Sweep-nets and pitfall traps were used to examine the distribution and dynamics of predominant predators and pests in turfgrass foliage in parks, golf courses and suburban/rural landscapes in 1991 and 1992. Araneae, Formicidae, and Coccinellidae were the most abundant predators in the sweeps, while Araneae, Formicidae, and) Carabidae were the most abundant predators in the pitfall traps. In both years, Araneae comprised over 60% of the total predators in the sweep samples. Formicidae (>70%) and Araneae (13-19%) were the most abundant arthropod predators in the pitfall samples. Cicadellidae, Chrysomelidae, and Orthoptera accounted for over 96% of the prey in the sweep samples, while Cicadellidae, Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), and Aphididae comprised over 90% of the prey in the pitfall samples. Abundance of predators and prey, and prey I predator ratios fluctuated with site, date, and distance from the trees. During the season, high prey I predator ratios usually preceded peak prey abundance in the sweep samples. Predators usually were more prevalent in sweep samples closer to tree borders, while prey populations tended to be higher at distances further from the tree borders. These results suggest that tree borders provide food, shelter, and refuge for predators during periods of environmental stress.


This thesis will cover the development, implementation and validation of the software of the Ground Control Station (GCS) for Nanosatellite missions, a Mission Control Software (MCS), that aims to perform the control and the management of spacecraft subsystems telemetry and commands. Typically, ground operations during the mission are always complex and require a lot of efforts in terms of time, cost and needed resources. A way to reduce time and costs is to use a specific software that allows user to manage all subsystems' telemetry and commands at the same time in autonomy way. To do this, we proceed searching existing software, and evaluating if, for our aim, it is required to employ one previously conceived and tested, choosing between "open" and "close" source, or, if it is necessary design one "in-house developed". The final software set up and utilized is a combination of an open source existing software with a graphical layout that facilitates user to employ it, and an implementation of functions for the control and the management of telemetry data and commands. To validate this software, we utilize telemetry data received by E-st@r 2, spacecraft developed by CubeSat Team of Politecnico di Torino, during a preliminary phase test, simulating the satellite that sends telemetry packets through an executable program. Then, we manage, control and analyze telemetry packets received in real time with a Development Board on which are placed the radio and EPS of E-st@r 2 prototype. Finally, we adapt the software to manage a spacecraft constellation composed by three Nano Satellites, one of which is E-st@r 2, and, through a string generator, we create telemetry packets for the other two spacecrafts.


Thriving on its long-term collective memory of possessing futurity, Shanghai resurges with large-scale ambitions of becoming the world center of trade and finance as well as the information and communication hub of the Asia-Pacific region with an Infoport advancing beyond the era of the Internet. This article ponders the relationship between memory and futurity in Shanghai, and suggests that in celebrating temporal coexistence, Shanghai offers the contours an alternate social ordering of retromodernity. In this media city, media forms constitute a backbone of the Shanghai imaginary, and the enthusiasm for new communication technologies in Shanghai today is reminiscent of the role that media forms played in modernizing Shanghai in the past. Probing how memories of media futures past may trigger digitalization, the author argues that temporal anchoring in Shanghai does not represent a refusal to partake in the fast-paced world; instead, it pursues a memory of modernity and anchors in a "Bergsonian terrain" where mobility is, in effect, its "natural tradition."


Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an increasingly important food and cash crop in Tanzania (3). Potato production is concentrated in the southern highlands and mainly carried out by smallholder farmers. A certification system for seed potatoes does not exist in the country. Currently, there is little information about viruses infecting potatoes in Tanzania. In October through December 2011, occurrence of the most common, globally distributed potato viruses, Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato virus A (PVA), M (PVM), S (PVS), Y (PVY), and X (PVX) (1), was determined in 219 potato plants in 16 fields ranging from 0.2 to 1 ha. Potato crops, 1 to 3 months old, consisted sometimes of mixtures of varieties identified as Arika, Chekundu, Kagiri, Kiazi, Kikondo, Sasamka, or Tigoni by farmers, but could not be independently confirmed. The fields were located in the regions of Mbeya (Kawetele, Kikondo, Umalia, Uyole) and Rungwe (Mwakaleli) ~100 km apart in the southern highlands. Virus-like symptoms observed in most fields included yellowish-green mosaic, leaf rolling, and veinal necrosis. Symptoms in tubers were not studied. Leaves from 10 symptomatic and three symptomless plants were sampled from each field and tested by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA (1) at ARI-Uyole. Virus-specific antibodies and negative and positive controls were used according to the supplier's instructions (Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, Edinburgh, United Kingdom). PVS and PLRV were detected in 55% and 39% of the samples, respectively, and in all fields sampled. PVX and PVM were found in most fields and in 14% and 5% of the samples, respectively. PVA and PVY were only detected in two localities. Co-infection with PVS and PLRV was detected in 14% of the tested plants. Mixed infections involving three or four viruses were detected in 5% of the plants. A total of 20 samples, which were collected from Uyole and Mwakeleli and found to be ELISA-positive for one or several viruses, were pressed on FTA cards (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom), transported to University of Helsinki, and analyzed by reverse-transcription PCR (2) using virus-specific primers designed to amplify the coat protein (CP) encoding region. All ELISA-positive samples tested positive by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. Four and five samples ELISA-negative for PVX or PVA, respectively, were positive when tested by RT-PCR, suggesting that the actual incidence of these viruses may be higher than detected by DAS-ELISA. The PCR products from three to five samples per virus were sequenced without cloning, which reconfirmed detection of PLRV, PVA, PVS, PVX, and PVM (GenBank Accession Nos. KC866618 through KC866622, respectively) and revealed few if any differences among isolates of the viruses. The CP sequences were compared with viruses from other countries and continents (4). CP similarities suggested that viruses might have been introduced to Tanzania through potato trade or through introducing new cultivars without adequate indexing for viruses. These results suggest the need for the development of virus control schemes in potato crops, including the nascent, domestic certified seed potato production in Mbeya. References: (1) G. Loebenstein et al., eds. Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Potatoes and Production of Seed Potatoes. Kluwer, Dortrecht, Netherlands, 2001. (2) J. Ndunguru et al. Virol. J. 2:45, 2005. (3) J. Rahko. Potato Value Chain in Tanzania. Univ. Helsinki, Finland, 2012. (4) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011.


The East-Kazakhstan Regional Public Library named A.S.Pushkin is located in Ust-Kamenogorsk – an administrative center of the East Kazakhstan. There are over 11000 unemployed youth, most of them are representatives of villages and settlers from China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan. This youth don't possess ICT skills, which reduces their chances of employment.

We wanted to train unemployed youth to use ICT for improvement of their lives. So was born the project "IT yurt", realized in 2011-2012 in partnership with PLIP/EIFL (eifl.net). We performed basic trainings of MCWord, MCExcel, MCInternet, seminars "Using e-government", "Job searching", "Basics of business planning". We trained 244 unemployed and those who were under the dismissal, they got 483 teaching hours: 74 trainings/seminars (including in Kazakh). 54 participants found a job.

The project inspired us for its copying in the rural libraries. In 2012 started the project "Rural Library's online centers" with technical support of UNDP in Kazakhstan. Were opened 32 rural online centers with necessary ICT equipment and established satellite stations in the villages where were not telecommunication infrastructure. Rural librarians received ICT trainings and became trainers for teaching of villages residents.

We strongly promoted the project in mass media, shared about successful stories, provided interviews on local television. The local authorities assured in the importance of project, became to open online centers in other rural libraries. So in 2013: 32 village online-centers, 10087 users, 2029 training/seminars; 2014: 40 online centers, 20782 users, 95842 visitors, 6608 trainings; 2015: 43 online centers, 41365 users,104440 visitors, 6741 trainings.

In 2016 there work 45 online centers, but the most important – the administrative regulation of Regional Governor for mandatory connection to the Internet of all libraries in our region. We hope that this will become a new stage in the life of East Kazakhstan libraries.


"This canyon world where water yearns toward the ocean is a place so large I can t take it in. Instead, I am taken in, traveling a near dream as we journey by water, contained by rock walls. In order to see this shorn-away world, I narrow my vision to the small and nearly secret. Never mind the stone s illusion of permanence or the great strength of water. I look to the most fragile of things here, to the plant world of the canyon. The other river travelers seem taken in by stone, time, and water, and do not see the small things that tempt my attention, the minute fern between stones, the tiny black snails in a pond of water. I am drawn in by the growing life and not by the passing."- from 'Plant Journey' by Linda Hogan The mystique of the Colorado River is no less enduring and powerful than is its physical presence in the landscape of the West. Little wonder that narratives about the Colorado still arouse and intrigue readers, or that the river continues to inspire new writing among contemporary authors. What is surprising is that no anthology offering a comprehensive introduction to these works existed - until now. "A Colorado River Reader" spans hundreds of years and many cultures and voices to capture an array of responses to this mighty river and tributaries. The collection opens with a Paiute creation myth set in the Grand Canyon and progresses through time, encompassing the Spanish and American exploration narratives of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and culminating in the adventure and nature writings of the twentieth. This is a book that deserves a place next to every armchair and in a pocket of every backpack."


The Sorachi Group, composed of Upper Jurassic ophiolite and Lower Cretaceous island-arc volcano-sedimentary cover, provides a record of Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous sedimentation and volcanism in an island-arc setting off the eastern margin of the Asian continent. Stratigraphic changes in the nature and volume of the Sorachi Group volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks reveal four tectonic stages. These stages resulted from changes in the subduction direction of the Pacific oceanic plate. Stage I in the Late Jurassic was characterized by extensive submarine eruptions of tholeiitic basalt from the back-arc basin. Slab roll-back caused rifting and sea-floor spreading in the supra-subduction zone along the active Asian continental margin. Stage II corresponded to the Berriasian and featured localized trachyandesitic volcanism that formed volcanic islands with typical island-arc chemical compositions. At the beginning of this stage, movement of the Pacific oceanic plate shifted from northeastward to northwestward. During Stage III, in the Valanginian, submarine basaltic volcanism was followed by subsidence. The Pacific oceanic plate motion turned clockwise, and the plate boundary between the Asian continent and the Pacific oceanic plate changed from convergent to transform. During Stage IV in the Hauterivian–Barremian, in situ volcanism ceased in the Sorachi–Yezo basin, and the volcanic front migrated west of the Sorachi–Yezo basin.


This paper reflects on road safety strategy and explores economic aspects which affect road safety. Contemporary road safety policies generally focus on four key issues through the safe systems approach. Unlike other transport effects, transport and road safety policy do not estimate future outcomes for road safety. Consequently, these perspectives do not necessarily recognise the broader issues which also influence road safety. Macroeconomic policy issues which could influence road safety in the long term are discussed, particularly the emissions trading scheme, taxation review, automobile industry review and road pricing. It is argued that government economic policies have the potential to affect road safety, despite reductions which result from other safe systems road safety policy. The participation of advocates in the development of one of the economic policies shows that there is opportunity for greater participation to improve road safety outcomes in such policies. The paper concludes that economic policy has the potential to contribute to improvements in road safety.


In this paper I critically examine recent developments in intellectual property law. In particular, from a point of view informed primarily by Marx and Foucault, I study (a) the rhetoric surrounding the Metallica lawsuit against Napster; (b) a pair of conflicting trademark cases surrounding the ownership of a word on the Internet; and (c) the software industry's move to win approval for "shrink-wrap" or "click here" licenses. I conclude that these developments indicate a new form of disciplinary power, where people are individuated ex ante as consumers. Despite the celebrations of market cyberlibertarians, this move actually masks an increase in overt state power as the state apparatus is invoked to force individuals to agree to behave as disciplined consumers and accede to the system in the first place.


Abstract µ-Crystallin is a NADPH-regulated thyroid hormone binding protein encoded by the CRYM gene in humans. It is primarily expressed in the brain, muscle, prostate, and kidney, where it binds thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and thermogenesis. It also acts as a ketimine reductase in the lysine degradation pathway when it is not bound to thyroid hormone. Mutations in CRYM can result in non-syndromic deafness, while its aberrant expression, predominantly in the brain but also in other tissues, has been associated with psychiatric, neuromuscular, and inflammatory diseases. CRYM expression is highly variable in human skeletal muscle, with 15% of individuals expressing ≥13 fold more CRYM mRNA than the median level. Ablation of the Crym gene in murine models results in the hypertrophy of fast twitch muscle fibers and an increase in fat mass of mice fed a high fat diet. Overexpression of Crym in mice causes a shift in energy utilization away from glycolysis towards an increase in the catabolism of fat via β-oxidation, with commensurate changes of metabolically involved transcripts and proteins. The history, attributes, functions, and diseases associated with CRYM, an important modulator of metabolism, are reviewed.


Abstract Purpose: This study examines how Environmental Management Accounting practices are related to waste management practices and how the organization in the case study is influenced in adopting the waste management practices Research methodology: The case study method was used in examining the applicability of Environmental Management Accounting to waste management in one large manufacturing company. Interviews, observations and archival documents were used as data collection methods. Results: The study observed that the company had reinvigorated environmental management and waste management practices due to the influence of the major stakeholders. These motivations can be categorized into three main pillars including coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphisms. Limitations: As the research is directed towards the selection of in-depth inquiry of specific settings infused with culture, values, beliefs, stories, language, perception, politics and ideology, it might cause to diminish the researcher's analytical objectivity and independence of the research. Contribution: Policies, practices and motivations promote the future development of environmental management accounting and waste management practices in the Sri Lankan context.


This is the second interim report of the research project "Information Society, Work and the Generation of New Forms of Social Exclusion" (SOWING). It is based on a firm survey conducted in the eight regions participating in the research project — Flanders (Belgium), Lazio (Italy), Niederosterreich (Austria), Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, the Stuttgart area (Germany), the Tampere region (Finland) and the West London area (U.K.). The aim of this report is to present a broad overview of the collected data. In general, only simple statistical methods have been applied. The report focuses on a regional comparison; however, the data have also been analysed by firm size, measured by quantity of staff, and industrial sector. It should be seen as a first step in the data analysis; it may also give some hints for a more strategic analysis of the survey data.


This paper explores the priorities of young people who arrived in England or Sweden as unaccompanied minors and are leaving the care of the state to transition to adult life. Policy and practice for these young people are themselves in transition in Europe, and we aim to contribute to the slender first person qualitative evidence base for those delivering services. Our methods comprised a scoping review of scholarly and grey literature, and group and individual interviews. Despite a commitment in both countries to listening to the voices of young people, we identified few studies representing the voices of unaccompanied care leavers. In both the literature and our interviews, health in a clinical sense was rarely among their priorities. Their accounts focused on the determinants of health, and in particular housing, education, food and employment. In Sweden, where services are universal rather than targeted, the Health and Social Care Board (Socialstyrelsen) notes the paradox of unaccompanied children being surrounded by adult supporters, none of whom takes overall responsibility for the young person and his/her everyday life. Those we spoke to describe the vital role played by foster carers, health and social care professionals and friends that they could rely on. The young people whose narratives appear in the research literature and those in our own sample are working hard to cope with multiple transitions and to manage health in its widest sense, whether by finding the right place to live or attending to their education or training.


The last thirty years have seen significantly more women reaching senior professional positions and a corresponding increase in women returning to work after having children. However, studies reveal that employers often lose highly qualified women, who choose not to return. The economic costs and implications of this 'brain drain' are significant. This research involved interviewing ten women, three coaches, and one purchaser of coaching, in order to study at the specific issues facing women returning to work and whether coaching can affect retention. The emerging issues that affected retention are: career development paths, the need for flexible working, corporate culture, and the need for work/life balance. Seven stages of transitional perspectives of work are proposed which reflect altering attitudes to work and which offer a relevant starting point for coaching support and interventions. As an external framework, coaching can support women effectively, in the short and long term, to meet the challenge of realigning work expectations and priorities.


This chapter investigates the ontologies of fragments of photography from a number of different, but colliding, perspectives. Beginning with the Romantic fragments of Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy, Lucretius's atoms and the worms of Marx and Vonnegut. This seemingly random array of thoughts and thinkers concretises a multiplicity as a direct expression of the concepts put into play. With different ontological amalgams emerging from the range of multiples to hand, it becomes important to take account of not only of the complexity of creativity at work, but also the apparently accidental events that are developed here. To investigate these concepts, this chapter turns to the philosophies of Simondon, Whitehead and Malabou.

The impact of this upon photography generated at the confluence of human and nonhuman actors is examined in two areas. First, in the deliberate disruption of a phone camera app's software, as shown in Bonamy Devas's 'Photo Tai Chi' project. Second, in the unintended disruption of Jinkyun Ahn's photos of his family, which were only partially recovered after being accidentally deleted.

In concluding, this chapter seeks not to offer final, well-delineated, ontologically complete creations and to wonder in which ways can we ensure that any act of creation doesn't completely exhaust its possibilities in its manifestation: this chapter included.


BACKGROUND
Heart failure is a serious condition with high mortality and a high symptom burden. Most patients with heart failure will be taken care of in primary care but the knowledge of how the quality of care is perceived by patients with heart failure is limited.

OBJECTIVE
The aim was to explore how patients with heart failure report quality of care, in an outpatient setting.

METHODS
Seventy-one patients with a confirmed diagnosis of heart failure and who were cared for in an outpatient setting were included in this cross-sectional study. Quality of care was assessed with a short form of the Quality from the Patient's Perspective questionnaire. The items measured four dimensions, and each item consists of both perceived reality of the received care and its subjective importance.

RESULTS
Inadequate quality was identified in three out of four dimensions and in items without dimension affiliation. In total, inadequate quality was identified in 19 out of 25 items. Patients reported the highest level of perceived reality in 'my family member was treated well' and the lowest perceived reality in 'effective treatment for loss of appetite'. Effective treatment for shortness of breath was of the highest subjective importance for the patients.

CONCLUSION
Important areas for improvement in the quality of care for patients with heart failure in an outpatient setting were identified, such as symptom alleviation, information, participation and access to care.


Aston University has recently made PebblePad, an e-portfolio or personal learning system, available to all students within the University. The customisable Profiles within PebblePad allow students to self-declare their skills in particular areas, attaching evidence of their skills or an action plan for improvement to each statement. Formal Information Literacy (IL) teaching within Aston University is currently limited to Library & Information Services (LIS) Information Specialists delivering a maximum of one session to each student during each level of their degree. However, many of the skills are continually developed by students during the course of their academic studies. For this project, an IL skills profile was created within PebblePad, which was then promoted to groups of staff and students to complete during the academic session 2009-10. Functionality within PebblePad allowed students to share their IL skills profile, evidence, action plans or any other items they felt were appropriate with an LIS Information Specialist who was able to add comments and offer suggestions for activities to help the student to develop further. Activities were closely related to students' coursework where possible: suggesting a student kept a short reflective log of their information searching and evaluating process for an upcoming essay, for example. Feedback on the usefulness of the IL Profile will be sought from students through focus groups and the communication tools in PebblePad. In this way, we hope to make students more aware of their IL skills and to offer IL skills support over a longer period of time than a single session can provide. We will present preliminary conclusions about the practicalities and benefits of a self-declaration approach to developing IL skills in students at Aston University.


Argument It seems theoretically convenient to construe knowledge practices in financial markets and organizations as "applied economics." Alternatively or additionally, one might argue that practitioners draw on economic knowledge in order to systematically orient their actions towards profit-maximization; models, then, are understood as devices that make calculative rationality possible. However, empirical studies do not entirely confirm these theoretical positions: Practitioners' actual calculations are often not "framed" by models; organizations and institutions influence the choice and adoption of models; and different professional groups in financial markets have diverging attitudes towards model calculations. In order to account for this diversity, this article proposes the concept of cultures of economic and financial expertise; the concept focuses on the patterns of knowledge practices and knowledge-related self-definitions of groups within financial organizations and markets; it also facilitates an analysis of the relations between and, more specifically, the hierarchies among different practices and identities. The article then goes on to explore the process of foreign exchange forecasting in a particular bank. The description immediately reveals that two groups are involved in this process: economists and analysts. These groups maintain quite different practices and self-descriptions in relation to models: While the economists in the bank use the models as organizational resources for consistent forecasting procedures and observe data with the help of simple model structures, analysts approach model forecasts from the perspective of critics: They see limits in the variable-centered, as opposed to a "thematic" approach and they disregard a model's imposed temporality. Nevertheless, analysts use model forecasts as anchors for developing their own "paths" and stories about possible future expectation changes in the markets. The specific division of labor between economists and analysts, and specifically the dominant role of analysts in the forecasting process, fit into a larger picture: The rise of institutional investors in the foreign exchange markets and their demand for genuine market knowledge for speculative investment projects has contributed to the rise and dominance of analysts' culture.


The purpose of this article is to describe the post-9/11 world for noncitizen students and scholars in light of recent federal legislation, specifically focusing on three laws: the USA-PATRIOT Act of 2001, the Border Commuter Student Act of 2002, and the proposed Capital Student Adjustment Act, currently pending in Congress. In all three, Congress is seen trying to walk the fine line between providing fair access to postsecondary education to noncitizen students and guarding against the possibility that such institutions are being used as a springboard for terrorist activity.


The aim of this contribution is to discuss closely the implications of income inequality and the economic policies to tackle it, especially so in view of inequality being one of the main causes of the 2007/2008 international financial crisis and the "great recession" that subsequently emerged. Wealth inequality is also important in this respect, but the focus is on income inequality. Ever since the financial crisis and the subsequent "great recession", inequality of income, and wealth, has increased and the demand for economic policy initia- tives to produce a more equal distribution of income and wealth has become more urgent. Such reduction would help to increase the level of economic activity as has been demonstrated again more recently. A number of economic policy initiatives for this purpose will be the focus of this contribution.


Collaborative knowledge building achieves better results than individual knowledge building essentially due to the triggering phenomenon taking place among the users in a collaborative setting. Although the literature points to a few theories supporting the existence of this phenomenon, yet these theories have never been validated in real collaborative environments, thus questioning their general prevalence. In this work, we provide a mechanized way to observe the presence of triggering in knowledge building environments. We implement the method on the most-edited articles of Wikipedia and show that it may help in discerning how the existing knowledge leads to the inclusion of more knowledge in these articles. The proposed technique may further be used in other collaborative knowledge building settings as well. The insights obtained from the study will help the portal designers in building portals enabling optimal triggering.


The Neolithic in Britain was a period of fundamental change: human communities were transformed, collectively owning domesticated plants and animals, and inhabiting a richer world of material things: timber houses and halls, pottery vessels, polished flint and stone axes, and massive monuments of earth and stone. Equally important was the development of a suite of new social practices, and an emphasis on descent, continuity and inheritance. These innovations set in train social processes that culminated with the construction of Stonehenge, the most remarkable surviving structure from prehistoric Europe. Neolithic Britain provides an up to date, concise introduction to the period of British prehistory from c. 4000-2200 BCE. Written on the basis of a new appreciation of the chronology of the period, the result reflects both on the way that archaeologists write narratives of the Neolithic, and how Neolithic people constructed histories of their own. Incorporating new insights from the extraordinary pace of archaeological discoveries in recent years, a world emerges which is unfamiliar, complex and challenging, and yet played a decisive role in forging the landscape of contemporary Britain. Important recent developments have resulted in a dual realisation: firstly, highly focused research into individual site chronologies can indicate precise and particular time narratives; and secondly, this new awareness of time implies original insights about the fabric of Neolithic society, embracing matters of inheritance, kinship and social ties, and the 'descent' of cultural practices. Moreover, our understanding of Neolithic society has been radically affected by individual discoveries and investigative projects, whether in the Stonehenge area, on mainland Orkney, or in less well-known localities across the British Isles. The new perspective provided in this volume stems from a greater awareness of the ways in which unfolding events and transformations in societies depend upon the changing relations between individuals and groups, mediated by objects and architecture. This concise panorama into Neolithic Britain offers new conclusions and an academically-stimulating but accessible overview. It covers key material and social developments, and reflects on the nature of cultural practices, tradition, genealogy, and society across nearly two millennia.


Background The Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission (ZEST) project aimed to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis as a public health problem from Pemba and to interrupt Schistosoma haematobium transmission from Unguja in 5 years. Methodology A repeated cross-sectional cluster-randomized trial was implemented from 2011/12 till 2017. On each island, 45 shehias were randomly assigned to receive one of three interventions: biannual mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel alone, or in combination with snail control or behavior change measures. In cross-sectional surveys, a single urine sample was collected from ~9,000 students aged 9- to 12-years and from ~4,500 adults aged 20- to 55-years annually, and from ~9,000 1st year students at baseline and the final survey. Each sample was examined for S. haematobium eggs by a single urine filtration. Prevalence and infection intensity were determined. Odds of infection were compared between the intervention arms. Principal findings Prevalence was reduced from 6.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5%-7.6%) to 1.7% (95% CI: 1.2%-2.2%) in 9- to 12-year old students, from 3.9% (95% CI: 2.8%-5.0%) to 1.5% (95% CI: 1.0%-2.0%) in adults, and from 8.8% (95% CI: 6.5%-11.2%) to 2.6% (95% CI: 1.7%-3.5%) in 1st year students from 2011/12 to 2017. In 2017, heavy infection intensities occurred in 0.4% of 9- to 12-year old students, 0.1% of adults, and 0.8% of 1st year students. Considering 1st year students in 2017, 13/45 schools in Pemba and 4/45 schools in Unguja had heavy infection intensities >1%. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the intervention arms in any study group and year. Conclusions/Significance Urogenital schistosomiasis was eliminated as public health problem from most sites in Pemba and Unguja. Prevalence was significantly reduced, but transmission was not interrupted. Continued interventions that are adaptive and tailored to the micro-epidemiology of S. haematobium in Zanzibar are needed to sustain and advance the gains made by ZEST.


For most of the 20th century, water policy in the western United States was driven by the construction of large dams and other big infrastructural projects to increase water storage. By the 1980s, however, most optimal sites were developed or protected through conservation policies. Today, climate change and growing water demands pose new challenges for water management. Consequently, policy-makers are once again advocating for water storage. In the U.S. and other developed countries, this return to supply-side solutions is manifesting in auxiliary infrastructural projects such as dam augmentation and aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). We argue that the return to a high-modernist reliance on big infrastructure is not limited to developing countries and illustrate the rise of auxiliary infrastructure using two case studies in California and Oregon. Our analysis suggests these auxiliary infrastructural projects are appealing to water managers because they purport to accommodate the demand for new water-governance strategies while working within the limitations imposed by past infrastructural development and environmental policy. Nevertheless, increasing storage capacity alone is insufficient for water management in the context of climate change, for demand-side strategies must also be pursued.


This article examines retrospective publicsupplied precursor reports statistically, and confirms published hypotheses that some alleged precursors within 100 km and within a day prior to the large 1995 Kobe and 1999 Izmit earthquakes, may be valid. The confirmations are mostly at the p<0.001 level of significance. Most significant were alleged meteorological and geophysical precursors, and less often, animal reports. The chi-squared test used, for the first time eliminates the distorting effects of psychological factors on the reports. However it also shows that correct reports are diluted with about the same number which are merely wishful thinking, and obtaining more reliable data would be logistically difficult. Some support is found for another published hypothesis in which other precursors occurred within the ten days prior to the earthquake.


Maternal mortality remains unacceptably high in India even though this hard-to-measure indicator has likely recently started to decline. For 2005–2006 mortality ratios range from the Indian government's estimate of 301 maternal deaths per 100000 live births to the World Health Organization's estimate of 450. The government's state-level estimates range from 517 maternal deaths per 100000 live births in the most populous state Uttar Pradesh to 110 in the small state of Kerala. India contributes nearly one-quarter of the world's maternal deaths so its insufficient progress in reducing maternal mortality imperils not only its own targets but also the global achievement of the Millennium Development Goal to reduce maternal mortality by 75% from 1990 levels by 2015. A recent decline in fertility (from 3.4 children per woman in 1993 to 2.7 children in 2006) has greatly helped to lower the number of Indian women dying from these causes and their lifetime risk of maternal death. Hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death in India; it is responsible for nearly two-fifths of all maternal deaths and thus accounts for half of the direct causes. Women's receipt of any professional prenatal or delivery care has increased dramatically -- by one-half and one-third respectively from 1993 to 2006. Nonetheless just over half (52%) of all Indian women deliver without trained medical assistance. Nearly three-fourths of women still give birth with no medical professional in attendance in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar the country's first and third most populated states respectively. Recently enacted programs to improve the safety of pregnancy and childbirth are likely behind the substantial increase in the proportion of women attended by trained professionals at delivery. Nevertheless if India is to achieve its goal of 100 maternal deaths per 100000 live births government at all levels must redouble efforts to improve access to information and services to protect women's health during pregnancy and delivery and to prevent unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion.


Selective sensing of oligosaccharides in aqueous media is a challenge in current chemistry due to their heavy hydration and stereochemical diversity.  us, the develop¬ment of selective saccharide sensor that functions in aqueous media is of particular signi cance and bene t not only from the scienti c but also from the application point of view. In this study, we synthesized reporter-modi ed curdlan (DABz-Cur) as a saccharide chemosensor, and investi¬gated its abilities for sensing a variety of oligosaccharides by using circular dichroism spectroscopy to  nd a speci cally high sensitivity for one of tetrasaccharides, i.e. acarbose shown in Figure 1a. Acarbose is a drug to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus and obesity by inhibiting α-glucosidase that releases glucose from higher carbohydrates, and therefore its detection is of particular signi cance from the diagnostic viewpoint.  e saccharide sensing results of further interesting approach by an in situ hybrid sensor with Cur and PyPT in Figure 1b and their detailed supramolecular complexation will be discussed


Teaching Grammar Creatively is a practical new resource book that offers a variety of lessons and activities for everyday use in English language classes. It aims to stimulate students' imagination, humour and creativity and increase the effectiveness of grammar practice. The book offers more than 50 complete lessons covering a wide range of grammar structures, learner levels, and age groups. Each lesson is divided into two main sections: Language Awareness Activities and Creative Grammar Practice. The Language Awareness Activities are designed to introduce and provide initial practice of items that may still be unfamiliar to students. The Creative Grammar Practice section provides ideas for a deeper and more personalised familiarisation with these items, always with an element of individual creativity. Each lesson ends with the creation of a learner text - a permanent and original record of the grammar, in the form of a story or a poem for example.


OBJECTIVE
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are among the most common intracranial tumors. Understanding the clinical effects of various modifiable risk factors (MRFs) and nonmodifiable risk factors (NMRFs) is important in guiding proper treatment, yet there is limited evidence outlining the influence of MRFs and NMRFs on outcomes of PA resection. The aim of this study was to analyze MRFs and NMRFs in patients undergoing resection for PAs.

METHODS
Using the 2016 and 2017 National Readmission Database, the authors identified a cohort of 9472 patients undergoing microscopic or endoscopic resection of a PA. Patients with nonoverlapping MRFs and NMRFs were analyzed for length of stay (LOS), hospital cost, readmission rates, and postoperative complications. From the original cohort, a subset of 373 frail patients (as defined by the Johns Hopkins Frailty Index) were identified and propensity matched to nonfrail patients. Statistical analysis included 1-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparisons of means, odds ratios, Wald testing, and unpaired Welch 2-sample t-tests to compare complications, outcomes, and costs between each cohort. Perioperative outcomes and hospital readmission rates were tracked, and predictive algorithms were developed to establish precise relationships between relevant risk factors and neurosurgical outcomes.

RESULTS
Malnourished patients had significantly longer LOSs when compared to nonmalnourished patients (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the number of MRFs and readmission at 90 days (p = 0.012) and 180 days (p = 0.020). Obese patients had higher rates of postoperative neurological injury at the 30-day follow-up (p = 0.048) compared to patients with normal BMI. Within this NMRF cohort, frail patients were found to have significantly increased hospital LOS (p < 0.001) and total inpatient costs compared to nonfrail patients (p < 0.001). Predictive analytics showed that frail patients had significantly higher readmission rates at both 90-day (p < 0.001) and 180-day follow-ups (p < 0.001). Lastly, rates of acute postsurgical infection were higher in frail patients compared to nonfrail patients (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that both MRFs and NMRFs negatively affect the perioperative outcomes following PA resection. Notable risk factors including malnutrition, obesity, elevated lipid panels, and frailty make patients more prone to prolonged LOS, higher inpatient costs, and readmission. Further prospective research with longitudinal data is required to precisely pinpoint the effects of various risk factors on the outcomes of pituitary surgery.


In recent years due to improvements of technology within automobile industry, design process of advanced driver assistance systems for collision avoidance and traffic management has been investigated in both academics and industrial levels. Detection of traffic signs is an effective method to reach the mentioned aims. In this paper a new intelligent driver assistance system based on traffic sign detection with Persian context is designed. The main goal of this system is to assist drivers to choose their path based on traffic signs more precisely. To reach this purpose, a new framework by using of fuzzy logic was used for detection of traffic signs in videos which have has been captured from a vehicle path in highways. Fuzzy logic increases inference and intelligent capabilities in smart systems to make correct decision making in online conditions. Then, the combination of Maximally Stable Extermal Regions (MSER) and Canny Edge Detector Algorithms are used to detect road sign's texts detection. MSER algorithm is aimed at assists to detect regions in an image that differ in properties, for example in brightness or color, compared to surrounding regions. Also, canny edge detector uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in the images. Thereafter, morphological mask operator is used to join individual characters for final detection of texts in the traffic signs. Finally, MATLAB Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is employed to recognize the detected texts. This new framework gives an overall text detection and recognition rate of 90.6%.


William P. Homans Jr. was an iconic civil liberties and criminal defense lawyer who mentored generations of younger lawyers that followed in his path. He appeared in cases that defined his times, from representing targets of the McCarthy-era inquisitions of the 1950s, to defending publishers of books like Tropic of Cancer when the authorities sought to suppress them, to serving on the defense team in the conspiracy trial of internationally-renowned pediatrician Benjamin Spock and four other leaders of the anti-Vietnam-War movement, to defending a doctor charged with manslaughter arising from an abortion he performed soon after Roe v. Wade legalized such procedures. In each case, Homans advanced the larger causes as well as his clients' interests.William Homans also defended countless persons whose names are not widely known and who paid him little or nothing because, like John Adams before him, he believed profoundly that each accused is entitled to the best defense possible. Acutely aware of the many imperfections and biases in the criminal justice system, he was a passionate opponent of the death penalty, and in a series of landmark cases, he persuaded the Supreme Judicial Court to abolish the penalty in Massachusetts.Homans's contributions to the law remain a model for the legal profession, and many valuable lessons may be drawn from his fifty-year career at the Bar.


A new family of eight dinuclear iridium(iii) complexes has been prepared, featuring 4,6-diarylpyrimidines L(y) as bis-N^C-coordinating bridging ligands. The metal ions are also coordinated by a terminal N^C^N-cyclometallating ligand L(X) based on 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene, and by a monodentate chloride or cyanide. The general formula of the compounds is {IrL(X)Z}2L(y) (Z = Cl or CN). The family comprises examples with three different L(X) ligands and five different diarylpyrimidines L(y), of which four are diphenylpyrimidines and one is a dithienylpyrimidine. The requisite proligands have been synthesised via standard cross-coupling methodology. The synthesis of the complexes involves a two-step procedure, in which L(X)H is reacted with IrCl3·3H2O to form dinuclear complexes of the form [IrL(X)Cl(μ-Cl)]2, followed by treatment with the diarylpyrimidine L(y)H2. Crucially, each complex is formed as a single compound only: the strong trans influence of the metallated rings dictates the relative disposition of the ligands, whilst the use of symmetrically substituted tridentate ligands eliminates the possibility of Λ and Δ enantiomers that are obtained when bis-bidentate units are linked through bridging ligands. The crystal structure of one member of the family has been obtained using a synchrotron X-ray source. All of the complexes are very brightly luminescent, with emission maxima in solution varying over the range 517-572 nm, according to the identity of the ligands. The highest-energy emitter is the cyanide derivative whilst the lowest is the complex with the dithienylpyrimidine. The trends in both the absorption and emission energies as a function of ligand substituent have been rationalised accurately with the aid of TD-DFT calculations. The lowest-excited singlet and triplet levels correlate with the trend in the HOMO-LUMO gap. All the complexes have quantum yields that are close to unity and phosphorescence lifetimes - of the order of 500 ns - that are unusually short for complexes of such brightness. These impressive properties stem from an unusually high rate of radiative decay, possibly due to spin-orbit coupling pathways being facilitated by the second metal ion, and to low non-radiative decay rates that may be related to the rigidity of the dinuclear scaffold.


Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved tremendous success in a variety of applications across many disciplines. Yet, their superior performance comes with the expensive cost of requiring correctly annotated large-scale datasets. Moreover, due to DNNs' rich capacity, errors in training labels can hamper performance. To combat this problem, mean absolute error (MAE) has recently been proposed as a noise-robust alternative to the commonly-used categorical cross entropy (CCE) loss. However, as we show in this paper, MAE can perform poorly with DNNs and challenging datasets. Here, we present a theoretically grounded set of noise-robust loss functions that can be seen as a generalization of MAE and CCE. Proposed loss functions can be readily applied with any existing DNN architecture and algorithm, while yielding good performance in a wide range of noisy label scenarios. We report results from experiments conducted with CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and FASHION-MNIST datasets and synthetically generated noisy labels.


The elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau promises insight into the mechanisms and dynamics that develop and sustain high topography over tens of millions of years, as well as the contribution of uplift-related erosive flux to Cenozoic global cooling. The elevation history of the center and northern margin of the plateau have been historically less well-constrained than the southern margin. The elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau promises insight into the mechanisms and dynamics that develop and sustain high topography over tens of millions of years, as well as the contribution of uplift-related erosive flux to Cenozoic global cooling. The elevation history of the center and northern margin of the plateau have been historically less well-constrained than the southern margin. A diverse suite of techniques, each with their own biases and uncertainties, yield discrepant mid-Cenozoic elevation estimates (0–5 km). We reconstruct Paleogene to Miocene elevations of the Lunpola basin on the northern Lhasa terrane, the southernmost crustal block of the Tibetan Plateau, using stable isotope paleoaltimetry and clumped-isotope paleothermometry on lacustrine and pedogenic carbonates, integrated with previously published compound-specific n-alkane-derived hydrogen isotopes. Paleo-elevation estimates for the Lunpola basin (∼3.1–4.7 km) demonstrate that the northern edge of the Lhasa Block attained high elevation prior to ∼24 Ma and potentially by the Early Eocene (<48 Ma). Our results allow for the possibility that the entire Lhasa Block was composed of extremely thick continental crust at the initiation of India-Asia collision, rather than restricting the extent of thick crust to the Linzizong volcanic arc ("Lhasaplano" model) or Gangdese Mountains, and also refutes studies invoking a low elevation interpretation based on higher oxygen and compound-specific δD isotope values. Better constraints on depositional ages in the Lunpola basin are needed to refine the early Cenozoic elevation history along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. Finally, we posit that interpretations of proxy data can be biased by incomplete or selective sampling, and propose multi-proxy, intrinsically cross-disciplinary studies to resolve inconsistent interpretations from otherwise unrelated proxies.


We propose a unified framework to solve general low-rank plus sparse matrix recovery problems based on matrix factorization, which covers a broad family of objective functions satisfying the restricted strong convexity and smoothness conditions. Based on projected gradient descent and the double thresholding operator, our proposed generic algorithm is guaranteed to converge to the unknown low-rank and sparse matrices at a locally linear rate, while matching the bestknown robustness guarantee (i.e., tolerance for sparsity). At the core of our theory is a novel structural Lipschitz gradient condition for low-rank plus sparse matrices, which is essential for proving the linear convergence rate of our algorithm, and we believe is of independent interest to prove fast rates for general superposition-structured models. We illustrate the application of our framework through two concrete examples: robust matrix sensing and robust PCA. Empirical experiments corroborate our theory.


Abstract In this paper, vibration control of a rotating Euler–Bernoulli beam is considered. It is assumed that the fixed–free elastic beam is attached to the servomotor which uses PD control to achieve the desired angular rotation, at the same time, the shear force measured at the root of the beam is used as a feedback to control the beam tip vibration. Mode summation techniques and Laplace domain synthesis techniques are used to analyze the system. Parametric transfer functions relating beam tip motion to the desired rotation and beam rotation to the desired input rotation are obtained. One parameter is the frequency ratio between the natural frequency of the beam and the frequency of the control system, second parameter is the ratio between the shear force feedback gain and the control damping. Stability conditions with respect to these parameters are given. The effect of these parameters on the rotational motion and the beam tip vibration is discussed. Some values of these parameters that make possible desired rotational motion with suppressed tip vibration are suggested. Analysis and results of this work can also be applied to the bending strain feedback and tip velocity feedback control of a rotating Euler–Bernoulli beam.


It is an interesting moment to write Progress in Human Geography's first report on qualitative methods. In one sense, it suggests these methods have, at long last, arrived and been accepted as established approaches. That this is an overdue recognition needs little emphasizing when surveying the number of articles drawing upon, at least in part, qualitative material. However, a less encouraging omen is the recent column in the UK Economic and Social Research Council's Social Sciences, penned by the chief executive (Marshall, 2001). In it he asserts: 'British universities and colleges are not producing quantitatively competent social scientists in sufficient numbers.' Although he does not mention what 'non-quantitative' research is doing, he discusses a series of remedial measures - such as compulsory training in statistics, prioritized awards for quantitative PhD projects, tied studentships and specialist research centres. To paraphrase Spike Milligan's comment on army training, the attitude appears to be - if someone dies when you hang them, keep hanging them until they get used to it. It is already feeding through into new postgraduate Research Training Guidelines. The problem we are told is acute, though the evidence presented is scant and, moreover, ironically seems to consist of unanalysed, qualitative reports from meetings with civil servants: 'Failure to [remedy the shortage] is likely to result in Britain falling behind the rest of Europe, both in the provision of talented quantitative social researchers, and the ability to design public policy on a reliable evidence base.' It seems to imply that qualitative research has not only arrived but gone too far. Within geography, the last decade has undoubtedly seen an expansion in qualitative work both in terms of the types of work and the topics addressed. So in this first report I want to spend some time looking at the range of topics, then beginning to look at the range of methods that might be covered. I want to suggest that we have moved from a period when papers were prefaced with legitimations of qualitative work to a time when we are seeing debates within qualitative methods over establishing orthodox approaches and standards. I want to conclude this report by pointing towards some gaps.


Abstract. The Indian economy has grown significantly during the past decades. Satellite-based remote sensing enables atmospheric pollution to be observed globally, in remote regions, and in regions where the infrastructure for air quality monitoring is limited. Here, we investigate the temporal evolution of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) since the early 2000s, and correlate NO2 abundances with indicators of economic development, notably gross state domestic product and electricity generation capacity, for all 35 Indian states and union territories. From 2003–2012, NO2 pollution and economic growth are strongly correlated, leading to annual increases of up to 4.4 %. This increase is strongest in states in East India having heavy industry. In 2012, the amount of tropospheric NO2 reached a maximum; since then, tropospheric NO2 pollution has stabilized or is even declining. While the Indian economy continues to grow, this decline in observed NO2 values may be a result of a slow-down in Indian economic growth, combined with the implementation of cleaner technology. Additionally, we identify regional pollution sources such as individual steel smelters and the cement industry, which are severely degrading air quality. In Tamil Nadu, economic growth has not led to increasing NO2 columns, which we attribute to the investment in the development of renewable energy sources during the 2000s.


The increasingly globalised nature of media
and journalism has led to a review of ethical
standards, mainly to find universal ethical values which are applicable in a world with countless
different cultures. This article attempts to address
this field of research in comparing South African
and German approaches to the topic of media ethics
. Firstly, it outlines theories of universal and
specific cultural ethical principles in journalism.
Secondly, it shows how the
conception of universal
ethical principles, so called
protonorms
, is interpreted differently in the two cultures and how
specific cultural values of media ethics are ra
ted among the two cultural frameworks of Germany
and South Africa. An online survey conducte
d among German and South African journalism
students found significant differences in the ra
nking of media ethics principles as well as
similarities and differences in the interpretations of
protonorms
. The results support existing
normative theories of universal media ethics, such as the theory of
protonorms
, in contributing
explorative empirical data to this field of mainly theoretical research.


The RIBA Plan of Work describes the way a construction process should be organized. Although not officially approved by the RIBA council, a new plan of work was published in 2000 with the intention of replacing the RIBA Plan of Work, so it is useful to analyse both in terms of the organizational structure they impose upon construction projects. Using analytical principles from organizational theory, both plans are analysed by converting them into organizational matrices and assessing their relative complexities, the load on participants, decentralization of responsibility, number of interfaces and the extent to which they provide for co‐ordination and control. This demonstrates first, that the analysis of organizational structure is an appropriate approach for undertaking comparisons of such documents; and second, that while both plans of work are of roughly equal complexity, the new one is more demanding on the participants; produces a higher number of interfaces between processes, and provides for more co‐ordination than the old one. Neither plan deals with controlling the output of individuals, leaving it as an internal matter for each participating organization.


Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) often cause hemorrhages that can result in severe clinical manifestations, including hemiparesis and seizures. The underlying mechanisms of the aggressive behavior of CCMs are undetermined to date, but alterations ofvascular matrix components may be involved. We compared the localization of the tight junction proteins (TJPs) in 12 CCM specimens and the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), which is sensitive to alterations in TJP levels, in 5 CCM specimens with those in 5control temporal lobectomy specimens without CCM by immunofluorescence microscopy. The TJPs occludin, claudin-5, and zonula occludens ZO-1 were downregulated at intercellular contact sites and partly redistributed within the surrounding tissue in the CCM samples; there was also a marked reduction of GLUT-1 immunoreactivity compared with that in control specimens. Corresponding analysis using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactionon 8 CCM and 8 control specimens revealed significant downregulation of mRNA expression of occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1, and GLUT-1. The altered expression and localization of the TJPs at interendothelial contact sites accompanied by a reduction of GLUT-1 expression in dilated CCM microvessels likely affect vascular matrix stability and may contribute to hemorrhages of CCMs.


Abstract For sexually transmitted infections like HIV to propagate through a population, there must be a path linking susceptible cases to currently infectious cases. The existence of such paths depends in part on the degree distribution. Here, we use simulation methods to examine how two features of the degree distribution affect network connectivity: Mean degree captures a volume dimension, while the skewness of the upper tail captures a shape dimension. We find a clear interaction between shape and volume: When mean degree is low, connectivity is greater for long-tailed distributions, but at higher mean degree, connectivity is greater in short-tailed distributions. The phase transition to a giant component and giant bicomponent emerges as a positive function of volume, but it rises more sharply and ultimately reaches more people in short-tail distributions than in long-tail distributions. These findings suggest that any interventions should be attuned to how practices affect both the volume and shape of the degree distribution, noting potential unanticipated effects. For example, policies that primarily affect high-volume nodes may not be effective if they simply redistribute volume among lower degree actors, which appears to exacerbate underlying network connectivity.


Existing bias mitigation methods for DNN models primarily work on learning debiased encoders. This process not only requires a lot of instance-level annotations for sensitive attributes, it also does not guarantee that all fairness sensitive information has been removed from the encoder. To address these limitations, we explore the following research question: Can we reduce the discrimination of DNN models by only debiasing the classification head, even with biased representations as inputs? To this end, we propose a new mitigation technique, namely, Representation Neutralization for Fairness (RNF) that achieves fairness by debiasing only the task-specific classification head of DNN models. To this end, we leverage samples with the same ground-truth label but different sensitive attributes, and use their neutralized representations to train the classification head of the DNN model. The key idea of RNF is to discourage the classification head from capturing spurious correlation between fairness sensitive information in encoder representations with specific class labels. To address low-resource settings with no access to sensitive attribute annotations, we leverage a bias-amplified model to generate proxy annotations for sensitive attributes. Experimental results over several benchmark datasets demonstrate our RNF framework to effectively reduce discrimination of DNN models with minimal degradation in task-specific performance.


Global liquidity provision is highly procyclical. The recent financial crisis has resulted in a flight to safety, with severe strains in key funding markets leading central banks to employ highly unconventional policies to avoid a systemic meltdown. Bagehot's advice to "lend freely at high rates against good collateral" has been stretched to the limit in order to meet the liquidity needs of dysfunctional financial markets. As the eligibility criteria for central bank borrowing have been tweaked, it is legitimate to ask, How elastic should the supply of central bank currency be?Even when the central bank has the ability to create abundant official liquidity, there should be some limits to its support for the financial sector. Traditionally, the misuse of the fiat money privilege has been limited by self-imposed rules that central bank loans must be fully backed by gold or collateralized in some other way. But since the onset of the crisis, we have seen how this constraint has been relaxed to accommodate the demand for market support. My suggestion is that there has to be some upper limit, and that we should work hard to find guidelines and policies that can limit the need for central bank liquidity support in future crises. In this paper, I review the recent expansion of central bank liquidity support during the crisis, before discussing the collateral polices related to central banks' lender-of-last-resort and market-maker-of-last-resort policies and their rationale. I then examine the relationship between the central bank and the treasury, and the potential threat to central bank independence if they venture into too much risky balance sheet expansion. A discussion about the exceptional growth of the shadow banking system follows. I introduce the concept of "liquidity illusion" to describe the fragility upon which much of the sector is based, and note that market growth has been based largely on a "fair-weather" view that central banks will support the market on rainy days.I argue that we need a better theoretical framework to understand the growth in the shadow banking system and the role of central banks in providing liquidity in a crisis.Recently, the concept of "endogenous finance" has been used to explain the strong procyclical tendencies of the global financial system. I show that this concept was central to Hyman P. Minsky's theory of financial instability, and suggest that his insights should be integrated into the ongoing search for a better theoretical framework for understanding the growth of the shadow banking system and how we can limit official liquidity support for this system. I end the paper with a summary and a discussion of some of the policy issues. I note that the Basel III "package" will hopefully reduce the need for central bank liquidity support in the future, but suggest that further structural reforms of the financial sector are needed to ease the tension between freewheeling private credit expansion and the limited ability or willingness of central banks to provide unlimited official liquidity support in a future crisis.


The SRA reported on here involved three groups of stakeholders—local farmers represented by their community-elected organizational leaders, government service providers represented by district and provincial extension agents and leaders, and a team of international researchers—collaborating in a participatory action research process designed to identify the challenges, opportunities, and critical role to be played by farmer organizations in improving the equity and sustainability of smallholder farming in Northern Laos. The study involved government extension service providers and farmers from over forty villages in each of two districts with two products—organic vegetables in Khoun District and forest coffee in Paek District, Xieng Khuang Province.
Looking critically at a range of successful but diverse farmer organizations throughout Laos, the farmer participants in this study distilled a set of lessons for developing their own organizations. The actions centred on replacing individual with group-based marketing and selling and coordinating production to enable this improved selling. The participants looked at the expected benefits farmers could gain through cooperation and built consensus around simple action plans that involved farmers taking their own actions—such as mobilizing committees from each village to engage in marketing, technical training, and production audits—and searching for support from private sector investors and government service providers.
Distilling the experience into a set of principles and lessons, the participants characterized the approach as follows: putting function over form, practicing representation to build participation, ensuring accountability through transparency, and building consensus around practical sales visions and coordinated production plans. Aligning with Government of Lao policy, the approach shows promise as a means of addressing the need to improve smallholder production and marketing efficiency to compete with other commercial forms. Incorporated within a district-wide extension management system, the approach to mobilizing farmer organizations around market opportunities can bring substantial benefit to smallholder farmers while adding to district economic performance through value chain development.
However, there remain challenges and the approach will not be applicable in all instances. Where markets are ill defined and market actors neither dependable nor trustworthy, farmers will seldom make the investments in time, energy, and resources to improve production and to collaborate. Where farmers are preoccupied with overcoming food insecurity, they may be unwilling and incapable of investing in improving commercial production. Similarly, they may not wish to devote the time necessary to collaborate on joint means of selling.
Furthermore, where DAFO offices are driven to meet formal targets and support structures and registration rather than functions and performance, they will likely not allow farmers to develop their own organizations at a pace that allows consensus building around productive visions and structures that work for farmers. In the right conditions, however, the approaches developed through this SRA have the potential to contribute significantly to a rural development strategy that supports a viable future for smallholder farmers.
To realize this potential will take more than a presentation of results. While the participatory action research (PAR) approach employed in this study built capacity and 'champions' within the participating farmers and government offices, the people with strong capacities and interest are neither sufficiently politically connected nor sufficiently numerous to generate the institutional changes necessary to ensure adoption and further development. While there are several key people, including leaders at Department of Agricultural Extension and Cooperatives (DAEC) and the Xieng Khuang Provincial Agricultural Extension and Cooperatives Service (PAECS), they will need further support to build the critical mass of momentum to move extension practices in this productive direction.


There is an emerging need to support water and food policy and decision making at the global and national levels. A systematic tool that is capable of analyzing water-food relationships with high spatial resolutions would be very useful. A GEPIC model has recently been developed by integrating a crop growth model with a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GEPIC model was applied to simulate crop yield and crop water productivity (CWP) for maize at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-minutes on a global scale. A comparison between simulated yields and FAO statistical yields in 124 countries shows a good agreement. The simulated CWP values are mainly in line with the measured values reported in literature. The crop yield and CWP were simulated with the assumption of sufficient water and fertilizer supply, holding other factors unchanged. The simulation results show that many countries have the potentials in achieving high maize yields and CWP. More than 80% of African countries have the potential to double their CWP. This reflects the current poor water and fertilizer management there. The results imply that efforts have to be strengthened to improve water and fertilizer management should the malnutrition be reduced or even eliminated.


Nowadays, programmers willing to start optimising their code must undergo a lengthy interaction with dedicated profiling tools. This Degree Thesis proposes as an alternative to make compilers generate feedback messages aimed at explaining how they understand the code, and how it could be improved. The study aims at foreseeing the technical integration of feedback notifications in modern compilers, as well as sketching how Integrated Development Environments (IDE) would display them. A first comparison of three related works enables the core differentiators to be highlighted: letting the compiler inform where code is actually fine and does not need any refinement, displaying the notifications along the relevant source lines rather than in a separate interface, insisting on the absence of artificial intelligence, and introducing a filter heuristic to take into account the less significant messages. Then, a preparatory user study is carried to observe different programmers and poll their receptiveness to a compiler feedback. The findings relate the usefulness of optimisations' suggestions to fit where users lack expert knowledge, the existence of dormant interrogations calling for serendipitous information retrieval, and the mistakes inherent to Message of the Day windows which should be avoided. Three prototypes are designed to embody three different approaches, using Web tools to provide a close appearance to code editors along with decent interactivity. With the help of a new user study with the prototypes, a final set of refinements is discussed so as to shape a coherent result and differentiate it further: users can create and share sets of feedback messages to supplement the ones included in their compiler, a list of rules is provided to help designers compose the messages, an emphasis is laid on transparency to help exhibit the absence of artificial intelligence, and the heuristic used to sort and filter the displayable notifications is sketched. Utforskning av kompilatorfeedbacksdesign


Abstract We link industry-level data on trade and offshoring with individual-level worker data from the Current Population Surveys from 1984 to 2002. We find that occupational exposure to globalization is associated with significant wage effects, while industry exposure has no significant impact. We present evidence that globalization has put downward pressure on worker wages through the reallocation of workers away from higher-wage manufacturing jobs into other sectors and other occupations. Using a panel of workers, we find that occupation switching due to trade led to real wage losses of 12 to 17 percentage points. Abstract— We link industry-level data on trade and offshoring with indivi- dual-level worker data from the Current Population Surveys from 1984 to 2002. We find that occupational exposure to globalization is associated with significant wage effects, while industry exposure has no significant impact. We present evidence that globalization has put downward pres- sure on worker wages through the reallocation of workers away from higher-wage manufacturing jobs into other sectors and other occupations. Using a panel of workers, we find that occupation switching due to trade led to real wage losses of 12 to 17 percentage points.


This report is about the referral process and it analyses material recorded in interviews with 45 general practitioners. Data collected from the general medicine clinics and pathology and radiology departments of a
district general hospital in south east England were presented in the First Reportl

The interviewed doctors had differing patterns of medical practice for certain endocrine diseases which traditionally have been referred to hospital. Variations were also observed in the doctors' clinical judgement when working-up similar cases, particularly in their use of biochemistry
work. The pathology data in the First Report confirmed these
differing patterns of use. Increased waiting times for barium studies mainly affected the doctors when they suspected a patient of having a malignancy. There were different ways of coping. Some telephoned the
consultant radiologists to arrange an urgent appointment while others referred the patient direct to the outpatient clinic. There was, as well, a group of doctors who were routinely substituting barium meals with gastroscopy referrals. The interviewed doctors in general though, did not want open access to the gastroscopy service.


Context. The large number and all-sky distribution of quasars from different surveys, along with their presence in large, deep astrometric catalogs, enables us to build of an optical materialization of the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) following its defining principles. Namely: that it is kinematically non-rotating with respect to the ensemble of distant extragalactic objects; aligned with the mean equator and dynamical equinox of J2000; and realized by a list of adopted coordinates of extragalatic sources. Aims. The Large Quasar Reference Frame (LQRF) was built with the care of avoiding incorrect matches of its constituents quasars, homogenizing the astrometry from the different catalogs and lists in which the constituent quasars are gathered, and attaining a milli-arcsec global alignment with the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), as well as typical individual source position accuracies higher than 100 milli-arcsec . Methods. Starting from the updated and presumably complete Large Quasar Astrometric Catalog (LQAC) list of QSOs, the initial optical positions of those quasars are found in the USNO B1.0 and GSC2.3 catalogs, and from the SDSS Data Release 5. The initial positions are next placed onto UCAC2-based reference frames, This is followed by an alignment with the ICRF, to which were added the most precise sources from the VLBA calibrator list and the VLA calibrator list – when reliable optical counterparts exist. Finally, the LQRF axes are inspected through spherical harmonics, to define right ascension, declination and magnitude terms. Results. The LQRF contains 100,165 quasars, well represented accross the sky, from −83.5 to +88.5◦ in declination, being 10 arcmin the average distance between adjacent elements. The global alignment with the ICRF is 1.5 mas, and the individual position accuracies are represented by a Poisson distribution that peaks at 139 mas in right ascension and 130 mas in declination. As a by-product, significant equatorial corrections are found for all the catalogs used (apart from the SDSS DR5), an empirical magnitude correction can be discussed for the GSC2.3 intermediate and faint regimes, both the 2MASS and the preliminary northernmost UCAC2 positions are shown of astrometry consistent with the UCAC2 main catalog, and the harmonic terms are found to be always small. Conclusions. The LQRF contains J2000 referred equatorial coordinates, and is complemented by redshift and photometry information from the LQAC. It is designed to be an astrometric frame, but it is also the basis for the GAIA mission initial quasars' list, and can be used as a test bench for quasars' space distribution and luminosity function studies. The LQRF is meant to be updated when new quasar identifications and newer versions of the astrometric frames used are realized. In the later case, it can itself be used to examine the relations between those frames.


The Organ Music of J. S. Bach. By Peter Williams. 2d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [x, 624 p. ISBN 0-521-81416-2. $110 (hbk.); ISBN 0-521-89115-9. $40 (pbk.)] Music examples, glossary, bibliography, indexes. When Peter Williams' magisterial The Organ Music of J. S. Bach first appeared nearly twenty-five years ago (Cambridge University Press, vols. 1 and 2 in 1980, vol. 3 in 1984), a new era in the scholarship of Bach's organ music was opened. This study pointedly avoided the celebratory tone so typical of previous books on the topic, and it refused to allow mere speculation about these pieces to assume the status of accepted fact. It drew great attention to sources, particularly since ongoing close study of them at the time was making problematic much received wisdom about this repertory. The volumes were loaded (even overloaded) with lists of manuscripts, quotations of opinions from previous generations, richly detailed formal analyses, and an extravagant number of musical examples which supported the myriad connections drawn by the author to Bach's organ works from a wide range of composers of organ music (and other keyboard, instrumental, and even vocal music). In the end, however, Williams preferred to pose questions rather than offer answers, and the reader learned much about how to formulate such questions and what might constitute a reasonable answer or, perhaps more likely, why it would not be reasonable to expect an answer. The appearance of the second edition of this book cannot help but interest anyone concerned with Bach's organ music, if only for the promise that it will provide as valuable a guide to the specialized scholarship on this topic that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s as the first edition did for that of the 1960s and 1970s. That, and much more, awaits the reader. Indeed, the claim, made early in the preface, that "the text is now largely new" (p. vii) is, if anything, an understatement. The thirty-two pages of additions and corrections to the first and second volumes that appeared near the end of the third volume may have served as a starting point for the second edition, but fail to explain the scope of the changes. Volumes 1 and 2, which provided piece-by-piece discussions organized by Bach Werke Verzeichnis (BWV) number, have been combined into this single book. (Volume 1 covered the "Preludes, Toccatas, Fantasias, Fugues, Sonatas, Concertos and Miscellaneous Pieces" while volume 2 treated the remaining "Works based on Chorales." Volume 3, "A Background," discussed questions of liturgy, instruments, and performance practices, among other topics; according to the second edition's preface, it will require "a separate revision" [p. vii].) The some seven hundred pages of the previous volumes 1 and 2 have been reduced to the some six hundred pages of the present single volume; a new, significantly larger type face makes the second edition noticeably easier to navigate; and the new text is much more gracefully paragraphed. These striking changes are possible because the original text has been simplified in many ways: the discussions of many individual pieces have been shortened, and a few even severely truncated; the number of sources listed for individual pieces has often been greatly reduced, with the author's advice to consult instead the second edition of the Bach Werke Verzeichnis (Thematisch-systematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke von Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Schmieder, ed. 2d ed. [Wiesbaden: Breitkopf und Hartel, 199O]); the proliferation of content footnotes has been all but eliminated; and many musical examples have disappeared, while those that remain have been shrunk. More importantly, much new material is included. The bibliography-a new feature of the second edition-reveals the large amount of new work that has been taken into account. True to form, Williams is skeptical of the conclusions promulgated by much recent scholarship. …


Background Paramedics report unique challenges when delivering EOLC, including accessing education and having low confidence. Yorkshire Ambulance Service (YAS) covers a large geographical area and education is typically centralised. Project ECHO uses a tele-mentoring network to share best practice, enable case-based learning to manage complexity, develop communities of practice and build capacity in logistically and geographically challenged services. Prior implementations demonstrated improved knowledge, confidence and self-efficacy in participants. We piloted the ECHO model to develop EOLC amongst YAS clinicians. Method This project began in October 2018 and is planned to run until March 2019; it recruited to capacity (30 participants) within a day. Participants joined a virtual knowledge event to shape the curriculum. Five ECHO sessions, occurring monthly, were facilitated by a Consultant Palliative Physician and a Consultant Paramedic. Participants from across Yorkshire 'dialled in' remotely, individually or in groups. Each session comprised an expert didactic and two anonymised case presentations from participants, which formed the basis of facilitated discussions. Session resources were emailed. Electronic surveys based on existing research were completed by participants: a knowledge questionnaire on recruitment; self-completed surveys of knowledge and self-efficacy at the start and after 3 sessions, and individual session evaluations. Results Of the 30 applicants, 27, 23 and 28 attended each of the first 3 sessions. Of these, 18 completed the initial survey and 16 the second. The proportion of participants self-reporting as 'competent' or 'very competent' increased in 4 out of 5 domains related to EOLC. The proportion reporting 'agree' or 'strongly agree' with questions related to competence in EOLC increased in 12 out of 16 domains. Conclusions Attendance and recruitment rates indicate that ECHO is an accessible model of education delivery. The survey findings support the successful application of this model to paramedics delivering EOLC, resulting in improved self-reported knowledge and confidence.


The very best Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells have a double graded band gap in the absorber, i.e. a notch profile, formed by varying the ratio of Ga to In. If this is a prerequisite or a consequence of high quality deposition methods is something yet of discussion. In this work we have constructed a high efficiency model (HE-T61) based on in-house state-of-the art Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells, with efficiencies above 19 %, and investigated the role of the Ga-profile. Notch-type Ga-profiles have been compared with single graded profiles, and the influence of Ga-dependent defect distribution and metastable defects have been investigated showing that the optimum Ga-profile is dependent on such defect variations. It is also shown that within the HE-T61 model the optimized Ga-profile yields up to 3 % absolute efficiency gain, indicating that there is potential in band gap engineering.


This paper presents a spatially explicit analysis of the nutrient retention ecosystem service responses to changes in forest management in the White River Basin (WRB), Indiana. We use a modified version of the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model and ArcGIS to simulate and value the magnitude of nutrient retention service, assess the prediction power of the InVEST water yield and nutrient retention model, estimate changes in the quantity and value of nutrient retention service with hypothetical increases in enrollment in a forest conservation program, the Classified Forest and Wildlands (CFW) Program, and rank candidate scenarios using a conservation return on investment (ROI) measure. The results suggest that the benefits from a single ecosystem service of nutrient retention can exceed the cost of the tax deductions for both forest conservation scenarios considered but not for the current CFW enrollment. In particular, expanding the CFW program in contaminated sub-watershed yields a higher ROI than expanding the CFW program along river forks. Consequently, substantial savings can be achieved by applying the ROI analysis to guide conservation policies, compared to prioritization merely on the quantity measures of nutrient retention service or compared to program expansion that is not spatially targeted.


The DreamTogether Machine (2016) was a migrating ideation event, supported by Gruentaler9 (Teena Lange), The Space Berlin (Rawan Hourani, Issa Khatib), the IDEATE.me project (co-fin. by European Commission), inspired by the FEI "Transformation Through Innovation" conference and MyMachneGlobal;moderated by pETER Purg of University of Nova Gorica, School of Arts, on October 6, 18 - 21h, at Gruentaler9, Berlin, Germany.

A dozen of MachineDreamers -- mixed between the most propulsive innovators from the West, and the most promising young immigrants from the East -- Together drafted Machines, such as they dream of! And then, they might even come true...

The event was directly linked to the presentation of Peter Purg at the 10th FEI (Front End of Innovation) Conference in Berlin, Germany (same day 12:15 - 13:00, at which hi-profile (creative) industry representatives have chosen to take part in "The Dream Together Machine" event (same day 18:00 - 21:00).


Background: Existing literature suggests that using stigmatizing language may promote negative attitudes and result in more punitive views toward individuals with addiction. It is unclear how the commonly used colloquial terms to describe opioid-exposed mother infant dyads impacts public opinion of pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD). We sought to examine the extent to which language such as "opioid addict" and "born addicted" influences the perception of pregnant women with OUD. Methods: We conducted a randomized case-based vignette study using a population-weighted sample of parents living in Tennessee, varying in the language used to describe an opioid-exposed mother infant dyad. Participant demographics, views on opioid prescribing, and opinions on criminal justice and child welfare responses following delivery were obtained. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the association between vignette type and punitive responses. Results: Eleven hundred participants completed the survey. Overall, 30.6% felt the mother should be arrested and 68.6% felt the mother should lose custody of her infant. There was insufficient evidence to suggest a difference in punitive response selection based on the vignette language (p = 0.27). In the adjusted model, the odds of answering a more punitive response among parents who received non-stigmatizing language was 0.8 (95% CI 0.59–1.08) compared to parents who received stigmatizing language in the vignette. Conclusions: Many parents hold punitive views toward mothers receiving OUD treatment that was not altered by using less value-laden language. Broader stigma-reduction interventions may be more effective.


ORIGINAL ARTICLE Introduction: As far as application of chemicals as disinfectants may have side effects on human health and causes drug resistance, the topic of herbal and natural products has been investigated in recent researches. Nevertheless, application of medicinal smokes in the treatment of many diseases, including bacterial and infectious diseases has long been popular in Iran. Smoke from the burning of Peganumharmala (Espand) and female donkey dung (Anbarnasa) are among these smokes which effects on ambient air fungi was investigated in the current study. Materials and Methods: In this analytical research, the smoking was conducted with different masses of Espand and Anbarnasa in the room space. Before and after smoking, air fungal sampling was performed with Anderson method. After three to five days, the composed fungal colonies were counted. Data were analyzed through the SPSS Software (Vs. 18) and Microsoft Excel (2007). Results: The indoor fungal removal percent by Espand smoke in 1, 3, and 5 minutes after smoking were 52.75 %, 64.72 %, and 77.28 %, respectively; and for the Anbarnasa smoke at these times were 54.6 %, 59.4 %, and 74 %. Increase in smoking time caused a significant increase (p < 0.05( in fungi removal, but change in the mass and the kind of smoking matter (Espand or Anbarnasa) did not cause any significant change in the removal. Conclusion: Smoking with Espand and Anbarnasa as well as duration of smoking can decrease the building's ambient air fungi burden significantly. Of course it is better to perform smoking in enclosed spaces especially in toilets and without the presence of the person. Article History: Received: 18 May 2016 Accepted: 4 September 2016


A philosophical history of the concept of evil in western culture.

'Evil is something to be feared, and historically, we shall see, it is the enemy within who has been seen as representing the most intense evil of all - the enemy who looks just like us, talks like us, and is just like us.'

The Myth of Evil explores a contradiction: the belief that human beings cannot commit acts of pure evil, that they cannot inflict harm for its own sake, and the evidence that pure 'evil' truly is a human capacity. Acts of horror are committed not by inhuman 'monsters', but by ordinary human beings. This contradiction is clearest in the apparently 'extreme' acts of war criminals, terrorists, serial murderers, sex offenders and children who kill.

Phillip Cole delves deep into our two, cosily established approaches to evil. There is the traditional approach where evil is a force which creates monsters in human shape. And there is the 'enlightened' perspective where evil is the consequence of the actions of misguided or mentally deranged agents. Cole rejects both approaches. Satan may have played a role in its evolution, but evil is really a myth we have created about ourselves. And to understand it fully, we must acknowledge this.

Drawing on the philosophical ideas of Nietzsche, Arendt, Kant, Mary Midgley and others, as well as theology, psychoanalysis, fictional representations and contemporary political events such as the global 'war on terror', Cole presents an account of evil that is thorough and thought-provoking, and which, more fundamentally, compels us to reassess our understanding of human nature.


Abstract This article discusses the experience and the ideas of National Statistical Institutes from four countries – Portugal, Sweden, Canada, and the Netherlands – in order to build a fully automated data collection system, to provide a system-to-system (S2S) data exchange or Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) between all stakeholders in the production chain. This joint work is a summary of an invited session at the Fifth International Conference on Establishment Surveys, which was devoted to 'the future of business data collection'. Taken together, the four presentations provide an overview of recent experiences with S2S/EDI data collection for financial business data. The basis for such a system is an integrated unbroken digital information chain that runs from the recording of financial data in computerised administrative systems of individual businesses all the way to publishing economic statistics – the Business Information Chain. This chain can be 'closed' and made into a cycle by including a feedback loop, for example by providing benchmark data to businesses. However, to make it happen, technical standardisation, vertical and horizontal conceptual harmonisation between all partners in the chain, and positive business cases for all partners are needed. The article starts by putting EDI developments in historical perspective.


The aim of this chapter is to understand how the ideas of unity and leadership are conveyed linguistically by the members of the European Parliament (MEP)'s interventions. Using the cognitive metaphor theory developed by Lakoff and Johnson I argue that the analysis of conceptual metaphors will show how MEPs perceive the EU and its role in the climate change discussions. The corpus used in this analysis is composed of two debates that took place at the European Parliament, respectively before and after the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen (COP15), in December 2009.


The border between the posterior ectoderm and the endoderm is a location where two germ layers meet and establish an enduring relationship that also later serves, in deuterostomes, as the anatomical site of the anus. In the sea urchin, a prototypic deuterostome, the ectoderm-endoderm boundary is established before gastrulation, and ectodermal cells at the boundary are thought to provide patterning inputs to the underlying mesenchyme. Here we show that a short-range Wnt5 signal from the endoderm actively patterns the adjacent boundary ectoderm. This signal activates a unique subcircuit of the ectoderm gene regulatory network, including the transcription factors IrxA, Nk1, Pax2/5/8 and Lim1, which are ultimately restricted to subregions of the border ectoderm (BE). Surprisingly, Nodal and BMP2/4, previously shown to be activators of ectodermal specification and the secondary embryonic axis, instead restrict the expression of these genes to subregions of the BE. A detailed examination showed that endodermal Wnt5 functions as a short-range signal that activates only a narrow band of ectodermal cells, even though all ectoderm is competent to receive the signal. Thus, cells in the BE integrate positive and negative signals from both the primary and secondary embryonic axes to correctly locate and specify the border ectoderm.