Konservat‐Lagerstätten are seen as snapshots of past biodiversity for a given location and time. However, processes leading to the exceptional morphological preservation of fossils in these deposits remain incompletely understood. This results in a deficient assessment of taphonomic biases and limits the robustness/relevance of palaeobiological reconstructions. Here, we report the mineralogical characterization of crustacean fossils preserved within carbonate‐rich concretions from the Jurassic Konservat‐Lagerstätte of La Voulte‐sur‐Rhône (Ardèche, France). The combination of SEM‐EDS, TEM, synchrotron‐based XRF, XRD and XANES allows the mineralogical phases composing these fossils (i.e. fluorapatite, Fe‐sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite) and Mg‐calcite) and the surrounding matrix (i.e. Mg‐calcite, clays and detrital silicates) to be identified. Fluorapatite and pyrite (and pyrrhotite) precipitated during decay under anoxic conditions, replacing delicate organic structures and preserving anatomical details. These mineral structures were subsequently consolidated by a Mg‐calcite cement. Of note, histologically similar tissues were replaced by the same mineral phases, confirming that fossilization (in La Voulte) occurred rapidly enough to be influenced by tissue composition. Altogether, the present study shows that exceptional preservation requires fast biodegradation, thereby confirming recent experimental evidence.


Field experiments have been conducted to investigate flow and dispersion through obstacle arrays. Model obstacles which represent real structures at a nominal scale between 1/10 and 1/20 were used. The main purpose of the experiments was to examine flow and dispersion of contaminants in the vicinity of individual obstacles embedded in an array of cubes. Two array configurations were used, namely the in-line and staggered array configurations. The field experiments were supported by flow visualisation trials performed in the wind tunnel. In the light of the results of these wind tunnel trials, the field experiments were carried out using an array spacing S/H = 1.5 (where S is the space between two consecutive array elements). Dispersion around an isolated model building has already been investigated in the field (Mavroidis and Griffiths, 1996). Thus comparison is allowed between dispersion around an isolated obstacle and around the same obstacle embedded in an array of cubes.


OSU-03012, a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) inhibitor, destabilizes MYCN and MYC proteins in neuroblastoma cells. However, AKT phosphorylation is barely detectable in neuroblastoma cells under normal culture conditions whether treated with OSU-03012 or not. This observation suggests that PDK1 is not the main target of OSU-03012 to destabilize MYC and MYCN in neuroblastoma cells. In the present study, we explored one of the possible mechanisms by which OSU-03012 destabilizes MYC and MYCN. Since Aurora kinase A is reported to phosphorylate GSK3β, leading to its inactivation, we hypothesized that one of the targets of OSU-03012 is Aurora kinase A. Comparative analysis of OSU-03012 and VX-680, a potent and specific inhibitor of Aurora kinases, showed that both inhibitors destabilized MYC and MYCN and were significantly growth suppressive to neuroblastoma cell lines. In silico molecular docking analysis further showed that the calculated interaction energy between Aurora kinase A and OSU-03012 was −109.901 kcal/mol, which was lower than that (−89.273 kcal/mol) between Aurora kinase A and FXG, an Aurora kinase-specific inhibitor. Finally, an in vitro Aurora kinase A inhibition assay using a recombinant Aurora kinase A showed that OSU-03012 significantly inhibited Aurora kinase A, although it was weaker in potency than that of VX-680. Thus, OSU-03012 has a likelihood of binding to and inhibiting Aurora kinase A in vivo. These results suggest that OSU-03012 affects multiple cellular targets, including Aurora kinase A, to exhibit its growth suppressive and MYC and MYCN-destabilizing effects on neuroblastoma and other cancer cells.


Skull fractures, following head trauma, may bring several complications and cause epidural hematomas. Therefore, it is of great significance to locate the fracture in time. However, the manual detection is time-consuming and laborious, and the previous studies for the automatic detection could not achieve the accuracy and robustness for clinical application. In this work, based on the Faster R-CNN, we propose a novel method for more accurate skull fracture detection results, and we name it as the Skull R-CNN. Guiding by the morphological features of the skull, a skeleton-based region proposal method is proposed to make candidate boxes more concentrated in key regions and reduced invalid boxes. With this advantage, the region proposal network in Faster R-CNN is removed for less computation. On the other hand, a novel full resolution feature network is constructed to obtain more precise features to make the model more snesetive to small objects. Experiment results showed that most of skull fractures could be detected correctly by the proposed method in a short time. Compared to the previous works on the skull fracture detecion, Skull R-CNN significantly reduces the less false positives, and keeps a high sensitivity.


Artificial light at night can be harmful to the environment, and interferes with fauna and flora, star visibility, and human health. To estimate the relative impact of a lighting device, its radiant power, angular photometry and detailed spectral power distribution have to be considered. In this paper we focus on the spectral power distribution. While specific spectral characteristics can be considered harmful during the night, they can be considered advantageous during the day. As an example, while blue-rich Metal Halide lamps can be problematic for human health, star visibility and vegetation photosynthesis during the night, they can be highly appropriate during the day for plant growth and light therapy. In this paper we propose three new indices to characterize lamp spectra. These indices have been designed to allow a quick estimation of the potential impact of a lamp spectrum on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility. We used these new indices to compare various lighting technologies objectively. We also considered the transformation of such indices according to the propagation of light into the atmosphere as a function of distance to the observer. Among other results, we found that low pressure sodium, phosphor-converted amber light emitting diodes (LED) and LED 2700 K lamps filtered with the new Ledtech's Equilib filter showed a lower or equivalent potential impact on melatonin suppression and star visibility in comparison to high pressure sodium lamps. Low pressure sodium, LED 5000 K-filtered and LED 2700 K-filtered lamps had a lower impact on photosynthesis than did high pressure sodium lamps. Finally, we propose these indices as new standards for the lighting industry to be used in characterizing their lighting technologies. We hope that their use will favor the design of new environmentally and health-friendly lighting technologies.


This paper presents experimentally-verified multiphysics finite element model of a wideband vibration energy harvester with impact coupling, which operates on the principle of frequency up-conversion: under low-frequency harmonic base excitation a cantilever-type resonator (with resonant frequency of 18.8 Hz) impacts a high-frequency piezoelectric cantilever, which starts freely vibrate at its resonant frequency of 374 Hz. Such input frequency amplification enables efficient power generation under low-frequency ambient excitations. The model was implemented in COMSOL and the contact between the cantilevers was formulated by using a nonlinear viscoelastic model. Reported results of dynamical and electrical testing of the fabricated vibration energy harvester confirm the accuracy of the model as well as reveal some operational characteristics of the device under varying impact and excitation conditions.


This article examines how millennial (and apocalyptic) prophecy in contemporary conspiracy theory culture is both constructed from, and in turn produces, material things. Influential radio host and filmmaker Alex Jones (b. 1974), constructs his prophecies of imminent "Fall of America," engineered by a shadowy cabal of Satan-worshiping socialists, from material things—ammunition purchases, birth certificates, chemtrails and extreme weather. At the same time, his prophecies in turn nurture an industry producing water filters, "seed banks," and freeze-dried food for the "preppers" who would survive—material expressions of their millenarianism. These processes illuminate how material concerns actively construct worlds of belief, whether religious or apparently secular.


When we wake up with a dream in which we heard a song, it is worthwhile to pay attention to the lyrics since they have a habit of indicating what is ahead for the coming day. I have found that there are a good number of people who have observed this on several occasions. It is actually a reliable way of predicting the immediate future. This is not so surprising because our dreams are the blueprint of waking. I have shown this in my essay "To test or not to test, that is the Question", published in the 'International Journal of Dream Research', Vol. 7, No. 2, October 2014, pp.153-169. In view of the fact that all dreams are predictive, any other dream scene could be used for the purpose of prediction. But since the lyrics of a song are practically a written interpretation of the dream, it is an excellent way of tackling predictive dream interpretation, especially for beginners.            Once we understand that dreams are the blueprint of waking, we also realise that all metaphors we use in waking life are the dream's invention.  Thus the  metaphor of 'making music' suggests making love both in dreams and in waking. From this it is easy to see why musical instruments are substitutes for the genitals. So when a female musician dreams that her cello is on fire she will experience an irresistible burst of libido on the dream day.            While every imaginable item is susceptible to a sexual interpretation, music holds a special place in that respect because it not only can arouse passions, but because it does not register in just a single area of the brain, but interpenetrates several areas of it. Recent studies show that severely handicapped patients who have suffered a stroke for instance, can be healed by means of playing music to them, which they have stored in their brain. What life without the ability to communicate would be like is well described by Concetta Tomaino in one section of her article, 'How Music Can Reach The Silenced Brain'. There she records the case of 'Sally', who had been diagnosed with leucoencephalopathy. This meant that Sally "was mute; apart from crying, she made no vocal sounds. She spent her days pacing the long nursing home corridor and crying... One day, as (the author) played some tunes to other residents, (she) was surprised to hear a beautiful voice singing the complete lyrics to the song (she) was playing. (She) turned to the door to see Sally dancing and singing her way into the room…Her crying stopped, as did her restless wandering the halls. Soon she began speaking and became more integrated into the world of the nursing home".            Apart from the near miraculous healing abilities of music, this case also demonstrates that the awakening of memories moves from the subcortical area to the cortical area, which is the realm of waking awareness. It also points to something that is often forgotten by dream researchers: our memory is a mixture of dream memory and waking memory. In other words, all dreams find a place in the subcortical area whether we have recalled them or not. That being so, our dreams are able to initiate waking action cryptomnesically. This not only shows how dreams can initiate our waking actions, but also how instinct, new ideas, intuition, inspiration, premonition and prophecy are one and all cryptomnesic recalls of a dream which, put another way, are dreams that have passed unnoticed into our dream memory from whence they emerge just as inconspicuously, from where they do their work in the most clandestine way, allowing the ego to think that it had somehow conjured it all up of its own accord and by means of its own ability and resources.


In this paper, we analyze and compare three of the many algebraic structures that have been used for modeling dependent type theories: categories with families, split type-categories, and representable maps of presheaves. We study these in univalent type theory, where the comparisons between them can be given more elementarily than in set-theoretic foundations. Specifically, we construct maps between the various types of structures, and show that assuming the Univalence axiom, some of the comparisons are equivalences.
We then analyze how these structures transfer along (weak and strong) equivalences of categories, and, in particular, show how they descend from a category (not assumed univalent/saturated) to its Rezk completion. To this end, we introduce relative universes, generalizing the preceding notions, and study the transfer of such relative universes along suitable structure.
We work throughout in (intensional) dependent type theory; some results, but not all, assume the univalence axiom. All the material of this paper has been formalized in Coq, over the UniMath library.


In order to improve the understanding of unsteady secondary flow structures in axial turbomachines, the flow in a scaled axial compressor stator was studied. It was operated in the vicinity of the stability line and could be equipped with variable hub clearances. Results from unsteady aerodynamic and acoustic pressure measurements, high-speed Particle Image Velocimetry measurements, and turbulence resolving numerical simulations are presented. Typical characteristics of the rotating instability (RI) phenomenon were found. A parameter study varying the clearance size and the blade loading, respectively, revealed the surprising occurrence of the RI even for the stator configuration without hub clearance. This contradicts the hitherto presumption of a hub or tip clearance needed to be in place for a rotating instability to emerge


High-level policy interest in the European Union dates to the late 1990s and has entered a new stage since 2005. This more recent approach moves away from purely instrumentalist concern with development as a way of pursuing goals of migration control, evident in earlier policies. The continued poor quality of data inhibits effective evaluation of this new approach, though it is clear that budgets allocated by EU Member States and the Commission are still relatively small compared to ODA, private remittance flows and especially migration control. Policy retains a focus on remittance flows; this is understandable since data is best, tangible outcomes are clearest and measurable targets have been set. Yet broader concerns are reflected in some recent approaches and the paper highlights a range of best practice examples. These examples illustrate the change in content of policy, particularly responses to developing technologies and the inclusion of a variety of non-state actors. As data improves, more accurate evaluations of all of these initiatives will be possible, but a continual focus on the accuracy and availability of that data is required to support this.


The history of avant-garde film in the twentieth century can be defined by a widely accepted canon of major works and artists, although the function of this canon changed between the pre-World War II pioneer period and the 1960s, when avant-garde film emerged as a challenge to conventional narrative. A more dialectical conception of the avant-garde, proposed by Peter Wollen, has since served to unite different traditions, until recent concerns have emerged about the very idea of a film-based canon. New studies have emphasised the importance of networks and of contexts of presentation as perhaps greater than the film-texts themselves. More varied contemporary forms of access to avant-garde film may eventually supersede the traditional Modernist canon.


Chronic mesenteric ischemia is an uncommon disorder manifested most commonly as abdominal pain. Surgical revascularization has traditionally been the treatment of choice. Endovascular management of this entity was originally attempted as an alternative for high-risk patients. Improvements in stent technology, refinement in technique, and increased efficiency of antiplatelet regimens have, over time, increased the popularity of this minimally invasive approach. We present a review of the available series on endovascular treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia, with emphasis on short- and longterm outcome and morbidity and mortality results. Principles of operative technique and controversial issues and topics of interest are also discussed.


With no impending global controls on HFCs, the Montreal Protocol offers a near-term path to preserve its climate benefits. The Montreal Protocol is perhaps the most successful international environmental treaty, responsible for global phaseout of the consumption and production of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), e.g., chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which do not destroy stratospheric ozone, were considered long-term substitutes for ODSs and are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Because most HFCs are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), they are included in the Kyoto Protocol. But climate benefits provided by this protocol are limited as they apply only to developed countries and over a short time (2008–2012). As we describe below, with no impending global controls on HFCs, inclusion of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol offers a path, starting in the short term, to preserve the climate benefits already achieved by this protocol.


Abstract Since gaining full independence in 1905, Norway has experienced more than a century of democratic elections, and has reformed its electoral system three times, most notably with the switch from a two-round runoff system to proportional representation in 1919. This research note introduces a new dataset featuring all candidates running for parliamentary (Storting) elections from 1906 to 2013, and documents the patterns over time and across electoral systems in the development of the party system; candidates' gender, age, occupation, and geographic ties; and voter turnout. Scholars interested in using the dataset can gain access to it through the Norwegian Centre for Research Data.


We provide a selective survey of what has been accomplished under the heading of monopolistic competition in industrial organization and other economic fields. Among other things, we argue that monopolistic competition is a market structure in its own right, which encompasses a much broader set-up than the celebrated constant elasticity of substitution (CES) model. Although oligopolistic and monopolistic competition compete for adherents within the economics profession, we show that this dichotomy is, to a large extend, unwarranted.


Teachers in our public schools are professional licensed individuals typically certified by state agencies to be qualified to teach students in a professional manner. When students fail in relation to school learning programs, at the same time, and in the same manner their teachers fail. Since teachers are paid to provide an effective learning program for students, when even one student fails in that program, there is clear evidence that the learning program paid for was not effective for that student. When more than a single student fails in one class, or for one teacher, there is increasing evidence that the learning program provided was not effective for more students. When a house builder, or a bridge builder, builds a product that is found to be ineffective, the builder is required to return and rebuild the failed equipment; can we ask teachers to do the same for failed students?. Self-efficacy and Learning Bandura (1997), who won the Thorndike Award for 1999 by the American Psychological Association for his research in relation to self-efficacy has demonstrated repeatedly that learning and school achievement are intimately related to both student and teacher expectations. Teachers with a high sense of instructional efficacy operate on the belief that difficult students are teachable through extra effort and appropriate techniques and that they can enlist family support and overcome negative community influences through effective teaching. Self efficacy, then, for Bandura is a judgment of one's ability to organize and execute given types of performances. People may use their efficacy to adapt to their environment or to change it, but the self-assurance with which people approach and manage difficult tasks determines largely whether they make good use of their own capabilities. He insists that outcomes are always a product of human actions, and the outcomes people anticipate depend largely on their judgments of how well they will be able to perform in given situations. In contrast, teachers with low instructional efficacy believe there is little they can do if students are unmotivated. Bandura insists that if teachers believe they have no power to produce results, they will not attempt to make things happen. He insists that outcomes are always a product of human actions, and the outcomes people anticipate depend largely on their judgments of how well they will be able to perform in given situations. Insidious self-doubts can easily override the best of skills. Students with high self-efficacy not only prefer normatively difficult activities but also display high staying power in those pursuits. The more encompassing the social milieu to which students gravitate, the higher their staying power in relation to learning. The stronger a student's belief in his/her personal expectations, the greater the effort in pursuit of such goals, and the greater the interest for learning and staying power in relation to learning. Clarification of Grading Standards Early at the beginning of each learning period teachers need to spell out in considerable detail the standards to be used for the grading of their students. …


Software defined networking (SDN) and flexible grid optical transport technology are two key technologies that allow network operators to customize their infrastructure based on application requirements and therefore minimizing the extra capital and operational costs required for hosting new applications. In this paper, for the first time we report on design, implementation & demonstration of a novel OpenFlow based SDN unified control plane allowing seamless operation across heterogeneous state-of-the-art optical and packet transport domains. We verify and experimentally evaluate OpenFlow protocol extensions for flexible DWDM grid transport technology along with its integration with fixed DWDM grid and layer-2 packet switching.


In this study we examine the physical mechanism that prevents the use of short optical pulses in high bit-rate transmission systems. Continuum-induced soliton–soliton interaction is the cause of long-range as well as enhanced direct soliton–soliton interaction. We show, by means of a purely analytical approach, that soliton–continuum interaction causes position wiggling of the soliton and that when this effect is applied to a random sequence of solitons it becomes an additional cause of timing jitter.


Nonlinear analog-to-digital conversion in smart sensor applications is an important topic since signal digitization and linearization can be performed in a single step near the transducer. In this paper a double pulsewidth modulated (PWM) scheme for nonlinear analog-to-digital conversion is presented. Calibration or auto-calibration data stored in the smart sensor's memory define the nonlinear profile characteristic of the transducer and provide the required data to obtain the inverse function of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) transfer curve. Basically, as a function of the transducer's nonlinearity degree, the input voltage range of the ADC is segmented in a continuous set of subintervals and, for each of these subintervals, a second-order correction term based on a PWM A/D conversion is used to obtain a linear characteristic for the smart sensor. Additional advantages of this method result from its easy implementation in low-cost microcontrollers that include generally comparator inputs and PWM outputs. A flexible and programmable A/D conversion solution can be dynamically adapted to variations of the transducer's nonlinearity profile, and an increased resolution can be achieved at the expense of a lower conversion rate. Some MATLAB simulations and experimental results obtained with a square-root airflow transducer will be presented in the final part of the paper


The stability of the internal kink mode is analyzed in terms of the essential properties of auxiliary heated ions. A fundamental difference between fusion born alpha particles and auxiliary heated ions is that the latter are typically anisotropically distributed. The effect of anisotropy, which is usually ignored in the fluid contribution of hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic codes, provides a stabilizing effect for populations that have a large passing fraction. The effect on internal kink mode stability is further modified by crucial finite orbit effects if the distribution is asymmetric in v(parallel to), such as for unbalanced beam ion populations. Additionally, such heating scenarios transfer momentum to the background plasma thereby especially modifying the kinetic response of thermal ions. In contrast, anisotropic distributions with large trapped fractions incur improved kinetic stability, but at the cost of increased fluid instability, which is partially due to the effect of anisotropy on the equilibrium. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.


This paper delineates a development of ideas, based on a literature search, which may be applied to future studies in art therapy concerning the ego developmental impact of traumatic child abuse. The subject of child abuse is introduced through definitions of physical abuse, sexual abuse, child neglect and emotional abuse and neglect, as well as by a discussion of some common myths about child abuse. The traumatic impact of child abuse in terms of ego development damage is explored as well as the possible psychopathological impact of severely traumatic child abuse. An analysis of several theoretical models asserts the "Traumagenic Dynamics" model as the most effective in terms of linking the effects of child abuse with the abusive environment. As a basis for empirical research, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the "Traumagenic Dynamics" model and ego-developmental levels by the incorporation of a "schema framework." The exploration of art therapy research strongly supports that art therapy is able to address areas of psychological and interpersonal functioning relating to child abuse and therefore may promote ego development. In concluding, suggestions for future research are provided


We propose, fabricate, and experimentally demonstrate a circuit based on graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) showing enhanced negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristics at room temperature. The proposed graphene NDR (GNDR) circuit consists of three GFETs, which includes a two GFET inverter connected in a feedback loop with the main GFET in which the NDR is realized. Herein, a GNDR circuit is demonstrated using large-area chemical vapor deposition grown graphene and no doping step, which makes it compatible with silicon-based circuits. The circuit shows negative differential conductance (2.1 mS/μm) that is almost an order of magnitude better than NDR based on 1-GFET. This conductance level is uniquely tunable (×2.3) with the supply voltage as well as with the back bias voltage. It also exhibits an improved peak-to-valley current ratio (2.2) and a wide voltage range (0.6 V) over which NDR is valid. In comparison with other NDR technologies, the GNDR has a very high peak-current-density of the order of 1 mA/μm , which offers unique opportunities for designing circuits for applications requiring high current drive.


In Europe, noneconomic political issues are seen as secondary but significant aspects of political competition. There is uncertainty, however, about the sources of the varying relationships between economic and cultural politics. This article explains the variance in the correlation of the economic and cultural dimensions in different party systems through the impact of historical religious conflict. Despite the rise of new cultural issues, historical religious divides strikingly predict the relative distinctiveness of the sociocultural dimension in today's Europe. By demonstrating that economic conflicts did not always supersede religious divides, but were at times brought into standing religious cleavages, we deepen the understanding of cleavage formation and longevity, and dimensional structure of politics in Europe.


Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programs have shown mixed results, which may be in part due to suboptimal training components. Objective Determine effects of a prevention program with external and internal focus of attention on (potential) biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury. Design Pretest-posttest control group. Setting Laboratory and field. Participants 31 elite female soccer players participated. Exclusion criteria included previous ACL injury or current lower extremity injury. Intervention Two teams performed warm-up programs, including strength, agility, balance, plyometric, core and speed exercises twice a week for 12 weeks. One team received instructions to focus attention internally toward movements of the body (INT); another team received instructions to focus attention externally near the body (EXT). The control group (CON) performed their regular warming-up without specific instructions. Main outcome measurements Normalized external knee and ankle joint moments and joint angles on a two-legged jump-landing-rebound task. Results Results of 3x2 repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant group x time interaction for peak knee extension moment (F (2,23)=4.09, P=.03), the EXT group decreased more (–0.90±0.16 to −0.73±0.15 Nm/kg*m) than the CON group (P<.05). Regarding knee flexion angle at peak varus-valgus, a significant interaction was observed (F (2,26)=3.95, P=.03), the INT group increased more (61.58±11.14 to 69.07±1.53°) than the EXT group (P=.08). Differences between groups were found for peak varus-valgus moment (F (2,26)=4.81, P=.02) and ankle flexion-extension moment (F (2,26)=6.40, P<.01). No significant main effects for time were displayed. Conclusions External or internal focused instructions could be beneficial in improving landing technique, which is promising as an external focus of attention requires less time from coaches and has therefore great potential in ACL injury prevention.


Background: In anesthesia practice, obstructing materials like thick mucus secretion, debris or blood clots, and food particles accumulate in the oropharynx. If not properly removed, they could cause airway obstruction with concurrent hypoxia which may end fatally. Objectives: This study aims to highlight the importance of forgetting foreign objects in the airway in order to allert anesthesiologists about the hazards of missed foreign bodies in the oropharynx which could lead to disastrous situation. Patients and Methods: During the period from 2012-2014, out of 2300 patients presented for surgical operation under general anesthesia with endo-tracheal intubation, 22 patients were recorded to have accidental discovery of hazardous foreign bodies retained in the oropharynx and were included in this study with an incidence rate of 0.96%. Cases in this study were classified as patient-related or surgeryrelated. Foreign bodies were identified with the aid of laryngoscopy and were removed by suction hand piece or Magill's forceps. Results: The main age group was between 21-40 years accounting for 45.5%. Male: female ratio was 1.2:1. Overall, 59.1% were related to patients' causes, while 40.9% were related to surgery. The commonest type of foreign body observed was cardamom (38.5%) among patient-related cases, and tissue remnants in 66.7% of surgery-related cases. Conclusion: Missed foreign bodies are not uncommon and anesthesiologists should be aware of inspecting the mouth and throat of the patient thoroughly before endotracheal intubation and extubation to reduce the hazard of foreign body inhalation.


This study examined the extent to which the death anxiety of oncology social workers impacts the facilitation of the completion of their personal advance directives, and communication about advance directives with patients. Members of the Association of Oncology Social Work completed death anxiety and advance directive communication practices survey instruments. Terror Management Theory and Personal Construct Theory guided the examination of the results. Respondents having more years of work experience reported higher death anxiety scores. And, as the death anxiety scores increased the communication scores decreased related to disclosure of information about advance directives and values in living. In spite of limitations, the study findings contribute to the furthering of understanding oncology social workers in this context. The combined use of Terror Management Theory and Personal Construct Theory has seldom been used to study oncology social workers and the statistically significant findings suggest future research may be warranted.


The purpose of this research bulletin is to summarize the pricing performance of professional market advisory services for the 1995-2000 corn and soybean crops. The pricing performance results over 1995-2000 suggest several key findings. First, advisory programs in corn do not consistently beat market benchmarks, but they do consistently beat the farmer benchmark. Second, advisory programs in soybeans tend to beat both market and farmer benchmarks. Third, in terms of 50/50 revenue, advisory programs only marginally beat market benchmarks, but consistently beat the farmer benchmark. Overall, there is mixed evidence that advisory programs as a group outperform market benchmarks, while substantial evidence exists that advisory programs as a group outperform the farmer benchmarks. Caution should be used when considering the results, due to the relatively small sample of crop years available for analysis. In particular, the presence of sharp downward price trends in most crop years makes it difficult to determine whether the 1995-2000 sample provides a statistically reliable picture of future differences in pricing performance.


The Daoist Society of Brazil (Sociedade Taoista do Brasil) was founded by Wu Jyh Cherng (Wu Zhicheng 武志成), a Taiwanese immigrant, in 1991. Today the Society operates two temples in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and is the only religious organization in South America that is affiliated with the Daoist Society of China in the Orthodox Unity (Zhengyi 正一) lineage. The group, however, is not made up of other immigrants or Brazilians of Chinese descent; rather the entire group and current priesthood consist of Brazilians of non-Chinese ancestry. This essay examines the history and development of the Daoist Society of Brazil and its members' understandings of Daoism through site visits and interviews conducted in December 2009. From this I develop a theory of the particular characteristics of Brazilian religious culture that enabled the formation of a Zhengyi Daoist community outside of ethnically Chinese people. The practices of the two temples thus represent a hybrid of Chinese and Brazilian cultural forms that have been negotiated through a complex assessment of how to maintain authentic religious traditions in a non-traditional cultural context. Although the transcultural practices of the Daoist Society of Brazil can only be fully understood in these particular terms, the Society also represents an important case study in the more general phenomenon of the globalization of religious cultures and the formation of transcultural religious identities.


ABSTRACT Querying massive functional genomic and annotation data collections, linking and summarizing the query results across data sources/data types are important steps in high-throughput genomic and genetic analytical workflows. However, these steps are made difficult by the heterogeneity and breadth of data sources, experimental assays, biological conditions/tissues/cell types and file formats. FILER (FunctIonaL gEnomics Repository) is a framework for querying large-scale genomics knowledge with a large, curated integrated catalog of harmonized functional genomic and annotation data coupled with a scalable genomic search and querying interface. FILER uniquely provides: (i) streamlined access to >50 000 harmonized, annotated genomic datasets across >20 integrated data sources, >1100 tissues/cell types and >20 experimental assays; (ii) a scalable genomic querying interface; and (iii) ability to analyze and annotate user's experimental data. This rich resource spans >17 billion GRCh37/hg19 and GRCh38/hg38 genomic records. Our benchmark querying 7 × 109 hg19 FILER records shows FILER is highly scalable, with a sub-linear 32-fold increase in querying time when increasing the number of queries 1000-fold from 1000 to 1 000 000 intervals. Together, these features facilitate reproducible research and streamline integrating/querying large-scale genomic data within analyses/workflows. FILER can be deployed on cloud or local servers (https://bitbucket.org/wanglab-upenn/FILER) for integration with custom pipelines and is freely available (https://lisanwanglab.org/FILER).


This chapter brings to the forefront various challenges of engaging in both critical and participatory forms of knowledge building, in particular with queer and trans migrants with precarious status. Two scholars trace their previous experiences of engaging in participatory and critical research as well as their shift toward reflexive ways of knowing. This shift elicits the ways in which Critical Participatory Action Research (CPAR) may be used to build reflexive knowledge with and about queer and trans migrant communities, and in particular, LGBTQ refugees and MSM Latino migrants.


Story understanding systems need to be able to perform commonsense reasoning, specifically regarding characters' goals and their associated actions. Some efforts have been made to form large-scale commonsense knowledge bases, but integrating that knowledge into story understanding systems remains a challenge. We have implemented the Aspire system, an application of large-scale commonsense knowledge to story understanding. Aspire extends Genesis, a rule-based story understanding system, with tens of thousands of goalrelated assertions from the commonsense semantic network ConceptNet. Aspire uses ConceptNet's knowledge to infer plausible implicit character goals and story causal connections at a scale unprecedented in the space of story understanding. Genesis's rule-based inference enables precise story analysis, while ConceptNet's relatively inexact but widely applicable knowledge provides a significant breadth of coverage difficult to achieve solely using rules. Genesis uses Aspire's inferences to answer questions about stories, and these answers were found to be plausible in a small study. Though we focus on Genesis and ConceptNet, demonstrating the value of supplementing precise reasoning systems with large-scale, scruffy commonsense knowledge is our primary contribution.


This study investigates key factors contributing to literacy development of underachieving readers in a junior secondary school. Two intervention programs designed to enhance the reading skills of eight underachieving readers in a junior secondary school were used. These eight individuals, of normal intelligence, had in common a history of reading difficulties. In the first of these programs eight students participated in a one-on-one reading intervention program using an adaptation of the program Making A Difference (Ministry of Education and Training, Victoria, 1992). In the second program four students from the above-mentioned cohort participated in a one-to-four intervention program involving the use of a Meta Language Awareness Program involving, among other things, Reciprocal Teaching (Palinscar and Brown 1985) procedures. The underlying premise to this study is that underachieving readers are characteristically non-strategic and that through two explicit methods of instruction used they can improve their reading. A key to helping the participants break the cycle of failure in reading is to help them make the connection between effort in the use of particular reading strategies and success in the reading process. This study reveals that struggling adolescent readers have many reasons for their difficulties with reading and require different approaches to the process of reading. However, with teacher persistence in appropriate conditions, and tailoring reading experiences to meet student needs, such individuals can become successful, engaged readers who enjoy reading. A detailed analysis of one case, 'Sarah,' is presented since "it can provide insight into the class of events from which the case has been drawn" (Burns, 1995, p. 320). Evidence measured in tests and anecdotal records illustrate general findings about Sarah and the other seven participants. Themes related to the participants' ultimate success in reading are elaborated in this thesis, not because they are thought to be unique but because they will most likely be recognisable to other teachers of struggling adolescent readers.


Over the past few years, the discussion between the two major architectural styles for designing and implementing Web services, the RPC-oriented approach and the resourceoriented approach, has been mainly held outside of traditional research communities. Mailing lists, forums and developer communities have seen long and fascinating debates around the assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses of these two approaches. The Second International Workshop on RESTful Design (WS-REST 2011) has the goal of getting more researchers involved in the debate by providing a forum where discussions around the resource-oriented style of Web services design take place. Representational State Transfer (REST) is an architectural style and as such can be applied in different ways, can be extended by additional constraints, or can be specialized with more specific interaction patterns. WS-REST is the premier forum for discussing research ideas, novel applications and results centered around REST at the World Wide Web conference, which provides a great setting to host this second edition of the workshop dedicated to research on the architectural style underlying the Web.


Your first patient of the morning is brought in by his parents for evaluation of school problems. He has always been described as "on the go." When he was 4 years old, a preschool teacher expressed concern that his activity level at times limited play with other children. Now, in the middle of second grade, he is underachieving and not keeping up with either reading or mathematics. His teacher reports that he fidgets constantly and cannot keep his hands off other children. Friendships are limited and not sustained. His teacher suggested that his paediatrician should be asked whether he has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

#### Summary points

Some 7% of children of school age have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and boys are affected three times as often as girls

Between 18% and 35% of affected children have an additional psychiatric disorder

ADHD-specific ratings scales are useful in the diagnostic evaluation

Stimulants, and perhaps tricyclic antidepressants, are effective treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

Symptoms diminish over time, but in up to half of affected children the disorder is still present in adolescence or young adulthood

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children.1 Its hallmarks are hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and inattention beyond the norm for a child's age (box).2

The disorder is frequently diagnosed in children with behavioural problems or in those who underachieve at school.3 Although the diagnosis is reliable if made by a standardised approach, concerns about the validity of the disorder often arise.4 At present there is no biological marker that clearly identifies affected children. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the disorder is unique or merely one end of the continuum of age appropriate behaviour. 5 6

You wonder how frequently academic difficulties or disruptive behaviours in a child …


With unmet need for family planning remaining high particularly in the world's poorest countries and reproductive health programs struggling to meet the demand for their services comprehensive assessments are needed to improve family planning programs and ensure that they meet the reproductive intentions of their clients. In response to this need EngenderHealth developed the SEED Assessment Guide for Family Planning Programming a comprehensive easy-to-use tool to help program managers and staff determine strengths and weaknesses in family planning programs by identifying programmatic gaps that require further investment or more in-depth assessment prior to (re)designing programmatic interventions. The guide is primarily intended for use by high- or mid-level FP program staff in technical organizations ministries of health or donor agencies though others working in the area of sexual and reproductive health could also find it useful. The SEED Assessment Guide for Family Planning Programming is grounded in EngenderHealth's SEED Programming Model a holistic programming framework based on the principle that sexual and reproductive health programs will be more successful sustainable and accountable to the communities they serve if they comprehensively address the three interdependent and mutually supportive components of SRH programs: supply; the enabling environment; and demand.


The ISIS Facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory is a spallation neutron and muon source based upon a 50 Hz rapid cycling synchrotron accelerating ~3×10 protons per pulse from 70 to 800 MeV to deliver a mean beam power of 0.2 MW to two target stations. Throughout its 30 years of operation ISIS has developed aluminium oxide foils in-house for H charge exchange injection. The manufacturing and installation processes for these foils are time consuming, radiologically dose intensive and require a high degree of skill. Commercially available carbon based foils commonly used at other facilities have the potential to greatly simplify foil preparation and installation in addition to improving beam quality. Similar foils would also be necessary for facility upgrades which increase injection energy to withstand the higher operating temperatures. This paper describes the initial experience of carbon foils in the ISIS synchrotron including issues relating to handling and mounting foils, their performance under beam operation and plans for further development.


It is typical of humans to create forms of understanding at a symbolic level of the biological and physiological reality that confronts them. This gives meaning and a coherent structure to the often chaotic nature of that reality. This book sums up several years of research into religion from a perspective informed by history, phenomenology, and psychology. Religion has been a means of creating such symbolic understandings. The similarities between various religions are actually very great, although their differences tend to dominate our view of them. Everything in the world of religion can be traced back to everyday simple circumstances which, through the construction of symbols at both the cognitive and the behavioral levels, acquire a more elevated and "sacred" character. The book provides an introduction to the key aspects of a psycho/phenomenological study of the forms of expression within religions. (Series: Nordic Studies in Religion and Culture - Vol. 2)


A S. mansoni survey was done together with liver and spleen rates on 819 Native school children in the low veld of the Eastern Transvaal. No difference was observed with regard to the observations on the two sexes. There is a definite correlation between the S. mansoni intensities found and the liver rates, and it seems reasonable to suppose that in places where the S. mansoni intensity is high, and therefore where the individual infestation is heavy, considerable liver damage is being caused amongst the Native population. Certain common factors were observed which might have some bearing on the degree of intensity of the disease in anyone particular area.


The marketing of coffee through group-based, certified market channels is often promoted by governments and donors as a viable business model for poor small-scale farmers. Organic and fairtrade coffees have become very popular among socially, environmentally and health conscious consumers in recent years. While coffee certification programs have been in place for over fifteen years, there are few studies on the welfare impacts of certification schemes. Therefore, this research seeks to analyse the impacts of certification on poverty alleviation and to identify the critical factors which explain success or failure of certification schemes. We use a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, comparing small-scale coffee producers in northern Nicaragua who are organized in conventional, organic, and organic-fairtrade certified cooperatives. Our results indicate that certification schemes have a low impact on poverty, including the aspect of food security. Reasons are seen in low yield levels, indebtedness, lack of entrepreneurial skills as well as cooperatives' management capacities. We conclude that unfair trading conditions are not the main cause of poverty among smallholder coffee growers in Nicaragua. Thus, policies and projects need to address entrepreneurial skills of farmers and cooperative managers as well as amplify extension services.


Two assumptions informed the chapters in this issue. First, technology, in the foreseeable future as in the past, will be a major force for social, cultural and economic changes, especially in the industrialised world. Second, as we move into the Information Age and beyond, we will find ourselves the beneficiaries of technical innovations as well as the victims of costly technological failures. In all likelihood, adverse consequences of technological innovations will polarise the population into technophiles and technophobes. Such a confrontation would, on the face of it, be counterproductive. If we are to avoid the pitfalls of living in an increasingly polarised technological society, we need to avail ourselves of institutional strategies to prevent technological failures. In this final chapter, we will consider the following five preventive institutional strategies: educational, professional, economic, legal, political.


A question that recent research on the global pandemic raises is: how do the assumptions underlying epidemiological models and economic models differ? Epidemiological models we now know have become quite sophisticated (see Avery et al., 2020). Debate among economic methodologists regarding the nature of modeling has generated a considerable literature as well (Reiss, 2012; Hands, 2013). Yet these two literatures are largely non-communicating. Perhaps this is because economics has produced relatively little research on pandemics (though see Boianovsky and Erreygers, 2021). Yet it might still be asked, what might economic models be missing that epidemiological models capture? And might there be some sort of methodological bias in mainstream economics that plays a role in this? One way, then, one might begin to answer these questions is by identifying the main phenomenon in question, namely, in the case of the pandemic, a particular type of process, and ask what the nature of this type of process is. Then we may ask whether there is something about this type of phenomenon that places it out of bounds for current economic methodology. Thus, what sort of phenomenon is a pandemic?


The incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) varies with geography and ethnicity. For example, SLE is reported to be more common in populations such as African‐Caribbeans and Indigenous Australians (IA). As well as socio‐economic status, variation in severity of disease may also show ethnic variability. The initial presentation of SLE in IA, in the context of a unique genetic background and distinctive environmental influences, is often florid with a recurring spectrum of clinical phenotypes. These clinical observations suggest a unique pathway for autoimmunity pathogenesis in this population. For instance, the high prevalence of bacterial infections in IA, particularly group A streptococcus, may be a potential explanation not only for increased incidence and prevalence of SLE but also the commonly florid acute disease presentation and propensity for rapidly progressive end organ threatening disease. This article will review the state of research in autoimmune disease of IA, consider key findings related to autoimmune disease in this population and propose a model potentially to explain the involvement of innate immunity and chronic infection in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Ultimately, understanding of SLE at this level could affect management and result in personalised and targeted therapies to improve the health status of IA as well as better understanding of SLE pathogenesis per se.


Self supply systems are privately owned household water sources. The systems are generally perceived as playing a role in water service delivery to the rural poor. The systems' yielding safe drinking-water also receives little attention in literature and policy, relative to public and communal sources. This paper assessed urban self supply wells and argues that self supply is a coping water supply strategy of not only the rural poor, but also of the unserved in the cities. The assessment included inventory and classification of sources, forms of access to sources, types and number of users in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Ninety eight percent of the self supply sources in the study area are hand dug wells. The design and construction features vary from protected, semi-protected to unprotected well structures. Forty five percent of the urban population is found to have access to either a restricted or free access hand dug well. The paper emphasizes the need to see self supply sources as the third angle, which completes the water supply triangle with the public and communal water systems as the other angles.


The Supreme Court 2012 Term was one in which the Court tackled several of the most critical issues that arise in our criminal justice system. Perhaps most importantly, as the 50th Anniversary of the Court's decision in Gideon v. Wainwright approached, the Court addressed the problems presented by counsel who had not provided the effective assistance of counsel during the plea bargaining process. Whereas it was common knowledge that the vast majority of cases in the criminal courts of this country are resolved by plea bargaining, the Court had never required that court-appointed counsel provide competent advice when recommending rejection of a plea offer by the prosecution. It had not even been constitutionally required that counsel communicate to his client the existence of an offer that entailed a reduced sentence were the defendant to plead guilty. The Court also addressed the matter of what action by counsel would constitute abandonment of the client in the post-conviction phase of a case where the client had received the death penalty. And, finally, the Court considered what had remained an unresolved issue: was it constitutional to impose a sentence of life without parole for a juvenile who had been convicted of murder. This article provides analysis of the Court's handling of these four critical issues.


Trust is the enabler of social interaction. Although the origins of research on trust traditionally lie outside the Information Systems (IS) domain, the importance of trust for IS research rapidly grew in the late 1990s, and it is still growing with the increasing ubiquity and advancement of technology in organizations, virtual teams, online markets, and user-technology interactions. Theoretically, the central role of trust is tied to the growing social change that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has always created, a trend increased by the introduction of electronic commerce, and with it the need to interact and commerce with total strangers. This trend is mirrored in major IS research fields, such as virtual teams and technology acceptance, and thus also naturally in the pages of MIS Quarterly. The importance of trust for IS research and its impact on the IS literature are also reflected by the fact that a trust-related paper (Gefen et al. 2003) is among the most highly cited articles published in MIS Quarterly, together with papers on TAM, knowledge management, and design science. Besides, two trust-related papers have won the MIS Quarterly Paper of the Year Award in 1998 (Kumar et al. 1998) and 2009, respectively (Cyr et al. 2009), and a Special Issue on trust was published in 2010 (Benbasat et al. 2010). Coupled with the facts that we have identified 33 papers relevant for this curation, and that these papers account for about 20,000 total citations, it is perhaps safe to argue that trust is one of the popular and well-cited areas of research in the IS literature, especially during the last 20 years.


In the last twenty years, endorectalultrasound (ERUS) has become the primary method for locoregional staging of rectal cancer. ERUS is the most accurate modality for assessing local depth of invasion of rectal carcinoma into the rectal wall layers (T stage). Lower accuracy for T2 tumors is commonly reported, which could lead to sonographic overstaging of T3 tumors following preoperative therapy. Unfortunately, ERUS is not as good for predicting nodal metastases as it is for tumor depth, which could be related to the unclear definition of nodal metastases. The use of multiple criteria might improve accuracy. Failure to evaluate nodal status could lead to inadequate surgical resection. ERUS can accurately distinguish early cancers from advanced ones, with a high detection rate of residual carcinoma in the rectal wall. ERUS is also useful for detection of local recurrence at the anastomosis site, which might require fine-needle aspiration of the tissue. Overstaging is more frequent than understaging, mostly due to inflammatory changes. Limitations of ERUS are operator and experience dependency, limited tolerance of patients, and limited range of depth of the transducer. The ERUS technique requires a learning curve for orientation and identification of images and planes. With sufficient time and effort, quality and accuracy of the ERUS procedure could be improved.


The surface chemical state and local electronic structure of Al(x)Ga(1-x)N (x = 0~0.45) epi-layers have been systematically investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The results show that the surface of Al(x)Ga(1-x)N is a composite of oxide and nitride of gallium and aluminum. In addition, it was identified that the Ga-O components were converted to Al-O components when the Al(x)Ga(1-x)N sample was exposed to air. The EXAFS analysis also reveals that the Ga-N and Ga-Al bond lengths are independent of the Al composition, whereas the Ga-Ga bond length is a function of Al composition.


The spatial relationships between brain and braincase represent a major topic in surgery and evolutionary neuroanatomy. In paleoneurology, neurocranial landmarks are often used as references for brain areas. In this study, we analyze the variation and covariation of midsagittal brain and skull coordinates in a sample of adult modern humans in order to demonstrate spatial associations between hard and soft tissues. The correlation between parietal lobe size and parietal bone size is very low, and there is a marked individual variation. The distances between lobes and bones are partially influenced by the dimensions of the parietal lobes. The main pattern of morphological variability among individuals, associated with the size of the precuneus, apparently does not influence the position of the neurocranial sutures. Therefore, variations in precuneal size modify the distance between the paracentral lobule and bregma, and between the parietal lobe and lambda. Hence, the relative position of the cranial and cerebral landmarks can change as a function of the parietal dimensions. The slight correlation and covariation among these elements suggests a limited degree of spatial integration between soft and hard tissues. Therefore, although the brain influences the cranial size and shape during morphogenesis, the specific position of the cerebral components is sensitive to multiple effects and local factors, without a strict correspondence with the bone landmarks. This absence of correspondent change between brain and skull boundaries suggests caution when making inferences about the brain areas from the position of the cranial sutures. The fact that spatial relationships between cranial and brain areas may vary according to brain proportions must be considered in paleoneurology, when brain anatomy is inferred from cranial evidence.


Ruminal fibre degradation is mediated by a complex community of rumen microbes, and its efficiency is crucial for optimal dairy productivity. Enzymes produced by rumen microbes are primarily responsible for degrading the complex structural polysaccharides that comprise fibre in the plant cell walls of feed materials. Because rumen microbes have evolved with their ruminant hosts over millions of years to perform this task, their enzymes are hypothesised to be optimally suited for activity at the temperature, pH range, and anaerobic environment of the rumen. However, fibre-rich diets are not fully digested, which represents a loss in potential animal productivity. Thus, there is opportunity to improve fibre utilisation through treating feeds with rumen microbe-derived fibrolytic enzymes and associated activities that enhance fibre degradation. This research aims to gain a better understanding of the key rumen microbes involved in fibre degradation and the mechanisms they employ to degrade fibre, by applying cultivation-based and culture-independent genomics approaches to rumen microbial communities of New Zealand dairy cattle. Using this knowledge, we aim to identify new opportunities for improving fibre degradation to enhance dairy productivity . Rumen content samples were taken over the course of a year from a Waikato dairy production herd. Over 1,000 rumen bacterial cultures were obtained from the plant-adherent fraction of the rumen contents. Among these cultures, two, 59 and 103 potentially new families, genera and species of rumen bacteria were identified, respectively. Many of the novel strains are being genome sequenced within the Hungate 1000 rumen microbial reference genome programme, which is providing deeper insights into the range of mechanisms used by the individual strains for fibre degradation. This information has been used to guide the selection of rumen bacterial strains with considerable potential as fibrolytic enzyme producers in vitro, with the intent of developing the strains so that their enzymes may be used as feed pre-treatments for use on farm. Culture-independent metagenomic approaches were also used to explore the activities involved in fibre degradation from the rumen microbial communities. Functional screening has revealed a range of novel enzymes and a novel fibre disrupting activity. Enrichment for the cell-secreted proteins from the community revealed evidence of a diverse range of cellulosomes, which are cell-surface associated multi-enzyme complexes that efficiently degrade plant cell wall polysaccharides. Biochemical and structural characterisation of these proteins has been conducted. In conclusion, cultivation and culture-independent genomic approaches have been applied to New Zealand bovine rumen microbial communities, and have provided considerable new insights into ruminal fibre degradation processes. Novel activities and bacterial species that display desirable activities on fibrous substrates in vitro are now being explored for their potential to improve ruminal fibre degradation, to allow the development of new technologies that will enhance dairy productivity.


Cadmium (Cd) is frequently used in various industrial applications and is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, also present in tobacco smoke. An important route of exposure is the circulatory system whereas blood vessels are considered to be main stream organs of Cd toxicity. Our previous results indicate that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) affects mean arterial blood pressure in hypertensive rats. We hypothesized that Cd alters the intracellular calcium transient mechanism, by cadmium-induced stimulation of MAPKs (ERK 1 & 2) which is mediated partially through calcium-dependent PKC mechanism. To investigate this hypothesis, we exposed primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from wistar kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to increased concentrations of CdCl2 on cell viability, expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs/ERK 1 & 2), and protein kinase C (PKC) which are activated by Cd in several cell types. The results from these studies indicate that CdCl2 decreased cell viability of both SHR and WKY VSMCs in a concentration dependent-manner. Viability of both cell types decreased 33+/-5.3 (SHR) and 39+/-2.3% (WKY) when exposed to 1 microM CdCl2, whereas, 8 and 16 microM reduced viability by 66+/-3.1 and 62+/-4.5% in SHR cells. CdCl2 increased ERK 1 & 2 in a biphasic manner with maximum increase occurring when cells are exposed to 1 and 4 muM in SHR VSMCs, whereas, a reduction in ERK 1 and 2 is observed when WKY cells are treated with 2 microM. The results also indicate that CdCl2 increased PKC a/Beta in both SHR and WKY VSMCs with a greater increase in expression in SHR VSMCs. In addition, the [Ca2+]i chelator, BAPTA, suppressed the CdCl2 effect, whereas, the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, reduced the CdCl2 induced-effect on PKC expression. The present studies support the hypothesis that Cd can be a risk factor of hypertension through dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells under certain conditions.


While cloud computing continues to transform developments in information technology services, these advancements have contributed to a rise in cyber attacks; producing an urgent need to extend the applications of investigation processes.Cybercrime and Cloud Forensics: Applications for Investigation Processes presents a collection of research and case studies of applications for investigation processes in cloud computing environments. This reference source brings together the perspectives of cloud customers, security architects, and law enforcement agencies in the developing area of cloud forensics.


The La Grande River is the first of several flowing into the Eastern side of James Bay to be developed for its energy potential. The structural criteria and layout guidelines developed during the design of the four La Grande powerhouses will be used to advantage in subsequent projects in the James Bay region. Layouts of unit blocks, service bay, superstructure and penstocks are considered. A summary of cases to be studied for the structural stability of the powerhouse is presented, showing the various loading conditions to be considered, along with the corresponding factors of safety. Criteria for the detailed design of structiral elements, including loadings, are also presented.


Underlying the concept of citizenship is the fundamental human characteristic of identity. In turn identity is a product of memory, both personal and collective, and this is based on experience with both tangible and intangible aspects of the past. This paper will outline how heritage education with children and adults (especially using the historic environment) is mutualistic with learning to be a citizen. Not only does heritage education support the broader aims of developing identities and citizenship, it is a right in itself —it is an essential component of citizenship. However, citizenship also brings with it responsibilities and these need to be considered in relation to the use of the archaeological and built heritage in education and by doing so, help develop and maintain caring and supportive societies.


Steel powder grades pre-alloyed with Cr are suitable for the manufacturing of high performance PM components, since Cr is a cost-efficient alloying element with excellent hardenability. Cr-alloyed PM steel parts are also fully recyclable, and this is increasingly important from a sustainability perspective. High fatigue strength is a key feature for many applications with high demands, such as synchronizer parts in automotive transmissions. This paper presents fatigue properties for two Cr-alloyed powder grades after different sinter-hardening processes. Sintering trials were undertaken in a mesh belt furnace at 1120 °C, as well as a roller hearth high temperature furnace at 1250 °C. In both trials, rapid cooling was applied after sintering to obtain predominately martensitic microstructures. The fatigue strength of the sinter-hardened and tempered materials were evaluated by plane bending tests on standard test bars. Microstructures were identified and correlated with the fatigue performance of the Cr-alloyed materials.


Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology usually diagnosed before three years of age. Its characteristic features are chronic diarrhea and bilateral pitting edema of the lower limb. Reports of multiple members of a family affected by PIL are rare, as are reports of a relationship between PIL and liver fibrosis. We diagnosed a family of three adults, who were being managed as chronic liver disease. We found that all three members of a family were suffering from long-term PIL and also had features of liver cirrhosis, which is an extremely rare association


The lighthouse has captured our imagination throughout history as comforting yet mysterious, aiming at safety yet also symbolizing adventure and despair. The piece is particularly interested in the rhythmic and repeating pulse of the light signal and the ways it could be thought of as a visual translation of the siren, an ambiguous figure of the sea, simultaneously evoking danger, trepidation and seduction.

Concert for Maison Seirēn focuses on the repetitive movement of the lighthouse lamp (light) as a visual voice: the musical seduction of the siren's luring voice is here validated through the use of enchanting light. The piece is a wall installation of 12 diamond-shaped individual photographs, edited and arranged according to compositional principles of serialism as outlined by the composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951).

The Austrian composer, leading the Second Viennese School, was interested in creating serial music creating the twelve-tone technique in 1923, consciously using an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale for a structural purpose.

This structural organizing principle is a means of ensuring that all twelve notes are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note: all 12 notes are thus given equal importance. As such, twelve-tone music is atonal, and according to Schoenberg describes serialism as a means of organizing and structuring more coherently modes of repetition in that the music is not based on harmonic-contrapuntal constraints as in tonal music, lacking a tonal centre or key.

Concert for Maison Seirēn is based on both the development of musical as well as photographic language. It offers a play between visual and oral structural modes. It becomes a carefully composed display of visual voices: sequenced photographs ascending and descending on the wall like notes on a musical sheet.

The images are accompanied by a piece of music, composed by Neil Codling. Neil has been songwriter and keyboard player for the alternative rock group Suede since 1995 and has extensive knowledge of Schoenberg's theories. Neil has translated the visual piece of 12 diamond-shaped into a musical piece for the piano and violin applying Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.

The piece was shown as part of the international group exhibition, Ship to Shore: The Art and Lure of the Sea, SeaCity Museum, February-May 2014. The exhibition has been reviewed by Art Monthly No 375, April 2014.


As the baby-boom generation begins to retire, employers in upstate New York will be confronted with the dual pressures of replacing these workers and filling new jobs created in growing segments of the economy. An analysis of projected hiring rates in the region suggests that although there will be demand for workers in all occupations, employers may face a particular challenge filling positions in growing services occupations with relatively high retirement rates, such as health care, community and social services, and education.


Microgrids have been proposed as a way of integrating large numbers of distributed renewable energy sources with distribution systems. One problem with microgrid implementation is designing a proper protection scheme. It has been shown that traditional protection schemes will not work successfully. In this paper a protection scheme using digital relays with a communication network is proposed for the protection of the microgrid system. The increased reliability of adding an additional line to form a loop structure is explored. Also a novel method for modeling high impedance faults is demonstrated to show how the protection scheme can protect against them. This protection scheme is simulated on a realistic distribution system containing a high penetration of inverter connected Distributed Generation (DG) sources operating as a microgrid. In all possible cases of operation the primary and secondary relays performed their intended functions including the detection of high impedance faults. This system is simulated using Matlab Simulink's SimPowerSystems toolbox to establish the claims made in this paper.


In recent years, the history of nineteenth century Arctic exploration has been the subject of renewed fascination. When every land seems already explored, and space travel has declined in scope and prestige, the northern exploits of our Victorian forebears offer a pleasantly distant mirror from which to regard our own time. Much has been written about the Arctic regions, but they have also been the subject of a long-lasting visual fascination, one which has from the outset crossed boundaries between fine art and mass entertainment, "high" and "low" cultures, and even national identity. In the mid-nineteenth century, this polar passion reached a peak, dominating the visual culture of both Britain and America, and yet its history is scarcely known."Arctic Spectacles: The Frozen North in Visual Culture, 1818-1875" illuminates the nineteenth-century fascination with visual representations of the Arctic, weaving together a narrative of the major Arctic expeditions with an account of their public reception through art and mass media. In a century that saw every corner of the globe slowly open to the examining eye of Western science, it was the Arctic - remote, mysterious, untamable - that most captured the imagination of artists and the public alike. Its impact could be seen in a range of visual media from fine art to panoramas, engravings, magic lantern slides, and photographs, as well as hybrid forms of entertainment in which Inuit were "exhibited" alongside a cabinet of assorted Arctic curiosities while Western gentlemen looked on.In a lively and accessible style, Russell Potter traces the story of the long, drawnout exploration of the Northwest Passage and the beginnings of the push toward the North Pole, each new expedition producing its own artistic response. While early visual representations focused on the natural wonders of a world of magical beauty and purity, later responses would darken, as the public struggled to come to terms with the human toll of Arctic exploration: lives lost, reports of cannibalism, and a sense of purpose gone asunder. Drawing from letters, diaries, cartoons, and sketches, as well as oft-overlooked ephemera such as newspaper advertisements, playbills, and program booklets, Potter shows how representations of the Arctic in visual culture expressed the fascination, dread, and wonder that the region inspired, and continues to inspire today.


Abstract There is growing interest in using automatically computed corpus-based evaluation metrics to evaluate Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems, because these are often considerably cheaper than the human-based evaluations which have traditionally been used in NLG. We review previous work on NLG evaluation and on validation of automatic metrics in NLP, and then present the results of two studies of how well some metrics which are popular in other areas of NLP (notably BLEU and ROUGE) correlate with human judgments in the domain of computer-generated weather forecasts. Our results suggest that, at least in this domain, metrics may provide a useful measure of language quality, although the evidence for this is not as strong as we would ideally like to see; however, they do not provide a useful measure of content quality. We also discuss a number of caveats which must be kept in mind when interpreting this and other validation studies.


As malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum has become resistant to chloroquine alternative drug regimens need to be developed. The prophylactic efficacy against malaria and the side effects of chloroquine phosphate 500 mg weekly with proguanil hydrochloride 200 mg daily was compared with the efficacy of chloroquine 500 mg weekly with sulfadoxine 500 mg-pyrimethamine 25 mg weekly in a randomised study of Scandinavian travellers to Kenya and Tanzania during 1984-5. A total of 767 subjects (416 male and 351 female; 384 taking chloroquine phosphate with proguanil hydrochloride and 383 taking chloroquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) completed a diary on the breakthrough of malaria and the side effects of treatment while taking the drugs. They were also asked to make thick blood films when symptoms like those of malaria occurred, which were sent to and analysed in Denmark. Four subjects taking chloroquine with proguanil hydrochloride and three taking chloroquine with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine developed falciparum malaria, which was verified microscopically. Side effects were reported by 36 subjects taking chloroquine phosphate with proguanil hydrochloride and 55 taking the other regimen (p=0·043). The side effects of both regimens were generally mild, but the combination of chloroquine phosphate with proguanil hydrochloride is recommended because it results in fewer side effects. As breakthroughs of malaria occurred at the earliest after seven weeks self treatment should not be recommended for travellers staying only a short time. Thick blood films are useful for diagnosis of suspected cases of malaria, can be prepared by non-specialists in Africa, and can be analysed successfully after long delays.


Developing countries enter into bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in order to increase foreign direct investment (FDI). Ignoring this straight-forward fact has lead to a great deal of confusion in the assessment of BITs and their protections of regulatory takings. This Article addresses the question of how a BIT should approach regulatory takings with the purpose of increasing FDI in mind. It explores the background of the United States Supreme Court's Penn Central test and the test's incorporation into the post-NAFTA round of U.S. BITs. Then, the Article examines whether an uncertain and flexible test, such as Penn Central, is suitable for a treaty that seeks to provide foreign investors with incentives to invest in developing counties. The Article argues that Penn Central is not appropriate for BITs because it does not provide a clear rule of law that will induce a foreign investor to send its capital overseas to a developing country. This is partly due to the greater need for clarity in public law than in private law. For this distinction the Article employs the work of F.A. Hayek and "rules of just conduct" verses "rules of organization of government." The Article also addresses criticisms of the incentives BITs provide to foreign investors and to host governments and how those incentives counsel for clear regulatory takings rules. The Article is up front in admitting that BITs may not actually succeed in increasing FDI, as the empirical evidence on the question is mixed. However, if they do, then BITs with clear regulatory takings standards will be more successful than those with vague standards, such as Penn Central. Drafters of BITs can still take into account other objectives such as environmental protection, but should do so with clear rules of law so foreign investors can plan their investments accordingly.


This paper discusses the thermally stimulated luminescence and the brightness falloff of low-voltage cathodoluminescence in vacuum for ZnO:Zn and ZnO:Zn, Si. The intensity maxima of the thermally stimulated luminescence caused by gases adsorbed on the phosphor surface are observed at low accelerating voltages. It is shown that the adsorptivity of ZnO:Zn, Si is lower than that of ZnO:Zn, and this is the reason that the modified phosphor has a longer service life. A model of the action of a protective coating is considered. © 2005 Optical Society of America


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This first volume of Star Carr provides an interpretation of the Star Carr site, one of the most important Mesolithic sites in Europe. Discovered in the late 1940s by John Moore and then excavated by Grahame Clark from 1949-1951, the site is famous in the archaeological world for its wealth of rare organic remains, including significant wooden artefacts. However, since the original excavations there has been much debate about how the site was used: was it a residential base camp, a hunting camp or even a ritual site? The 2003-2015 excavations directed by Conneller, Milner and Taylor aimed to answer these questions.
In use for around 800 years, the Star Carr site is much larger and more complex than ever imagined. The excavations show that Mesolithic groups were highly invested in this place and continued to occupy the site despite changes in climate. The findings include the oldest evidence for 'houses' in Britain, large wooden platforms along the edge of the lake, antler headdresses and a unique, engraved shale pendant which represents the earliest form of Mesolithic art in Britain. There is evidence for activity areas, such as crafts and tool repair associated with structures, an axe factory, as well as a number of caches. New finds of antler frontlets have increased our understanding of the diversity of human interactions with animals.

"If these do not get a gong, something will have to be done about archaeology book awards." Mike Pitts, British Archaeology

Despite the degradation, these excavations have provided a new understanding of life in the Early Mesolithic, particularly enhancing our understanding of how important wood (a material rarely recovered) was for Mesolithic people. The findings challenge many of the preconceived views of this period in terms of the character and scale of activity and the degree of investment in a particular place in the landscape.
Volume 1 focuses on an interpretation of the site, while volume 2 of Star Carr provides detail on specific areas of research.
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From Corpus to Classroom summarises and makes accessible recent work in corpus research, focusing particularly on spoken data. It is based on analysis of corpora such as CANCODE and Cambridge International Corpus, and written with particular reference to the development of corpus-informed pedagogy.The book explains how corpora can be designed and used, and focuses on what they tell us about language teaching. It examines the relevance of corpora to materials writers, course designers and language teachers and considers the needs of the learner in relation to authentic data. It shows how the answers to key questions such as 'Is there a basic, everyday vocabulary for English?', 'How should idioms be taught?' and 'What are the most common spoken language chunks?' are best explored by means of a clearer understanding of the workings of language in context.


This paper examines the tradeoffs between computational cost and accuracy for two new state-of-the-art codes for computing three-dimensional radiative transfer: a community Monte Carlo model and a parallel implementation of the Spherical Harmonics Discrete Ordinate Method (SHDOM). Both codes are described and algorithmic choices are elaborated. Two prototype problems are considered: a domain filled with stratocumulus clouds and another containing scattered shallow cumulus, absorbing aerosols, and molecular scatterers. Calculations are performed for a range of resolutions and the relationships between accuracy and computational cost, measured by memory use and time to solution, are compared. Monte Carlo accuracy depends primarily on the number of trajectories used in the integration. Monte Carlo estimates of intensity are computationally expensive and may be subject to large sampling noise from highly peaked phase functions. This noise can be decreased using a range of variance reduction techniques, but these techniques can compromise the excellent agreement between the true error and estimates obtained from unbiased calculations. SHDOM accuracy is controlled by both spatial and angular resolution; different output fields are sensitive to different aspects of this resolution, so the optimum accuracy parameters depend on which quantities are desired as well as on the characteristics of the problem being solved. The accuracy of SHDOM must be assessed through convergence tests and all results from unconverged solutions may be biased. SHDOM is more efficient (i.e., has lower error for a given computational cost) than Monte Carlo when computing pixel-by-pixel upwelling fluxes in the cumulus scene, whereas Monte Carlo is more efficient in computing flux divergence and downwelling flux in the stratocumulus scene, especially at higher accuracies. The two models are comparable for downwelling flux and flux divergence in cumulus and upwelling flux in stratocumulus. SHDOM is substantially more efficient when computing pixel-by-pixel intensity in multiple directions; the models are comparable when computing domain-average intensities. In some cases memory use, rather than computation time, may limit the resolution of SHDOM calculations.


Environmental rights are diagonal if they are held by individuals or groups against the governments of states other than their own. The potential importance of such rights is obvious: governments' actions often affect the environment beyond their jurisdiction, and those who live in and rely upon the environment affected would like to be able to exercise rights against the governments causing them harm. Although international law has not adopted a comprehensive, uniform approach to such rights, human rights law and international environmental law have begun to develop some possible bases for diagonal environmental rights. Human rights law operates primarily along a vertical axis, setting out individuals' rights against their governments and the corresponding duties owed by the governments, but it may also be diagonal, giving rise to duties on the part of states that extend beyond their own territory. The scope and extent of diagonal human rights are often controversial, and environmental rights face additional difficulties, because the environmental protection required by human rights is clarifying only gradually, on a case-by-case basis. To the extent that human rights require such protection when aligned vertically, it would be logical to conclude that they require the same degree of protection whenever they may be aligned diagonally. Human rights law provides few precedents to support that conclusion, however. Compared to human rights law, international environmental law (IEL) provides a clearer and more specific set of duties with respect to environmental protection. Moreover, most IEL is extraterritorial, in that it requires states to regulate actions within their control that could harm the environment beyond their territory. The problem with grounding diagonal environmental rights in IEL is that, in contrast to human rights law, most IEL operates along a horizontal axis: its duties are owed by states to other states, not to private actors. If the challenge for human rights law is to extend rights from the vertical axis to the diagonal, the challenge for IEL is to derive diagonal rights from horizontal ones.


Popular science: Methane (CH₄) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that can trap heat in the atmosphere. It is believed to be a powerful greenhouse gas. The concentration of CH₄ in the atmosphere is much lower than that of CO₂, but it is more effectively trapping infrared radiation and therefore contributes significantly to the "greenhouse effect" of the Earth. Northern peatland is a dominating natural source of CH₄. It provides waterlogged, anoxic and cool conditions, these conditions were in favor of methane production.
Dissolved methane is CH₄ gas that dissolves in water, under certain conditions it can bubble up from underground sources through fens and bogs and release into the atmosphere, thus dissolved CH₄ is considered as one of potential CH₄ emissions. Through investigating the seasonal changes of dissolved CH₄ we may better understand the processes affecting seasonal CH₄ emission in northern peatland.
The focus of this study was on the dissolved CH₄ dynamics in a subarctic peatland ecosystem in Kobbefjord, West Greenland. A pore water sampling method was used to collect samples at four depths (5-, 15-, 25- and 35-cm depth) in the fen site. Stream water samples were collected from 13 plots around the study site.
The results from the field sampling indicate that the average pore water concentration in early autumn (the onset of freezing) was generally higher than that in summer, in particular in the deep peat layer (around 30 cm beneath soil surface). According to the results of a correlation analysis, the average dissolved CH₄ magnitude was negatively correlated with air temperature (R = -0.961, p = 0.019) and surface CH₄flux (R= -0.880, P = 0.060). The higher concentration in early autumn suggests that the freezing ground and air temperature play an important role in the dissolved CH₄ dynamics. The frozen ground may restrict both CH₄emissions to the atmosphere and oxygen (O₂) diffusion into the peat, and temperature influences the CH₄ solubility in water. Meanwhile, a significant inverse correlation was found between the pore water concentration in the deep layer and the surface CH₄ flux, (R = -0.977, p = 0.012). Increased stream water CH₄ concentration near the fen site, corresponding with higher dissolved CH₄ concentration accumulated in the deep peat layer during the early autumn, further indicated that the freezing ground not only affected the CH₄ transport mechanisms, but also may have a physical effect on the dissolved CH₄ export. The results presented may bring contribute to a better understanding of the autumn CH₄ dynamics in northern peatlands.


In this article I discuss autobiographical texts which focus on children and childhood in late 19th century Estonia. Childhood memories as well as other autobiographical material became popular in Estonia in the 1920s-1930s, when most of the studied works--the memoirs by Anna Haava, Mait Metsanurk, Jaan Lattik, Jaan Vahtra, Friedebert Tuglas, August Kitzberg and Marta Sillaots--were written. Some texts come from the 19th century (e.g. Lilli Suburg's autobiographical works) or early 20th century (e.g. manuscripts by Hans Leoke, and Johannes Korv). Childhood as described in these autobiographical texts covers a period of circa 1850-1900, and the majority of the authors come from the families of South-Estonian peasants or manorial servants. In addition to being written in Estonian and having the same theme, they were all also written by authors of fiction for children or by people who had close contact with children, such as schoolteachers. The article offers a novel approach in the Estonian context by presenting a typology of childhood stories and looking at childhood recollections as an important part of childhood studies. The researchers of childhood investigate how society understands and values children and childhood, what children's everyday life is like, what possibilities there are for development and if there exists a specific children's culture in society (such as clothing, food, language, leisure activities, or independent creative work). Childhood studies as a separate discipline does not exist in Estonia, although some important works have been published by educational scholars and art historians. The autobiographical texts under discussion show that in the late 19th century, the majority of Estonian children lived in the countryside in patriarchal families, and childhood was short because children had to help their parents with farmwork quite early, at the age of six. The boundary of childhood was around the age of 10-11, when children started school and often left their childhood homes as the schools were usually far away. Childhood in the city is described by one author (Sillaots) and this is only natural as urbanisation in Estonia gained momentum in the early 20th century. Although childhood in Estonia in the late 19th century had scarcely any specific elements of children's culture (children in the cities had more toys, children-style clothes, leisure, etc.), this period in the authors' lives is remembered as a carefree and happy time. We should emphasise that in early Estonian childhood memories, the child is described as emotionally vulnerable (i.e. feels strongly about punishment), with intellectual interests and creativity; these are features that are not usually associated with agrarian society. These characteristics, however, may be connected with the fact that memories were written by creative people and construed as stories about the growth of a creative person. Another important aspect of childhood stories is that as confessional texts they are stories of individualisation and socialisation. In the second part of the article, I analyse the self-images of the authors, which are closely connected with the motivation and purpose of writing that may be worded explicitly (in the title or in the preface) or hidden between the lines. Several texts are construed as stories that focus on the development of the writer and the growth of the self (e.g. Metsanurk, Tuglas, and Vahtra); even if the text is a family history or a social history, it is a story of the awakening of the creative power (e.g. Haava, Kitzberg, Sillaots). The analysis of the self-image in childhood stories led me to the conclusion that female protagonists define themselves through familial or social communication networks (such as representatives of an ethnic group), and male protagonists are described as relatively independent individuals. In the last part of the article the narrative and rhetoric techniques are discussed by using literary terminology. Although all the late 19th century Estonian childhood stories share similar techniques (such as the perspective of the first-person or personal narrative, the split of the storyteller into the first-person child and the first-person adult), story elements (such as the first memory of a room flooded by golden sunlight), and recurrent motifs (such as child's loneliness and close relation to nature, educational strivings), each story is written in a different way. The works written by professional writers are characterised by lively dialogue, individualised descriptions of the scenery, symbols, metaphors and other stylistic devices, whereas the texts written by the so-called ordinary intellectuals are not as rich in imagery and style. It is quite natural that the childhood memories written by professional writers have better withstood the test of time. The present study is the first to have a more comprehensive view of childhood as reflected in autobiographical writing in Estonia in the 19th century and therefore is somewhat fragmented; I attempt to make a list of possible research ideas and offer some methods for analysis that may be productive in the future. The broadening of the research perspective in the temporary, linguistic and spatial sense may offer more scope; a large number of childhood stories have been published in the 20th and the 21st century in Estonia and the comparison of stories telling us about Estonian children's childhoods with those recounting German or Russian children's experiences may offer new insights, as these ethnic groups have occupied one and the same geographical space, although there are significant differences. Another topic for research would be the study of autobiographical texts against the background of the authors' fictional works.