Eucalyptus is a fast-growing tree native to Australia and could be used to supply biomass for bioenergy and other purposes along the coastal regions of the southeastern United States (USA). At a farmgate price of $66 dry Mg−1, a potential supply of 27 to 41.3 million dry Mg year−1 of Eucalyptus could be produced on about 1.75 million ha in the southeastern USA. A proposed suite of indicators provides a practical and consistent way to measure the sustainability of a particular situation where Eucalyptus might be grown as a feedstock for conversion to bioenergy. Applying this indicator suite to Eucalyptus culture in the southeastern USA provides a basis for the practical evaluation of socioeconomic and environmental sustainability in those systems. Sustainability issues associated with using Eucalyptus for bioenergy do not differ greatly from those of other feedstocks, for prior land-use practices are a dominant influence. Particular concerns focus on the potential for invasiveness, water use, and social acceptance. This paper discusses opportunities and constraints of sustainable production of Eucalyptus in the southeastern USA. For example, potential effects on sustainability that can occur in all five stages of the biofuel life cycle are depicted.


The optimisation and process development surrounding the beneficiation of nickelcopper sulphide ores is of fundamental importance when considering the continued rise in global demand for base metals. The selective sequential flotation of these ores is accompanied with various processing challenges due to the low-grade and mineralogical complexity associated with such deposits.

One of the greatest challenges faced during the flotation stage is the successful separation of the nickel and copper valuable minerals from the pyrrhotite gangue, significantly decreasing the grade and recovery of the final products. Utilisation of the TETA/sulphite depressant system has proven to significantly improve the flotation process, however its dosage requirements have been found to vary extensively between ore types. The investigations undertaken throughout this thesis project and the subsequent findings discussed in this report have allowed for a greater insight involving this system and its influence on the selective sequential flotation process.

The research undertaken throughout this project focuses on the mineralogy of nickelcopper sulphide ores and their subsequent concentration. Mineralogical and metallurgical analysis of this work has found that the individual mineral compositions within an ore have a large impact of its response to flotation processes and the successful separation of copper and nickel concentrates.

This thesis paper emphasises the fundamental importance of a holistic approach in order to understand the interactions and mechanisms involved in the selective flotation of nickel-copper sulphides. This will allow for the optimisation and development of operations with improved process control systems and the ability to predict mineral flotation behaviours with variations in ore type.


The investor-state arbitration system ("ISA") was originally modelled on traditional commercial arbitration and was expected to deliver fast, good, and cheap decisions, especially in comparison to domestic court systems. Yet the ISA system has increasingly been criticized, especially by developing countries. Developing countries claim that the system is not cheap, that decision-making increasingly takes a long time, and that arbitrators are biased in favor of investors (often coming from developed countries in the global North) and against states from the developing South. Several developing states have even withdrawn from the ICSID Convention, which governs the settlement of disputes between investors and states through the institution of the same name. This article provides an economic and an empirical perspective on ISA: It reviews the traditional Law and Economics arguments in favor of and against international commercial arbitration, analyzing to what extent the characteristics of ISA make ISA different than international commercial arbitration. Moreover, the article summarizes the rich empirical literature on the functioning of ISA, and it compares and synthesizes this empirical literature with Law and Economics theories. Based on both Law and Economics and the empirical literature, the article then analyzes existing suggestions for reforming the ISA system.


PURPOSE
Fiducial markers are commonly used in Image Guided Radiotherapy as landmarks to ensure patient setup accuracy and reproducibility. Good fiducials need to be radiopaque, yet not so much to create significant CT artifacts and disturb the tumor dose downstream. The latter is even more important in Proton radiotherapy to fully achieve its preciseness. The purpose of the study is to investigate several potential fiducial markers on their suitability for prostate proton therapy.

METHODS
In total, eight commercially available fiducial markers were compared in this study. These fiducials include: 3 types of VisiCoil (VC1-0.5×5 mm, VC2-0.35×5 mm, VC3-0.35×10 mm), BiomarC, FusionCoil, PolyMark, PointCoil, and FlexiCoil. We compared them in 4 ways. First, we scanned them using a GE RT16 scanner with a clinically used scanning protocol, and evaluated the degree of CT artifacts in two different water tank geometries; second, we evaluated visibility on kV images used for patient positioning, third, we compared their visibility on MRI. In addition, we looked at the perturbance of isodose lines distal to the fiducials in our treatment planning system.

RESULTS
Our preliminary study shows that PolyMark, BiomarC, VC2, and VC3 have the least CT artifacts of the group; FusionCoil, Flexicoil, PointCoil, and VC1 are most visible and PolyMark almost invisible on kV images; Evaluation of MRI visibility and dosimetric effects for these fiducials are in progress.

CONCLUSION
The VC1 and BiomarC seem to have the best performance in balance of CT artifacts and x-ray visibility. Further study on MRI visibility and dosimetric effect will be conducted to determine the overall performance of each fiducial and its suitability for clinical use in proton therapy.


The York Street vaults lie on the periphery of the Roman baths in Bath, England. They form the southern perimeter of this Grade 1 listed site, but they lie beyond the boundary of the museum 'experience'. The vaults, rich in Roman archeology, sit in darkness, uncurated, unframed for the tourist gaze, uncommodified, crudely maintained and largely unseen (and unsuspected) by visitors. Yet these spaces have much to teach us about the nature of heritage and authenticity, and they offer a new lense through which to view the spatial and cultural value of the Roman baths themselves.

The "estranged space" project* examines the spatial and theoretical relationships between the public (curated) realm of the museum and the uncurated, haphazard accumulation of the York Street vaults. Close examination of the commodified centre and the largely unknown periphery reveals a tense relationship between the two zones that could be described as one of estrangement.

The 1964 Charter of Venice declares that historic monuments should be handed on to future generations "in the full richness of their authenticity" without describing what the term "authenticity" actually means. The 1994 Nara Document, the result of an attempt by UNESCO to define the word in heritage terms, introduced the notion that cultural heritage has both "tangible and intangible expression".

The York Street vaults, lying on both the spatial and heritage periphery, occupy an awkward position in relation to the terms described within Nara. The vaults clearly qualify as cultural heritage because of the extent of Roman remains and their inclusion within the boundary of the Grade 1 listing. Yet their condition and spatial aesthetic do not sit within generally accepted codes of what heritage is, or what it should look like. Consideration of the status and meaning of the vaults becomes, therefore, a value judgement; the significance of the vaults' tangible and intangible expression becomes open to interpretation.

The peripheral status of the vaults offers a challenge to heritage orthodoxy. These spaces have never been handled within the terms set out in UNESCO ordinances – and yet they have accumulated a character which makes them a unique expression of human occupation, mixing the Roman, the medieval, the Georgian, the Victorian and the contemporary in an unself-conscious collision. These qualities, and the consequences of neglect and ad hoc interventions, are being explored through light, sound and film installations; indeed, the project seeks to re-present the vaults through art practices which legitimate artefacts from all eras without privileging the Roman

The intention is to prompt a reassessment of the relative value of the spatial zones of the baths and the curatorial values which apply to each of them. The contention is that the abnormal other, the back-of-house zone at the site's unseen periphery, can provide an alternative reading to the wider site - and that the vaults can, in fact, be considered as a dynamic source of "contemporary archaeology" and not merely the mute inferior of the tourist zone.

* The project is being conducted with colleagues from University of the Arts London and the University of Plymouth.


Throughout the literature in regional economics, most authors agree that spatially concentrated industrial activities are important for regional economic growth. Agglomeration economies, which may occur in the context of spatial concentration and "clusters", may lead to lower costs of production and may reduce transaction costs of all kind, e. g. information costs, including the costs for R&D activities. There is much less agreement on (and: knowledge about) the empirical identification of existing spatially concentrated economic activities in the real world. For the last decade, the discussion on spatial concentration has been dominated by praising the benefits of economic "clusters". Many case studies on regions with economic "clusters" are describing how the mechanisms of these specific "clusters" work. But there have been only a few attempts, so far, to look at a greater region or even at an economy as a whole, in order to find out – with empirical data which allow to compare between the sub-regions – for all sub-regions what their specific competences" in the field of spatially concentrated industrial activities are and whether there is a typical spatial pattern of concentrated industrial activities. The proposed paper is presenting the empirical results of a study on spatially concentrated industries in the Eastern part of Germany, where the current regional policy scheme, which de facto follows the "watering can principle", is under debate. In the first part of the paper, the possible dimensions and the "ingredients" of economic "clusters" and industrial agglomerations will be discussed. One important dimension is the existence of intra-regional value-added chains for certain products. But, at the moment, it is not possible to identify such value-added chains by using existing empirical data at the more aggregated levels of an economy. Therefore, our study and the paper are concentrating on just three main dimensions of economic "clusters" and industrial agglomerations: (1.) Particular high spatial concentrations of certain industries are identified (based on employment data by NACE 2 digit level) for all East German counties. (2.) The existence of business networks (and their main characteristics, e. g. industry classification) in the East German regions is discovered by a broad exploration of internet sources and an inquiry among regional development agencies. (3.) Spatially concentrated innovation activities are recorded for each region by using data on patent applications (by IPC classes). It will be discussed in the paper what is implicated with these three dimensions and their operationalization with empirical data. Finally, the findings from the first three steps of research are synthesized for showing how sectoral concentration, business networking and innovation competencies in the individual regions are overlapping. The findings reveal that spatially concentrated industries are mainly located in and around the largest East German cities in Saxony and Thuringia, and in Berlin and its hinterland. In contrast, a number of less densely populated, rural or former industrialized areas in the northern and central parts of East Germany have no or only some elements of spatially concentrated industries. The presented method for identifying spatially concentrated industries could be applied to other regions and economies for bringing more light into the debate on economic "clusters". With regard to regional policy in East Germany, one may conclude from our findings that the present use of the "watering can principle" had not been able to stimulate economic agglomerations in economically weak peripheral regions. It could be a better strategy to support the existing "clusters" and industrial agglomerations.


The development of GIS based methodologies supports a program for monitoring the territorial dynamics that are occurring in the Estoraos rural watershed (NW Portugal). GIS integrates spatial databases from different research and development projects, with the purpose of understanding: (i) the relationships between land use processes and changes, and environmental management policies; (ii) the extent of environmental impacts due to forest fire as well as extending and intensifying agriculture; and (iii) the influences of natural conditions and human activities on water quality and ecosystem sustainability. The diversity of natural conditions and population dynamics, the (de)forestation, the expansion, density and typology of road networks, the processes of urbanization in the flood plain, and the rising turistic search from external actors, fundament the importance of a GIS based watershed monitoring program. These conditions and processes increase watershed management complexity, namely at a protected wetland in the bottom valley (regional protected landscape, site PTCON00020 of Natura Network 2000, and international RAMSAR site 1613) related to the structure of the landscape, and the quantity and quality of the water resources and the associated biodiversity. The challenges of sustainable land use and the growing quantity and quality of the available spatial databases, allow greater modelling capacity and data accessibility, facilitating public participation, and also aiding and better guiding political and technical actions.


Figure skating has had its share of judging controversies in the last twenty years. The last in line is the suspension of two Chinese judges suspected by the International Skating Union (ISU) of preferential marking in favor of Chinese skaters during the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games. In this work we develop novel mathematical techniques to monitor the accuracy and nationalistic bias of figure skating judges. This is fundamental to guarantee a level playing field in this sport. Our analysis reveals systemic nationalistic bias, and although both suspended Chinese judges were undoubtedly biased, they were far from the only ones, nor were they the worst offenders. We also shed light on the current ISU monitoring practices and propose recommendations moving forward.


A variety of topical and systemic drugs can induce cutaneous photosensitive reactions. These drugs and their metabolites accumulate in the skin and increase photosensitivity of the skin typically in the UVA spectrum of light. Concerning the underlying biochemical mechanisms and the phenotype of reactions, photosensitivity can be divided into phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. In phototoxic reactions, often highly reactive oxygen molecules are formed that induce tissue damage. Skin changes resemble sunburn and develop within hours after incubation with the drug together with sunlight. In contrast, photoallergic reactions are type IV hypersensitivity reactions, and therefore resemble eczema. They usually develop within days and are less common than phototoxic reactions. Diagnosis is based on a synopsis of complete history, clinical examination, phototesting for minimal phototoxicity dose, patch testing including photopatch tests, and histopathology. Mainstays of treatment are the withdrawal of the culprit drug, and avoidance of sunlight by wearing protective clothing and broadband sunscreens with UVA filters.


How should a technical writer analyze user needs? What types of photos and drawings work best in technical publications? How do you avoid ambiguous wording in safety warnings? "If you want to find out the best way to sew on pockets, don't ask the president of the shirt company. Ask the person working on the line, someone who has sewn on 10,000 pockets." This opening statement of the preface to Writing and Designing Manuals, 2nd Edition reflects the overall tone and philosophy of this practical, "how-to" guide to technical publication writing and design. Based on the authors' experience as teachers and consultants with technical writers, the book follows new trends and incorporates new materials on desktop publishing, techniques for visuals, safety and product liability, and production of translated materials for international markets. There are also many new sample manual pages from manuals provided by product manufacturers. The decisions writers must make when producing a manual are presented, as well as techniques for organizing office structures and writing teams to make the manual production process run as smoothly as possible. The language in the book is clear, direct, and unacademic, and the principles featured in the book can be applied to writing manuals for a variety of products, including household, automotive, chemical, industrial, mechanical, recreational, and biomedical. Discover how to analyze user needs, determine which photos and drawings will work best with publications, and design clear, effective safety warnings. Anyone faced with the task of preparing user documentation, service manuals, and other technical publications must have this book. Managers in charge of hiring technical writers or developing technical writing departments will find the book invaluable.


The main aim of this thesis is to develop an insight into the behaviour of composite floors that utilise steel beams acting in combination with precast concrete hollow core floor slabs and to produce design recommendations for use by industry for this type of construction.

Full scale bending tests of proprietary precast prestressed concrete hollow core unit floor slabs attached through 19mm diameter headed shear studs to steel Universal Beams (UB) have been carried out to determine the increased strength and stiffness when composite action is considered. The results show the bending strength of the composite beam to be twice that of the bare steel beam, and its flexural stiffness to be more than trebled.

In addition to the beam tests, isolated push-off tests and horizontal eccentric compression tests were used to study the horizontal interface shear resistance of the headed studs and the strength of the slab, respectively. Maximum resistances were compared with the predictions of the Eurcode EC4, and a reduction formula for the precast effect derived.

In addition to the experimental investigations, finite element (FE) studies were also conducted using the FE package ABAQUS to extend the scope of the experimental work. Results show a 2-dimensional plane stress analysis to be sufficiently accurate, providing the correct material input data obtained from isolated push-off and compression tests are used. The FE model for the composite beam was designed and validated using the full scale beam tests. A parametric study, involving 45 analyses, was carried out to cover the full range of UB sizes and floor depths used in practice. From the finite element work, design charts are formulated which may be used to simplify the design rules.

Given the results of this work, a full interaction composite beam design may be carried out using the proposed design equations. The results show that precast slabs may be used compositely with steel UB's in order to increase both flexural strength and stiffness at virtually no extra cost, except for the headed shear studs. The failure mode is ductile, and may be controlled by the correct use of small quantities of transverse reinforcement and insitu infill concrete.


Owing to the increasing power density of a switching power supply (SPS), the placement of the components for thermal management and electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics is more difficult to design at a given form factor. When thermal management is a critical issue for the SPS, then methods for improving EMI noises seem not to be simultaneously successful at this design stage. As a result, the conducted EMI noises will deteriorate due to the placement of components for thermal management. Furthermore, the performance of the designed EMI filter will deteriorate due to severe internal electromagnetic interference, and thus lead to failure in the EMI conducted measurement. To improve this condition, the locations of EMI noise sources, modes of conducted EMI noise, their coupling paths and the characteristics of the electromagnetic field are investigated in detail. Various shielding schemes are proposed to reduce the EMI inside the SPS. Through this, the interference between the EMI sources, coupling paths and receivers can be significantly reduced so that the conducted EMI measurement of the SPS can meet the requirements. Finally, the effectiveness of the shielding schemes will be demonstrated by some experimental results and some EMI reduction methods will be suggested.


Motocross is a popular sport that requires both physical and mental dexterity. We have observed that 52% of the most frequent injuries in motocross affect the upper extremity. Some of these injuries are unilateral compartment syndrome in the flexors of the forearm-which requires subcutaneous fasciotomy–, bilateral osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow and, very frequently, scaphoid fracture due to falls. The wrist is very often involved in injuries related to this sport. The main of the present study is to study the mechanism of action of scaphoid fractures in motocross and find preventive measures that can be applied to motocross athletes against scaphoid fracture. A systematic review was carried out in Pubmed and Cochrane Library Plus using the kew words mentioned below as a search strategy. We then selected 13 articles, reviewed them, compiled the data and analysed it afterwards. We have found that the main trigger for scaphoid fracture is the hyperextension and hyperflexion of the wrist. A correct wrist immobilization as well as exercising the forearm muscles would lead to a better control of stabilization during the following seconds of a fall. Useful exercises include for example eccentric contraction during 12 weeks. An important aspect of prevention is always regarding the equipment. Wrist guards should always be worn as they significantly reduce the risk of injuries during a fall. A wrist guard can limit hyperextension to an extent with the help of an external stabilizer.


The present paper deals with the performance modelling and simulated availability of shell gasification and carbon recovery unit of urea plant. The fertilizer plant comprises of various units viz. shell gasification and carbon recovery, desulphurisation, co-shift conversion, decarbonation, nitrogen wash and ammonia synthesis etc. One of the most important functionaries of a urea plant is shell gasification and carbon recovery unit. This unit consists of four subsystems arranged in series and parallel configurations. The performance modelling has been developed with the help of mathematical formulation based on Markov Birth-Death process using probabilistic approach. For this purpose, first differential equations have been developed. Then these equations are further solved by using normalizing conditions so as to determine the steady state availability i.e. measure of performance of shell gasification and carbon recovery unit. This performance evaluating system deals with the quantitative analysis of all factors (courses of actions and states of nature), which influence all maintenance decisions associated with the shell gasification and carbon recovery unit. The results of this paper are therefore, considered to be useful for the performance evaluation and determination of the best possible maintenance strategies in a urea plant concerned.


Numerous broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs) target epitopes that are formed or enhanced during mature HIV envelope formation (i.e. quaternary epitopes). Generally, it is thought that Env epitopes that induce broadly neutralizing Abs are difficult to access and poorly immunogenic because of the characteristic oligomerization, conformational flexibility, sequence diversity and extensive glycosylation of Env protein. To enhance for isolation of quaternary epitope-targeting Abs (QtAbs), we previously used HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) to bind B cells from long-term non-progressor subjects to identify a panel of monoclonal Abs. When expressed as recombinant full-length Abs, a subset of these novel Abs exhibited the binding profiles of QtAbs, as they either failed to bind to monomeric Env protein or showed much higher affinity for Env trimers and VLPs. These QtAbs represented a significant proportion of the B-cell response identified with VLPs. The Ab genes of these clones were highly mutated, but they did not neutralize common HIV strains. We sought to further define the epitopes targeted by these QtAbs. Competition-binding and mapping studies revealed these Abs targeted four separate epitopes; they also failed to compete for binding by Abs to known major neutralizing epitopes. Detailed epitope mapping studies revealed that two of the four epitopes were located in the gp41 subunit of Env. These QtAbs bound pre-fusion forms of antigen and showed differential binding kinetics depending on whether oligomers were produced as recombinant gp140 trimers or as full-length Env incorporated into VLPs. Antigenic regions within gp41 present unexpectedly diverse structural epitopes, including these QtAb epitopes, which may be targeted by the naturally occurring Ab response to HIV infection.


The Juno spacecraft has crossed Jupiter's bow shock (BS) and magnetopause (MP) multiple times in the dawn sector (near 0600 local time), both during the approach to Jupiter and during the first three apojove periods. A survey of all of these crossings using the Juno field and particle instruments has been performed, with 51 bow shock and 97 magnetopause crossings being detected. The BS crossings ranged from 92 to 128 RJ with 1 encounter during the approach, 36 during the first apojove period, 0 on the second, and 14 during the third. The MP crossings ranged from 73 to 114 RJ, with 8 MP encounters during the approach, 40 encounters during the first apojove period, 24 encounters on the second, and 46 during the third. During the approach, Juno initially encountered an expanding magnetosphere resulting in a single BS and MP crossing, followed a few days later by a contracting magnetosphere, resulting in 7 more MP crossings and a BS crossing on the first outbound orbit at 92 RJ. The lack of BS crossings and the limited number of MP crossings during the second apojove period suggests a long period of an expanded magnetosphere, likely caused by a prolonged period of low solar wind dynamic pressure associated with a rarefaction region. The detection of BS crossings on the third apojove period suggests another period of a highly compressed magnetosphere.


The current study pertained to tebuconazole (TEB) toxicity in liver of adult mice and the corrective effects of selenium (Se). Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of six each: group I served as control; group II received by intraperetoneal injection TEB alone (100 mg/Kg b.w), and group III was administered both TEB and Se (0.5 mg/kg of diet) for 30 days. Results showed that, in the TEB-treated group, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase), lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidation protein product, and protein carbonyl groups levels significantly increased, while glutathione peroxidase activity decreased. Se co-administration through the rats' diet restored these parameters to near normal values. Treatment with TEB induced various histological changes in the liver, including leucocytic infiltration and cytoplasmic vacuolization, while treatment with TEB and Se led to an improvement in the histological liver picture. Our investigation revealed, therefore, that Se was effective in preventing TEB-induced hepatotoxicity.


The Ute people of White Mesa have a long, colorful, but neglected history in the Four Corners region. Although they ranged into the Great Basin, Southwest, and parts of the Rocky Mountains as hunters, gatherers, and warriors, southeastern Utah was home. There they adapted culturally and physically to the austere environment while participating in many of the well-known events of their times.In" As If the Land Owned Us," Robert McPherson has gathered the wisdom of White Mesa elders as they imparted knowledge about their land place names, uses, teachings, and historic events tied to specific sites providing a fresh insight into the lives of these little-known people. While there have been few published studies about the Southern Utes, this ethnohistory is the first to mix cultural and historic events. The book illustrates the life and times of the White Mesa Utes as they faced multiple changes to their lifeways. It is time for their history to be told in their terms."


Aircraft have become increasingly costly and complex. Military and civil pilots and engineers have used flight simulators in order to increase safety of flight through the training of crew. It is necessary to calibrate the simulation for simulators to have good adherence to reality, that is, to identify the parameters that make the simulation as close as possible to the actual dynamics. After determining these parameters, the simulator will be ready to be used in human resources training or assessing the aircraft. Parameter identification characterizes the aerodynamic performance of the aircraft and can be formulated as a problem optimization. The calibration of a dynamic flight simulator is achieved by a new meta-heuristic called multiple particle collision algorithm (MPCA). Preliminary results show a good performance of the employed approach.


Trends in agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa indicate that increasing emphasis will have to be placed on improving the capacity of small to medium-scale farmers. Agricultural extension staff, both within the public and private sectors, have a critical role to play in enhancing the capacity of farmers to improve their productivity.

Dr Moses Zinnah works with the Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development as Team Leader and Deputy Director of the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education (SAFE). The programme he is working with is based at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

However, major problems exist: most agricultural extension staff do not have the requisite training to carry out their tasks effectively; the curricula of most agricultural faculties or colleges in Africa marginalize the social science component, particularly agricultural extension courses; even though most of their graduates usually work in public and private agricultural extension services on completion of their studies; and most of the programmes in agricultural faculties are neither demand-driven nor based on employment market demands such as those of the Ministry of Agriculture or the private sector who could be willing either to employ or to sponsor students to pursue programmes which are of immediate tangible benefit to them.

Innovative extension training programmes are needed which will enable extension staff to acquire critical thinking, problem-solving and communication skills, in addition to knowledge and skills in agricultural technology. Only then can they deal with the multifaceted problems they encounter in their work with farmers and community groups. To respond to this need, a pilot BSc Agricultural Extension programme designed for mid-career agricultural extension staff was launched in November 1993 at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The programme is focused on training mid-career agricultural extension staff who hold diplomas and certificates and are already working with farmers.

The pilot programme was developed through a partnership between the Ministry of Food and Agriculture Ghana, the Sasakawa Africa Foundation, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, and the University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

The new training programme is clearly different from the dominant approach to training agricultural extension staff, where the emphasis is on 'transfer technology'. Rather than formulating prepackaged prescriptions, the new curriculum embraces strong collaboration with the stakeholders, including farmers and local agricultural agencies (both public and private). The stakeholders are given greater decision-making power in terms of the design and implementation of the curriculum. Farmers and other clientele of the programme are not viewed as mere 'end-users' or 'end-recipients', but as active collaborators in the learning process.

There is a strong extension or social science bias in the programme. This is underlined by the fact that in the four-year Post-Certificate programme, 65% of the courses are devoted to extension or extension-related courses, while in the two-year Post-Diploma programme, 83% of the courses are devoted to extension or extension-related courses. Theory and practice are integrated through the eight-month off-campus Supervised Enterprise/Experience Projects (SEPs). The SEPs constitute the nerve centre of the innovative programme. After a period of in-residence instructions on the University campus, students return to their place of employment to undertake action-oriented research/extension projects - the SEPs. The SEPs are designed to immerse students in valuable farmer-focused, experience-based learning activities that mirror the total milieu surrounding subsistence and semi-commercial farming systems. They are meant to also reduce the discrepancy between the training and the various tasks that the extension staff are to perform in their real work environment after their training. Development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, systems thinking capabilities, and development of lifelong learning attitudes are emphasized.

This innovative programme is attempting to assist mid-career extension staff to understand and articulate their intentions; to assist them to examine their actual behaviour in their real work environment; to identify and describe the gaps that exist between their intentions and their actions; and to undertake the independent or group self-designed experiential learning projects (SEPs) in their work environment that narrow the gaps between their intentions and their actual behaviour. The detection of errors and the ability to explore ways and means of correcting them is the essence of the innovation programme.

The experience gained during the past three years indicates that genuine dialogue and collaboration between agricultural institutions of higher education, farmers, public and private agricultural organizations can lead to jointly-agreed responsive training programmes. It is also becoming clear that training programmes developed by agricultural institutions of higher education as a result of dialogue and collaboration with stakeholders, ensure strong commitment on the part of administrators and staff to pursue those programmes on a more sustained basis.

We believe that investment in human resources through appropriate training offers the best returns. There is considerable scope in Ghana, and sub-Saharan African countries in general, for improving the training of agricultural extension staff, especially mid-career staff. We are trying to spread the idea across sub-Saharan Africa. The aim is to share experiences among institutions committed to the same vision - the training of mid-career agricultural extension staff. Already the momentum is building, as major universities in Africa, including Alemaya University of Agriculture in Ethiopia, Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania and Makerere University in Uganda, have embraced this new approach.

The innovative training programme in Ghana is evolving and will continue to do so over the coming years. We recognize that in a changing world, learning is not a destination, but is a journey for us all.

The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CTA


Background and the purpose of the study: A suitable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of celecoxib levels in plasma is of prime need for the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence studies of celecoxib preparations. The present study describes a simple, rapid, sensitive, reliable, and economic HPLC method for determination of celecoxib in human plasma which is more feasible than reported celecoxib HPLC assays. Methods: The drug and internal standard were extracted using n-hexane /isoamyl alcohol (97:3) and analyzed on a C18 µ-Bondapak HPLC column with KH2PO4 (0.01M, pH= 4) acetonitrile (60:40) as the mobile phase, at 260 nm. The method involved simple one-step liquid-liquid extraction procedure with extraction recovery of greater than 90%. Results: The standard curve covering 0.01-2.0 µg/ml concentration range was linear. The coefficients of variation and relative errors for inter- and intra-day assay ranged from 5.67 to 9.83 and 0.35 to 7.89 %, respectively. Conclusions: HPLC assay was performed isocratically on a reversed-phase column with UV detection. By this method a limit of quantification of 10 ng/ml of a sample size of 0.5 ml is achieved which is comparable or even better than the reported methods. The developed method was applied to the analysis of celecoxib levels in plasma collected from healthy volunteers who participated in a pharmacokinetic study.


Low voter turnout is a serious problem in American politics today, but it is not a new one. Its roots lay in the 1920s when, for the first time in nearly a century, a majority of eligible Americans did not bother to cast ballots in a presidential election. Stunned by this civic failure so soon after a world war to "make the world safe for democracy," reforming women and business men launched massive campaigns to "Get Out the Vote." By 1928, they had enlisted the enthusiastic support of more than a thousand groups in Forty-six states. In The Big Vote, historian Liette Gidlow shows that the Get-Out-the-Vote campaigns-overlooked by historians until now-were in fact part of an important transformation of political culture in the early twentieth century. Weakened political parties, ascendant consumer culture, labor unrest, Jim Crow, widespread anti-immigration sentiment, and the new woman suffrage all raised serious questions about the meanings of good citizenship. Gidlow recasts our understandings of the significance of the woman suffrage amendment and shows that it was important not only because it enfranchised women but because it also ushered in a new era of near-universal suffrage. Faced with the apparent equality of citizens before the ballot box, middle-class and elite whites in the Get-Out-the-Vote campaigns and elsewhere advanced a searing critique of the ways that workers, ethnics, and sometimes women behaved as citizens. Through techniques ranging from civic education to modern advertising, they worked in the realm of culture to undo the equality that constitutional amendments had seemed to achieve. Through their efforts, by the late 1920s, "civic" had become practically synonymous with "middle class" and "white." Richly documented with primary sources from political parties and civic groups, popular and ethnic periodicals, and electoral returns, The Big Vote looks closely at the national Get-Out-the-Vote campaigns and at the internal dynamics of campaigns in the case-study cities of New York, New York, Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Birmingham, Alabama. In the end, the Get-Out-the Vote campaigns shed light not only on the problem of voter turnout in the 1920s, but on some of the problems that hamper the practice of full democracy even today.


No More Rules was the first wide-ranging critical survey to focus on and explore postmodernism's impact on graphic design in the 1980s and 1990s, an era that transformed the discipline. Now re-issued in a new mini format, it tells the story of how designers and typographers threw away the rule book and forged experimental new approaches. No More Rules tells this story in detail, breaking down a broad and sometimes confusing field of graphic design activity into key developments and themes. Each of the book's key themes - the American new wave, punk and its aftermath, deconstructionist theory and design, the digital type revolution, typography grunge, graphic authorship and graphic agitation, retro and the vernacular and new conceptual approaches to design - is illuminated by stunning examples of work that changed the way in which designers and their audiences think about graphic communication.


This article examines nutrient deficiencies (below guaranteed levels) in major blended commercial fertilizers and their economic impact on net revenues of Texas farmers. Violations by fertilizer manufactures in meeting specific labeled nutrient levels were more than offset in economic value by excesses in other nutrients and by production of blends that contained more than the required levels of all nutrients. The study concluded that economic losses to Texas farmers would likely be associated with requiring nutrient levels to be more tightly distributed around the guaranteed or labeled nutrient levels.


International aid for climate change adaptation in West Africa is increasing exponentially, but our understanding of hydroclimatic risks is not keeping pace with that increase. The aim of this article is to develop a multihazard risk assessment on a regional scale based on existing information that can be repeated over time and space and that will be useful during decision-making processes. This assessment was conducted in Dosso (Niger), the region most hit by flooding in the country, with the highest hydroclimatic risk in West Africa. The assessment characterizes the climate, identifies hazards, and analyzes multihazard risk over the 2011–2017 period for each of the region's 43 municipalities. Hazards and risk level are compared to the intervention areas and actions of 6 municipal development plans and 12 adaptation and resilience projects. Over the past seven years, heavy precipitation and dry spells in the Dosso region have been more frequent than during the previous 30-year period. As many as 606 settlements have been repeatedly hit and 15 municipalities are classified as being at elevated-to-severe multihazard risk. The geographical distribution of the adaptation and resilience projects does not reflect the risk level. A third of the local development plans examined propose actions that are inconsistent with the main hydroclimatic threats.


Raman spectroscopy of tissues has been widely studied for the diagnosis of various cancers, but biofluids were seldom chosen as the analyte because of the low concentration. Herein, serum of 30 normal people, 46 colon cancer, and 44 rectum cancer patients were measured using Raman spectra and analyzed. The information of Raman peaks (intensity and width) and that of the fluorescence background (baseline function coefficients) were selected as parameters for statistical analysis. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PLSR) were used on the selected parameters separately to see the diagnosing performance of the parameters. PCR performed better than PLSR in our spectral data. Then linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used on the principal components (PCs) of the two regression methods on the selected parameters, and the diagnostic accuracy were 88% and 83%. The conclusion is that the selected parameters can maintain the information of the original spectra well and Raman spectroscopy of serum has the potential for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.


Published: 16 Feb 2022 During the junior high and high school years, there is a dramatic decrease in motivation for math studies, which has been found to play a major role in learning processes. Many attempts  have been made to mitigate this decrease in motivation and to encourage mathematics studies in higher grades. One way that researchers have proposed to stimulate students' curiosity and their perceived ability in math is to integrate technology into teaching. Such technology includes technological tools, digital educational activities, learning support software. Using tablet in class has significant potential to improve learning but the issue of how to effectively integrate digital technology into teaching and learning practices becomes critical. According to that knowledge we examined the impact of the use of a digital writing board (similar to tablet) by the lecturer during frontal lectures in mathematics on students' learning motivation in an engineering academic preparatory program, following motivational constructs: self-efficacy, implicit theory of ability, value beliefs, and learning climate. The results showed that the technological tool positively affected two important motivational constructs that influence general motivation for mathematics studies.


igh salt intake is an important health risk since its consumption is often strongly related to negative health effects. In light of this, and given the social and health costs linked to overconsumption of salt, this paper highlights the main factors related to the demand for foods that have a low sodium content. Our study aims to analyse in depth the preferences and attitudes of consumers towards food low in salt as well as assessing for the first time the willingness to pay (WTP) in order to determine whether consumers place a high value on sliced salt-reduced bread. The results show a fairly limited WTP for bread with a low sodium content, with the relevant values being calculated at 20% over the price of normal bread. This indica tes that consumers are positively interested in this kind of product but their willingness to pay more is rather limited.The findings of this study also support an argument for the fi rst time of the role played by the physical activity and physical characteristics of the sampled consumers, showing the importance of the body mass index in significantly influencing the individual WTP for low-salt bread.


Embedded systems are evolving from traditional, stand-alone devices to devices that participate in Internet activity. The days of simple, manifest embedded software [e.g. a simple finite-impulse response (FIR) algorithm on a digital signal processor (DSP] are over. Complex, nonmanifest code, executed on a variety of embedded platforms in a distributed manner, characterizes next generation embedded software. One dominant niche, which we concentrate on, is embedded, multimedia software. The need is present to map large scale, dynamic, multimedia software onto an embedded system in a systematic and highly optimized manner. The objective of this paper is to introduce high-level, systematically applicable, data structure transformations and to show in detail the practical feasibility of our optimizations on three real-life multimedia case studies. We derive Pareto tradeoff points in terms of accesses versus memory footprint and obtain significant gains in execution time and power consumption with respect to the initial implementation choices. Our approach is a first step to systematically applying high-level data structure transformations in the context of memory-efficient and low-power multimedia systems.


Abstract: Canadian homicide rates have declined steadily since the mid-1970s, though this overall trend has been punctuated by temporal and regional fluctuations. It is almost consistently noted that young males are overrepresented in the interpersonal violence equation, and changes in this demographic can greatly affect homicide rates. Yet the ubiquity of the positive effect of age-composition has been questioned. Using fixed-effects analysis, this paper examines the relationship between young males and homicide rate changes over a thirty-year period. Results indicate that homicide rate changes in Canada are indeed a function of changing demographics; however, the relationship is complex, and socio-economic factors both mitigate and exacerbate this relationship. Keywords: demographics, Canada, fixed-effects, homicide INTRODUCTION Over the long term, western societies have experienced a decrease in levels of interpersonal violence (Elias [1939] 1978; Gurr 1981),1 but more recent homicide patterns demonstrate geographical and temporal fluctuations (Archer and Gartner 1984; Blumstein and Rosenfeld 1998). The causes and correlates of homicide are complex and remain an important focus of debate for criminologists: some argue that sociological, economic, and cultural factors all affect homicide patterns (Phillips 2006). One of the most consistent explanations for the uneven distributions of violence over time and place is demographic variation (Andresen et al. 2003; Blumstein 2006; Cohen and Land 1987; Fox 2006; Fox and Piquero 2003; Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Slight changes in the population age structure over time are evident, and it has been well documented that young males are disproportionately responsible for criminal activity (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) maintain that the age-crime relationship holds across time and location, and research at the individual level demonstrates a strong association between age and crime (Blumstein et al. 1986; Cohen and Land 1987; Fox and Piquero 2003; Hirschi and Gottfredson 1983). There is also support for a causal relationship between age composition and rates of interpersonal violence at the aggregate level (Fox 2006; Fox and Piquero 2003). However, there is significant disagreement regarding whether demographics actually dictate the homicide rate, or if other factors of equal, or perhaps more, weight might affect change in rates of violence (Blumstein 2006; Fox 2006; Gartner 1990; Gartner and Parker 1990). For example, research findings related to age composition overall are inconsistent, in that they sometimes indicate an interaction between demographics and changing socio-economic factors (Blumstein 2006; Pampel and Gartner 1995; Phillips 2006). The relationship between age composition and violence is largely supported by national studies, but it has less support cross-nationally (Gartner 1990). In addition, although demographics are widely accepted as a strong predictor of interpersonal violence rates in the United States, it is also recognized that they influence Canadian rates even more (Andresen et al. 2003). Canada is a particularly fertile field within which to examine changing rates of homicide given the regional variation in demographics, population density, heterogeneity, and economic factors. National examinations of homicide in Canada have not thus far studied the interaction between demographics and socio-economic factors. Examining how the correlates and causes of homicide function can illuminate certain aspects of interpersonal violence and social structure in Canada. In order to examine Canadian homicide rate fluctuations and the factors which influence temporal/geographical trends of violence, this analysis utilizes the varying homicide rates in seven regions from 1976 to 2005. A time series cross sectional (TSCS) dataset was constructed using information from both the Canadian Homicide Survey and Statistics Canada resources, and a fixed-effects analysis was utilized to examine the effects of structural factors on homicide rates. …


Teaching genocide is a complex endeavor. The field of genocide studies is unique in the scale of its interdisciplinarity. Indeed, genocide studies lacks a disciplinary home, meaning those who teach genocide approach the subject from incredibly diverse disciplines, fields, and subfields. Yet, despite the pedagogical activity on genocide education, including the proliferation of undergraduate and graduate courses, many students will only take one course on genocide before they graduate. When designing a course on genocide, teachers must decide what to include in such a course.
 Teaching genocide is further complicated by ongoing debates and contestation in the field. Though the Genocide Convention legally defines genocide, this definition has been endlessly scrutinized, with scholars identifying numerous deficiencies and developing alternative definitions. Which definition of genocide employed is also a determining factor in which cases are recognized as genocide. When certain definitions are used, in particular those that limit genocide to mass killing, and a limited number of applicable cases are studied, a hegemonic understanding of genocide may emerge. Therefore, the definitional debates have implications for genocide recognition, response, and historical memory.
 Contestation and debate in genocide studies, however, also provides teachers with space for creativity and innovation. Students can join their teachers as genocide scholars. Together, teachers and students can participate in the definitional debates and analyze cases. They can approach questions such as how did mass killing come to be synonymous with genocide? And why are some cases of genocide studied disproportionately compared with others? The answers to these and associated questions have real consequences for affected peoples and historical memory.
 Importantly, teaching genocide can be an act of critical exploration, or what Dirk Moses and Alex Hinton refer to as "critical genocide studies." Teachers need guidance for designing a course that encourages critical engagement through direct participation in the field's many debates.


The secrecy capacity of the type II wiretap channel (WTC II) with a noisy main channel is currently an open problem. Herein its secrecy-capacity is derived and shown to be equal to its semantic-security (SS) capacity. In this setting, the legitimate users communicate via a discrete-memoryless (DM) channel in the presence of an eavesdropper that has perfect access to a subset of its choosing of the transmitted symbols, constrained to a fixed fraction of the blocklength. The secrecy criterion is achieved simultaneously for all possible eavesdropper subset choices. On top of that, SS requires negligible mutual information between the message and the eavesdropper's observations even when maximized over all message distributions. A key tool for the achievability proof is a novel and stronger version of Wyner's soft covering lemma. Specifically, the lemma shows that a random codebook achieves the soft-covering phenomenon with high probability. The probability of failure is doubly-exponentially small in the blocklength. Since the combined number of messages and subsets grows only exponentially with the blocklength, SS for the WTC II is established by using the union bound and invoking the stronger soft-covering lemma. The direct proof shows that rates up to the weak-secrecy capacity of the classic WTC with a DM erasure channel (EC) to the eavesdropper are achievable. The converse follows by establishing the capacity of this DM wiretap EC as an upper bound for the WTC II.


This thesis is about biogeochemical processes of a northern peatland and their importance as a link between the climate and the terrestrial system. Increased temperatures on a global level, and particularly in the Arctic, have led to melting permafrost and changes in hydrology. In turn, this affect the natural exchange of radiatively important trace gases between land and atmosphere that may reinforce climate change. The aim of this thesis is to increase the understanding about the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) occurring in northern peatlands, to decrease uncertainty about their future carbon (C) balance. In order to pursue this aim, we designed a study that allowed measuring the C exchange at a subarctic peatland, accounting for spatial and temporal analysis at several levels. The field site was the Stordalen mire, northern Sweden. Exchange rates of CO2, and total hydrocarbons (THCs; CH4 and NMVOCs) were measured using an automatic chamber system for up to six years, at three different types of vegetation communities and permafrost regimes. The gas exchange was found to relate to different environmental and biological variables at different vegetation communities and at different temporal scales. Differences in flux rates and controls between sites could be explained with biological and environmental variables in a better way than the seasonal and interannual variability within a site.Snow season flux measurements were determined to be of high importance regarding the annual C budget. By excluding the snow season, the potential C source strength of a peatland is likely to be underestimated. The importance of combining the THCs with the CO2 to estimate the annual C balance was demonstrated as THC could be sufficient to shift the mire from a sink to a source of C to the atmosphere. Again, the C source strength may be significantly underestimated if only focusing on CO2 fluxes in wet peatland environments.


increase of effectiveness of postnatal care for mothers to enhance their self and
baby care is an important approach for improving maternal and newborn health.This study was
conducted with the aim of determining the effects of postpartum care education based on educational
needs of mothers on puerperium care knowledge.
Material & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with 102 samples of postpartum eligible
members who were selected with continuous sampling and then they were randomly assigned to case
and control groups. Demographic and researcher made knowledge questionnaires and mother's
educational needs checklist were used to gather data. Control group receiving routine education from
staffs and intervention group received separated face to face education from researcher in two sessions
that performed before and 10-15 days after discharge. Evaluation was conducted in three stages: Before
education of discharge, 10th- 15th day and 6 weeks after delivery. Results were analyzed by spss19.
Results: average of knowledge scores before education has not meaningfully difference; But scores in
10-15th days and 6 weeks after delivery, knowledge in intervention group was meaningfully higher than
control groups (p<0/001)
Conclusion: Postpartum care education based on educational needs of mothers comparing to routine
education increase puerperal care knowledge. It is suggested that this educational method used as a
routine postpartum educational method in hospitals and health care centers.


Introduction There exists in the history of the Civil War, a gap in the story of African American participation in the struggle. Much discussed is the Underground Railroad, the use of black troops in both armies, John Brown's Raid, and the Freedman's Bureau. Left largely unexplored is the use of runaway slaves and contraband in the Union Army during the opening days and months of the struggle. Between the time the first shot was fired at Fort Sumter in April 1861 and the authorizing of Black Troops by the Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in January 1863, the Union Army grappled with the conflicts raised by the South's "peculiar institution." Historical accounting of the Reconstruction era has seen a broad shift in interpretation. And, as the interpretation shifted, so too did the actual genesis of the reconstruction phenomenon evident following the War. The firm placement of Reconstruction in the years following the War became fluid as historians like Willie Lee Rose began to argue that the concepts, issues, and problems of Reconstruction are evident as early as the Port Royal Experiment. On November 7, 1861, federal troops led by Commodore S. F. Du Pont fired upon and eventually seized the Sea Islands of South Carolina. Upon landing his troops, Du Pont found only abandoned plantations and thousands of abandoned slaves. It was here that both federal troops and ardent abolitionists began to answer the questions regarding the transition between slave and free. It was at Port Royal that the first black troops were raised, the first schooling of slaves began, and the power of a wage earner to affect his employment situation was explored. All this transpired at a time when the future of slavery had yet to be determined. Furthermore, this "experiment" served as a "proving ground" for those involved in the postwar Reconstruction plan. (1) However, war records and slave narratives, along with newspaper and magazine accounts, show that the legal, political, and social phenomenon witnessed during the Reconstruction era were evident well before the inception of the Port Royal experiment. While nobody could have known at the time, the dynamics explored by the Union Army in dealing with both slaves and contraband would be reflected again at Port Royal, South Carolina and again during Post-war Reconstruction. Opening Days, 1861-1862 From the outset of the War, slaves infiltrated Union lines looking for protection and an active role to play in the struggle. No clear-cut policy existed to address the use of contrabands in the Union army and at the outset of the struggle the number of fugitive or captured slaves was comparatively small. However, as the war progressed the number of slaves captured as well as those fleeing bondage increased exponentially. Where in the conflict, and in society, did the contraband fit? As the slave issue and the issue of emancipation became intertwined with the war cause, the Army Headquarters quickly established a laissez faire approach. It was not the place of the Army to settle the question between master and slave. All fugitive slaves who sought asylum in Army camps were to be returned to their rightful owners regardless of their owner's loyalties. In the field however, facing a massive labor shortage and desiring the quasi-luxury of servants, officers and troops in the field began to argue for the use of the contraband and runaway slaves. Against orders, many Army camps continued to use contraband and runaway slave labor for construction, cooking, and servants. In addition to menial labor, Army officers used the contrabands and runaways as sources of information on Confederate troops, activities, and sympathizers. Army camps continued the use of contraband and runaway labor up until the Emancipation Proclamation. It is this internal conflict that foreshadowed the social, political, and economic issues that would arise at Port Royal and again during Reconstruction. …


We evaluate a San Francisco policy requiring employers to provide health benefits or contribute to a public-option health plan to better understand the incidence of employer mandates through their effects on wages, employment, and prices. We develop an individual case study approach combining border discontinuity in policies and permutation-type inference using other metropolitan areas. Findings indicate that employment patterns did not change appreciably following the policy, and there is little evidence of significant negative earnings in highly impacted sectors. However, approximately half of the incidence of the mandate in the restaurant sector fell on consumers via surcharges.


Informality has long been a salient phenomenon in developing country labor markets, thus has been addressed in several theoretical and empirical research. Turkey, given its economic and demographic dynamics, provides rich evidence for a growing, heterogeneous and multifaceted informal labor market. However, the existing evidence on labor informality in Turkey is mixed and scant. Along these lines, we aim to extend the existing literature by providing a diagnosis of dynamic worker flows across distinct labor market states and identifying the effects of certain individual and job characteristics on variant mobility patterns. More specifically, we first develop and discuss a set of probability statistics based on annual worker transitions across distinct employment states utilizing Markov transition processes. As Bosch and Maloney (2007:3) argue: "labor status mobility can be assumed as a process in which changes in the states occur randomly through time, and probabilities of moves between particular states are governed by Markov transition matrices". Towards this end, we will use the novel Income and Living Conditions Survey (SILC) panel data set to compute the transition probabilities of individuals moving across the labor market states of formal-salaried, informal-salaried, formal self-employed, informal self-employed, unemployed and inactive. The transitions analysis is conducted separately for two, three and four year panels pertaining to 2006 to 2007, 2006 to 2008 and 2006 to 2009 transitions; for total, male and female samples; and lastly for total and non-agricultural samples. In this way, we aim to contribute to the limited body of stylized facts available on mobility and informality in the Turkish labor market. Next, we conduct multinomial logit regressions individually for each set of panel to identify the impact of individual characteristics (i.e. gender, age, education level, work experience, sector of economic activity, firm size, number of other household members, having/not having children, rural/urban) underlying worker transitions. The results reveal several relationships between the covariates and likelihood of variant transitions, and are of remarkable importance for designing policy to address labor informality and reduce its negative externalities.


Studies suggest that category-spanning organizations receive lower evaluation and perform worse than organizations focused on a single category. We propose that (a) these effects are contingent on clients' theory of value, and that, as clients expect more sophisticated services, they tend to value category spanners more positively, and (b) the evaluation of producers mediates the relationship between category spanning and performance. We test our hypotheses using original data on corporate legal services in three markets (London, New York City, and Paris) over the decade 2000–2010. We find that (a) category spanners receive a better evaluation, and more so when their categorical combination is more inclusive, and (b) evaluation mediates significantly the relationship between category spanning and performance. This study enriches our understanding of how audiences apprehend a whole market category system and why organizations span categories.


Phytoplankton assemblages were studied during autumn 1998 in oligo-, meso- and eutrophic lakes in central Sweden (62°54'N). Differences in phytoplankton assemblages have been detected both in space and time. In eutrophic lakes coccoid Chlorophyceae dominated quantitatively during September and October. Diatoms were the most diverse group in all types of lakes in September and in meso- and oligotrophic lakes in October. In November Cryptophyceae became the most abundant group in all lakes. The total richness of species decreased in the meso- and oligotrophic environments in November compared to September and October, whilst in the eutrophic environment it remained almost unchanged. Cluster analyses, using both presence-absence and presence-absence in combination with abundance matrices, showed similar results and a good resolution between the lakes of different eutrophication conditions. We conclude that the phytoplankton assemblages of the lakes studied depended on the trophic conditions and thus they can be used for resolution between different eutrophication levels.


The communications phenomena at the end of the 20th century were the Internet and mobile telephony. Now, entering the new millennium, an effective combination of the two should become a similarly everyday experience. Current limitations include scarce, exorbitantly priced bandwidth and considerable power consumption at higher data rates. Relaying systems use several shorter communications links instead of the conventional point-to-point transmission. This can allow for a lower power requirement and, due to the shorter broadcast range, bandwidth re-use may be more efficiently exploited. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is emerging as one of the most common methods for multi user access. Combining CDMA with time division duplexing (TDD) provides a system that supports asymmetric communications and relaying cost-effectively. The capacity of CDMA may be reduced by interference from other users, hence it is important that the routing of relays is performed to minimise interference at receivers. This thesis analyses relaying within the context of TDD-CDMA systems. Such a system was included in the initial draft of the European 3G specifications as opportunity driven multiple access (ODMA). Results are presented which demonstrate that ODMA allows for a more flexible capacity coverage trade-off than non-relaying systems. An investigation into the interference characteristics of ODMA shows that most interference occurs close to the base station (BS). Hence it is possible that in-cell routing to avoid the BS may increase capacity. As a result, a novel hybrid network topology is presented. ODMA uses path loss as a metric for routing. This technique does not avoid interference, and hence ODMA shows no capacity increase with the hybrid network. Consequently, a novel interference based routing algorithm and admission control are developed. When at least half the network is engaged in in-cell transmission, the interference based system allows for a higher capacity than a conventional cellular system. In an attempt to reduce transmitted power, a novel congestion based routing algorithm is introduced. This system is shown to have lower power requirement than any other analysed system and, when more than 2 hops are allowed, the highest capacity. The allocation of time slots affects system performance through co-channel interference. To attempt to minimise this, a novel dynamic channel allocation (DCA) algorithm is developed based on the congestion routing algorithm. By combining the global minimisation of system congestion in both time slots and routing, the DCA further increases throughput. Implementing congestion routed relaying, especially with DCA, in any TDD-CDMA system with in-cell calls can show significant performance improvements over conventional cellular systems. Declaration of originality I hereby declare that the research recorded in this thesis and the thesis itself was composed and originated entirely by myself in the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at The University of Edinburgh.


Human milk is uniquely superior for infant feeding and represents the perfect example of individualization in Pediatrics. Human milk is not a uniform body fluid but a secretion of the mammary gland of changing composition. Foremilk differs from hindmilk, and colostrum is strikingly different from transitional and mature milk. Milk changes with time of day and during the course of lactation. Extensive research has demonstrated health, nutritional, immunologic, developmental, psychological, social, economic and environmental benefits of human milk. Breastfeeding results in improved infant and maternal health outcomes in both the industrialized and developing world. Some specific topics will be discussed such as the preventive effect of human milk on infections, overweight, obesity and diabetes, malignant disease, neurodevelopmental outcomes, reduction of necrotizing enterocolitis. Important health benefits of breastfeeding and lactation are also described for mothers. Finally, contraindications to breastfeeding and supplementation of breastfed infants are presented. Interventions to promote breastfeeding are relatively simple and inexpensive. Infant feeding should not be regarded as a lifestyle choice but rather as a basic health issue.


Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, or usually termed as paralytic shellfish
toxins (PSTs), produced by marine and freshwater microalgae during algal blooms
can accumulate in filter-feeding bivalve shellfish. Early detection of PSTs in
shellfish is therefore important for food and public health safety. High performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with pre- or post-column oxidation for
fluorescence detection (FLD) and HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) are the most
widely used instrumental analytical methods for PSTs, but are not easily miniaturised
for field-deployable portable analyser. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) can be
developed as an alternative method as it is compatible with miniaturisation, making it
an attractive method for a portable analyser for early on-site detection. In order to develop appropriate portable instrumentation for CE of PSTs, it is
necessary to develop appropriate methods. This was first done by developing CE
methods with different detection techniques namely ultraviolet (UV), capacitively
coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D), MS, and FLD - making this the first
report of the use of C4D and an improved FLD detection for various PSTs with CE.
Due to the fact that most oxidised PSTs were neutral, micellar electrokinetic
chromatography (MEKC) was used in combination with FLD. The capillary zone
electrophoresis-UV (CZE-UV) and CZE-C4D methods provided better resolution,
selectivity and separation efficiency compared to CZE-MS and MEKC-FLD
methods. However, CZE-UV and CZE-MS methods did not provide sufficient
sensitivity to detect PSTs at the regulatory concentration limit, while CZE-C4D and
MEKC-FLD did show sensitivity below or close to the regulatory limit. The latter
most portable methods were evaluated for the screening of PSTs in a naturally contaminated mussel sample. MEKC-FLD was successfully used for PSTs screening
in the periodate-oxidised sample, whilst CZE-C4D method suffered from significant
interferences from sample matrix; a result that motivated further investigation of an
on-line preconcentration method to deal with the high conductivity sample matrix
and improve the sensitivity.
Therefore, CZE with C4D was examined with counter-flow transient
isotachophoresis (tITP). The tITP system exploited the naturally high sodium
concentration in mussel sample to act as a leading ion, in combination with one
electrolyte acting as terminating electrolyte (TE) and background electrolyte (BGE).
Optimisation of the BGE concentration, duration of counter-flow and injected sample
volume suitable for tITP resulted in sensitivity enhancement of at least two-fold over
CZE-C4D method developed in the first body of work. In particular, the modest gain
in sensitivity was achieved in the existence of a high concentration of sodium, a
sample matrix property that was problematic in previous method. This allowed the
analysis of PSTs in mussel sample at below or close to the regulatory concentration
limit. The pre-column periodate oxidation MEKC-FLD method described in the first body
of work enabled direct screening of PSTs in shellfish sample; however some toxins
produced multiple and/or identical oxidation products, affecting selectivity and
specificity of the method. The findings initiated investigation of CE with droplet
microfluidic post-column reaction system for the separation and FLD of PSTs. The
concept was that PSTs were separated using CZE and electrophoretically transferred
into droplets segmented by oil. Formation of droplets and electrical connection in the
CE-droplet microfluidic system were first evaluated. Depending on the total flow
rate of both aqueous and oil phases, nL-sized droplets could be formed having frequencies between 0.7-3.7 Hz. The use of an off-the-shelf micro cross for
positioning a salt bridge across the droplet flow from the separation capillary outlet
enabled the compartmentalisation of the analytes while maintaining the electrical
connection. Further, the potential of the system was investigated for post-column
oxidation of PSTs. Compartmentalised in the droplets, PSTs reacted with periodate
oxidant already present in the droplets, in which only a single peak for each PST was
detected by FLD.
Given that the general objective of this research study is to develop suitable CE
methods that can be implemented for on-site PSTs detection, the potentials of the
developed methods compatible with miniaturisation and portability have been
demonstrated. The CE methods with different detection techniques, combined with
an on-line preconcentration and ability to be coupled with post-column reaction
indicates the versatility of CE as alternative analytical method for PSTs.


—The role of biotic interactions in structuring freshwater invertebrate communities has been extensively studied but with mixed results. For example, fish effects on invertebrates are most pronounced in pelagic and soft-sediment benthic habitats that lack structural complexity, yet appear insignificant in benthic rubble habitats. Backwaters of the Green River, Utah, are shallow, structurally simple, quiet-water embayments adjacent to the river. These habitats form in middle to late summer and are colonized by benthic and epibenthic invertebrates that produce standing crops significantly higher than the river. Backwaters are also utilized by a large number of fish species. We used cages to determine if selective exclusion of backwater organisms could significantly change invertebrate community structure. Results showed that backwater invertebrate community components changed significantly in response to exclusion treatments. Two taxa (both predators), the chironomid genus Tanypus (Diptera: Chironomidae) and the corixid genus Trichocorixa (Hemiptera: Corixidae), increased in density in exclusion cages while cladocerans, immature copepods, the cyclopoid copepod Eucyclops speratus, and the chironomid genus Procladius all decreased in density. Diversity of adult copepods was reduced by exclusion treatments, though density of only a single species changed significantly.


With Greece's problems taking a back seat with the approval of the second €130 bailout and bond-swap deal, attention has turned to Portugal – the other most troubled economy in the Eurozone. Will Portugal's debts also prove unmanageable, requiring debt restructuring where private creditors are forced to take a big haircut, or will the €78 billion bailout Lisbon has received from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund, and domestic structural reforms, be enough to stave off a Greek-style default? This paper illustrates that Portugal's woes are different from those of Greece, Ireland and Spain. Given the structural conditions and deep commitment to reform and political will demonstrated by the Portuguese leaders and citizens alike, Portugal has a good chance to avoid Greece's fate.


NMFS issues this final rule for the 2019 Pacific whiting fishery under the authority of the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and the Pacific Whiting Act of 2006. This final rule announces the 2019 U.S. Total Allowable Catch of 441,433 metric tons (mt) of Pacific whiting, establishes a tribal allocation of 77,251 mt, establishes a set-aside for research and bycatch of 1,500 mt, and announces the allocations of Pacific whiting to the nontribal fishery for 2019. This final rule also amends the provisions regarding reapportionment of the treaty tribes' whiting allocation to the non-treaty sectors to require that NMFS consider the level of Chinook salmon bycatch before reapportioning whiting. This rule is necessary to manage the Pacific whiting stock to Optimal Yield, ensure that the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan is implemented in a manner consistent with treaty rights of four treaty tribes to fish for Pacific whiting in their ''usual and accustomed grounds and stations'' in common with non-tribal citizens, and to protect salmon stocks listed under the Endangered Species Act. The catch limits in this rule are intended to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Pacific whiting stock. DATES: Effective May 10, 2019. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Miako Ushio (West Coast Region, NMFS), phone: 206–526–4644, and email: firstname.lastname@example.com. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Electronic Access


Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG) Devices are now thought to be an integral component in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus which is increasingly becoming a major health and economic burden particularly in developing countries. The marketing of these Devices, however, are still not well regulated in most of the countries and this, in turn, may lead to more harm than good to the patients who are using these devices. Retailers are the most important contact points who create the interface among the Manufacturers, Professionals and Consumers for popularization of health related devices. In this study, the Users' Choice of SMBG Devices and its determinants, as reflected in the views of the Sales Persons (in a retail shop) in Dhaka City of Bangladesh, have been explored. Twenty Sales Persons from 20 Retail Shops, purposively selected from among major Dhaka City markets where these devices are commonly sold, were individually interviewed using a pretested Interviewer administered Questionnaire. The instrument consisted of six questions covering the Users' preference regarding quality vs cost and also regarding the guidance and motives for purchasing specific items. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. It was found that 90% of the consumers are dependent on the suggestions of the Sales Persons regarding the choice of devices. In 80% of the subjects the cost of the System was found to be the determining factor regarding the choice of a meter. Only among 20% subjects, quality played any role in the choice. In conclusion, the choice of specific SMBG devices in Dhaka City is overwhelmingly influenced by Retailers (who, in most cases are not even qualified Pharmacists or Pharmacy Assistants) and, except in few cases; Users are not concerned with quality. Price, particularly the price of the strip, is the dominant factor on Users' choice of SMBG Devices.
Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2018; 11(1): 17-21


This research was done to obtain microalgae isolate which comes from West Sumatera that is Metal Lead (Pb) ressistent and knowing the efficiency and absorption capacity of Pb Metal from Microalgae Isolate. The microalgae sample was taken from branckish water in Muara Panjalinan, Padang, West Sumatera. Isolation was done by using 25 mg/L Pb metal. The isolate identification was done microscopically and mollecularly. On molleculare identification, 18S rRNA was amplified by using PCR with primary: forward (5'-CCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAG-3') and reverse (5'-TTGATCCTTCTGCAGGTTCA-3'). The Pb absorption efficiency and capacity was analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The growth of microalgae base on absorption value from spectrophotometer equipment. Based on the result of this research, can be concluded that in Branckish Water at Muara Panjalinan, Padang, West Sumatera, Ochromonas vasocystis microalgae that is ressistent towards heavy metal (Pb 25 mg/L) exists. Based on morphology and mollecular data, the isolate that was isolated can be identified as Ochromonas vasocystis and during the treatment of Pb metal towards microalgae isolated culture, cause the decrease of cell density which inhibit the growth of cell. Beside, absorption capacity and efficiency of metal tends to increase along with the increase of Pb initial concentration. Maximum absorption capacity and efficiency happens at the incubation time of 360 min.


Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Simply put, pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug, which is opposed to pharmacodynamics, which is what the drug does to the body. This review will introduce pharmacokinetics as a science showing how biochemistry, biology, pharmacology, and physiology interact to explain how a drug 'works'. Pharmacokinetics is becoming increasingly quantitative with population pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics, which uses nonlinear mixed effects model methodology, becoming more and more commonplace and acting as the core to model‐based drug development. This review will show how statistics is becoming increasingly more important in pharmacokinetic analysis and provide an introduction to statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic data. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 332–342 DOI: 10.1002/wics.153


Why do you want this job? Why should I hire you? Why do you want to leave your current job? Do you have convincing answers ready for these important questions? Landing a good job is a competitive process and often the final decision is based on your performance at the interview. By following the advice of prominent career planning and human resources expert Peter Veruki, you'll know you have the right answers at your job interview.


Purpose: A high-resolution genomic profiling and comprehensive targeted analysis of INI1/SMARCB1 of a large series of pediatric rhabdoid tumors was done. The aim was to identify regions of copy number change and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) that might pinpoint additional loci involved in the development or progression of rhabdoid tumors and define the spectrum of genomic alterations of INI1 in this malignancy. Experimental Design: A multiplatform approach using Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism-based oligonucleotide arrays, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and coding sequence analysis was used to characterize genome-wide copy number changes, LOH, and genomic alterations of INI1/SMARCB1 in a series of pediatric rhabdoid tumors. Results: The biallelic alterations of INI1 that led to inactivation were elucidated in 50 of 51 tumors. INI1 inactivation was shown by a variety of mechanisms, including deletions, mutations, and LOH. The results from the array studies highlighted the complexity of rearrangements of chromosome 22 compared with the low frequency of alterations involving the other chromosomes. Conclusions: The results from the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis suggest that INI1 is the primary tumor suppressor gene involved in the development of rhabdoid tumors with no second locus identified. In addition, we did not identify hotspots for the breakpoints in sporadic tumors with deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. By employing a multimodality approach, the wide spectrum of alterations of INI1 can be identified in the majority of patients, which increases the clinical utility of molecular diagnostic testing.


In eukaryotic cells, genomic DNAs wrap around beadlike molecules, called nucleosomes, so as to pack more compactly in the nucleus of the cell. The nucleosome is made up of four pairs of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) who share a very similar structural motif. The positioning of nucleosomes as well as the modifications of various sites of histone proteins (such as acetylation) plays important but incompletely understood roles in gene regulation. We propose statistical models for predicting nucleosome positioning and histone modification patterns using only genomic sequence information. Computation models have been developed to predict genome-wide nucleosome positions from DNA sequences, but these models consider only nucleosome sequences, which may have limited their power. We developed a statistical multi-resolution approach to identify a sequence signature, called the N-score, that distinguishes nucleosome binding DNA from non-nucleosome DNA. The N-score is not sensitive to deletion of short DNA elements and can also be estimated reasonably accurately from coarse nucleosome positioning data. We found that the sequence information is highly predictive for local nucleosome enrichment or depletion, whereas the exact positions may be further fine-tuned by other regulatory factors. We observed that many characteristics of nucleosome positioning, such as the nucleosome depletion in the promoter regions, can be predicted accurately by the sequence information through N-scores. In addition to nucleosome positioning, histone acetylations are also important in directing gene regulation. A comprehensive understanding of the regulatory role of histone acetylation is difficult because many different histone acetylation patterns exist and their effects are confounded by other factors, such as the transcription factor binding sequence motif information and nucleosome occupancy. We analyzed recent genomewide histone acetylation data using a few complementary statistical models and tested the validity of a cumulative model in approximating the global regulatory effect of histone acetylation. Confounding effects due to transcription factor binding sequence information were estimated by using two independent motif-based algorithms followed by a variable selection method. Our analysis confirms that histone acetylation has a significant effect on transcription rates in addition to that attributable to upstream sequence motifs. Our model fits well with observed genome-wide data. Strikingly, including more complicated combinatorial effects does not improve the model's performance. Through an analysis of conditional independence, we found that H4 acetylation may not have significant direct impact on global gene expression.


Cyclic peptides represent an attractive molecule format for the development of ligands with potential pharmaceutical application. With phage display technology, large combinatorial libraries of polycyclic peptides can be generated and screened. Monocyclic peptides, cyclized by a disulfide bridge of two cysteine residues flanking the peptide, have been isolated to numerous protein targets. A first such monocyclic peptide – a mimetic of erythropoietin – was recently approved for clinical use. Peptide ligands with two macrocyclic peptide rings – the bicyclic peptides – can also be developed by phage display. Bicyclic peptide phage libraries are generated by cyclizing linear peptides displayed on phage with a chemical reagent. This strategy has led to the isolation of tight bicyclic peptide ligands of a range of targets. Phage display technologies and combinatorial libraries applied to generated mono- and bicyclic peptide ligands are discussed. Four case studies illustrating the phage selection procedures and the properties of the isolated mono- and bicyclic peptide ligands are reviewed.


Narratives and discourses on issues such as water management and other complex social–ecological systems respond partly to people9s worldviews or social perspectives. Knowledge of these perspectives might help increase the rate of success of specific initiatives related to water conservation and could be an important tool to improve water governance. A study performed in the city of Salta, Argentina, revealed the existence of four social perspectives on issues related to water management. Perspectives were obtained with Q methodology by interviewing 29 local stakeholders. Participants sorted 68 statements organized around four themes (service provider; water rights; public participation; water availability) according to their degree of agreement or disagreement. The findings support our contention that there are clear links between social perspectives and the rate of success of some water policies implemented by the local water utility in the past 15 years, in particular the promotion and use of household water meters and awareness campaigns launched to reduce water consumption. We show that the limited success of these initiatives was partly due to ignorance or disregard of social perspectives on water management.


This thesis analyzes the relationship between the design of vehicles, end-of-life vehicle (ELV) management, and global material production using aluminum as an example. Vehicle manufacturing, material industries and ELV management face different challenges. An important challenge for vehicle manufacturers is the design of lightweight vehicles to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the use phase for which an increased use of aluminum of different alloys is an attractive option. The aluminum industry has an interest in reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions, which can be accomplished effectively through recycling. ELV management must be improved to enable the first two systems to use aluminum scrap in a sustainable manner. Today, the sorting of different alloys is limited. As a result of having mixed scrap at the ELV phase and limited opportunities for aluminum refining, there may be a future scrap surplus that cannot be absorbed by the aluminum-recycling sink, which is passenger cars. These three sectors are connected through material flows, and a change in one of the sectors can severely affect the others' options for reaching their goals. This thesis addresses the following questions: 1) How are the dynamics of the global vehicle stock changing the boundary condition for aluminum recycling? 2) What are the most effective interventions to minimize a future aluminum scrap surplus? 3) What are the options for material substitution in vehicles to reduce direct and indirect GHG emissions over time? To answer these questions, a system approach is employed to analyze how these three sectors are linked and to explore options for all sectors to reach their objectives in the long term. This thesis employs global bottom-up stock-driven models of the aluminum cycle. A basic model was used to identify the scrap surplus problem. A refined model with segments, components and alloys resolution combined with a source-sink diagram was used to evaluate different solution options. In addition, a global dynamic fleetrecycling MFA model was developed to simulate the future impacts of material substitutions of conventional steel with high-strength steel (HSS) and aluminum on material cycles, energy use and GHG emissions related to the global passenger vehicle fleet. The main findings in this thesis are: i) a continuation of the current practice of cascadic use would eventually result in a scrap surplus because this practice depends on the continuous and fast growth of the secondary casting stock in the global vehicle fleet, a condition that is unlikely to be met. Model simulation indicated a non-recyclable scrap surplus by approximately 2018±5 if no alloy sorting is introduced. The surplus is potentially substantial and could grow to reach a level of 0.4-2 kg/cap/yr by 2050, thereby significantly reducing the option of the aluminum industry to reduce its energy consumption through recycling. ii) Drastic changes in ELV management practices are necessary to make use of the growing scrap flow in the future, including further dismantling and efficient component-to-component recycling, alloy sorting of mixed shredded scrap, and designing recycling-friendly alloys that function as alternative sinks for aluminum scrap. iii) Light-weighting has the potential to substantially reduce global emissions of vehicles (9-18 gigatons cumulative CO2-eq. between 2010 and 2050). In the medium term (5-15 years), global emissions reductions from substituting standard steel with aluminum are similar to those achievable by HSS; however, over a longer term (after 15-20 years), substitution with aluminum can reduce total emissions more effectively, provided that the wrought aluminum will be recycled back into automotive wrought aluminum. The environmental consequences of products in general and passenger cars in particular have led to an increasing awareness of the dependencies between the shaping of vehicles and the shaping of the environment. Governments and intergovernmental bodies have formulated quality goals for the environment, such as the 2-degree target, and have introduced emissions standards, thereby extending the responsibility of automobile manufacturers to the use phase. On the materials side, legislation has been introduced to extend producer responsibility, mainly with the goal of avoiding toxic substances and reducing the amount of waste, as is noted in different end-of-life vehicle (ELV) legislation and directives. The current ELV directives do not sufficiently address the management of material systems as a whole or quality issues related to material recovery. To harmonize ELV management with goals for the global aluminum cycle and its impacts for the environment, it is essential to understand how the above-mentioned systems interact. Has parts Paper 1: Modaresi, Roja; Muller, Daniel B.. The Role of Automobiles for the Future of Aluminum Recycling. Environmental Science and Technology 2012 ;Volum 46.(16) s. 8587-8594 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300648w Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society Paper 2: Rombach, Georg; Modaresi, Roja; Muller, Daniel B.. Aluminium Recycling- Raw Material Supply from a Volume and Quality Constraint System. World of Metallurgy - ERZMETALL 2012 ;Volum 65.(3) s. 157-162 Paper 3: Modaresi, Roja; Lovik, Amund Nordli; Muller, Daniel Beat. Component- and Alloy-Specific Modeling for Evaluating Aluminum Recycling Strategies for Vehicles. JOM: The Member Journal of TMS 2014 ;Volum 66.(11) s. 2262-2271., The article is not included due to copyright available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-014-0900-8 Paper 4: Lovik, Amund Nordli; Modaresi, Roja; Muller, Daniel Beat. Long-term strategies for increased recycling of automotive aluminum and its alloying elements. Environmental Science and Technology 2014 ;Volum 48.(8) s. 4257-4265 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es405604g Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society Paper 5: Modaresi, Roja; Pauliuk, Stefan; Lovik, Amund Nordli; Muller, Daniel Beat. Global Carbon Benefits of Material Substitution in Passenger Cars until 2050 and the Impact on the Steel and Aluminum Industries. Environmental Science and Technology 2014 ;Volum 48. s. 10776-10784 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es502930w Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society Publisher NTNU Series Doctoral thesis at NTNU;2015:116