The Aβ4−42 peptide is a major beta-amyloid species in the human brain, forming toxic aggregates related to Alzheimer's Disease. It also strongly chelates Cu(II) at the N-terminal Phe-Arg-His ATCUN motif, as demonstrated in Aβ4−16 and Aβ4−9 model peptides. The resulting complex resists ROS generation and exchange processes and may help protect synapses from copper-related oxidative damage. Structural characterization of Cu(II)Aβ4−x complexes by NMR would help elucidate their biological function, but is precluded by Cu(II) paramagneticism. Instead we used an isostructural diamagnetic Pd(II)-Aβ4−16 complex as a model. To avoid a kinetic trapping of Pd(II) in an inappropriate transient structure, we designed an appropriate pH-dependent synthetic procedure for ATCUN Pd(II)Aβ4−16, controlled by CD, fluorescence and ESI-MS. Its assignments and structure at pH 6.5 were obtained by TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, 1H-13C HSQC and 1H-15N HSQC NMR experiments, for natural abundance 13C and 15N isotopes, aided by corresponding experiments for Pd(II)-Phe-Arg-His. The square-planar Pd(II)-ATCUN coordination was confirmed, with the rest of the peptide mostly unstructured. The diffusion rates of Aβ4−16, Pd(II)-Aβ4−16 and their mixture determined using PGSE-NMR experiment suggested that the Pd(II) complex forms a supramolecular assembly with the apopeptide. These results confirm that Pd(II) substitution enables NMR studies of structural aspects of Cu(II)-Aβ complexes.


Pomegranate has attracted interest from researchers because of its chemical composition and biological properties. It possesses strong antioxidant activity, with potential health benefits, and also antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to produce microparticles containing pomegranate extract by the spray-drying technique, utilizing alginate or chitosan as encapsulating agents. Characterization and antifungal assays were carried out. Production yields were about 40% for alginate microparticles and 41% for chitosan. Mean diameters were 2.45 µm and 2.80 µm, and encapsulation efficiencies were 81.9% and 74.7% for alginate and chitosan microparticles, respectively. The spray-drying process preserved the antifungal activity against Candida albicans. These results could be useful for developing dosage forms for treating candidiasis, and should be further investigated in in vivo models.


The Mekong River in Southeast Asia thanks its regular annual flood to the southwest monsoon. At longer time scales, the monsoon is a spatially and temporally variable circulation, with different annual to millennial variation for different regions. In this paper, the Indian and the Western Pacific components of the monsoon were analyzed to draw a light on the interannual flood variability of the Mekong River. The focus is on the variance of flood season flows at 8 stations on the Mekong River, as well as on well-known climate indexes that reflect the dynamics of the monsoon circulation and ocean temperature anomalies. An effort was made to identify the temporal resolution that contains most of the interannual variability of both flood regime of the Mekong and monsoon intensity. We found a close connection between the Western Pacific monsoon and the discharge in Kratie and other stations in the Southern Mekong region. In the frequency domain, the interannual to decadal variance of the Mekong discharge closely follows that of the Western Pacific monsoon. More importantly, the well-known regime shift of 1976 in the North Pacific is detectable in the frequency domain for flood discharge and monsoon intensity. This suggests a relationship between Pacific sea surface temperature and monsoon variance, which is a good predictor for flood variance. This dependence influences the probability of occurrence of floods in the Mekong Delta.


The study of intuition and its relation to thoughtful reasoning is a burgeoning research topic in psychology and beyond. While the area has the potential to radically transform our conception of the mind and decision making, the procedures used for establishing empirical conclusions have often been vaguely formulated and obscure. This book fills a gap in the field by providing a range of methods for exploring intuition experimentally and thereby enhancing the collection of new data.
The book begins by summarizing current challenges in the study of intuition and gives a new foundation for intuition research. Going beyond classical dual-process models, a new scheme is introduced to classify the different types of processes usually collected under the label of intuition. These new classifications range from learning approaches to complex cue integration models.
The book then goes on to describe the wide variety of behavioural methods available to investigate these processes, including information search tracing, think aloud protocols, maximum likelihood methods, eye-tracking, and physiological and non-physiological measures of affective responses. It also discusses paradigms to investigate implicit associations and causal intuitions, video-based approaches to expert research, methods to induce specific decision modes as well as questionnaires to assess individual preferences for intuition or deliberation.
By uniquely providing the basis for exploring intuition by introducing the different methods and their applications in a step-by-step manner, this text is an invaluable reference for individual research projects. It is also very useful as a course book for advanced decision making courses, and could inspire experimental explorations of intuition in psychology, behavioural economics, empirical legal studies and clinical decision making.


Unsolicited bulk commercial email is an increasing problem, and though many states have passed laws aimed at curbing its use and abuse, for several years the federal government took no action. In 2003 that changed when Congress passed the CAN-SPAM Act. Though the law contains many different restrictions on spam messages, including some restriction of nearly every type that states had adopted, the Act was widely criticized as weak. Many of the CAN-SPAM Act's provisions are weaker than corresponding provisions of state law, and the Act preempts most state spam laws that would go farther, including two state laws that would have banned all spam.Despite these weaknesses, this Comment argues that when properly interpreted the CAN-SPAM Act leaves key state law provisions in force, and accordingly is stronger than many spam opponents first thought. First, the law explicitly preserves state laws to the extent that they prohibit falsity or deception in any portion of a commercial electronic mail message or information attached thereto. Though Congress was primarily concerned with saving state consumer protection laws, this language can be applied much more broadly. Second, the law is silent on the question of state law enforcement methods. State enforcement can be, and frequently is, substantially stronger than federal enforcement, which is largely limited to actions by the federal government, internet service providers, and state agencies.The Comment concludes by arguing that this narrow interpretation of its preemption clause is most consistent with the CAN-SPAM Act's twin policy goals. By limiting the substantive provisions states may adopt, the Act prevents states from enacting inconsistent laws and enforces a uniform national spam policy. At the same time, narrowly interpreting the preemption clause permits states to experiment within the limits of that policy, in hopes of finding the most effective set of spam regulations.


This peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law (JDFSL) focuses on the advancement of the field by publishing the state of the art in both basic and applied research conducted worldwide. We purposefully chose to use the word cyber in our tagline, instead of digital to emphasize the cyber culture surrounding computing, and the word cyber also extends itself beyond the technical domain of computing. The Journal's main aims are to open up the landscape for innovation and discussion, and to continuously bridge the gap between the science and practice of cyber forensics, security and law. This journal encourages both scientists and practitioners to share their discoveries and experiences.  JDFSL is of interest to the following stakeholders: cyber forensic/security scientists, cyber security/forensic practitioners, law enforcement officers, lawyers, any governmental agencies with interest in national and local security, and private sector organizations. The Journal will publish the following types of articles: Research articles: These articles should have a strong contribution to the state of the art in cyber forensics/security science. Research could be either applied or basic. Although we anticipate that most of the research that will be published will primarily be computer science centric, the Journal strongly encourages topics that stem from other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, business, accounting, law, philosophy, linguistics, education, criminal justice, political science, social science, and ethics, to participate in the advancement of cyber forensic science. We have no preference on the type of methodology used in the research, as long as the work is both methodologically and scientifically grounded. Open Peer Commentaries: To ensure that there is constant discussion and deliberations in this field, JDFSL encourages experts in the domain to submit commentaries on the state of the art in the field through open peer commentaries. Commentaries seek to provide a critical and/or alternative perspective on the state of the art in cyber forensics/security. For a commentary to be accepted for publication, it should meet one or more of the following criteria: The contribution should offer significant insight into work that has been published in JDFSL. Novel findings substantially contradict well-established research, theory, and practice. It provides insight into bridging the gap between the science and practice of cyber forensics security. It critiques findings of seminal work, research, or practice in the domain. It offers significant contribution by consolidating findings in research and practice. It improves the multidisciplinary nature of the domain. It reviews and provides insight into both tools and methods used in cyber forensics. Book Reviews: The Journal provides a place for peers to share their opinions and reviews of published books in the field of cyber forensics and security science.


The beneficial role of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation in endurance exercise is well documented. However, only few data are available on the effects of CHO loading on resistance exercise performance. Because of the repetitive use of high-threshold motor units, it was hypothesized that the power output (power-endurance) of multiple sets of jump squats would be enhanced following a high-CHO (6.5 g CHO kg body mass−1) diet compared to a moderate-CHO (4.4 g CHO kg body mass−1) diet. Eight healthy men (mean ± SD: age 26.3 ± 2.6 years; weight 73.0 ± 6.3 kg; body fat 13.4 ± 5.0%; height 178.2 ± 6.1 cm) participated in 2 randomly assigned counterbalanced supplementation periods of 4 days after having their free-living habitual diet monitored. The resistance exercise test consisted of 4 sets of 12 repetitions of maximal-effort jump squats using a Plyometric Power System unit and a load of 30% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). A 2-minute rest period was used between sets. Immediately before and after the exercise test, a blood sample was obtained to determine the serum glucose and blood lactate concentrations. No significant difference in power performance existed between the 2 diets. As expected, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in power performance between the repetitions in every set. Blood lactate concentrations were significantly higher postexercise with both the high-CHO and the moderate- or lower-CHO diet, but there were no differences between conditions. The results indicated that the power output during multiple sets of maximal jump squats was not enhanced following a higher-CHO diet compared to a moderate- or lower-CHO diet. These data show that elevated carbohydrate intake is not needed to optimize a repetitive power-endurance performance when it is done as the first exercise in a workout.


The unfolded protein response (UPR) detects the presence of misfolded proteins in
the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequently relieves ER stress by increasing
the folding capacity of the ER. The secretory pathway substrate HLA-B27 is highly
associated with the chronic inflammatory disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and
has a tendency to misfold in the ER. Here, we show that overexpression of HLA-B27
and non-disease associated HLA-B7 in immortalised cell lines leads to heavy chain
misoxidation, which is accompanied by upregulation of BiP and splicing of XBP1, a
key step in the IRE1 pathway of the UPR which is increasingly being linked with
intestinal inflammation.
We also demonstrate that different cell lines respond to different ER stress stimuli in
distinct ways. We establish that HT1080 cells inefficiently induce a UPR in response
to tunicamycin and that this has consequences for cell survival. However, inefficient
activation of the UPR in HT1080 cells can be overcome by secondary signals, since
co-administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein leads to activation of
XBP1. Furthermore, we show that genistein can inhibit UPR induction of BiP in
response to a range of ER stresses indicating that the cancer drug genistein can
inhibit or activate the UPR depending on the environment and cell type. This has
implications for inflammatory disease since regulation of the UPR is important in
determining a cell's tendency towards apoptosis.


In his challenging paper,1 Vojin Rakic argues against our claim that 'there are strong reasons to believe' that moral bioenhancement should be obligatory or compulsory if it can be made safe and effective.2 Rakic starts by criticising an argument that we employed against John Harris.3 ,4 In this argument we maintain, among other things, that moral bioenhancement cannot be wholly effective if our will is free in what is called an 'indeterministic' or 'contra-causal sense'; that is, if our choices are not fully determined by our biology and environmental circumstances. Rakic contends that we 'do not take into account the possibility that we can have an entirely free will that does not limit the effectiveness of moral bio-enhancement'. We can use 'our freedom to decide to be morally bio-enhanced'.

In reply, we would like to insist that if our freedom is freedom in this indeterministic sense, we cannot use this freedom to decide to subject (and to actually subject) ourselves to effective moral bioenhancement, since this effectiveness presupposes that our will is fully determined by biological causes that this enhancement influences. If certain sub-atomic processes are indeterministic, probabilistic, we cannot make them deterministic. We cannot change the laws …


An Intelligent Pneumatic Actuator (IPA) system is considered highly nonlinear and subject to nonlinearities which make the precise position control of this actuator is difficult to achieve. Thus, it is appropriate to model the system using nonlinear approach because the linear model sometimes not sufficient enough to represent the nonlinearity of the system in the real process. This study presents a new modeling of an IPA system using Hammerstein model based Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithm. The Hammerstein model is one of the blocks structured nonlinear models often used to model a nonlinear system and it consists of a static nonlinear block followed by a linear block of dynamic element. In this study, the static nonlinear block was represented by a deadzone of the pneumatic valve, while the linear block was represented by a dynamic element of IPA system. A RLS has been employed as the main algorithm in order to estimate the parameters of the Hammerstein model. The validity of the proposed model has been verified by conducting a real-time experiment. All of the criteria as outlined in the system identification's procedures were successfully complied by the proposed Hammerstein model as it managed to provide a stable system, higher best fit, lower loss function and lower final prediction error than a linear model developed before. The performance of the proposed Hammerstein model in controlling the IPA's positioning system is also considered good. Thus, this new developed Hammerstein model is sufficient enough to represents the IPA system utilized in this study.


The road haulage industry employs millions of workers worldwide and most of them are male truck drivers (or lorry drivers in British English). Generally, truck drivers are poorly educated and have low socio-economic status. Nonetheless, truck driving is associated with freedom and adventure, and the job is appreciated for the autonomy that it gives. However, several hazards have been mentioned in the literature. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of: (1) the tasks and activities of truck drivers; (2) the hazards of the truck driver's job; and (3) measures to protect truck drivers. Before doing so, however, a general description of the different types of truck drivers is provided.

Although all truck drivers spend a substantial part of their working day behind the wheel, they are not a homogeneous group as the remaining tasks can differ enormously from one driver to another. Hence, it is useful to categorise truck drivers, which has been done in different ways. First, truck drivers can be classified according to driving distance, ranging from local delivery drivers with dozens of different addresses to call to each day to long-distance drivers with journeys of more than 1 day. Generally the proportion of working time spent driving increases and the amount of time loading and unloading decreases with longer distances. Large countries, such as Australia and the USA, tend to have relatively more long-distance drivers.

Second, truck drivers are often grouped by the (type of) product they transport or by the method of transport. The (type of) product can be the key factor in occupational exposures. For instance, transport of hazardous chemical materials increases the driver's risk of being exposed to these chemicals, and transport of animals or flowers might involve exposure to certain biological hazards. However, the (type of) product does not have …


In this thesis, we focus on decision problems in test cricket. Initially, we address declaration and follow-on decision problems. We then investigate session by session
batting and bowling strategy. Later, we extend our analysis to the rating of test cricket players. We also study how the nature and strength of the covariate effects in our
match outcome models vary as a match progresses.
We model the match outcome given the end of first, second and third innings positions and then use this for decision making. Our declaration models provide a decision support tool to a batting team captain and management to consider the best timing of declarations in the first three innings. Match outcome probabilities (win,draw, loss) are calculated using nominal multinomial logistic regression models. We
also propose quantitative decision support for batting strategy in the third innings. We approach the statistical problem by supposing that the third innings run-rate and the
target that the side batting third aims to set its opponent are decision variables. The follow-on decision problem is also briefly considered: should a captain enforce the
follow-on or not? Surprisingly, we find that the decision to enforce the follow-on or otherwise has no effect on the match outcome. We forecast match outcomes in test cricket in play, session by session. Match outcome probabilities are modelled using multinomial regression, with a win, draw, or loss response, and explanatory variables or covariates relating to match state at the start of each session. These probabilities can facilitate a team captain or management to decide on an aggressive or defensive batting strategy for the coming session. These covariates include the lead, wicket resources used, run-rate, a home advantage factor, and surrogates for the state of the pitch (ground effect) and the pre-match strengths of teams. We attempt to compare our results with bookmakers' odds by means of examples.
This thesis also investigates how the covariate effects vary from innings to innings and session to session. The nature of the covariates that influence the match outcome
changes as the match progresses. Early in the match, pre-match team strengths have a large effect. This reduces as the match progresses. Home advantage and ground effect
appear small and exist only early on.
We also extend our analysis to the rating of test cricket players. The rating system is based on player contributions session by session in a test match. This rating system
evaluates the performance of the players taking into account the stage of match in which runs and wickets are earned and conceded and the influence of the runs and
wickets earned on the match outcome.


We present a reflection based coherent diffraction imaging method which can be used to reconstruct a non periodic surface image from a diffraction amplitude measured in reflection geometry. Using a He-Ne laser, we demonstrated that a surface image can be reconstructed solely from the reflected intensity from a surface without relying on any prior knowledge of the sample object or the object support. The reconstructed phase image of the exit wave is particularly interesting since it can be used to obtain quantitative information of the surface depth profile or the phase change during the reflection process. We believe that this work will broaden the application areas of coherent diffraction imaging techniques using light sources with limited penetration depth.


Background: Women with inherited mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes are recommended to undergo a number of intensive cancer risk-reducing strategies, including prophylactic mastectomy, prophylactic oophorectomy, and screening. We estimate the impact of different risk-reducing options at various ages on life expectancy. Methods: We apply our previously developed Monte Carlo simulation model of screening and prophylactic surgery in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Here, we present the mathematical formulation to compute age-specific breast cancer incidence in the absence of prophylactic oophorectomy, which is an input to the simulation model, and provide sensitivity analysis on related model parameters. Results: The greatest gains in life expectancy result from conducting prophylactic mastectomy and prophylactic oophorectomy immediately after BRCA1/2 mutation testing; these gains vary with age at testing, from 6.8 to 10.3 years for BRCA1 and 3.4 to 4.4 years for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Life expectancy gains from delaying prophylactic surgery by 5 to 10 years range from 1 to 9.9 years for BRCA1 and 0.5 to 4.2 years for BRCA2 mutation carriers. Adding annual breast screening provides gains of 2.0 to 9.9 years for BRCA1 and 1.5 to 4.3 years for BRCA2. Results were most sensitive to variations in our assumptions about the magnitude and duration of breast cancer risk reduction due to prophylactic oophorectomy. Conclusions: Life expectancy gains depend on the type of BRCA mutation and age at interventions. Sensitivity analysis identifies the degree of breast cancer risk reduction due to prophylactic oophorectomy as a key determinant of life expectancy gain. Impact: Further study of the impact of prophylactic oophorectomy on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers is warranted. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1066–77. ©2012 AACR.


The influence of meteorological factors on the rice pests flight that catched in the lighttraps of mercury lamp and CFL. Research was carried out in the 2013 at the experimentalgarden of Sukamandi, Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR). Pests were catched in thelight traps of mercury lamp ML 160 watt and CFL 20 watt, while the meteorological data wascollected from a meteorological cage closed 200 m of the light trap. The objectives of thisresearch was to analyze the influence of meteorological factors on the pests flights as basicllyfor early warning system, forecasting and pests dispersal. The results showed that themeteorological factors such as evaporation, wind velocity, light intensity, air temperature,relative humidity, rainfall, and soil temperature at 0 cm were correlated one to anothers. Themeteorological factors had insignificant effect to pests flight of rice yellow stem borer, ricepink stem borer, rice black bug, and brown planthopper that catched in the lihgt trap ofmercury lamp and CFL. Evaporation and soil temperature at 0 cm had significant positiveinfluence while relative humidity had significant negative influence on the flight of leaf folderthat catched in the lihgt trap of mercury lamp. In the lihgt trap of CFL bulbs, the flight of leaffolder had significant positive influenced by air temperature and soil temperature at 0 cm,while had significant negative influenced by relative humidity and rainfall.


The sounds generated by a writing instrument ('pen-chant') provide a rich and underutilized source of information for pattern recognition. We examine the feasibility of recognition of handwritten cursive text, exclusively through an analysis of acoustic emissions. We design and implement a family of recognizers using a template matching approach, with templates and similarity measures derived variously from: smoothed amplitude signal with fixed resolution, discrete sequence of magnitudes obtained from peaks in the smoothed amplitude signal, and ordered tree obtained from a scale space signal representation. Test results are presented for recognition of isolated lowercase cursive characters and for whole words. We also present qualitative results for recognizing gestures such as circling, scratch-out, check-marks, and hatching. Our first set of results, using samples provided by the author, yield recognition rates of over 70% (alphabet) and 90% (26 words), with a confidence of ±8%, based solely on acoustic emissions. Our second set of results uses data gathered from nine writers. These results demonstrate that acoustic emissions are a rich source of information, usable – on their own or in conjunction with image-based features – to solve pattern recognition problems. In future work, this approach can be applied to writer identification, handwriting and gesture-based computer input technology, emotion recognition, and temporal analysis of sketches.


Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine Robert C. Bast, Jr. 2017-03-10 Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, Ninth Edition, offers a balanced view of the most current knowledge of cancer science and clinical oncology practice. This all-new edition is the consummate reference source for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, internists, surgical oncologists, and others who treat cancer patients. A translational perspective throughout, integrating cancer biology with cancer management providing an in depth understanding of the disease An emphasis on multidisciplinary, research-driven patient care to improve outcomes and optimal use of all appropriate therapies Cutting-edge coverage of personalized cancer care, including molecular diagnostics and therapeutics Concise, readable, clinically relevant text with algorithms, guidelines and insight into the use of both conventional and novel drugs Includes free access to the Wiley Digital Edition providing search across the book, the full reference list with web links, illustrations and photographs, and post-publication updates


Among the select group of literary critics who have had an impact upon popular culture, Umberto Eco, the Italian professor of Semiotics at the University of Bologna, should be considered one of the most influential of the past thirty years. Though he has produced a large number of academic treatises, his enduring fame is centered upon his popular novels in which he applies his theories in a practical format that can be (and is) enjoyed by the average reader, allowing him to spread his understanding and viewpoint via non-academic means. Although he has written several scholarly works, and continues to produce more, he is able to use the medium of the novel to connect and communicate with people from all walks of life. Through these avenues of communication--the academic work and the popular work--Eco demonstrates the power of symbols in both written form and images. He uses these symbols to identify with his audience and establishes a wonderful connection with his readers, as discussed by Birgit Eriksson in comments about Eco's novel The Name of The Rose: [There is] a connection between the novel and his interests in both popular culture and medieval history and aesthetics. Nor [is] it difficult to see a connection to his semiotics, and the novel has often been read as 'really' being about something besides the dark monastery murders: for example as being just a fictionalized version of his theoretical work. (1-2) By understanding this methodology, interpreters of Eco's works have a framework in which to function. He takes his own personal interests and makes application with this theoretical work. He believes that most people can better understand the world around them by reading fiction, rather than academic theories (Eriksson 4). Eco's Background and Semiotics Growing up in the 1930s and 1940s in Italy, Eco was profoundly shaped by the reign of Benito Mussolini and the events of World War II. This is evident in many of his works, especially The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana. His work and study in Semiotics was further affected by his conversion from the Catholic Church to atheism, which had an impact upon his use of specific symbols. After first gaining recognition as a scholar and adept literary and social critic, Eco entered the world of fiction, publishing his first, and most famous, novel The Name of the Rose. He has since published five more popular novels, in addition to continuing to develop his theories on Semiotics and Literary Criticism. Semiotics investigates signs and the delivery mechanisms "that humans use to convey feelings, thoughts, ideas, and ideologies" (Ryder). Eco exemplifies this sort of study as he describes, in an interview with Theodore Beale, his motivation for writing the novel The Island of the Day Before: I asked myself if it was possible to speak in a liberated way about Nature. That's where I got the idea of an island, an island in the Pacific, untouched by human hands. It was interesting that in the case of my character arriving there for the first time--not only for himself, but for all humankind--and watching the things that no human eye had seen before, he didn't have names for them. I was excited about telling the story through metaphor, instead of using the names. From my semiotic point of view, it was an interesting experience. In this response, we can see Eco creating a fictional setting in which a character must learn to recognize and relate to the world around him, while that world does not fit into any previous environment the character had experienced. Although the character cannot force that environment into a preconceived understanding, he must struggle with the type of language that should be used to describe the animals. This tension is the result of a prior determination by a cognitive model (Eco, Serendipities Language and Lunacy 55). Roberto, the main character in The Island of the Day Before, resorts to calling exotic birds by more common European names. …


This study aims to determine and analyze the level, cost structure and profitability of the honey bee production process in the seven main producing states in Mexico. It was found that the structure of honey production costs is mostly composed of the variable cost (67.1 %), its main values being labor payment and purchase of food inputs, while in the case of fixed costs (32.9 %), the main value was infrastructure depreciation (23.3 %). This cost composition of the total cost has relevance in the administration of national beekeeping production since downtrend variations in prices mainly affect beekeepers whose average fixed cost is lower. On its part, the main cause that can allow the variation in the level of profitability of the apiculture holdings in Mexico is represented by the level of income from the sale of honey, which is determined by the price paid to the Mexican producer depending on the market where the transaction is carried out. Finally, it was found that profitability per hive in Mexico is 158 pesos and 305.3 pesos for every thousand pesos invested in fixed assets, while the cost-benefit ratio indicates a profitability rate of 38 cents for each peso invested; this activity is profitable since the return on investment goes well beyond that obtained from debt notes.


Three-dimensional multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs) have the potential to provide deeply experiential learning qualitatively similar to that found in the real world. MUVEs offer a pedagogically-driven immersive learning opportunity for educationalists that is cost-effective and enjoyable. A family of digital virtual avatars was created within Second Life® to investigate the implementation of a problem-based learning (PBL) task within an MUVE. The consensus among tertiary level educators was that the experience provided more immersion and engagement than traditional methods of technological provision, leading to potentially increased depth of learning. PBL appears to be an effective tool for aiding learning within immersive three-dimensional MUVEs.


The integral imaging (II) system combined with a single imaging lens has provided many advantages to improve system performance and to extend its application area. When a single imaging lens forms an image, a depth and size distortion is a necessary result of imaging by lens law. Therefore the II system, employing a single imaging lens, is also accompanied with similar distortions. In the II system, the depth and size of the reconstructed image can be adjusted by parallax image array (PIA) scaling. With regard to these scaling effects, the distortion correction method in the II system combined with a single imaging lens has been investigated. The differential transfer function (DTF) is defined and theoretically derived for mathematical analysis of the distortion. By using DTF, the PIA scaling conditions for the distortion correction in the II system combined with the single imaging lens is obtained. Experimental results are presented and discussed in detail.


This article examines whether social class influences the likelihood of engaging in political consumerism in Western Europe. Political consumption is the intentional buying or abstention from buying (boycotting) specific products for political, ethical, or ecological reasons. The interest in analyzing political consumerism lies in substantive and theoretical reasons. First, it is a widespread but not very adequately studied form of noninstitutionalized political participation. Second, various theories claim that class is an inadequate category for explaining political behavior. According to the postmodern theory of social stratification, patterns of consumption are among the key factors that define the new status communities, thus breaking with the traditional logic of social classes. Along the same lines, individualization theory suggests that in contemporary societies, individuals are free to continuously redefine their identity and choose the lifestyle they prefer. We argue that the study of political consumption offers a particularly appropriate case for testing the empirical plausibility of the hypothesis of the 'decline of class politics'. Multilevel analysis using European Social Survey data reveals, contrary to the above-mentioned postulates, that social class strongly affects the likelihood of being one's a political consumer.


Ongoing changes in international and US financial reporting systems have engendered pressing measurement issues, mainly related to the use of fair value. Fair Value Measurements (FVM) is a subject of debate for both academics and practitioners. Theoretical research by Bushman and Smith (2001), Moreover, Martin et.al (2006) Hitz (2007) has been relatively circumspect about the appropriateness of FVM for accounting purpose. FVM of assets for which no liquid market exists has stimulated debate in a group of professions like accounting, auditing and appraisal but also is a hot topic from regulators and investors point of view. Two solutions have been proposed: a) using independent experts and b) development of the standards and guidelines by practitionersi associations. In European Union we expect a common practice and similar knowledge in fair value measurement of real estate properties. Our study involves an analysis of reevaluation practice and reevaluation results of the most important listed entities on the European Markets: Austrian Stock Exchange, Bolsas y Mercados Espanoles, Borsa Italia , Bucharest Stock Exchange, Bulgarian Stock Exchange, Euronext Paris, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange etc.


For a certain scaling of the initialization of stochastic gradient descent (SGD), wide neural networks (NN) have been shown to be well approximated by reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) methods. Recent empirical work showed that, for some classification tasks, RKHS methods can replace NNs without a large loss in performance. On the other hand, two-layers NNs are known to encode richer smoothness classes than RKHS and we know of special examples for which SGD-trained NN provably outperform RKHS. This is true even in the wide network limit, for a different scaling of the initialization. How can we reconcile the above claims? For which tasks do NNs outperform RKHS? If covariates are nearly isotropic, RKHS methods suffer from the curse of dimensionality, while NNs can overcome it by learning the best low-dimensional representation. Here we show that this curse of dimensionality becomes milder if the covariates display the same low-dimensional structure as the target function, and we precisely characterize this tradeoff. Building on these results, we present the spiked covariates model that can capture in a unified framework both behaviors observed in earlier work. We hypothesize that such a latent low-dimensional structure is present in image classification. We test numerically this hypothesis by showing that specific perturbations of the training distribution degrade the performances of RKHS methods much more significantly than NNs.


Traffic management is the adaptation of source rates and routing to efficiently utilize network resources. Recently, the complicated interactions between different Internet traffic management modules have been elegantly modeled by distributed primal dual utility maximization, which sheds new light for developing effective management protocols. For single-path routing with given routes, the dual is a strictly concave network optimization problem. Unfortunately, the general form of multipath utility optimization is not strictly concave, making its solution quite unstable. Decompositionbased technique like TRaffic-management Using Multipath Protocol (TRUMP) alleviates the instability, but their convergence is not guaranteed, nor is their optimality. They are also inflexible in differentiating the control at different links. In this paper, we address the above issues through a novel logarithm-barrier-based approach. Our approach jointly considers user utility and routing/congestion control. It translates the multipath utility maximization into a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems, with infinite logarithm barriers being deployed at the constraint boundary. We demonstrate that setting up barriers is much simpler than choosing traditional cost functions and, more importantly, it makes optimal solution achievable. We further demonstrate a distributed implementation, together with the design of a practical Logarithm Barrierbased-Multipath Protocol (LBMP). We evaluate the performance of LBMP through both numerical analysis and packet-level simulations. The results show that LBMP achieves high throughput and fast convergence over diverse representative network topologies. Such performance is comparable to TRUMP, and is often better. Moreover, LBMP is flexible in differentiating the control at different links, and its optimality and convergence are theoretically guaranteed.


This study analyzed the impact of port operations on Nigerian economy, with a focus on Apapa port. Data sourced from Nigeria Ports Authority's operational bulletin were analyzed using multiple regression model. It was found that gross registered tonnage of the vessel is significantly contributing to the Nigerian gross domestic product (GDP) at 0.05 significant level, and that cargo throughput and vessel traffic have positive impact on the economy but are not significantly influencing the Nigerian gross domestic product at 0.05 significant level. Vessel gross registered tonnage should be used as the basis for assessing port dues since it bears positive significance on Nigerian economy. The Nigerian government should also develop the country's inland infrastructure of rail and water ways to facilitate swift transfer of cargo from the ports to the hinterland and improve port operations by reducing congestion both in the ports and on roads.


Background/Aims: To explore the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus and memory impairment in diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty male rats were randomly divided into normal control, diabetic model and SFN treatment groups (N = 10 in each group). Streptozotocin (STZ) was applied to establish diabetic model. Water Morris maze task was applied to test learning and memory. Tunel assaying was used to detect apoptosis in hippocampus. The expressions of Caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia 1(MCL-1) were detected by western blotting. Neurotrophic factor levels and AKT/GSK3β pathway were also detected. Results: Compared with normal control, learning and memory were apparently impaired, with up-regulation of Caspase-3 and down-regulation of MCL-1 in diabetic rats. Apoptotic neurons were also found in CA1 region after diabetic modeling. By contrast, SFN treatment prevented the memory impairment, decreased the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. SFN also attenuated the abnormal expression of Caspase-3 and MCL-1 in diabetic model. Mechanically, SFN treatment reversed diabetic modeling-induced decrease of p-Akt, p-GSK3β, NGF and BDNF expressions. Conclusion: SFN could prevent the memory impairment and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in diabetic rat. The possible mechanism was related to the regulation of neurotropic factors and Akt/GSK3β pathway.


Using the rich micro data set of the World Bank Investment Climate Survey, this paper examines the determinants of productivity among manufacturing firms in the context of a least developed country, Tanzania. In particular it seeks to evaluate the importance of technological variables - such as R&D, education and training, innovation, foreign ownership, licensing and ISO certification - and institutional variables – such as access to credit, health of the workforce, regulation and business support services. Among the technological variables, R&D, and innovations in the form of new products or processes fail to produce any significant impact, and only foreign ownership, ISO certification and high education of the management appear to affect productivity. Some of the institutional variables on the contrary are highly significant and robust to different specifications of the model. As such, formal credit constraints, administrative burdens related to regulations and a lack of business support services seem to depress productivity, while membership of a business association produces the opposite effect. The results of a quantile regression further indicate that the educational level of the managers and access to formal credit are significant for the less productive firms only, whereas for the more productive firms it is having an ISO certification or being a member of a business association that are the significant determinants.


The aim of this essay is to draw out the learning from the authors' analysis of the practice of Helen Mayer Harrison and Newton Harrison, collectively known as 'the Harrisons'. The Harrisons are widely acknowledged as eminent ecological artists whose work addresses watersheds, forestry, forms of farming, urban development, sea level rise and climate change over a career spanning five decades and encompassing projects on several continents. Artists, particularly those who are willing to speak to their practice in reflective and reflexive ways, provide lessons for other practitioners and perhaps for other disciplines, but they do not provide models exactly. The Harrisons are particularly interested in the possibility of their methods being taken up by other practitioners and disciplines. They call this 'conversational drift'. Dialogue and discourse will recur through this essay, but it is worth noting that 'drift' is often used as a translation of the Situationists' word 'd{acute}erive', an unplanned or improvised exploration of the city. It is in this sense that the Harrisons understand the process of lessons being learnt and the potential for lessons to be relevant in other contexts.


The volatile fuel prices for electricity generation, elevated concerns about global warming and energy security has prompted countries to look for alternative energy sources. One of the alternative energy sources is ocean energy. Currently, there is few ocean energy technologies that are commercially available to harness electrical energy from ocean despite the fact that ocean covers more than 71% of the earth's surface. The ocean energy technologies are separated in four main categories: 1) wave energy converter; 2) tidal energy converter; 3) ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC); 4) ocean wind energy. This paper presents the latest research and development carried out in ocean energy technologies. It describes the ocean technologies that are commercially available and the technologies that will soon be commercially available. It also presents how different ocean energy technologies are used to generate electricity.


The design philosophy of the latest wireless networks is radically different from the traditional design philosophy. Even though the physical communication protocols have a considerable impact on the wireless system efficiency, from the system point of view, medium access control, routing, and scheduling protocols, i.e., the layer 2 and 3 protocols in the ISO protocol hierarchy, have a determining impact on the overall system performance. The purpose of this work is to propose, study and analyze various communication protocols for different wireless communication networks.
We consider two kinds of problems. First we study scheduling problems in wireless cellular networks. In this problem, the emphasis is on fairness and Quality of Service guarantees in an environment where the time varying channel conditions give rise to time varying data rates. We formulate different scheduling problems as constrained optimization problems and obtain optimal scheduling algorithms. These algorithms can be viewed as generalizations of the traditional opportunistic scheduling algorithms. The second class of problems that we study is the problem of Medium Access Control (MAC) in decentralized wireless local area networks in which nodes are equipped with directional antennas. We first propose a list of requirements that a good MAC protocol must satisfy and then suggest a protocol satisfying all the requirements. By analyzing and simulating the proposed MAC protocol, we demonstrate the performance advantage of the suggested protocol over other MAC protocols.


HIV-1 is spreading at an exponential rate in southern Africa, with a current doubling time of approximately one year. An estimated 2 million of South Africa's 36 million population are already infected with HIV. Information on the extent of variability of HIV-1 sequences in the region is important for the development of vaccines, the evaluation of new therapies, and for structure/function studies of the viral genome and proteins. The authors isolated and partially sequenced local strains of the virus. The first strain sequenced was determined to be a new subtype of HIV-1, designated subtype C(2). HIV-1 subtypes B and D are also circulating within southern Africa. The derived phylogenetic trees for the various strains are presented. It is possible that southern African HIV-1 strains have evolved from Central African ones during their spread southward over time and geographic distance. The data on HIV-1 env and gag gene variability presented in this paper have implications for the design of vaccines intended for use in southern Africa and India. The results also establish new limits of variability for the virus, by extending the phylogenetic tree along a new branch.


Even people who don't know football know who 'Gazza' is. The man born as Paul John Gascoigne to a working-class family in the North-East has found headlines on the front pages almost as often as the back pages throughout his life, thanks in great part to his more than colourful lifestyle. But it is for his time as a footballer of the very highest order that Gazza's name will forever live in sporting history. During a career that spanned more than ten different clubs, among them Newcastle United, Tottenham, Lazio and Rangers, and which included countless unforgettable England performances, Gazza established himself as one of the sport's all-time greats: a master of skill, flair and invention like none that his country had produced before nor perhaps ever will again. Told in Gazza's own unique voice and fully illustrated with hundreds of photos from the moments that he feels defined his career, Glorious: My World, Football and Me is a celebration, offering an unrivalled insight into the mind of this greatest of footballers.


This dissertation is an analysis of the cultural meeting between the Church and the Crown on the one hand, and the Sami community on the other, in a lappmark in the north of Sweden during the seventeenth century.The authorities viewed and acted towards the Sami from the standpoint of their normative system, incorporating the political/ideological discourse that existed at this time. This was implemented by means of judicial machinery that represented the Sami as indulging in immoral sexual behavior and idolatry. This was due to the fact the authorities nurtured an interest in the different: the Sami became the Other, representing an antithesis of the authorities' own existence. The authorities' need to create this antithesis led to a representation of the Sami as sexually immoral and idolatrous that endured throughout the period of this research, with results that have both qualitative and quantitative foundations in two categories of crimes: those against religion, and sexual offences.The Sami, for their part, exhibited cultural manifestations that, when detached from the court rolls' narrative structure, clearly distinguish themselves from the normative system represented and implemented by the authorities. Conciliation in court was common amongst the Sami; their views on theft, murder or manslaughter, and sexual offences never coincided with the perspective maintained by the authorities on these issues, which was based on laws and ordinances. There were two reasons for this: the first was that the Sami did not stigmatize as criminals individuals who had committed unlawful deeds, as was the case with the authorities, who operated within the framework of the Swedish legal system; the second reason was that the Sami had other traditions concerning marriage and religious practice. The Sami interacted not only with each other, but also in relation to other groups of people outside the community, such as visiting farmers, townspeople, merchants and ironworkers. Judicial matters were raised for different reasons: to document the distribution of inheritance; to obtain remuneration for purchases on credit; to obtain a financial settlement with regard to theft; and to establish clearly the sequence of events, in cases of murder and manslaughter. This sheds light on the question of why and how the Sami made use of the possibilities afforded to them by the court, despite instances of repression to begin with, when the authorities used the court system to initiate cases against the Sami, including crimes against religion and sexual offences. The legal cases also shed light upon Sami traditions, morals and cultural expressions, which not only differed from the normative system of the authorities but also from various traditions and morals that were exhibited by the peasantry in other parts of Sweden at this time – we can thus "see into" a seventeenth-century Sami community.The authorities represented repression and control, with the result that the Sami became the Other. However, the Sami interacted both within and beyond their own community. This provides us with information about traditions and morals, which seem to have been characteristic in terms of Sami culture, whilst at the same time differing from the type of behaviour the authorities desired.The survey includes theoretical perspectives used by sociologist Stuart Hall, philosophers Michel Foucault and Paul Ricoeur, literary scientist and cultural theorist Homi K. Bhabha, and others, as well as theories proposed by literary scientists Ania Loomba and Edward Said, as well as cultural theorist and literary scientist Robert J. C. Young.


Nearly a decade has elapsed since initial publication of a multicentre randomised trial of porfimer sodium photodynamic therapy (psPDT) for the treatment of Barrett's oesophagus (BO) containing high-grade dysplasia (HGD).1 With the addition of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) to the therapeutic armamentarium, a seismic shift has now ensued in the treatment landscape of BO-associated mucosal neoplasia. An ever-increasing proportion of patients with BO HGD or T1 oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), opt for endoscopic therapy rather than surgery.2 Durable disease remission is achievable for the majority of patients, with most instances of recurrence being amenable to further endoscopic management and with low rates of salvage oesophagectomy or oesophageal cancer-related mortality.3

Compared with a significant post-treatment stricture rate (>30% for PDT1) and prolonged duration of photosensitivity following psPDT, the relatively lower toxicity profile of newer-generation endoscopic therapies (<10% stricture rate for RFA4) has enabled consideration of whether prophylactic endoscopic therapy may be offered, in lieu of surveillance, to an expanded treatment pool of patients with pathology less advanced than HGD. Indeed, an endoscopic ablation strategy for BO has been envisioned as analogous to the widespread practice of screening colonoscopy and resection of adenomatous polyps for prevention of colorectal cancer.5

Yet at the same time, epidemiological investigation has prompted a recalibration of the risk of BO neoplastic progression. An annual progression rate from non-dysplastic BO to OAC of 0.12% was reported from a …


Standard treatment for glioblastoma is noncurative and only partially effective. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) was developed as an alternative approach for effective loco-regional delivery of drugs via a small catheter inserted into the diseased brain. However, previous CED clinical trials revealed the need for improved catheters for controlled and satisfactory distribution of therapeutics. In this study, the arborizing catheter, consisting of six infusion ports, was compared to a reflux-preventing single-port catheter. Infusions of iohexol at a flow rate of 1 μL/min/microneedle were performed, using the arborizing catheter on one hemisphere and a single-port catheter on the contralateral hemisphere of excised pig brains. The volume dispersed (Vd) of the contrast agent was quantified for each catheter. Vd for the arborizing catheter was significantly higher than for the single-port catheter, 2235.8 ± 569.7 mm3 and 382.2 ± 243.0 mm3, respectively (n = 7). Minimal reflux was observed; however, high Vd values were achieved with the arborizing catheter. With simultaneous infusion using multiple ports of the arborizing catheter, high Vd was achieved at a low infusion rate. Thus, the arborizing catheter promises a highly desirable large volume of distribution of drugs delivered to the brain for the purpose of treating brain tumors.


Ab s t r Ac t Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of marginal ridges restored using different techniques (amalgam, open sandwich technique, and incremental placement) and to compare these with smart dentin replacement (SDR) bulk-fill. Materials and methods: Amalgam, dispersalloy; a nanohybrid resin composite (Tetric N Ceram), a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) base (Fuji II LC), and flowable bulk-fill composites (SureFil SDR) were used. Standardized class II (occluso-distal) OD cavities were prepared on 60 (n = 12) extracted premolars, and five different protocols were used to restore the teeth: group 1, dispersalloy; group 2, dispersalloy with 4 mm Fuji II LC base; group 3, incrementally placed Tetric N Ceram; group 4, Tetric N Ceram with 4 mm Fuji II LC base; and group 5, Tetric N Ceram with SureFil SDR. The restorations were thermocycled then fractured using a universal testing machine, the maximum fracture load of the specimens was measured (N), and the type of fracture was recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Amalgam groups showed the lowest fracture resistance, with no significant difference between the based and nonbased groups. The highest fracture resistance was displayed by Tetric N Ceram with SDR base, and it was significantly higher than all the groups except the Tetric N Ceram nonbased group. The RMGIC based Tetric N Ceram displayed intermediate fracture resistance. The majority of the restorations showed mixed types of fracture except for nonbased amalgam, which mostly failed cohesively through amalgam. SDR-based composite was the only group that showed severe tooth failures. Conclusions: The use of a 4 mm thick RMGIC base had no detrimental effect on the fracture resistance of class II amalgam and composite restorations. Clinical significance: Bulk-fill SureFil SDR placed under a conventional resin-based composite had similar fracture resistance to incrementally placed composite but higher than amalgam and composite restorations based on RMGIC.


Lorca's "Blood Wedding" is a classic of twentieth-century theatre. The story is based on a newspaper fragment which told of a family vendetta and a bride who ran away with the son of the enemy family. Lorca uses it to investigate the subjects which fascinated him: desire, repression, ritual, and the constraints and commitments of the rural Spanish community in which the play is rooted. Ted Hughes' version stays close in spirit and letter to the original Spanish. With marvellous directness, he fused Lorca's vision to his own, and the result is a powerful poetic text which captures all the violence and pathos of the play for an English-speaking audience.


First recognized by Laplace over two centuries ago, the Moon's present tidal‐rotational bulges are significantly larger than hydrostatic predictions. They are likely relics of a former hydrostatic state when the Moon was closer to the Earth and had larger bulges, and they were established when stresses in a thickening lunar lithosphere could maintain the bulges against hydrostatic adjustment. We formulate the first dynamically self‐consistent model of this process and show that bulge formation is controlled by the relative timing of lithosphere thickening and lunar orbit recession. Viable solutions indicate that lunar bulge formation was a geologically slow process lasting several hundred million years, that the process was complete about 4 Ga when the Moon‐Earth distance was less than ~32 Earth radii, and that the Earth in Hadean was significantly less dissipative to lunar tides than during the last 4 Gyr, possibly implying a frozen hydrosphere due to the fainter young Sun.


The magnitude and nature of interactions between small aromatic systems (benzene and naphthalene) and various single-wall carbon nanotubes are examined by MP2 theory. π−π stacking configurations are more strongly bound than CH---π analogues. There is a small preference for placement of the aromatic directly above a C═C bond center in the nanotube. All of these complexes are dominated by dispersion forces. Mobility of adsorbed benzene on the tube surface is considered in terms of rotating, tilting, and sliding. As noted previously for covalent modification of nanotubes, the computationally efficient same level different basis set protocol is reliable for studying noncovalent interactions. Previously reported DFT (LDA or GGA) binding energies for π−π stacking arrangements are underestimated, whereas dispersion-corrected methods overestimate these binding energies.


The Procyon AB binary system (orbital period 40.838 yr, a newly refined determination) is near and bright enough that the component radii, effective temperatures, and luminosities are very well determined, although more than one possible solution to the masses has limited the claimed accuracy. Preliminary mass determinations for each component are available from Hubble Space Telescope imaging, supported by ground-based astrometry and an excellent Hipparcos parallax; we use these for our preferred solution for the binary system. Other values for the masses are also considered. We have employed the TYCHO stellar evolution code to match the radius and luminosity of the F5 IV-V primary star to determine the system's most likely age as 1.87 ± 0.13 Gyr. Since prior studies of Procyon A found its abundance indistinguishable from solar, the solar composition of Asplund, Grevesse, and Sauval (Z = 0.014) is assumed for the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram fitting. An unsuccessful attempt to fit using the older solar abundance scale of Grevesse & Sauval (Z = 0.019) is also reported. For Procyon B, 11 new sequences for the cooling of non-DA white dwarfs have been calculated to investigate the dependences of the cooling age on (1) the mass, (2) core composition, (3) helium layer mass, and (4) heavy-element opacities in the helium envelope. Our calculations indicate a cooling age of 1.19 ± 0.11 Gyr, which implies that the progenitor mass of Procyon B was 2.59 M☉. In a plot of initial versus final mass of white dwarfs in astrometric binaries or star clusters (all with age determinations), the Procyon B final mass lies several σ below a straight line fit.


BACKGROUND
External ventricular drains (EVDs) are associated with high rates of infection, and EVD infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the introduction of an evidence-based EVD infection control protocol could reduce the rate of EVD infections.

METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of an EVD infection control protocol introduced in a tertiary care neurointensive care unit. We compared rates of cerebrospinal fluid culture positivity and ventriculitis for the 3 years before and 3 years after the introduction of an evidence-based EVD infection control protocol. A total of 262 EVD placements were analyzed, with a total of 2499 catheter-days.

RESULTS
The rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture positivity decreased from 9.8% (14 of 143; 11.43 per 1000 catheter-days) at baseline to 0.8% (1 of 119; 0.79 per 1000 catheter-days) in the EVD infection control protocol period (P = .001). The rate of ventriculitis decreased from 6.3% (9 of 143; 7.35 per 1000 catheter-days) to 0.8% (1 of 119; 0.79 per 1000 catheter-days; P = .02).

CONCLUSION
The introduction of a simple, evidence-based infection control protocol was associated with a dramatic reduction in the risk of EVD infection.


The Uganda Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project was one of the World Bank's first projects to demonstrate the value-added of strategic communication. The strategic communication component developed for this project included the use of formative research about values and attitudes with respect to child rearing, in order to develop and test effective messages. The communication strategy was developed in a highly participatory manner and included nurturing a team of champions for the project among policymakers, district officials, community leaders, and grassroots organizations to advocate for the project. It also included two-way communication activities developed to address the practices and behaviors that would need to be changed in order for the project to be successful, rather than merely disseminating messages based on assumptions of project benefits. This publication is the first in a series of Working Papers sponsored by the Development Communication Division (DevComm) of the World Bank's External Affairs Vice-Presidency. This series is designed to share innovations and lessons learned in the application of strategic communication in development projects. Together with other donors, NGOs, and private sector partners, DevComm seeks to mainstream the discipline of development communication in development practice.


For English-speaking students of Japanese, particles are perhaps the most difficult aspect of the language to learn. It would be no exaggeration to say that, for most people, they can never be completely mastered. Thus, the study of particles is a lifetime undertaking, and students need a lifelong companion to help them along the way. That companion is A Dictionary of Japanese Particles. Covering over 100 particles in alphabetical order, the dictionary explains the meanings of each (most have more than one) and gives sample sentences for each meaning. Illustrations are provided where necessary for clarification. There are also exercises at the back of the book for those who wish to test their knowledge of particle usage. Appendices and endpaper charts are provided for easy access. A Dictionary of Japanese Particles is an essential reference work, meant to be used over the years as students continue to confront puzzling particles.


In November 1992, the Arlington County Board voted to add "sexual orientation" to the group of classes protected under its antidiscrimination policy. When a store owner was sued for violating this policy in 2006, he countersued, claiming that Arlington did not have the power to enact such a policy. His claim was based on the existence of a strongly state-centered power hierarchy unique to a very small minority of states, including Virginia, laid out in the Dillon Rule. Virginia's use of the Dillon Rule basically cripples its municipal corporations by injecting uncertainty into the process of enacting local legislation and by making local leaders reticent to enact progressive measures lest they be challenged or overruled outright. In effect, this seemingly innocuous and outdated power hierarchy has stunted civil rights movements, specifically the gay rights movement, in Virginia and should be eradicated.


A bstrAct — The Lucero uplift lies along the western part of the Colorado Plateau and bounds the northwestern edge of the Albuquerque Basin. It preserves a rich geologic history involving a well-exposed upper Paleozoic stratigraphic section and multiple deformational, magmatic, and denudational events. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize EDMAP and STATEMAP mapping and research efforts to highlight developments in our understanding of this region by focusing on two main research locations: Carrizo Arroyo and the Belen travertine quarries owned and operated by New Mexico Travertine, Inc. The Cenozoic deformational history of this part of the western edge of the Rio Grande rift involved the following elements from west to east: (1) Lucero uplift of the eastern Colorado Plateau is a wide region of gently west-dipping (< 10°), undeformed Permian and Triassic rock, (2) the Comanche fault zone is a west-side-up contractional fault zone that developed from approximately east-west compression during the Laramide orogeny, (3) the Comanche deformation domain (~500-m-wide) is made up of steeply-dipping Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata (the steep limb of the Comanche monocline), (4) newly-dated 27.5 Ma igneous intrusions cross-cut steeply dipping beds, (5) low-angle normal faults preserved in the deformation domain are early, ro-tated rift normal faults, (6) the Santa Fe normal fault forms the eastern side of the Comanche deformation domain and the western boundary of the Rio Grande rift; it cross cuts and down-drops the synclinal hinge of the monocline deep into the rift, (8) the Comanche deformation domain was a zone of fluid flux of deeply-sourced fluids that mixed with meteoric recharge and resulted in travertine mounds and platforms that were deposited by carbonic, saline springs and resulted in world-class travertine deposits in the Belen quarry area, (9) the 3.7 Ma Mesa Carrizo basalt erupted from vents on the Colorado Plateau and flowed southeast across a low relief surface (Ortiz surface) at a time when there was little relief on the western rift flank, (10) the Belen travertine quarries consist of several Quaternary travertine platforms that are cut by multiple sets of rift-parallel and rift-perpendicular extensional calcite veins that show strain rates over the last 2 Ma that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than present-day strain rates measured from GPS, and (11) Carrizo Arroyo, itself, is a spectacular 183-m deep canyon tributary to the Rio Puerco that has been incised at a rate of 50 m/Ma over the last 1 Ma due to river system integration, climate, or base level lowering in the Rio Grande.


Neuromodulation is thought to be one of the underlying principles of learning and memory in biological neural networks. Recent experiments have shown that neuroevolutionary methods benefit from neuromodulation in simple grid-world problems. In this paper we investigate the performance of a neuroevolutionary method applied to a more realistic robotic task. While confirming the favorable effect of neuromodulatory structures, our results indicate that the evolution of such architectures requires a mechanism which allows for selective modular targetting of the neuromodulatory connections.


The aim of the present study was to find out whether grafting could improve salinity tolerance of melon plants, and whether possible induction of tolerance to salinity was linked with the defense of the photosynthetic apparatus. The climate chamber experiment was carried out to determine main stem length, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), fresh weight of shoot and root, and root length. Under climate chamber conditions, two melon cultivars [galia type Citirex F1) and standard type (Kirkagac Manisa Altinbas)] were grafted onto two different commercial Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata hybrid rootstocks (Kardosa and Nun 9075) and grown in 8 L pots filled continuously with aerated nutrient solution under two different salt levels (1 and 8 dS/m) with three replications. The results indicated that grafted and un-grafted plants were significantly (P<0.001) affected by different salt levels. Grafted plants had better growth performance than un-grafted plants under both control and saline conditions. The SPAD value of the un-grafted plants significantly decreased as salinity stress increased, while root fresh weight of the grafted plants significantly increased under salinity stress. Under saline conditions the highest shoot fresh weight, and SPAD value were recorded in graft combination Nun 9075/ Citirex. These results suggest that the use of salt tolerant Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata hybrid rootstocks can improve crop performance in melon under salt stress, whereas the appropriate scion/ rootstock combinations under saline conditions will be investigated for fruit yield and quality parameters in further studies. Keywords: Commercial rootstock, salinity tolerance, nutrient solution, grafting, melon


Despite growing interest in the economic and policy aspects of information security, little academic research has used field data to examine the development process of a security countermeasure provider. In this paper, we empirically examine the learning process a security software developer undergoes in resolving a malware problem. Using the data collected from a leading antivirus software company in Asia, we study the differential effects of experience on the malware resolution process. Our findings reveal that general knowledge from cross-family experience has greater impact than specific knowledge from within-family experience on performance in the malware resolution process. We also examine the factors that drive the differential effects of prior experience. Interestingly, our data show that cross-family experience is more effective than within-family experience in malware resolution when malware targets the general public than when a specific victim is targeted. Similar results--for example, the higher (lower) effect of cross-family (within-family) experience-- were observed in the presence of information sharing among software vendors or during a disruption caused by a catastrophe. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the specific expertise required for security countermeasure providers to be able to respond under varying conditions to fast-evolving malware.


To overcome the absence of training data for unseen classes, conventional zero-shot learning approaches mainly train their model on seen datapoints and leverage the semantic descriptions for both seen and unseen classes. Beyond exploiting relations between classes of seen and unseen, we present a deep generative model to provide the model with experience about both seen and unseen classes. Based on the variational auto-encoder with class-specific multi-modal prior, the proposed method learns the conditional distribution of seen and unseen classes. In order to circumvent the need for samples of unseen classes, we treat the non-existing data as missing examples. That is, our network aims to find optimal unseen datapoints and model parameters, by iteratively following the generating and learning strategy. Since we obtain the conditional generative model for both seen and unseen classes, classification as well as generation can be performed directly without any off-the-shell classifiers. In experimental results, we demonstrate that the proposed generating and learning strategy makes the model achieve the outperforming results compared to that trained only on the seen classes, and also to the several state-of-the-art methods.


This investigation examines college success in freshman and sophomore level biology courses for students with biology AP credit by addressing the following questions: One, Does AP biology experience increase academic performance in freshman biology? Do AP students with scores of 3 significantly outperform non-AP students? Do AP students with scores of 5 significantly outperform non-AP students in sophomore level biology courses? Two groups of college freshman and sophomores, those with AP biology scores and those without, were matched in regards to gender and SAT scores and instructor of record. Results suggest that students with biology AP scores of 3 may not, as suggested by the College Board, be adequately prepared to enroll directly into sophomore level biology courses. Results from this dissertation suggest the following implications: (a) AP students with final AP exam scores of 1 and 2 have derived little if any benefit from their yearlong AP biology course and the AP final exam in regards to Freshman Biology I; (b) AP biology students with scores of 3 and 4 on their end-ofthe-year biology AP exam appear to be well prepared to be successful, based on mean final grades, in Freshman Biology I; (c) There is no supporting evidence that suggests AP students with AP final exam scores of 3 or 4 are adequately prepared to enroll directly into sophomore level biology courses and be successful; and (d) AP students with scores of 5 who have enrolled directly into sophomore level biology courses did not significantly outperform, based on mean final grades, non-AP students who have taken the two semester sequence of freshman biology courses. Further research needs to be done at each college and university participating in the Advanced Placement program to set appropriate cut off scores for the end-of-the-year AP exam score in regards to awarding college credit. Moreover, a considerable amount of research carried out thus far fails to capture many of the variables known to be associated with college success. Therefore, further research done in this area needs to control for these other variables.


Loss of the early phase of insulin release has been documented in both type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes; however, the physiological importanceof this loss is unsettled. We created a model of loss of the early phase of insulin release in normal volunteers. Somatostatin (SRIF) was briefly infused (from −5 to 15 min) during intravenous (IVGTT) and oral (OGTT) glucose tolerance tests. The thermic response to oral glucose was determined under these conditions by indirect calorimetry. Early insulin release was totally blocked during IVGTT and OGTT by SRIF infusion. During the IVGTT, glucose tolerance was deteriorated in association with loss of the early phase of insulin release as indicated by a decrease in the K value (control 1.9 ± 0.36 vs. SRIF 1.1 ± 0.27, P < .001). Higher plasma glucose concentrations were observed during SRIF tests in the OGTT at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min; total glycemic excursion was larger during the SRIF test (9473 ± 3089 mg · dl−1 · 5 h−1) when compared with the control condition (6583 ± 2329 mg dl−1 5 h−1). During the OGTT the total amount of glucose oxidized (control 56 ± 4.2 vs. SRIF 55 ± 3.4 g/5 h) was similar in both conditions, suggesting that nonoxidative pathways of glucose disposal were responsible for the deterioration in glucose tolerance. Surprisingly, we found that glucose-induced thermogenesis was reduced in association with loss of the early phase of insulin release (control 102 ± 21.3 vs. SRIF 72 ± 27.8 J/5 h, P < .001). Thus, loss of the early phase of insulin release is associated with deterioration of glucose tolerance and blunted glucose-induced thermogenesis. These data underscore the key role of the early phase of insulin release in glucose homeostasis and provide a possible mechanism that could lead eventually to obesity and diabetes.


The time interval between stand-replacing fires can influence patterns of initial postfire succession if the abundance of postfire propagules varies with prefire stand age. We examined the effect of fire interval on initial postfire lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) density in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) following the 1988 fires. We asked whether postfire propagule abundance, measured as prefire percent serotiny, varied with fire interval and could explain patterns in postfire succession. The response of lodgepole pine density to variation in fire interval was explained by spatial and temporal variation in prefire serotiny. At low elevations, postfire lodgepole pine recruitment correlated strongly with prefire percent serotiny, which varied nonlinearly with prefire stand age. As a result, postfire lodgepole pine densities varied nonlinearly with fire interval. In contrast, at high elevations serotiny was low, varied little with stand age and did not influence postfire lodgepole pine densities, although, fire interval was still a significant predictor of postfire densities. At high elevations, fire interval varied nonlinearly with postfire lodgepole densities, presumably due to the temporal variation in propagule abundance from open cones in adjacent unburned stands. Temporal variation in stand-level serotiny at low ele- vations was best explained by age of individual trees. Logistic regression indicated that trees expected to be serotinous had a low probability of exhibiting serotiny at a young age, with increasing probability as trees matured up to 140 yr. This increase in serotiny with tree age likely accounts for the initial increase in stand-level percent serotiny with stand age at low elevations. The spatial variation in serotiny was correlated with variation in historical fire regimes. Fire interval models derived from lower elevations in YNP indicate that fire occurred historically at 135-185-yr intervals, whereas at higher elevations fires occurred at 280-310-yr intervals. The spatial patterns of serotiny appear to have been influenced by variability in historical fire regimes across the Yellowstone landscape, which has conditioned contemporary successional responses to disturbance.


Aim: Physical activity has long been recognised as a means of enhancing and protecting health, but the levels of engagement are far from optimal in Scotland. Previous research has demonstrated that increasing perceived behavioural control alongside the use of action and coping plans can be effective in changing physical activity behaviour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of combined techniques for planning and increasing perceived behavioural control alongside assessing the need for practitioner support for online intervention delivery. This study also set to examine the relationship between the targets that individuals set and how these compare to behavioural outcomes, which previously had not been undertaken.

Method: An online intervention designed to increase perceived behavioural control and support the creation of action and coping plan was delivered over two weeks in a 2 x 2 factorial random allocation study. The two factors were practitioner support and the intervention with a fourth group acting as a control. Participants completed a pre and post-test theory of planned behaviour questionnaire and recorded physical activity over 4 weeks using pedometers and self-report diaries.
Results: PBC increased across all participants however there was no statistically significant difference between conditions and so this increase could not be attributed to the intervention. A trend of increased walking was observed in the intervention and practitioner support condition. However while the differences were bordering on being clinically significant, they did not reach statistically significant difference. Of those who completed action and coping plans, 73 % achieved self-set targets. Acceptability of the intervention was high with 79% indicating that they would use it again, and recommend it to others.

Conclusion: Examining action and coping plans revealed that individuals will set moderate goals in response to an intervention guiding them to do so and incrementally increase towards these. Longer time-frames may be able to reveal a gradual increase of physical activity engagement which can be of benefit to health, over and above the effects of participation in a physical activity study.


Urushi is a complex natural polymer that has been used to protect and decorate objects for many hundreds of years. Urushi is an important material as decorated objects can obtain great value and historical worth. A star item of urushi lacquerwares, the Mazarin Chest, property of Victoria & Albert (V&A) Museum in London, is famous as one of the finest pieces of Japanese lacquerware in the world, dating back to as early as the late 1630s. These urushi lacquerwares are often exposed to environments that are detrimental to both their aesthetic appeal and structural performance, and restoration and conservation procedures are needed to preserve these objects over long periods of time. However, the precise behaviour of urushi lacquers is not sufficiently understood to allow accurate prediction of the material response to environmental effects or of the effectiveness of any proposed conservation procedure. Thus a need exists for a comprehensive understanding of this material and a finite element (FE) model to predict the mechanical response to varying environmental conditions.
The aim of this research was to model the hygro-mechanical effects during the environmental ageing process of urushi films by means of FE modelling, which will help to make decisions about the environmental conditions required for storage and exhibition. This was achieved by a combination of experimental and computational methods. A synthetic thermosetting (crosslinked) lacquer, polyurethane (PU), was initially studied to develop the methodology of the experimental and numerical studies and to provide a comparison to the natural lacquer.
Experimental work was carried out to characterise the material behaviour of both materials, such as hygroscopic expansion, moisture diffusion kinetics and mechanical behaviour under various environmental conditions. Moisture diffusion in the two lacquer films was well described by Fick s law. However, different sorption isotherm models, Flory-Huggins model for PU and Guggenheim-Anderson-de-Boer (GAB) model for urushi, were required to model the equilibrium sorption of these two materials. The mechanical properties of the lacquer films were found to have a complex dependence on environmental conditions. The tensile properties of both lacquer films were shown to change significantly after UV ageing. With increasing time of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, Young s Modulus and tensile strength increased dramatically, but the maximum strain decreased. With water absorption, both Young s modulus and tensile strength decreased, and maximum strain increased. The two lacquer films were found to behave with a non-linear viscoelasticity, which was highly dependent on environmental conditions. A modified Burger s model was found to provide a good fit to experimental creep data for the PU lacquer well at different stress levels, suggesting this is a satisfactory method for characterising PU rheological behaviour. A novel modified generalized Kelvin fluid (MGKF) model was found to be a powerful non-linear viscoelastic model capable of representing the rheological behaviour of the urushi below the yield stress. However, in order to include the post yield behaviour a visco-elastic-plastic model is required.
A hygro-mechanical model of the urushi behaviour based on the MGKF viscoelastic model was developed and tested. Through careful determination of the mechanical behaviour the constitutive properties of a thin layer of lacquer were determined and used as an input to a FE based model of the deformation and stresses that develop in response to changes in the environmental conditions. The model was validated using experimental results that showed the depth averaged stress in a thin layer deposited on a glass substrate, which allowed insight into the time dependent and spatially varying stresses within the layer. It was shown that the regions of highest stress were found in areas of highest moisture ingress, emphasising the need for control of the environment in which urushi covered artefacts are stored.
In order to perform a predictive study on the bending behaviour of urushi films with cracks, as can be seen in aged lacquers, a model with a grooved urushi film on an aluminium substrate was created and subjected to bending loads. The time-dependency of the urushi material properties seems to hardly affect the bending behaviour of the model, however, the profile of the displacement field around the groove was found to be considerably affected by the geometry of the groove. To evaluate the effectiveness of a traditional Japanese consolidation method for lacquerware objects, known as urushi-gatame, a strain-based progressive damage failure model was used to model the continuum failure in the bi-material strip under an increasing bending load. The behaviour of damage initiation and evolution was modelled for an unfilled groove, a filled groove with fresh filler and filled groove with UV aged filler. From the finite element analysis (FEA) results, the introduction of the filler, as a simple mimic of the consolidation method, does enable the strip to sustain a higher bending load. However, this effectiveness is weakened as the material is aged, with it behaving similar to a groove without any filler.


Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.


"The Academy's study offers detailed and concrete proposals for addressing the numerous problems that will arise in implementing the transition to any form of Palestinian self-rule. It makes a critical contribution to the peace process and provides a potential roadmap for where we go from here." - Lee H. Hamilton, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs. "The report is extraordinarily ambitious, impressive, and timely...Those negotiators now re-entering the 'autonomy labyrinth' could all profit immeasurably from this book, as would anyone else expecting Palestinian self-government to be rapidly or easily hammered out." - Samuel Lewis, president, United States Institute of Peace, and former U.S. ambassador to Israel. The onset of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations in 1991 introduced the possibility of mutually agreed substantive changes to decades of bitter conflict. This report, prepared by a team of Israeli, Palestinian, and American scholars, delineates the practical elements and potential problems that will confront Israelis and Palestinians as they proceed toward negotiating a settlement of the status of the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem. The report identifies concrete measures for improving the civic, economic, and security relations between Israelis and Palestinians that could ultimately contribute to a lasting peace between the two people. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is a national learned society, founded in 1780 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that sponsors research projects on a wide range of issues.


In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries the powers of Europe competed in
an imperial struggle for control of the Americas. While exploring the Americas, Europeans
encountered people whose descendents had lived in the Americas for ten thousand years. The
ways in which European colonists identified Native Americans varied between time and place,
and depended on the role Native Americans played in their colonial projects. The Spanish
Crown colonized the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Gulf Coast of the United
States. The English colonized parts of the Caribbean and the eastern seaboard of North America.
The two nations each ventured into a region that came to be known as the Carolinas, between the
Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and the Florida Peninsula.
This thesis will argue that Spanish and English colonists in the Carolinas based their
identifications for Native Americans on several factors. Their identifications for Native
Americans reflected the usefulness of Native American polities to the Spanish and English in
achieving their goals of colonization, their preconceptions about Native Americans they intended
to colonize, and the nature of their relationships with Native American polities in the Carolinas.


In Europe, the need for additional funding coming from either budget cuts and/or increased costs due to increased competition in university quality has reopened the debate on the financing of university systems. An attractive alternative to the current general-tax-financed subsidies is Income Contingent Loans (ICL), a flexible scheme that puts more weight on private resources while enhancing progressivity. One challenge of the viability of ICL systems is the functioning of the labor market for university graduates. This paper offers a general analysis of the economics of ICL, followed by an application to Spain. We set up a loan laboratory in which we can explore the distributional effects of different loan systems to finance tertiary education at current costs as well as to increase university funding to improve its quality. We use simulated lifetime earnings of graduates matching the dynamics of employment and earnings in the Spanish administrative social security data to calculate the burden of introducing ICL for individuals at different points of the earnings distribution and for the government. We find that (1) our proposed structure is highly progressive under all specifications, with the top quarter of the distribution paying close to the full amount of the tuition and the bottom 10% paying almost no tuition and (2) the share of total university education subsidized by the government is between 16 and 56 percentage points less than under the current system.


Within the DARIAH research infrastructure the need to collect, disseminate and monitor the contributions offered to the infrastructure has always been present. Work package 5 of the DARIAH Humanities at Scale (HaS) project has explored and described the activities and structure required to sustain these needs, resulting in the DARIAH contributions concept and procedure including a supporting online tool.ContributionsThe contributions to the DARIAH infrastructure consist either of services, being repeatable actions, or activities, which have a more unique/ oneBtime character. They are collected for several reasons. First of all, dissemination to the Arts & Humanities (AH contributions offered to the infrastructure need to be visible to the users within the community, so they can be found and used. Secondly the compatibility of the contributions to the infrastructure; how compatible are the contributions to the infrastructure, how easily can they be (re)used and/or combined with other services and last but not least monitoring of the variety and maturity of contributions as it is essential for the strategic planning and future development of the infrastructure.SpecificationsThe Contrib tool implements a registry of contributions with supports a workflow of (self)-assessing and reviewing contributions.The specifications of the contribution data and the workflow steps can be found in this report.


We analyze Pinus ring width chronologies from three locations across monsoon Asia (Bhutan, India, and Thailand) where climate is dominated by the southwest monsoon in the boreal summer. We compare these records to global surface temperatures for the past 150 years, shifting the correlations through three seasonal averages: two seasons preceding the monsoon (Dec–Feb and Mar–May), and the monsoon season itself (Jun–Sep). Clear patterns emerge for each of the chronologies that highlight links to areas of known influence on the Asian monsoon: the Indian Ocean, the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, and the high‐latitude Asian landmass. The Thai and Indian chronologies are from the same species (P. merkusii), and show a strong correlation with tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean bands. The Bhutan chronology (P. Wallichiana) is most strongly linked to climate over the north Pacific and Asian landmass. All of these correlations are strongest in seasons preceding the summer monsoon.


"Sovereignty in Exile" explores sovereignty and state power through the case of a liberation movement that set out to make itself into a state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was founded by the Polisario Front in the wake of Spain's abandonment of its former colony, the disputed Western Sahara. Morocco laid claim to the same territory, and the conflict has locked Polisario and Morocco in a political stalemate that has lasted forty years. Complicating the situation is the fact that Polisario conducts its day-to-day operations in refugee camps near Tindouf, in Algeria, which house most of the Sahrawi exile community. SADR (a partially recognized state) and Polisario (Western Sahara's liberation movement) together form an unusual governing authority, originally premised on the dismantling of a perceived threat to national (Sahrawi) unity: tribes.

Drawing on unprecedented long-term research gained by living with Sahrawi refugee families, Alice Wilson examines how tribal social relations are undermined, recycled, and have reemerged as the refugee community negotiates governance, resolves disputes, manages social inequalities, and improvises alternatives to taxation. Wilson trains an ethnographic lens on the creation of administrative categories, legal reforms, aid distribution, marriage practices, local markets, and contested elections within the camps. Tracing social, political, and economic changes among Sahrawi refugees, "Sovereignty in Exile" reveals the dynamics of a postcolonial liberation movement that has endured for decades in the deserts of North Africa while trying to bring about the revolutionary transformation of a society which identifies with a Bedouin past.