Problem The number of young people dropping out of the Seventh-day Adventist Church has increased 50 percent in the last ten years. Fifty-seven percent of those who left indicated the primary reason was not doctrines or theological issues, but the lack of relevance of the church to their lifestyle, spiritual needs, and everyday challenges. The purpose of this dissertation was to identify the spiritual, emotional, and relational needs of a specific generation, such as the millennial; and to develop a biblical spiritual lifestyle strategy to help today's churches to reach and effectively minister to the members of that generation. Method The Scriptures were searched to see God's method to reach and supply the need of His people. Current literature was searched for data collected by experts to help identify the characteristics and needs of the generation. The four stages of the spiritual formation strategy were developed and recommended for use by youth leaders, beginning with their own journey with God (intimacy), getting to know the generation they try to minister to (identity), making a connection between strategy and young people (integration), and finally implementing the strategy in their own environment (impact). Lastly, the strategy and insights were implemented and evaluated at the Lighthouse Church in San Juan Puerto Rico. Results The central argument was the return of interest and investigation into God's activity and in His primary target - the human being. Heart-shaping involves both divine and human activity. God does not unilaterally mold and sculpt passive human beings who exercise no role in scripting their life development. Throughout the Bible it is found that God is more interested in developing relationships than religion. Youth leaders must take into consideration the spiritual journey of the young people who are going through different phases when ministering to this generation. Strategies include creating an effective relational ministry, developing a genuine encounter with God, and offering a safe place where young people can find practical solutions for their daily challenges and develop a servant heart toward the world. After completing my research, I discovered that the real strategy must begin by placing total dependence on God's Word and His power. Youth workers must be a godly people before they are able to do God's work. The youth worker's first assignment is to be able to humbly recognize that God is the only One who can change the hearts of this generation. Youth workers must therefore look for every opportunity to develop a deep and personal relationship with God. Next, the characteristics and the needs of the Millennial Generation must be identified and met. The reason young people have difficulties with self-worth, spiritual growth, and maturity is because their true identity in Christ has been distorted. Youth ministers should work towards God's eternal plan, which is to bring young people back to Him and restore their relationship with Him. Conclusions Applied in the local church, the "spiritual formation strategy" included the elements of acceptance and belonging, authenticity and spiritual worship, attraction and involvement, and application to make a difference in the world. The emphasis on the incamational ministry of Jesus and the developing of the spiritual life of young people is more than merely programming. It includes mentoring and modeling as well.


Abstract The late Paleocene-early Eocene transition was characterized by a long period of global warming that culminated with the highest temperatures of the Cenozoic. This interval is associated with a significant increase in plant diversity in temperate latitudes. However, data from tropical regions remain largely unknown. The record of pollen and spore diversity across the late Paleocene to the early middle Eocene of eight sections in central and eastern Colombia was analyzed. Several techniques, including range-through method, rarefaction, bootstrap, detrended correspondence analysis, and Shannon index, were used to assess the significance of the observed diversity pattern. The palynofloral record indicates that the lower to middle Eocene contains a significantly higher palynofloral diversity than the underlying upper Paleocene strata. This pattern is maintained after accounting for sample size, number of samples/time unit, lithofacies, and depositional systems. Eocene palynofloras have higher alpha and beta diversities and a higher equitability than Paleocene palynofloras. This increase in diversity is the product of a gradual increase in the rate of first appearances and a gradual decrease in the rate of last appearances. The early to middle Eocene increase in diversity, as well as the increase in spore abundance and diversity, suggests that tropical (equatorial) climate became wetter during the early to middle Eocene. This interpretation favors causes for early Eocene warming that do not involve significant increases in greenhouse gases. Samples from strata associated with the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum were barren for palynomorphs, and the effects of this climatic event on tropical vegetation remains uncertain.


Evaluating the performance of an agent or group of agents can be, by itself, a very challenging problem. The stochastic nature of the environment plus the stochastic nature of agents' decisions can result in estimates with intractably large variances This paper examines the problem of finding low variance estimates of agent performance. In particular, we assume that some agent-environment dynamics are known, such as the random outcome of drawing a card or rolling a die. Other dynamics are unknown, such as the reasoning of a human or other black-box agent. Using the known dynamics, we describe the complete set of all unbiased estimators, that is, for any possible unknown dynamics the estimate's expectation is always the agent's expected utility. Then, given a belief abcut the unknown dynamics, we identify the unbiased estimator with minimum variance. If the belief is correct our estimate is optimal, and if the belief is wrong it is at least unbiased. Finally, we apply our unbiased estimator to the game of poker, demonstrating dramatically reduced variance and faster evaluation.


Walsh sequences (which formed an additive groups and generated by Rademacher sequences) are used widely at the forward links of communication channels to mix the information on connecting to and at the backward links of these channels to sift through this information is transmitted to reach the receivers this information in correct form, specially in the pilot channels, the Sync channels, and the Traffics channel. This research is useful to generate new sets of sequences (which are also additive groups) by compose Walsh sequences with the bigger lengths and the bigger minimum distance that assists to increase secrecy of these information and increase the possibility of correcting mistakes resulting in the channels of communication.


The brain's control of movement is thought to involve coordinated activity between cerebellar Purkinje cells. The results reported here demonstrate that somatic Ca2+ imaging is a faithful reporter of Na+-dependent "simple spike" pauses and enables us to optically record changes in firing rates in populations of Purkinje cells. This simultaneous calcium imaging of populations of Purkinje cells reveals a striking spatial organization of pauses in Purkinje cell activity between neighboring cells. The source of this organization is shown to be the presynaptic GABAergic network and blocking GABAARs abolishes the synchrony. These data suggest that presynaptic interneurons synchronize (in)activity between neighboring Purkinje cells and thereby maximize their effect on downstream targets in the deep cerebellar nuclei.


We link personnel records of the federal civil service to census data for 1907-1921 to study the segregation of the civil service by race under President Woodrow Wilson. Using a difference-in-differences design to compare the black-white wage gap around Wilson's presidential transition, we find that the introduction of employment segregation increased the black wage penalty by 7 percentage points. This gap increases over time and is driven by a reallocation of already-serving black civil servants to lower paid positions. Our results thus document significant costs borne by minorities during a unique episode of state-sanctioned discrimination.


Non-rigid image registration finds use in a wide range of medical applications ranging from diagnostics to minimally invasive image-guided interventions. Automatic non-rigid image registration algorithms are computationally intensive in that they can take hours to register two images. Although hierarchical volume subdivision-based algorithms are inherently faster than other non-rigid registration algorithms, they can still take a long time to register two images. We show a parallel implementation of one such previously reported and well tested algorithm on a cluster of thirty two processors which reduces the registration time from hours to a few minutes. Mutual information (MI) is one of the most commonly used image similarity measures used in medical image registration and also in the mentioned algorithm. In addition to parallel implementation, we propose a new concept based on bit-slicing to accelerate computation of MI on the cluster and, more generally, on any parallel computing platform such as the Graphics processor units (GPUs). GPUs are becoming increasingly common for general purpose computing in the area of medical imaging as they can execute algorithms faster by leveraging the parallel processing power they offer. However, the standard implementation of MI does not map well to the GPU architecture, leading earlier investigators to compute only an inexact version of MI on the GPU to achieve speedup. The bit-slicing technique we have proposed enables us to demonstrate an exact implementation of MI on the GPU without adversely affecting the speedup.


Background and Hypothesis:
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by deposition of extracellular amyloid beta plaques resulting in activation of plaque associated CNS glial cells, namely microglia and astrocytes. While extensive research has been directed to understand the role of microglia in neurodegenerative changes in AD, relatively little is known of astrocytic contributions to the disease. Studies using nerve injury models have shown that pro-inflammatory microglia can induce neurotoxic astrocytic phenotypes. In AD, the microglial gene TREM2 has been implicated in mediating neuroprotective immune functions. Research suggests that microglia go through TREM2-independent, followed by TREM2-dependent activation to mediate neuroprotection in diseases like AD, ALS and PD. The central objective of this project is to evaluate whether TREM2 dependent skewing of microglial activation generates neuro-protective/toxic astroglial populations.
Experimental Design or Project Methods:
We will use the 5XFAD mouse model of AD in this project. Changes in microglial and astroglial activation will be evaluated in 4-month-old 5xFAD; TREM2+/-mice using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy
Results:
Our results show an increase in proinflammatory, plaque associated microglia expressing MHCII and C1qA in 5XFAD;TREM2+/- mice relative to 5XFAD;TREM2+/+ mice. This is accompanied by an increase in GFAP+S100B- reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus and subiculum.
Conclusion and Potential Impact:
TREM2 deficiency in a mouse model of AD skews the microglia to a proinflammatory phenotype, which may correlate with heightened astroglial reactivity and neurotoxicity. As loss of function mutations in TREM2 have been associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative changes, these data shed light on how TREM2-mediated microglial-astrocytic crosstalk may influence disease progression.


Le Benshi d'Angers (The Benshi of Angers, 2011), a performance by the contemporary artist Patrick Corillon, during which the artist tells the story of a fictive daydream, constitutes the starting point of this contribution. The author's analysis of the work has led to a consideration whether Freud's « Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming » (1908 e), in which he postulates a relation between "phantasying" and literary creation, may clarify the creative process that generated the artist's work. In answer to this question, the author refines Freud's hypothesis, for Corillon's work, by arguing for a relationship between the creation of narrative fiction and sleep fantasy, as conceived by Pierre Fedida. The artist benefits from moments of insomnia in order to transform them into creative moments and during this creative process the "potential space" may engender itself. This hypothesis is consolidated by the study of a second work by Patrick Corillon, La Foret des Origines (The Wood of the Origins, 2008).


Soft objects are widely used in our day-to-day lives, and provide both comfort and safety in contrast to hard objects. Also, soft objects are able to provide a natural and rich haptic sensation. In human-computer interaction, soft interfaces have been shown to be able to increase emotional attachment between human and machines, and increase the entertainment value of the interaction. We propose the FuwaFuwa sensor, a small, flexible and wireless module to effectively measure shape deformation in soft objects using IR-based directional photoreflectivity measurements. By embedding multiple FuwaFuwa sensors within a soft object, we can easily convert any soft object into a touch-input device able to detect both touch position and surface displacement. Furthermore, since it is battery-powered and equipped with wireless communication, it can be easily installed in any soft object. Besides that, because the FuwaFuwa sensor is small and wireless, it can be inserted into the soft object easily without affecting its soft properties.


Benthic invertebrates are used by a number of agencies worldwide as indicators for assessing stream health, which has resulted in the development of a variety of protocols for collecting and processing benthic samples. The large number of methods used means that calibration of data collection is not always possible, but if different methods produce similar estimates of community composition and metric values, then sharing of data can make bioassessments more efficient. This study explored the effect of two approaches to subsampling and sorting of benthic invertebrates on community composition, calculation of metrics, and assessment of stream health. We compared two commonly used sampling methods: a rapid approach, employing live, unaided sorting and a standard approach using microscope sorting of preserved samples, through a comparison of replicate samples collected from 61 streams. This study found that both methods resulted in similar estimates of community composition at a site, as determined by the Bray-Curtis similarity index. However, the live sorting methodology resulted in greater family richness and higher estimates of metrics that reflect large taxa ( i.e ., %EPT). Despite differences in a number of metrics, both methods performed equally well at identifying impairment in the test sites, with livesorting samples slightly more sensitive.


Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) is a recently developed hybrid regression method that combines the best features of conventional numerical regression techniques with the genetic programming/symbolic regression technique. The original version of EPR works with formulae based on true or pseudo-polynomial expressions using a single-objective genetic algorithm. Therefore, to obtain a set of formulae with a variable number of pseudo-polynomial coefficients, the sequential search is performed in the formulae space. This article presents an improved EPR strategy that uses a multi-objective genetic algorithm instead. We demonstrate that multi-objective approach is a more feasible instrument for data analysis and model selection. Moreover, we show that EPR can also allow for simple uncertainty analysis (since it returns polynomial structures that are linear with respect to the estimated coefficients). The methodology is tested and the results are reported in a case study relating groundwater level predictions to total monthly rainfall.


Low-angle—subduction segments beneath Peru and Chile are believed to represent interaction of the subduction zone with the aseismic Nazca and Juan Fernandez Ridges. On the basis of symmetric sea-floor–spreading models and plate-hotspot reconstructions, predicted continuations of the relatively buoyant ridges correspond well with the limits of the low-angle–subduction segments. Further, the history of interaction of the aseismic ridges with the subduction zone, as predicted by plate reconstructions, is not inconsistent with available information on volcanic episodes of the Andes, if the contemporary correlation of volcanic gaps and low-angle subduction is also applicable to the rest of the late Cenozoic.

The occurrence of deep seismicity beneath the eastern flanks of the Andes is also believed to reflect the effects of low-angle subduction. The deep-seismic segments are adjacent to segments which are presently, or were recently, experiencing low-angle subduction. Thus, the deep seismicity is interpreted as representative of remnants of "normal" oceanic lithosphere subducted before interaction of aseismic ridges with the subduction zone.

Other geologic phenomena are associated with low-angle subduction beneath South America, including landward shift in loci of tectonism, surficial subsidence, and Laramide-style deformation. The aseismic-ridge—buoyancy hypothesis appears to be a valuable predictive tool for the interpretation of such geologic effects.


Hybrid Inverse Problems Arising from Acousto-Electric Coupling Ilker Kocyigit Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Gunther Uhlmann Mathematics We study hybrid imaging techniques that aim to overcome the ill-posedness of the Electric Impedance Tomography using the acousto-electric coupling. For the isotropic case, we consider the problem of reconstructing the internal conductivity of an object by making electric measurements on the boundary while perturbing the conductivity by sending ultrasound waves to the object. The conductivity can be uniquely recovered by using one boundary potential. To obtain the uniqueness, the problem is reduced to an inverse problem with internal data. Lipschitz type stability results for certain internal data are also discussed. In the last part of this thesis we discuss similar inverse problems in more general settings.


Atalanta, devotee of Artemis and defiant of men and marriage, was a popular figure in ancient literature and art. Although scholars have thoroughly investigated the literary evidence concerning Atalanta, the material record has received less scrutiny. This article explores the written and visual evidence, primarily vase painting, of three Atalanta myths: the Calydonian boar hunt, her wrestling match with Peleus, and Atalanta9s footrace, in the context of rites of passage in ancient Greece. The three myths can be read as male and female rites of passage: the hunt, athletics, and a combination of prenuptial footrace and initiatory hunt. Atalanta plays both male and female initiatory roles in each myth: Atalanta is not only a girl facing marriage, but she is also a female hunter and female ephebe. She is the embodiment of ambiguity and liminality. Atalanta9s status as outsider and as paradoxical female is sometimes expressed visually by her appearance as Amazon or maenad or a combination of the two. Her blending of gender roles in myth offers insight into Greek ideas of social roles, gender constructs, and male perceptions of femininity. Erotic aspects of the myths of the Calydonian boar hunt and the footrace, and possibly also her wrestling match with Peleus, emphasize Atalanta as the object of male desire. Atalanta challenges men in a man9s world and therefore presents a threat, but she is erotically charged and subject to male influence and dominance.


The physical pattern of energy deposition and the enhanced relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons and carbon ions compared to photons offer unique and not fully understood or exploited opportunities to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy. Variations in RBE within a pristine or spread out Bragg peak and between particle types may be exploited to enhance cell killing in target regions without a corresponding increase in damage to normal tissue structures. In addition, the decreased sensitivity of hypoxic tumors to photon-based therapies may be partially overcome through the use of more densely ionizing radiations. These and other differences between particle and photon beams may be used to generate biologically optimized treatments that reduce normal tissue complications. In this symposium, speakers will examine the impact of the RBE of charged particles on measurable biological endpoints, treatment plan optimization, and the prediction or retrospective assessment of treatment outcomes. In particular, an AAPM task group was formed to critically examine the evidence for a spatially-variant RBE in proton therapy. Current knowledge of proton RBE variation with respect to dose, biological endpoint, and physics parameters will be reviewed. Further, the clinical relevance of these variations will be discussed. Recent work focused on improving simulations of radiation physics and biological response in proton and carbon ion therapy will also be presented. Finally, relevant biology research and areas of research needs will be highlighted, including the dependence of RBE on genetic factors including status of DNA repair pathways, the sensitivity of cancer stem-like cells to charged particles, the role of charged particles in hypoxic tumors, and the importance of fractionation effects. In addition to the physical advantages of protons and more massive ions over photons, the future application of biologically optimized treatment plans and their potential to provide higher levels of local tumor control and improved normal tissue sparing will be discussed.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To assess whether the current practice of a constant RBE of 1.1 should be revised or maintained in proton therapy and to evaluate the potential clinical consequences of delivering RBE-weighted dose distributions based on variable RBE 2. To review current research on biological models used to predict the increased biological effectiveness of proton and carbon ions to help move towards a practical understanding and implementation of biological optimization in particle therapy 3. To discuss potential differences in biological mechanisms between photons and charged particles (light and heavy ions) that could impact clinical cancer therapy H. Paganetti, NCI U19 CA21239D. Grosshans, Our research is supported by the NCIK. Held, Funding Support: National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, USA, under Award Number R21CA182259 and Federal Share of Program Income Earned by Massachusetts General Hospital on C06CA059267, Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center.


The construction of the Erie Canal may truly be described as a major event in the growth of the young United States. At a time when the internal links among the states were scanty, the canal's planners boldly projected a system of transportation that would strike from the eastern seaboard, penetrate the frontier, and forge a bond between the East and the growing settlements of the West. In this comprehensive history, Ronald E. Shaw portrays the development of the canal as viewed by its contemporaries, who rightly saw it as an engineering marvel and an achievement of great economic and social significance not only for New York but also for the nation.


Background 'Cloze procedure assesses the predictability of text by deleting words at set intervals and having a panel of raters fill the blanks. Two refinements to the procedure are described: 'modified Cloze and ' 'reverse Cloze', the latter examining the subject's ability to interpret a partial transcript. Method Samples of speech were obtained from patients with schizophrenia, manic-depression and orthopaedic disorders using a standard prompt, and the output analysed using modified Cloze. In addition, subjects completed a reverse Cloze passage. Results Both modified Cloze and reverse Cloze discriminated the performance of patient groups, with patients with schizophrenia performing worst. Conclusions These techniques extend earlier findings suggesting reduced predictability in psychotic speech, particularly for patients with schizophrenia. The reverse Cloze procedure suggests a 'mirror-image' deficit and is a potential objective index of psychopathology that is much simpler to apply than traditional Cloze.


Image captioning has so far been explored mostly in English, as most available datasets are in this language. However, the application of image captioning should not be restricted by language. Only few studies have been conducted for image captioning in a cross-lingual setting. Different from these works that manually build a dataset for a target language, we aim to learn a cross-lingual captioning model fully from machine-translated sentences. To conquer the lack of fluency in the translated sentences, we propose in this paper a fluency-guided learning framework. The framework comprises a module to automatically estimate the fluency of the sentences and another module to utilize the estimated fluency scores to effectively train an image captioning model for the target language. As experiments on two bilingual (English-Chinese) datasets show, our approach improves both fluency and relevance of the generated captions in Chinese, but without using any manually written sentences from the target language.


This commentary aims to find the right description of the pre-reflective brain mechanisms underlying our phenomenal experience of being a subject bound to a physical body (bodily self) and basic cognitive, perceptual, and subjective aspects related to interaction with other individuals (social cognition). I will focus on the proposal by Gallese and Cuccio that embodied simulation, in terms of motor resonance, is the primary brain mechanism underlying the pre-reflective aspects of social cognition and the bodily self. I will argue that this proposal is too narrow to serve a unified theory of the neurobiological mechanisms of both target phenomena. I support this criticism with theoretical considerations and empirical evidence suggesting that multisensory spatial processing, which is distinct from but a pre-requisite of motor resonance, substantially contributes to the bodily self and social cognition. My commentary is structured in three sections. The first section addresses social cognition and compares embodied simulation to an alternative account, namely the attention schema theory. According to this theory we pre-reflectively empathize with others by predicting their current state of attention which involves predicting the spatial focus of attention. Thereby we derive a representational model of their state of mind. On this account, spatial coding of attention, rather than motor resonance, is the primary mechanism underlying social cognition. I take this as a theoretical alternative complementing motor resonance mechanisms. The second section focuses on the bodily self. Comparison of the brain net- works of the bodily self and social cognition reveals strong overlap, suggesting that both phenomena depend on shared multisensory and sensorimotor mechanisms. I will review recent empirical data about altered states of the bodily self in terms of self-location and the first-person perspective. These spatial aspects of the bodily self are encoded in brain regions distinct from the brain network of em- bodied simulation. I argue that while motor resonance might contribute to body ownership and agency, it does not account for spatial aspects of the bodily self. Thus, embodied simulation appears to be a necessary but insufficiently "primary" brain mechanism of the bodily self and social cognition. The third section discusses the contributions of the vestibular system, i.e., the sensory system encoding head motion and gravity, to the bodily self and social cognition. Vestibular cortical processing seems relevant to both processes, be- cause it directly encodes the world-centered direction of gravity and allows us to distinguish between motions of the own body and motions of other individuals and the external world. Furthermore, the vestibular cortical network largely overlaps with those neural networks relevant to the bodily self and social cognition. Thus, the vestibular system may play a crucial role in multisensory spatial coding relating the bodily self to other individuals in the external world.


Background: Access to health care in Uganda has been difficult to ascertain because of the wide range in estimates by different stakeholders. The factors that make rural residents choose which health care provider to consult were also not clearly known. Objectives: To study the health seeking behaviours of persons who experienced an illness within a given period of time and investigate the reasons for their actions so as to make inferences on access to health care. Methods: Strategies included (1) Census mapping of all health care providers in defined areas; (2) A household survey to quantify the amount of illness in the community during a fixed period of time and to document what people did about their illnesses; (3) A health facility survey to assess the quality of care at the available facilities. The study was coducted in 3 Uganda districts (Mpigi, Iganga, Masaka) in 2005. All those who experienced an illness in the 30 days before the interview were interviewed about what they did and why. Results: The census mapping showed that private units far out numbered public units. Public facilities made up only 4.4% of all units, but many of the private units were informal, with limited infrastructure and uncertain quality of services. In the household survey 2580 persons were interviewed and 42% (1097) reported that they experienced some illness during the prevous 30 days. Of the 1097 who got some illness, 88% (967/1097) sought for and received some type of health care while 12% (130) did nothing about the illness. Reasons for doing nothing included minor problem, lack of money or lack of transport. Of those who sought for care 71% (687/967) visited a provider while 47% (452/967) self treated, (18% did both). The total number of treatment episodes was therefore 1139 and 40% of them were self treatment. Of those that visited a provider 63% (433/687) went to private providers while 37% (254/687) went to the public sector. Private providers include: private for profit, private not for profit and informal providers. Informal providers comprised of traditional healers and general merchandise shops. These provided care to 11.5% (79/687) of people who sought for care. The main reasons for choice of a provider were convenient location and perceived technical skills (quality) of the provider. Overall, the private for profit facilities, mainly private clinics and drug shops, were the most popular for ambulatory health care, while public facilities were preferred for more serious conditions and for hospitalisation. Although traditional healers are very numerous, they are not the popular choice for the commonest illnesses such as fever and cough. They were more renown for handling social problems including family relations and wealth. While they also treat some illnesses, there is an emerging view that many traditional healers are more of social workers than medical workers. Conclusions: Most of the persons who experienced an illness sought for health care and the private sector was the most utilised. There is a big pool of informal health care providers in the community, whose skills may be improved to enhance access to and quality of health care in the rural areas of Uganda.


Multicore architectures have been ruling the recent microprocessor design trend. This is due to different reasons: better performance, thread-level parallelism bounds in modern applications, ILP diminishing returns, better thermal/power scaling (many small cores dissipate less than a large and complex one), and the ease and reuse of design. This paper presents a thorough evaluation of multicore architectures. The architecture that we target is composed of a configurable number of cores, a memory hierarchy consisting of private L1, shared/private L2, and a shared bus interconnect. We consider a benchmark set composed of several parallel shared memory applications. We explore the design space related to the number of cores, L2 cache size, and processor complexity, showing the behavior of the different configurations/applications with respect to performance, energy consumption, and temperature. Design trade-offs are analyzed, stressing the interdependency of the metrics and design factors. In particular, we evaluate several chip floorplans. Their power/thermal characteristics are analyzed, showing the importance of considering thermal effects at the architectural level to achieve the best design choice.


We study the problem of simultaneously reconstructing a polygonal room and a trajectory of a device equipped with a (nearly) collocated omnidirectional source and receiver. The device measures arrival times of echoes of pulses emitted by the source and picked up by the receiver. No prior knowledge about the device's trajectory is required. Most existing approaches addressing this problem assume multiple sources or receivers, or they assume that some of these are static, serving as beacons. Unlike earlier approaches, we take into account the measurement noise and various constraints on the geometry by formulating the solution as a minimizer of a cost function similar to \emph{stress} in multidimensional scaling. We study uniqueness of the reconstruction from first-order echoes, and we show that in addition to the usual invariance to rigid motions, new ambiguities arise for important classes of rooms and trajectories. We support our theoretical developments with a number of numerical experiments.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates in chronic maxillary sinusitis patients seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
Kenyatta National Hospital, ENT department.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Seventy-three patients had bilateral sntral washout done and the lavage submitted for culture and anti-microbial sensitivity between January and June 1996.

RESULTS
Antral lavage yielded secretions in 63% of patients but bacteria were cultured in only 28.8% of the specimens. The isolates included Streptococcus pneumonia (22.2%), Staphylocococus albus (18.5%), Staphylocococus aureus (11.1%) and Enterobactericiae (11.1%). Anaerobic bacteria were cultured in 22.2% of the specimens. Of the commonly used antibiotics, there was high sensitivity to erythromycin, cefadroxyl, chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and poor sensitivity to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and perfloxacin.

CONCLUSION
The bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis at Kenyatta National Hospital is generally similar to that found elsewhere. The bacteria are susceptible to relatively affordable antibiotics like amoxicillin, erythromycin and cefadroxyl.


The philosophical theory of scientific explanation proposed here involves a radically new treatment of causality that accords with the pervasively statistical character of contemporary science. Wesley C. Salmon describes three fundamental conceptions of scientific explanation--the epistemic, modal, and ontic. He argues that the prevailing view (a version of the epistemic conception) is untenable and that the modal conception is scientifically out-dated. Significantly revising aspects of his earlier work, he defends a causal/mechanical theory that is a version of the ontic conception. Professor Salmon's theory furnishes a robust argument for scientific realism akin to the argument that convinced twentieth-century physical scientists of the existence of atoms and molecules. To do justice to such notions as irreducibly statistical laws and statistical explanation, he offers a novel account of physical randomness. The transition from the "reviewed view" of scientific explanation (that explanations are arguments) to the causal/mechanical model requires fundamental rethinking of basic explanatory concepts.


Cartographers have long used flow maps to show the movement of objects from one location to another, such as the number of people in a migration, the amount of goods being traded, or the number of packets in a network. The advantage of flow maps is that they reduce visual clutter by merging edges. Most flow maps are drawn by hand and there are few computer algorithms available. We present a method for generating flow maps using hierarchical clustering given a set of nodes, positions, and flow data between the nodes. Our techniques are inspired by graph layout algorithms that minimize edge crossings and distort node positions while maintaining their relative position to one another. We demonstrate our technique by producing flow maps for network traffic, census data, and trade data.


A completely valid quantum field theory for gravity is currently non-existent due to its non-renormalizablity. In spite of this difficulty, general relativity is treated as an "effective" quantum field theory in the low energy regime, quite below the Planck mass MP = κ-2. In this regime, the theory remains predictive and useful for computing quantum effects. In this paper, we use gravitational effective field theory to investigate the scattering of a gravitational wave, effectively treated as a single graviton particle, by a massive scalar field. We assume that the massive scalar field comes from a celestial object like a star. We compare it to the gravitational lensing of a photon traversing the same field. At lowest order, no difference in the deflection angle is observed. This result runs counter to the expectation that at one-loop, quantum corrections of order κ6 will contribute a very small but significant change in the deflection angle.


We investigate universal behavior in the recombination rate of three bosons close to threshold. Using the He-He system as a reference, we solve the three-body Schr\"odinger equation above the dimer threshold for different potentials having large values of the two-body scattering length $a$. To this aim we use the hyperspherical adiabatic expansion and we extract the $S$-matrix through the integral relations recently derived. The results are compared to the universal form, $\alpha\approx 67.1\sin^2[s_0\ln(\kappa_*a)+\gamma]$, for different values of $a$ and selected values of the three-body parameter $\kappa_*$. A good agreement with the universal formula is obtained after introducing a particular type of finite-range corrections, which have been recently proposed by two of the authors in Ref.[1]. Furthermore, we analyze the validity of the above formula in the description of a very different system: neutron-neutron-proton recombination. Our analysis confirms the universal character of the process in systems of very different scales having a large two-body scattering length.


As markets become more globalized, they have also become governed by an increasingly complex array of public and private regulation. This volume investigates the changing landscape of food governance. In so doing, the contributions to his volume provide insights into broader analytical issues that have concerned regulatory governance scholars. These include the legitimacy and effectiveness of public and private regulation, the interaction of networks of regulation, regulatory responses to crisis and the distribution of power in regulatory arrangements.


Mobile ad hoc networks have received increasing attention as mobile technology advances and more applications are developed. Mobile peerto-peer (P2P) systems are becoming useful in mobile network applications where installation of infrastructure may be difficult or even infeasible. To realize a mobile P2P system, the double-layered mobile P2P systems that consider both the mobility and energy status of users were introduced. Although the double-layered systems significantly reduce the network traffic, they cannot adequately handle ever changing mobile environments, since they use a fixed mobility-to-energy ratio for hybridization in periodic reconfigurations of the network. Moreover, to determine the optimal fixed ratio, every possible ratio of the two factors should be examined before the system is implemented. In this paper, we propose a more practical mobile P2P system that utilizes a fuzzy method with both mobility and energy as the fuzzy inputs. During each reconfiguration of the network, the proposed system selects super peers adaptively using the fuzzy method to more effectively reflect the current environment. The performance of the proposed system was compared with those of the previous works on the Network Simulator NS-3. Our proposed fuzzy-based system achieves almost the same performance as the fixed ratio system that delivers the optimal performance. A large number of experiments are required to determine the optimal fixed ratio for every single environment.


Abstract The development of an advanced stone-working technology in the Aegean Bronze Age is suggested by the putative Mycenaean pendulum saw. This device seems to have been used to cut through hard sedimentary rock at a number of sites on the Greek mainland and, according to some scholars, also in central Anatolia. As no pendulum saws are preserved in the archaeological record, understanding the machine relies on preserved tool marks and experimental research. This paper presents the results of stone-cutting experiments conducted with a modern reconstruction of a pendulum saw. The research investigates blade shape, size, design and the mechanics of the device, while questioning the accuracy of earlier reconstructions.


The Belgian sugar school of Glons This article deals with the start in 1889 and the evolution till 1914 of the first Sugar technical school in Belgium located in Glons-Liege. In the literature on the history of sciences in Belgium this school has been unjustly neglected or forgotten. This is probably due to the total destruction of the archives in 1917 by the German occupiers. The history of the creation of a School for sugar chemists and technicians goes back to the early 1880's, when the need was realised for the creation of such a High Technical School, to support and improve the most important agro-industrial industry in Belgium: the beet-sugar production. However there was at that time no consensus how to create and organize such an Institute. In 1889, E. Nihoul started in Glons a private sugar technical school for the direct training of specialists for all functions in the sugar industry, especially that of sugar chemists. This article describes the history of this school from 1889 till 1914. The school rapidly gained a great reputation and became extremely attractive for students outside Belgium. During the period 1900 till 1914 the school produced 251 qualified specialists of which 80% were foreigners. The school moved to Liege in 1917 and after 1932 involved in fusions with different Technical High Schools to form the now well-known 'Hautes Ecoles Rennequin Sualem' in Liege.


Two contemporary theories of river basin management are compared. One is centralised 'regulatory river basin management' with an apex authority that seeks hydrometric data and nationally agreed standards and procedures in decisions over water quality and allocation. This model is commonplace and can be identified in many water training curricula and derivatives of basin management policy. The other, 'polycentric river basin management', is institutionally, organisationally and geographically more decentralised, emphasising local, collective ownership and reference to locally agreed standards. The polycentric model is constructed from the creation of appropriate managerial subunits within river basins. This model emphasises the deployment of hydrologists, scientists and other service providers as mediating agents of environmental and institutional transformation, tackling issues arising within and between the basin subunits such as water allocation and distribution, productivity improvement and conflict resolution. Significantly, it considers water allocation between subunits rather than between sectors and to do this promulgates an experimental, step-wise pragmatic approach, building on local ideas to make tangible progress in basins where data monitoring is limited, basin office resources are constrained and regulatory planning has stalled. To explore these issues, the paper employs the 'Cathedral and Bazaar' metaphor of Eric Raymond. The discussion is informed by observations from Tanzania, Nigeria and the UK.


(1) Background: With regard to children and adolescents, health literacy should only not be understood as an individual ability, but rather as dependent based on its contextual determinants. The study examines how experts define health literacy in childhood and adolescence and discusses whether they include these factors. (2) Methods: In 48 interviews with experts from 32 countries, specific questions for defining health literacy in childhood and adolescence were analyzed. Data analysis was conducted according to the summary of the qualitative content analysis. Main categories and subcategories were developed exploratively and inductively. (3) Results: No expert had an official definition of health literacy in childhood or adolescence. There were more experts who located health literacy only at the individual level alone than those who located it at both the individual and contextual levels. On the individual level, there was a focus on information processing, knowledge, behavior, and skills. At the contextual level, system responsibility, the ability of others, and relationship between age and development were the main points. (4) Conclusions: To develop an adequate method of dealing with health literacy in the target group, there must be a target group-specific consideration of the dependencies, ages, and developmental stages of that group. While this is considered as consensus in scientific discourse, it has seemingly not yet been adopted in development-related policies internationally.


Americans have always been the world's most anxiously enthusiastic consumers of "enhancement technologies." Prozac, Viagra, and Botox injections are only the latest manifestations of a familiar pattern: enthusiastic adoption, public hand-wringing, an occasional congressional hearing, and calls for self-reliance. In a brilliant diagnosis of our reactions to self-improvement technologies, Carl Elliott asks questions that illuminate deep currents in the American character: Why do we feel uneasy about these drugs, procedures, and therapies even while we embrace them? Where do we draw the line between self and society? Why do we seek self-realization in ways so heavily influenced by cultural conformity?


The new Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST) credential proves that you have the skills to successfully support end users and successfully troubleshoot desktop environments running on Windows XP. MCDST candidates must pass two core exams (70-271 and 70-272). The 70-272 exam, when combined with the 70-271 (the operating system exam for desktop support technicians), validates that a candidate can successfully answer (or escalate) all calls from end users. The MCDST 70-272 Exam Cram 2 gives readers the essential information they need to know to pass the 70-272 exam, which includes configuring and troubleshooting applications (Internet Exporer, Outlook Express), resolving issues related to usability, resolving issues related to application customization, configuring and troubleshooting connectivity for applications, and configuring application security. This book can be used as a sole study guide for those experienced with Windows XP or it is the perfect supplement guide for more comprehensive training materials, instructor-led classes, and/or computer-based training.


Radiation-induced degradation of protein or DNA samples by synchrotron radiation is an inherent problem in X-ray crystallography, especially at the 'brighter' light sources. This short review gives a radiation chemical perspective on some of the physical and chemical processes that need to be considered in understanding potential pathways leading to the gradual degradation of the samples. Under the conditions used for X-ray crystallography at a temperature of <100 K in the presence of cryoprotectant agents, the majority of radiation damage of the protein samples arises from direct ionization of the amino acid residues and their associated water molecules. Some of the chemical processes that may occur at these protein centres, such as bond scission, are discussed. Several approaches are discussed that may reduce radiation damage, using agents known from radiation chemistry to minimize radical-induced degradation of the sample.


A critical part of the vertical ionospheric electron concentration profile is the region above its maximum (topside ionosphere) and many attempts have been made to model this region because of the limited experimental data available. Recently, many topside electron concentration profiles obtained with the Intercosmos-19 satellite became accessible through the Internet. The period analyzed corresponds to March 1979 - December 1980, a time interval of high solar activity. The present work describes the comparison of these profiles with the IRI and NeQuick model profiles obtained by driving the models with the values of the maximum electron concentration and its height given by the satellite.


The article puts forward the view that the regulatory perspective on systemic risk should be changed drastically. The sub-prime crisis has indeed revealed many loopholes in the supervisory/regulatory framework for banks—in particular, the inability to deal with the too-big-to-fail syndrome and also the lack of resiliency of interbank and money markets. To a large extent, the contagion phenomena that took place in these markets were the necessary outcomes of the passive attitude of banking supervisors, who have let large banks develop a complex and opaque nexus of bilateral obligations. We propose two reforms: adopting a platform-based (instead of institutionbased) regulatory perspective on systemic risk and encouraging a generalized move to central counterparty clearing.


On October 1, 2015, the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) will be mandatorily implemented in the United States. Although this medical classification system will allow healthcare professionals to code with greater accuracy, specificity, and detail, these codes will have a significant impact on the flavor of healthcare insurance claims. While the overall benefit of ICD-10 throughout the healthcare industry is unquestionable, some experts believe healthcare fraud detection and prevention could experience an initial drop in performance due to the implementation of ICD-10. We aim to quantitatively test the validity of this concern regarding an adverse transitional impact. This project explores how predictive fraud detection systems developed using ICD-9 claims data will initially react to the introduction of ICD-10. We have developed a basic fraud detection system incorporating both unsupervised and supervised learning methods in order to examine the potential fraudulence of both ICD-9 and ICD-10 claims in a predictive environment. Using this system, we are able to analyze the ability and performance of statistical methods trained using ICD-9 data to properly identify fraudulent ICD-10 claims. This research makes contributions to the domains of medical coding, healthcare informatics, and fraud detection.


Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) surveillance is important to monitor the effectiveness of national HPV vaccination programmes. Positivity of HPV in urine in men varies with different sampling methods. We aimed to determine the positivity for detection of HPV-6/11 in urine samples among men in relation to the position of genital warts and circumcision status. Method We analysed stored chlamydia-positive urine specimens in young heterosexual men aged less than 25 years attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, between 2004 and 2015, for HPV genotypes. Positivity of HPV-6/11 and high-risk genotypes were stratified according to the position of genital warts and circumcision status. Positivity of HPV-6/11 was calculated using diagnosis of warts as the gold standard. Warts were classified as proximal penile warts from suprapubic area to midshaft of penis, and distal penile warts from distal shaft of penis to meatus. Results Of the 934 specimens, 253 (27.1%) men were positive for any HPV and 82 men (8.8%) had genital warts. The ORs of HPV-6/11 detection in urine were 4.63 (95% CI: 1.68 to 12.78) and 40.20 (95% CI: 19.78 to 81.70) times higher among men who had proximal penile warts and distal penile warts, respectively, compared with men who did not have genital warts. Circumcised men were less likely to have high-risk HPV (OR 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.65) than uncircumcised men. Uncircumcised men were more likely to have distal penile warts than circumcised men (OR 8.22; 95% CI: 1.34 to 337.46). Conclusion Positivity of HPV-6/11 in urine increases greatly in men with distal penile warts. Circumcised men are less likely to have distal penile warts, any HPV or high-risk HPV detected. Urine is likely to be an alternative sampling method for HPV-6/11 surveillance programme in men in countries with low circumcision rates.


To continue, somewhat presumptuously. This present offering takes up the story where my previous contribution to Law Text Culture left off, and that contribution in its turn was a continuation of a prior performance in New Formations (Fitzpatrick 1997: 1998). Those two papers can, and will now, be summarized with distressing ease as a prelude to the engagement here with law and the sacred. What the story so far presents is a situated analysis of the question of the origin in modernity -a question which is simultaneously about where 'we' come from and who 'we' are. And what the story begins to show is how law provides an answer to the question. And, as we will see, that story is already touched with intimations of the sacred. In this paper, the sacred becomes central, the story breaks away from its own beginnings in Freud's myth of origin, the productive parricide first recounted in Totem and Taboo (1960), and it assumes a more jurisdical dimension. The question of the origin, I argue, is heightened rather than disposed of in modernity. Without a resolving reference to some transcendent realm, and thence to some sacred mediation between the transcendent and the profane, the irresolution of the origin becomes manifestly obdurate. We can only come to the origin from where we already are, an origin which is thence the same as us; yet to originate we must emerge as different from an origin which is anterior to and apart from us. Operatively, there has to be some resolution and that resolution is law. We come from the law, a law which is the ever responsive origin of the way we are now. The irresolute dimensions of the origin just sketched out match the dimensions of law. With its combining the quotidian where we are with what is ever apart from us, law is the insistence of the sacred. This journal article is available in Law Text Culture: http://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol5/iss1/5 Law & The Sacred: Being Original Law and the Insistence of the Sacred


Michael John (Mike) O'Hara was born in Sydney, Australia, but came to the UK when he was one year old. He received his BSc and PhD degrees from Cambridge University. He was appointed assistant lecturer at the Grant Institute of Geology at Edinburgh University in 1958, where he rose to a personal chair in 1970. He moved to the University College of Wales Aberystwyth in 1978 as Head of Department and was appointed Distinguished Research Professor at Cardiff University in 1993. Mike O'Hara was one of the leading igneous petrologists of his generation, a pioneering mountaineer and eminent science administrator. He made fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in igneous petrology, including identifying rocks from the Earth's deep mantle, experimental petrology, the primary magma problem and mathematical modelling of igneous rock formation. Mike O'Hara's name is legendary in climbing circles because he made the first ascents of 39 of the finest rock climbs in the UK. As a national science administrator he was mainly responsible for the present profile of Earth science teaching and research in UK universities.


Unintentional home-based injuries are a major public health concern in the United Kingdom and elsewhere world wide. The careful design of dwellings can help to minimise the risk of injury or ill-health and this has been recognised in the growth of building control within developed countries. Despite this, injury in the home remains common. This research aimed to establish the extent to which those responsible for dwelling design believe their plans meets long term user needs and requirements in relation to usability and maintenance. The study also aimed to ascertain the considerations given during the creative process to reducing the number of unintentional home injuries through alternative design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with architects and designers involved in the house design process within the United Kingdom. Participants described a number of factors that influenced their dwelling designs including government initiatives such as density guidelines and local planning issues. A number of competing factors were also illustrated. The architects interviewed during this study reported that they were not given information concerning the pattern and trends of home accidents, and in terms of preventing unintentional injury arising through the interaction between behaviour and design they felt they were limited in what they could do. A heavy reliance on building control to ensure occupier safety was reported during interview.


Despite claims by academics and policymakers that community may offer a
potentially useful context through which to tackle climate change, there is limited
empirical evidence to support such an assertion. This thesis sets out to address that
gap. Drawing on theories of the governance of environmental change, community, social interaction, and governmentality, it presents a qualitative case-study of the
Low Carbon Communities Challenge (LCCC). The LCCC was a United Kingdom government funded policy experiment intended to develop understandings of how to
deliver the transition to low carbon living at the community level.
The thesis highlights a conflict between the instrumental understanding of community as a delivery-mechanism for government policy on environmental change, and the normative understanding of community based on social relations and identification with place held by residents in the communities studied. Applied instrumentally, community offered participants a largely ineffective mechanism by which to alter the social dynamics and patterns of normal behaviour within their households towards low(er) carbon lifestyles. Viewed narrowly through the stated purpose of the LCCC, it could be interpreted as a failed experiment as a result of the resistance of community members to adopting the carbon-conscious subjectivity imposed on them. However the thesis suggests that from a governmentality perspective, an alternative interpretation is that the LCCC served to reinforce neoliberal rationality which contends that community is not capable of tackling climate change and that the market, which may in turn appropriate community, is the only way forward. The thesis concludes by setting out a number of practical and conceptual implications for future research, and outlines the beginnings of a new, critical research agenda into the role of community in tackling climate change.


Internet of Things (IoT) and smart computing technologies have revolutionized every sphere of 21st century humans. IoT technologies and the data driven services they offer were beyond imagination just a decade ago. Now, they surround us and influence a variety of domains such as automobile, smart home, healthcare, etc. In particular, the Agriculture and Farming industries have also embraced this technological intervention. Smart devices are widely used by a range of people from farmers to entrepreneurs. These technologies are used in a variety of ways, from finding real-time status of crops and soil moisture content to deploying drones to assist with tasks such as applying pesticide spray. However, the use of IoT and smart communication technologies introduce a vast exposure to cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities in smart farming environments. Such cyber attacks have the potential to disrupt the economies of countries that are widely dependent on agriculture. In this paper, we present a holistic study on security and privacy in a smart farming ecosystem. The paper outlines a multi layered architecture relevant to the precision agriculture domain and discusses the security and privacy issues in this dynamic and distributed cyber physical environment. Further more, the paper elaborates on potential cyber attack scenarios and highlights open research challenges and future directions.


Adult bone marrow derived, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to exhibit support nerve regeneration by secreting neurotrophic factors typically produced by Schwann cells. However, MSCs have limited expansion capacity, and therefore have limited lifespan and use.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can potentially overcome this drawback—iPSCs are adult cells reprogrammed with pluripotency factors to become like embryonic stem cells. Thus, MSCs may be taken from a patient and reprogrammed into iPSCs, such that their expansion capacity is virtually unlimited. After expansion, the iPSCs can be differentiated once again into mesenchymally-derived induced mesenchymal progenitor cells (MiMPCs). This technology has the potential to yield an almost unlimited supply of MSC-like cells.

We report here that MiMPCs can be induced to produce neurotrophic factors (NTFs) such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at levels comparable to those produced by MSCs. NTF production further increases when MiMPCs are induced in a simulated inflammatory environment. MiMPCs are also capable of producing multiple other factors and cytokines that have been shown to enhance nerve regeneration, including osteonectin and IL-6.

Our results show that treatment with conditioned medium derived from MiMPCs and MSCs resulted in enhanced neuritogenesis and extension lengths of cultures of chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG). MiMPC/DRG co-cultures grown on 2-dimensional electrospun nanofibrous biomaterial scaffolds are also comparable morphologically and physiologically to MSC/DRG scaffold co-cultures. In these cultures, neurite length is significantly decreased with the introduction of a Jak/STAT inhibitor, suggesting that secreted cytokines from the IL-6 family are required for neurite extensions. Complexity of these neurite extensions decreases, but is not abolished, when Trk-receptor inhibitors are applied, suggesting the involvement of other non-traditional neurotrophic factors in the MiMPC secretome in the enhancement of neuritogenesis.

Taken together, these results strongly suggest that MiMPCs may be a suitable clinical replacement for MSCs in nerve regeneration cell therapeutics. Future assessment of this therapeutic potential will include testing the efficacy of an MiMPC-seeded nerve conduit to repair peripheral nerve injury in an experimental animal model, such as the rat sciatic nerve transection model.


Cognitive reappraisal is associated with fewer depressive symptoms in adult and adolescent populations. Few studies have investigated the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and depression during middle childhood. The current study seeks to fill this gap in the literature. 76 participants ages 9-13 participated in a longitudinal study on preschool-onset depression. Data was gathered on participants' cognitive reappraisal use and number of core depressive symptoms at each age. Greater cognitive reappraisal uses at ages 9-13 was associated with fewer concurrent depressive symptoms. Children who had never experienced a depressive episode were 1.278 times more likely to use cognitive reappraisal than children who were in a current depressive episode (OR = 1.278, p = .064). Cognitive reappraisal at ages 9-13 did not predict depressive symptoms from ages 14-19. Cognitive reappraisal could prove to be an effective strategy for alleviating depressive symptoms in middle childhood. However, further research is needed to parse out the short-term and long-term nuances of this relationship.


We consider the efficiency of taxation in congestion games with polynomial latency functions along the line of research initiated by [Caragiannis et al., ACM Transactions on Algorithms, 2010] who focused on both pure and mixed Nash equilibria in games with affine latencies only. By exploiting the primal-dual method [Bilo, Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Approximation and Online Algorithms, 2012], we obtain interesting upper bounds with respect to a variety of different solution concepts ranging from approximate pure Nash equilibria up to approximate coarse correlated equilibria, and including also approximate one-round walks starting from the empty state. Our findings show a high beneficial effect of taxation which increases more than linearly with the degree of the latency functions. In some cases, a tight relationship with some well-studied polynomials in Combinatorics and Number Theory, such as the Touchard and the Geometric polynomials, arises. In these cases we can also show matching lower bounds, albeit under mild assumptions; interestingly, our upper bounds are derived by exploiting the combinatorial definition of these polynomials, while our lower bounds are constructed by relying on their analytical characterization.


Digital phenotyping for mental health is an emerging trend which uses digital data, derived from mobile applications, wearable technologies and digital sensors, to measure, track and predict the mental health of an individual. Digital phenotyping for mental health is a growing, but as yet underexamined, field. As we will show, the rapid growth of digital phenotyping for mental health raises crucial questions about the values that underpin and are reinforced by this technology, as well as regarding to whom it may become valuable. In this commentary, we explore these questions by focusing on the construction of value across two interrelated domains: user experience and epistemologies on the one hand, and issues of data and ownership on the other. In doing so, we demonstrate the need for a deeper ethical and epistemological engagement with the value assumptions that underpin the promise of digital phenotyping for mental health.


RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
This study correlates nuclear bone scan findings and measurements of type IV collagenases for the evaluation of bony metastasis in patients with proven breast cancer.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively evaluated the final diagnosis of a bone scan and the results of an immunohistochemical staining for 92 kDa and 72 kDa type IV collagenases in, respectively, 30 and 30 patients with metastatic breast cancer, and, respectively, 27 and 26 patients with primary breast cancer. The immunohistochemical staining was performed with tissue specimens obtained from a primary or metastatic breast tumor lesion. The amounts of the enzyme were graded from 0 to 4 and scored by multiplication with the percentage of tumor cells. The confidence of bone scan interpretation also was scored from 1 to 5 with increasing probability.

RESULTS
There was a significant difference in enzyme scores between patients with and without metastases. Patients with < 170 92 kDa (26 of 27), 72 kDa (26 of 26) type IV collagenase, showed no active bony, lung, or liver metastases. However, there were variable bone scan findings in patients with a > 200 enzyme score.

CONCLUSIONS
Bone scan provides no additional benefit in breast cancer patients with a type IV collagenase score of < 170. A bone scan is necessary to confirm, localize, or followup bony metastases in patients with an enzyme score of > 200.


The difference in particle size index between a hard wheat (Falcon) and a soft wheat (Heron) is shown to be due to a single major gene. Tests of F2 populations of seven other crosses between hard and soft wheats indicate that this is not uncommon. The existence of minor genes which modify the action of the major gene in determining the hardness or softness of wheat grain is also demonstrated. In at least one case (Spica) a different level of hardness appears to be due to a different major gene from that found in Falcon and not to modifying genes. The conversion of a hard wheat to a soft wheat or vice versa can be achieved by backcrossing. The grain hardness of the new wheat will be influenced both by the hardness of the donor parent and by the degree to which modifying genes are carried over. This demonstration of the simple inheritance of grain hardness as measured by particle size index is of significance to wheat improvement programmes.


Comminution or feed size reduction is typically the first stage of ore processing at mines.
Comminution tests are commonly conducted to assess the processing behavior of ore and
to aid in process design and equipment selection. Testing for Bond mill work index
(BMWi), a measure of the ore grindability, and A*b, a measure of the ore crushability, is
common in this regard. These destructive tests are expensive and time consuming and,
hence, are conducted on a limited number of large volume samples which in most cases
are not representative of the entire orebody. Therefore alternative means are desirable for
efficiently characterizing comminution behavior.
Petrophysical properties have the potential for effective characterization of ore
comminution behavior for a truly representative suite of samples. Petrophysical
measurements are quick, non-destructive, and relatively cheap. Petrophysical data can be
recorded either downhole or on core. If calibrated against measures of ore crushability
and grindability, petrophysically-based models could provide virtually continuous
downhole prediction of comminution attributes in intervals of drill holes where these
parameters are not available. This thesis presents a new approach for characterization of
ore comminution behavior based on petrophysical measurements.
As an alternative to downhole geophysical logging, a Geotek multi-sensor core logger
(MSCL) was evaluated. Density, P-wave velocity, P-wave amplitude and magnetic
susceptibility, as well as core imagery, were measured on drill cores from two Australian
copper-gold deposits, namely Cadia-East, NSW, and Ernest Henry, QLD. The Geotek
system had never previously been used at metalliferous mines. It provides data with
acceptable accuracy if carefully and systematically calibrated but the data quality is
adversely affected by the small size and condition of the core. The accuracy achieved in
production logging was approximately ±1.35% for density, ±6.5% for P-wave velocity,
and ±1% for magnetic susceptibility.
The relationships between petrophysical properties and comminution attributes (A*b and
BMWi) was directly investigated, since small-scale comminution tests had been
performed on selected 2m intervals of the same drill core. At Cadia East, the ore is hard
in terms of both crushing and grinding. At Ernest Henry the ore is more variable but
generally softer.In most cases the relationship between petrophysical properties and comminution
parameters is dependent on ore type. Hence class-based approaches for comminution
modeling were devised and implemented. Crushability (A*b) can be related to
petrophysical properties more reliably than grindability (BMWi). This is consistent with
the fact that petrophysical properties and crushability are measured on whole rock while
BMWi is measured on crushed composite samples. Prediction of high BMWi materials
(>10 kWh/t) proved difficult, perhaps because particles are more competent at crushed
size.
An important outcome is that magnetic susceptibility is a good indicator of A*b at both
sites and can be used to define different comminution domains. At Ernest Henry, as
susceptibility increases A*b increases (samples are easier to crush) because magnetite
acts as crack initiator. At Cadia East, ore becomes harder to crush as susceptibility
increases; the association of feldspar with magnetite was most probably the reason for the
low values of A*b in this case.
At Ernest Henry, models were developed for prediction of A*b and BMWi values in
depth intervals where petrophysical measurements are available but comminution test
data are not. Four petrophysical classes were defined based on P-wave velocity, P-wave
amplitude, density and susceptibility using cluster analysis. Regression models were
developed for A*b and BMWi using petrophysical properties for each class. The overall
root mean square (RMS) error of prediction for BMWi and A*b are 1.39 kWh/t and 27.3
respectively.
Comminution modeling at Cadia East was difficult due to the limited variability of
comminution parameters. Four classes were defined based on variability of A*b and
BMWi around their respective mean values. A*b and BMWi were then linked to
petrophysical properties and assays using a neural network approach. The performance of
neural networks for prediction of comminution classes was tested by successively treating
each hole as an independent hole. The prediction accuracy ranged from 51% to 77%.
A novel approach for prediction of petrophysical properties and comminution attributes
from core images was also investigated at Ernest Henry. Estimates of mineral abundance
from classified core images were first adjusted to achieve compatibility with assay data.
Bulk density was then predicted from mineral volumes and densities with a relative error
of prediction of 3.5%. Regression coefficients for A*b and BMWi were estimated for
each mineral phase via least squares optimization. This method provides a means for prediction of A*b and BMWi in depth intervals where classified imagery is available but
comminution test data are not. The RMS errors of prediction for A*b and BMWi are 33.3
and 1.68 kWh/t respectively.
The two case studies from different geological environments show that petrophysical data
can provide useful information for characterization of comminution behavior and hence
prediction of mill throughput. Petrophysics-based comminution models have limitations
but they are adequate for use during process planning. The accuracy of such models can
be improved by reducing uncertainties in petrophysical and comminution measurements,
refining data classification techniques, by increasing the number of petrophysical
properties recorded, and by incorporating other data including assays in the analysis.


This article examines the challenges facing professional education and practice of academic librarianship in a changing Higher Education world. Librarians in the UK, like all the professionals in the academic sector, are faced with changes in organisational mission within the university, and the changing role of information within society. Inter alia, they have to be accountable inside and outside the university and are in competition for resource allocation and funding. Against this socio-political background, the following eight challenges have been isolated: 1. recognition of librarianship as a profession (and the accreditation of library and information studies); 2. ethical professional responsibilities in a changing organisational world, and how they can be weaved into the librarian's professional education; 3. the librarian in a changing (HE) world; 4. the "assault" on professionalism; 5. the user's centrality: fact or fiction?; 6. the librarian in an era of global challenge: is resistance futile?; 7. Potemkin villages: fabrication and performance in the academy, and 8. feminisation of the HE professions and patterns of employment. 9. Lastly, I'll examine future scenarios for librarians and the implications of present practices, which affect all sectors.


How does sensitivity to current ecological and environmental issues impact on our hearing of the Gospels? About Earth's Child listens for the ecological sounds that are present in Luke's narrative symphony and offers a way for readers today to identify them. Michael Trainor approaches Luke's Gospel with a fresh engagement while respecting the evangelist's own purposes in addressing the social and cultural concerns of first-century followers of Jesus. Hearing the Gospel from an ecological perspective allows us to see how Luke presents Jesus as 'Earth's Child'. In the Gospel's early chapters, Jesus is presented as born of Earth, wrapped with Earth's cloth and laid in Earth's manger. In the final chapters, he is affixed to Earth's wood and laid in Earth's receptacle from where he is resurrected and meets his disciples. Between these opening and closing chapters a remarkable story of Earth unfolds. This concerns all Earth's members, human and nonhuman, organic and inanimate. It is about God, angels, demons, human beings, soil, seeds, mountains, waters, animals (even ravens, pigs and a couple of asses). Luke presents a fundamental truth about following Jesus: how one treats Earth and freely shares its fruits are central. An authentic disciple of Jesus is ecologically contemplative and environmentally respectful. About Earth's Child sparkles with surprising insights as Jesus' teaching and his meal and healing ministries take on new meaning for today's world faced with growing environmental challenges.


Abhishiktananda (Henri Le Saux osb) (19101973) is one of the pioneers in interreligious dialogue. Together with his mentor, Fr. Jules Monchanin, he founded an ashram at Shantivanam in Tamil Nadu. After some years he went to live the life of a hermit in the Himalayas. His lifestyle, books and diaries are now the subject of considerable interest. In recognition of his outstanding contribution, symposia were held around the world in the centenary year of his birth. The first, at Saccidananda Ashram (Shantivanam) in Tamil Nadu, was particularly valuable as it provided information which is not otherwise accessible about the circumstances of Abhishiktananda life and the present situation of interreligious dialogue in India.


This thesis is based on five papers addressing variance reduction in different ways. The papers have in common that they all present new numerical methods.Paper I investigates quantitative structure-retention relationships from an image processing perspective, using an artificial neural network to preprocess three-dimensional structural descriptions of the studied steroid molecules.Paper II presents a new method for computing free energies. Free energy is the quantity that determines chemical equilibria and partition coefficients. The proposed method may be used for estimating, e.g., chromatographic retention without performing experiments.Two papers (III and IV) deal with correcting deviations from bilinearity by so-called peak alignment. Bilinearity is a theoretical assumption about the distribution of instrumental data that is often violated by measured data. Deviations from bilinearity lead to increased variance, both in the data and in inferences from the data, unless invariance to the deviations is built into the model, e.g., by the use of the method proposed in paper III and extended in paper IV.Paper V addresses a generic problem in classification; namely, how to measure the goodness of different data representations, so that the best classifier may be constructed. Variance reduction is one of the pillars on which analytical chemistry rests. This thesis considers two aspects on variance reduction: before and after experiments are performed. Before experimenting, theoretical predictions of experimental outcomes may be used to direct which experiments to perform, and how to perform them (papers I and II). After experiments are performed, the variance of inferences from the measured data are affected by the method of data analysis (papers III-V).


INTRODUCTION: Antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired thrombophilia associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and/or aspirin (ASA) during pregnancy to prevent future loss is based on limited trial data with mixed results. Given the clinical equipoise, we sought to understand how patients and physicians navigate the decision-making process for use of antepartum LMWH and/or ASA. This research is needed to inform the feasibility of future research that seeks to resolve the question of treatment efficacy in this patient population.
 METHODS: Following constructivist grounded theory (CGT) methodology, we interviewed 10 patients and 10 thrombosis physicians in Ottawa, Canada from January 2017 to March 2018. Patients were drawn from women included in the TIPPS (Thrombophilia in Pregnancy Prophylaxis Study) screening logs and from consecutive women attending a specialty Thrombosis Clinic who met the revised Sapporo/Sydney laboratory criteria and had at least 1 prior late loss or 2 early losses (<10 weeks gestation). Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively, in keeping with CGT methodology.
 RESULTS: Our analysis generated three predominant themes, present across both patient and physician interviews, which captured a patient-led decision-making experience: (1) Accepting Uncertainty, (2) Focusing on Safety and (3) Managing High Stakes. Many patients accepted the uncertainty of their situation; they felt hopeful but were also reluctant to expect a better pregnancy outcome. This was echoed in the physician interviews, which emphasized the uncertainty of LMWH/ASA in improving outcomes when counselling patients on their options. Both groups focused on the low-risk nature and safety of these medications. Patients focused on safety to the fetus, with little concern for maternal risk. Finally, patients and physicians acknowledged the high emotional burden and what was at stake: avoiding further pregnancy loss. Patients responded to their situation by taking action (i.e. using LMWH injections became a "ritual") whereas physicians reacted by removing themselves from the final decision and "[leaving] it up to the patient".
 CONCLUSION: In this setting of clinical equipoise and in the absence of serious safety concerns, decision-making around antepartum LMWH/ASA was largely directed by informed patient choice. These findings should be considered when designing future research on the role for LMWH/ASA in this population, as it suggests that the perceived benefits of treatment go beyond improving pregnancy rates. Rather, patients seem to derive psychological benefit from the process of taking action, even in the absence of a guaranteed good outcome.

 Skeith: Leo Pharma: Honoraria; CSL Behring: Research Funding. Rodger:Biomerieux: Research Funding.


Scholarship on civil war is overwhelmingly preoccupied with armed activity. Data collection efforts on actors in civil wars tend to reflect this emphasis, with most studies focusing on the identities, attributes, and violent behavior of armed actors. Yet various actors also use nonviolent methods to shape the intensity and variation of violence as well as the duration of peace in the aftermath. Existing datasets on mobilization by non-state actors – such as the Armed Conflict Events and Location (ACLED), Integrated Conflict Early Warning System (ICEWS), and Social Conflict Analysis Database (SCAD) – tend to include data on manifest contentious acts, such as protests, strikes, and demonstrations, and exclude activities like organizing, planning, training, negotiations, communications, and capacity-building that may be critical to the actors' ultimate success. To provide a more comprehensive and reliable view of the landscape of possible nonviolent behaviors involved in civil wars, we present the Nonviolent Action in Violent Contexts (NVAVC) dataset, which identifies 3,662 nonviolent actions during civil wars in Africa between 1990 and 2012, across 124 conflict-years in 17 countries. In this article, we describe the data collection process, discuss the information contained therein, and offer descriptive statistics and discuss spatial patterns. The framework we develop provides a powerful tool for future researchers to use to categorize various types of nonviolent action, and the data we collect provide important evidence that such efforts are worthwhile.


The possible use of castor oil fatty acid as an activator for the vulcanization reaction in silica-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds was investigated. The design and analysis of the experiments were carried out by keeping constant the concentration of silica and the other ingredients while the amounts of stearic acid, castor oil and poly(ethylene glycol) were varied. Cure was carried out on a TI-100 oscillating disk rheometer, and the tensile strength was chosen as the control variable. The results show that the addition of castor oil does not significantly change the mechanical performance of silica-filled natural rubber compounds.


OBJECTIVE
The presence of neurodevelopmental disorders (ND) such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LD) have demonstrated effects on Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) performance. No current research has directly examined whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has similar effects. The current study compared ImPACT cognitive and symptom profiles in athletes with self-reported ASD to other NDs and healthy controls using case-control matching.

METHOD
The current study compared ImPACT baselines of high school athletes with ASD to athletes with other NDs (ADHD, LD, and co-occurring ADHD/LD) and healthy controls on cognitive composites and symptom reporting. Participants included 435 athletes (87 controls, 87 with ASD, 87 with ADHD, 87 with LD, and 87 with ADHD/LD) selected from a larger naturalistic sample. Athletes were matched to the ASD group based on age, sex, and sport using randomized case-matched selection from the larger database.

RESULTS
Results revealed that athletes with ASD performed more poorly than healthy controls on the Visual Motor Speed composite. No differences were found for Post-concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) domain scores. Differences in cognitive and symptom profiles among the athletes with other NDs were also found.

CONCLUSIONS
Results elucidate patterns of baseline performance for athletes with ASD, demonstrating that there may not be significant differences between ASD and healthy controls on four of the five ImPACT composites, and no symptom reporting differences. Cognitive and symptom differences found for other NDs should be considered when interpreting baseline performance and for making return-to-play decisions in the absence of baseline assessment.


An advanced core-form power transformer with significantly lower losses and weight has been produced and brought to commercial status. First, a number of designs and design studies were made on actual medium power transformer specifications. Several windability models were built, as well as a complete 250 kVA core-form advanced power transformer model to develop the new manufacturing technology and to verify many performance characteristics of the new technology. Then extensive thermal, short-circuit strength, and loss studies were made. Finally, a cooperating electric utility ordered two units, one conventional and one advanced, to the same specification to provide ideal conditions for the verification of the new technology. Construction and test of the prototype proceeded without incident. Full verification was achieved for all aspects of the technology: dielectric design, thermal design, short-circuit strength, loss performance, impedance, noise level, and manufacturability. The prototype was installed and energized in 1991 and continues in operation today. Subsequently, other units were built and tested, with performance results confirming the technology. >


PURPOSE
To investigate patient radiation exposures during uterine arterial embolization and the factors responsible for those exposures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Clinical and procedural factors were evaluated for 42 consecutive procedures performed in 39 patients by one operator. Seven patients were excluded because of early termination (n = 1) or unusual conditions that necessitated extended procedures (n = 6). Fluoroscopic time, number of images acquired, height, and weight were available in the 35 remaining patients, and dose-area product (DAP) was available in 20. Equipment factors were evaluated by using a Lucite phantom in four angiography units from three manufacturers.

RESULTS
The mean fluoroscopic time per case decreased from 30.6 to 14.2 minutes between the 1st and 5th quintiles. Mean DAP decreased from 211.4 to 30.6 Gy. cm(2) with dose reduction techniques; this primarily reflected a decreased number of acquired images. Phantom studies demonstrated many significant dose variations with magnification and equipment position. Low-dose and pulsed fluoroscopic modes reduced exposure rates in units so equipped, but roadmapping caused a silent switch to continuous fluoroscopy in two such units, which doubled the exposure rate.

CONCLUSION
With operator experience and careful technique, uterine arterial embolization can be performed at radiation exposures comparable to those used in routine diagnostic studies. However, operators must be familiar with the technical parameters of their angiographic equipment.


Models of Voting in Presidential Elections offers a comprehensive scholarly examination of the determinants of voter participation and vote choice at play in the 2000 presidential election. Unlike other books that focus exclusively on the drama and unusual circumstances of the 2000 election, this account examines larger issues surrounding the election and its outcome, asking why an election that traditional forecasting models predicted would provide a strong and clear victory for one side was ultimately so close. Using a variety of models, the authors explore why the election was so close, what happened to the landslide that economic forecast models had predicted, and whether our traditional theories and approaches require reevaluation in light of the outcome. This book analyzes a variety of matters fundamental to the 2000 election, including the influence of Bill Clinton, his dual legacy, and the economy. The authors detail changing voter coalitions and the influence of a gender gap. They also describe the role of divided government, how voter turnout affects election outcomes, the impact of minor-party candidates, and, more generally, the relative importance of partisanship, candidates, and issues.


Investigation of the cascade of events that leads to brain formation during embryogenesis allows an understanding of the processes involved that may well be applicable to future neurodegenerative therapies. Two genes at work during embryonic neurogenesis in a brain region called the superior colliculus are Sci, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix factor transcription factor family and Pax7, a paired box transcription factor containing a homeobox dornain. The superior coiliculus forms part of the visual system in mammals and in sepmate studies both the Sci and Pax? genes have been shown to be present in this fegion of the mouse brain from early neurogenesis onwards continuing into adulthood. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether both genes were operating within the same cells suggesting that they may be part of the same cascade of gene regulat()ry events during development or co-function in cells of the mature superior colliculus. Mice were analysed at seven different timepoints from embryonic day (E) 12.5, El5.5, El8.5 to the day of birth, postnatal day (P) 5, at weaning (P21) and in the adult brain. Their dissected brains were cryosectioncd and processed for (immuno)histochemistry. Preliminary results were generated with LacZ stainin!T to detect Sci expression and immunoperoxidase staining to detect Pax7. Confocal microscopy of (immune )fluorescent stained sections confirmed co-expression. Interestingly, expression of the Sc1 and Paxl transcription factors was found to overlap in a large subset of Pax? and Sci positive cells in the superficial layers of the mature superior colliculus and co-localisation in these cells was confirmed. By contrast, Paxl and Sci did not co-localise in these cells during embryonic neurogenesis. Compared with a range of neurogenic transcription factors that are down-regulated after embryonic neurogenesis, the continued expression of Scl and Paxl in the adult brain suggests a possible change in function from neuronal differentiation before birth to a possible concomitant maintenance of the cellular phenotype function in the adult brain. The lack of co-expression in the embry .mic brain does not support the hypothesis that Paxl and Sci are involved in the same developmental cascade of gene regulation. However, the finding that Pax? and Sci co-localise in mature neurons of the superior colliculus does allow for co-function of these two transcription factors.


In June this year the Dutch supreme court convicted but declined to punish a psychiatrist, Dr Boudewijn Chabot, for assisting the suicide of a physically healthy patient who was stated by the court to have "a depressive disorder in the narrow sense."1,2 This judgment has been interpreted as "a historic ruling,"3 but outside the Netherlands it has received scant attention.4,5

Although the prosecutor general thought "that help in assistance with suicide to a patient where there is no physical suffering and who is not dying can never be justified," the supreme court rejected this contention. It explicitly accepted that euthanasia or assisted suicide might be justifiable for a patient with severe psychic suffering due to a depressive illness and in the absence of a physical disorder or a terminal condition.

The court did, however, find Chabot guilty because he had not obtained a second opinion examination of the patient by another psychiatrist and there was no independent expert evidence that "an emergency situation"6 existed - the normal mitigating defence in such cases. Although the guilty verdict could …