Enterprise-level translation management systems cater well for their well-defined use cases. With the rise of usergenerated content, the world of localisation is extending to include what we term as 'self-service' localisation. The localisation needs of this emerging environment may differ from more traditional enterprise-level scenarios. In this paper, we present an argument for using business process management (BPM) to help us better understand and define this emerging aspect of localisation, and we explore the implications of this for the localisation industry. Modelling a business process allows for that process to be managed and re-engineered, and the changes in efficiency quantified. It also helps to ensure that automated process aids and electronic systems are put in place to support the underlying business process, matching the real needs of its stakeholders. In this paper, we specifically look at emerging self-service localisation scenarios in the context both of the evolution of the traditional industry process as well as in the context of not-for-profit localisation.


Female political activism and economic engagement in the Australian colonies are usually located within the last decades of the nineteenth century, yet a reexamination of the 1850s reveals that the twin issues of women's political rights and activities within the public sphere were raised much earlier. This article shows that as the Australian colonies achieved self-government and manhood suffrage and experienced the upheaval of successive gold rushes around the Pacific, there were heated debates about women's roles within the public sphere. Evidence drawn from the law, trade directories, passenger lists, newspapers, and contemporary fiction reveals the extent of both women's work and the debate. The participation of women in business and the articulation of demands for political rights were part of a transnational midcentury phenomenon but had distinctive Australian qualities, preparing the ground for later suffrage success.


Many natural hazards and industrial processes involve the collapse of granular particles onto a horizontal plane. Recent researches have studied the fundamental physics of the collapse of granular columns in experimental and numerical approaches. This paper presents a three‐dimensional discrete element simulation of the axisymmetric spreading of initially vertical granular columns, in which the runout of the grains and their dynamic motion are continuously monitored during the course of collapse. Using a polar coordinate method to quantify the spread of the grains, the numerical results are in good agreement with previous research findings. The collapse dynamics is shown to be dependent on the initial geometry of the cylindrical column and independent of the inter‐granular friction. Two distinct flow regimes are observed: a linear scaling and a power‐law scaling are derived for the final runout distances of the columns. The problem is further explored by studying the effects of coefficient of restitution ...


As a small economic aquatic animal for human consumption, the crayfish Procambarus clarkii breeding was vigorously promoted in Anhui Province. In the present study, genetic analysis was conducted on 12 cultured populations in Anhui Province by microsatellite. The results showed that all twelve populations were showed a high genetic diversity (He=0.483-0.660, PIC=0.422-0.588). Among which the genetic diversity of Quanjiao population is highest, while lowest in Changfeng population. AMOVA analysis showed that most of the genetic variation was found within P. clarkii population (91.08%), while only 8.92% was found among populations. Genetic differentiation and genetic distance analysis showed that the overall differentiation level was moderate (Fst=0.078). Phylogenetic tree showed that all groups in Taihu and Susong County have a close relationship, Huoqiu and Quanjiao populations formed a sister relationship, and genetic distance between Xuanzhou and other populations was furthest, which mainly related to the parents origin. Additionally, populations experience the bottleneck effect, and inbreeding existed within or among populations, especially in Chngfeng and Xuanzhou populations. The result indicated the germplasm resources of cultured crayfish in Anhui have a tendency of decline, the parents should be updated periodically, and genetic exchanges among the populations should be strengthened.


We present the results of an analysis of the large-scale velocity fields of the ionized gas associated with powerful radio galaxies. Long-slit spectra of 52 objects provide a sample of resolved velocities that span a wide range of redshifts and radio and emission-line luminosities. Line widths reaching 1000 km s-1 and resolved velocity fields with amplitudes of up 1500 km s-1 are found on scales from 10 to 100 kpc in the environments of radio galaxies at redshifts greater than 0.5. The global velocities and FWHM are of comparable amplitudes in the FR II sources, while the FR I sources have FWHM values that are larger than their resolved velocity fields. We find evidence for systematically larger line widths and velocity field amplitudes at z > 0.6. Several of the largest amplitude systems contain two galaxies with small projected separations. All of the greater than 1000 km s-1 systems occur in objects at z > 0.6 and all have comparable radio and [O II] sizes. There is a weak correlation of off-nuclear line widths and velocity field with the ratio of the radio and emission-line sizes, but it is of low statistical significance and there is a very large dispersion. The change in properties at redshifts above z ∼ 0.6 could reflect a difference in environments of the host galaxies, with the hosts inhabiting higher density regions with increasing redshift (e.g., Hill & Lilly). The mass of ionized gas and the apparent enclosed dynamical mass are correlated and both increase steeply with redshift and/or radio power. The origin of the velocities remains uncertain. The data do not require jet-gas interactions to explain the kinematics and superficially are slightly more consistent with gravitational origins for the bulk of the kinematics. If the line width reflects the underlying gravitational potential, the observed FWHM traces the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy or its surrounding group or cluster. The highest velocities seen then point to interesting environments for intermediate- and high-redshift radio galaxies. Turbulent interactions with the expanding radio source as the origin of the kinematics are certainly not ruled out. In the jet interaction scenario, the maximum velocities seen in the nebula can be used to constrain the density of the preshock gas to be roughly ne > 0.6 cm-3.


ABSTRACT The influence of Pt- and Pt/Ir-modifications on the mechanical properties of NiAl coatings after thermocyclic exposure at 1100°C was investigated. Four-point-bending tests with in-situ acoustic emission measurement were used to determine the fracture strain. After 100 h of exposure a steep increase in fracture strain was observed for the NiAl coating. In contrast, the increase was found to be moderate for modified coatings. For all investigated coatings the fracture strain was correlated with the mean Al-concentration in the diffusion zone, and a moderate increase in the β-phase field with decreasing Al-concentration was found. In the two-phase (β/γ') stability region fracture strain increased steeply. Indentation hardness instead showed a steep decrease within the single β-phase field, but remained almost constant in the two-phase region. Reduced elastic modulus followed a V-curve behaviour, in which a decrease with ongoing Al-depletion in the β-stability region was followed by an increase in the two-phase region.


William George Armstrong (1310-1900) is best remembered as the lawyer turned engineer who revolutionised ordnance during the Crimean War. Nonetheless, 'his researches, his evidence before Royal Commissions and his presidential addresses, (including that to the British Association for the Advancement of Science), are as relevant today as they were last century. Indeed, it could be argued that whereas George and Robert Stephenson were, essentially, men of the Industrial Revolution, Armstrong's theories are .still appropriate in the space age. Apart from his extensive research into hydraulics and electricity, which greatly advanced the frontiers of science, his contribution to education is considerably more than a mere footnote to his more spectacular achievements. At a time when the men of theory and the men of practice despised each other, Armstrong stood athwart the debate. Instead, he built an educational and industrial complex at Elswick where theory and practice went hand in hand and which became the blue-print for successive Royal Commissions. While others argued for technical education on continental lines, Armstrong upheld the Elswick example. His reluctant involvement in the proposed College of Physical Science in Newcastle upon Tyne is the subject of some debate in this study. Nonetheless, when he was finally convinced of its efficacy, his support was unequivocal. So much so that, after his death, the resultant edifice became Newcastle's abiding memorial to him. Two recent biographies have been used as works of general reference, but the main thesis rests on extensive use of original material. This includes Armstrong's speeches and writings; his evidence before Royal Commissions and the records of the Elswick forks' Mechanics' Institute and Schools. Hitherto, Armstrong's fame has rested on his weapons which destroyed human life. His greatest weapon - his contribution to science and education - which destroyed the 'laissez faire' attitudes of his contemporaries, has been largely ignored. In an endeavour to redress the balance, this study has been attempted.


Many datasets describing musical resources are published today as Linked Data, mainly focusing on metadata, notation, and audio features. However, the availability of musical data as Linked Data is often not enough for musicians, who need additional layers of software and queries to accomplish their workflows. Mashups are compositions created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, and it has been shown that they can be generated by using SPARQL on top of MIDI music represented as Linked Data. In this demonstration, we showcase SPARQL-DJ, a web-based application implementing those layers for the workflow of generating MIDI mashups using Linked Data and SPARQL. The demonstration focuses on three parts: (1) coverage of the mashup composition workflow; (2) scoping of input retrieval for beatmaching by broadening text search and leveraging track annotations; and (3) management of off-beat and dissonance.


Motivation: Debaser started of as a rock club with live acts located in a shabby basement in the center of Stockholm in 2002. Thirteen years later the organization has grown into including restaurants, conference locations and rentals. Despite the drastic changes it still manages to keep its original image of a unpolished rebel. It is interesting to look at what changes that have been made and how the organization has worked in order to keep its image intact.Problem statement: By using this case the thesis aim to explore how to change a brand while keeping its original image. Also how strategic communication can be used in that process to keep the legitimacy intact. This will be done by asking if and how strategic external communication can be used to change such image and to what degree?Approach: We have conducted qualitative interviews with CEOs, managers and other employees to understand not only what strategies has been used but also in hope to gain some insight into the thoughts of implementers and stakeholders. This is complemented by a quantitative content analysis of visual PR materials throughout the history of the organization. This is used as a historical mapping to confirm the material from the interviews and show patterns and trends in the external comunication which affects the stakeholders image of the company. Furthermore this thesis aim to test how the current theories about rebranding works in this type of brand.Results and Conclusions: The results show it's possible to make a re-branding of a service brand as long as it goes along with the original concept of the service provided. The product is secondary to the experience given to the costumers in this types of brands.Keywords: Re-branding, Branding, Service Brands, External Communication, Strategic Communication, DebasePaper type: Bachelor's thesis


The project is a digital concept, developed in collaboration with The Norwegian Trekking Association for its junior members, focusing on inspiration, motivation, and knowledge about outdoor life. The application contains a selection of outdoor activities for kids aged 6-12 years, which is inspired by the "learning-by-doing" principle, where the main focus is on the experience and learning. The solution works as a guide while the actual learning and discovery is made outside in the nature. In addition the application offers site specific rewards and achievements, as well as rewards through usage. Other important features is a camera function that can help the user to identify objects int he nature, and the possibility to store all your recent explorations into a gallery.


Modern Navajo tribal government originated in 1923 solely to approve oil leases. From that beginning, the responsibilities and functions of tribal government expanded, fostering economic and political changes that brought the Dine people into closer contact with their Anglo neighbours. As tribal government undertook more projects, the revenue from oil and natural gas leases became key parts of the Navajo Nation's finances. This book is an ethnohistory of the changes wrought by oil. The economic development spurred by oil leases is a cautionary tale in the transition from a subsistence to a capitalist economy. The federal stock reduction program imposed in the 1930s and 1940s devastated the Navajo agricultural economy and altered family structure. Women had owned and cared for the sheep and goat herds which were now reduced in number by hundreds of thousands. Oil did offer some wage work, but only for men who dug trenches, laid pipe, or drove trucks. Following the end of World War II as the millions of dollars generated annually from oil and gas leases became available to the impoverished Navajo Nation, inter-clan squabbles erupted over uses for the money. Navajo was set against Navajo in disputes over lifeways and identity of the Dine people. This book is also an assessment of the price the land and culture of the Navajo ultimately paid for oil. Sadly, greater involvement in Anglo society meant! less reverence for the land and sacred sites of the Dine.


Abstract Remote sensing applications are increasingly common in archaeology but they often focus on high resolution imagery and direct archaeological site detection. Moderate spatial resolution remote sensing instruments, which have (near) daily repeat intervals, but contain less detailed spectral and spatial information, have been employed much less frequently in archaeology. However, moderate remote sensing data offer distinct advantages for archaeological research as they can be used to relate archaeological, ecological, and climactic data at vast spatial scales. To show this potential, we use moderate remote sensing data to examine the impact of landscape heterogeneity on the spread of indigenous maize horticulture in the northern Great Lakes during Late Precontact (ca. AD 1200-1600). Analyzing National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery, we identify differences in freeze/thaw cycles across inland lakes in Michigan, showing that some large inland lakes produce a microclimatic amelioration, possibly extending the growing season for prehistoric maize cultivation. Conducting geospatial analyses, we find that burial mounds and maize cultivation practices were associated preferentially with larger inland lakes with microclimates. We could not have found these dynamic interrelationships between microclimates, burial mounds, and maize cultivation if not for both the frequent temporal imaging and large spatial coverage provided by moderate resolution remote sensing imagery.


ONLINE ALGORITHMS FOR CONTENT CACHING: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE by Ammar Gharaibeh Content Caching at intermediate nodes, such that future requests can be served without going back to the origin of the content, is an effective way to optimize the operations of computer networks. Therefore, content caching reduces the delivery delay and improves the users' Quality of Experience (QoE). The current literature either proposes offline algorithms that have complete knowledge of the request profile a priori, or proposes heuristics without provable performance. In this dissertation, online algorithms are presented for content caching in three different network settings: the current Internet Network, collaborative multi-cell coordinated network, and future Content Centric Networks (CCN). Due to the difficulty of obtaining a prior knowledge of contents' popularities in real scenarios, an algorithm has to make a decision whether to cache a content or not when a request for the content is made, and without the knowledge of any future requests. The performance of the online algorithms is measured through a competitive ratio analysis, comparing the performance of the online algorithm to that of an omniscient optimal offline algorithm. Through theoretical analyses, it is shown that the proposed online algorithms achieve either the optimal or close to the optimal competitive ratio. Moreover, the algorithms have low complexity and can be implemented in a distributed way. The theoretical analyses are complemented with simulation-based experiments, and it is shown that the online algorithms have better performance compared to the state of the art caching schemes. ONLINE ALGORITHMS FOR CONTENT CACHING: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE


Everyone either business organization or individual wants to get the result, report or feedback on daily business operations as quickly as possible and no one want to wait for hours, days, weeks or months. This leads to agility and agility in Business Intelligence (BI) leads to operational BI. The main purpose of operational BI is to save time in the process of information delivery and to support business users to be able to influence what should happen next that's why management needs to know what is happening right now. The purpose of this paper is to introduce operational BI capabilities which are missing in traditional BI and to describe the latency problem which is the main hurdle in just-in-time decision making.


Does ideology affect assessment of the threat of violent extremism? A survey of law enforcement agencies in the United States in 2014 offers a comparison suggesting a small but statistically significant effect: Political attitudes were correlated with assessment of threats posed by Muslim extremists, and threat assessment was not correlated with the number of Muslim Americans who had engaged in violent extremism within the agency's jurisdiction. By contrast, the perceived threat of right-wing terrorism was correlated with the number of incidents of right-wing violence and not with political attitudes. These findings reflect the context of growing polarization of attitudes toward Muslims in the United States as well as the challenge of bringing counterterrorism policies into proportion with the actual scale of violent extremism.


Agricultural systems face the challenge of increasing production to meet growing global demand for food while protecting the natural resource base in a changing climate. Major environmental challenges include rebuilding soil health after centuries of heavily extractive production systems, improving water and air quality, and contributing to climate change mitigation (Robertson 2015). These resource problems are diffuse and pervasive, resulting from the decisions of individual farmers who are struggling to balance production with environmental protection. Moreover, public policies in the United States promote large-scale monoculture production and heavy reliance on industrial inputs through direct subsidies and insurance options that limit farmer choices (Iles and Marsh 2012; Stuart and Gillon 2013). Meeting these challenges requires a multipronged and multilayered approach: actions by thousands of individual farmers supported by research into new approaches, education about emerging practices and technologies, and policies that promote sustainability. These types of challenges have been described as wicked problems (Batie 2008) because they are dynamic, complex, and occur in both technical and social dimensions as compared to problems with straightforward causes and effects that are largely solvable through technical solutions. In the agri-environmental context, wicked problems arise because farming is both an ecological and a socioeconomic process.


Artists have often taken rational, material existence as a starting point for engagement with metaphysics and mysticism, but no book until now has traced a similar strategy on the part of curators. In Curating Consciousness, Marcia Brennan focuses on one of the transformational figures of twentieth-century curatorial culture, and the main protagonist of this (until now) unacknowledged curatorial practice. James Johnson Sweeney (1900--1986) was hired by Alfred H. Barr, Jr., to be the Director of Painting and Sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art in 1935. He went on to become the Director of the Guggenheim Museum in the 1950s and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, in the 1960s. Throughout his career, Sweeney provocatively engaged motifs of mysticism in order to cast the modern museum as a secular temple of art. Brennan describes how these motifs informed Sweeney's curatorial and textual engagements with specific artists and projects, including works by Marcel Duchamp, Alberto Burri, Pierre Soulages, Jean Tinguely, and Eduardo Chillida.


Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease. Sleep disorder is one of the most common symptoms in RA. In patients with RA, sleep disorder may be seen in the form of difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, and daytime sleepiness. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of sleep disorders in RA patients by means of validated survey forms, and to find out the relationship between sleep disorder and DAS 28 score (Disease Activity Score).
Methods: This study was conducted with 152 RA patients, admitted to the rheumatology department. A socio-demographic data form, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Modified Morisky Scale were used.
Results: A total of 152 RA patients (124 women, 28 men; age (average ± SD): 53.04 ± 11.34 years) participated in this study. There was no significant difference with regard to daytime sleepiness and OSAS risk between patients with and without activation (according to DAS 28 score) and between patients with positive and negative anti-CCP (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation between positive RF and OSAS risk (p>0.005) while there was a significant difference with regard to sleepiness between patients with positive and negative RF (p<0.005).
Conclusion: DAS 28 score and anti-CCP are not related to daytime sleepiness and OSAS risk in RA patients. There is a need for further studies conducted with sleep quality measurement methods.


The Sustainable Development Goals are an ambitious set of targets for global development progress by 2030 that were agreed by the United Nations in 2015. Amongst the 169 targets are a number that call for universal access, universal coverage, or universal eradication. These include ending extreme poverty and malnutrition alongside preventable under-5 deaths, ending a number of epidemics, providing universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, primary and secondary education, a range of infrastructure services, and legal identification. These have often been labeled "zero targets." A review of the literature on meeting these zero targets suggests very high costs compared to available resources, but also that in many cases there remains a considerable gap between financing known technical solutions and achieving the outcomes called for in the SDGs. In some cases, we (even) lack the technical solutions required to achieve the zero targets, suggesting the need for research and development of new approaches.


In adopting a critical realist approach, this study offers a view of the complex social and contextual factors impacting on literacy acquisition and development in primary education, which is thought to be its main contribution to the field. The study"s focus was on reading because reading is a fundamental part of literacy acquisition and development in primary education. Its purpose was to establish the state of current literacy teaching and learning practices in formal education so that, ultimately, recommendations could be made for teacher training and support. In the changing face of education in post-apartheid South Africa, provision has been made by the government to democratise education, and, in particular allow all students equity of access to key competences such as literacy. However, there are signs that all is not well at the level of implementation, for example, the low learner pass rate. In particular, teachers do not appear to be coping with the new dispensation, and are generally demoralised and demotivated. It must be stressed that the issue of literacy acquisition and development is complex and multi-layered, and not just a simple question of applying linguistic knowledge or skills. While literacy is a key competence for schooling and a key life skill, education is an essential variable in literacy acquisition and development. However, there are indications that the South African educational system is failing to deliver quality education to its learners. It has been estimated that illiteracy is costing the government as much as R550 billion a year. The fact remains that the main responsibility for teaching literacy rests with schools. Currently there is a literacy crisis in South Africa. This means that large numbers of children are not acquiring the high level skills in reading and writing that will enable them to take part in the new knowledge economy. The general aim of this project was to investigate the process of literacy acquisition and development in primary schools. The investigation focused specifically on how learners acquire literacy, and the involvement of teaching training and support for educators. It was anticipated that the investigation would identify gaps in the acquisition and development of literacy, as well as iii provide recommendations for teacher training and support: the findings might then feed specialist knowledge on the current state of literacy acquisition in formal education into the area of teacher training as to address the problem of lack of preparedness of teachers to deal with literacy acquisition. The project involved an investigation of literacy teaching and learning practices in three different types of public school in the Ethekwini Region, comprising ex-Model C, semi-urban and rural schools. The scope of the study was confined to three primary schools in KwaZulu Natal. The selected research sites were Joel1 Primary School (urban) in the Pinetown area, Milo Primary School The semiurban) in the Mariannhill area, and John Primary School (rural) in the Ndwedwe District. No attempt was made to generalise on the acquisition of language and development, and the provision of teacher training and support at these selected primary schools with reference to schools in the rest of South Africa. However, it is thought that the findings might well be relevant to some schools to enable them to cope and understand the role and function of language acquisition and development. The social factors which negatively impact on literacy acquisition and development were found to include features of the local social context, security for literacy resources and other physical challenges. Factors impacting negatively on teacher performance were inadequate teacher training, the impact of teacher unions, and the effects of poverty and HIV/AIDS. Some of the clearly intertwined challenges experienced at the Intermediate Phase education level include the problems of insufficient teaching staff numbers and insufficient numbers of competent and trained staff; lack of sufficient support for African language learners; large class sizes; lack of resources; and lack of quality leadership in schools. These challenges are the shaky ground upon which we build education for some of our learners, especially those in rural and poor areas.


As part of a continuing study concerning the petrologic significance of selected rock forming minerals, approximately 50 alkali feldspars were obtained from co-workers and commercial establishments and were subjected to ir absorption analyses (wave-number range, 1200–300 cm−1). This was done soon after the author had completed a reconnaissance study on selected gneisses and granites of New England, in which an approximately equal number of alkali feldspars were analyzed in a similar manner. In that study, it was noted that systematic variations in the ir spectra did occur in the region beyond that studied by Laves and Hafner, specifically within the region 600–300 cm−1. (In addition, it has been pointed out to the author that albite has been investigated in the 635–85 cm−1 region.)


We focus on the task of creating a reinforcement learning agent that is inherently explainable -- with the ability to produce immediate local explanations by thinking out loud while performing a task and analyzing entire trajectories post-hoc to produce causal explanations. This Hierarchically Explainable Reinforcement Learning agent (HEX-RL), operates in Interactive Fictions, text-based game environments in which an agent perceives and acts upon the world using textual natural language. These games are usually structured as puzzles or quests with long-term dependencies in which an agent must complete a sequence of actions to succeed -- providing ideal environments in which to test an agent's ability to explain its actions. Our agent is designed to treat explainability as a first-class citizen, using an extracted symbolic knowledge graph-based state representation coupled with a Hierarchical Graph Attention mechanism that points to the facts in the internal graph representation that most influenced the choice of actions. Experiments show that this agent provides significantly improved explanations over strong baselines, as rated by human participants generally unfamiliar with the environment, while also matching state-of-the-art task performance.


Background: The objective of this work was to define and determine the effectiveness of defensive actions applied in judo fighting. Material/Methods: The study was based on video and DVD recordings of fights during Polish Championship finals in the years 2005-2008. Actions of female and male contestants participating in the total of 56 fights were analyzed (to an accuracy of 10-second periods of time). All actions: attacks, counter-attacks and defense without counter-attack were recorded and their effectiveness, preparatory actions, breaks and referees' decisions were analyzed. Altogether 69 fights of female and male contestants were subject to analysis. According to the author's classification of defensive actions, 12 types of defense without counter-attack were defined as follows: (1) hand block, (2) hip block, (3) maneuvering around, (4) twist onto belly, (5) hand and hip block, (6) hand block and maneuvering around, (7) stepping aside, (8) separation from grasp, (9) leaving the mat, (10) leg entanglement, (11) bridge, (12) return to tachi-waza (escape from ne-waza). Results: The types of defense most often applied according to the study – hand block and twist onto belly – were the least effective (86% and 66% accordingly). Ashi-waza i sutemi-waza were throws most often applied as counter-attack. Sutemi-waza (44%) throws were most effectively applied. Leg and hand throws were the most frequent and most effective counterattack throws. O-goshi throw appeared to be counter-effective most often – not less than every fourth one was successfully counter-attacked. Conclusions: High effectiveness of counter-attacks (29%) should be the tip for coaches and contestants to carry out professional trainings, which follows (and not the other way round as it used to be) the rules set forth by professor Jigoro Kano (among others: "give up in order to win"). Moreover, trainings of defensive skills should be modified since defense actions most often applied by Judoka players (hand block and twist onto belly) proved to be the least effective.


This feminist research analyzes the balance of gender roles among contemporary female artists after they become mothers and start combining their art making and maternal practices. Using in-depth interviews and observations we study how women are inscribed into the gendered institution of motherhood and how they find ways to resolve the conflict between the roles. Our focus is on how professional artistic practices of female artists after childbirth coexist with practices of intensive-extensive mothering while also problematizing the gender role balance of the mother artist. The successful combination of these roles directly influences the future careers of female artists and whether they can sustain their work in the arts in general.  In  Russian , extended summary in  English .


Knowledge transfer (KT) has been identified as an essential element of innovation that drives competitive advantage in increasingly knowledge-driven economies and in which small firms have an important part to play. A number of recent UK Government reports have sought to increase awareness of the importance of KT within higher education institutions (HEIs). In light of this, there is an urgent need for relevant empirical research that examines how KT policy is translated into practice, particularly in the area of small firms. This paper responds to this need by reporting on in-depth longitudinal case studies of small firms co-located in a high profile HEI 'centre of excellence' for research and development (R&D) and commercialization of information and communications technologies (ICT) in the Northwest of England. The paper seeks to explore what is it that the SMEs are getting out of this co-location and more specifically the research asks, how do the views of entrepreneurs change over time? Five main themes are identified, namely: (1) increased strategic focus; (2) awareness of core competences; (3) enhanced R&D activities; (4) importance of both technical and business support; (5) the need for a knowledge database to facilitate KT. The study concludes by highlighting the need for more structured yet flexible approaches to KT activities in order to meet the needs of entrepreneurs for different kinds of support at different times in the development of their businesses.


It has been widely recognised that national courts play a significant role in the process of European integration. By asking the European Court of Justice for preliminary rulings, national courts have contributed in promoting legal integration. Although previous research has recognised the importance of national courts, we still have only limited empirical knowledge on how they act. This article examines whether national courts act as promoters of legal integration or defenders of the national interest. It does so by providing a systematic investigation of: 1, what type of cases they refer to the ECJ, and 2, what type of opinions they attach with preliminary references. The article utilise data from all 67 cases referred to the ECJ during the period 1995-2009. The results indicate that Swedish courts act strategically to balance the claims of providing the ECJ with preliminary references and the demands for taking national considerations into account.


The ALICE experiment was proposed in 1993, to study strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities via a comprehensive investigation of nuclear collisions at the LHC. Its physics programme initially focused on the determination of the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a deconfined state of quarks and gluons and was extended along the years, covering a diverse ensemble of observables related to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. The experiment has studied Pb-Pb, Xe-Xe, p-Pb and pp collisions in the multi-TeV energy range, during the Run 1 and Run 2 data taking periods at the LHC (2009-2018). The aim of this review article is to gather and summarise a selection of ALICE physics results and to discuss their implications on the current understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic properties of strongly interacting matter at the highest temperature reached in the laboratory. It will be shown that it is possible to have a quantitative description of the properties of the QGP produced in Pb--Pb collisions. We also show that various features, commonly ascribed to QGP formation, are detected for a wide range of interacting system sizes. Precision measurements of QCD-related observables not directly connected to the study of the QGP will also be discussed. Prospects for future measurements with the ALICE detector and its foreseen upgrades will also be briefly described.


A high-power, broad-area laser diode was used as an incident light source in a Raman spectrometer. The laser was forced to lase in a very narrow frequency range (⩽ 400 MHz) by the use of a Metcalf–Littman arrangement. All side bands and light-emitting diode (LED) modes were suppressed; their intensities are lower than the noise of recorded rotational spectra. The incident wavelength was tuned to coincide with the D1 transition of 85Rb. Due to this choice, the elastically scattered light (Rayleigh component) can be eliminated by a Rb cell in front of the spectrometer. The usefulness of this arrangement is demonstrated for CO2, N2, and air. Because of the suppression of the dominating Rayleigh intensity, this setup is ideally suited for a Fourier transform Raman spectrometer.


Title of Dissertation: OLDER GARDENERS AS KEEPERS OF THE EARTH: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY Carole Staley Collins, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Dissertation directed by: Professor Francine H. Hultgren Department of Education Policy and Leadership This study explores what the lived experience of gardening is like for older, community-dwelling gardeners as it is uncovered through conversations, garden visits, and written notes from seven older gardeners. Over a two-year sequence, multiple indepth individual conversations at the homes of the co-researcher participants unearth themes reflective of their gardening lives. Drawn forward by the methodology of hermeneutic phenomenology, the rich text of our dialogue mingles like compost and becomes something newly created that shows their passion for interacting with plants and living habitats. Using the existentials of lived place, lived body, lived time and lived relation we dig into how gardening is lived. Home and volunteer places for gardening keep these older adults curious and creatively engaged–characteristics of healthy agers. Their worn body parts go unnoticed in the presence of beauty they co-create, suggesting knowing the Earth through the senses is a source of tranquility and wakefulness that brings a renewed appreciation for the wonder of nearby nature. With interpretive literature, poetry, and cultural understandings of the gardeners' lives, we relate to metaphors surrounding gardening; the seasons and the circle of life are ever-present. Autobiographical stories of sustained volunteerism, land trusts, and conservancies for future generations reveal their caring for the planet and spiritual aspects of this physical activity, which they love. Reaching out beyond their gardens to share their bounty and wisdom about their relationship with living earth, the gardeners model a vision of respect for the planet and an ecological consciousness. Witnessing nearby nature, they blossom in the Fall of their lives. As a community health professional, my task is to educate and raise awareness about nature for human health and well-being; thereby building on current initiatives to foster accessible nearby nature. The study also sheds light on the value of environmental activism through autobiographical notions. In supporting a gardening life for older gardeners, we advocate the importance of interacting with nearby nature that we long to preserve. Our planet needs more earth keepers like these to bring us back into balance. OLDER GARDENERS AS KEEPERS OF THE EARTH: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY


The banning of the practice of graffiti in public space since the approval of the civic regulation in 2006 has restricted the production of graffiti artworks in Barcelona. It transformed and coerced the local graffiti and street art scene towards new forms of production in the city, which are the central focus of this article.  'La Escocesa: A factory of images', is based on my dialogues with the resident graffiti artists of the art centre 'La Escocesa' in 'Poble Nou'. Some of these artists participated in both the creation of the graffiti scene in the 90s and the development of this practice in the city. Today they are recognized artistic figures of the local and international graffiti scene. I shared with some of these graffiti artists in the art centre some of my fieldwork experiences in connection with other local artists and representatives of the local council. In addition, I also opened up dialogues with them using anthropological examples about art and artists, the city and the space. The following section contains part of the conversations, reflexions and debates that we had.


The fuzzy structure theory concept of modal mass per unit natural frequency is explored for an elastic substructure attached to a master structure. The passive influence on the master structure vibration is specified by the driving point impedance of the substructure, which in turn is expressed as a sum over terms, each corresponding to a natural mode. Term parameters are a modal mass in the numerator and the natural frequency. The fuzzy structure idealization replaces the sum by a derivative term (dissipative part) plus an integral (reactive part), both involving modal mass per unit frequency. Generic continuum models of the attachment are inhomogeneous rods, beams, and plates. (In the latter cases, the impedance becomes a matrix, with generalized forces incorporated that correspond to torques, and generalized velocities that are angular velocities.) Asymptotic ideas analogous to those that yield modal density predictions yield predictions of the mass per unit natural frequency (and its generalizations) in the limit of high frequencies. [Work supported by ONR.]


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that generally repress gene expression. The degree of complementarity between a miRNA and its RNA target is thought to determine the mode of repression. In plants, most characterized miRNAs are highly complementary to their targets, resulting in target cleavage (slicing), whereas those in animals have reduced complementarity and instead down-regulate mRNA translation. Brodersen et al. conducted a screen in Arabidopsis for factors involved in miRNA-mediated gene regulation and found that, in addition to directing cleavage, highly complementary miRNAs also repressed translation. Furthermore, siRNAs, which are precisely complementary to their mRNA targets and generally thought to repress gene expression by slicing, also have a translational repression component. P. Brodersen, L. Sakvarelidze-Achard, M. Bruun-Rasmussen, P. Dunoyer, Y. Y. Yamamoto, L. Sieburth, O. Voinnet, Widespread translational inhibition by plant miRNAs and siRNAs. Science 320, 1185-1190 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The maximum satisfiability problem that is known to be nondeterministic polynomial (NP) complete plays a central role problem in many applications in the fields of very large-scale integration (VLSI) computer-aided design, computing theory, artificial intelligence, and defense. Given a set of m clauses and n Boolean variables, the maximum satisfiability problem refers to the task of finding an assignment of values to the variables that maximizes the number of satisfied clauses (or minimizes the number of unsatisfied clauses) In this chapter, a multilevel evolutionary algorithm is proposed for the maximum satisfiability problem. The multilevel process works by grouping the variables defining the problem to form clusters, uses the clusters to define a new problem, and is repeated until the problem size falls below some threshold. The coarsest problem is then given an initial assignment of values to variables and the assignment is successively refined on all the problems starting with the coarsest and ending with the original.


For decades, self-report instruments – which rely heavily on students' perceptions and beliefs – have been the dominant way of measuring motivation and strategy use. An event-based measure based on online trace data arguably has the potential to remove analytical restrictions of perception-based measures. The purpose of this study is therefore to triangulate constructs suggested in theory and measured using self-reported data with revealed online traces of learning behaviour. The results show that online trace data of learning behaviour are complementary to self-reports, as they explained a unique proportion of variance in student academic performance, and reveal that self-reports explain more variance in online learning behaviour of prior weeks than variance in learning behaviour in succeeding weeks. Student motivation is, however, to a lesser extent captured with online trace data, likely because of its covert nature. In that respect, it is of importance to recognize the crucial role of self-reports in capturing student learning holistically. This manuscript is 'frontline' in the sense that event-based measurement methodologies with online trace data is relatively unexplored. The comparison with self-report data made in this manuscript sheds new light on the added values of innovative and traditional methods of measuring motivation and strategy use.


How people come to trust computing technology is an important factor in the degree to which they come to accept the services that such technologies are able to provide. This is particularly important where the usage of a technology might risk compromising a person's private information, making them vulnerable to technologically mediated attack. Research into interpersonal trust development between people has allowed designers of systems deployed using technologies such as the World Wide Web to successfully modulate a number of human interpersonal trust cues into the computer-mediated communication domain. Pervasive computing however, describes a significant shift in the ways in which people will come to encounter and use interactive technologies. No longer limited to the confines of the desktop, people can and will be able to perform many of the technological activities they would otherwise do at home in any place and at any time. However, while the services that a pervasive computing infrastructure will be able to provide may be similar to those that people are used to in the traditional world of the 'desktop metaphor', the novel characteristics of pervasive computing mean that many of the trust cues that were previously available to technology users may no longer offer an effective means of helping users to place their trust well. In this thesis, a mixed methods research plan, involving both laboratory-based and field-based experimental design, was developed to investigate the role of human-computer trust in respect of two novel characteristics of pervasive computing: service discovery and secure ad-hoc device association. Through leveraging various artefacts in the immediate physical world to support information presented by services in the digital world, this thesis posits that the provision of user-verifiable links between the physical and digital worlds might provide a means of increasing user trust in services whose source they can otherwise not perceive nor verify.


This study examined the (mis)match between children's perceived and actual motor skill competence, the role played by sport practice and gender when children under- or overestimate their motor competence, and the biomechanical correlates of perceived competence and perceived–actual competence (mis)match. Ninety children aged 7.5±1.2 years performed the Tests of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), with a subsample of 44 children wearing inertial sensor devices for objective measurement of running and throwing, and completed the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence. Scores of perceived locomotor and object control competence were regressed on TGMD data. Underestimators (UE), realists (R), and overestimators (OE) were identified and it was assessed whether they differed in gender, amount of sport practice, and selected biomechanical parameters. Differences emerged with respect to gender, with most girls underestimating and most boys overestimating their object control competence, and with respect to sport participation, with OE of locomotor competence practicing a larger amount of sport than UE. Some kinematic parameters were associated with perceived competence without differences between UE, R, and OE. Results suggest: (a) the need for specific motivation strategies to ensure a skill-appropriate enhancement of perceived competence in girls; (b) the relevance of feeling skilled for sport practice; (c) the added value of biomechanical assessment to further our understanding of perceived motor competence.


We studied the evolution of the European Patent Office (EPO) patents applicants' collaborations network, within a 35 years span of data (1978-2013). Focusing on the Giant Component (GC) formation process over many time-windows, distributed throughout the data timeline, we found that the features governing this phenomenon are indicative of emerging globalization in the applicants' collaborations. The timeline appears to be divided into three regimes, corresponding to three states of the network's evolution. In the early years state, the GC takes long to form and the instant of its creation is easily pinpointed, while it features geographically segregated groups of applicants with technologically similar activities. In contrast, in the late years state, the GC forms quickly, the exact point of its creation is harder to spot, the applicants' activities are more disparate technologically, while their inter-regional collaborations are significantly increased. The middle years are an intermediate state between the two extreme of early and late years. Moreover, we concluded that the critical patents, which induce the GC's formation, are typically introduced by large-sized applicants and also that top patent-producing applicants are likely to submit critical patents, albeit at a lower rate than their overall patent submission. Lastly, we uncovered the crucial role that Japan plays in the network's coherence, through its prominent participation in the GC and the critical patents.


There has been much concern in recent years about the fate of the American family. This writer is focusing on the one-parent nuclear family. A further specification in the family under study is female-headed Seventh-day Adventist. This project then, is a multiple case study of maternal one- parent families. The small sample was chosen on a non-random basis with the object of typifying what might be found in a Seventh-day Adventist pastorate. The writer was successful in cooperation with the local pastor in obtaining a sample of thirteen Seventh-day Adventist maternal one- parent families where the parent has been widowed or divorced with at least one child living in the home. The survey procedure will be to conduct in-depth structured interviews. (The instrument is found in the Appendix.) The writer is not basing this explorative project on statistical means and averages or with a sufficient number of subjects to merit calling it a scientific study. Because of these above reasons, the results should not be generalized to a larger population. This project therefore, is not designed to be a technically scientific study but a tool for ministry. From these Seventh-day Adventist one-parent families the writer hoped to discover by means of these interviews their unique problems socially, emotionally, and physically; it was also the plan to have group sessions following the completion of the interviews. The duration of the sessions and how successful they were would depend on the writer's expertise and the willingness of the participants in this project to cooperate. It was hoped that the women would be encouraged to form groups which in turn would bring support, help, and information. It was hoped that their bond with the church would be strengthened through the special interest shown in them, not only by the writer and the group but by the local pastor. Specifically then, procedures in this project will be to research current literature on the subject of the one-parent family, to research what community services both on a local and national level might provide as resource assistance to this group, to discover what local pastors and/or their denominations are doing to meet their need, and finally, to explore pastoral possibilities in group sessions for these single parents. It was believed that there would be certain values in carrying out this project apart from the local parish. Those interviewed would be less likely to see it as prying and meddling when carried out as a seminary research project. Delicate subjects such as sex could be discussed more freely apart from local church connections. Prior experience of this nature would appear to offer some advantages to the writer and his future congregation. Specific personal objectives include: A greater knowledge of and competence in working for the Seventh-day Adventist one-parent family including the possibility of the development of a local church project and putting the findings into operation on a continuous basis.


In Veritas, Gerald Vision defends the correspondence theory of truth -- the theory that truth has a direct relationship to reality -- against recent attacks, and critically examines its most influential alternatives. The correspondence theory, if successful, explains one way in which we are cognitively connected to the world; thus, it is claimed, truth -- while relevant to semantics, epistemology, and other studies -- also has significant metaphysical consequences. Although the correspondence theory is widely held today, Vision points to an emerging orthodoxy in philosophy that claims that truth as such carries no significant weight in philosophical explanations. He devotes much of the book to a criticism of that outlook and to a less vulnerable formulation of the correspondence theory.Vision defends the correspondence theory by both presenting evidence for correspondence and examining the claims made by such alternative theories as deflationism, minimalism, and pluralism. The techniques of the argument are thoroughly analytic, but the problem confronted is broadly humanistic. The question examined -- how we, as thinking beings, are connected to and manage to cope in a world that was not designed for our comfort or convenience -- is more likely to be raised by continentalists, but is approached here with the tools of clarity and precision more highly prized in analytic philosophy. The book seeks to avoid both the obscurantism that infects much continental thought and the overly technical concerns and methodology that limit the interest of much work in analytic philosophy. It thus provides a rigorous but largely nontechnical treatment of the topic that will be of interest not only to readers familiar with philosophy but also to those with a background in literary theory and linguistics.


Motivation: Comparing protein structures is important for understanding the relationships between sequence, structure and function. With the increasing number of experimentally determined protein structures, an automated algorithm that can perform structure alignment of many proteins is therefore highly advantageous. Results: We present a novel approach for multiple structure alignment of proteins based on fuzzy pairwise alignments of each protein to a virtual consensus chain. These alignments are alternated with translations and rotations of the proteins onto the consensus structure, and with updating each consensus atom by moving it to the middle of the protein atoms aligned to it. The pairwise alignments use mean-field annealing optimization of fuzzy alignment variables, based on a cost expressed in terms of distances between aligned atoms and of gaps. No initialization in terms of all-to-all protein alignments is needed, and the only information required is the 3-D coordinates of the Cα atoms. The CPU consumption is modest, and scales approximately linearly with the number of proteins to align. Our approach is tested against a set of protein families from the Homstrad database, and against a multiple structure alignment algorithm based on Monte Carlo techniques, with good results.


We study the problem of regret minimization for distributed bandits learning, in which $M$ agents work collaboratively to minimize their total regret under the coordination of a central server. Our goal is to design communication protocols with near-optimal regret and little communication cost, which is measured by the total amount of transmitted data. For distributed multi-armed bandits, we propose a protocol with near-optimal regret and only $O(M\log(MK))$ communication cost, where $K$ is the number of arms. The communication cost is independent of the time horizon $T$, has only logarithmic dependence on the number of arms, and matches the lower bound except for a logarithmic factor. For distributed $d$-dimensional linear bandits, we propose a protocol that achieves near-optimal regret and has communication cost of order $\tilde{O}(Md)$, which has only logarithmic dependence on $T$.


In this classic text the authors examine the links between racism, psychological ill health and inadequate treatment of ethnic minorities. Through a series of case studies they discuss: * the psychological legacy of colonialism and slavery * the racist bias in psychiatric and psychological theory * diagnostic bias * the role of religion in mental health or illness * the value of anthropological and pschoanalytic insights. The concluding chapter in this edition reviews the development of 'transcultural psychiatry' and summarises changes in administration of the Mental Health Act.


AIM
Acute onset spontaneous cerebellar hematoma (SCH) is a neurosurgical emergency with unpredictable natural history and outcome. Specific guidelines are available for management of small ( < 2.5 cm) and large sized (4.0 cm < ) SCH. But, literature is sparse for treatment of moderate sized SCH (2.5-4.0 cm).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
In a retrospective analysis of 32 patients, with moderate sized acute SCH, external ventricular drainage (EVD) tube was inserted for evaluation of ICP and evacuation of cerebrospinal fluid. All patients with ICP > 25 mmHg underwent emergency SCH evacuation. Postoperatively, EVD was continued for 48-72 hours for ICP monitoring. Patients showing no improvement or persistent ventriculomegaly underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion for the management of hydrocephalus.

RESULTS
29/32 patients needed operative intervention either in the form of hematoma evacuation or shunt placement. 10 patients improved to GOS 5 and 7 to GOS 4. Overall mortality was 25% (n=8). Despite SCH evacuation, none of the patients with ICP > 40 mmHg experienced good outcome (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION
47% of patients with moderate sized SCH need surgical evacuation. EVD insertion not only helps in ICP management but also includes the ability to gradually decompress ventricular system by varying the outflow pressure. Apart from radiologic findings, ICP measurement should be a guideline in management decisions.


We present multi-point observations of a substorm which took place on 29 August 2004. The near-Earth magnetotail dynamics were observed by Cluster C1 and Double Star TC1, in conjunction with observations of the Northern Hemisphere ionospheric convection flow from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (Super- DARN), of the Southern Hemisphere auroral morpholo- gy from the Wideband Imaging Camera of the Far Ul- traviolet instrument onboard the Imager for Magneto- pause-to-Aurora Global Exploration spacecraft (IMAGE FUV/WIC), and of ionospheric substorm currents from the Greenland magnetometer chain. Following the substorm growth phase, expansion phase onset results in the closure of open magnetic flux for 3 hours, prolonged by continued creation of open flux at the dayside. The 3-hour duration of the substorm was punctuated by 5 dipolarizations which we interpret as individual bursts of reconnection, each closing ~0.125 GWb of flux. As- sociated with each dipolarization were auroral en- hancements, convection enhancements and a step-wise poleward progression of the substorm current wedge. We derive the amount of open flux in the magnetos- phere from observations of the ionospheric polar cap, along with the corresponding rates of dayside and night- side reconnection. From these we can model the chang- ing length of the magnetotail and variations in its radius, flaring, and lobe field strength during the course of the growth and expansion phases of the substorm. Despite the simplicity of this modeling, we demonstrate good agreement between predicted lobe field strength and the observations of Cluster.


We present a method for designing and fabricating MetaSilicones---composite silicone rubbers that exhibit desired macroscopic mechanical properties. The underlying principle of our approach is to inject spherical inclusions of a liquid dopant material into a silicone matrix material. By varying the number, size, and locations of these inclusions as well as their material, a broad range of mechanical properties can be achieved. The technical core of our approach is formed by an optimization algorithm that, combining a simulation model based on extended finite elements (XFEM) and sensitivity analysis, computes inclusion distributions that lead to desired stiffness properties on the macroscopic level. We explore the design space of MetaSilicone on an extensive set of simulation experiments involving materials with optimized uni- and bi-directional stiffness, spatially-graded properties, as well as multi-material composites. We present validation through standard measurements on physical prototypes, which we fabricate on a modified filament-based 3D printer, thus combining the advantages of digital fabrication with the mechanical performance of silicone elastomers.


Geospatial information systems are used to analyze spatial data to provide decision makers with relevant, up-to-date, information. The processing time required for this information is a critical component to response time. Despite advances in algorithms and processing power, we still have many "human-in-theloop" factors. Given the limited number of geospatial professionals, analysts using their time effectively is very important. The automation and faster humancomputer interactions of common tasks that will not disrupt their workflow or attention is something that is very desirable. The following research describes a novel approach to increase productivity with a wireless, wearable, electroencephalograph (EEG) headset within the geospatial workflow.


Mating with attractive or dominant males is often predicted to offer indirect genetic benefits to females, but it is still largely unclear how important such non‐random mating can be with regard to embryo viability. We sampled a natural population of adult migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta), bred them in vitro in a half‐sib breeding design to separate genetic from maternal environmental effects, raised 2098 embryos singly until hatching, and exposed them experimentally to different levels of pathogen stress at a late embryonic stage. We found that the embryos' tolerance to the induced pathogen stress was linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of their parents, i.e. certain MHC genotypes appeared to provide better protection against infection than others. We also found significant additive genetic variance for stress tolerance. Melanin‐based dark skin patterns revealed males with 'good genes', i.e. embryos fathered by dark coloured males had a high tolerance to infection. Mating with large and dominant males would, however, not improve embryo viability when compared to random mating. We used simulations to provide estimates of how mate choice based on MHC or melanin‐based skin patterns would influence embryos' tolerance to the experimentally induced pathogen stress.


My work on the sports pages of the Sunday Times led to invitations to write two books on the emergence of elite female champions and two unauthorized biographies of female champions, all of which included original data and analysis of gender issues in sport. One of the first academic, self-reflective analyses by a sports journalist, this dissertation written for the PhD by prior publication, places my work in the context of the profession and considers my contribution to understanding how elite champions have used their agency in sport. Contributions in the works submitted include re-theorizing the ―feminine apologetic‖ with regard to elite champions, documentation and interpretation of agency and constraint in the career of Martina Navratilova, identifying and modelling the backlash role of gymnastics, and interrogating the gender frontier; all are critically analysed here. In this dissertation, issues of journalistic practice including the advantage of bias are considered, and the ―doping apologetic‖ is identified, named and preliminarily modelled. My work both benefits from and contributes to the cross-disciplinary, inter-linked analysis of women's sport in the social sciences and in sport and women's studies, and has been cited in the literature. Contravening conventionalist journalistic stereotyping of female champions, it documents and evaluates how champions have attempted to gain opportunity for themselves, and how their strategies may have affected the paradigm of femininity.


Physical activity has a positive impact on people's well-being, and it may also decrease the occurrence of chronic diseases. Activity recognition with wearable sensors can provide feedback to the user about his/her lifestyle regarding physical activity and sports, and thus, promote a more active lifestyle. So far, activity recognition has mostly been studied in supervised laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to examine how well the daily activities and sports performed by the subjects in unsupervised settings can be recognized compared to supervised settings. The activities were recognized by using a hybrid classifier combining a tree structure containing a priori knowledge and artificial neural networks, and also by using three reference classifiers. Activity data were collected for 68 h from 12 subjects, out of which the activity was supervised for 21 h and unsupervised for 47 h. Activities were recognized based on signal features from 3-D accelerometers on hip and wrist and GPS information. The activities included lying down, sitting and standing, walking, running, cycling with an exercise bike, rowing with a rowing machine, playing football, Nordic walking, and cycling with a regular bike. The total accuracy of the activity recognition using both supervised and unsupervised data was 89% that was only 1% unit lower than the accuracy of activity recognition using only supervised data. However, the accuracy decreased by 17% unit when only supervised data were used for training and only unsupervised data for validation, which emphasizes the need for out-of-laboratory data in the development of activity-recognition systems. The results support a vision of recognizing a wider spectrum, and more complex activities in real life settings.


The popularity and the constant improvement of wireless technologies, such as WiFi and WiMAX, have been increasing the usage and applicability of new networking schemes, including Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). WMNs are multi-hop wireless networks made by a collection of two types of nodes, mesh routers and mesh clients. Their self-organizing, self-configuring and self-healing proprieties, in conjunction with their low maintenance and implementation costs, make them especially appealing as a solution for Internet access and social networking. The characteristics of WMNs make them more susceptible to malicious attacks than traditional wired networks, namely the scarce bandwidth, the high level of interference, the shared transmission media and the limited physical security. Secure routing and forwarding schemes are a key component to guarantee secure communications in hostile environments. There are however issues that must be considered when developing secure routing and forwarding solutions, namely the overhead introduced by such approaches and the effectiveness of the prediction schemes used. This paper discusses the main solutions for routing security in WMNs and presents a thorough evaluation, comprising a novel way to characterize the effectiveness of such approaches. The evaluation is based on CONFIDANT, a secure routing protocol based on the DSR protocol. The study performed addresses both the issues aforementioned and provides insight on the trade-offs associated with the deployment of secure routing and forwarding mechanisms.


This paper reviews several novel and older methods for coupling meshfree particle methods, particularly the elementfree Galerkin (EFG) method and the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), with finite elements. We study master slave couplings where particles are fixed across the finite element boundary, coupling via interface shape functions such that consistency conditions are satisfied, bridging domain coupling, compatibility coupling with Lagrange multipliers and hybrid coupling methods where forces from the particles are applied via their shape functions on the FE nodes and vice versa. The hybrid coupling methods are well suited for large deformations and adaptivity and the coupling procedure is independent from the particle distance and nodal arrangement. We will study the methods for several static and dynamic applications, compare the results to analytical and experimental data and show advantages and drawbacks of the methods. Copyright c © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The article is an attempt to rise to the challenge raised by Peet van Dyk in his contribution to Old Testament Essays 22/1, where he calls upon South African OT scholars to develop a relevant ecotheology that can address current ecological issues. This challenge becomes more urgent as the environmental crisis gets increasingly serious, and as problems related to land distribution continue to affect social, political and economic life in many African countries. However, there are pertinent issues to be dealt with if theologians want to contribute toward solving current ecological problems. On the one hand, Christianity is accused of having inspired the industrialised, capitalistic society of the Western world to dominate and to abuse nature. On the other hand, several theological critics consider the biblical message as so overwhelmingly anthropocentric that it virtually cancels the possibility of an adequate articulation of environmental concerns. Notwithstanding criticisms regarding the contribution of Christianity and of the Bible in contributing to the environmental crisis, this article advocates redeeming the priestly role of theology in order to address the effects of the global ecological crisis on the African continent. In this article the author suggests that, if theology has been used to encourage humankind to dominate and abuse nature, it can be redeemed by playing a significant priestly role instructing people how to care for and restore nature.


In contemporary knowledge driven economies, local organisations must aim to be competitive, in part, through ensuring the delivery of high quality in their goods and services. Changes in the social environment where customers are more mature and better informed have forced these organisations to consider alternatives to traditional methods of running their business. Consequently, Total Quality Management (TQM) has attracted the attention of many organisations as a potential system to improving their competitiveness and efficiency.

Implementation of a TQM system necessitates transformation away from conventional ways of delivering business objectives by changing the way in which people deal with internal or external work processes. TQM looks at change within the organisation as an inevitable process which should be managed flawlessly.

Unfortunately, TQM initiatives often fail when implementation begins, with the proportion of successes in TQM implementation only within the range of 20 to 35 per cent, according to Brown (1992 cited in Redman & Grieves 1999). The reasons for failure were associated with the problem of sustainability of leadership and purpose, absence of strategic communications and teamwork for quality improvement and the lack of total commitment to the TQM philosophy and practice. These were attributed to poor understanding of the TQM philosophy by senior management and a lack of employee opportunities to relate training activities with company vision.

This paper thus evaluates the dynamics of organisation change with a view to understanding causes of success and failure. The research aims to review earlier studies and, through the results of those studies, analyse the role TQM plays in organisational change management.


In the course of this study it was established that CtlP associates in vivo with, and directly binds to, the DNA damage mediator proteins containing BRCT domains: 53BP1, MDC1, TopBP1 and NBS1. The binding sites on all of these proteins have been mapped establishing which regions of CtlP interact directly with 53BP1, MDC1, TopBP1 and NBS1 and vice versa. This implies that CtlP is involved in the DNA damage response on many levels interacting with proteins that mediate different aspects of DNA damage sensing and signalling. CtIP's nuclear localization before and after DNA damage was determined and its colocalization with the other DNA damaged responsive proteins examined. It was found that CtIP associates in vivo with DNA damage sensor proteins such as the MRN complex (Mre11, Rad50 and NBS1) and RPA70, signal transducer proteins such as the PIKK kinases ATM, ATR and SMG1 and the mediator proteins 53BP1 and MDC1. All of those proteins are involved in detecting and repairing double stranded or single stranded lesions. Moreover CtIP has a major influence on phosphorylation events induced during repair processes and thus could be an inducer of kinase activity. The deletion of CtlP causes impairment of phosphorylation of important proteins that take part in the DNA damage response pathways such as NBS1, ATM, 53BP1, Chk1 and RPA70. However, impaired phosphorylation only occurs in response to single stranded DNA lesions or the collapse of replication forks. This implies that it is the ATR pathway that is malfunctioning in CtIP depleted cells. CtIP was previously reported to be phosphorylated on Ser664 and Ser745 by the ATM kinase in response to the DNA double stranded breaks. I have established two possible new phosphorylation sites: Ser506 and Ser555. They could be potentially involved in CtlP's redistribution to the DNA damage sites but this remains to be elucidated.


Market participants' forecasts of future exchange rate volatility can be recovered from option contracts on foreign currencies. Such implicit volatility forecasts for four currencies are used to test rational expectations jointly with the applicability of the standard Black-Scholes formula. First, we examine the null hypothesis that the market-anticipated one-month-ahead standard deviation is an unbiased estimator of the subsequent realized standard deviation. The parametric regression method rejects this hypothesis overwhelmingly: the implicit forecasts are themselves excessively variable. Simulations indicate that the rejection is not caused by non-normality of the error term. Second, we use a nonparametric method to test a weaker version of market rationality: the market can correctly forecast the direction of the change in exchange rate volatility. This time, the weaker version of rationality is confirmed- Third, we investigate how market forecasts are formed. We find some evidence that market participants put heavy weight on lagged volatility when forecasting future volatility. Finally, results from the Alternating Conditional Expectations algorithm provide further support for the central finding that when the market predicts a large deviation of volatility from its mean, it could do better by moderating its forecast.


The accumulation of positive charges at the anodic interface considerably limits the efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells based on polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions (BHJs). Interfacial layers (IFLs) such as PEDOT:PSS improve charge injection but have no effect on the unbalanced electron/hole transport across the BHJ. We report here the use of 2,20 ,6,60-tetraphenyl-dipyranylidene (DIPO-Ph4), a planar quinoïd compound, as an efficient anodic IFL in organic solar cells based on BHJs made of poly(3hexylthiophene)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (P3HT:PCBM). When deposited under vacuum onto a glass substrate, DIPO-Ph4 thin films are constituted of densely packed and vertically aligned crystalline needles. Current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) reveals a considerable increase of the hole-carrying pathways in DIPO-Ph4 thin films as compare to PEDOT:PSS, thus revealing their hole transporting/electron blocking properties. Inserting a 10 nm thick IFL of DIPO-Ph4 in combination with a 5 nm thick PEDOT:PSS between the ITO electrode and the P3HT:PCBM film leads to photocurrent densities up to 11.5 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5G and conversion efficiencies up to 4.6%, that is substantially higher than PEDOT:PSS-only devices. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


The present study evaluated the molecular detection and identification of Rickettsia species in 83 ticks collected in Sardinia, Italy. Fifteen ticks were PCR-positive using gltA-specific and ompA-specific primers, leading to the identification of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, R. massiliae in Rhipicephalus turanicus and in Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and a new rickettsia, previously referred to as PoTiRb169 in Portugal, in four Rhipicephalus turanicus. This new species was further characterized by amplification and sequencing of three additional genes (ompB, sca4 and rrs). Using the current criteria to name a rickettsia, this uncultivated rickettsia can be given a Candidatus status, and we propose to call it 'Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae'. The detection of three tick-borne rickettsiae in Sardinia raises the possibility that many cases of spotted fever considered by clinicians and health authorities as Mediterranean spotted fever due to R. conorii could, in fact, be due to other rickettsiae, including those found in this study. Analysing skin biopsies of inoculation eschars in patients with spotted fever would be, together with continuing entomological surveys, the best way to increase our knowledge of tick-borne rickettsioses in Sardinia and more generally in the Mediterranean basin.


Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along the way. Laboratory studies have identified the brain systems recruited during isolated instances of self-control, and ecological studies have linked self-control capacity to goal outcomes. However, no study has identified the neural systems of everyday self-control during long-term goal pursuit. The present study integrated neuroimaging and experience-sampling methods to investigate the brain systems of successful self-control among smokers attempting to quit. A sample of 27 cigarette smokers completed a go/no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before they attempted to quit smoking and then reported everyday self-control using experience sampling eight times daily for 3 weeks while they attempted to quit. Increased activation in right inferior frontal gyrus, pre-supplementary motor area, and basal ganglia regions of interest during response inhibition at baseline was associated with an attenuated association between cravings and subsequent smoking. These findings support the ecological validity of neurocognitive tasks as indices of everyday response inhibition.


This paper undertakes a more in-depth investigation into the location of SEZs, based on data available from the Ministry of Commerce. It builds upon early work in Mukhopadhyay (2008) which noted that not only are SEZs located mostly in a few states, even within these states, they are concentrated in a few districts, most of which had an above average rate of industrialisation.


China's space program began in the 1950s as part of its nuclear weapons program. Today it spans both civilian and military requirements, as well as bolstering national prestige: China is only the third country, after the United States and Russia, to operate an independent manned space program. The country's ambition may see a Chinese astronaut landing on Mars. In the defensive realm, China is developing a counterspace capability to thwart a future adversary from using their space-based assets against China in time of conflict. While publicly opposed to an arms race developing in space–and China's space white paper strongly backs the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs–it recognizes the risks of this occurring. By developing its own space-based capabilities while at the same time renouncing the weaponization of space, China can be: (a) militarily credible, in that it has a program in play to counter any emergent hegemonic practices in space; and (b) diplomatically persuasive insofar as it would like to join the international community in keeping space as a weapons-free zone. The continuity in China's unified, comprehensive effort in space research and development strengthens China's credentials as a global power with a distinctive space


Critical dimension (CD) measurements have been extracted from SEM and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of the same set of monocrystalline silicon features having linewidths between 40 and 240 nm. The silicon features are incorporated into a new test structure that has been designed to facilitate this type of CD metrology study. Major improvements to previously reported HRTEM sample-preparation and fringe-counting procedures have been implemented. The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary assessment of the calibration statistics of SEM transfer metrology when HRTEM is used as the primary metrology in CD reference material calibration. The linearity and the correlation of the regression between HRTEM and SEM measurements were very encouraging. However, further study of the calibration statistics, from which uncertainty estimates of the SEM CD measurements were obtained, revealed small but significant test-chip-to-test-chip variability of the SEM-to-HRTEM offset at the low single-digit nanometer level. Further measurements made the case that this unanticipated variability originated in the differences in the amounts of hydrocarbon deposition that were made by the SEM tool during the measurement cycle. This is considered to be a very useful finding because modern SEM tools, which can reduce hydrocarbon deposition below levels that were encountered here by almost an order of magnitude, are now becoming available. The results reported here provide a strong indication that HRTEM-SEM-based calibration approaches offer great promise for single-digit nanometer uncertainty.


LEACH protocol is one of the widely used protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSN), in which a reduction of energy consumption is the main task. This protocol was encountered several problems such as, the node did not choose the best cluster head (Even if the cluster head closer to that node), which may be far from the Base Station, which was leaded to consume more energy, and hence network lifetime will be short. In the present work, an improvement was added to the original LEACH protocol by making the node associated with the appropriate CH that may not be the closest to it. This improvement was accomplished by calculating the distance between the node and the BS (distance1) and that between the CH and BS (distance2), if (distance2) < (0.5*distance1), it was meant that the current CH is the best. The improved LEACH protocol was simulated using Matlab software. The simulation results were show that the improved protocol was given better performance than the original one in the following aspects: 1-     Increasing the number of rounds. 2-     Delayed the first node dies. 3-     Deceleration in the total nodes death. 4-     Balance in the energies of the nodes. 5-     Extended the overall network lifetime.


In branch-and-bound (B&B) schemes for solving a minimization problem, a better lower bound could prune many meaningless branches which do not lead to an optimum solution. In this paper, we propose several techniques to refine the lower bound on the makespan in the multiprocessor scheduling problem (MSP). The key idea of our proposed method is to combine an efficient quadratic-time algorithm for calculating the Fernández's bound, which is known as the best lower bounding technique proposed in the literature with two improvements based on the notions of binary search and recursion. The proposed method was implemented as a part of a B&B algorithm for solving MSP, and was evaluated experimentally. The result of experiments indicates that the proposed method certainly improves the performance of the underlying B&B scheme. In particular, we found that it improves solutions generated by conventional heuristic schemes for more than 20 percent of randomly generated instances, and for more than 80 percent of instances, it could provide a certification of optimality of the resulting solutions, even when the execution time of the B&B scheme is limited by one minute.


Abstract Walking is a safe, accessible and low cost activity, amenable to change and known to have great potential to increase physical activity levels in sedentary individuals. The objective of this study is to estimate the proportion of the 2009 adult population of England who would attain or exceed vigorous intensity activity (>70% maximum heart rate [HRmax]) by walking at 3 mph. We conducted predictive impact modelling using participants' (n = 1741, aged 25–64 years) cardiovascular fitness data from treadmill walking tests. We combined this data with English population estimates adjusted for age and sex to estimate the numbers of individuals that would exceed 70% HRmax (an intensity considered sufficient for fitness gains) when walking at 3 mph (4.8 km · h−1). We estimate 1.5 million men (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9–2.2 million) (from 13.4 million corresponding to 11.6% (95% CI 7.0–16.2%)) and 3.9 million women (95% CI 3.0–4.8 million) (from 13.6 million corresponding to 28.6% (95% CI 22.0–35.1%)) in England aged 25–64 years would benefit from regularly walking at 3 mph. In total, a projected 5.4 million individuals (95% CI 3.9–6.9 million) aged 25–64 (from 26.97 million corresponding to 20.1% (95% CI 14.6–25.7%)) could benefit from walking at 3 mph. Our estimates suggest a considerable number of individuals in the English population could receive fitness and health benefits by walking regularly at 3 mph. Physical activity messages that promote walking at this speed may therefore have the potential to significantly impact national fitness levels and health in England.


10 hours of preparatory classes for the DELE (35 €/hour). I am a DELE examiner, so I am qualified to build upon your strong points and to balance the rest. We will particularly work on grammar, listening skills and the resources used to successfully pass the oral exam. You can do the reading and writing comprehension tests at home and we can correct them in the following class, to clear up any queries you may have regarding the lexical contents, etc. Diplomas of Spanish as a Foreign Language (DELE) are the highest ranking official international certificates attesting a degree of competence and mastery of the Spanish language.


This paper proposes a new system integrating radio frequency identification (RFID) and building information modeling (BIM), which can be used for the lifecycle management for buildings. During the structural and MEP design stage, the locations of permanent tags are designed for facility management purpose. Tags can be designed to be attached to concrete structures, steel structures, ventilation pipes, sewerage pipes. Location information and other information can be written in and retrieved from the tags. During the construction stage, the locations of temporary tags are planned for safety management purpose. Tags can be attached to doors, windows, protection fences, and other temporary safety measures during construction. Space in the BIM is classified into workspaces with different risk levels according to work breakdown structure (WBS) and schedules. Algorithms are proposed for automatic risk analysis using the BIM, which is updated to reflect the real situation on site, resulting in risk-ranged workspaces. RFID receivers are installed on the critical locations on site. Once a tag is detected for specific safety measures, the risk of that workspace will be reduced. Workers also carry tags and their locations can be monitored. Once a worker enters a workspace with high risk, signals can be sent to the worker to remind him/her about the situation. In extreme cases, an alarm is triggered to ask the worker to leave the dangerous workspace. A case study is undergoing to apply the proposed approach on a construction site in Suzhou, China.


Following promising preliminary evidence, the benzodiazepine-derivative alprazolam was studied in a large, placebo-controlled, eight-week, flexible-dose trial in patients with agoraphobia with panic attacks and panic disorder. Of 526 patients, 481 completed three weeks of treatment; however, significantly more placebo (102/234) than alprazolam (21/247) recipients subsequently dropped out of the trial, primarily citing ineffectiveness (of placebo) as the reason. Alprazolam was found to be effective and well tolerated. There were significant alprazolam-placebo differences in improvement for (1) spontaneous and situational panic attacks, (2) phobic fears, (3) avoidance behavior, (4) anxiety, and (5) secondary disability, all significant by the end of week 1. At the primary comparison point (week 4), 82% of the patients receiving alprazolam were rated moderately improved or better vs 43% of the placebo group. At that point, 50% of the alprazolam recipients vs 28% of placebo recipients were free of panic attacks.


This chapter argues that Catalan Clitic Right Dislocation and English deaccenting package different types of information (contra Vallduvi 1992, Vallduvi a Engdahl 1996), only the former being a true discourse anaphor. This chapter further hypothesizes the following generalization: A language in which stress is displaced to express givenness is a language in which stress assignment is sensitive to syntax, while in a language in which stress assignment is a purely linear phenomenon stress cannot shift. A model of the syntax-phonology interface is sketched in which this generalization follows from the location of stress in the grammatical architecture.


Atmospheric organic aerosol concentrations depend in part on the gas‐particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions. Consequently, heating and dilution were used to investigate the volatility of biomass‐burning smoke particles from combustion of common North American trees/shrubs/grasses during the third Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment. Fifty to eighty percent of the mass of biomass‐burning POA evaporated when isothermally diluted from plume‐ (~1000 µg m−3) to ambient‐like concentrations (~10 µg m−3), while roughly 80% of the POA evaporated upon heating to 100°C in a thermodenuder with a residence time of ~14 sec. Therefore, the majority of the POA emissions were semivolatile. Thermodenuder measurements performed at three different residence times indicated that there were not substantial mass transfer limitations to evaporation (i.e., the mass accommodation coefficient appears to be between 0.1 and 1). An evaporation kinetics model was used to derive volatility distributions and enthalpies of vaporization from the thermodenuder data. A single volatility distribution can be used to represent the measured gas‐particle partitioning from the entire set of experiments, including different fuels, organic aerosol concentrations, and thermodenuder residence times. This distribution, derived from the thermodenuder measurements, also predicts the dilution‐driven changes in gas‐particle partitioning. This volatility distribution and associated emission factors for each fuel studied can be used to update emission inventories and to simulate the gas‐particle partitioning of biomass‐burning POA emissions in chemical transport models.


While modern society has embraced specialization, the federal judiciary continues to prize the generalist jurist. This disconnect is at the core of the growing debate on the optimal level of specialization in the judiciary. To date, this discussion has largely revolved around the creation of specialized courts. Opinion specialization, however, provides an alternative, underappreciated method to infuse specialization into the judiciary. In contrast to specialized courts, opinion specialization is understudied and undertheorized.

This Article makes two contributions to the literature. First, this Article theorizes whether opinion specialization is a desirable practice. It argues that the practice's costs and benefits are a function of whether the court itself is specialized. More specifically, this Article contends that while opinion specialization may be normatively desirable for generalist courts, it is likely not for specialized tribunals. Perhaps most concerning, this Article argues that opinion specialization in specialized courts increases the likelihood that legal doctrine will reflect the idiosyncratic preferences of a few judges.

Second, given the concerns associated with opinion specialization in specialized tribunals, this Article empirically tests the extent to which specialization occurs in specialized courts. We approach this question by examining the process of opinion assignment in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit), which is best known for its near-exclusive jurisdiction over patent appeals. Utilizing a novel database, we find that opinion specialization is a robust part of the Federal Circuit's practice. This Article concludes by demonstrating that opinion specialization may have led to several highly criticized legal developments at the Federal Circuit, exploring mechanisms in which opinion specialization may be diminished, and examining the implications of our findings for the broader judiciary.


The morphology of 24 endemic cichlid species from Lake Malawi was studied with scanning electron microscopy. Several structures possibly of value for taxonomic and evolutionary studies were discovered. Six types of scale shapes and three types of interradial denticles were detected. The spiny area in the exposed part of the scale varied from nonexistent to 148° wide. Several regenerated scales with large focus and short radii were found. Various scale characters, which may prove valuable for phylogenetic purposes, are described and their use in phylogeny construction tested.