Judicial review of factual error is an aspect of the problem of allocating power between judges and the political branches of government. This problem is shared by so-called Commonwealth jurisdictions whose contemporary law of judicial review of administrative action has devolved from the prerogative writs developed by the English courts in the 16th and 17th centuries.

"Who decides?" is thus the common issue for the comparative inquiry in this paper, with "fact" taking the central role as a potential explanatory variable. For one way of answering the "who decides?" question is to label certain issues as "fact" and allocate the determination of such issues to administrative decision-makers, on an exclusive basis or near-exclusive basis. I will analyse, from a comparative perspective, the law of judicial review of administrative action as it relates to factual error, in four common law jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, England and Wales, and Ireland).

In Part I, I outline the traditional approach to judicial review of factual error in the four jurisdictions, characterised by limited judicial oversight of issues of fact (with the exception of those classified as jurisdictional). I also describe the underlying considerations which explain and justify the traditional approach, those of institutional and constitutional competence.

In Part II, I describe the recent evolution in the law of judicial review of factual error. Although the evolutionary path has not led to the same destination in each jurisdiction, there has been increased judicial willingness to examine alleged factual errors in judicial review proceedings. However, the factors which have influenced the evolution of the law are different in each jurisdiction: in Australia, struggles between the federal legislature and the judiciary have prompted changes in the common law relating to factual error; in Canada, the courts' attempts to simplify the law of judicial review of administrative action; in England and Wales, the introduction of a statutory tribunal structure has affected the evolution of administrative law; and in Ireland (as well as in England and Wales), the influences of European Union law and European human rights law.

I will also note that the changes to the approach taken by common law courts to judicial review of factual error have occurred against the backdrop of a general shift towards a more context-sensitive approach to judicial scrutiny of the lawfulness of administrative action, which I attribute (albeit tentatively) to an increased emphasis on the justification of administrative decisions.


An electron-mediated CO2-to-chemical conversion system is regarded as one of the effective solutions for the depletion of fossil fuels and the accumulation of atmospheric CO2. In this process, the protons and electrons generated from the water-oxidation reaction at an anode are used during the reduction of CO2 at a cathode, in order to produce high-value hydrocarbon chemicals. Therefore, water oxidation is also a key reaction for the overall electron-mediated CO2-to-chemical conversion. In this work, a facile preparation method is developed for a highly efficient water oxidation electrocatalyst which stably operates in a neutral bicarbonate electrolyte optimized for CO2-reduction conditions. Ni-rich cratered structures were spontaneously formed on the stainless steel surface by harsh electro-oxidation, and the chemical composition changes of Fe and Ni on the catalyst surface dramatically enhance water-oxidation activity showing an overpotential value of 504 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in a CO2-saturated bicarbonate electrolyte. In contrast to a severe degradation in the phosphate electrolyte, the cratered stainless-steel (CSS) catalyst is very stable for an 18 h reaction in the bicarbonate electrolyte. Surface spectroscopic analyses of CSS consistently revealed that the active-surface structure of the NiOOH and adsorbed water molecules is remarkably stable throughout water-oxidation in the neutral bicarbonate electrolyte, while the destruction of Ni structures by the phosphate electrolyte is proposed to cause concomitant activity loss for water oxidation.


As new information technologies become ubiquitous, individuals are often prompted rethinking disclosure. Available media narratives may influence one's understanding of the benefits and costs related to sharing personal information. This study, guided by frame theory, undertakes a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of media discourse developed to discuss the privacy concerns related to the corporate collection and trade of personal information. The aim is to investigate the frames — the central organizing ideas — used in the media to discuss such an important aspect of the economics of personal data. The CDA explored 130 articles published in the New York Times between 2000 and 2012. Findings reveal that the articles utilized four frames: confusion and lack of transparency, justification and private interests, law and self-regulation, and commodification of information . Articles used episodic framing often discussing specific instances of infringements rather than broader thematic accounts. Media coverage tended to frame personal information as a commodity that may be traded, rather than as a fundamental value.


JAESat is a joint micro-satellite project between Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australian Space Research Institute (ASRI) and other national and international partners, i.e. Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Satellite Systems (CRCSS), Kayser-Threde GmbH, Aerospace Concepts and Auspace which contribute to this project. The JAESat project is conducted under the leadership of the Queensland University of Technology. The main objectives of the JAESat mission are the design and development of a micro satellite in order to educate and train students and also to generate a platform in space for technology demonstration and conduction of research on a low cost basis. The main research objectives of JAESat are the in-orbit test and validation of the SPARx receiver and its performance, the performance of the on-board Orbit Determination (OD) concept, the test of an integrated GPS-Star Sensor system concept for a 3-axis Attitude Determination (AD) and its related algorithms and also various aspects of Relative Navigation. The aspects of atmospheric research will not be addressed within this article. This article will describe the overall JAESat concept and concentrate on the QUT space applications receiver SPARx and related GPS software concepts for OD and AD. The test environment for the development of GNSS space applications will be outlined and finally simulations and respective results including GPS hardware in the loop will be presented and discussed.


In this technology world, a recent technology called Chat Bot which have been in demand and usage for every business purpose and have hit the market Chat Bots is an interaction between person and bot which gives us an efficient service and it also gives the way to develop customer engagement and efficiency by reduction of cost by using these service Chat Bots can be accessible at any time, which can handle capacity that is chat bot can chat with thousands of people at a time It has a flexible attribute as well as customer satisfaction A Chat Bot is constructed using natural language processing with the help of machine learning algorithm for training the bot and to make up the bot to perform in a right way and so training and testing is done using ML This paper gives an overview of Chat Bot and challenges we faced behind the Chat Bot with extra features of images Our proposed system is aimed at giving out the desired answers to a definite set of queries This can be best employed in the situation of COVID-19 since every industry demands the less use of contact between each other since it works on an offline basis


Dispersive mixing of high viscosity ratio blends was studied in a converging flow using a capillary rheometer equipped with dies having different entry profiles. Three inhomogeneous bimodal polyolefin blends, with stress-dependent viscosity ratios ranging from 8 to 450, were used in this work. Such magnitudes of viscosity ratio indicate that the dispersed droplets can be mixed only in an elongational flow field. The mixing efficiency was found to be dependent on both the profile of the convergence and flow rate. At the lowest flow rates, the dispersive mixing efficiency was very low, but it increased with an increasing flow rate until a profile-dependent maximum. This maximum mixing efficiency was observed prior to fracture of the matrix material, after which the efficiency decreased. Stress and deformation fields within different profiles were estimated by numerical simulation using the K-BKZ equation, and the results were used to interpret experimental results. The dispersive mixing efficiency was found to be proportional to the maximum elongational stress within the converging section, and to the length of the region where the critical conditions for elastic fracture of droplet material were met. It is shown that the dispersive mixing mechanism in high viscosity ratio blends is mainly dictated by elastic fracture of the droplet, and hence is applicable over a wide range of polymer blending processes.


The organisation of an Artificial Neural Network (e.g., the organisation in layers, the number of cells per layer, the degree of connectivity between the cells) has a big influence on its abilities (e.g., learning ability). In our work we present a novel method to organise the nodes and links of an Artificial Neural Network in a biologically motivated manner using virtual embryology. For this purpose we developed a virtual embryogenesis, which mimics processes observable in biology. In our system a virtual embryo consists of individual cells, controlled by a genome. These cells can develop to nodes in the ANN during the embryogenetic process. The embryo is implemented as a spatially discrete and temporally discrete multi-agent model. The cells in our model interact with each other via virtual physics and via virtual chemistry. With the work at hand, we show that patterns developing in our virtual embryogenesis are comparable to patterns found during natural embryogenesis. We plan to combine the described virtual embryology with Evolutionary Algorithms to optimise the genome of the embryo. We expect the described model of virtual embryology (in combination with Evolutionary Algorithms) to lead to novel, evolutionary shaped net structures of Artificial Neural Networks.


Background: Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the second leading cause of emergency admission to medical departments. According to former studies, patients with COPD often awaits and do not react in time to signs of disease worsening, which may result in delay of treatment and inappropriate hospital admissions. Aim/objectives: Contributes to increase patients9 quality of life and prognosis through an intensified proactive effort and development of competence of patients with COPD, relatives and healthcare professionals involved across sector boundaries, focusing on earlier identification and better treatment of exacerbation of COPD. Method: A development study. Through literature and medical journal audit, a tool was developed to identify patients with COPD at special risk for readmission to hospital. Through one year 98 patients were identified and offered two visits at home by a clinical pulmonary nurse specialist after admission, respectively, two weeks and four weeks after discharge. Focus was on earlier identification and better treatment of exacerbation of COPD. Also user perspectives were involved in the outcome through 11 semi-structured interviews of selected patients following complete study visits. Results: There were no changes in amount of readmissions during the study. The study patients were experienced in managing COPD symptoms and medication, but expressed an unmet need for COPD qualified help from primary care. Conclusion: This particular group of vulnerable patients with COPD had a heavy symptom burden in everyday life. They were experienced in their COPD disease management. The patients therefore had a need for special treatment and care during even a small exacerbation.


Objective Lexical fluency tests are frequently used to assess language and executive function in clinical practice. We investigated the influences of age, gender, and education on lexical verbal fluency in an educationally-diverse, elderly Korean population and provided its' normative information. Methods We administered the lexical verbal fluency test (LVFT) to 1676 community-dwelling, cognitively normal subjects aged 60 years or over. Results In a stepwise linear regression analysis, education (B=0.40, SE=0.02, standardized B=0.506) and age (B=-0.10, SE=0.01, standardized B=-0.15) had significant effects on LVFT scores (p<0.001), but gender did not (B=0.40, SE=0.02, standardized B=0.506, p>0.05). Education explained 28.5% of the total variance in LVFT scores, which was much larger than the variance explained by age (5.42%). Accordingly, we presented normative data of the LVFT stratified by age (60-69, 70-74, 75-79, and ≥80 years) and education (0-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, and ≥13 years). Conclusion The LVFT norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating elderly people and help improve the interpretation of verbal fluency tasks and allow for greater diagnostic accuracy.


CTD data collected during the KEEP-MASS expedition on the R/V "Akademik Alexandr Vinogradov" (ROC-Russia Marine Science Collaboration Project, cruise V23/KM92, July, 1992) were used for dynamic calculations of the currents observed to the east of Taiwan Island. Water circulation in the study area was analyzed on the basis of the surface chart of dynamic topography and distributions of meridianal and zonal components of current velocity fields. Based on the dynamic topography chart in the area to the east of Taiwan, the Kuroshio current is represented by two branches. One narrow branch runs along the eastern coast and forms a number of eddies when turning into the Okinawa Trough. Another branch separates from the coastal one near Lanhsu Island and generates anticyclonic and cyclonic meanders to the south-east of Taiwan. This circulation schematic is indirectly supported by the characteristics of potassium and the K/Cl ratio distribution.


The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial
 Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous
 conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the
 Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of
 developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its
 surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population
 interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental
 consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein
 Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse
 conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development,
 extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the
 highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy,
 low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and
 polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a
 situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all
 segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high
 degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is
 the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and
 high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally
 aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this
 territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part
 of the Plan's propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and
 infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve
 the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing
 the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive
 document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and
 measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and
 ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases
 deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN
 SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been
 under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that
 the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are
 still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the
 formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.


The Community of Practice (CofP; Wenger 1998) model of social learning has recently been a preferred lense for investigating professional practice in education. This chapter focuses on the experiences and resultant beliefs and practices of a group of teachers from a range of backgrounds (local, national, international) engaged in a highly diverse community of practice. Data were collected through a mixed focus group, interviews and written responses at a university in Southern China, where local, regional, mainland, autonomous territory and overseas Chinese, as well as native, non-native, second-generation and third-culture international teachers live, work and socialize. I argue that the study of CofPs needs to draw more on the diversity of its constituent members rather than focus on commonly-shared features.


Objective : A decrease in granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells and acini occurs in the submandibular glands of castrated female rats, while in rats submitted to hormone replacement and phytotherapy with soy isoflavones, this effect is reversed. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which these changes occur. Material and Methods : Rats (n=84) were ovariectomized and 21 were sham-operated. Ovariectomized rats were randomly subdivided and orally administered the following: 17 β-estradiol (OVX-E; n=21), 15 mg/kg/day of soy isoflavone extract (OVX-I; n=21), 17 β-estradiol + soy isoflavone extract (OVX-A; n=21); and water as placebo (OVX; n=21). The rats were euthanized three, five and eight weeks after ovariectomy. The submandibular salivary glands were submitted to histological processing with HE stain and immunohistochemistry was performed using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. The cell area and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and estrogen receptor β were evaluated. Results : The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. A decrease in the area of GCT cells in the OVX, was observed, in contrast with an increase in the OVX-E. PCNA in the acinar cells and estrogen receptors were elevated in the OVX-I group. Conclusion : Castration exerts an immediate reductive effect on the volume of GCT cells. Estrogens, soy isoflavones and their combination have different mechanisms of action on the homeostasis of the gland. Estrogens cause an increase in GCT cells area, while isoflavones enhance cell proliferation and the expression of estrogen receptor-β. Their association showed no additional increase in the effect studied. Keywords Estrogen; Morphometry; Salivary glands; Soy isoflavones.


In this paper we study the problem of synthesizing correct-by-construction Behavior Trees (BTs) controlling agents in adversarial environments. The proposed approach combines the modularity and reactivity of BTs with the formal guarantees of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) methods. Given a set of admissible environment specifications, an agent model in form of a Finite Transition System and the desired task in form of an LTL formula, we synthesize a BT in polynomial time, that is guaranteed to correctly execute the desired task. To illustrate the approach, we present three examples of increasing complexity.


There has long been an advocacy for the sociology of international law, and yet it has never been constructed so systematically and axiomatically as in this book. Based on vital terms such as 'action' and 'system,' this book has conducted an investigation into the 'auspices' or the fundamental international sociological conditions over which international law is built, and accordingly, into how international law can control global relations. The significance of this work lies in its aim of showing by the application of a consistent logic, how complex observed phenomena can be explained and understood on the basis of certain shared fundamental perceptions drawn from common experience. By asking how a state acts in a complex system that consists of at least two subsystems having different goals and different logics, two specific issues are discussed: (1) The relationship between domestic and international law, namely, that between Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan and the UN Charter (especially the provisions for a collective security system as mentioned in chapter VII), (2) The relationship between international law and international politics, namely, the relationship between the prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons and the logic of nuclear deterrence.


When fuel prices increased in 2000, there were concerns about the impact on the transport sector. Therefore, it was considered worthwhile to simulate the effects of a significant and durable change in oil prices on transport cost, transport demand, and transport externalities. Using TREMOVE, the partial equilibrium model on the transport sector, which was developed in the context of the European Auto-Oil II Programme, this paper simulates what could happen to transport costs, transport demand and transport emissions if the low oil price or the high oil price were maintained in the long run. This work is the first use of TREMOVE in the European Commission outside its initial purpose, which was to provide cost-effectiveness analysis for the measures defined in the Auto-Oil II Programme. As the model is currently being reviewed, both the outcomes of the simulation and the problems or limits encountered, constitute valuable input for the definition of an improved version of the model.


Context. Herschel observations of water and highly excited CO ( J > 9) have allowed the physical and chemical conditions in the more active parts of protostellar outflows to be quantified in detail for the first time. However, to date, the studied samples of Class 0/I protostars in nearby star-forming regions have been selected from bright, well-known sources and have not been large enough for statistically significant trends to be firmly established. Aims. We aim to explore the relationships between the outflow, envelope and physical properties of a flux-limited sample of embedded low-mass Class 0/I protostars. Methods. We present spectroscopic observations in H 2 O, CO and related species with Herschel HIFI and PACS, as well as ground-based follow-up with the JCMT and APEX in CO, HCO + and isotopologues, of a sample of 49 nearby ( d Spitzer and Herschel photometric surveys of the Gould Belt. This more than doubles the sample of sources observed by the WISH and DIGIT surveys. These data are used to study the outflow and envelope properties of these sources. We also compile their continuum spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from the near-IR to mm wavelengths in order to constrain their physical properties (e.g. L bol , T bol and M env ). Results. Water emission is dominated by shocks associated with the outflow, rather than the cooler, slower entrained outflowing gas probed by ground-based CO observations. These shocks become less energetic as sources evolve from Class 0 to Class I. Outflow force, measured from low- J CO, also decreases with source evolutionary stage, while the fraction of mass in the outflow relative to the total envelope (i.e. M out / M env ) remains broadly constant between Class 0 and I. The median value of ~1% is consistent with a core to star formation efficiency on the order of 50% and an outflow duty cycle on the order of 5%. Entrainment efficiency, as probed by F CO / Ṁ acc , is also invariant with source properties and evolutionary stage. The median value implies a velocity at the wind launching radius of 6.3 km s -1 , which in turn suggests an entrainment efficiency of between 30 and 60% if the wind is launched at ~1 AU, or close to 100% if launched further out. L [O i] is strongly correlated with L bol but not with M env , in contrast to low- J CO, which is more closely correlated with the latter than the former. This suggests that [O i] traces the present-day accretion activity of the source while CO traces time-averaged accretion over the dynamical timescale of the outflow. H 2 O is more strongly correlated with M env than L bol , but the difference is smaller than low- J CO, consistent with water emission primarily tracing actively shocked material between the wind, traced by [O i], and the entrained molecular outflow, traced by low- J CO. L [O i] does not vary from Class 0 to Class I, unlike CO and H 2 O. This is likely due to the ratio of atomic to molecular gas in the wind increasing as the source evolves, balancing out the decrease in mass accretion rate. Infall signatures are detected in HCO + and H 2 O in a few sources, but still remain surprisingly illusive in single-dish observations.


The increasing importance of network connections coupled with the lack of abundant link capacity suggests that the day when service guarantees are required by individual connections is not far off. In this dissertation we describe a networking architecture that can efficiently provide end-to-end delay guarantees on a per-connection basis.
In order to provide any kind of service guarantee it is imperative for the source traffic to be accurately characterized at the ingress to the network. Furthermore, this characterization should be enforceable through the use of a traffic shaper (or similar device). We go one step further and assume an extensive use of traffic shapers at each of the network elements. Reshaping makes the traffic at each node more predictable and therefore simplifies the task of providing efficient delay guarantees to individual connections. The use of per-connection reshapers to regulate traffic at each hop in the network is referred to as a Rate Controlled Service (RCS) discipline in (52). By exploiting some properties of traffic shapers we demonstrate how the per-hop reshaping does not increase the bound on the end-to-end delay experienced by a connection. In particular, we show that an appropriate choice of traffic shaper parameters enables the RCS discipline to provide better end-to-end delay guarantees than any other service discipline known today.
The RCS discipline can provide efficient end-to-end delay guarantees to a connection; however, by definition it is not work-conserving. This fact may increase the average delay that is observed by a connection even if there is no congestion in the network. We outline a mechanism by which an RCS discipline can be modified to be work-conserving without sacrificing the efficient end-to-end delay guarantees that can be provided to individual connections. Using the notion of service curves to bound the service process at each network element, we are able to provide an upper bound on the buffers required to ensure zero loss at the network element. Finally, we examine how the RCS discipline can be used in the context of the Guaranteed Services specification that is currently in the process of being standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force.


In this chapter a novel, reversible all-glass system consisting of dry-assembly, interlocking cast glass components is introduced that can tackle the irreversibility, strict tolerances and meticulous construction process of the adhesively bonded system presented in Chapters 5 and 6. Thanks to the interlocking geometry, the proposed system can attain the desired stiffness with the aid of minimal, if any, metal framing. The integrity and structural stability of the assembly is provided by the shape and the arrangement of the blocks themselves. The use of adhesives is obviated in the system by employing a dry, colourless interlayer as an intermediate medium between the glass components. The deformation of the interlayer can compensate for surface asperities and dimensional tolerances, allowing for an even stress distribution. Moreover, the dry-assembly enables the structure to be dis- and reassembled, which is critical for a circular economy in the built environment. Accordingly, this chapter lists the key considerations and establishes the design criteria for the development of interlocking cast glass structures. Based on the established criteria, various component geometries, forms and interlocking mechanisms are developed. The interlocking forms are kiln cast in 1:2 scale and are comparatively assessed in terms of mechanical interlocking capacity, mass distribution, residual stress generation and ease of fabrication. In parallel, a literature research is conducted on different materials for the dry, transparent interlayer, concluding that interlayers of the polyurethane family (PU and TPU) present the highest potential for a building application. From the developed designs, osteomorphic blocks are selected as the most promising concept to be further investigated.


Quiescence of the lung mesenchyme in the absence of injury requires Hedgehog signaling. Unless injured, many tissues are quiescent, which has been considered a default state that occurs in the absence of proliferative signals. Peng et al. examined tissue homeostasis and injury response in the adult mouse lung and determined that Hedgehog signaling was necessary to maintain the mesenchyme in the quiescent state. Using genetically encoded reporters showed that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) was expressed in a subset of epithelial cells in the airway and the gene encoding the Shh effector protein Gli was expressed in the adjacent mesenchymal cells. Lineage tracing combined with marker analysis to identify dividing cells indicated that the Gli-positive cells were not proliferating in the uninjured lung. Knockout of Shh in the adult lung epithelial cells or knockout of Smo, which encodes the Shh-activated protein Smoothened, in the Gli-positive mesenchymal cells resulted in proliferation and increased numbers of mesenchymal cells in the absence of injury. In two chemically-induced lung injury models, reporter analysis indicated that Shh and Gli expression were reduced in the injured epithelium and mesenchyme, respectively. Introduction of a constitutively active form of Smo blocked injury-induced proliferation of Gli-positive cells, which were identified by lineage tracing. Several months after injury when the tissue had been repaired, the epithelium was reconstituted, and the tissue was quiescent, Shh and Gli expression returned to amounts similar to those in uninjured lung. Knockout of Smo in the Gli-positive cells prevented the return to quiescence after injury and resulted in excessive proliferation of both the mesenchymal cells and the Shh-producing epithelial cells, suggesting a feedback circuit between these cells that involves Hedgehog signaling actively controls lung tissue homeostasis. T. Peng, D. B. Frank, R. S. Kadzik, M. P. Morley, K. S. Rathi, T. Wang, S. Zhou, L. Cheng, M. M. Lu, E. E. Morrisey, Hedgehog actively maintains adult lung quiescence and regulates repair and regeneration. Nature 526, 578–582 (2015). [PubMed]


Measurements of the Standard Model Higgs boson decaying into a $b\bar{b}$ pair and produced in association with a $W$ or $Z$ boson decaying into leptons, using proton-proton collision data collected between 2015 and 2018 by the ATLAS detector, are presented. The measurements use collisions produced by the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = $13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb$^{-1}$. The production of a Higgs boson in association with a $W$ or $Z$ boson is established with observed (expected) significances of 4.0 (4.1) and 5.3 (5.1) standard deviations, respectively. Cross-sections of associated production of a Higgs boson decaying into bottom quark pairs with an electroweak gauge boson, $W$ or $Z$, decaying into leptons are measured as a function of the gauge boson transverse momentum in kinematic fiducial volumes. The cross-section measurements are all consistent with the Standard Model expectations, and the total uncertainties vary from 30% in the high gauge boson transverse momentum regions to 85% in the low regions. Limits are subsequently set on the parameters of an effective Lagrangian sensitive to modifications of the $WH$ and $ZH$ processes as well as the Higgs boson decay into $b\bar{b}$.


This paper calls for a green cultural criminology that is more attuned to narrative and a narrative criminology that does not limit itself to non-fictional stories of offenders. This paper argues that (1) narratives or stories can reveal how we have instigated or sustained harmful action with respect to the environment and can portray a world suffering from the failure to effect desistance from harmful action; and (2) narratives or stories can, may and possess the potential to shape future action (or can stimulate thought regarding future action) with respect to the natural world, its ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. A wide range of fictional stories is offered as examples and illustrations, and the benefits of a literary bend to the overall criminological endeavor are considered.


White, Leanne.  Dilly Dally All Day Long .  Albany, Australia:  Wild Eyed Press, 2013.  Print. In Australian Aboriginal origin stories, the ancestors dreamed the world into existence. The stories explain how things came to be the way that they are today and often contain morals or lessons.  This "Dreamtime" is also frequently featured in Aboriginal art with the figures drawn with dotted, light-coloured outlines. While this book is about Aboriginal children in the Northern Territory and reminiscent of traditional works, it is the work of non-Aboriginal people.  The whole book has a "dreamy" and idyllic feel to it.  The story is a simple one.  A brother and sister, Ollie and Rosie, head out towards a billabong, or water hole, and on the way they dawdle or "dilly dally", encountering a variety of animals.  They see the brolgas, bee-eaters, cranes, finches, and a lizard, all the while watching out for dangerous crocodiles.  They and their friends jump into the billabong to swim, but suddenly someone spots the crocodile and everyone is frightened out.  They run home and as they retreat, they revisit all of the animals, in turn, giving the book a repetitive quality that children love.  Irene King's illustrations remind the reader of Dreamtime drawings.  The illustrations, she told me via e-mail, are all drawn first with white chalk outline and then filled in with colour.  As a result all the figures have the characteristic white outlines.  The similarity of illustration ends there, though.  King's illustration style is more complex, capturing the movement as the children dance with the brolgas and duck and dive with the bee-eaters in arcs and splashes of colour both rich and bright.   The multicoloured text, which is printed over the full-page images, is simple and there are many words that appear in contrasting colours to make them stand out from the rest of the text.  While one might expect those words to be in a glossary, there isn't one.  They may be part of a planned teaching package, which Wild Eyed Press sometimes creates to go along with books.  The front of the book refers the reader to wildeyed press.com.au for colouring books and activities, but at the time of writing this review, the publisher had not yet made them available for this book.  It is no matter, though, because the book stands on its own as a pleasant portrayal of Aboriginal children having fun in nature.  For even more fun, there is a delightful bit of a twist at the end of the book as well. This would be a good book to read to a young child or an engaging work for an early reader.  Highly recommended for public and school libraries.  Highly recommended:  4 stars out of 4 Reviewer:  Sandy Campbell Sandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give.


Architecture makes it possible to understand society. Architecture consists to build something with elements and a plan, so the description of that you want to build. When we have built something we can try to understand how society is built. My Notes Ask your parents to help you building something, to design around you.


The permanent removal of data from computer disks has always been problematic. This has been due, in part, to the lack of availability of tools, and in part due to the misperception by the user that when a file is deleted it is destroyed and cannot be recovered and that when a disk is formatted, the data is destroyed. In this paper, we examine a number of the commonly available tools to determine how effectively they function and whether they achieve the aim of the effective destruction of data


Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive hope enhancing training on the profile of character strengths in dysthymic clients. Method: Subjects of the study were 40 clients with dysthymic disorder, who were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. At first, the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) was administered to them as pre- test for both groups. Then the experimental group received 6 sessions of cognitive hope enhancing training. The control group did not receive any training. At the end of training, the VIA-IS administered again to all subjects as post- test. Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that after cognitive hope enhancing training, the means of the character strengths of the training group were significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: This study showed that cognitive hope enhancing training is an effective intervention to improve strengths of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance,


Background: Successful periodontal regeneration is considered a gold standard for periodontists. Several GTR materials and bone grafts have been attempted but showed variable success rates. Objective: The present randomized clinical and radiographic study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) by using equine bioabsorbable collagen membrane with or without equine bone graft in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects affected by aggressive periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Ten systemically healthy patients with 20 periodontal intrabony defects were enrolled as a split mouth design. These defects were affected with aggressive periodontitis. The recorded measurements included plaque index, gingival bleeding index, gingival recession, PPD, clinical attachment level, radiographic defect depth and radiographic density. The defects were randomly distributed either as a control group (equine bioabsorbable collagen membrane alone) or a test group (equine bioabsorbable collagen membrane combined with equine bone graft). Results: The inter& intra-group comparison showed no significant differences between studied groups nor within each group for these clinical parameters (PI, BI & GR), except only gingival recession within group 1. On contrary, the inter& intra-group comparison showed significant differences between studied groups and within each one for these parameters (PPD, CAL, RDD & RD). At 18-month examination, PPD reduction was significantly greater in GTR + bone graft group (3.80±1.33 mm) compared with GTR group (2.60±1.57 mm), and clinical attachment level gain were 3.60±1.15 and 2.20±1.26 respectively. Radiographic DD reduction was similarly greater in GTR + bone graft group (3.30 ± 0.84 mm) compared with GTR group (2.40±1.09 mm). Also, the change in the radiographic density indicated a significant greater gain of mean gray level as (19.90 ± 16.00) in group 2 whereas 7.10±10.65 in group 1. Conclusion: Use of GTR bioresorbable membrane with bone graft showed significant improved outcomes when compared to use of bioresorbable membrane in treating aggressive periodontitis. However, the studied groups showed significant improvement within each group when baseline & 18 month data were compared.


Society is labeled as the knowledge society, information society, network society, risk society. Economy is also characterized as knowledge-based economy and the creative economy. Knowledge and the quality of knowledge production is as an important criteria for the comprehensive national strength, as a capacity of organizational development and a token of power. Researchers have been debating over and emphasizing the importance of innovation, creativity, knowledge production or continuous work-based learning for the current economy, where it is no doubt that knowledge is the key. When speaking of knowledge, I suppose, the notion of learning should also be considered. One may often come across terms such as "knowledge sharing", " knowledge acquisition", "knowledge production", "knowledge construction" and "knowledge creation". If the above terms are linked up as an ongoing and continuous procedure of knowledge receiving, perception, negotiation, production and reproduction, individuals' learning is permeable throughout the whole procedure. Knowledge is not only the impetus for an individual to learn, but also the outcome of learning. Social constructionist Wenger (1998) interprets the social theory of learning, where learning is as doing, as becoming, as experience and as belonging. Vygotsky notes "zone of proximal development"(Vygotsky 1978:86) emphasizing on the learning environment and learning context that learner is engaged in as well as the learning capacity that contributes and is produced by the continuous learning process (Matthews and Candy 1999). Marton and Ramsden (1988) suggest in accordance with the learning-in-context arguments that "the way individuals learn is a function of the way they perceive the learning task and the learning analysis environment" ( Matthews and Candy 1999:51). In this paper, the issue of emotional resonance of shared native language is looked upon in the context of multilingual communities of practice. The purpose of this study is to find out in a multilingual context: how the ERSNL negotiates the course of one's meaning making; how the ERSNL shapes one's engagement in the practice and one's relationship with others; how the ERSNL interacts with one's membership acquisition and selfidentification. The qualitative approach and the case study strategy are applied in the paper. On the account of understanding the linguistic and emotional issues studied, observation and interview methods are mainly used for collecting data.


Zygomatic implants have been in use for more than two decades, and clinical follow-up studies have shown good outcomes. However, this treatment approach is only now seeing a strong resurgence of interest because it can provide patients with a fixed dentition in a short amount of time without any grafts, general anesthesia, or morbidity from a donor site, even in challenging clinical situations. Thus, a technique of relative complexity becomes minimally invasive in its application.
This book reviews the state of the art of zygomatic implant placement and outlines several new surgical techniques and adjunctive procedures, including the zygoma anatomy-guided approach (ZAGA). The authors cover the fundamentals of using zygomatic implants, including the rationale behind the approach, anatomical and biomechanical considerations, imaging of the zygoma, correct implant trajectory, possible sinus reactions, contraindications, prosthodontic considerations, and management of complications.

 With beautiful anatomical and surgical illustrations throughout, this book will arm clinicians with clear guidelines for using zygomatic implants in the maxillary rehabilitation of edentulous patients.


Abstract A fungicide-spray scheduling scheme for tomatoes called TOM-CAST (tomato forecaster) was adapted for use with operational weather data in order to increase the number of users by eliminating the need for in-field measurements of hourly temperature and leaf wetness duration. Such schemes reduce cost, environmental risk, and the development of resistance to the fungicide. Duration of wetness was estimated as the length of time that the dewpoint depression (T−Td) remained between two specified limits, indicating the onset and offset of wetness. Several methods of obtaining the necessary temperature and dewpoint data were investigated. The preferred method, considering accuracy and simplicity, involved synthesis of hourly temperatures from locally observed daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and estimation of dewpoints from two Environment Canada hourly weather stations. With appropriate calibration, the scheme was able to match the number of sprays required by TOM-CAST exactly or within one spray.


Despite the escalation of football coaches' salaries at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) institutions, little empirical investigation has been undertaken to identify the determinants of their compensation. As such, the purpose of this study is to explain how the level of coaching compensation is determined based on three theoretical perspectives in managerial compensation: marginal productivity theory, human capital theory, and managerialism. The analysis of compensation data of head football coaches at FBS institutions in 2006–2007 shows that the maximum total compensation of these coaches increases with their past performance. The results further reveal that coaches with greater human capital tend to receive a compensation package where bonuses account for a smaller proportion of the maximum total compensation. Overall, these findings mostly confirm the predictions drawn from managerial productivity theory, human capital theory and managerialism.


In 2005, the State of California and the Big Lagoon Rancheria American Indian Tribe reached an agreement whereby the tribe agreed to forego development plans for a casino on environmentally sensitive lands in exchange for the right to build a casino in Barstow, California. In January 2008, the Department of the Interior denied the Rancheria's land-into-trust application for land in Barstow based on the Department's newly issued "commutable distance" memorandum. This denial represents a missed opportunity to allow California and the tribe to cooperate in fashioning a workable tribal-state compact. The Department should abandon the guidance memorandum and allow tribes to pursue offreservation gaming in appropriate instances where the proposed development enjoys political support at the local level. In exchange, states should be afforded greater deference under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act to achieve some level of regulatory control to address the offreservation impacts of casino development.


The Asian financial crisis increased economic disparities in the East Asian region, thus making monetary integration more difficult, but rekindled political interest in Asian monetary and exchange rate cooperation. This paper applies the theory of Generalized Purchasing Power Parity (G-PPP), which looks at the behavior of long-run real exchange rates, to assess the potential for an optimum currency area (OCA) among a subset of East Asian countries based on five of the more advanced members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN5). Our findings suggest little support for an OCA for ASEAN5 as a bloc prior to the Asian financial crisis and mixed results in the post-crisis period. In particular, asymmetries in the way countries adjust to shocks and low or insignificant speeds of adjustment were found. Thus, although the application of single OCA criteria is notoriously demanding and our tests apply to only one of the many criteria for the successful formation of an OCA, we cannot find persuasive evidence that ASEAN5 as a group constitute a potential currency area with either the USA or Japan, even when the 'noisy' period of the Asian financial crisis is omitted.


Background Childbirth and puerperium are of the most important periods in women's lives and can affect different aspects of their lives. Objective To determine the effect of perineal massage in the second stage of labor on perineal lacerations, episiotomy, and perineal pain in nulliparous women. Methods This randomization clinical trial was conducted at Be'sat Hospital in Sanandaj, Iran, from 2013 to 2014. A total of 195 nulliparous women were included in the study. The participants were selected through convenience sampling, and randomly assigned to two groups: intervention and control groups. The intervention group received 30-minute perineal massage during second stage of labor. Subsequently, we analyzed perineal laceration, episiotomy, and perineal pain among the two groups. All of them were taught about postpartum perineal pain and its severity, and the researcher followed them up 3 days, 10 days, and 3 months after childbirth by telephone. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. We used descriptive statistics and analytical statistics, including t test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's test. Results Frequency of episiotomy was 69.47% in the intervention group and 92.31% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The results revealed 23.16% of first-degree perineal laceration and 2.11% of second-degree perineal laceration in the intervention group, and no vestibular laceration or third- and fourth-degree lacerations in the intervention group. However, there were 5.13% of vestibular laceration, 7.69% of first-degree laceration, 2.56% of second-degree laceration, and 1.05% of third-degree laceration (one woman) in the control group. Based on the results, the postpartum perineal pain was significantly different in both groups. Conclusion Regarding the results of this study and those of other studies, perineal massage during the second stage of labor can reduce the need to episiotomy, perineal injuries, and perineal pain. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct.ID: IRCT2013090314556N1. Funding This study received by financial support of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.


Contents Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. From Democracy to Dictatorship, 1918-1944 Chapter 3. Postwar Reconstruction and Transitional Politics, 1944-1948 Chapter 4. 'Control Must Rest Firmly in our Hands': The Reconstruction of the Security Apparatus in the Soviet Zone of Occupation Chapter 5. 'A regime, not a government has changed': The Reconstruction of the Security Apparatus in Romania Chapter 6. Control versus Chaos: The Soviet Zone in Germany and Romania Compared Chapter 7. Epilogue Bibliography About the Author


Service organizations for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) increasingly use telecare applications to improve their services. This study explored the usefulness of offering the 24/7 online support service DigiContact within a broader mix of professional services for people with IDD living independently. We employed a qualitative multiple case study, in which the cases of nine online support users were reconstructed through semistructured interviews with both support users and their case workers. Thematic analysis showed that online support was used as an addition to regular onsite support to enable a more tailor-made delivery of professional supports. Online support can be valuable for its users by increasing the accessibility of professional support and creating opportunities for more self-direction in support.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Many scholars agree that vast and diverse Russian consumer markets are under-researched, and further conceptual and empirical studies are needed to better understand cultural issues and their effect on consumer behavior. This paper contributes to the exploration of cross-cultural communications and brand marketing in contemporary Russia. This study represents a conceptual framework, continuing and enhancing prior research conducted by many scholars. Diverse environments and the fluid nature of Russian consumer psychology call for further brand marketing research to better understand and more accurately predict consumer behaviors, particularly those leading them from initial intent to actual purchase. The paper analyzes links between tangible and intangible brand equity components to illustrate and explain the evolution of consumer psychology as the economy transitioned from Soviet central planning to the unique Russian model of capitalism. It is shown that in this transitional economy, consumers demonstrate a strong propensity to buy "heritage" Western brands, i.e., brands familiar to Russians during Soviet times, rather than "new" brands, which appeared on the market after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The concept of INverse BRAnd NOSTalgia (INBRANOST) is introduced to interpret certain antecedents of consumer behavior. INBRANOST is attributed primarily to consumers who spent their adolescent and adult years in the scarcity-driven Soviet society; were deprived Western brand experience; and now seek "retribution" through ownership of "heritage" brand name products. The paper links consumer purchase intent to gender, age and culture-related matters. Capitalizing on existing theoretical and empirical research of Russian consumer ethnocentrism referenced in the paper, this study focuses on brand equity aberrations. "Heritage" brands enjoy popularity among wealthy and influential consumer groups and sell in Russia at premium prices. At the same time "new" brands gain market share at a slower pace and a greater advertising and promotional cost than those predicted by Western marketing models. Such brand equity aberrations are the subject of an in-depth analysis in the paper. Keywords: Cross-Cultural Research, Russia, Brand Perception, Nostalgia, Transitional Economy, Consumer Behavior, Positioning Strategy, Heritage Preference Formation, Brand Choice. ********** Russia is one of the countries where perception of many brands is strongly influenced by consumer cultural heritage. This view is consistently supported by studies of Soviet consumers conducted in the 1960s and '70s (Greer 1973; Barksdale, Kelly and MacFarlane 1978) as well as consumer research in contemporary Russia. Rapid political and economic transition in modern Russia led to greater social inequality (Supphellen and Gronhaug 2003) and created a contradictory cultural environment. Highly uneven distribution of household income further increased societal stratification along multiple dimensions. This process exacerbated historical variations of consumer ethnocentrism and contributed to the formation of consumer subcultures based on wealth, regional affiliation, feeling of national identity, etc. (Thelen, Ford and Honeycutt 2003; Thelen and Honeycutt 2004; Anttonen, Tuunanen and Alon 2005). Published research also found that consumer ethnocentrism is affected by nostalgic feelings for the past: "firms need to be aware of and capitalize on nostalgia in Russia" (Thelen, Ford and Honeycutt 2003; 2006b). We will discuss this finding and examine its application in greater detail later in this paper. Russian consumers are known to inconsistently and unpredictably respond to Western-style marketing campaigns (Wells 1994; Wells and Van Auken 2006), and this is not surprising. Cross-cultural miscommunications and heritage issues create incongruity between the brand perception intended by Western marketers and the one that is perceived by Russian consumers (Andrews, Durvasula, Netemeyer 1994), and cause poor correlation of brand product sales with investments in respective public relations and advertising campaigns in "enigmatic" Russia. …


Despite their crucial impact on the performances of p2p systems, very few is known on peers behaviors in such networks. We propose here a study of these of these behaviors in a running environment using a semi-centralised p2p system (eDonkey). To achieve this, we use a trace of the queries made to a large server managing up to fifty thousands peers simultaneously, and a few thousands query per second. We analyse these data using complex network methods, and focus in particular on the degrees, their correlations, and their time-evolution. Results show a large variety of observed phenomena, including the variety of peers behaviors and heterogeneity of data queries, which should be taken into account when designing p2p systems.


In today's Sweden there is great belief in entrepreneurship and the benefits it can bring to the country. The Swedish government has taken note of this growing enthusiasm and realized the contribution it can make to facilitate national growth. Successful efforts have been made in Sweden to support entrepreneurship and innovation, which has resulted in a relative ease for individuals to start their own businesses.The number of companies started today is higher than ever and there are signs of a common faith in growth among new entrepreneurs. Unfortunately only a small fraction of these new businesses succeed in growing big. The harsh truth is that these companies will not contribute to national growth if they do not grow themselves. But what is preventing them from growing?A number of studies have shown that both the environment and the entrepreneur himself are important factors when examining companies' growth. That is because the environment affects the entrepreneur's strategic decisions and forces him/her to act in certain ways. These decisions, in turn, affect the company, that can then demonstrategrowth (or not).By examining five different factors that can influence the entrepreneur's opportunity for growth, this study concludes that a number of political decisions and conditions can constitute as barriers for growth while a strong entrepreneurial orientation can help the entrepreneur to deal with negative factors in the environment.


Crime is a complexed and multifaceted phenomenon with multiple causes and effects, as it takes on various forms and functions in different contexts. Children and juvenile criminal behavior is frequently determined by many factors: an adverse impact of the family, lack of occupation, involvement in criminal groups. Family, school, peers, mass media and children's occupation are the main factor of socialization, on which social training, formation of social skills of the maturing individual depend to a great extent. Youth non formal education is purposeful activity, developing personal, social and educational competences of a young person. Taking a participation in a non formal education young person becomes more active, creative, working, often even his/her behaviour changes. It's especially common for pupils, that where known because of the opposite to our named skills at school. Specialists of interpersonal relationship maintain that main reason of the most of misapprehension and personal problems is unequal communication, so that pipelining personality needs situations, that he would feel safe, could express himself and experienced joy of dissemination his abilities. Wide spectrum of intellectual and practical activities provide institutions of non formal education capability to react to a youth social need more quickly, so that non formal institutions, giving alternative approaches for organizing free-time is performing a preventive work. Research showed that 97 % of Child right protection services and 98 % Youth clubs/day centres' workers opinion, non formal education is as important part of youth delinquency preventive system. Responders pointed out that the most effective implementation of youth delinquency prevention is increasing of child busyness. More active involvement into non formal education could be promoted by these factors: free or inexpensive services; quality and attraction of services; staff competence; more ample information about clubs and day centres.


In order to find out the variation law of ink stickiness during the printing, the ink tack value under 9 different linear velocities of ink distributing roller was tested, and the relation equations between tack value and the roller linear velocity were built up. At the same time, the plastic viscosities of 8 offset inks and their tack values under 9 separation velocities were also tested. The study results showed that the higher the linear speed was, the larger the tack value was, and it would stay in a relatively high tack value (regarded as infinite tack value). Also, the printing ink having high viscosity may possess low tack value.


The silent adoption entails a contract between several parties: the foster child, the family social worker, the institution, and the parents. This adoption arises partly from the need for the child to distance him or herself from guilty feelings about the parent-murder he thinks he has committed, and partly from the echo effect that re-actualizes a wound that has been poorly elaborated or unelaborated in the adult. The narcissistic dimension is prevalent here.


In order to develop the engineers of the future, engineering departments need to embrace innovative, student-centered practices. The development and sustained growth of organizational improvement practices like those needed to improve engineering education depend upon an institutions' or departments' collective and individualized attention to human resources, leadership, knowledge development, revenue development and opportunities for continuous engagement. The literature in engineering education related to sustainability and curricular change indicates initial training and dissemination is necessary though not sufficient for change to take root, that all change agents need mentoring, collaboration opportunities, and venues for sharing their work, that innovative practices may vary across settings, and that a systemic effort needs continuous attention to remain robust. The paper provides CAHSI as an example of sustained innovation, and details the ways in which CAHSI was designed for sustained impact in engineering education across partnering Hispanic Serving Institutions. The paper highlights programmatic considerations and evaluation design, and describes how the results can inform leadership regarding progress and needs for sustaining change.


However, the beneficial effects of fish oil, which is fortified in omega-3 fatty acids, is known. But its high sensitivity to oxidation and the formation of undesirable compounds has limited its use in food systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the encapsulation of fish oil in chitosan-stearic acid nanogel, by Pickering emulsion method and import it into a food system (Gummy candy) and investigation the physicomechanical properties of the product. Initially, chitosan-stearic acid nanogel was created by self-assemble method and the results of FTIR confirmed the successful connection between chitosan and stearic acid. Also, SEM image showed that the nanoparticles formation was spherical nearly. In the next step, fish oil Pickering emulsions were prepared in different concentrations using chitosan-stearic acid nanogel and used in formulation of gummy candy and in continue, the texture profile analysis (TPA) and also the measurements of the color indexes of the samples were performed. The results of TPA showed that the existence of the nanogel, increased the Springiness (from% 88.5 to% 92.5) and adhesion (from Ns 0.33 to Ns 0.63) and reduced the hardness (from N 178.6 to N 125.8) of texture of gummy candy samples. On the other hand, the presence of fish oil reduced all of the texture indexes. About the color indexs, the nanogel decreased the L * (from 58.13 to 56.46) and a * (from -5.5 to -4.4) indexes. Also, the results showed that fish oil in combination with nanogels reduced the color indexes.


How was it possible that numerous nineteenth-century readers believed in the authenticity of a made-up sensational story about a mesmerist experiment that supposedly arrested its subject between life and death? By juxtaposing Edgar Allan Poe's "Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" with Justinus Kerner's medical case history "The Seeress of Prevorst," this essay compares the narrative constructions of verisimilitude in science and fiction. But in exploring the viral dissemination of "Valdemar," I also analyze how nineteenth-century print media produced content and credence by means of reprinting—a circular feedback reminiscent of our current world of social media, where unfounded or disproven stories gain credibility by being circulated, shared, and retweeted.


Rubach (2000) proposes a modified version of Optimality Theory (OT) that features derivations. While Prince and Smolensky's (1993) original formulation requires some modification, argue here that, rather than reintroducing derivations, the correct approach is to take fuller advantage of OT's inherent parallelism. I propose that outputs must be related not only to inputs, but to other, neighboring representations as wella feature that is shared by both the output-to-output faithfulness approach and the theory of targeted constraints developed by Wilson (2000, to appear). I show that all the cases cited by Rubach that seem to support derivations are in fact handled by the latter two related theories, and that both ofthese have significant advantages over derivations.


An RNA virus of a parasite binds to human Toll-like receptor 3 and modulates host immune responses to the parasite. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infections with intracellular parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus, including Leishmania guyanensis. The pathology develops after parasite dissemination to nasopharyngeal tissues, where destructive metastatic lesions form with chronic inflammation. Currently, the mechanisms involved in lesion development are poorly understood. Here we show that metastasizing parasites have a high Leishmania RNA virus–1 (LRV1) burden that is recognized by the host Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Paradoxically, these TLR3-mediated immune responses rendered mice more susceptible to infection, and the animals developed an increased footpad swelling and parasitemia. Thus, LRV1 in the metastasizing parasites subverted the host immune response to Leishmania and promoted parasite persistence.


Objective To improve the understanding of the determinants of prognosis and accurate risk stratification in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Design Multicentre collaboration of prospective cohorts. Setting 6 cohorts from the USA, Canada, Hong Kong and Spain. Participants From a published meta-analysis of risk stratification studies in CAP, the authors identified and pooled individual patient-level data from six prospective cohort studies of CAP (three from the USA, one each from Canada, Hong Kong and Spain) to create the International CAP Collaboration Cohort. Initial essential inclusion criteria of meta-analysis were (1) prospective design, (2) in English language, (3) reported 30-day mortality and transfer to an intensive or high dependency care and (4) minimum 1000 participants. Common baseline patient characteristics included demographics, history and physical examination findings, comorbidities and laboratory and radiographic findings. Primary and secondary outcome measures This paper reports the rationale, hypotheses and analytical framework and also describes study cohorts and patients. The authors aim to (1) compare the prognostic accuracy of existing CAP risk stratification tools, (2) assess patient-level determinants of prognosis, (3) improve risk stratification by combined use of scoring systems and (4) understand prognostic factors for specific patient groups. Results The six cohorts assembled from 1991 to 2007 included 13 784 patients (median age 71 years, 54% men). Aside from one randomised controlled study, the remaining five were cohort studies, but all had similar inclusion criteria. Overall, there was 0%–6% missing data. A total of 6159 (44%) had severe pneumonia by Pneumonia Severity Index class IV/V. Mortality at 30 days was 8% (1036). Admission to intensive care or high dependency unit was also 8% (1059). Conclusions International CAP Collaboration Cohort provides a pooled multicentre data set of patients with CAP, which will help us to better understand the prognosis of CAP.


The diversity of students in today's classrooms has highlighted the need for teachers to recognize differences in the way students learn to write, as well as in the cultural and social experiences they bring to the learning situation. This article profiles three students and demonstrates how they constructed and revised their writing in different ways. The revision practices the author identified were deleting, substituting, adding text, and rewording or reorganizing text at the microlevel, as well as revising at the macrolevel (in which changes affected the meaning of the students' writing).

Findings were surprising: Not only did the young writers compose and revise their texts in quite different ways (just as adult writers do), but they were aware of the metacognitive decisions they made and confidently explained and justified these decisions. Difference in revision practices was especially evident in the way the writers worked through the planning, drafting, and presenting phases of the writing process. Differences were also seen in the way the writers reworked transactional and poetic text. This reflected teacher pedagogy and also the writers' flexibility and desire to establish particular language meanings.


To better understand the dynamics of P in soil and plants, chemical characterization and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were applied to a natural vegetation system dominated by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) and British bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm.) and to different types of organically amended agricultural soils. Organic P (Po) was dominant in the natural system while the agricultural soil of the total P more than 80% was inorganic P (Pi) mainly in the form of orthophosphate.
A detailed quantitative analysis of the P forms in three fields assigned codes (FWa, FWo and FWp) with contrasting coverage of bracken and bluebell, their original native vegetation was undertaken in 2013. Soils were collected in areas dominated by both plants, from April to September 2013 weeks (W1 – W20) in order to cover the main above-ground lifecycle stages. Chemical characterization of the soils showed differences in total P, total Po and plant available P (Mehlich-3 extraction). The total P content of the soils from the three fields showed a slight non-significant increase after bluebell flowering. Quantitative assessment using 31P NMR showed differences in the nature of P forms in the soil and this was reflected in the nature of the vegetation cover, and extent of plant litter deposition. The most dominant P form found in the NaOH-EDTA soil extracts of FWa and FWo were the organic P forms (68.1 – 84.3 %), (61.3 – 79.1 %) respectively, most especially orthophosphate monoesters (53.1 – 83.8 %), (50.3 – 79.4 %), mainly as myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (myo-IP6) or phytate, while the inorganic P form (32.8 – 58 %) was the most dominant on FWp mainly as orthophosphate (ortho-P) (30.7- 56.8 %). The increased myo-IP6 concentration in the soil was linked to the shedded old bluebell bulb below ground containing up to 40 % myo-IP6. Bluebell seeds, another potential route of P transfer into soil, also contained 60 % myo-IP6 of total P.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was also used in elucidating the speciation and distribution of P species in diverse plant seeds (cumin, fennel, flax, mustard, poppy and sesame seeds). Phosphorus speciation by 31P NMR showed that P was mainly present in organic forms such as phytate and α- and β-glycerophosphate in poppy, sesame, mustard, fennel and cumin seeds. The inorganic P forms detected included orthophosphate and pyrophosphate. In particular, the highest amount of orthophosphate was found in NaOH-EDTA extracts of fennel seeds (41.7 %) and the lowest in mustard seeds (9.3 %) and sesame seeds (6.9 %). For the organic P forms, the highest concentration of phytate was found in mustard
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seeds (85.2 %) and the lowest in fennel seeds (43.3 %). This result implied that in most seed producing plants P, transferred from the plants vegetative parts to the developing seeds during seed maturation, is converted to phytate (organic P) in addition to being stored as orthophosphate (inorganic P).
Phenologically either bracken or bluebells grow actively throughout the year. In a semi-natural ecosystem, competition between bluebell and bracken is highest on bracken crozier emergence, which dense bluebell coverage seem to delay. P speciation was identified as an underpinning driver: For bracken, P was present mainly in form of soluble inorganic orthophosphate (41- 96.1 %), while glycerophosphates were the main Po (2.4 – 58.9 %) detected in rhizome, pinnae or stipe. Contrarily bluebell bulbs contained mostly myo-IP6 (6.7 – 52.3 %) possibly aiding survival at low temperatures, because of bluebell's active growth starting in early autumn. Within the whole plant, the bulb acts as a source and primary sink of P, mainly as myo-IP6. This might be a survival mechanism against P supply interruption during bluebell's growth cycle while at the same time making P less available for others. The relatively higher total P content of bluebell bulbs (0.67 – 2.7 g kg-1) compared to bracken rhizomes (0.43 – 1.30 g kg-1) also supports this. Bracken's competitive advantage relies on its dominance of the extensive rhizome system, for which this study showed its ability to redistribute nutrients. Specifically, there was very little differences in the P species between plant parts; instead orthophosphate was shuttled from rhizome to pinnae and returned.
The effect of a variety of organic fertilizers additions (pig or cow slurry, farm yard manures, broiler litter, compost and paper sludge/waste) from 1990 to 2014 on the distribution and accumulation of soil Pi and Po forms in three different soil types Harper Adams (HAU, sandy loam), Terrington (TER, silty clay loam) and Gleadthorpe (GT, loamy sand) was investigated. A sequential fractionation scheme and 31P NMR of NaOH-EDTA soil extracts was used to speciate P. Total P concentration in all soils ranged from 0.76 g kg-1 – 1.49 g kg-1 and was predominantly inorganic P (51.2 – 90.8 %). The differences in pH suggests that P species in HAU and GT (pH 6.5) would likely be bound to Al/Fe oxides and hydroxides. At more alkaline pH for TER (pH 7.9) mainly Ca-P minerals would occur. Phosphorus speciation analysis supported this with orthophosphate (82.9 –95.5 %) as the most dominant P form detected. This high inorganic to organic P ratio in conjunction with a low C/P ratio (< 200) suggested that mineralization of organic P mainly occurred in these soils. Myo-IP6 was the most dominant organic P form (1.6 – 8.9 %) followed by scyllo-IP6 (0.7– 4.6 %). Orthophosphate diesters were detected in only one sample (GT) but in trace amounts (0 – 0.5 %). Polyphosphate and
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phosphonates were not detected in any sample. The similar composition of P species across the various treatments suggests that the additions of different manures to the soil only lead to an increase in inorganic P species mainly ortho-P, likely caused by the rapid mineralization of organic P forms in the manure-treated soils. The result also suggested that the abundance and accumulation (Legacy P) of the various P forms, as determined by sequential extraction, were dependent on the nature of manure treatment, soil type and pH of the soils.


In this article we discuss the ethical and æsthetic implications of the appropriation of biomedical sensors in artistic practice. The concept of cross-disciplinary appropriation is elaborated with reference to Guattari's ethico-æsthetic paradigms, and Barad's metaphor of diffraction as methodology. In reviewing existing artistic projects with biosensors, we consider ways in which the recontextualization of technologies, and likewise techniques, can both propagate and violate disciplinary expectations and approaches. We propose that by way of critical appropriations of biosensors in artistic practice---that is to say, de- and re-contextualizations of biosensors that acknowledge the shift of ecology and epistemology---artists have a vital role to play in troubling reductive representations of bodies, and further-more, destabilizing the ethico-æsthetic boundaries of differently constituted disciplines.


This paper looks empirically at the implications that protectionist measures implemented during the current crisis may have had for a country's ability to attract foreign direct investment. The research utilizes data on such measures that is available from Global Trade Alert, combined with bilateral FDI data between OECD countries and a large number of partner countries for 2006 to 2009. This allows us to examine the short run effect that protectionist measures may have had on bilateral FDI flows. The verdict from this analysis is clear: a country that implements new protectionist measures may expect that this may result in lower foreign direct investment inflows into the economy. The point estimates from our preferred specifications suggest that, depending on the empirical model, the implementation of a trade protection measure is associated with about 40 to 80 percent lower FDI inflows. Trade protection does not appear to have any implications for the country's FDI outflows, however. The negative effect on FDI inflows does not appear to be due to direct investment measures but rather to actions related to intellectual property rights protection and other more trade related measures.


The objective of this paper was to provide background information for in-depth studies on diversification in Botswana's agricultural sector. Success areas, bottlenecks and future opportuniteis and challenges are identified. The paper progress as follows. We begin with a brief description of how agriculture fits in the country's macro-economy. We then discuss land and water resources. This is followed by a brief discussion of the evolution of agricultural policies. We then present intra-sectoral trends to provide some preliminary insights into agricultural diversification.


The aim of this quasi-experimental study was to compare the effectiveness of a Nurse-facilitated cognitive group intervention, a Volunteer-led support group intervention and a standard treatment Control group on mild to moderately depressed Indian women at an urban community psychiatric clinic in KwaZulu-Natal in terms of their levels of depression and self-esteem over a three-month period. Since antidepressants alone are ineffective in the treatment of depression, the study evaluated group interventions as adjunctive treatments. The first intervention involved 15 group sessions based on Gordon's teachings (1988a and 1988b), whilst the second intervention consisted of 15 craft-making group sessions. A purposive sample of 45 depressed women was selected and randomly allocated to the three groups. Sample selection criteria included a Beck Depression Inventory score between 9 and 29, being aged between 25 and 65 years and using antidepressant medication. For ethical reasons, all participants continued with their "standard" antidepressant treatment throughout the study. The Personal Profile Questionnaire (PPQ), the Beck Depression Inventory Scale (BDI) 1978, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) 1965, the Life-Experience Survey (LES) 1977 questionnaire and a question on exercise were used to assess the effectiveness of the group interventions. Pre-test (prior to the introduction of the intervention) and two sequential Post-test scoring (after 6 and 12 weeks of interventions) were undertaken using the above-named instruments. The Kruskal Willis and Friedman's test were used to detect changes in levels of depression and self-esteem between and within the three groups respectively, at the p = 0.05 levels of significance. The intergroup comparison showed statistically significant improvements in the BDI score of Experimental groups 1 and 2, with p = 0.00. There were no changes in the Control group. The intra-group comparison showed statistical significant improvements during the study within the intervention groups (p = 0.00 in both cases) but not in the Control group. No statistically significant change in the RSE amongst or within the three group was detected. The study has shown that group interventions as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment are beneficial as rehabilitation programmes for depressed women. Furthermore, volunteers and psychiatric nurses with training in using group interventions may be useful in assisting depressed patients to enhance their quality of life.


Innovation Through UnderstandingsmThe toughest part of innovation? Accurately predicting what customers want, need, and will pay for. Even if you ask them, they often can't explain what they want. Now, there's a breakthrough solution: Innovation Games. Drawing on his software product strategy and product management consulting experience, Luke Hohmann has created twelve games that help you uncover your customers' true, hidden needs and desires.You'll learn what each game will accomplish, why it works, and how to play it with customers. Then, Hohmann shows how to integrate the results into your product development processes, helping you focus your efforts, reduce your costs, accelerate time to market, and deliver the right solutions, right from the start. Learn how your customers define success Discover what customers don't like about your offerings Uncover unspoken needs and breakthrough opportunities Understand where your offerings fit into your customers' operations Clarify exactly how and when customers will use your product or service Deliver the right new features, and make better strategy decisions Increase empathy for the customers' experience within your organization Improve the effectiveness of the sales and service organizations Identify your most effective marketing messages and sellable featuresInnovation Games will be indispensable for anyone who wants to drive more successful, customer-focused product development: product and R&D managers, CTOs and development leaders, marketers, and senior business executives alike.


OBJECTIVE:
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and hip dysplasia (HD) are frequently evaluated by isotropic CT (3DCT) for preoperative planning at the expense of radiation. The aim was to determine if isotropic MRI (3DMR) imaging can provide similar quantitative and qualitative morphological information as 3DCT.

METHODS:
25 consecutive patients with a final diagnosis of FAI or HD were retrospectively selected from December 2016-December 2017. Two readers (R1, R2) performed quantitative angular measurements on 3DCT and 3DMR, blinded to the diagnosis and each other's measurements. 3DMR and 3DCT of the hips were qualitatively and independently evaluated by a radiologist (R3), surgeon (R4), and fellow (R5). Interobserver and intermodality comparisons were performed.

RESULTS:
The ICC was good to excellent for all measurements between R1 and R2 (ICC:0.60-0.98) and the majority of intermodality measurements for R1 and R2. Average inter-reader and inter-modality PABAK showed good to excellent agreement for qualitative reads. On CT, all alpha angles (AA) were significantly lower in dysplasia patients than in cam patients (p < 0.05). All lateral center-edge angle (LCEA) were significantly lower in dysplasia than in cam patients (p < 0.05). On MR, AA at 12, 1, and 2 o'clock, and LCEA at center were significantly lower in dysplasia patients than in cam patients (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:
3DMR offers similar qualitative and quantitative analysis as 3DCT in adult painful hip conditions.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:
3DMR has good potential to replace 3DCT and serve as a one-stop modality for bone and soft tissue characterizations in the pre-operative evaluation of FAI and HD.


Thyroid disorders can range from a slightly enlarged thyroid gland, that needs no treatment, to life-threatening thyroid cancer. The most common thyroid problems involve the abnormal production of thyroid hormones. Thyroid function disorders can generally be grouped into two classes, namely hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The proper treatment of hyper- and hypothyroidism depends on recognition of the signs and symptoms of the disease and determination of the aetiology. In hyperthyroidism, treatment consists of thiouracils or thioamides, iodine therapy, thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine and / or beta blockers. For hypothyroidism, treatment consists of substituting the deficient hormone, mostly with levothyroxine. The pharmacist's role in both hyper- and hypothyroidism is supportive, assisting the patient to reach a euthyroid state.


Most deep reinforcement learning algorithms are data inefficient in complex and rich environments, limiting their applicability to many scenarios. One direction for improving data efficiency is multitask learning with shared neural network parameters, where efficiency may be improved through transfer across related tasks. In practice, however, this is not usually observed, because gradients from different tasks can interfere negatively, making learning unstable and sometimes even less data efficient. Another issue is the different reward schemes between tasks, which can easily lead to one task dominating the learning of a shared model. We propose a new approach for joint training of multiple tasks, which we refer to as Distral (Distill & transfer learning). Instead of sharing parameters between the different workers, we propose to share a "distilled" policy that captures common behaviour across tasks. Each worker is trained to solve its own task while constrained to stay close to the shared policy, while the shared policy is trained by distillation to be the centroid of all task policies. Both aspects of the learning process are derived by optimizing a joint objective function. We show that our approach supports efficient transfer on complex 3D environments, outperforming several related methods. Moreover, the proposed learning process is more robust and more stable---attributes that are critical in deep reinforcement learning.


There are various circumstances where it is highly desirable for a
Path Computation Client (PCC) to be able to dynamically and
automatically discover a set of Path Computation Elements (PCEs),
along with information that can be used by the PCC for PCE selection.
When the PCE is a Label Switching Router (LSR) participating in the
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), or even a server participating
passively in the IGP, a simple and efficient way to announce PCEs
consists of using IGP flooding. For that purpose, this document
defines extensions to the Intermediate System to Intermediate System
(IS-IS) routing protocol for the advertisement of PCE Discovery
information within an IS-IS area or within the entire IS-IS routing
domain. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


ABSTRACT We tested the hypothesis that the population of Phytophthora infestans in the Toluca valley region is genetically differentiated according to habitat. Isolates were sampled in three habitats from (i) wild Solanum spp. (WILD), (ii) land-race varieties in low-input production systems (RURAL), and (iii) modern cultivars in high-input agriculture (VALLEY). Isolates were sampled in 1988-89 (n= 179) and in 1997-98 (n= 389). In both sampling periods, the greatest genetic diversity was observed in RURAL and VALLEY habitats. Based on the Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and Peptidase allozymes, the subpopulations from the three habitats were significantly differentiated in both sampling periods. In contrast to allozyme data for 1997-98, no differences were found among the three subpopulations for sensitivity to metalaxyl. Two groups of isolates identical for allozyme and mating type were further investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting; 65% of one group and 85% of another group were demonstrated to be unique. The genetic diversity data and the chronology of disease occurrence during the season are consistent with the hypothesis that populations of P. infestans on wild Solanum populations are derived from populations on cultivated potatoes in the central highlands of Mexico near Toluca.


The Multiple-choice Multi-dimensional Knapsack Problem (MMKP) is a problem which can be encountered in real-world applications, such as service level agreement, model of allocation resources, or as a dynamic adaptation of system of resources for multimedia multi-sessions. In this paper, we investigate the use of a new model-based Lagrangian relaxation for optimally solving the MMKP. In order to tackle large-scale problem instances, we curtail the search process for providing approximate solutions. We then apply the Cplex solver using both original and equivalent models. In this case, the Cplex solver becomes more efficient when the new model is used. Also, when the proposed method is considered as a heuristic, then it outperforms the Cplex solver using the original model: new solution values are obtained.


Materials and procedures used in previous laboratory studies of flow in fractures were reviewed. Based on this review, a 3-m-high by 1.5-m-diameter cylindrical radial flow model with a single horizontal fracture was designed and constructed out of concrete. The fracture was created by placing a sheet of geotextile between the top and bottom halves of the cylinder during pouring of the concrete. Twenty-eight piezometers were cast in-place in the fracture plane, and displacement transformers were installed both on the circumference of the cylinder and in the wellbore to measure fracture deformation. The model also incorporated features designed to allow withdrawal and injection tests to be conducted with different flow boundary conditions, applied loads, and wellbore diameters. This laboratory setup was used to investigate flow and deformation in the immediate vicinity of a vertical well intersecting a single rough, deformable, horizontal fracture at flow rates of practical interest to the geotechnical and petroleum industries.


Improvement methods for assessing cereal crop feed value are a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] feed value. Rate of starch digestion is now commonly believed to be the limiting factor in sorghum utilization by cattle (Bos taurus). However, techniques to assess this trait are not useful to sorghum breeders because of high labor inputs, lab error associated with starch measurement, and need for high numbers of replications. The objective of this study was to develop a simple technique capable of identifying differences in digestion between sorghum and corn (Zea mays L.) and detecting differences among sorghum genotypes. In vitro starch and dry matter digestion were measured on sorghum and corn lab standards at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 40 h. Maximum differentiation between corn and sorghum dry matter digestion (345 vs. 253 g kg(-1)) and starch digestion (403 vs. 301 g kg(-1)) occurred at 12 h, and dry matter and starch digestion were highly correlated (r = 0.99). Differences among five sorghum lines were significant for 12-h dry matter digestion and ranged from 229 to 272 g kg(-1). This procedure provides a precise and rapid technique that can be used by feed grain breeders to evaluate modifications in grain digestion parameters.


In a prospective pilot study nested in the EPIC‐Oxford cohort, we examined the seroprevalence of antibodies against the L1 antigen of 38 human papilloma virus (HPV) types among 39 cases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) for whom plasma was collected prior to diagnosis (incident) and 80 controls. Fifteen cases having already developed SCC at blood collection (prevalent) were also tested. There were no statistically significant differences in the seroprevalence of antibodies against any of the HPV types examined between incident cases and controls, nor was there a difference in the seroprevalence of multiple infections. However, consistent with results from published case–control studies, the seroprevalence of many β‐HPV types was higher among prevalent cases than among either incident cases or controls. For example the seroprevalence of antibodies against HPV‐8 was 20% (16/80) in controls, 23% (9/39) among incident cases and 40% (6/15) among prevalent cases. Among the incident cases only, the seroprevalence was 16% (5/32) among those for whom blood was collected 18+ months prior to diagnosis, but 57% (4/7) among those for whom diagnosis was within 18 months of blood collection, a pattern seen for many of the HPV types. This might suggest that if HPV is involved in the aetiology of SCC, the process occurs close to the time of diagnosis, or that the antibody response observed in people with SCC is a consequence of tumor formation. Further and larger prospective studies are needed to clarify the role of HPV in the aetiology of cutaneous SCC. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


OBJECT
Diagnosis of cervical spinal injury (CSI) is an essential aspect of the trauma evaluation. This task is especially difficult in patients who are not clinically able to be evaluated (unevaluable) because of distracting painful injuries, intoxication, or concomitant head injury. For this population, the appropriate use of advanced imaging techniques for cervical spinal clearance remains undetermined. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of unstable CSI, particularly among patients in whom clinical evaluation is impossible or unreliable.

METHODS
Estimates of the prevalence of CSI in populations consisting of all trauma patients, alert patients only, and clinically unevaluable patients only were determined by variance-weighted pooling of data from 65 publications (281,864 patients) that met criteria for review.

RESULTS
The overall prevalence of CSI among all trauma patients was 3.7%. The prevalence of CSI in alert patients was 2.8%, whereas unevaluable patients were at increased risk of CSI with a prevalence of 7.7% (p = 0.007). Overall, 41.9% of all CSI cases were considered to exhibit instability.

CONCLUSIONS
Trauma patients who are clinically unevaluable have a higher prevalence of CSI than alert patients. Knowledge of the prevalence and risk of such injuries may help establish an evidence-based approach to the detection and management of clinically occult CSI.


The mobile ICBM displayed in Pyongyang last April is analyzed in light of North Korea's known and reasonably suspected capabilities in the field, particularly those demonstrated in the recent and successful Unha-3 launch. Several possible configurations for the "KN-08" missile are given, and performance estimates are presented. While the displayed missiles are clearly mock-ups, they are consistent with an ongoing development program for a missile with limited intercontinental capability using only existing North Korean technology. The lack of flight testing strongly suggests that operational deployment is still months or years in the future, though an initial test could come at any time. Even with a successful test program, any such North Korean ICBM would likely be unreliable, limited in mobility and performance, and available only in small numbers.


Fragment libraries are often used in protein structure prediction, simulation and design as a means to significantly reduce the vast conformational search space. Current state-of-the-art methods for fragment library generation do not properly account for aleatory and epistemic uncertainty, respectively due to the dynamic nature of proteins and experimental errors in protein structures. Additionally, they typically rely on information that is not generally or readily available, such as homologous sequences, related protein structures and other complementary information. To address these issues, we developed BIFROST, a novel take on the fragment library problem based on a Deep Markov Model architecture combined with directional statistics for angular degrees of freedom, implemented in the deep probabilistic programming language Pyro. BIFROST is a probabilistic, generative model of the protein backbone dihedral angles conditioned solely on the amino acid sequence. BIFROST generates fragment libraries with a quality on par with current state-of-the-art methods at a fraction of the run-time, while requiring considerably less information and allowing efficient evaluation of probabilities.