Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
To compete with tree and row crops on California's prime agricultural lands, biomass yields may have to exceed 20 dry tons per acre per year at a market price of & 30 per dry ton. The results we report here for a selected clone of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum), grown in an intensively managed plantation at 2,719 trees per acre, suggest that the required yield can be exceeded by the third year after planting. A clone of E. grandis (rose gum) would probably give similar yields.


A lot of construction projects fail to complete their processes according plans, leading to financial and technical problems. The paper tries to study the extent to which the application of best management practices will have a quantitative measurable effect on project success. The researcher developed a model to assess project management maturity for a sample study of the Iraqi ministry of construction and housing and public municipalities, then applied regression analysis to find the correlation of the maturity level of the cost, time management and the average project management processes maturity level and also deviation coefficient during the year (2007-2014)


This book sets out to examine what really is going on in the organic sector socially and politically. In the process, it debunks a number of apparently common-sense beliefs: that organic consumers are wealthy environmental and health extremists; that growth in the industry will inevitably undermine its environmental values; that mainstream media is antagonistic to organics; and that the industry is driven by consumer demand. This book seeks to make a practical contribution to the development of more sustainable food systems by articulating what it takes to get people involved in organics at each stage of the food chain.


Amid the large scale inequalities in health outcomes witnessed globally, communication plays a key role in reifying and in offering transformative spaces for challenging these inequities. Communicative processes are integral to the globalization of capital, constituting the economic conditions globally that fundamentally threaten human health and wellbeing. The dominant approach to global health communication, situated within the global capitalist logics of privatization and profiteering, deploys a culturally targeted and culturally sensitive framework for addressing individual behavior. The privatization of health as a commodity creates new market opportunities for global capital. The extraction of raw materials, exploitation of labor, and the reproduction of commoditization emerge on the global arena as the sites for reproducing and circulating health vulnerabilities. By contrast, the culture-centered approach to global health foregrounds the co-creative work of building communicative infrastructures that emerge as sites for resisting the neoliberal transformation of health care. Through processes of grassroots democratic participation and ownership over communicative resources, culture-centered interventions create anchors for community-level interventions that seek to transform unhealthy structures. A wide array of social movements, activist interventions, and advocacy projects emerging from the global margins re-interpret the fundamental meanings of health to create alternative structures for imagining health.


Users commonly report problems in refinding important websites. To address this, some create Bookmarks (also called web Favorites) to improve the refinding of these websites. Previous research notes that these Bookmarks are rarely used. However, these prior studies did not systematically observe and quantify the frequency and success of Bookmark retrievals, or compare their success with other retrieval methods. The authors address those questions in this study using the elicited personal information retrieval technique, in which they asked their 50 participants to retrieve target URLs (uniform resource locators). Each participant received 21 targets, from which five were taken from the participants' Bookmarks, and they were presented in random order to avoid raising suspicions. Although most of the participants created Bookmarks, they rarely used them for retrieval. Across all of the participants, only 41 (16%) of these 250 bookmarked retrieval targets were actually retrieved using the Bookmark facility. Of these 41 instances when Bookmarks were used, only 9 (4%) Bookmarks were retrieved using the Bookmarks menu hierarchy, while the remaining 32 were located in the browser's upper bar, which was in full view of the participants. The results suggest that unless the Bookmarks were highly visible, the participants did not use them. Furthermore, for websites that the users had visited, bookmarked websites were not better retrieved than those that had not been bookmarked. The authors conclude by discussing possible explanations, as well as design and theory implications.


The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 307 was proposed to obtain evidence for understanding the origin and evolution of a 155 m high deepwater carbonate mound in the Porcupine Seabight. The major aim of this study is the reconstruction of environmental parameters using well-developed paleoceanographic proxies derived from calcareous tests and skeletons of benthic organisms based on sediment cores from this expedition. In particular, this study uses different archives such as scleractinian cold-water corals and calcitic foraminifers. The second chapter (published in Marine Geology 2011) reports on a high-resolution record of the mound base. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes measured in several benthic and planktonic foraminifers as well as sortable silt analyses document the start-up phase of coral growth. Mound initiation and further development coincide with the intensification of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) characterized by oceanographic conditions favourable for rapid cold-water coral growth. Furthermore excursions in foraminiferal δ13C values and increased flow conditions indicate erosional intervals, which overprinted probably diagenetically the original geochemical signals. The third chapter (to be submitted to Geology), also based on sediments from the mound base, shows that these ecosystems only thrive under specific oceanographic conditions. Based on core material, not only from Challenger Mound (IODP Expedition 307) but also from the Propeller Mound, we reconstructed paleo-seawater densities from oxygen isotope ratios in benthic foraminifera. Results clearly indicate results demonstrate that cold-water coral mound development occurred when a density window of sigma-theta (σΘ) = 27.35–27.55 kg m-3 was present in the ambient bottom water. Therefore we conclude that seawater density is reflecting one of the major controlling factors favoring mound growth and highlights the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental changes. The fourth chapter (submitted to Earth Planetary Science Letters) demonstrates the use of paleotemperature proxies in the scleractinian reef building cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Temperature calibrations are based on L. pertusa samples from temperature range of 5.9°- 13.65°C originating from the European continental margin and the Mediterranean Sea. ix
 Results could not confirm earlier findings of Ruggeberg et al. (2008) that δ88/86Sr in Lophelia skeleton is positively correlated with temperature and may serve as a potential paleotemperature proxy. Results rather show that δ88/86Sr is inversely correlated with temperature in samples from the North Atlantic. However, this temperature effect appears to be superimposed by changes in the ocean carbonate system. Furthermore, this sample set of L. pertusa clearly shows the temperature dependency of elemental ratios such as Mg/Li and Sr/Ca. The Mg/Li ratio may serve as a new paleotemperature proxy in scleractinian cold- water corals, whereas the Sr/Ca ratio needs more detailed research. The fifth chapter (to be submitted) focuses on the long-term controlling mechanisms of cold- water coral mound growth in the Porcupine Seabight. Here, different paleo-proxies such as Mg/Ca, δ13C and δ18O in foraminifera and Mg/Li, Ba/Ca and U/Ca in cold-water coral L. pertusa were used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental parameters. Based on existing and additional age determinations (87Sr/86Sr, Th/U) previous findings were supported. However, our data point to an earlier mound initiation at ~3 Ma coincidently with the intensification of the Mediterranean Ouflow Water (MOW). Foraminiferal temperature records reveal that early mound development occurred in glacial and interglacial conditions, whereas the recent mound decline was caused by high amplitude excursions of the last interglacial/glacial cycles. In particular, coral Mg/LiLophelia temperatures indicate that coral growth occurred within a temperature range of 8 to 10°C, comparable to the recent measured settings in the Porcupine Seabight. Hence, results imply that the variations in intermediate water masses (Mediterranean Outflow Water, Eastern North Atlantic Water,) are the main trigger for mound growth and decline in the Porcupine Seabight. Moreover prior to the mid-Pleistocene rapid Challenger Mound growth benefited from a stable boundary layer between the MOW and the Eastern North Atlantic Water (ENAW) at which organic matter and nutrients settled on.


Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) is an autosomal dominant K+ channelopathy which manifests with short attacks of cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria, and may also show interictal myokymia. Episodes can be triggered by emotional or physical stress, startle response, sudden postural change or fever. Here we describe a 31-year-old man displaying markedly atypical symptoms, including long-lasting attacks of jerking muscle contractions associated with hyperthermia, severe migraine, and a relatively short-sleep phenotype. A single nucleotide change in KCNA1 (c.555C>G) was identified that changes a highly conserved residue (p.C185W) in the first transmembrane segment of the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.1. The patient is heterozygous and the mutation was inherited from his asymptomatic mother. Next generation sequencing revealed no variations in the CACNA1A, CACNB4, KCNC3, KCNJ10, PRRT2 or SCN8A genes of either the patient or mother, except for a benign variant in SLC1A3. Functional analysis of the p.C185W mutation in KCNA1 demonstrated a deleterious dominant-negative phenotype where the remaining current displayed slower activation kinetics, subtle changes in voltage-dependence and faster recovery from slow inactivation. Structural modeling also predicts the C185W mutation to be functionally deleterious. This description of novel clinical features, associated with a Kv1.1 mutation highlights a possibly unrecognized relationship between K+ channel dysfunction, hyperthermia and migraine in EA1, and suggests that thorough assessments for these symptoms should be carefully considered for all patients affected by EA1.


Work-related neck, shoulder and upper limb disorders are a subset of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD's) which affect the locomotor system. These conditions often result in pain, impairment and disability with associated economic cost. Disorders of indeterminate clinical diagnosis or non-specific musculoskeletal disorders make up the bulk of these conditions, are common in working populations and can significantly influence quality of life. Early assessment and management of these disorders is essential to enhance appropriate care and prevent long term disability. Valid and reliable measures of 'early effects' are required for active work place surveillance and screening of these disorders. Aims and objectives The primary aim of this study is to assess the utility of a number of functional physical examination screening tests for the identification of mild to moderate work-related neck, shoulder and upper limb disorders in working female computer users Methods A self selected convenience sample of 63 female computer workers completed a Nordic based self report questionnaire which included functional outcome measures and underwent a screening examination consisting of 60 examination tests. These tests examined posture, movement patterns, balance, nerve irritability, muscle length, strength and endurance and joint dysfunction of the cervicothoracic, shoulder, elbow/forearm, hand wrist and finger regions. The lumbopelvic region and lower limb were also screened. Participants were classified as a case or non-case of work-related morbidity by 12 month self report frequency and duration of neck shoulder symptoms. Self reported case status was used as the 'gold standard' for case definition. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and likelihood ratios were determined for each screening test. Results A high prevalence of self reported neck shoulder symptoms was identified. The examination tests generally demonstrated high sensitivity (>80%) and positive predictive values, poorer specificity (<80%) and low likelihood ratios (<4) with some exceptions. A number of the examination tests selected appear to have potential to be used as a component of a screening examination protocol for the early identification of WRMD's affecting the neck shoulder and upper limb in the study population. The nature of self report and a small non stratified sample limit the extrapolation of these findings to other populations. Conclusion The high prevalence of self reported WRMD's suggests methods are needed for the early detection of these conditions. Evaluation of functional capacity by some of the clinical examination tests examined in this study may provide an additional approach to ergonomic and questionnaire only based methods for the early detection of these common conditions. The identified tests could be incorporated into currently used surveillance and screening approaches to these disorders in working populations. Based upon the results of this study a theoretical model incorporating the current models of development of WMSD's and approaches to classification and assessment is proposed.


Recent developments in hybrid rocket technology involve producing a coaxial bidirectional vortex flow field through use of tangential oxidiser injection at the base of the combustion chamber. This is found to significantly increase engine performance by providing enhanced thermal transfer at the fuel surface, resulting in increased fuel regression rates in addition to more efficient combustion. The double helical path of the flow results in reduced reactant loss at the chamber outlet whilst confining combustion to a high temperature core region defined by the inner vortex. This also results in enhanced thermal shielding as a large radial thermal gradient is established, which affords lightweight materials to used in the construction of the combustion chamber making it suitable for weight sensitive applications such as satellite propulsion.
 Analytical treatment of the coaxial bidirectional vortex has repeatedly found that it is theoretically possible to induce a vortex flow field consisting of multiple concentric vortices, which would further increase the benefits associated with the coaxial bidirectional vortex. Each additional vortex would further increase the length of the helical trajectory of the flow and allow for more compact combustion chambers to be designed which are both lightweight and highly efficient. However, the existence of multiple concentric vortices has yet to be confirmed and the parameters involved in producing such phenomenon are unknown, as are the parameters required to manipulate their behaviour. Therefore, the focus of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to induce multiple concentric vortices and affect their behaviour through parametric variation of geometrical constraints which are found to significantly influence vortex characteristics in similar cyclonic devices.
 A twofold approach is employed to investigate a range of cyclone chamber configurations both experimentally and numerically, in order to ascertain the effectiveness of each method with regards to resolving complex vortical flows and to observe and similarities in the results obtained. Due to experimental constraints a hydrocyclone was used in place of a gas cyclone which is commonly used to characterise the behaviour of the coaxial bidirectional vortex. The numerical analysis was performed using CFD, where 3D simulations were necessary to adequately resolve the spatio-temporal behaviour of the flow, with specific consideration given to solver settings applicable to the resolution of intense swirling flow. While the experimental analysis was conducted using a 2D time resolved PIV method, this was applied to the meridional and azimuthal planes of the cyclone chamber to enable comparison of the number of concentric vortices and the general characteristics of the vortex.
 Despite the limitations of the techniques applied it was found that it is possible to produce a confined vortex consisting of multiple concentric vortices, although the resultant flow structures are considerably more complex than initially thought. However, it was also found that the geometry of the cyclone chamber has a significant influence upon the structure of the vortex, with small chamber aspect ratios and large contraction ratios producing intense vortices which are associated with multiple concentric vortices. The position of the tangential inlets is also found to have a significant impact upon the structure of the flow, and several configurations of multiple concentric vortices were observed that are not accounted for by the analytical solutions. Another important result that was consistently observed is that the locus of zero axial velocity which defines the number of concentric vortices takes the form of modal structures, which appear to evolve in response to threshold geometrical parameters. It is thought that the underlying fluid mechanics of multiple concentric vortices are inherently linked to the harmonic characteristics of the cyclone chamber geometry, as several mechanisms have been identified which may allow for direct control over the structure of the vortex.


In modern organisations, the effective use of information and knowledge is a prerequisite for sustaining competitive advantage. To support this, considerable work has been undertaken by both academia and industry to improve the representation, organisation and access of information across and between organisations. This improved information and communication management has had a positive impact on business processes, improved decision making and – importantly – increased levels of innovation. However, one area that has received less attention is personal information such as logbooks, maintained by a majority of engineers. Many of these logbooks could contain significant amount of design information and knowledge which is not recorded elsewhere, such as design rationale and records of alternatives considered. Indeed, much of what we know about the work of historically important engineers and scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) has come from their personal collections of notes. Despite this, logbooks are rarely formally managed, with the content usually only available to the authoring engineer. It is arguable that such potentially valuable information should be more easily accessible to the individual and wider organisation, where it could be of benefit as a personal productivity aid, a design record and also for intellectual property and audit/traceability purposes. It follows that there is a need to create improved methods for managing logbook content, which is the challenge that this research addresses. This research first seeks to establish the reasons for the stubborn persistence of paper logbooks as such a common feature of engineering work, despite almost every other aspect being undertaken in the digital domain. Various studies are undertaken, revealing that logbooks are used for a wide range of purposes, such as the critical role of 'mediating' between various information sources. The requirements arising from these studies are used together with a review of existing e-logbook technologies to produce a comprehensive requirement specification for an engineering electronic-logbook. At its core is a novel information management strategy based combination of templates to pre-structure entries and a lightweight information classification schema to structure the information. They key features of the specification are the ability for logbook information to be searched, shared and integrated with other information systems, whilst retaining important characteristics of paper logbooks (such as sketching support). The contributions of this thesis are the fundamental understanding of logbook use and content, together with a comprehensive specification for an engineering e-logbook to improve logbook information management for both the individual and wider organisation.


This paper examines Guattari's notion of transversality through a creative and ambiguous form of political intervention, the performative encounter. Drawing from Guattari's work on subject groups, in combination with Deleuze's conjunctive 'and', via contemporary theorisations of creative activism and affect, it maps out a movement that destabilises categorical dualisms between activists and non-activists, artists and non-artists. It proposes that transversals such as those enacted by the performative encounter open spaces for the emergence of new subjectivities, relations and worlds. In doing so it critically extends Guattari's conceptualisations of political organisation, group subjectivation and aesthetics into radical political terrains that are antagonistic of the nation-state and capital at the same time as being affirmative of possible present and future conditions.


Learn JavaScript from scratch! Packed with numerous examples, JavaScript: Novice to Ninja is a fun, step-by-step and comprehensive introduction to development in JavaScript. Discover how to use JavaScript to solve real-world problems, build smarter forms, track user events, and design eye-catching animations. Learn JavaScript's built-in functions, methods, and properties. Use JavaScript to validate form entries and interact with your users. Understand how to respond to user events and add interactivity to your applications. Create animations that bring your web site to life. Start programming using the DOM And much more!


Abstract Identification of skin disease has become a challenging task with the origination of various skin diseases. The architecture used in this work is content-based image retrieval to facilitate medical diagnosis. In this work, analysis of feature vectors based on fusion of colour and texture and shape features are carried out. The feature vector data are fed into an optimization framework. The results proved that using precision recall curve the shape feature vectors and Mahalanobis distance measure have high contribution to computer-aided diagnosis of skin lesions. Experiments on a set of 2420 images yielded a specificity of 97.04% and a sensitivity of 80.81%. Our empirical evaluation has a superior retrieval and diagnosis performance when compared to the performance of other works. The work is tested with 40 skin diseases.


The work presented herein suggests a working method for the transformation of UML specifications to an event driven logic based formalism. The result models a fully expressive set of UML language constructs from the source language, in a first order model at meta level, and extend this with subclasses together with their relations in accordance with an input specification. The translation of any specification within this subset of the language is then achieved by just extending the meta model. The resulting model is expressed in first order logic. In this way the transformation preserves the conceptual integrity of the source specifications and provides a basis for further integration and verification.


China Under Communism examines how Marxism took root, flourished and developed within the context of an ancient Chinese civilization. Through analysis of China's history and traditional culture, the author explores the nature of Chinese communism and how it has diverged from the Soviet model. This book also provides insight into the changing perceptions Westerners have of the Chinese, and vice versa. Key features include: * assessment of controversial issues: The Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and Mao's record * coverage of gender and family, ethnicity, nationalism, and popular culture * long historical context. This timely evaluation details how China's political and economic policies have been inextricably linked, and assesses past failures and successes, as well as major problems for the future.


Finite element method (FEM) analysis of SAW devices is recently popular to be achieved using the basic information of stress and strain equations for linear elastic piezoelectric materials. A delay line is modeled using Gallium arsenide piezoelectric substrate and is modeled and simulated with center frequency of 1.5 GHz to be used in many electronic devices like oscillators at ultrahigh frequency range (RF-MEMES). A 5 periodic cycles of output voltage is simulated and monitored at output port of delay line while applying a sine wave to input port. Displacement of the SAW through the thickness of piezoelectric substrate is recorded and proofed that SAW does not penetrate more than the designed thickness. Displacement along wave direction is also monitored.

 Key words: Finite element method surface acoustic wave (FEM SAW), delay line, radio frequency (RF)


Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are sighted regularly in coastal Alaska during the summer, but little is known about their movements through the area during the winter when weather and light limit the use of boat-based surveys. Acoustic monitoring provides a practical alternative because each extended resident killer whale family group or pod has a unique dialect that can be discerned by differences in their repertoires of stereotyped calls. The repertoires of resident killer whale pods in the northern Gulf of Alaska were updated from earlier studies, and the results used to determine the identity of pods that were recorded on remote hydrophones in Resurrection Bay, Alaska, in the fall, winter, and spring of 1999 to 2004. In total, seven pods of resident killer whales were identified acoustically, comprising four related pods from AB clan and three from AD clan. The frequencies of occurrence of the clans differed between the November to March recording period when AB clan occupied the area, and the April-May period when AD clan was predominant. The sequential use of this habitat during periods of relative prey scarcity has the effect of limiting intergroup resource competition and is consistent with earlier findings that demonstrated divergent resource specialization by sympatric killer whale populations.


The science of Stratigraphy has, since its inception in the late eighteenth century, been characterized by two contrasting research modes or "cognitive styles" (Rudwick 1982). Empirical (inductive) descriptive stratigraphy began with William Smith, led to the establishment of a data base of stratigraphic units (Murchison, Sedgwick, Lapworth), and formed the basis for modern work to es- tablish and refine a detailed chronostratigraphic time scale (Van Hinte, Berggren). Other workers (Hutton, Lyell, Darwin, Chamberlin, Ulrich, Umbgrove, Sloss, Vail) have sought to identify underlying geological controls, and have built deductive models to explain earth processes, beginning with Hutton's uniformitarianism. Many such models sought evidence of regularity or cyclicity in earth processes ("the pulse of the earth"), including the modern "global-eustasy" model of Vail. There is an ever present danger that models can drive the analysis and presentation of data, particularly where stratigraphic models have been invoked to explain, clarify or codify the stratigraphic record. These problems are not new. Attempts to apply European chronostratigraphic units to North American stratigraphy in the early twentieth century were accompanied by expectations that unit boundaries would be marked by lithologic events, such as unconformities. These expectations were not supported, and this may have been the basis for North American attempts to establish alternative stratigraphies, including what became sequence stratigraphy. Ulrich (1911) thought that stratigraphic successions were created by "diastrophic cycles", and was concerned that regional correlations of these successions did not appear to be supported by the biostratigraphic evidence. Barrell (1917) was one of the first to understand the prob- lems created by the lack of representation of long intervals of time in the geologic record, and developed ideas concerning the relation- ship between base level change and sedimentation that we now term "accommodation." Modern work on the chronostratigraphic time scale is based on empirical principles, culminating in the definition of global section and boundary stratotypes for the major chronostratigraphic units. However, a controversy has recently arisen over the preference by some geologists to use distinctive marker events to define boundaries. In some cases, this involves introducing hypotheses about the global extent and geological superiority of such events, rather than relying on the accumulated historical record of biostratigraphic and other data.


This thesis centers on the treatment of men towards women in the Malay society as a document of reality. Through the analysis, the research will portray the works of Che Husna Azhari whereby the women's characters accept male subjugation and domination. This presents the reality in the society that the author mirrors in her works.
The analysis is done through two perceptions. The first part is the perception of Women as Erotic la femme objet where the primary discussion is on women's sexuality. Another perception is the Women's Identity. It focuses mostly on the Malay society and Malay women. It is centered on the struggle of the Malay women in finding the balance of her sexuality against social biasness and religious obligation in a patriarchal society This is because the social condition and where these women lived and interact with the society are unique.
The analysis will show that the women in Che Husna Azhari's work lost their will to emancipate themselves because their sacrifices will ensure a better place in heaven and the society. The willingness to be the sacrificial lamb in the altar of marriage is also highlighted. They surrendered their bodies and souls to fulfill the expectations of the society. This is because they have a distorted understanding of women's role in a true Islamic family and society.
In the case of the Malay women, they are also entrapped socially as a result of a misreading of religion and culture. They are also caught in the power struggle to define themselves in a society who places obedience and submission in fulfilling their duty as daughters, wives and mothers. Che Husna's women show they faced difficulty in finding a balance when dealing with women's sexuality and identity struggle. The women characters accept the men's treatment towards them because the men and society expected them to behave as such.


We present preliminary results of the gradient flow running coupling with Dirichlet boundary condition in the SU(2) gauge theory with 8 fermion flavours. Improvements to the gradient flow measurement allow us to obtain a robust continuum limit. The results are consistent with perturbative running in the weak coupling region.


dimensions of global law and includes critical perspectives from various religious and philosophical traditions. Two dozen leading scholars discuss the constituent principles of this new global legal order historically, comparatively, and currently. The first part uses a historicalbiographical approach to study a few of the major Christian architects of global law and transnational legal theory, from St. Paul to Jacques Maritain. The second part distills the deep Christian sources and dimensions of the main principles of global law, historically and today, separating out the distinct Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox Christian contributions as appropriate. Finally, the authors address a number of pressing global issues and challenges, where a Christian-informed legal perspective can and should have deep purchase and influence. The work makes no claim that Christianity is the only historical shaper of global law, nor that it should monopolize the theory and practice of global law today. But the book does insist that Christianity, as one of the world's great religions, has deep norms and practices, ideas and institutions, prophets and procedures that can be of benefit as the world struggles to find global legal resources to confront humanity's greatest challenges. The volume will be an essential resource for academics and researchers working in the areas of law and religion, transnational law, legal philosophy, and legal history.


Comorbidities like diabetes, arterial hypertension, or comorbidity factors such as
hypercholesterolemia is common in elderly persons and are associated with higher
risk of stroke. Since stroke afflicts mostly the elderly comorbid patients, it is highly desirable to test the efficacy of cell therapies in an appropriate animal stroke model. Animal models of stroke often ignore age and comorbidities frequently associated with aging, and this could be one of the explanations for unsuccessful bench-to-bedside translation of neuroprotective strategies. In order to mimic more closely the clinical condition, we have established a model of ischemic stroke in aged rats. Using this model, we showed that post-stroke angiogenesis is not impaired in the lesioned, aged brain and conclude that stroke in aged rodent models in reliable and more closely related to the human condition.


The manufacturing of Buffalo Mozzarella PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) cheese requires the exclusive use of fresh buffalo milk, which must be transformed into cheese within 60 hours after milking. The limited availability of buffalo milk and simultaneous increase in Mozzarella demand during the summer cause producers to use frozen intermediates (milk and/or curd) in the cheese-making process. These practices are not allowed. Few data are available in the literature about the effects of freezing on buffalo milk and curd. Recent studies demonstrated that the use of frozen buffalo milk can be detected in mozzarella cheese based on the increase in casein fragment γ4-CN. This work aims to verify the possibility of tracing the presence of frozen curd in Buffalo Mozzarella PDO cheese. The electrophoresis technique was used to reveal the presence of γ4-CN. Equivalent concentrations of this fragment were found in fresh and frozen curd that were stored for 9 months. Our results suggest that γ4-CN cannot be used to discriminate fresh PDO Mozzarella and Mozzarella cheese produced from frozen curd. A second objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of freezing on curd lipids. In particular, the fatty acid and mono-diglyceride profiles were evaluated. Significant differences were found in the amounts of 1,2-Dipalmitin and 1,3-Diolein between fresh curd and curd that was stored for 9 months at freezing temperatures. Although some significant differences were found in the mono-diglyceride profiles, no objective marker that can distinguish between fresh and frozen products is currently available.


In this paper, we study a downlink wireless network consisting of wireless powered communication (WPC) system and a simultaneously wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems. The SWIPT system simultaneously serves one information receiver (IR) while transferring power to a wireless device (WD). The wireless powered system consists of the WD and its IR. Both systems operate on the same frequency band. The WD is therefore able to take advantage of the wireless energy transfer from the SWIPT basestation (BS), interference power from the BS due to transmission of signals to IRs and the recycled power for energy harvesting. We aim to minimize the total transmitted power of the SWIPT BS subject to the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) target at the information receivers. In order to preserve the secrecy of the information transmitted by BS to IRs on the BS, we introduce a set of constraints SINR less than one.


Smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain greatly benefit from cutting-edge analysis techniques and pose significant challenges. A primary challenge is the extremely low-level representation of deployed contracts. We present Elipmoc, a decompiler for the next generation of smart contract analyses. Elipmoc is an evolution of Gigahorse, the top research decompiler, dramatically improving over it and over other state-of-the-art tools, by employing several high-precision techniques and making them scalable. Among these techniques are a new kind of context sensitivity (termed "transactional sensitivity") that provides a more effective static abstraction of distinct dynamic executions; a path-sensitive (yet scalable, through path merging) algorithm for inference of function arguments and returns; and a fully context sensitive private function reconstruction process. As a result, smart contract security analyses and reverse-engineering tools built on top of Elipmoc achieve high scalability, precision and completeness. Elipmoc improves over all notable past decompilers, including its predecessor, Gigahorse, and the state-of-the-art industrial tool, Panoramix, integrated into the primary Ethereum blockchain explorer, Etherscan. Elipmoc produces decompiled contracts with fully resolved operands at a rate of 99.5% (compared to 62.8% for Gigahorse), and achieves much higher completeness in code decompilation than Panoramix—e.g., up to 67% more coverage of external call statements—while being over 5x faster. Elipmoc has been the enabler for recent (independent) discoveries of several exploitable vulnerabilities on popular protocols, over funds in the many millions of dollars.


Because rights operate as trumps over normal governmental interests, they have an inherent cost. Consequently, by entrenching protection for human rights, governments can signal a willingness to give up power in the short term to obtain longterm benefits. Investors can infer from this that the government has a low discount rate and is less likely to pose a threat of expropriation. Similarly, when courts vigorously enforce human rights, they dramatize their judicial independence, which is valuable to investors, who themselves may have no interest in human rights. Thus, human rights enforcement may help encourage investment and thereby indirectly foster economic growth.


Fisheries worldwide continue to suffer from the negative consequences of open access. In 1986, New Zealand responded by establishing an individual transferable quota (ITQ) system that by 1998 included 33 species and more than 150 markets for fishing quotas. We assess these markets in terms of trends in market activity, price dispersion, and the fundamentals determining quota prices. We find that market activity is sufficiently high to support a competitive market. Using a 15-year panel dataset, we also find evidence of economically rational behavior through the relationship between quota lease and sale prices and fishing output and input prices, ecological variability, and market interest rates. Controlling for these factors, our results show an increase in quota prices, consistent with increased profitability. Overall, the results suggest these markets are operating reasonably well, implying that ITQs can be effective instruments for efficient fisheries management. This project was funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries and Resources for the Future.


We used two sets of experiments to evaluate the main and interactive effects of humic acids (HA) and anionic (AS) and nonionic (NS) surfactants on aggregate stability of two soils: a fragile, sandy loam, Typic Psammaqnent and a strong, clay, Vertic Xerochrept. For the main effects, the soils were treated at six rates, 0, 10, 50, 100, 1000, and 10000 mg/kg, with either HA, AS, or NS. A 3 x 4 factorial design, comprising three HA rates (0, 50, and 1000 mg/kg) and four AS or NS rates (0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg), was used to assess the interactive effects. Changes in aggregate stability were measured at both the macro- and micro- levels by wet-sieving and clay dispersion techniques, respectively. On both soils, the percentage of water-stable aggregates increased with increasing rates of HA and NS, whereas aggregate stability was reduced progressively with increasing concentration of AS. The HA was, however, relatively more effective on the more fragile soil, whereas the converse was true for the NS. At higher NS application rates (100 mg/kg), clay dispersion decreased on the clay but increased slightly on the sandy loam soil, indicating, respectively, increased and decreased microaggregate stability. The HA and AS, however, increased clay dispersion on both soils at higher rates. The interaction of HA with NS was positively synergistic in increasing the stability of aggregates at macro- and micro- levels in both soils. The HA-AS interaction, however, reduced the stability of the sandy loam, but increased that of the clay soil at both levels of aggregation. The possible modes of action of these additives and the management implications of their effects on soil structure are emphasized.


Objective To test the hypothesis that acute elevations in serum inflammatory markers predict symptom recovery after sport-related concussion (SRC). Methods High school and collegiate football players (n = 857) were prospectively enrolled. Forty-one athletes with concussion and 43 matched control athletes met inclusion criteria. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)–6, IL-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein, interferon-γ, and IL-1 receptor antagonist and Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 3rd edition (SCAT3) symptom severity scores were collected at a preinjury baseline, 6 and 24–48 hours postinjury, and approximately 8, 15, and 45 days following concussion. The number of days that athletes were symptomatic following SRC (i.e., duration of symptoms) was the primary outcome variable. Results IL-6 and IL-1RA were significantly elevated in athletes with concussion at 6 hours relative to preinjury and other postinjury visits, as well as compared to controls (ps ≤ 0.001). IL-6 and IL-1RA significantly discriminated concussed from control athletes at 6 hours postconcussion (IL-6 area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.92], IL-1RA AUC 0.79 [95% CI 0.67–0.90]). Further, IL-6 levels at 6 hours postconcussion were significantly associated with the duration of symptoms (hazard ratio for symptom recovery = 0.61 [95% CI 0.38–0.96], p = 0.031). Conclusions Results support the potential utility of IL-6 and IL-1RA as serum biomarkers of SRC and demonstrate the potential of these markers in identifying athletes at risk for prolonged recovery after SRC. Classification of evidence This study provides Class III evidence that serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1RA 6 hours postconcussion significantly discriminated concussed from control athletes.


When first approaching a two-dimensional (2D) data table, a user often wants to get a quick overview of the data before analysing them in more detail. Blind and visually impaired people cannot do this task at all using visual displays. Furthermore, speech synthesisers do not help sufficiently with browsing and pattern identification. The approach taken in this research work is to use other senses available to the users to provide efficient ways of exploring numerical data tables. Sighted users having to analyse complex data sets could also benefit from multimodally-presented data arrangements The first steps have been taken by using audio to access information in tables. A sonification of tabular data has been designed, as well as a novel way of accessing the sonified data. Each row or column is sonified as a single piece of information and they are accessed sequentially, reducing the overall complexity of the 2D data structure. Experimental results show that an overview of the data in a table is obtained faster using this sonification technique than using screen reading software, without a reduction in accuracy.


This paper examines the effect of alcohol consumption on student achievement. To do so, we exploit the discontinuity in drinking at age 21 at a college in which the minimum legal drinking age is strictly enforced. We find that drinking causes significant reductions in academic performance, particularly for the highest-performing students. This suggests that the negative consequences of alcohol consumption extend beyond the narrow segment of the population at risk of more severe, low-frequency, outcomes.


Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus causes severe encephalitis with serious sequelae in humans. The disease is characterized by fever and debilitating encephalitis that can progress to chronic illness or fatal infection. In this study, changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in two susceptible animal models (BALB/c, and C57Bl/6 mice) infected with TBE virus were investigated at various days after infection by measuring fluorescence in brain homogenates after intraperitoneal injection of sodium fluorescein, a compound that is normally excluded from the central nervous system. We demonstrate here that TBE virus infection, in addition to causing fatal encephalitis in mice, induces considerable breakdown of the BBB. The permeability of the BBB increased at later stages of TBE infection when high virus load was present in the brain (i.e., BBB breakdown was not necessary for TBE virus entry into the brain), and at the onset of the first severe clinical symptoms of the disease, which included neurological signs associated with sharp declines in body weight and temperature. The increased BBB permeability was in association with dramatic upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression in the brain. Breakdown of the BBB was also observed in mice deficient in CD8+ T-cells, indicating that these cells are not necessary for the increase in BBB permeability that occurs during TBE. These novel findings are highly relevant to the development of future therapies designed to control this important human infectious disease.


In post-war societies adolescents occupy liminal spaces – where social, political, economic, spatial and biological boundaries are still fluid and undetermined – and present a particular challenge for post-war communities as well as service providers.  Drawing on a study from two war-affected villages in Sri Lanka, this paper examines the multi-faceted challenges that adolescents face in communities attempting to retain and redefine boundaries, identities, and social and moral regulation in a post-war context. It explores the dynamics of post-war change, especially in the social and moral regulation of sexuality, and its implications for adolescent girls and boys grappling with biological and social transformation—from internalizing gender norms to taking on adult economic roles. A second key concern of this paper is to underline how the post-war political economic context within which their communities are embedded shapes adolescents' negotiation with personal and social transformation. A third key concern is to highlight the legacies of war in the form of surveillance, silences and complex psychosocial problems that adolescents are confronted in post-war contexts and the risk of cycles of inter-generational violence. Finally, the paper examines the role and relevance of formal services in areas such as education, reproductive health, community mobilization, or psychosocial support in the lives of adolescents.  It also considers the often overlooked but fundamental support from families and communities in bolstering the resilience of adolescents as they go through this challenging life phase in difficult and complex circumstances.


ABSTRACT Many mobile software applications ('apps') related to pregnancy have been developed for the global market, yet little research has explored how expectant or new fathers are represented in such technologies. Drawing on a critical discourse analysis of the descriptions of pregnancy apps available in two major online stores, we identify how these media artefacts represent a problematic version of performing fatherhood. On the one hand, notions of 'intimate' fatherhood are enacted by emphasising the importance of men acquiring knowledge about pregnancy/childbirth and providing emotional and informed support to their partner as she experiences pregnancy, childbirth and new motherhood. However, many apps also condescend to expectant fathers and trivialize their role, assuming that they need entertainment, humour and encouragement to promote their involvement. We suggest that such meanings are reflected in wider social expectations, norms and paradoxes in relation to the role of men in contemporary parenthood. Further research is required to explore how men engage with apps and how apps contribute to their understandings and practices of expectant and new fatherhood.


To become competent speakers in their community, children have to learn the grammatical rules and lexicon of one or more language varieties. In addition, they need to learn when to use these varieties and to adapt their speech to both topic and setting. In the case of Indonesian, children in the capital, Jakarta, must cope with the use of different varieties of the language. The two varieties of Indonesian which these children need to acquire are Bahasa Indonesia (the standard language) and Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian. This study focuses on three to five year old, middle class children in Jakarta. Over a period of six months, the factors influencing the use of both varieties, the children's ability to style shift in a formal and informal situation, and the acquisition of a number of morphological variables were examined. The research shows that children use more Bahasa Indonesia in formal than in informal situations, and more Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian in informal than formal situations. This indicates that they are linguistically sensitive to different situations at this early age. However, large individual differences were also observed. Further, the children acquire grammatical and social competence simultaneously, with the informal variety going ahead of the formal. This study will be of interest to researchers working on language acquisition, educational language policy, bilingualism, and language variation. It provides a better understanding of the language learning process by Indonesian preschoolers, which is an important aspect of language education, language planning and policy in Indonesia.


Decision-makers, planners and administrators involved in different policy domains at different governance levels face the important challenge of fostering more balanced, sustainable and territorially integrated development. Well-designed, multi-level, multi-sector and multi-actor governance arrangements can play a key role in this process through orchestrating the interplay between different spheres, activities, actors and interests. In this paper, we examine the role of spatial planning in improving the relations between rural, peri-urban and urban areas. We analyse the strengths and limitations of spatial planning and explore the connections with territorial development. The methodology used for this analysis combines regional case studies in seven European locations—Ede, Frankfurt/Rhein-Main, Styria/Graz, Helsinki, Lisbon, Lucca and Mid Wales, with rapid appraisals, the analysis of published data, expert judgement and triangulation. We ask under which conditions spatial planning can induce more balanced, sustainable territorial relations, and look at the contribution planning can make to achieving sustainable development goals. The problem of ineffective (or toothless) plan implementation provides the entry point into the analysis and discussion. We illustrate why mutually beneficial relations between urban, peri-urban and rural communities (and territories) cannot simply be planned. Instead, these relationships need to be supported by strategies, policy instruments and governance arrangements that foster synergies between different actors and activities. The planning process itself needs to become more transparent and participatory. We conclude that the questions addressed in this article in an exploratory fashion merit further research especially as a more sustainable and territorially integrated development is becoming increasingly important in European policy making.


State-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms typically use random sampling (e.g., $\epsilon$-greedy) for exploration, but this method fails on hard exploration tasks like Montezuma's Revenge. To address the challenge of exploration, prior works incentivize exploration by rewarding the agent when it visits novel states. Such intrinsic rewards (also called exploration bonus or curiosity) often lead to excellent performance on hard exploration tasks. However, on easy exploration tasks, the agent gets distracted by intrinsic rewards and performs unnecessary exploration even when sufficient task (also called extrinsic) reward is available. Consequently, such an overly curious agent performs worse than an agent trained with only task reward. Such inconsistency in performance across tasks prevents the widespread use of intrinsic rewards with RL algorithms. We propose a principled constrained optimization procedure called Extrinsic-Intrinsic Policy Optimization (EIPO) that automatically tunes the importance of the intrinsic reward: it suppresses the intrinsic reward when exploration is unnecessary and increases it when exploration is required. The results is superior exploration that does not require manual tuning in balancing the intrinsic reward against the task reward. Consistent performance gains across sixty-one ATARI games validate our claim. The code is available at https://github.com/Improbable-AI/eipo.


The Hutti orogenic gold deposit, in the eastern Dharwar craton of South India, is located in a cuspate greenstone belt which is tectonically juxtaposed against tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) basement on its western margin. The host rocks to gold mineralization are mafic and felsic volcanic rocks metamorphosed to the amphibolite facies. Mineralization is confined to nine, broadly parallel, quartz reefs within north-south– to north-northwest-south-southeast–trending shear zones that dip approximately 70° W. Six of these 2- to 10-m-thick, boudinaged veins have been mined to a depth of over 810 m. Free gold occurs in the veins and alteration haloes and is spatially and temporally associated with quartz and disseminated pyrite and arsenopyrite which, in turn, are closely associated with hydrothermal monazite and xenotime in the biotite-plagioclase wall-rock alteration around veins. Gold is considered to have been deposited during D 2 to D 3 deformation, broadly coincident with the emplacement of syntectonic granitoids. The history of volcanism, granitic magmatism, and gold mineralization is defined by U-Pb geochronology of magmatic zircons and hydrothermal monazite and xenotime. The felsic volcanic host rocks have a U-Pb zircon age of 2587 ± 7 Ma, about 40 m.y. older than the age of gold mineralization at 2547 ± 10 Ma determined from hydrothermal monazite. The syntectonic Kavital granitoid has a U-Pb zircon age of 2545 ± 7 Ma, which overlaps with the timing of gold deposition and is consistent with structural interpretations. The Ramagiri and Kolar gold deposits elsewhere in the Dharwar craton are considered to have a similar structural timing, and the Hutti geochronology suggests that gold mineralization occurred throughout the Dharwar craton some 80 to 120 m.y. later than the major peak of Late Archean world-class orogenic gold mineralization in most other Archean cratons.


CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND CAMBRIDGE, U.K.-- Could our species have been born in a rapid burst of change? Researchers from different disciplines are trying to find out. A flurry of new evidence from three sources--fossils, art and artifacts, and genes--is forcing researchers to rethink just what traits mark the origin of our species and how and when these traits appeared.


Abstract.
 Understanding the evolution of a Bauplan starts with discriminating phylogenetic signal from adaptation and the latter from exaptation in the observed biodiversity. Whether traits have predated, accompanied, or followed evolution of particular functions is the basic inference to establish the type of explanations required to determine morphological evolution. To accomplish this, we focus in a particular group of vertebrates, the anurans. Frogs and toads have a unique Bauplan among vertebrates, with a set of postcranial features that have been considered adaptations to jumping locomotion since their evolutionary origin. This interpretation is frequently stated but rarely tested in scientific literature. We test this assumption reconstructing the locomotor capabilities of the earliest known salientian, Triadobatrachus massinoti. This extinct taxon exhibits a mosaic of features that have traditionally been considered as representing an intermediate stage in the evolution of the anuran Bauplan, some of which were also linked to jumping skills. We considered T. massinoti in an explicit evolutionary framework by means of multivariate analyses and comparative phylogenetic methods. We used length measurements of major limb bones of 188 extant limbed amphibians (frogs and salamanders) and lizards as a morphological proxy of observed locomotor behavior. Our findings show that limb data correlate with locomotion, regardless of phylogenetic relatedness, and indicate that salamander-like lateral undulatory movements were the main mode of locomotion of T. massinoti. These results contrast with recent hypotheses and indicate that derived postcranial features that T. massinoti shared with anurans might have been later co-opted as exaptations in jumping frogs.


Magnetically-doped graphene systems are potential candidates for application in future spintronic devices. A key step is to understand the pairwise interactions between magnetic impurities embedded in graphene that are mediated by the graphene conduction electrons. A large number of studies have been undertaken to investigate the indirect exchange, or RKKY (Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida), interactions in graphene. Many of these studies report a decay rate faster than expected for a two-dimensional material and the absence of the usual distance dependent oscillations. In this review we summarize the techniques used to calculate the interaction and present the key results obtained to date. The effects of more detailed parameterisations of the magnetic impurities and graphene host are considered, as are results obtained from ab initio calculations. Since the fast decay of the interaction presents an obstacle to spintronic applications, we focus in particular on the possibility of augmenting the interaction range by a number of methods including doping, spin precession and the application of strain.


Verbal aggression victimization, such as homophobic name-calling, has been linked to heavier substance use among young people, but little longitudinal research has examined how different types of victimization may affect substance use or whether certain psychosocial factors moderate these risks. In a diverse cohort (N  = 2,663), latent transition analysis was used to model heterogeneity in victimization (age 19) and substance use (age 20). Four victimization (high victimization, homophobic name-calling only, verbal sexual harassment only, and low victimization) and three substance use (poly-substance use, alcohol, and cannabis only, low all) classes were identified. The high victimization and homophobic name-calling only classes had the highest probabilities of transitioning into the poly-substance use class, and the high victimization class had the highest probability of transitioning into the alcohol and cannabis only class. The probability of transitioning into the low all substance use class was highest in the low victimization class and lowest in the high victimization class. For the high victimization class, greater depressive symptoms increased the odds, and better peer relationship quality decreased the odds, of transitioning into the poly-substance use and alcohol and cannabis only classes. For the homophobic name-calling only class, greater depressive symptoms increased the odds of transitioning into the poly-substance use class. Homophobic name-calling, alone or in combination with verbal sexual harassment, is a risk factor for escalating substance use in young adulthood, especially among victims with depressive symptoms.


Abstract To investigate the processes that control Ta incorporation in zircon, two types of synthesis experiments were performed: (1) crystallization of zircon from an Li-Mo flux at 1 atm, and (2) crystallization of zircon (with or without coexisting tantalite) from a highly fluxed pegmatitic melt at 200 MPa and nearly water-saturated conditions. The first type of experiment is used to identify the influence of various doping elements (Hf, P, Al, and Mn) on Ta incorporation in zircon. These experiments reveal that P hinders the incorporation of Ta, whereas Al enhances Ta incorporation via charge balancing, and that Ta can be incorporated in the absence of any other doping element via the creation of vacancies in the zircon structure. Hafnium does not affect significantly Ta incorporation. Manganese and lithium do not enter the structure of zircon, except in the presence of P. Experiments with Nb show that the concentration of this element in zircon is nearly one order of magnitude lower than Ta (for similar Ta and Nb concentrations in the flux). The second type of experiments show how Ta is incorporated in zircon in natural granite and pegmatite systems. In those systems, P and Al have elevated concentrations, and P is preferentially incorporated in zircon via Al substitution to maintain charge balance. Below a P/Ta atomic ratio of ~10 in the melt, Ta competes with P for Al, and P is involved in a coupled substitution with Mn for charge balancing. Concentrations up to 3.7 wt% Ta2O5 (0.03 apfu calculated to four atoms of oxygen) were measured in these zircon samples. The partition coefficients of Ta between melt and zircon are around 1 at 800-900 °C at conditions close to tantalite saturation. These results show that zircon incorporates significant amounts of Ta from the melt in P-poor peraluminous granites with a P/Ta atomic ratio lower than -10, which may ultimately affect the precipitation of Ta minerals. Such interactions between cations both in melts and in mineral structures are important to constrain in order to understand raremetal enrichment in granitic systems.


-String matching problem received much atten- tion over the years due to its importance in various applica-tions such as text/file comparison, DNA sequencing, search engines, and spelling correction. Especially with the introduction of search engines dealing with tremendous amount of textual information presented on the world wide web and the research on DNA sequencing, this problem deserves special attention and any algorithmic or hardware improve-ments to speed up the process will benefit these important applications. In this paper, we present three algorithms for string matching on reconfigurable mesh architectures. Given a text T of length n and a pattern P of length m, the first al- gorithm finds the exact matching between T and P in O(1) time on a 2-dimensional RMESH of size (n - m+ 1) x m. The second algorithm finds the approximate matching between T and P in O(k) time on a 2D RMESH, where k is the max- imum edit distance between T and P. The third algorithm allows only the replacement operation in the calculation of the edit distance and finds an approximate matching between T and P in constant-time on a 3D RMESH.


Reef-building corals depend on symbiotic mutualisms with photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. This large microalgal group comprises many highly divergent lineages ("Clades A–I") and hundreds of undescribed species. Given their ecological importance, efforts have turned to genomic approaches to characterize the functional ecology of Symbiodinium. To date, investigators have only compared gene expression between representatives from separate clades—the equivalent of contrasting genera or families in other dinoflagellate groups—making it impossible to distinguish between clade-level and species-level functional differences. Here, we examined the transcriptomes of four species within one Symbiodinium clade (Clade B) at ∼20,000 orthologous genes, as well as multiple isoclonal cell lines within species (i.e., cultured strains). These species span two major adaptive radiations within Clade B, each encompassing both host-specialized and ecologically cryptic taxa. Species-specific expression differences were consistently enriched for photosynthesis-related genes, likely reflecting selection pressures driving niche diversification. Transcriptional variation among strains involved fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis pathways. Such differences among individuals are potentially a major source of physiological variation, contributing to the functional diversity of coral holobionts composed of unique host–symbiont genotype pairings. Our findings expand the genomic resources available for this important symbiont group and emphasize the power of comparative transcriptomics as a method for studying speciation processes and interindividual variation in nonmodel organisms.


While many rural communities consider themselves a part of something other than an agriculturally-oriented economy, most are nevertheless deeply affected by agricultural policy and practice. Other long-standing rural occupations, such as logging, mining, and fishing, share with agriculture the finite nature of the resource base involved. Historically, this circumstance led to the development of resource stewardship in rural communities and to the resulting evolution of cultural practices tending to sustain the extractive nature of these occupations. In this regard, all of these types of communities are similar. They are similar, too, in that during this century, all have witnessed the distant corporate takeover of their local economies, resulting in the gradual loss of local stewardly wisdom and a clear trend toward unsustainable production practices. Although we focus on agriculture in this essay, by far the most prevalent economic orientation for rural communities in this country, the dynamics discussed are readily transferable to other types of communities. We will be operating on an important premise that already may be apparent from what has been said; that is, we believe it is impossible to separate the concerns of rural schools from their larger social, economic, and political milieu. Because we believe this is the case, it seems that questions concerning rural education must go hand-in-hand with questions about rural community. The goal of this essay, therefore, is to identify contextual obstacles that inhibit both rural school and community renewal and to begin to chart a course others may find useful in their attempts to maneuver around these obstacles.


A study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of four types of amine modified charcoal filter canisters (cartridge) for use with gas masks (respirators) by measuring emissions of triethylamine (TEA) and diethylamine (DEA). Sampling and analysis methods for TEA and DEA were validated and optimized to ensure accurate measurement at low levels. A total of 88 air samples were taken by the validated methods to measure concentrations of TEA and DEA emitted from gas mask canisters during simulated use in an environmental chamber. Samples were collected on a mannequin equipped with a breather pump and also on human volunteers. Very low levels of TEA and moderately low levels of DEA emissions were measured during the simulations. The C7 (KOH-TEA-BPL/ASC3T) gas mask canister giving the lowest emission has been selected for use by the Canadian Forces. The potential health hazard from TEA and DEA for soldiers using the gas masks, under normal conditions, based on estimated use of one to two days per month, for a maximum of 4 hours/day for a normal working lifetime, was considered to be minimal and acceptable.


The goal of this study was to further confirm, characterize, and classify LHS 3844 b, an exoplanet detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Additionally, we strove to determine the likeliness of LHS 3844 b and similar planets as qualified candidates for observation with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We accomplished these objectives by analyzing the stellar light curve, theoretical emission spectroscopy metric (ESM), and theoretical Planck spectrum of LHS 3844 b. We remotely obtained pre-reduced ground-based data of LHS 3844 b from the El Sauce Observatory. We hypothesized that LHS 3844 b and similar target TESS candidates are qualified for future JWST follow-up. Through AstroImageJ and the Python programming language, we converted the calibrated data images into normalized and fitted flux light curves. Through our best-fit light curve model, we classified LHS 3844 b as a terrestrial planet. The calculated ESM of LHS 3844 b surpassed the projected threshold for simulated planets deemed qualified for JWST spectroscopic follow-up, and the Planck spectrum of LHS 3844 b revealed that the observed wavelengths between 6,000 and 10,000 nanometers would produce the highest signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations of LHS 3844 b and like planets. These findings will improve the accuracy and efficiency of spectroscopic follow-ups performed by the JWST, and we intend to apply these methods to study a variety of exoplanets.


In this work, the emphasis is on the development of strategies to realize techniques of numerical computing on the graphics chip. In particular, the focus is on the acceleration of techniques for solving sets of algebraic equations as they occur in numerical simulation. We introduce a framework for the implementation of linear algebra operators on programmable graphics processors (GPUs), thus providing the building blocks for the design of more complex numerical algorithms. In particular, we propose a stream model for arithmetic operations on vectors and matrices that exploits the intrinsic parallelism and efficient communication on modern GPUs. Besides performance gains due to improved numerical computations, graphics algorithms benefit from this model in that the transfer of computation results to the graphics processor for display is avoided. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by implementing direct solvers for sparse matrices, and by applying these solvers to multi-dimensional finite difference equations, i.e. the 2D wave equation and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations.


In human locomotion, the magnitude of gait variability is a strong predictor of fall risk and frailty due to aging and disease. Beyond variability magnitude, the past two decades have provided emerging alternative methodologies for studying biological variability. Specifically, coordination variability has been found to be critically important within a healthy, adaptive system. While many activities aim to minimize end-point variability, greater coordination variability indicates a more flexible system, and is greater in experts compared to novices, or healthy compared to diseased individuals. Finally, variability structure (i.e., fractal dynamics) may describe the overall adaptive capacity of the locomotor system. We provide empirical support that fractal dynamics are associated with step length symmetry during challenging split-belt treadmill walking. Individuals whose fractal scaling approached 1/f fractal scaling during constrained walking also exhibited the best gait adaptability performance. Importa...


Thallium is a highly toxic element that humans are exposed to mainly by consumption of drinking water and vegetables grown in soil with high thallium content but also through inhalation of particles in the air. Thallium is also present in fossil fuels, alloys, and in electronic utilities. The increasing use of the element and emissions from notably energy production has lead to a higher load on the surface of the Earth. This study aims at increasing the knowledge about the behaviour of thallium in aquatic environments. Focus has been on the redox chemistry of thallium in relation to its mobility, which is of great importance because Tl(I) and Tl(III) have very different properties in this respect. The relationship between Tl(I) and Tl(III) in surface waters from contaminated and uncontaminated environments was examined by ion chromatography connected on line to ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). It was found in controlled systems that even though Tl(III) is thermodynamically unstable under fresh water conditions Tl(I) was oxidised in the presence of light and iron(III). This was also confirmed in field studies. When lake water samples were exposed to light, Tl(I) was oxidised and thallium was lost from the solution. The most likely explanation for this was adsorption of thallium to particle surfaces. The concentration of thallium in Swedish lakes and soil were measured. In unpolluted lakes the concentration ranges between 4.5-12 ng/l, the sediment concentration was 0.07-1.46 mg/kg. The anthropogenic load was found to have increased since the end of the Second World War although concentrations above background were found since the early industrialisation. In contaminated areas the concentration in soil ranges from 0.64-88 mg/kg, high concentrations were found in systems with alum shale and in soil exposed to runoff from a lead and zinc enrichment plant. The mobilisation of thallium from solid phases in contaminated areas was dependent on pH and about 50% of the leachable content was mobilised already at pH 5-6. Once it had been released to water it was highly mobile. These conditions suggest that in a large part of the Swedish environment a high mobility of thallium can be expected.


The use of ROC Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis as a tool for evaluating the performance of classification models in machine learning has been increasing in the last decade. Among the most notable advances in this area are the extension of two-class ROC analysis to the multi-class case as well as the employment of ROC analysis in cost-sensitive learning. Methods now exist which take instance-varying costs into account. The purpose of our paper is to present a survey of this field with the aim of gathering important achievements in one place. In the paper, we present application areas of the ROC analysis in machine learning, describe its problems and challenges and provide a summarized list of alternative approaches to ROC analysis. In addition to presented theory, we also provide a couple of examples intended to illustrate the described approaches.


I'm of African-American, Ashkenazy Jewish and US Anglo origins, am from a Marxist, feminist and black nationalist political background, and grew up in the Highlands of Scotland; all this has influenced my research interests. I analyze the cultures of imperialism and of anti-colonialist resistance, and have a particular interest in South Africa. I am also very interested in black Atlantic and black diaspora studies. My current interdisciplinary book project is provisionally titled Nationalism, Modernity and Transnationalism in African Intellectuals. The book focuses on black South African nationalists, and their links with African-American intellectuals of the early 20th century.


"Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease contribute significantly to the lower life expectancy and disproportionately high rates of morbidity of Indigenous Australians; diet plays a key role in protecting against these conditions; the people of Galiwin'ku, an Aboriginal community in North-East Arnhem Land, are striving to improve their health and well-being by addressing the nutritional quality of the food supply and encouraging healthy eating practices; through a series of studies, this thesis investigates the problem of poor nutrition and the factors influencing eating behaviour in Galiwin'ku community; guided by the social-ecological perspective of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, this thesis comprises four assessment phases: 1) an epidemiological assessment (screening study) of the extent of type 2 diabetes and related conditions; 2) a behavioural and environmental assessment of dietary intake, food affordability and availability (quantitative assessment of community level food supply); 3) an educational and ecological assessment of historical and contemporary factors impacting on diet and nutrition improvement (archival, observational and structured and unstructured interview methods); and 4) an administration and policy assessment of facilitators and barriers to improving the nutritional quality of food available through the community store (case study using observational and structured and unstructured interview methods); the epidemiological assessment identified excess weight gain among young people as a modifiable risk factor to prevent type 2 diabetes; the behavioural and environmental assessment identified access to healthy food and poverty as key determinants of food choice; the educational and ecological assessment suggests that nutrition improvement efforts need to consider broader-based determinants such as employment, housing, the availability and cost of food, and illicit substance use; the administration and policy assessment found the community store a critical intervention point for increasing the availability of healthy food choices; to achieve this, a framework is proposed based on a collaborative 'whole-of-store' approach that integrates feed-back into a cyclic improvement model" [Taken from abstract]


Dipolar interactions are fundamentally different from the usual van der Waals forces in real gases. Besides the anisotropy the dipolar interaction is nonlocal and as such allows for self organized structure formation. Candidates for dipolar species are polar molecules, Rydberg atoms and magnetic atoms. More than ten years ago the first dipolar effects in a quantum gas were observed in an ultracold Chromium gas. By the use of a Feshbach resonance a purely dipolar quantum gas was observed three years after. By now dipolar interaction effects have been observed in lattices and also for polar molecules. Recently it became possible to study degenerate gases of lanthanide atoms among which one finds the most magnetic atoms. Similar to the Rosensweig instability in classical magnetic ferrofluids self-organized structure formation was expected. In our experiments with quantum gases of Dysprosium atoms we could recently observe the formation of a droplet crystal. In contrast to theoretical mean field based predictions the superfluid droplets did not collapse. We find that this unexpected stability is due to beyond meanfield quantum corrections of the Lee-Huang-Yang type. We observe and study self-bound droplets which can interfere with each other. These droplets are 100 million times less dense than liquid helium droplets and open new perspectives as a truly isolated quantum system.


The structure and thermodynamics of solid surfaces are considered in this single volume. This includes their reactivity and catalytic role, as well as their tribological features such as friction, lubrication, adhesion and wear. The importance of surface coatings and surface films upon material properties is also reviewed, and a range of articles on the production and characterisation of thin films is included. Approximately one hundred articles have been selected which discuss the above features in a range of material families, e.g. metallic, ceramic and polymeric. Reviews of the surface properties of wood and paper are also included. Keep up-to-date with the pace of developments in material science and engineering. This book is designed for quick reference and ease of use combining theory and practice to enhance work flow. It is a single volume concise reference work for engineers, scientists and consultants working in the field.


This paper proposes a flexible framework for analyzing the joint time series properties of the level and volatility of expected excess stock returns. An unobservable dynamic factor is constructed as a nonlinear proxy for the market risk premia with its first moment and conditional volatility driven by a latent Markov variable. The model allows for the possibility that the riskreturn relationship may not be constant across the Markov states or over time. We find a distinct business cycle pattern in the conditional expectation and variance of the monthly value-weighted excess return. Typically, the conditional mean decreases a couple of months before or at the peak of expansions, and increases before the end of recessions. On the other hand, the conditional volatility rises considerably during economic recessions. With respect to the contemporaneous risk-return dynamics, we find an overall significantly negative relationship. However, their correlation is not stable, but instead varies according to the stage of the business cycle. In particular, around the beginning of recessions, volatility increases substantially reflecting great uncertainty associated with these periods, while expected returns decrease anticipating a decline in earnings. Thus, around economic peaks there is a negative relationship between conditional expectation and variance. However, towards the end of a recession expected returns are at its highest value as an anticipation of the economic recovery, and volatility is still very high in anticipation of the end of the contraction. That is, the risk-return relation is positive around business cycle troughs. This time-varying behavior also holds for non-contemporaneous correlations of these two conditional moments.


Background Cocoa and cocoa-based products contain different compounds with beneficial properties for human health. Polyphenols are the most frequently studied, and display antioxidant properties. Moreover, protein content is a very interesting source of antioxidant bioactive peptides, which can be used therapeutically for the prevention of age-related diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings A bioactive peptide, 13L (DNYDNSAGKWWVT), was obtained from a hydrolyzed cocoa by-product by chromatography. The in vitro inhibition of prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) was used as screening method to select the suitable fraction for peptide identification. Functional analysis of 13L peptide was achieved using the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain CL4176 expressing the human Aβ1–42 peptide as a pre-clinical in vivo model for Alzheimer's disease. Among the peptides isolated, peptide 13L (1 µg/mL) showed the highest antioxidant activity (P≤0.001) in the wild-type strain (N2). Furthermore, 13L produced a significant delay in body paralysis in strain CL4176, especially in the 24–47 h period after Aβ1–42 peptide induction (P≤0.0001). This observation is in accordance with the reduction of Aβ deposits in CL4176 by western blot. Finally, transcriptomic analysis in wild-type nematodes treated with 13L revealed modulation of the proteosomal and synaptic functions as the main metabolic targets of the peptide. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the cocoa 13L peptide has antioxidant activity and may reduce Aβ deposition in a C. elegans model of Alzheimer's disease; and therefore has a putative therapeutic potential for prevention of age-related diseases. Further studies in murine models and humans will be essential to analyze the effectiveness of the 13L peptide in higher animals.


We calculate the properties of the $4d$ ferromagnet ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ in bulk and thin film form with the aim of understanding the experimentally observed metal-to-insulator transition at reduced thickness. Although the spatial extent of the $4d$ orbitals is quite large, many experimental results have suggested that electron-electron correlations play an important role in determining this material's electronic structure. In order to investigate the importance of correlation, we use two approaches which go beyond the conventional local-density approximation to density-functional theory (DFT): the local spin-density $\text{approximation}+\text{Hubbard}$ $U$ $(\text{LSDA}+U)$ and the pseudopotential self-interaction correction (pseudo-SIC) methods. We find that the details of the electronic structure predicted with the LSDA do not agree with the experimental spectroscopic data for bulk and thin film ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$. Improvement is found by including electron-electron correlations, and we suggest that bulk orthorhombic ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ is a moderately correlated ferromagnet whose electronic structure is best described by a 0.6 eV on-site Hubbard term, or equivalently with corrections for the self-interaction error. We also perform ab initio transport calculations that confirm that ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ has a negative spin polarization at the Fermi level, due to the position of the minority $\text{Ru}\text{ }4d$ band center. Even with static correlations included in our calculations we are unable to reproduce the experimentally observed metal-insulator transition, suggesting that the electronic behavior of ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ ultrathin films might be dominated by extrinsic factors, such as surface disorder and defects, or due to dynamic spin correlations which are not included in our theoretical methods.


We study the differences in the impact of trade restrictions on the level of imports (e.g. 200,000 automobiles per years) and restrictions defined in terms of market shares (e.g. 10% of the market). We argue that if domestic firms enjoy some market power proportional trade restrictions have a stronger anticompetitive effect than volume restrictions, and therefore lead to higher equilibrium prices and lower social welfeare. In the case of Cournot competition and constant marginal costs, with proportional import restraints the equilibrium price sticks to the autarchic level, independently of the market share reserved for foreign firms. As a consequence, enlarging the share of imports does not increase consumers surplus and negatively affects the profits of domestic firms, thus lowering social welfare.


Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical condition with which patients present in emergency departments worldwide. It is also a rare cause of intestinal obstruction. Here, we report a case of a 53-year-old man who presented with a clinical picture of mechanical small bowel obstruction. Leucocytosis was not demonstrated on the routine blood investigation in our case, in contrast to the findings for most patients with acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis, as the cause of the intestinal obstruction, was diagnosed by computed tomography of the abdomen. The patient was treated using diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic appendectomy. This case was compared with those previously reported in the medical literature to determine the frequency of the case and the surgical management.


Neonate losses are very important case in young animals in Indonesia, which is due to the virus, bacteria or parasites in conjunction with failure of passive transfer (FPT). Consequently, it is very urgent to break down these problems by realizing a scientific strategy on immunoglobulin-G (IgG) passive transfer in neonates. The existence of neonates life naturally depends on environmental conditions included to the nutrients supplied by their mother. The proteins immunoglobulin contained in the mother's colostrums are essential nutrients for immunity system of the newborn. This article aims to present the use of protein immunoglobular in colostrums through passive transfer of antibodies as a strategy in response to the high mortality rate of neonate animals in Indonesia, especially to goat farm in traditional farm maintenance system. In a farm system like this, it has a high risk of pathogenic infection. Limitations on the immune system of a new born occurred because in the uterus, a variety of antibody molecules from mother circulation cannot be transferred through the placenta to embryo. Consequently in the new ex-utero environment, such individuals are very susceptible to various infections of pathogenic micro-organisms.


. In this article, an approach of detailing verified test scenarios for developed software system without losing the model's semantics is proposed. Existing problem of generating test cases for real software systems is solved by using multi-level paradigm to obtain the real system signals, transactions and states. Because of this, the process is divided into several steps. Initial abstract traces (test cases) with symbolic values are generated from the verified behavioral model of software product. On the next step, called concretization, these values in test scenarios are replaced with concrete ones. Resulting concrete traces are then used as input for the next step, data structures conversion. This step is needed because concrete traces do not contain all the information for communicating with developed software and presented in another way with different data structures. After concrete test scenarios are detailed, they can be used for generation of executable test cases for informational and control systems. In this paper, a software tool is suggested for detailing test scenarios. It consists of several modules: a Lowering editor that allows user to create rules of detailing a signal, a Signals editor used to define complex data structures inside the signal and a Templates editor that eases work with similar signals. Process of translating abstract data structures into detailed data structures used in system implementation is presented with examples.


Background The shoulder is the most commonly injured joint among competitive swimmers, and there are suggestions that sex, swimming stroke and level or training/competition are risk factors, but previous studies are inconclusive and have used small cohorts and/or relatively low level competitors. Objectiv To document the incidence, nature, severity and location of shoulder injuries in competitive highly trained swimmers, and whether these factors were influenced by sex, swimming stroke and level of competition. Design Retrospective study. Setting Swimming competitions and clubs. Participants 132 young competitive adult swimmers (61 females, 71 males; age, 21±2 yrs; body mass: 73±11kg; current training volume, 16±4 hrs/wk; competitive history 9±3 years). Risk factor assessment Participants completed a retrospective questionnaire concerning their age, sex, competitive standard, primary stroke, recent training volume. Main outcome measurements They also recorded their experience of shoulder injury incidence (new injury, recurrence), time loss severity (mild, moderate, severe), nature of injury onset (acute/chronic) and location (left, right, both). Results 99 swimmers (74%) had experienced shoulder injury, collectively reporting 124 unique injuries, and >50% of these injuries had recurred at least once. 22% of swimmers were currently experiencing shoulder pain, and 10% were currently receiving treatment for shoulder injury. Injury incidence was not influenced by sex (P=.223) or competitive standard (P=.415). There were more chronic than acute injuries (86 vs 38; P=.001). There were tendencies for more injuries to the right than left shoulder (65 vs 43, P=.066), and for a higher incidence of severe injuries than expected (P=.053). Shoulder injury was 50% lower for breaststroke swimmers, but this difference was not significant P=.245). Conclusions Injury incidence was not influenced by sex or level of competition, but was 50% lower for breaststroke swimmers. Despite the symmetrical nature of swimming the right shoulder seems to be at greater risk of injury.


We introduce a unifying file system abstraction, called a quFile, that provides a new mechanism for implementing mobile data management policies. quFiles allow arbitrary data types to be bundled together without confusing the user. Similar to a quBit (quantum bit), the particular data displayed by a quFile is not determined until the moment it is observed. A quFile displays the appropriate data type and version depending upon an application-specific policy that can take any information into account, such as the platform, external devices, context, connectivity, or battery power. We first describe what the quFile mechanism provides to applications and mobile devices. We then discuss how quFiles can benefit mobile data management in the areas of resource management, extensibility, and data consistency and availability.


The aim was to elucidate the experiences of people with mild to moderate acquired brain injury to learn how hidden dysfunctions influence their interactions in different social relations. A focus group of four sessions with the same five informants was conducted and analysed using qualitative content analysis. The analysis revealed one main theme: the dysfunctions created hidden challenges and uncertainty in the informants' encounters with others. The main theme was illustrated by five sub-themes: uncertainty in encounters with others, an additional burden of being misunderstood, little consideration for hidden dysfunctions at work, little consideration for hidden dysfunctions from health and social services, and different coping strategies in encounters with others. The results emphasize the informants' uncertainty in unfamiliar situations while adapting to changes in their functioning and addressing additional challenges due to the invisibility, unpredictability and stigmatization of their reduced functioning and to others' ignorance regarding hidden dysfunctions.


I will start by reviewing some recent results on qualitative properties of local minimizers of the interaction energy to motivate the main topic of my talk: to discuss global minimizers. We will show the existence of compactly supported global miminizers under quite mild assumptions on the potential in the complementary set of classical H-stability in statistical mechanics. A strong connection with the classical obstacle problem appears very useful when the singularity is strong enough at zero. An approach from discrete to continuum is also quite nice under convexity assumptions on the potential. This is based on three preprints/works in preparation one together with F. Patacchini, J.A. Canizo, another one with M. Delgadino and A. Mellet, and finally with M. Chipot and Y. Huang.


This article is devoted to cognitive aspects of establishing figure-ground relations in view of developing virtual interlocutors capable of maintaining a dialogue with humans. The nature of figure-ground recognition is reinterpreted from the perspective of computer as an active participant of dialogue interaction with the aim of improvement of its communicative competence. The results of the research suggest the ways of optimizing the functioning of automatic dialogue systems. The components which are crucial to the establishment of figure-ground relations have been modeled for virtual interlocutors, implementation of which in the development of the linguistically competent chat-bot made it possible to achieve the natural and coherent dialogical communication between the human and the machine.


ABSTRACT CL 188,624, CL 190,294, and CL 191,121 are novel aminomethyl tetrahydrofuranyl (THF)-1β-methylcarbapenems. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these THF carbapenems were evaluated and compared with those of biapenem, imipenem, and meropenem against 554 recent clinical isolates obtained from geographically distinct medical centers across North America. The antibacterial activities of the THF carbapenems were equivalent to that of biapenem, and the THF carbapenems were slightly more active than imipenem and less active than meropenem against most of the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae but lacked significant activity against Pseudomonasisolates. In general, CL 191,121 was two- to fourfold more active than CL 188,624 and CL 190,294 against the staphylococcal and enterococcal isolates tested. CL 191,121 was twofold less active than imipenem against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and was as activity as imipenem against Enterococcus faecalis isolates. Biapenem and meropenem were two- and fourfold less active than CL 191,121, respectively, against the methicillin-susceptible staphylococci andE. faecalis. All the carbapenems displayed equivalent good activities against the streptococci. Biapenem was slightly more active than the other carbapenems againstBacteroides fragilis isolates. Time-kill curve studies demonstrated that the THF carbapenems were bactericidal in 6 h against Escherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus isolates. The postantibiotic effect exerted by CL 191,121 was comparable to or slightly longer than that of imipenem against isolates of S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.


The reduction of tungsten hexachloride with lead powder was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Intermediate compounds along the way of the reduction of W6+ to W2+ were detected, prepared by solid-state synthesis, and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. Five new compounds, namely Pb0.5WCl6, PbW2Cl10, Pb1.5[W3Cl13], Pb2Cl[W3Cl13], and Pb[W6Cl14] are discovered to be formed with increasing temperature, and structurally characterized within this study. The analysis of the reduction pathway is meant to gain a better understanding of the metallothermic reduction process and intercalation chemistry in the solid state.