tips and Tricks Helpful examples round out this essential guide and will get you up and running with HTML, XHMTL, and CSS in no time! Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.


The purpose of this study was to understand how general education teachers and special education teachers make meaning of policy and in what way these meanings influence the work of co-teaching. The type of data necessary to address the research questions could only be gained by individually asking teachers questions related to their practice and interviewing co-teachers' partners to determine individual and shared views. Asking co-teachers about their thoughts, feelings, aspirations, fears, and opinions supported the effort of trying to understand co-teachers' perspectives. Thus, a qualitative study was used to describe the experiences of 10 pairs of co-teachers across three counties, and the primary data source for this study was interviews. The conceptual framework for this study combined an interpretivist approach to understanding teachers' experiences with Bolman and Deal's meta-framework for understanding organizational behavior. Coding procedures and data analysis providing categories of information formed the basis of the emerging themes of the study. Recurring topics emerged from analysis of the data that were examined through the lens of the four frames of organizational behavior in order to understand the meaning of policy and practice in the structure of schools. Teachers discussed how they formed expectations based on cultural understandings and professional knowledge with limited administrative directives or support regarding co-teaching practice. The implications of these findings for future practice are discussed.


In the course of 2015, Skala Sykamnias, a fishing village and tourist idyll on the northern coast of Lesbos, by accident of its geographical location, became the informal gate into Europe for more than 200.000 refugees. In this article the author analyzes the massive flows of people and things that transverse his fieldwork site from different directions: the great diversity of actors enacting what are often dissonant ideals and strategies; the various theatres of operation and reception 'structures'; both frontline and back stage; and the debates that revolve around humanitarian action in the region. The local community is falling apart whilst to those incoming it represents a gateway to freedom. It is becoming a mini theatre of conflicts that echo wider debates on the political future of Europe.


Two novel tetra- and hexahydroxy functionalized perylene chromophores have been used as initiators for the Sn(oct)2 catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of different lactones. The arms of the resulting star polymers were comprised of either crystallizable poly(L-lactide) or poly(e-caprolactone) arms or of amorphous poly[γ-(tert-amyl)-e-caprolactone] chains. The star polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. X-ray scattering and dynamic mechanical and optical spectroscopy. Whereas the thermal properties of the poly(e-caprolactone) stars were barely affected by the star topology, crystallization of the poly(L-lactide) stars was strongly hindered by the star-shaped architecture. Interestingly, for the amorphous poly[γ-(tertamyl)-e-caprolactone] stars a decrease in Tg with increasing chain length was found, reflecting the declining influence of the rigid perylene core on segmental mobility with increasing arm length. While the solid state and solution optical properties of high molar mass polyester stars were identical, the excitation and fluorescence emission spectra of spin-coated films of the low molecular weight polymers revealed a red shift, pointing towards perylene - perylene interactions in these samples. The optical spectroscopy experiments suggested that arm length, rather than the-number of arms, is the most important parameter determining, encapsulation and preventing aggregation of the perylene core moieties in the solid state.


Abstract Morocco was prompted by the sense of making and witnessing history that began as the backdrop to the mass uprisings across the region in 2011 and continued well into 2012. At several moments the country at large burst into a mosaic of rebellion. As expected, the state intervened with media propaganda, smear campaigns and intimidation to pre-empt the growing impact of the activists and as such to erase this revolutionary episode effectively from Morocco's collective memory. This article examines the practices and implications of the remediation of past experiences of struggles and brings the memories of past resistance together with experiences of present struggles. This article takes particular interest in the intersection between 20Feb activists' political projects and the growing array of digital politics and allows us to understand better the impact of digital media in times of revolution.


Comparing data sets to highlight statistical differences is achieved by applying the t test (two samples) or ANOVA technique (2 or more samples). However, the cause-effect link is not demonstrated using these, even if a statistical significance is obtained. Multiple regression identifies and controls the effect of covariates which can contribute to explaining the observed variation of dependent variable, while reducing the variance error (unexplained variation). For an analysis with known covariates of interest that can affect the dependent variable, an effect adjustment by ANCOVA method is needed. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is an extension of ANOVA that provides a way to statistically control the (linear) effect of covariates for which no descriptive examination is wanted. ANCOVA's advantage consists in calculating the adjusted averages and applying their comparison test based on analysis of control variables (covariates). A tough condition in ANCOVA is the homogeneity of regression slopes. In the case of biological data, this condition is difficult to achieve, with the effects of covariates presenting major differences. Therefore, we have proposed and analysed a multiple linear regression model inspired by the ANCOVA technique in which the condition of homogeneity of the slopes can be not fulfilled. The proposed model includes the averages of the groups defined by the independent variable and the deviations of the covariates as slopes with different values. The model was applied to medical data. Comparison of the multiple linear regression model that includes all covariates was compiled for comparison, highlighting the differences between the two methods.


This study aimed to systematically review the literature pertaining to parental alienation to determine best practice for therapists and legal practitioners. Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO academic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and conference abstracts were searched. Included articles were peer reviewed journal articles or books published in English pertaining to a psychological or legal intervention for parental alienation. Ten articles were included in the review. It was found that changes in custodial or residential arrangements in favour of the targeted parent are effective in ameliorating parental alienation. Specialized family therapy addressing the alienation is effective in restoring family relationships and family functioning. A coordinated approach from therapists and legal practitioners is important in resolving parental alienation.


Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG's) and Error Correction Models (ECM's) are employed to analyze questions of price discovery between spatially separated commodity markets and the transportation market linking them together. Results from our analysis suggest these markets are highly interconnected but it is the inland commodity market that is strongly influenced by both the transportation and commodity export markets. However, the commodity markets affect the volatility of the transportation market over longer horizons. Our results suggest that transportation rates are critical in the price discovery process lending support for the recent development of exchange traded barge rate futures contracts.


Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a study exploring how an electronic message (e-message) system was adapted and used in health care. The e-message system was developed to support and strengthen communication and information exchange between health care providers in a university hospital and the affiliated municipality. Implementing e-messages is expected to enhance quality of care for patients in need of municipal health care services post-hospital. Theory Latour's (1987) model of translation is used to analyse users' adoption of the e-message system. The translation model emphasises agency on part of all users, and is therefore useful for understanding varying acceptance of technologies and consequently varying technological working practices. Methods In total 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with approx. 50 different actors, covering physicians, nurses, nursing assistants, clerical staff and project leaders for the e-message system. The interviews took place over three periods during 2006 and 2007. Results and conclusion The e-message system is understood and deployed in different ways by various actors, though the overall conclusion by the health personnel is that e-messages are a useful service. Discussion Applying a translation approach is useful for understanding how people put a technology to use, including providing knowledge about both enabling and constraining elements when implementing a technological tool. Changes in working practices and internal routines should accompany the implementation of e-messages in order to utilise its potential.


If we could design the perfect texture pattern to apply to any smooth surface in order to enable observers to more accurately perceive the surface's shape in a static monocular image taken from an arbitrary generic viewpoint under standard lighting conditions, what would the characteristics of that texture pattern be? In order to gain insight into this question, our group has developed an efficient algorithm for synthesizing a high resolution texture pattern, derived from a provided 2D sample, over an arbitrary doubly curved surface in such a way that the orientation of the texture is constrained to follow a specified underlying vector field over the surface, at a per-pixel level, without evidence of seams or projective distortion artifacts. In this paper, we report the findings of a recent experiment in which we attempt to use this new texture synthesis method to assess the shape information carrying capacity of two different types of directional texture patterns (unidirectional and bi-directional) under three different orientation conditions (following the first principal direction, following a constant uniform direction, or swirling sinusoidally in the surface). In a four alternative forced choice task, we asked participants to identify the quadrant in which two B-spline surfaces, illuminated from different random directions and simultaneously and persistently displayed, differed in their shapes. We found, after all subjects had gained sufficient training in the task, that accuracy increased fairly consistently with increasing magnitude of surface shape disparity, but that the characteristics of this increase differed under the different texture orientation conditions. Subjects were able to more reliably perceive smaller shape differences when the surfaces were textured with a pattern whose orientation followed one of the principal directions than when the surfaces were textured with a pattern that either gradually swirled in the surface or followed a constant uniform direction in the tangent plane regardless of the surface shape characteristics. These findings appear to support our hypothesis that anisotropic textures aligned with the first principal direction may facilitate shape perception, for a generic view, by making more, reliable information about the extent of the surface curvature explicitly available to the observer than would be available if the texture pattern were oriented in any other way.


The impact of armed conflict may persist long after the end of war, and may include a lasting institutional legacy. We use a novel dataset from rural Burundi to examine the impact of local exposure to conflict on institutional quality, and try to 'unbundle' institutions by distinguishing between three dimensions of the institutional framework: property rights security, local political institutions, and social capital. We find that conflict exposure affects institutional quality, and document that the impact of conflict on institutional quality may be positive or negative, depending on the institutional measure. Specifically, exposure to violence strengthens in-group social capital and promotes tenure security. However, the appreciation for state institutions is negatively affected by exposure to violence. We find no evidence consistent with design-based theories of institutional quality, or the idea that institutional quality is enhanced by interventions of (non)state external actors. Instead our findings provide some support for the theory of parochial altruism. Our results emphasize the importance for policymakers to consider autonomous responses to conflict when designing development programs. They further imply some caution for actors seeking to reform local institutions through top-down interventions.


To investigate the possible role of mast cell or basophil histamine release in mediating platelet-activating factor (PAF) airway obstruction, we studied the effect of inhaled PAF (30 micrograms, single dose) on plasma histamine, bronchial caliber, and leukocyte and platelet counts in six patients with mild or moderate allergic asthma (mean age, 27 +/- 1.3 years; mean FEV1, 95 +/- 5 percent of predicted; mean PC20 methacholine, 1.46 +/- 0.36 mg/ml). Specific conductance (SGaw) FEV1, FEF25-75 percent, differential leukocyte and platelet counts, and plasma histamine (radioimmunoassay) were measured before and 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after PAF inhalation. Mean basal plasma histamine level was 0.28 +/- 0.04 ng/ml. Inhalation of PAF caused a fall in SGaw peaking at 5 min (43 +/- 9 percent) and a fall in FEV1 and FEF25-75 peaking at 10 min (19 +/- 10 percent and 30 +/- 13 percent, respectively). There was also a rapid and transient fall in circulating neutrophils at 5 min (from 3,096 +/- 204/mm3 to 2,551 +/- 158/mm3, p < 0.05) followed by a rebound neutrophilia. In contrast, plasma histamine level did not change significantly at any time measured. Conversely in the same asthmatics, a rapid rise in plasma histamine level (from 0.29 +/- 0.03 ng/ml at baseline to 0.53 +/- 0.06 ng/ml at 5 min; p < 0.01) was observed after an allergenic challenge (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) causing a fall in FEV1 peaking at 10 min (22 +/- 4 percent). Thus, inhaled PAF may induce airway obstruction and neutropenia in asthmatics without any significant change of plasma histamine level. These results indicate that it is unlikely that lung mast cells or basophils degranulate during PAF-induced bronchoconstriction.


Introduction RWANDA is an equatorial country in central Africa (Figure 1), and part of the East African Community of Burundi, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. It is a small country, just over 10,000 square miles. Its population of nearly 12,000,000 makes it the most densely populated state in continental Africa. Rwanda's capital, Kigali, is a mile-high city. Its elevation makes the climate much cooler and more comfortable than a typical equatorial climate. The average annual temperature is 20.5 degrees Celsius with a narrow range – April, the coldest month has an average temperature of 20 degrees, whereas August, the warmest month has an average temperature of 21.5 degrees. Economically, Rwanda functions as a subsistence agricultural country but has been actively striving to emerge as a middleincome country. Its primary exports are coffee and tea. In 1994, the majority Hutu population carried out mass genocide of the ethnic Tutsi minority In a coordinated slaughter committed by neighbors against each other, and with low-technology weapons like machetes, nearly 1,000,000 people were killed in 100 days (1). The country was devastated. Immediately post-genocide, Rwanda was one of the poorest countries in the world with nearly 70% of the population living below the poverty line (2). Until 1997, Rwanda had the lowest life expectancy of any country in the world (3). The physician work force was depleted due to the direct and indirect consequences of the Rwandan Genocide. Since this time there has been a steady economic recovery (4), along with remarkable medical recovery. Average life expectancy nationwide, only 27 years in the early 1990s, has now reached 63 years (3). Since the 2012 publication (5) highlighting its advances, radiology in Rwanda has benefitted from the capital infusion that has helped to propel the overall growth in the economic and health sectors. As of 2012, there are five national referral hospitals, 41 district hospitals, one military hospital and 451 health centers (6). The health centers are staffed primarily by nurses, while the district hospitals are staffed by general practitioners (graduates of medical school without a post-graduate education). Of the 625 total physicians in the country in 2011, 150 had completed residency (3).


The purpose of this study was to report the knowledge used by expert high-performance gymnastic coaches in the organization of training and competition. In-depth interviews were conducted with 9 coaches who worked with male gymnasts and 8 coaches who worked with female gymnasts. Qualitative analyses showed that coaches of males and coaches of females planned training similarly, except that coaches of females appeared to emphasize esthetic and nutritional issues to a greater extent. Coaches of males revealed more concerns about the organization of gymnasts' physical conditioning. Analysis indicated that expert gymnastic coaches of males and females are constantly involved in dynamic social interactions with gymnasts, parents, and assistant coaches. Many areas of coaches' organizational work, such as dealing with the athletes' personal concerns and working with parents, are not part of the structure of coaches' training programs and emerged as crucial tasks of expert gymnastic coaches for developing elite g...


This research investigates the changes in Malaysia's energy intensity for the 2005-2010 period using structural decomposition analysis. Five contributing factors for energy intensity change namely energy mix, sectoral energy efficiency, production structure, final demand structure and final demand components are analysed. Results demonstrate that energy intensity has decreased but only at a minimal level. The prominent factor responsible for the decline was final demand components mainly due to the lower exports of the country as a result of the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. The production structure factor also contributed to a further decline in energy intensity which can be supported by the stronger dominant role played by services sector which is less energy intensive in addition to the lower contribution of manufacturing sector to gross domestic product. A larger decline in energy intensity was dampened by the positive effects demonstrated by the sectoral energy efficiency and final demand structure factors. The energy mix factor has also contributed to an upsurge in energy intensity but only at a minimal extent. Based on the research findings, several policy implications are highlighted to help Malaysia in achieving its sustainable energy use in the future


Medium bedding sand which is commonly available in coastal sedimentary deposits, and a marine polychaete-worm species from Moreton Bay recently classified as Perinereis helleri (Nereididae), were deployed in a simple low-maintenance sand filter design that potentially has application at large scale. Previous work had shown that this physical and biological combination can provide a new option for saline wastewater treatment, since the worms help to prevent sand filter blocking with organic debris and offer a profitable by-product. To test the application of this new concept in a commercial environment, six 1.84 m2 Polychaete-assisted sand filters were experimentally tested for their ability to treat wastewater from a semi-intensive prawn culture pond. Polychaetes produced exclusively on the waste nutrients that collected in these gravity-driven sand filters were assessed for their production levels and nutritional contents.

Water parameters studied included temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation/ reduction potential (redox), suspended solids, chlorophyll a, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and common forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. Pond water which had percolated through the sand bed had significantly lower pH, DO and redox levels compared with inflow water. Suspended solids and chlorophyll a levels were consistently more than halved by the process. Reductions in BOD appeared dependant on regular subsurface flows. Only marginal reductions in total nitrogen and phosphorus were documented, but their forms were altered in a potentially useful way: dissolved forms (ammonia and orthophosphate) were generated by the process, and this remineralisation also seemed to be accentuated by intermittent flow patterns. Flow rates of approximately 1,500 L m-2 d-1 were achieved suggesting that a 1 ha polychaete bed of this nature could similarly treat the discharge from a 10 ha semi-intensive prawn farm.

Sixteen weeks after stocking sand beds with one-month-old P. helleri, over 3.6 kg of polychaete biomass (wet weight) was recovered from the trial. Production on a sand bed area basis was 328 g m-2. Similar (P>0.05) overall biomass production was found for the two stocking densities tested (2000 and 6000 m-2; n = 3), but survival was lower and more worms were graded as small (<0.6 g) when produced at the higher density (28.2 ± 1.5 % and approx. 88 %, respectively) compared with the lower density (46.8 ± 4.4 % and approx. 76 %, respectively). When considered on a weight for weight basis, about half of the worm biomass produced was generally suitable for use as bait.

The nutritional contents of the worms harvested were analysed for different stocking densities and graded sizes. These factors did not significantly affect their percentages of dry matter (DM) (18.23 ± 0.57 %), ash (19.77 ± 0.80 % of DM) or gross energy 19.39 ± 0.29 MJ kg-1 DM) (n = 12). Although stocking density did not affect the worms' nitrogen and phosphorus contents, small worms had a higher mean proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus (10.57 ± 0.17 % and 0.70 ± 0.01 % of DM, respectively) than large worms (9.99 ± 0.12 % and 0.65 ± 0.01 % of DM, respectively) (n = 6).

More lipid was present in large worms grown at the medium density (11.20 ± 0.19 %) compared with the high density (9.50 ± 0.31 %) and less was generally found in small worms (7.1-7.6 % of DM). Mean cholesterol and total phospholipid levels were 5.24 ± 0.15 mg g-1 and 13.66 ± 2.15 mg g-1 DM, respectively (n = 12). Of the specific phospholipids tested, phosphatidyl-serine or sphingomyelin were below detection limits (<0.05 mg g-1), whilst mean levels of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidyl-inositol, phosphatidyl-choline and lysophosphatidyl-choline were 6.89 ± 1.09, 0.89 ± 0.26, 4.04 ± 1.17 and 1.84 ± 0.37 mg g-1, respectively (n = 12). Culture density generally had a more pronounced effect on phospholipid contents than did size of worms.

By contrast, worm size had a more pronounced effect on total fatty acid contents, with large worms containing significantly higher (P 0.05) the levels of amino acids present in polychaete DM, but there was generally less of each amino acid tested on a weight per weight basis in large worms than in small worms. This difference was significant (P<0.05) for the most heavily represented classes being glutamic acid (73-77 mg g-1), aspartic acid (50-54 mg g-1), and glycine (46-53 mg g-1).

These results demonstrate how this polychaete species can be planted and sorted at harvest according to various strategies aimed at providing biomass with specific physical and nutritional qualities for different uses.


One can understand constitutional doctrine as a tool designed to effectuate the Constitution and its various provisions. Equal protection doctrine, in turn, comprises a set of Justice-made rules designed to realize the promise of equal protection under the law. The substance of that promise remains a topic of deep contestation. Nonetheless, more than forty years of constitutional jurisprudence have entrenched a vision of constitutional equality that privileges what I refer to herein as the "right to compete." Simply put, the Supreme Court has repeatedly embraced the view that the Equal Protection Clause mandates the government to allocate public benefits—such as employment and admissions—on the basis of a person's individual "merit," irrespective of their race. Scholars have long critiqued the individualistic and colorblind principles on which this vision rests. Less scholarship, in contrast, has explored whether the doctrine actually gives the Supreme Court what it says it wants. One might assume that it does. Yet growing empirical evidence from domains spanning employment, law enforcement, and education suggests quite the opposite. Specifically, findings from the mind sciences reveal that common facially neutral evaluative tools—such as human judgment, predictive algorithms, and standardized tests—can systematically mismeasure the existing talent and potential (that is, merit) of individuals from negatively stereotyped racial groups. Facially neutral measures of merit, it turns out, may often compromise the right to compete. Equal protection doctrine, which renders facially neutral state action presumptively constitutional, accordingly incentivizes conduct that exacts the precise harm that, according to the Supreme Court, the Fourteenth Amendment is designed to prevent.


Constructed wetlands are commonly used for wastewater treatment when centralized sewage treatment is not feasible. Many studies have focused on the removal of micropollutants by treatment wetlands, but little is known about how well they can remove biological activity. Here we studied the removal efficacy of conventional and intensified treatment wetland designs using both chemical analysis of conventional wastewater parameters and treatment indicator chemicals (caffeine, ibuprofen, naproxen, benzotriazole, diclofenac, acesulfame, carbamazepine) as well as a panel of in vitro bioassays indicative of different stages of cellular toxicity pathways, such as xenobiotic metabolism, receptor-mediated effect and adaptive stress responses. Water samples collected before and after seven treatment wetlands were compared against the adjacent municipal wastewater treatment plant. The intensified treatment wetlands generally removed micropollutants and biological activity to a greater extent than the conventional wastewater treatment plant, whereas the conventional horizontal subsurface flow wetland showed poor removal of all indicators. Carbamazepine was not well removed by any of the studied systems as expected from reported recalcitrance in aerobic environments. Estrogenic activity, which is a commonly used biological endpoint indicator for wastewater treatment, was removed very well by the intensified wetlands (97 to 99.5%) with similar or slightly lower removal efficacy for all other biological endpoints. The results highlight the importance of applying indicator bioassays complementary to indicator chemical analysis for monitoring treatment efficacy. The high removal efficacy of biological effects as a measure of total effect-scaled concentrations of chemicals provides further support to the use of intensified wetlands for wastewater treatment.


This thesis draws upon contemporary research in economic geography and the social sciences to explore the spatial relationships that exist between residential mortgage lenders, investment banks and investors and the subsequent geographies that are produced through these intertwined networks. The research is informed through empirical material collected through semi-structured interviews with directors and associates working in the financial sector to see how consumer mortgages are produced and restructured into debt securities. There is a particular focus on how the UK financial sector has undergone restructuring, as a consequence of the politics of financialisation since the 1990s, which aligned the residential mortgage market with the circuits of international capital. The thesis examines three areas of banking and finance to comprehend how retail mortgages have become embedded within international finance. First, the thesis explores how deregulation in the UK initiated a spatial reorganisation of mortgage production networks and funding. Second, the research investigates the migration and adoption of automated decision-making technologies, highlighting how these devices have reshaped the geographies of banking, and are inherently geographical themselves. Third, the thesis focuses on how mortgages are (re)engineered into debt-securities, with a particular focus on how geography is used to mitigate credit and tax risks. It is argued that the restructuring of the UK retail sector and its increased integration with the international circuits of capital exacerbated the exposure of the UK's economy to the effects of the international credit crunch. Furthermore, the thesis underlines the effect of geography which has shaped the adoption, of new financial technologies and strategies, through local regulations, epistemic cultures and histories.


We investigate the scale dependence of fluctuations inside a realistic model of an evolving turbulent H II region and to what extent these may be studied observationally. We find that the multiple scales of energy injection from champagne flows and the photoionization of clumps and filaments leads to a flatter spectrum of fluctuations than would be expected from top-down turbulence driven at the largest scales. The traditional structure function approach to the observational study of velocity fluctuations is shown to be incapable of reliably determining the velocity power spectrum of our simulation. We find that a more promising approach is the Velocity Channel Analysis technique of Lazarian & Pogosyan (2000), which, despite being intrinsically limited by thermal broadening, can successfully recover the logarithmic slope of the velocity power spectrum to a precision of +/- 0.1 from high-resolution optical emission-line spectroscopy.


The cost of accessing main memory is increasing. Machine designers have tried to mitigate the consequences of the processor and memory technology trends underlying this increasing gap with a variety of techniques to reduce or tolerate memory latency. These techniques, unfortunately, are only occasionally successful for pointer-manipulating programs. Recent research has demonstrated the value of a complementary approach, in which pointer-based data structures are reorganized to improve cache locality.This paper studies a technique for using a generational garbage collector to reorganize data structures to produce a cache-conscious data layout, in which objects with high temporal affinity are placed next to each other, so that they are likely to reside in the same cache block. The paper explains how to collect, with low overhead, real-time profiling information about data access patterns in object-oriented languages, and describes a new copying algorithm that utilizes this information to produce a cache-conscious object layout.Preliminary results show that this technique reduces cache miss rates by 21--42%, and improves program performance by 14--37% over Cheney's algorithm. We also compare our layouts against those produced by the Wilson-Lam-Moher algorithm, which attempts to improve program locality at the page level. Our cache-conscious object layouts reduces cache miss rates by 20--41% and improves program performance by 18--31% over their algorithm, indicating that improving locality at the page level is not necessarily beneficial at the cache level.


The present paper deals with the effects of wave directionality on the loads and motions of long structures. A numerical procedure based on Green's theorem is developed to compute the exciting forces and hydrodynamic coefficients due to the interaction of a regular oblique wave train with an infinitely long, semi-immersed floating cylinder of arbitrary shape. The linear transfer function approach is used to determine the wave loads and motions of a structure of finite length in short-crested seas. The effect of wave directionality is expressed as a frequency-dependent, directionally averaged reduction factor for the wave loads and a response ratio for the body motions. Numerical results are presented for the force reduction factor and response ratio of a long floating box subject to a directional wave spectrum with a cosine-power-type energy spreading function.


A framework for combining extraneous information with an econometric model to evaluate the economic impacts of pesticide withdrawals is presented in this paper. The extraneous information, which can be a best guess or experimental data, is used to shift an econometrically estimated supply function. The full sectoral econometric model is then simulated through time with and without the supply shift to estimate the relative impacts of withdrawing the pesticide. The theoretical framework is applied to the withdrawal of all insecticides used on cotton.


We present the first results of a project aimed at developing and implementing an on-demand post-processing service based on a nonstop modeling system with the purpose of enhancing and optimizing the usability of simulation results. The on-demand post-processing implementation is part of a general project we called AUTOMET. The project foresees the development of an autonomous system able to run nonstop simulations of pollution dispersion over a certain area by covering all the involved aspects from data collection to internet publication. The on-demand approach has given encouraging results. It allows the user to access the widest range of data processed by a modeling chain from meteorological to diffusive parameters. Whoever accesses the service has the chance to visualize any datum or data set without any knowledge about its implementation or programming language. The interface adopted is user friendly and gives the opportunity, even to nonmeteorologists, to query and interpret graphics. Users who may be interested in this information-rendering approach are environmental policy managers, technicians for quick observations, and general public. At present the AUTOMET project is limited to meteorological modeling. The model employed for this purpose is RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) but a MM5 implementation for modeling comparisons is planned. The RAMS model has been implemented on a parallel Linux platform following an open-source orientation of the whole project farther then Linux configuration capabilities. A GrADS is employed due to its diffusion and its batch programming features. Other technologies considered by this project are PHP and Javascript. © 2006 WIT Press WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 86, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line) Air Pollution XIV 13 doi:10.2495/AIR06002


Colleoni High is a large three-story brick building that occupies an entire city block. Although the custodians work diligently so that the tile floors often shine and the bathrooms are clean the physical plant is deteriorating. Paint peels off the ceilings in most hallways and classrooms, and the building feels old. When it was built about 50 years ago, Colleoni High enrolled primarily Catholic children from Irish and Italian backgrounds. Now the neighborhood has become predominantly African American, together with smaller but growing populations of Latino and South Asian immigrants. Comments Suggested Citation: Wortham, Stanton. (2001). "Students and Teachers as Novelists." Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, Volume 45, Issue 2, pages 126-137. © International Reading Association http://www.reading.org This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/76


Here we present the case of a 76-year-old patient who suffered from ischemic cardiopathy and myocardial infarction in January 2014, arterial hypertension, kidney failure, Parkinsonism, vascular multinfarctual ischemic cerebropathy, cerebral ictus, neurogenic bladder, and inguinal hernia. The left ventricular ejection fraction evaluated through repeated echocardiographic examinations remained reduced to 33% from January 2014 to March 2015. The left ventricular ejection fraction, after 14 months from acute myocardial infarction and despite the coronary angioplasty and medical therapy, remained constantly reduced to 33%. On 3 rd July 2015 he started the oxygen-ozone therapy with 2 autohemoinfusions of ozonated blood per week. Over the first two months of therapy we noticed a marked improvement of his heart conditions with a net reduction in asthenia and neurological status, the improvement of heart conditions was corroborated by the echocardiogram of 5 th November 2015 which showed an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction from 33% to 50%. In this case the heart function improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction was noticed only after having started the systemic oxygen-ozone therapy through large autohemoinfusion. In April 2015, before starting the oxygen-ozone therapy we assessed the patient's inguinal hernia to be inoperable due to the lapsed heart conditions, while the subsequent reassessment in December 2015, after the patient underwent oxygen-ozone therapy for 5 months, we assessed him to be operable considering the heart function improvement.


High extraversion and conscientiousness and low neuroticism predict successful performance during and after stressful conditions. We investigated whether these personality factors are linked to stress sensitivity and to baseline physiology. Stress was induced through negative feedback on gaming performance. Stress sensitivity was determined as the difference in baseline physiological variables (skin conductance, heart rate and heart rate variability) before and after performing the game, as well as the difference in subjectively reported stress. While physiological results suggest that the game indeed induced stress, subjective reports do not. Maybe due to a low level of experienced stress, stress sensitivity (as indicated by the difference in heart rate) only correlates with conscientiousness and not with extraversion or neuroticism. The baseline measurements show the expected correlations between extraversion and both heart rate and heart rate variability-negative and positive respectively. The negative correlation between neuroticism and skin conductance is opposite to what we expected. While the exact mechanisms are not clear yet, the present results indicate that for healthy individuals, there are indeed measurable and consistent relations between physiology and personality. Hence, physiological indicators of personality may ultimately be of value as predictors of stress resiliency.


The article, a contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium "Fuzzy Studies: On the Consequence of Blur," analyzes the metaphysical assumptions behind the valorization of "clear and distinct ideas," apodictic knowledge, and definitiveness, and it suggests alternatives derived from Daoist sources, where a different model of knowing prevails. That model undermines the idea of purposive willing in the service of goals known in advance, and undermines as well the bases for any human or divine activity designed to achieve definite ends. If purpose is not privileged either metaphysically or ethically, the concomitant notion of unambiguous fact is also shaken. In the absence, even in principle, of any form of knowing, human or divine, that is unambiguous and apodictic, there is no reason to grant ontological privilege to the paradigm of "unambiguous potential objects of knowledge." This article concludes by asking and in part answering what the world looks like, what sort of human cognition and activity is most appropriate, in the absence of clear purposes, definite knowledge, and unambiguous facts.


The carbon mitigation literature has separately considered using forests to store carbon and as a source of bioenergy. In this paper, we look at both options to reach a 2°C mitigation target. This paper combines the global forest model, GTM, with the IAM WITCH model to study the optimal use of forestland to reach an aggressive global mitigation target. The analysis confirms that using both options is preferable to using either one alone. At first, while carbon prices are low, forest carbon storage dominates. However, when carbon prices pass $235/tCO2, wood bioenergy with CCS becomes increasingly important as a mechanism to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The use of both mechanisms increases global forestland at the expense of marginal cropland. While the storage program dominates, natural forestland expands. But when the wood bioenergy program starts, natural forestland shrinks as more forests become managed for higher yields.


Growing evidence suggests that basic exposure measures, such as recognition-based items, might not operate identically among older and younger adults. We present two studies relevant to this debate. Study 1 provides experimental confirmation of the recognition decline hypothesis, finding an interaction between age and exposure in predicting recognition memory for an advertisement related to global warming. Study 2 assesses television news project evaluation data to explore whether verbatim detail recognition difficulty explains Study 1 results. The two studies provide complementary evidence, not only illustrating recognition decline among the elderly but also providing careful control of exposure in Study 1 and the use of multiple messages, realistic viewing scenarios, and free recall data in Study 2. Taken together, the studies offer a cautionary tale for campaign evaluators. On a broader theoretical level, the results suggest a fruitful path for communication research focused on the nuanced and potentially critical moderating role of age.


This article identifies multiple roles and functions of non-governmental organizations as perceived by various stakeholders. The primary purpose of the study on which this article is based was to test the theory of community capacity that states that social capital, human capital, and organizational resources available to the community are predictors of its collective ability. The methodology for this article included secondary data analysis from a survey and qualitative study conducted to assess the effectiveness of Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) Internationals' food security programs. The four Latin American countries in which the study was done are Peru, Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Honduras. The study relied on a survey that was administered to approximately 1,200 heads of household, 300 from each of the four countries. It also relied on a qualitative component that drew from eight focus group discussions and eight in-depth interviews. The experimental and comparison groups were each composed of approximately 150 subjects per country; the experimental group participated in the food security programs of ADRA International while the comparison group had not received any food security services. Many study participants reported the perception that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are more effective and efficient than the agencies of their respective governments in responding to disasters and poverty. Most study participants also shared the perception that they have progressed economically as a result of the development services they received from ADRA international. They expressed strong support for International NGOs in these four Latin American countries. This study provides a base level empirical model for testing theses with respect to the neo-liberal perspective on non-governmental organizations. However, the researchers believe that a test of the neoliberal economic model calls for a larger and diverse sample of International Non-Governmental organizations located in randomly selected developing countries.


The environment where galaxies are found heavily influences their evolution. Close groupings, like the ones in the cores of galaxy clusters or compact groups, evolve in ways far more dramatic than their isolated counterparts. We have conducted a multi-wavelength study of Hickson Compact Group 7 (HCG 7), consisting of four giant galaxies: three spirals and one lenticular. We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging to identify and characterize the young and old star cluster populations. We find young massive clusters (YMCs) mostly in the three spirals, while the lenticular features a large, unimodal population of globular clusters (GCs) but no detectable clusters with ages less than a few Gyr. The spatial and approximate age distributions of the ∼300 YMCs and ∼150 GCs thus hint at a regular star formation history in the group over a Hubble time. While at first glance the HST data show the galaxies as undisturbed, our deep ground-based, wide-field imaging that extends the HST coverage reveals faint signatures of stellar material in the intragroup medium (IGM). We do not, however, detect the IGM in H i or Chandra X-ray observations, signatures that would be expected to arise from major mergers. Despite this fact, we find that the H i gas content of the individual galaxies and the group as a whole are a third of the expected abundance. The appearance of quiescence is challenged by spectroscopy that reveals an intense ionization continuum in one galaxy nucleus, and post-burst characteristics in another. Our spectroscopic survey of dwarf galaxy members yields a single dwarf elliptical galaxy in an apparent stellar tidal feature. Based on all this information, we suggest an evolutionary scenario for HCG 7, whereby the galaxies convert most of their available gas into stars without the influence of major mergers and ultimately result in a dry merger. As the conditions governing compact groups are reminiscent of galaxies at intermediate redshift, we propose that HCGs are appropriate for studying galaxy evolution at z ∼ 1–2.


Abstract Normal faults grow via a sympathetic increase in their displacement and length ('isolated model') or by rapid establishment of their near-final length prior to significant displacement accumulation ('constant-length model'). The isolated model has dominated the structural geology literature for >30 years, although some 3D seismic data-based studies support the constant-length model. Because they make different predictions regarding rift development, and earthquake size and recurrence intervals in areas of continental extension, it is critical to test these models with data from natural examples. Here we outline a range of techniques that constrain the kinematics of synsedimentary normal faults and thus test competing fault growth models. We then apply these techniques to three seismically imaged faults, showing that, in general, they grew in accordance with the constant-length model, although periods of relatively minor tip propagation and coeval displacement accumulation, characteristics more consistent with the isolated model, also occurred. We argue that analysis of growth strata represents the best way to test competing fault growth models; most studies utilizing this approach support the constant-length fault model, suggesting it may be more widely applicable than is currently assumed. It is plausible that the very early development of large faults is, however, characterized by the development of faults that, pre-linkage, grow in accordance with the isolated model; we may simply lack the data resolution, especially in the subsurface, to resolve this very early stage of fault growth.


This paper describes the submission of the RoyalFlush neural machine translation system for the WMT 2022 translation efficiency task. Unlike the commonly used autoregressive translation system, we adopted a two-stage translation paradigm called Hybrid Regression Translation (HRT) to combine the advantages of autoregressive and non-autoregressive translation. Specifically, HRT first autoregressively generates a discontinuous sequence (e.g., make a prediction every k tokens, k1) and then fills in all previously skipped tokens at once in a non-autoregressive manner. Thus, we can easily trade off the translation quality and speed by adjusting k. In addition, by integrating other modeling techniques (e.g., sequence-level knowledge distillation and deep-encoder-shallow-decoder layer allocation strategy) and a mass of engineering efforts, HRT improves 80% inference speed and achieves equivalent translation performance with the same-capacity AT counterpart. Our fastest system reaches 6k+ words/second on the GPU latency setting, estimated to be about 3.1x faster than the last year's winner.


The most complex fields are often the most challenging to teach; thankfully, Principles and Management of Pediatric Foot and Ankle Deformities and Malformations was written by the most renowned teacher in pediatric foot and ankle surgery, offering orthopedists, foot and ankle surgeons and podiatrists an invaluable and comprehensive guide to the assessment and treatment of children's feet. This text was designed to be practical, accessible, and immediately applicable-focusing on principles of treatment rather than reductive "cookbook" approaches that privilege piecemeal techniques over holistic understanding. Don't fall behind in the evolving field of child foot deformities and malformations. Stay current and informed through key principles of assessment and management, conveyed by an orthopedic surgeon with almost three decades of experience. Features: tables, illustrations, and bullet points for added readability; special topic including rare iatrogenic and idiopathic deformities; how-to guides to soft tissue and bony procedural techniques; intricate illustrations accompany surgical instruction; and detailed descriptions of soft-tissue and bone procedures, with treatment recommendations. Now with the print edition, enjoy the bundled interactive eBook edition, offering tablet, smartphone, or online access to: complete content with enhanced navigation; a powerful search that pulls results from content in the book, your notes, and even the web; cross-linked pages, references, and more for easy navigation; highlighting tool for easier reference of key content throughout the text; ability to take and share notes with friends and colleagues; and quick reference tabbing to save your favorite content for future use.


As the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa matures, the importance of encouraging a more cooperative approach between biomedicine and traditional African healers (TAHs) becomes paramount. This is not solely based on the potential of the additional human resources which might be released by better relationships with traditional healers biomedical HIV/AIDS interventions themselves could benefit from a better understanding of traditional ideas of health, disease and healing, ideas which could then be appropriately incorporated into the treatment process. This paper offers a portrait of an innovative project based in the Western Cape Province which aims to make a start in improving cross-sectoral relationships. The paper limits its coverage to the initiatory stages of the scheme, and offers unusual insights into both the potential advantages of cooperation, and into some of the, often mundane, pitfalls and obstacles presented by this sort of approach.


In this paper, we demonstrate the full-duplex radio-over-fiber (RoF) system operating in the 60 GHz band and gigabit Ethernet services in the integrated RoF/optical network architecture. The proposed full-duplex 60 GHz RoF system incorporates the centralized photonic upconversion, using the fiber-optic wavelength conversion technique and the envelope detection/direct optical modulation techniques in the 60 GHz band. The RoF system comprises physical link of a 34 km fiber between the central station and the base stations (BSs) with the 5 m aerial distance between the BS and the customer unit for end-user access. The analog performance of the photonic upconversion function are measured and characterized to map the ranges of optical conditions for stable operation, the modulations depth and the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). The SFDR above 80.0 dB.Hz2/3 is obtained for the probe wavelength ranged from 1540 to 1555 nm at the bias voltage of -0.8 V. The optimum modulation depth is shifted from -1.0 to -0.5 V correspond to the probe wavelength from 1560 to 1530 nm. The downlink bit-error-rate performance shows direct relationship with its modulation efficiency changes for bias voltages and pump wavelengths.


* Understand the impact of SAP HANA on ABAP application development * Learn how to develop applications for SAP HANA with SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP 7.4 * Work with advanced functions such as fuzzy search and predictive analysis Seasoned ABAP expert or not, you'll find that development in SAP HANA is a whole new world. This book introduces you to the technical aspects of ABAP programming for SAP HANA, shows you how to optimize applications in a practical manner, and introduces you to the completely new possibilities that SAP HANA brings. Once you've mastered the tasks in this book, it will be full speed ahead! Development Environment Get to know SAP HANA Studio and the new ABAP Development Tools for SAP NetWeaver. You'll also learn how to work with the Eclipse-based development environment. View Modeling Work with different views in SAP HANA Studio. Learn how attribute, analytic, and calculation views can help push calculation logic to the database layer. Database Programming Understand how to implement database procedures with SQLScript and how to access them from ABAP. Analyzing and Optimizing Existing Applications Get step-by-step guidance that will help you to detect performance optimization potential in existing ABAP applications, and learn how to speed them up by using SAP HANA properly. Building Innovative New Applications Go beyond traditional database platforms with SAP HANA offerings. Find what you need to build and support innovative business processes.


Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most common acute cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. The prompt diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with acute PE can reduce mortality. Multidetector row computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the most common study used to make the diagnosis of acute PE. CTPA may additionally identify right heart dysfunction or alternative diagnoses. There is a growing body of evidence that computed tomography signs of right heart failure predict patients at higher risk of mortality. At the same time, CTPA has about a 6-fold greater whole body effective dose than ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy, and a much higher dose to breast tissue in particular. V/Q scintigraphy should be considered for patients with contraindications to iodinated contrast or for patients with normal chest radiographs, especially young women. Compression ultrasonography of the proximal lower extremities, an imaging study without ionizing radiation, should be considered for patients suspected of acute PE with signs of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis or for patients with negative CTPA or V/Q scan with discordant clinical probability. This article reviews factors affecting the selection of the best imaging test for a particular patient suspected of acute PE, performance characteristics of diagnostic imaging tests, and imaging findings that correlate with higher mortality.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the awareness of sexual harassment and the coping
behavior of recipients of sexual harassment. This study also assesses the factors that influence the coping behavior of nursing students
during clinical practice. Methods: For this descriptive study, data were collected from November 15 to December 15, 2017.
Participants included 221 nursing students recruited from nursing colleges located in three different areas. Results: 22% of the participants
answered that they had experienced sexual harassment. Regarding the type of attacker, the majority of attacker was patient
(83.7%). The sexual harassment awareness level was 4.22±0.40, the degree of coping for those who experienced sexual harassment
was 2.99±0.38. Among the coping behaviors, mitigation (3.48±0.39) was the highest. The factors influencing the coping behavior
of recipients of sexual harassment were sexual harassment awareness (β=0.24, p=.016) and satisfaction with preventive education
(β=0.45, p<.001). Conclusion: In order to make a safe clinical practice environment, it is necessary to develop a practical sexual harassment
prevention program, as well as a reporting and support system for the nursing students. Such a program will help students
clearly recognize the sexual harassment situation and increase their abilities to cope with sexual harassment appropriately.


Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) is a proto-oncogene that promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in numerous cell types and is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors. We have demonstrated that PTTG1 expression was up-regulated in both human prostate cancer specimens and prostate cancer cell lines. For a more direct assessment of the function of PTTG1 in prostate tumorigenesis, RNAi-mediated knockdown was used to selectively decrease PTTG1 expression in PC3 human prostate tumor cells. After three weeks of selection, colonies stably transfected with PTTG1-targeted RNAi (the knockdown PC3 cell line) or empty vector (the control PC3 cell line) were selected and expanded to investigate the role of PTTG1 expression in PC3 cell growth and invasion. Cell proliferation rate was significantly slower (28%) in the PTTG1 knockdown line after 6 days of growth as indicated by an MTT cell viability assay (P < 0.05). Similarly, a soft agar colony formation assay revealed significantly fewer (66.7%) PTTG1 knockdown PC3 cell colonies than control colonies after three weeks of growth. In addition, PTTG1 knockdown resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 as indicated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The PTTG1 knockdown PC3 cell line also exhibited significantly reduced migration through Matrigel in a transwell assay of invasive potential, and down-regulation of PTTG1 could lead to increased sensitivity of these prostate cancer cells to a commonly used anticancer drug, taxol. Thus, PTTG1 expression is crucial for PC3 cell proliferation and invasion, and could be a promising new target for prostate cancer therapy.


The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) along with other agreements was concluded in the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations in 1994. However, negotiations continued within the WTO framework and are still a work in progress on some specific issues under the GATS including the question of Emergency Safeguard
Measures, which has been raised in Article X of the GATS as part of its 'built-in agenda'.
The thesis looks at the concept of the Emergency Safeguards Measures (ESMs) in the GATT/WTO and tries to develop an answer to the 'question of ESMs', which is deluding the negotiators and researchers for more than fifteen years. The thesis tries to analyse whether the GATT type ESMs can be transposed to GATS. It also explores that whether ESMs that are modelled on GATT are feasible under GATS, and if feasible, are these really desirable. If these are feasible and desirable then what should be their possible structure remaining within the existing GATT paradigm. The thesis walks through the provisions that already exist in the GATS to meet the circumstances perceived by the countries that are seeking specific ESMs under GATS and whether these provisions address the concerns of the demanders of the concept. The thesis not only takes into account the academic and legal literature on the subject but also and perhaps more practically, takes into account the dynamics of the
negotiations, discussions and debates within the WTO system on the subject. The thesis tries to provide an in-depth analysis of the issue and goes beyond what is already
available in the International Trade Law literature on the ESMs under the cross border trade in services. It seeks to answer a question that presently exists in the International
Trade Law especially with reference to the law emerging out of WTO.


Bioinformatics is the use of computational approach to analyze, manage and store biological data. The research in biotechnology especially that involving sequence data management and drug design occurred at a speedy rate due to development of bioinformatics. A number of tools and software are developed for analysis and interpretation of biological complexity. There are number of applications of bioinformatics viz. sequence analysis and alignment, molecular modeling, docking, annotation and dynamic simulation to accelerate the biotechnological research. It is expected that many future bioinformatics innovations are likely to stimulate analysis of vast biological data. Here, in this communication, we have tried to explain the importance of bioinformatics in various fields of biotechnology viz. genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, cheminformatics, climate change studies, drug discovery and development, waste cleanup, bioenergy, crop improvement, veterinary sciences, forensic sciences and biodefense.


This research focuses on Native Language Identification (NLID), and in particular, on the linguistic identifiers of L1 Persian speakers writing in English. This project comprises three sub-studies; the first study devises a coding system to account for interlingual features present in a corpus of L1 Persian speakers blogging in English, and a corpus of L1 English blogs. Study One then demonstrates that it is possible to use interlingual identifiers to distinguish authorship by L1 Persian speakers. Study Two examines the coding system in relation to the L1 Persian corpus and a corpus of L1 Azeri and L1 Pashto speakers. The findings of this section indicate that the NLID method and features designed are able to discriminate between L1 influences from different languages. Study Three focuses on elicited data, in which participants were tasked with disguising their language to appear as L1 Persian speakers writing in English. This study indicated that there was a significant difference between the features in the L1 Persian corpus, and the corpus of disguise texts. The findings of this research indicate that NLID and the coding system devised have a very strong potential to aid forensic authorship analysis in investigative situations. Unlike existing research, this project focuses predominantly on blogs, as opposed to student data, making the findings more appropriate to forensic casework data.


The Saginaw River is contaminated with a number of industrial pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Understanding of the risk posed by PCBs in the aquatic system requires measurement of the dissolved, bioavailable levels of PCBs. In this study, three means of assessing bioavailability were compared: sediments, caged fish, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Caged channel catfish and SPMDs were placed in the river for one month at five sites where sediments were also sampled. PCBs were analyzed by congener specific methods to determine PCB concentrations and patterns. Total PCB concentrations ranged 33 277 ng/g in sediments, 46 290 ng/g in caged fish, and 77 792 ng/g in SPMDs. SPMD and sediments provide complementary PCB information: sediments reflecting long term accumulation while SPMDs indicate what was present in the water at the site during the sampling period. Differences in PCB patterns in caged fish and SPMDs are due to lower chlorinated PCBs having reached steady state with the fish but not with the SPMD. Sediments were assumed to have reached equilibrium with PCBs in the water. Concentrations and patterns of dissolved PCB congeners were estimated from sediment data using an equilibrium model. The SPMD-based dissolved concentrations were estimated by using SPMD accumulation rates for 86 PCBs that were determined in an earlier SPMD calibration study. Steady-state bioconcentration factors for PCB congeners were used to estimate times required to reach steady state; congener concentrations in the fish were then normalized to steady state, and an equilibrium model was applied. The three methods indicated that similar patterns and concentrations of dissolved PCBs were present in the Saginaw River.


Genetic crosses are most powerful for linkage analysis when progeny numbers are high, when parental alleles segregate evenly and, for hermaphroditic organisms, when numbers of inbred progeny are minimized. We previously developed a novel genetic crossing platform for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, an obligately sexual, hermaphroditic protozoan, using mice carrying human hepatocytes (the human liver-chimeric FRG NOD huHep mouse) as the vertebrate host. Here we examine the statistical power of two different genetic crosses – (1) between a laboratory parasite (NF54) of African origin and a patient-derived Asian parasite, and (2) between two sympatric patient-derived Asian parasites. We generated >140 unique recombinant clones over a 12-month period from the four parental genotypes, doubling the number of unique recombinant progeny generated in the previous 30 years. Both crosses show bi-parental inheritance of plastid markers amongst recombinant progeny, in contrast to previous crosses (conducted using chimpanzee hosts) which carried single dominant plastid genotypes. Both crosses show distinctive segregation patterns. The allopatric African/Asian cross has minimal levels of inbreeding (2% of clonal progeny are inbred) and extreme skews in marker segregation, while in the sympatric Asian cross, inbred progeny predominate (66% of clonal progeny are inbred) and parental alleles segregate evenly. Using simulations, we demonstrate that these progeny arrays (particularly the sympatric Asian cross) have excellent power to map large-effect mutations to a 31 kb interval and can capture complex, epistatic interactions that were far beyond the capacity of previous malaria crosses to detect. The extreme segregation distortion in the allopatric African/Asian cross erodes power to detect linkage in several genome regions, but the repeatable distortions observed offer promising alternative approaches to identifying genes underlying traits of interest. These crosses show surprising variation in marker segregation, nevertheless, the increased progeny numbers improve our ability to rapidly map biomedically important parasite traits. Author Summary Understanding how genome mutations contribute to newly emerging drug resistance in parasites like Plasmodium falciparum is important to monitor the spread of drug resistance. This scenario has been playing out in Southeast Asia with the emergence and spread of artemisinin resistance. Here we show that new P. falciparum genetic crosses, using mice carrying human liver cells and infused with human red blood cells (the human liver-chimeric FRG NOD huHep/huRBC mouse), provide an important new tool for understanding complex interactions underlying drug resistance phenotypes. We report two new genetic maps with 84 and 60 unique recombinant progeny, which doubles the number of progeny available from 4 previous P. falciparum genetic crosses. Through extensive simulations we show that with 84 progeny we can find association for a gene that controls only 20% of the variation in a phenotype. We also show that a cross generated from Southeast Asian parasites collected from the same geographic region have unique characteristics not previously observed in P. falciparum genetic crosses. This Southeast Asian cross exhibits even segregation across the genome, unbiased inheritance of mitochondria and apicoplast and higher levels of inbreeding than previously observed.


This article serves as a tool to set the scene in this special issue on the manner in which the European Union (EU) engages transnational policy networks (TPNs). It paints a canvas of the main themes to be treated in articles that span a variety of thematic areas. Six main lines of inquiry are developed to better feed into the various themes covered by the specific articles. The lines of inquiry used include modalities or ways in which the EU influences TPNs around the world, TPNs' influence of policy and decision-making within the EU, conditions under which engagement between the EU and TPNs can be considered successful, the identity and location of the TPNs, and the utility or otherwise of an EU strategy to weaken or strengthen engagement with TPNs.


Flexible risers have been used in many applications for several years now. The design of a flexible riser configuration in the first years was based on quasi-static calculations. At present the designer is supported with enhanced simulation software tools. For this purpose discrete element methods have been developed. Results from full scale measurements have indicated that the modelling of hydrodynamics and mechanical properties should be subjected to further research. This is not only relevant for extreme sea state analysis but also for fatigue analysis. Improved fluid load models have been derived from systematic model tests with full scale riser sections. Modelling of material damping and non-linear bending stiffness with hysteresis effects proved to be of significant importance.


This  paper  investigates  the  implications  of  alternative  land  use  and  transport  strategies  for Macquarie  Park,  a  typical  high  car‐dependent  "edge  city"  within  an  emerging  Australian multi‐ centred city  form. Detailed simulations compare a  transport scenario  that  incorporates a Personal Rapid  Transit  (PRT)  network  as  a  feeder  for  the  existing  transit  nodes  to  a  business‐as‐usual projection by 2030,  and one  reflecting  current planned  transport  improvements  ("Planned"). The environmental  and  urban  impacts  of  the  three  scenarios  are  evaluated  based  on  estimated differences in energy use, emissions, noise, and land area required for car parks. The PRT system was found to reduce the annual CO2 emissions by more than 26,000 tonnes compared to the business‐ as‐usual scenario and by more than 9,000 tonnes compared to the "Planned" scenario. The avoided public costs associated with emissions, noise and air pollution are US$13M per year compared to a continuation  of  present  trends  and  more  than  US$5M  compared  to  the  planned  transport improvements. A positive urban impact occurs from the smaller amount of land required for parking spaces. The greatest benefit of the PRT is a potential capital cost saving of more than US$430M from building car parks. A convenient and appealing  local access solution such as Personal Rapid Transit could bridge the gap between the existing car‐dependent urban forms and the transit‐focused urban future.


This dissertation provides a comprehensive overview of the grammar of Bantawa, a Kiranti (Rai) language spoken in Eastern Nepal. Bantawa is an SOV language featuring rich verbal morphology. In Bantawa we find both ergative and accusative alignment patterns in verbal affix agreement, and an ergative / absolutive pattern of case marking. The grammar treats the syntax of all major syntactical constructions, including the highly productive verb compounding process, embedding of converbial and finite clauses, nominalisations and evidentiality. The semantics of nominalisations and the aspectual nuances of verbal compounds are discussed in detail. An annotated text corpus, comprehensive paradigm tables and a glossary complete the grammar.


OBJECTIVE
Reports on oral health investigations in Haiti are sparse. There are only three peer-reviewed published articles on oral health in Haiti. In order to construct a national dataset useful for public health planning, a representative dental caries survey of Haitian school attending children was conducted in 1999.

METHODS
This survey was conducted using a modified version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Basic Oral Health Survey (BOHS) pathfinder method. Children ages 12 and 15 years old attending public or private schools in both rural and urban regions were targeted in seven of the nine geographic Departments of Haiti: each Department constituted a strata that was further stratified into the major urban center and one or more rural towns. Four trained examiners, calibrated to WHO caries criteria, conducted the survey

RESULTS
Of the total 1,218 examined 12- and 15-year-olds, 31% of the 12-year-olds and 46% of the 15-year-olds had a DMFS of 1 or more, i.e., these percentages are the simple prevalence levels of dental caries for those age groups in Haiti. Mean DMFS scores were 1.01 (SE 0.09) and 2.52 (SE 0.02) for the 12- and 15-year-olds, respectively. No difference was observed between gender, while differences were found by geographical classification. Less than 1% of the children had any dental restorations.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings from this investigation suggest that at the population level, permanent dentition caries in early adolescence is a minimal health problem, relative to dental caries in other neighboring Caribbean countries, as well as to other health conditions in Haiti. However, at the individual level, those children afflicted with decay are without dental services for all practical purposes.


We study effort and risk-taking behaviour in an economy with a continuum of principal–agent pairs where each agent exerts costly hidden effort. Principals write contracts based on both absolute and relative performance evaluations (APE and RPE, respectively) to make individually optimal risk–return trade-offs but do not take into account their impact on endogenously determined aggregate variables. This results in contractual externalities when these aggregate variables are used as benchmarks in contracts. Contractual externalities have welfare changing effects when principals put too much weight on APE or RPE due to information frictions. Relative to the second best, if the expected productivity is high, risk-averse principals over-incentivize their own agents, triggering a rat race in effort exertion, resulting in over-investment in effort and excessive exposure to industry risks. The opposite occurs when the expected productivity is low, inducing pro-cyclical investment and risk-taking behaviours.


Abstract Although state resistance to federal mandates is a prevalent characteristic of contemporary American federalism, little is known about the factors that separate resisting states from states that do not oppose federal policy. This article examines state resistance through a framework that classifies public policies by salience and complexity and identifies societal interests and government officials who are hypothesised to influence policy making on issues of varying types. These hypotheses are investigated in the context of state resistance to four federal laws – the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, No Child Left Behind Act, Help America Vote Act and REAL ID Act. The results of the statistical analysis demonstrate the centrality of the characteristics of citizens, elected officials and specialised interest groups in conditioning state resistance to federal mandates. These results suggest that state resistance can be characterised as a strategic response to federal mandates that varies systematically across types of public policies.


In this paper, we developed three designs depending on the shape of electrode array for unconstrained electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement and tested the systems in practical and numerical terms. Conductive textiles and polyurethane form were used to make electrodes for comfortable ECG measurement. A total of three experiments were conducted to compare each design with a conventional ECG system by error rates of heart rate variability parameters, and to test the effects of capacitive ECG measurement depending on the thickness of cotton cloth inserted between a subject and textile electrodes, in cases of textiles with laminating or without laminating process. The overall results showed that the general type of horizontal array had the best performance in numerical side even though other designs were modified for reflection of heart axis or better contact in practical aspect. The maximum possible thickness for ECG measurement was about 2 mm on conductive textile and about 1.5 mm on the textile laminated by nonconductive material. Therefore, in terms of durability, the system is possible to apply enough in real life and we can use this system for algorithm of arrhythmias detection, OSA detection and sleep stages.


For the past seven decades, computers have radically changed the world we live in. From machines for calculation, computers are now platforms for information processing and computation, supporting the entire spectrum of human endeavour. While computer science is a relatively young field, it is shaping how people live in our modern world. There is not an area of human society that has not been affected by computers and the power they afford us. Computer science touches on every facet of science, art, engineering and economics. Its impact ranges from electronic commerce to improved medical devices; and from enhanced communication to new forms of media and entertainment. The future, with ubiquitous computational power and natural user interfaces, will extend and enhance all human capabilities. To reach this future we need to quickly and freely disseminate our cutting edge research results globally, and this journal aims to help us achieve that. [...]


The layered clay-sand scheme of land reclamation depends on the successful formation of sand seams sandwiched between hydraulically placed layers of marine clay slurry to provide shorter drainage paths for rapid clay consolidation during surcharge application. It is anticipated that a low-cost jute geotextile placed on a clay slurry surface without anchorage will expedite construction of sand seams by providing support for the thin sand layers and preventing penetration of sand into the clay slurry. In this application, the interface friction between the very soft clay slurry and the jute geotextile plays a major role in determining the support for the thin sand seam. This paper discusses measurement of the jute/slurry interface friction by incremental vertical penetration of a thin, end-weighted jute sheet under an incremental load to obtain the interface stress value under a quasistatic condition. The effects of sheet width and sheet type were investigated and found to be negligible on the measured interface friction for the clay slurry water content range tested. The results of the interface friction for the 500 g/m2 jute geotextile is then applied to a rectangular loaded area with a jute base on clay slurries of 150 to 300% water content. These water contents are the likely range of values to be encountered in field applications. The load test results indicate that the measured bearing capacity for the jute on clay slurry is about 5.5 to 6.5 times the interface friction, which is in close agreement with typical bearing-capacity factors used in a shallow foundation on clays.


We discuss the convergence/divergence problem for formal holomorphic mappings sending real-analytic CR submanifolds into real-analytic sets both lying in complex Euclidean spaces of arbitrary dimension. In particular, we survey the recent developments on this problem for minimal as well as nonminimal source submanifolds. We conclude by describing the results known up to date on comparing the notions of formal, biholomorphic and CR equivalence.


John Fennell's history of thirteenth-century Russia is the only detailed study in English of the period, and is based on close investigation of the primary sources. His account concentrates on the turbulent politics of northern Russia, which was ultimately to become the tsardom of Muscovy, but he also gives detailed attention to the vast southern empire of Kiev before its eclipse under the Tatars. The resulting study is a major addition to medieval historiography: an essential acquisition for students of Russia itself, and a book which decisively fills a vast blank on the map of the European Middle Ages for medievalists generally.


Synthesis and Doping of Ligand-Protected Atomically-Precise Metal Nanoclusters Maha Ahmad Alrefai Aljuhani Rapidly expanding research in nanotechnology has led to exciting progress in a versatile array of applications from medical diagnostics to catalysis. This success resulted from the manipulation of the desired properties of nanomaterials by controlling their size, shape, and composition. Among the most thriving areas of research about nanoparticle is the synthesis and doping of the ligand-protected atomically-precise metal nanoclusters. In this thesis, we developed three different novel metal nanoclusters, such as doped Ag29 with five gold (Au) atoms leading to enhance its quantum yield with remarkable stability. We also developed half-doped (alloyed) cluster of Ni6 nanocluster with molybdenum (Mo). This enabled enhanced stability and better catalytic activity. The third metal nanocluster that we synthesized was Au28 nanocluster by using di-thiolate as the ligand stabilizer instead of mono-thiolate. The new metal clusters obtained have been characterized by spectroscopic, electrochemical and crystallographic methods.


We tested the effects of grazer diversity and food chain length on the quantity and quality of accumulated sediment organic matter (SOM) in experimental eelgrass (Zostera marina) mesocosms. By use of a factorial manipulation of crustacean grazer species richness and predator presence, we examined the effects of epibenthic consumers on SOM composition by using stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) and lipid biomarker compounds. Grazer species composition strongly influenced nearly all measures of SOM quantity and quality. In particular, increased densities of the grazing amphipod, Gammarus mucronatus, decreased accumulation of benthic microalgae (chlorophyll a) and the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA, a proxy for labile algal organic matter) and branched FA (a proxy for bacterial biomass). On average, increasing grazer species richness decreased SOM quantity (percentage of total organic carbon). Increasing food chain length by addition of predatory blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) resulted in a trophic cascade, increasing algal biomass and accumulation of algal organic matter in sediments, and enhancing the quality of SOM. Concomitantly, the relative proportion of bacterial branched FA increased. The identity and number of epibenthic consumers strongly influence accumulation and composition of SOM and the pathways by which it is processed, and these responses are not easily predictable from bulk measurements (δ13C, percentage of total organic carbon) alone.