VML (Virtual Machine Language) is an advanced computing environment that allows spacecraft to operate using mechanisms ranging from simple, time-oriented sequencing to advanced, multicomponent reactive systems. VML has developed in four evolutionary stages. VML 0 is a core execution capability providing multi-threaded command execution, integer data types, and rudimentary branching. VML 1 added named parameterized procedures, extensive polymorphism, data typing, branching, looping issuance of commands using run-time parameters, and named global variables. VML 2 added for loops, data verification, telemetry reaction, and an open flight adaptation architecture. VML 2.1 contains major advances in control flow capabilities for executable state machines. On the resource requirements front, VML 2.1 features a reduced memory footprint in order to fit more capability into modestly sized flight processors, and endian-neutral data access for compatibility with Intel little-endian processors. Sequence packaging has been improved with object-oriented programming constructs and the use of implicit (rather than explicit) time tags on statements. Sequence event detection has been significantly enhanced with multi-variable waiting, which allows a sequence to detect and react to conditions defined by complex expressions with multiple global variables. This multi-variable waiting serves as the basis for implementing parallel rule checking, which in turn, makes possible executable state machines. The new state machine feature in VML 2.1 allows the creation of sophisticated autonomous reactive systems without the need to develop expensive flight software. Users specify named states and transitions, along with the truth conditions required, before taking transitions. Transitions with the same signal name allow separate state machines to coordinate actions: the conditions distributed across all state machines necessary to arm a particular signal are evaluated, and once found true, that signal is raised. The selected signal then causes all identically named transitions in all present state machines to be taken simultaneously. VML 2.1 has relevance to all potential space missions, both manned and unmanned. It was under consideration for use on Orion.


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The early evolution of Earth's atmosphere and the origin of life took place at a time when physical conditions at the Earth were radically different from its present state. The radiative input from the Sun was much enhanced in the high-energy spectral domain, and in order to model early planetary atmospheres in detail, a knowledge of the solar radiative input is needed. We present an investigation of the atmospheric parameters, state of evolution, and high-energy fluxes of the nearby star κ1 Cet, previously thought to have properties resembling those of the early Sun. Atmospheric parameters were derived from the excitation/ionization equilibrium of Fe i and Fe ii, profile fitting of Hα, and the spectral energy distribution. The UV irradiance was derived from Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer and Hubble Space Telescope data, and the absolute chromospheric flux from the Hα line core. From careful spectral analysis and the comparison of different methods, we propose for κ1 Cet the following atmospheric parameters: Teff = 5665 ± 30 K (Hα profile and energy distribution), log g = 4.49 ± 0.05 dex (evolutionary and spectroscopic), and [Fe/H] = +0.10 ± 0.05 (Fe ii lines). The UV radiative properties of κ1 Cet indicate that its flux is some 35% lower than the current Sun's between 210 and 300 nm, it matches the Sun's at 170 nm, and increases to at least 2–7 times higher than the Sun's between 110 and 140 nm. The use of several indicators ascribes an age to κ1 Cet in the interval ∼0.4–0.8 Gyr and the analysis of the theoretical Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (H–R) suggests a mass ∼1.04 M☉. This star is thus a very close analog of the Sun when life arose on Earth and Mars is thought to have lost its surface bodies of liquid water. Photochemical models indicate that the enhanced UV emission leads to a significant increase in photodissociation rates compared with those commonly assumed of the early Earth. Our results show that reliable calculations of the chemical composition of early planetary atmospheres need to account for the stronger solar photodissociating UV irradiation.


Neural Networks (NNs) have been successfully employed to represent the state evolution of complex dynamical systems. Such models, referred to as NN dynamic models (NNDMs), use iterative noisy predictions of NN to estimate a distribution of system trajectories over time. Despite their accuracy, safety analysis of NNDMs is known to be a challenging problem and remains largely unexplored. To address this issue, in this paper, we introduce a method of providing safety guarantees for NNDMs. Our approach is based on stochastic barrier functions, whose relation with safety are analogous to that of Lyapunov functions with stability. We first show a method of synthesizing stochastic barrier functions for NNDMs via a convex optimization problem, which in turn provides a lower bound on the system's safety probability. A key step in our method is the employment of the recent convex approximation results for NNs to find piece-wise linear bounds, which allow the formulation of the barrier function synthesis problem as a sum-of-squares optimization program. If the obtained safety probability is above the desired threshold, the system is certified. Otherwise, we introduce a method of generating controls for the system that robustly maximizes the safety probability in a minimally-invasive manner. We exploit the convexity property of the barrier function to formulate the optimal control synthesis problem as a linear program. Experimental results illustrate the efficacy of the method. Namely, they show that the method can scale to multi-dimensional NNDMs with multiple layers and hundreds of neurons per layer, and that the controller can significantly improve the safety probability.


This dissertation describes a computational system for the automatic analysis of noun sequences in unrestricted text. Noun sequences (also known as noun compounds or complex nominals) have several characteristics which prove to be obstacles to their automatic interpretation. First, the creation of noun sequences is highly productive in English; it is not possible to store all the noun sequences that will be encountered while processing text. Second, their interpretation is not recoverable from syntactic or morphological analysis. Interpreting a noun sequence, i.e., finding the relation between the nouns in a noun sequence, requires semantic information, both in limited domains and in unrestricted text. The semantic analysis in previous computational systems relied heavily on the availability of domain-specific knowledge bases; these have always been handcoded.
In this dissertation, we will describe a new approach to the problem of interpreting noun sequences; we also propose a new classification schema for noun sequences, consisting of 14 basic relations/classes. The approach involves a small set of general rules for interpreting NSs which makes use of semantic information extracted from the definitions in on-line dictionaries; the process for automatically acquiring semantic information will be described in detail. Each general rule can be considered as the configuration of semantic features and attributes on the nouns which provide evidence for a particular noun sequence interpretation; the rules access a set of 28 semantic features and attributes. The rules test relatedness between the semantic information and the nouns in the noun sequence. The score for each rule is not determined by the presence or absence of semantic features and attributes, but by the degree to which the nouns are related.
The results show that this system interprets 53% of the noun sequences in previously unseen text. An analysis of the results indicates that additional rules are needed and that the semantic information found provides good results, but some semantic information is still missing. For these tests, only information extracted from the definitions were used; on-line dictionaries also contain example sentences which should be exploited, as well as the definitions of words other those in the noun sequence.


The genus Celebochoerus was based by me (Hooijer, 1948) on two fragments of upper canines of rather large size, different from their homologues in Sus celebensis Muller and Babyrousa babyrussa (L.), the two living species of Suidae of Celebes. The specimens originate from Pleistocene deposits at Desa Beru, Tjabenge (Sopeng district), about 100 km N.E. of Macassar, S. Celebes, and were collected by Mr. H. R. van Heekeren, prehistorian to the Archaeological Survey at Macassar.
In the meantime I have received more specimens of upper canines, collected by Mr. Van Heekeren at Desa Beru and also at Sompoh, 12 km N. of Beru. These specimens, like those first described, are surface finds and consequently more or less water-worn. They show a great deal of variation in size as well as in the shape of their cross-section. As time fails now to give a description of all the fragments, I shall describe the best specimens first.
The largest specimen is the greater part of a right upper C, 11 cm in length. It originates from Sompoh. At the proximal end (pl. I fig. 3, to the right) the apex of the pulp cavity is shown. The tooth is slightly curved upward and backward and tapers distally. The cross-section is similar to that in the first described specimens (Hooijer, 1948, fig. 1 a, b): the anterior surface is at right angles to the upper and both surfaces possess a shallow longitudinal groove. The posterior upper and lower angles are gradually rounded off, and there is a sharp groove in the lower half posteriorly. The greatest diameters are ca. 42 mm horizontally and ca. 39 mm vertically.
The present canine is covered on all sides by a thick whitish layer also


This qualitative research study is informed by a grounded theory approach and explores the use of art therapy as a treatment for cumulative trauma. This paper reviews the current literature focusing on both cumulative trauma and related studies which address the nature and impact of "big T" and "little t" events and accumulated lifetime adversity. There are remarkably few studies which highlight the concept of cumulative trauma in both general psychology and art therapy literature, and there appear to be no existing studies addressing the treatment of the state of cumulative trauma to date. For this study, a series of interviews with three experienced art therapists is presented and accompanied by the researcher's visual representations of the felt sense of each of the interviews. The artwork is used in conjunction with each of the interview transcriptions to guide the process of data analysis. Axial coding analysis of the artwork and interview data results in the groundbreaking development of an art therapy treatment approach for cumulative trauma in four phases. The theory addresses each trauma according to the client's level of subjective distress. Through this theoretical model, the client's state of "allostatic load," which can be understood as a state of distress which surpasses the individual's ability for adaptive coping, is addressed systematically according to the trauma that is felt to be most subjectively impactful to each individual client. ART THERAPY AND CUMULATIVE TRAUMA iv


Crowdsourcing platforms are increasingly being harnessed for creative work. The platforms' potential for creative work is clearly identified, but the workers' perspectives on such work have not been extensively documented. In this paper, we uncover what the workers have to say about creative work on paid crowdsourcing platforms. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a questionnaire launched on two different crowdsourcing platforms, our results revealed clear differences between the workers on the platforms in both preferences and prior experience with creative work. We identify common pitfalls with creative work on crowdsourcing platforms, provide recommendations for requesters of creative work, and discuss the meaning of our findings within the broader scope of creativity-oriented research. To the best of our knowledge, we contribute the first extensive worker-oriented study of creative work on paid crowdsourcing platforms.


Quercetin is a member of a group of naturally occurring compounds, the flavonoids, which have a common flavone nucleus composed of two benzene rings linked through a heterocyclicpyrone ring. Quercetin is found in various plants, food products, and dyes of natural origin. The estimated average daily intake of quercetin by an individual in the United States is 25 mg. The Food and Drug Administration nominated quercetin for toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in the rat because it is a chemical that is widely distributed in foods. Quercetin was administered to rats by dosed feed since human exposure is by dietary consumption. Information in the literature showed that quercetin administered in the diet to rats at levels up to approximately 4% caused a minor body weight effect, whereas higher dose levels produced greater than 10% reduction in body weight gains relative to controls. Based on this information, the NTP 2-year studies were conducted by administering 0, 1,000, 10,000, or 40,000 ppm quercetin (>95% pure) in feed to groups of 50 male and female rats for 104 weeks. Ten additional animals per dose group were evaluated at 6 and 15 months. Body Weight, Survival, and Clinical Findings in the 2-Year Studies: Body weights of exposed male and female rats given 1,000 and 10,000 ppm were within 5% of controls throughout the studies. Reduced body weight gain in male and female rats receiving 40,000 ppm was observed by week 15 and the final mean body weights were 87% of controls at week 104. Survival and feed consumption were similar among exposed and control groups throughout the studies. The average amounts of quercetin consumed per day by the 1,000, 10,000 and 40,000 ppm dose groups after week 52 were 40, 400, and 1,900 mg/kg of body weight. Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the 2-Year Studies: In male rats, the principal toxic effects associated with the dietary administration of quercetin for 2 years were observed in the kidney. There were dose-related increases in the severity of chronic nephropathy (control, 2.7; low-dose, 2.7; mid-dose, 3.0; high-dose, 3.2) and a slight increased incidence in focal hyperplasia of the renal tubule epithelium (1/50; 2/50; 3/50; 4/50). Parathyroid hyperplasia, indicative of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, also increased incidence in dosed male rats (1/43, 6/45, 6/43, 17/43). The evaluation of single sections from the left and right kidneys revealed renal tubule adenomas in three male rats and adenocarcinomas in another male rat receiving 40,000 ppm quercetin; none were seen in the controls. Examination of additional step sections of the male rat kidney identified additional hyperplasia and adenomas in all dose groups (hyperplasia: 2/50, 2/50, 6/50, 8/50; adenoma: 1/50, 2/50, 7/50, 6/50). The overall incidence of renal tubule adenoma or adenocarcinoma combined in male rats was 1/50 in controls and 9/50 in the high-dose group. There was no apparent effect of quercetin on the kidney of female rats. A single renal tubule adenoma was seen in a female receiving 10,000 ppm; this neoplasm was not considered biologically significant. There was a statistically significant, dose-related decrease in the incidence of mammary gland fibroadenomas in exposed female rats (29/50, 27/50, 16/50, 9/50), which may in part be attributed to lower body weight gains. There was a treatment-related accumulation of yellow-brown granular pigment adsorbed to or absorbed by the epithelial cells of the glandular stomach, ileum, jejunum, and, to a lesser extent, the duodenum and colon. The severity of the pigmentation in these tissues increased with increased length of exposure. There were no other lesions considered to be related to chemical administration. Genetic Toxicology: Quercetin induced gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98 with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9). Positive results were also obtained in tests with and without S9 for induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Conclusions: Under the conditionslls. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of quercetin in male F344/N rats based on an increased incidence of renal tubule cell adenomas. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of quercetin in female F344/N rats receiving 1,000, 10,000 or 40,000 ppm. The incidence of renal tubule hyperplasia and the severity of nephropathy were increased in exposed male rats. Synonyms: C.I. Natural Yellow 10; C.I. 75670; Cyanidelonon 1522; Flavin Meletin; Quercetine; Quercetol; Quertin; Quertine; Sophoretin; Xanthaurine; 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone; 3,5,7,3',4'-Pentahydroxyflavone; 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one


Lasing modes of laser-diode-pumped fiber grating lasers are analyzed by coupled-mode theory. First, a power series solution of the coupled-mode equations is derived under the assumption of an exponentially-decreasing longitudinal modal gain profile for a laser-diode-pumped grating section, followed by determination of the transfer matrix for such a section. Based on these results, an eigenvalue equation for oscillation is then derived and solved numerically for the lasing modes of uniform and phase-shifted fiber grating lasers. Comparisons made with the uniform-gain results indicate that, surprisingly, the lasing mode characteristics are not as significantly altered as might be expected in most cases, even for a highly nonuniform gain profile. In the case of a phase-shifted grating, the phase-shift position appears to have a much greater impact on determining the threshold gain, the modal field distribution, and the front-to-back output power ratio.


A tumor can be considered as a highly heterogeneous functional tissue, connected and dependent on the microenvironment, which sends and receives signals to and from the tumor tissue itself. Tumor cells alter the mechanical properties of the microenviron‐ ment in order to create favorable conditions for their proliferation. Stromal cells and non‐ cellular elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including the host immune system, the fibrous scaffolding, the fundamental substance, and blood vascularization can determine tumoral cell morphologies, functions, aggressiveness, and response to treatment, as well as an accurate assessment of prognosis of the patients. Robust morphometric digital pathology techniques that are able to standardize measurements and analyse whole sets of immunohistochemical images are called for to identify, describe, and quantify the elements of the ECM. The computer‐automated segmentation algorithms are therefore required to increase the knowledge on the tumor microenvironment heterogeneity and to provide new therapeutic targets.


For over 150 years, the business judgment rule performed a relatively straightforward task in the corporate governance system of the United States, namely, protecting corporate directors from liability for honest mistakes. Under the traditional version of the business judgment rule, when the board of directors is careful, loyal, and acting in good faith, courts refuse to second-guess the merits of the board's decisions, even if the corporation and its shareholders are harmed by those decisions. While modern courts continue to insulate directors from liability for honest mistakes according to this traditional formula, in the 1980s Delaware courts began assigning the business judgment rule a more expansive role. The modern business judgment rule is applied not only in cases without procedural infirmities, but in cases where procedural infirmities at the board level have been mitigated by a special committee, stockholder approval, or partial substantive review by the court. In these new contexts, a court must satisfy itself that a board decision is worthy of respect, not because the decision was substantively correct, but because the effect of the procedural infirmities was sufficiently muted. After the court reaches that point, the business judgment rule "attaches" to protect the substantive merits of the decision from (further) review. The modern business judgment rule is not a one-size-fits-all doctrine, but rather a movable boundary, marking the shifting line between judicial scrutiny and judicial deference. In describing the transformation of the business judgment rule, this chapter focuses on Delaware judicial opinions, with special attention to cases involving mergers and acquisitions, where the most important changes in the business judgment rule have been forged. The scripting of the business judgment rule's new role by the Delaware courts is a work in progress, and the current law is inconsistent and confusing. Nevertheless, I trace the development of the modern business judgment rule and attempt to rationalize that development around the simple idea that the rule guides courts through the review of director conduct and marks the point at which judicial evaluation of a decision ends.


The selection-mutation-drift theory of codon usage plays a major role in the theory of molecular evolution by explaining the co-evolution of codon usage bias and tRNA content in the framework of translation optimization. Because most studies have focused only on codon usage, we analyzed the tRNA gene pool of 102 bacterial species. We show that as minimal generation times get shorter, the genomes contain more tRNA genes, but fewer anticodon species. Surprisingly, despite the wide G+C variation of bacterial genomes these anticodons are the same in most genomes. This suggests an optimization of the translation machinery to use a small subset of optimal codons and anticodons in fast-growing bacteria and in highly expressed genes. As a result, the overrepresented codons in highly expressed genes tend to be the same in very different genomes to match the same most-frequent anticodons. This is particularly important in fast-growing bacteria, which have higher codon usage bias in these genes. Three models were tested to understand the choice of codons recognized by the same anticodons, all providing significant fit, but under different classes of genes and genomes. Thus, co-evolution of tRNA gene composition and codon usage bias in genomes seen from tRNA's point of view agrees with the selection-mutation-drift theory. However, it suggests a much more universal trend in the evolution of anticodon and codon choice than previously thought. It also provides new evidence that a selective force for the optimization of the translation machinery is the maximization of growth.


Background & Objectives: Currently, Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen insofar as its hospital outbreaks have been described from various geographical areas. Since the discrimination of strains within a species is im portant for delineating nosocomial outbreaks, this study was conducted with the aim of genotyping the A. baumannii clinical strains in Tehran via the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method, which is the most accurate method used for the typing of bacterial species. Material & method: This study was performed on 70 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients from Baqiyatallah, Rasoole Akram, and Milad hospitals in Tehran. Cultural and biochemical methods were used for the identification of the isolates in species level, and then susceptibility tests were carried out on 50 isolates of A. baumannii using the disk diffusion method. The PFGE method was performed on the isolates by Apa I restriction enzyme. Finally, the results of the PFGE were analyzed. Result: Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from hospitals in Tehran showed seven different genetic patterns, two of which were sporadic. Also, genotypic profiles were different in each hospital, and different patterns of genetic resistance to common antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: Although diversity was observed among the strains of A. baumannii by the PFGE method in Tehran, no epidemic strains were found among them.


BACKGROUND
As tuberculosis control programs have reached acceptable levels in the identification and treatment of persons with active tuberculosis, the next step should be to develop methods of preventing new cases. Persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTI) are considered to have a higher risk of developing active tuberculosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of LTI and its associated factors in the contacts of tuberculosis patients.

METHODS
We studied the contacts of tuberculosis patients who were examined in the Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention in Lleida (Spain) from 1991-1997. Factors associated with the index case (demographic, radiographic, bacteriologic and therapeutic) and tuberculin skin test results and demographic data in contacts were collected. Data on HIV infection, injection drug use and alcohol consumption in tuberculosis patients were also collected. The associations were assessed by obtaining crude and adjusted odds ratios.

RESULTS
The prevalence of LTI among contacts was 36.1% (780/2,161). In the multivariate analysis a higher frequency of LTI was detected in contacts older than 14 years (ORa = 3.34; 95% CI, 2.51-4.45), contacts who had a higher degree of exposure to the index case (ORa = 1.96; 95% CI, 1.59-2.42), contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients (ORa = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01-2.35), contacts of patients with a positive sputum smear (ORa = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.15-1.99), contacts of patients with caverns on chest x-ray (ORa = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.61) and contacts of patients with delayed treatment (ORa = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.62).

CONCLUSIONS
The overall prevalence of LTI in the contacts of patients with tuberculosis was high. Among the factors studied, delayed treatment in the index case was independently associated with the frequency of LTI in tuberculosis contacts. Measures for the early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis should be intensified.


Summary
1. Modelling the effects of climate change on freshwater fishes requires robust field-based estimates accounting for interactions among multiple factors.

2. We used data from an 8-year individual-based study of a wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) population to test the influence of water temperature on season-specific growth in the context of variation in other environmental (i.e. season, stream flow) or biotic factors (local brook trout biomass density and fish age and size) in West Brook, a third-order stream in western Massachusetts, U.S.A.

3. Changes in ambient temperature influenced individual growth rates. In general, higher temperatures were associated with higher growth rates in winter and spring and lower growth rates in summer and autumn. However, the effect of temperature on growth was strongly context-dependent, differing in both magnitude and direction as a function of season, stream flow and fish biomass density.

4. We found that stream flow and temperature had strong and complex interactive effects on trout growth. At the coldest temperatures (in winter), high stream flows were associated with reduced trout growth rates. During spring and autumn and in typical summers (when water temperatures were close to growth optima), higher flows were associated with increased growth rates. In addition, the effect of flow at a given temperature (the flow-temperature interaction) differed among seasons.

5. Trout density negatively affected growth rate and had strong interactions with temperature in two of four seasons (i.e. spring and summer) with greater negative effects at high temperatures.

6. Our study provided robust, integrative field-based estimates of the effects of temperature on growth rates for a species which serves as a model organism for cold-water adapted ectotherms facing the consequences of environmental change. Results of the study strongly suggest that failure to derive season-specific estimates, or to explicitly consider interactions with flow regime and fish density, will seriously compromise our ability to predict the effects of climate change on stream fish growth rates. Further, the concordance we found between empirical observations and likely energetic mechanisms suggests that our general results should be relevant at broader spatial and temporal scales.


Atmospheric ammonia plays an important role in a number of environmental issues, including new particle formation and aerosol indirect radiative forcing. Over the United States, atmospheric ammonia has seen an increasing trend due in most part to the declining SO2 and NOx emissions. We conduct the first comprehensive assessment of multiyear Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)‐Chem simulated ammonia concentration ([NH3]) over conterminous United States along with surface observations from all 90 National Atmospheric Deposition Program Ammonia Monitoring Network (AMoN) sites that have at least 2 years of continuous measurements. Model‐simulated [NH3] is along empirically expected lines with regard to temporal trends, seasonal variations, and spatial distribution. GEOS‐Chem‐simulated [NH3], compared to AMoN observed values, has weighted average correlation (τ) of 0.50 ± 0.15 and mean fractional bias (MFB) of −8.8 ± 56%. Most sites (63 out of 90) have −60% < MFB < +60%. The deviations from observed values vary spatially and seasonally, and there is significant wintertime underestimation (−44 ± 58%) across most of conterminous United States (except the Pacific states). The largest positive deviations occur in the Pacific states (101 ± 46%) and the largest negative deviations in the Southern Plain states (−73 ± 39%) and the Mountain states (−73 ± 84%), both in the winter months. Over the Great Plains region, GEOS‐Chem simulated [NH3] shows a much stronger dependence to emissions than AMoN observed [NH3], indicating scope for improved representation of emissions for the region. Over Southeast United States, there appears to be the strong effect of the changing emissions of SO2 and NOx in both modeled and observed [NH3].


Music Maker is a free online resource that provides files for 3D printing woodwind and brass mouthpieces and tutorials for using those mouthpieces to learn about acoustics and music. The mouthpieces are designed to fit into standard plumbing and automobile parts that can be easily purchased at home improvement and automotive stores. The result is a musical tool that can be used as simply as a set of building blocks to bridge the gap between our increasingly digital world of fabrication and the real-world materials that make up our daily lives. An increasing number of schools, libraries and community groups are purchasing 3D printers but many are still struggling to create engaging and relevant curriculum that ties into academic subjects. Making new musical instruments is a fantastic way to learn about acoustics, physics and mathematics.


Morphological changes in the cell surfaces of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain NCYC 1681), and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain DVPB 1354), in response to thermal and osmotic stresses, were investigated using an atomic force microscope. With this microscope imaging, together with measurements of culture viability and cell size, it was possible to relate topological changes of the cell surface at nanoscale with cellular stress physiology. As expected, when the yeasts were exposed to thermostress or osmostress, their viability together with the mean cell volume decreased in conjunction with the increase in thermal or osmotic shock. Nevertheless, the viability of cells stressed for up to 1 h remained relatively high. For example, viabilities were 450% and 490% for the thermostressed, and 460% and 470% for the osmostressed S. cerevisiae and Schiz. pombe, respectively. Mean cell volume measurements, and bearing and roughness analyses of atomic force microscope images of stressed yeasts indicate that Schiz. pombe may be more resistant to physical stresses than S. cerevisiae. Overall, this study has highlighted the usefulness of atomic force microscope in studies of yeast stress physiology.


Recently developed compressed sensing theory enables signal acquisition and reconstruction from incomplete information with high probability provided that the signal is sparsely represented in some basis. This paper applies compressed sensing for spectrum sensing in a networked system. To tackle the calculation and communication cost problems, this paper also applies structured compressed sensing and 1-bit compressed sensing. Measurement using the partial random circulant matrices can reduce the calculation cost at the sacrifice of a slightly increased number of measurements by utilizing the fact that a circulant matrix is decomposed by multiplications of structured matrices. This paper investigates the tradeoff between calculation cost and compression performance. 1-bit compressed sensing extracts only sign data (1-bit quantization) from measured data, and reconstructs the original signal from the extracted sign data. Therefore, 1-bit compressed sensing can save communication costs associated with spectrum sensing in a networked system. This paper evaluates the efficiency of 1-bit compressed sensing. In addition, this paper also proposes a block reconstruction algorithm for 1-bit compressed sensing that uses the block sparsity of the signals. Empirical study shows that partial random circulant matrices work as efficient as completely random measurement matrices for spectrum sensing and that 1-bit compressed sensing can be used for spectrum sensing with greatly reduced communication costs.


Chinese policies and behaviour regarding the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have changed gradually over the last two decades. Since the early 1980s, China has limited its exports of sensitive nuclear and missile items and expanded its nonproliferation commitments. Although China continues to provide some missile assistance to Pakistan, Iran and other countries, from a nonproliferation perspective China's policies - on balance - have improved. The dissertation argues that US policy, in the form of economic and political incentives and disincentives, played a significant and enduring role in shaping these changes. US diplomacy sensitized China to international and US nonproliferation concerns; encouraged China to accept nonproliferation principles and join international accords; coerced China into strict compliance with some of its commitments; catalyzed institutionalization of such pledges; and helped foster the development of a Chinese community of arms control and nonproliferation specialists. These changes in China's nonproliferation behaviour were also influenced by three internal factors: the degree of China's acceptance of specific nonproliferation norms; China's institutional/bureaucratic capacity to understand and implement its nonproliferation commitments; and Chinese foreign policy priorities. These three variables enabled and constrained US efforts to shape China's nonproliferation policies. US policy was most successful in encouraging changes in China's approach to nuclear nonproliferation but were far more limited in shaping its missile nonproliferation behaviour. The dissertation further maintains that persistent and high-level US diplomacy resulted in the widely held Chinese perception that some of its nonproliferation pledges are political commitments and that adherence to them is linked to the overall US-China political relationship. As a result, US policies which China perceives as undermining its core security interests, such as missile defence, have pushed China away from supporting nonproliferation and arms control principles and agreements. This dissertation presents four case-studies. The first one covers US-China negotiations on nuclear nonproliferation, the second covers bilateral interactions on missile nonproliferation, the third addresses bilateral debates on missile defences, and the fourth case study examines the evolution of China's community of nonproliferation and arms control specialists.


The open data moving is gathering steam globally, and it has the potential to transform relationships between citizens, the private sector and government. To date, little or no attention has been given to the particular challenge of realizing the benefits of open data within in an officially bi- or multi-lingual jurisdiction. Using the efforts and obligations of the Canadian federal government as a case study, the authors identify the challenges posed by developing and implementing an open data agenda within an officially bilingual state. Key concerns include (1) whether governments may use open data to outsource some information analysis and information services to an unregulated private sector through open data initiatives, thus directly or indirectly avoiding obligations to provide information analysis and information tools in official languages; and (2) whether the rush by governments to support the innovation agenda of open data may leave minority language communities both underserved and under-included in the development and use of open data.


This research is an attempt to try to define the semiotic elements of film costumes that result with certain final feelings of the viewer. Looking through the semiotic theory of both Roland Barthes and Walter Benjamin and the specifics of (theatre and) film costume as a means of influencing the viewer and his/her thoughts, feelings and overall catharsis, the identity of a certain film has been set through an analysis of various elements. Furthermore, it has been noticed that psychological results by one observing a film can be various and lean more on known philosophical and psychological tendencies i.e. Freud's theories or the ones of M. Merleau-Ponty or Lacan. To make it less verbatim, the example for the analysis that has been chosen is the 1982 science fiction film Bladerunner directed by Ridley Scott. With surreal messages and multi-layered meanings of its visual and audio presentation, it seemed like a perfect starting point for the research of the subconscious mind of the viewer. Finding a non-invasive approach to viewer's impression, the costume itself could be observed both independently and in correlation with other film elements. By combining the results of all film levels via a visual psychological test by Robert Plutchik, known as Plutchik's wheel of emotions, it is plain to see that a final impression still lies in a personal analysis. We find a prevalence of certain thoughts that lead the viewer to change his/her perception and, ultimately, to catharsis.


The disproportionate criminalisation and incarceration of particular minority ethnic groups has long been observed, though much of the work in criminology has been dominated by a somewhat narrow debate. This debate has concerned itself with explaining this disproportionality in terms of structural inequalities and socio-economic disadvantage or discriminatory criminal justice processing. This book offers an accessible and innovative approach, including chapters on anti-Semitism, social cohesion in London, Bradford and Glasgow, as well as an exploration of policing Traveller communities. Incorporating current empirical research and new departures in methodology and theory, this book also draws on a range of contemporary issues such as policing terrorism, immigration detention and youth gangs. In offering minority perspectives on race, crime and justice and white inmate perspectives from the multicultural prison, the book emphasises contrasting and distinctive influences on constructing ethnic identities. It will be of interest to students studying courses in ethnicity, crime and justice.


This paper is to indicate research tendencies of faith in Daesoonjinrihoe and controversial points of those, and to consider the outlook on Sangje after defining it as theological understanding and explanation for Gu-Cheon-Sang-Je (High-est ruling Entity that is the object of devotion in Daesoon-jinrihoe). As the first introduction to the work, various descriptions for Sangje are arranged and the meanings of those are analyzed. In brief, first, the name of Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong -Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon, expresses the fact that the authority of Sangje (the Supreme Entity) is exposed by spatial concept Sangje dwells in Ninth Heaven. This fact can be compared with the doctrines Allah in Islam and Jehovah in Christianity each are dwelled in Seventh Heaven. And the name shows Sangje is the ruler who reigns over the universe by using yin and yang. Second, the name, Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo- Hwa-Cheon-Jon, is imported from China Taoism because it has been in Ok-Chu-Gyeong (the Gaoshang shenlei yushu). But in fact it`s root is in Korea because Buyeo and Goguryeo, the ancient Korean nations, have the source of the name. While the name is not the Supreme Entity in China Taoism, it is the Supreme Entity in Daesoonjinrihoe. This fact is a important difference. Third, arbitrarily or not, the name, Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won -Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon, is put on the image of ``resolution of grievances``. The reason is that many peoples in Korea and China has called the name for about 1,000 years ago to help their fortunes and escape predicaments. Forth, not only Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa- Cheon-Jon but also the name, Three Pure Ones and Ok-Cheon-Jin-Wang (Yuqingzhenwang) in China Taoism used as the Highest ruling Entity in Daesoonjinrihoe. But the relations between three Pure Ones and Ok-Cheon-Jin-Wang and Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong-Bo-Hwa-Cheon-Jon in Dae-soonjinrihoe are different from that in China Taoism. Fifth, Sangje is associated with the Polaris divinity of Tae-Eul, view on God in Oriental Cosmology. The description Tae-Eul as well as Gu-Cheon-Eung-Won-Nweh-Seong.Bo- Hwa-Cheon-Jon is indicated Sangje is linked to the faith of Buyeo and Goguryeo. Sixth, Sangje is not only Mugeuk-Sin (The God of The Endless) who supervise the Endless but also Taegeuk-Ji- Cheon-Jon (The God of The Ultimate Reality) who supervise the Ultimate Reality. These descriptions directly display the fact Sangje is a creator. Seventh, in case explaining Sangje, the point of view is necessary that grasps the whole viewpoints Sangje ``was' Hidden God(deus otiosus) and ``is`` Unhidden God after Incarnation. Eighth, Sangje is Cheon-Ju in Donghak, but different from that. Cheon-Ju in Donghak has both transcendence and immanence in tightrope tension, but Cheon-Ju in Daesoonjinrihoe emphasize transcendence than immanence. That difference is the result of the fact Cheon-Ju in Donghak was a being having revealed a man and Cheon-Ju in Daesoonjinrihoe was a being having incarnated after revealing a man. Ninth, Sangje is Gae-Byeok-Jang who is the manager of the transforming and ordering the Three Realms of the World by the Great Do which is the mutual beneficence of all life and Hae-Won-Sin who is the God of resolution of grievances.


Since graphics hold qualitative and quantitative information of complex crime scenes, it becomes a basic key to develop hypothesis in police investigations and also to prove these hypotheses in court. Forensic analysis involves tasks of scene information mining as well as its reconstruction in order to extract elements for explanatory police test or to show forensic evidence in legal proceedings. Currently, the combination of sensors and technologies allows the integration of spatial data and the generation of virtual infographic products (orthoimages, solid images, point clouds, cross‐sections, etc.) which are extremely attractive. These products, which successfully retain accurate 3D metric information, are revolutionizing dimensional reconstruction of objects and crime scenes. Thus, it can be said that the reconstruction and 3D visualization of complex scenes are one of the main challenges for the international scientific community. To overcome this challenge, techniques related with computer vision, computer graphics and geomatics work closely. This chapter reviews a set of geomatic techniques, applied to improve infographic forensic products, and its evolution. The integration of data from different sensors whose final purpose is 3D accurate modelling is also described. As we move into a highly active research area, where there are still many uncertainties to be resolved, the final section addresses these challenges and outlines future perspectives.


In the marine environment, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton can be physically associated. Such association has recently been hypothesized to be involved in the toxicity of the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium. However, the methods, which have been used so far to identify, localize, and quantify bacteria associated with phytoplankton, are either destructive, time consuming, or lack precision. In the present study we combined tyramide signal amplification–fluorescent in situ hybridization (TSA‐FISH) with confocal microscopy to determine the physical association of dinoflagellate cells with bacteria. Dinoflagellate attached microflora was successfully identified with TSA‐FISH, whereas FISH using monolabeled probes failed to detect bacteria, because of the dinoflagellate autofluorescence. Bacteria attached to entire dinoflagellates were further localized and distinguished from those attached to empty theca, by using calcofluor and DAPI, two fluorochromes that stain dinoflagellate theca and DNA, respectively. The contribution of specific bacterial taxa of attached microflora was assessed by double hybridization. Endocytoplasmic and endonuclear bacteria were successfully identified in the nonthecate dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum. In contrast, intracellular bacteria were not observed in either toxic or nontoxic strains of Alexandrium spp. Finally, the method was successfully tested on natural phytoplankton assemblages, suggesting that this combination of techniques could prove a useful tool for the simultaneous identification, localization, and quantification of bacteria physically associated with dinoflagellates and more generally with phytoplankton.


Achieving a widespread transition to grid-interactive, efficient buildings (GEBs) depends critically on there being sufficient interoperability among connected building systems. While many critical elements already exist at the technical interoperability level (TCP/IP, BACnet, etc.), a lack of interoperability in the semantic level hinders streamlined integration of interdependent applications. Semantics refers to expressing information about "things" in a way that can be consistently understood by applications. Key components of formalized semantics include identifying what a "thing" is (its "type"), defining general information about that "thing" (its characteristics or properties), and defining the appropriate relationships of that "thing" to other "things" (its function or role in a larger system). Although this might seem initially trivial, the success of smart building applications is highly dependent on maintaining consistent self-descriptive notions of the "things".
Without semantic interoperability, it is technically difficult, labor-intensive, and cost-prohibitive to enable three key objectives of GEBs: optimizing performance, automatically identifying and diagnosing faults, and delivering grid services. Industry, academia, and standards bodies have invested effort in developing information models to facilitate semantic interoperability, however, they have not been widely adopted across the U.S. commercial building portfolio.
This paper will present a pathway to drive semantic interoperability through a three-pronged approach to be led by the DOE Building Technologies Office in partnership with NIST and multiple national laboratories comprising: 1) industry engagement and coordination across existing efforts; 2) a semantic interoperability standard that empowers building owners to identify and require interoperable attributes when procuring equipment and applications; 3) tools to assist in implementation and a test framework to verify compliance of products with semantic interoperability specifications. This approach is designed to accelerate the timeline for adoption of semantic interoperability specifications. The intent is to reduce soft costs associated with implementing advanced controls, fault detection and diagnostics, and other smart building technologies and use cases as a necessary step in achieving an energy efficient smart grid future.


The phenomenon of human aging has been gaining more prominence in the media and research, as it is an emerging reality that presents the need for a closer look. According to the United Nations (2018), there are around 700 million people over 60 years of age in the world and it is expected to reach two billion by 2050. Brazil also follows this worldwide trend of population aging, reaching to surpass the 30 million elderly mark in the country (IBGE, 2017). According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2017), the elderly population has increased by 18% over the past five years, becoming increasingly a representative age group in Brazil.
Due to these new parameters of longevity, combined with lower fertility rates, there are increasing vertical or intergenerational family structures, which show the need for further investigation of intergenerational relationships. According to studies carried out in Germany (Grunheid & Scharein, 2011), grandparents enjoy about 30 years of living with their grandchildren, thus opening the possibility of seeing the birth of their great-grandchildren and thus become great-grandparents. In this sense, this study about the great-grandparents figure is justified due to its intergenerational importance that constitutes something to be built for Family Psychology, as it is a growing social reality, however, still subject to little investigation.
According to the literature, the role played by great-grandparents in the family consists of tasks such as telling stories and anecdotes, giving gifts, taking care of great-grandchildren, going out with them, performing leisure activities, guiding and praying for them, among others. Mahne, Klaus, and Engstler (2018) raise the possibility that the relationship of great-grandparents with great-grandchildren becomes increasingly similar to that of grandparents and grandchildren, and that of grandparents and grandchildren approaches the relationship between parents and children. In addition, it can be said that great-grandparents often offer emotional and financial support to go beyond their own generation and it is through these behaviors that family values are transmitted. In addition, an important feature highlighted by Rabinovich, Azambuja and Moreira (2014) is that in the perspective of their great-grandchildren and came to the conclusion that great-grandparents contribute richly to the daily life of the family. Great-grandparents bring the child closer to the notion of finitude, since they appear even older than their grandparents. Children may experience a change of position from grandchildren to great-grandchildren and not confuse the generational subsystems of grandparents and great-grandparents.
Despite advances in research on intergenerational relations, there are still few studies focusing on the generation of great-grandparents (Even-Zohar & Garby, 2016; Rabinovich, Azambuja & Moreira, 2014; Vicente & Souza, 2012), which justifies the present study.

Therefore, the general objective of this research was to understand how the relationship between great-grandparents and their great-grandchildren is characterized, more specifically it was sought: to identify the activities performed by great-grandparents with their great-grandchildren; understand intergenerational relations between great-grandparents and great-grandchildren; and analyze the meaning of being and having great-grandparents.
Due to the proposed objectives, a qualitative research was chosen to enable us to better understand phenomena and relationships (Minayo, 2004). Regarding the criterion of choice of participants, a purposive sample was used (Turato, 2003). Contributing participants in this research were five great-grandparents (three great-grandmothers and two great-grandfathers), aged 74 to 97 years; five great-grandchildren (one great-granddaughter and four great-grandsons), aged between 7 and 10 years. Participants were identified with fictitious names, and names with the same initials are great-grandparents and great-grandchildren of the same family.
A semi-structured interview with two scripts was used, one for great-grandparents and one for great-grandchildren addressing topics such as activities performed together, relationship characteristics, as well as what it means to be great-grandparents; in addition to a questionnaire with the participants' sociodemographic data.
To illustrate the theme was also made reading and analysis of children's books consisting of four books that deal with the figure of great-grandparents, which were found in virtual book tallows. The titles were obtained by searching the very homepage of the virtual bookstore for the word "great-grandparents". The year of publication of these works ranged from 2005 to 2018, with all four books written in Portuguese and published in Brazil. Rodrigues, Oliveira, Rubac and Tavares (2007) explain that children's storybooks feature textual material that contains content regarding how certain figures are viewed. The data collected, either through the interview or textual material of children's books, were analyzed according to the Thematic Content Analysis technique, and permitted a triangulation of the data.
It can be confirmed in this research, corroborating with the literature consulted, that the role of great-grandparents is involved in multiple intergenerational relationships, since they play three intergenerational roles at the same time: parents, grandparents and great-grandparents. The methodology with interviews with both generations was important to understand intergenerational nuances. In addition, the children's books contributed to observe the relationship of great-grandparents and great-grandchildren from fiction, revealing various aspects also present in the participants' speeches. Although they bring the stories to great-grandparents' legacy aspects, the stories also show the conviviality of the two generations filled with great affection. These books highlight the importance of working with old age themes with children in order to reduce possible prejudices, besides contributing to a society that gives voice and respect to all ages.
However, it should be noted that this topic has not been exhausted. The scarcity of literature in Brazil reflects this need for research on the generation of great-grandparents. In addition, the need for a closer look at society for this elder population is emphasized to create new public policies that include this generation, as well as psychological support in cases where conflicts are not resolved or cause suffering.


On a small island in a glacier-fed lake on Alaska's Kenai Peninsula, a marriage is unravelling. Gary, driven by thirty years of diverted plans, and Irene, haunted by a tragedy in her past, are trying to rebuild their life together. Following the outline of Gary's old dream, they're hauling logs out to Caribou Island in good weather and in terrible storms, in sickness and in health, to patch together the kind of cabin that drew them to Alaska in the first place. Across the water on the mainland, Irene and Gary's grown daughter, Rhoda is starting her own life. She fantasizes about the perfect wedding day, whilst her betrothed, Jim the dentist, wonders about the possibility of an altogether different future. From the author of the massively-acclaimed "Legend of a Suicide", comes a devastating novel about a marriage, a couple blighted by past shadows and the weight of expectation, of themselves and of each other. Brilliantly drawn and fiercely honest in its depiction of love and disappointment, David Vann's first novel confirms him as one of America's most dazzling writers of fiction.


This paper uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE) to investigate how the educational aspirations of secondary school pupils in Year 9 (at age 14) and in Year 11 (at age 16) are influenced by their school peers. Educational aspirations are defined as plans to stay in education after completing compulsory schooling and, conditional on staying, intentions to follow an academic rather than a vocational post-compulsory pathway. In order to overcome the endogeneity and selection biases associated with peer effects, the study adopts an identification strategy based on 'peers-of-peers'. Specifically, each individual's secondary school peers are instrumented with their primary school peers who did not attend the same primary or secondary school as the individual. These peers-of-peers will have affected the secondary school peers through attendance at the same primary school, but have likely never met the individual and therefore will not have had any direct effect on the individual's aspirations. The paper assesses peer effects in three different ways: through peers' ability (as measured by their educational achievements); through peers' socio-economic background; and through peers' own aspirations. Peer effects on individuals' intentions to stay in education are found to be significant for boys but not for girls. Conditional on their plans to remain in post-compulsory education, peers' ability, socio-economic background and aspirations to follow an academic rather than a vocational education pathway, all have a positive and significant effect on individuals' aspirations to follow an academic route. We also find evidence that the provision of information, advice and guidance (IAG) by schools or external agencies can serve to mitigate peer effects. Finally, individuals with higher ability and more socially-advantaged peers are less likely to have changed their educational aspirations between Year 9 and Year 11 of schooling.. JEL Classification: I20, J24


There is significant demand for an understanding of the fundamentals, technologies, and design of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and their components from researchers, engineers, and graduate students. Although there is a good body of work in the literature, there is still a great need for electric and hybrid vehicle teaching materials. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Technologies, Modeling and Control A Mechatronic Approach is based on the authors current research in vehicle systems and will include chapters on vehicle propulsion systems, the fundamentals of vehicle dynamics, EV and HEV technologies, chassis systems, steering control systems, and state, parameter and force estimations. The book is highly illustrated, and examples will be given throughout the book based on real applications and challenges in the automotive industry. Designed to help a new generation of engineers needing to master the principles of and further advances in hybrid vehicle technology Includes examples of real applications and challenges in the automotive industry with problems and solutions Takes a mechatronics approach to the study of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, appealing to mechanical and electrical engineering interests Responds to the increase in demand of universities offering courses in newer electric vehicle technologies


In the past, people have argued for and against the theory of reciprocal regulation of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Data have indicated that this may occur in vitro during drug-induced selection of cells, and in vivo during development. Much of this debate has been caused by a severe lack of mechanistic details involved in such regulation. Our past data indicate that certain Pgp modulators can affect CFTR expression and function. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of trivalent arsenic (arsenite), a known transcriptional activator of Pgp, on CFTR expression. In vitro analyses in T-84 cells that express basal levels of Pgp and CFTR were conducted using a variety of molecular techniques. Expressions of both genes were altered following treatment with arsenite in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. CFTR expression was suppressed almost three-fold by arsenite, along with a concomitant increase in P-glycoprotein expression. We also report that a member of the MAPK-family, the ERK-mediated signaling cascade is implicated in suppression of CFTR expression following treatment with arsenite. However, this particular pathway is not involved in regulation of P-glycoprotein expression in T-84 cells following treatment with arsenite. Thus, the regulatory pathways that control functional expression of CFTR and P-glycoprotein following arsenite treatment in T-84 cells are distinct and independent.


The securities laws currently permit certain firms to exit the mandatory disclosure system even though their shares are held by hundreds (or even thousands) of investors and continue to be publicly traded. Such exiting firms are said to "go dark" because they subsequently provide little information to public investors. This paper addresses the going-dark phenomenon and its implications for the debate over mandatory disclosure. Mandatory disclosure's critics contend that insiders of publicly traded firms will always voluntarily provide adequate information to investors. The disclosure choices of gone-dark firms raise doubts about this claim. The paper also puts forward a new approach to regulating going-dark firms: giving public shareholders a veto right over exits from mandatory disclosure. Such an approach, it shows, will prevent undesirable exits from mandatory disclosure while preserving firms' ability to engage in value-increasing exits.


In 2014, the Third International Conference on the resilience of social-ecological systems chose the theme 'resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation.' The conference aimed specifically at fostering an encounter between the experiences and thinking focused on the issue of resilience through a social and ecological system perspective, and the experiences focused on the issue of resilience through a development perspective. In this perspectives piece, we reflect on the outcomes of the meeting and document the differences and similarities between the two perspectives as discussed during the conference, and identify bridging questions designed to guide future interactions. After the conference, we read the documents (abstracts, PowerPoints) that were prepared and left in the conference database by the participants (about 600 contributions), and searched the web for associated items, such as videos, blogs, and tweets from the conference participants. All of these documents were assessed through one lens: what do they say about resilience and development? Once the perspectives were established, we examined different themes that were significantly addressed during the conference. Our analysis paves the way for new collective developments on a set of issues: (1) Who declares/assign/cares for the resilience of what, of whom? (2) What are the models of transformations and how do they combine the respective role of agency and structure? (3) What are the combinations of measurement and assessment processes? (4) At what scale should resilience be studied? Social transformations and scientific approaches are coconstructed. For the last decades, development has been conceived as a modernization process supported by scientific rationality and technical expertise. The definition of a new perspective on development goes with a negotiation on a new scientific approach. Resilience is presently at the center of this negotiation on a new science for development.


Synopsis Rastrites maximus is a species that shows relatively great intraspecific variation in the length, spacing and orientation of its thecae. The thecae are characterized by a long pair of spines made from the distal ends of a hood-like thecal hook. The metathecae are very thin and enclosed in a wide cowl, which is always preserved flattened. The rhabdosome rarely exceeds 12 thecae in length and was of a wide spiral form whose thecae showed torsion through about 11° per theca. It is never found complete beyond theca six because stresses transmitted to the stipe by these angled thecae caused the specimen to break once it was on the sea floor. This form, of a spiral graptolite with persistent 'sails' along each theca, would have been very stable and would have rotated through calm water in a sicula-down position with the thecal apertures widely separated for food gathering. The large rhabdosome and small zooid number and size suggest that this species was adapted for a predictable environment where populations were maintained close to their carrying capacity. Populations of R. maximus show a convex survivorship curve, which is typical of species living in stable environments where death is mediated by ageing.


This study examines children's thinking about geometrical solids through an investigation of dynamic transformations employed by young children making mental transformations of an orthogonal parallelepiped. The focus of the study is on the investigation of the role that a dynamic environment could play in the development of children's geometrical thinking concerning geometrical solids and their properties. Twenty 6th grade children, who had previously worked with dynamic transformations of physical models of geometrical solids in their classroom, were interviewed. Analysis of the data resulted in a categorization of children's thinking, and indicated a development from a perceptual to a geometrical consideration of the solid. Although not all the children reached an advanced level of thinking, the context of dynamic transformations promoted the development of most children's geometrical thinking. There is also an indication that children's experience with dynamic transformations of physical models in a mathematics classroom environment can act to allow children to transfer experience to the context of mental transformations.


At the Chinese Communist Party's 16th Congress in November 2002, a group of new leaders took over the world's most populous country. Their accession as the "Fourth Generation" of rulers of the People's Republic--following the generations of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Jiang Zemin--signaled the end of a long, complex struggle for power. Yet little has been known outside high Party circles about either that struggle or the men who emerged victorious from it. "China's New Rulers," based on confidential Party files leaked to a Chinese writer abroad, offers an unprecedented glimpse into the most orderly succession in the turbulent history of the People's Republic. At its center are detailed descriptions of the nine men who will rule China for the next five years--their backgrounds, their characters, and their visions for the future. Among the challenges they will face are economic reform and China's integration into a global economy, pressures for political liberalization and human rights, ethnic unrest in Tibet and Xinjiang, the status of Taiwan, and relations with the US. "China's New Rulers" is an extraordinary account of a high-level political drama that has largely taken place in secret. It portrays many key figures in the Party, government, and military, and provides new information on Jiang Zemin's thirteen years in office. Most importantly, it contains the first insights into matters of great importance to the West: who will lead China, what changes they may bring to their country, and how they may act as international partners and competitors.


Why did the Black-White wage gap converge from 1960 to 1980 and why has it stagnated since? To answer this question, we introduce a unified model that integrates notions of both taste-based and statistical discrimination into a task-based model of occupational sorting. At the heart of our framework is the idea that discrimination varies by the task requirement of each job. We use this framework to identify and quantify the role of trends in race-specific factors and changing task prices in explaining the evolution of the Black-White wage gap since 1960. In doing so, we highlight a new task measure - Contact tasks – which measures the extent to which individuals interact with others as part of their job. We provide evidence that changes in the racial gap in Contact tasks serves as a good proxy for changes in taste-based discrimination over time. We find that taste-based discrimination has fallen and racial skill gaps have narrowed over the last sixty years in the United States. However, since the 1980s, the effect of declining racial skill gaps and discrimination on the Black-White wage gap were offset by the increasing returns to Abstract tasks which, on average, favored White workers relative to Black workers.


Theories of anti-commuting scalar fields are non-unitary, but they are of interest both in statistical mechanics and in studies of the higher spin de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory correspondence. We consider an $Sp(N)$ invariant theory of $N$ anti-commuting scalars and one commuting scalar, which has cubic interactions and is renormalizable in 6 dimensions. For any even $N$ we find an IR stable fixed point in $6-\epsilon$ dimensions at imaginary values of coupling constants. Using calculations up to three loop order, we develop $\epsilon$ expansions for several operator dimensions and for the sphere free energy $F$. The conjectured $F$-theorem is obeyed in spite of the non-unitarity of the theory. The $1/N$ expansion in the $Sp(N)$ theory is related to that in the corresponding $O(N)$ symmetric theory by the change of sign of $N$. Our results point to the existence of interacting non-unitary 5-dimensional CFTs with $Sp(N)$ symmetry, where operator dimensions are real. We conjecture that these CFTs are dual to the minimal higher spin theory in 6-dimensional de Sitter space with Neumann future boundary conditions on the scalar field. For $N=2$ we show that the IR fixed point possesses an enhanced global symmetry given by the supergroup $OSp(1|2)$. This suggests the existence of $OSp(1|2)$ symmetric CFTs in dimensions smaller than 6. We show that the $6-\epsilon$ expansions of the scaling dimensions and sphere free energy in our $OSp(1|2)$ model are the same as in the $q \rightarrow 0$ limit of the $q$-state Potts model.


OBJECT
The intradural contributions of the C-4 nerve rootlets have not been previously evaluated for their connections to the brachial plexus. The authors undertook a cadaveric study to evaluate the C-4 contributions to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus.

METHODS
The posterior cervical triangles from 60 adult cadavers were dissected. All specimens that were found to have extradural C-4 contributions to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus were excluded from further study. In specimens found to have no extradural C-4 contributions to the brachial plexus a C1-T1 laminectomy was performed. Observations were made of any neural communications between adjacent spinal rootlets, specifically between C-4 and C-5.

RESULTS
Nine (15%) of the 60 sides were found to have extradural C-4 contributions to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. These sides were excluded from further study. No specimen was found to have a postfixed brachial plexus. Of the remaining 51 sides, 11 (21.6%) were found to have intradural neural connections between C-4 and C-5 dorsal rootlets and 1 (1.96%) had a connection between the ventral roots of C-4 and C-5. Communications between these 2 adjacent dorsal cervical cord levels were of 3 types. Type I was a vertical communication between the more horizontally traveling dorsal roots. Type II was a forked communication between adjacent C-4 and C-5 dorsal rootlets. The Type III designation was applied to connections between ventral rootlets. Although communications were slightly more frequent on left sides, this did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS
In approximately 20% of normally composed brachial plexuses (those with extradural contributions from only C5-T1) we found intradural C4-5 neural connections. Such variations may lead to misinterpretation of spinal levels in pathological conditions of the spinal axis and should be considered in surgical procedures of this region, such as rhizotomy.


This paper describes the structure of internal migration and population change in Sweden in recent decades, focussing on the years 1988 and 1998 to capture change in the last decade.
Up to the 1970s and again in the early 1990s natural increase play an important role in regional population dynamics. In the late 1990s growing international migration, decreasing fertility and strong net internal migration into large cities increased the importance of migration at both national and local levels. In 1988 migration flows contributed to a pattern of relatively even deconcentration of population. Urban centres and surrounding communities experienced mixed patterns of growth. The pattern observed in 1998 was entirely different. It showed a strong movement up the urban hierarchy. Rural and remote areas, especially those in Norrland, depopulated. In 1998 migrants moved from low-density areas to high-density. High density areas had much higher population gains than low density over the 1988–1998 period.
There is a difference in migration pattern between the north of the country, which mostly loses population and the central and southern parts, which mostly gain people. The pattern of migration of the Swedish population is, to large extent, related to the level of unemployment. Low unemployment areas attract migrants; high unemployment areas lose them. However, the level of unemployment cannot be considered in isolation, because the level of unemployment is correlated with the level of urbanisation and with type of regional economy. Areas with an educated population have a very strong attraction for migrants. A high level of education is indispensable for high level services, including tertiary education, and for high technology enterprises, which attract migrants. Young people migrate to metropolitan areas and university towns out of the other types of municipality. Medium sized municipalities attract families. Outflows from industrial regions and Inner Norrland municipalities are visible in all age groups. Metropolitan areas are gaining popularity among families. The elderly population migrates to university and medium size municipalities.


Three medicinal plants, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) and Lemon grass (Cymbopgon citratus), were studied to investigate trace elements and antioxidant properties. The medicinal plants studied have been used in folklore medicine for the cure of diseases such as high blood pressure, lowering of blood cholesterol, cancer, fever, leprosy and eye defects. The trace elements investigated were Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn), and antioxidants (Carotenoids, Tocotrienols and Tocopherols), which are known for their ability to cure various ailments, were also analysed. The results show that in all the medicinal plants studied, the concentration of trace elements ranged between (167-190) mg/kg, (1.6-1.8) mg/kg, (1.2-1.4) mg/kg, (6.5-6.7) mg/kg and (7.7-8.9) mg/kg of Mg, Mn, Mo, Cu, Se and Zn respectively. Carotenoids, Tocotrienols and Tocopherols in the medicinal plants ranged between (120-300) mg/kg, (11-14) mg/kg and (3.7-4.00 mg/kg respectively. Ashitaba leaves (Angelica keiskei) showed the highest antioxidant property while Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), showed the least antioxidant property.


China's interests in and expectations from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and Central Asia often overlap. China is currently developing cooperative institutions in areas such as security, energy, and economic development, among others. Subsequently, China finds itself in-between the SCO and Central Asia's most difficult questions and dilemmas.


Midlife mortality has risen steadily in the U.S. since the 1990s for non-Hispanic whites without a bachelor's degree, and since 2013 for Hispanics and African-Americans who lack a bachelor's degree. These increases largely reflect increased mortality from alcohol poisoning, drug overdose and suicide. We investigate whether these "deaths of despair" trends have been mitigated by two key policies aimed at raising incomes for low wage workers: the minimum wage and the earned income tax credit (EITC). To do so, we leverage state variation in policies over time to estimate difference-in-differences models of drug overdose deaths and suicides, using data on cause-specific mortality rates from 1999-2015. Our causal models find no significant effects of the minimum wage and EITC on drug-related mortality. However, higher minimum wages and EITCs significantly reduce non-drug suicides. A 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces non-drug suicides among adults with high school or less by 3.6 percent; a 10 percent increase in the EITC reduces suicides among this group by 5.5 percent. Our estimated models do not find significant effects for a college-educated placebo sample. Event-study models confirm parallel pre-trends, further supporting the validity of our causal research design. Our estimates suggest that increasing both the minimum wage and the EITC by 10 percent would likely prevent a combined total of around 1230 suicides each year.


Passing-off is the most prevalent form of unlawful competition. It is often also relied on in combination with the ground of trademark infringement. The most authoritative definition of passing-off was given in the case of Capital Estate and General Agencies (Pry )Ltd and Others v Holiday Inns Inc and Others 1977 (2) SA 916 (A) at 929 C: 'The wrong known as passing-off consists in a representation by one person that his business (or merchandise, as the case may be) is that of another, or that it is associated with that of another, and, in order to determine whether a representation amounts to a passing-off, one enquires whether there is a reasonable likelihood that members of the public may be confused into believing that the business of the one is, or is connected with, that of another.'


An erythromycin-resistant strain of probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei LBC-1 (LBC-1e) was added to part-skim Mozzarella cheese in alginate-microencapsulated or free form at a level of 10(8) and 10(7)cfu/g, respectively. Survival of LBC-1e and total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was investigated through the pasta filata process of cheese making (in which the cheese curd was heated to 55 °C and stretched in 70 °C-hot brine), followed by storage at 4 °C for 6 wk and simulated gastric and intestinal digestion. This included incubation in 0.1 M and 0.01 M HCl, 0.9 M H(3)PO(4), and a simulated intestinal juice consisting of pancreatin and bile salts in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Some reductions were observed in both free and encapsulated LBC-1e during heating and stretching, with encapsulated LBC-1e surviving slightly better. Changes in total LAB losses during heating and stretching did not reach statistical significance. During storage, a decrease was observed in total LAB, but no statistically significant decrease was observed in LBC-1e. Survival during gastric digestion in HCl was dependent on the extent of neutralization of HCl by the cheese, with more survival in the weaker acid, in which pH increased to 4.4 after cheese addition. The alginate microcapsules did not provide any protection against the HCl. It is interesting that survival of the encapsulated LBC-1e was greater during incubation in H(3)PO(4) than in the HCl gastric juices. Proper selection of simulated gastric digestion media is important for predicting the delivery of probiotic bacteria into the human intestinal tract. Neither free nor encapsulated LBC-1e was affected by incubation in the pancreatin-bile solution. Based on the level of probiotic bacteria in cheese needed to provide a health benefit and its survival during simulated gastric digestion, as determined in this study, it should theoretically be possible to lower the amount that needs to be ingested in cheese by up to a factor of 10(3) compared with other fermented dairy foods or when consumed as supplements.


Heuristic evaluation is a usability testing method aiming to improve the user interface design. Traditionally, a panel of experts in usability and human factor issues evaluate and judge the compliance of computer software according to recognized usability principles, the heuristics. In this paper, we investigate clinicians' attitudes towards learning and performing a heuristic evaluation and present the procedure of educating the healthcare staff and their accomplishment of the evaluation. 18 clinicians were recruited for a 2-hours education and filled in a post-education questionnaire regarding their opinions of the evaluation method when applied by clinicians. Six of the clinicians participated later in a heuristic evaluation of a web-based virtual health record,Their time spent for evaluation and analysis of results was approximately four hours each. Opinions from the six "clinical evaluators" were gathered in an post-evaluation form and compared to the post-education questionnaire. The results of 18 clinicians indicate that there is an interest in learning and participating in such evaluations. Our interpretation is that it is feasible to educate healthcare staff to perform rapid usability inspections to locate usability defects and additionally emphasize the domain specific problems residing in health information systems.


The objective evaluation of the application of analytic hierarchy process decision-making, is a very effective organic combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis methods. For employee performance evaluation decision-making is also a multi-target, multi-level, complex structure, many factors system evaluation and decision-making and thus the use of the analytic hierarchy process for such projects is appropriate. For employee performance evaluation indicators established and reasonable quantitative problems, including employees work ability, work attitude, work performance, including a more comprehensive index evaluation system using analytic hierarchy process to build a comprehensive evaluation model, and gives comprehensive evaluation value is calculated. Combined with case analysis of employee performance evaluation, the results show that the analytic hierarchy process to improve the reasonableness and accuracy of the reviews.


Lightweight and cost-effective polymer matrix composites (PMCs) with extraordinary mechanical performance will be a key to the next generation of diverse industrial applications such as aerospace, electric automobile, and biomedical devices. Limpet teeth made of mineral-polymer composites have been proved as nature's strongest material due to the unique hierarchical architectures of mineral fiber alignment. Here, we present an approach to build limpet teeth inspired structural materials with precise control of geometric morphologies of microstructures by magnetic field-assisted 3D printing (MF-3DP). α-Iron (III) oxide-hydroxide nanoparticles (α-FeOOHs) are aligned by the magnetic field during 3D printing and aligned α-FeOOHs bundles are further grown to aligned goethite-based bundles (aGBs) by rapid thermal treatment after printing. The mechanical reinforcement of goethite-based fillers in PMCs can be modulated by adjusting the geometric morphology and alignment of mineral particles encapsulated inside the 3D printed PMCs. In order to identify the mechanical enhancement mechanism, physics-based modeling, simulation, and tests were conducted and the results further guided the design of bioinspired goethite-based PMCs. The correlation of the geometric morphology of self-assembled α-FeOOHs, curing characteristics of α-FeOOHs/polymer composite, and process parameters were identified to establish the optimal design of goethite-based PMCs. The 3D-printed PMCs with aGBs show promising mechanical reinforcement. This study opens intriguing perspectives for designing high strength 3D printed PMCs on the basis of bioinspired architectures with customized configurations.


Fusion welding (FW) has been the greatest importance in metal industry application,
until today the weld itself still gives significant problems such as porosity and
incomplete joint penetration due to the manually handled process. In the present work,
FW of ASTM A516 grade 70 carbon steel was characterised in terms of macrostructure,
microstructure, hardness, elemental composition, and common internal defects using
radiography testing. Fatigue endurance of Manual Metal Arc (MMA), Metal Inert Gas
(MIG) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded joints were investigated and discussed.
Moreover, the assessment of the effectiveness of shot peening in improving fatigue life
of FW have been analysed. The results show that the shot peening process greatly
improved fatigue strength by removing surface concentration, shifted and closing the
discontinuity such as porosity into the internal area. It was seen that the effect of shot
peening and skimming process improved the fatigue life of fusion weld (at 190 MPa
stress level), it is approximately 78% increase in fatigue life cycles for MMA peened skimmed joint, 94% increase for MIG peened skimmed joint and 90% increase for TIG
peened skimmed joint. Based on the observations, the good correlation achieved
between the experimental data and previous research suggests that TIG peened
skimmed joints shows the greatest quality compared to MMA and MIG regarding to its
controllable and cleanest method that can produce high quality weld with low defects.
Finally, the findings from this research give the manufacturer better option in joining
metals in order to increase their product performance and safety.


No account of the contemporary relationship between landscape and identity can afford to ignore the impact of globalization. Understanding the intricate imbrications of space and subjectivity increasingly requires a global perspective. This essay examines tensions in the global imaginary as they are articulated in William Gibson's novel, Pattern Recognition (2003). The framework for this reading is taken from Arjun Appadurai's essay, 'Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy' (1990), in which he divides the 'imagined worlds' of globalization into five overlapping categories: ethnoscapes, financescapes, technoscapes, mediascapes and ideoscapes. The heroine of Gibson's novel, Cayce Pollard, moves across and into each of these -scapes and finds herself positioned precariously in a complex economy of global flows: a node in the network of people and power, finance and commodities, art and machines, images and information.


Through an examination of the travel works of William Bulfin, Tales of the Pampas (1900) and Rambles in Eireann (1907), this paper considers the contribution of emigrant (diasporic) travel narratives in the construction of identity and the reconstruction of the emigrant identity into an exilic one.
Escaping one colonial framework (Britain/Ireland), travelling to and writing from within another postcolonial construct (Argentina and the Spanish Empire), this paper analyses how Bulfin uses language his Tales of the Pampas, as a tool to construct, and even invent, an Irish identity. This identity is inextricably linked to the concept of querencia: home and the desire to return there. Despite this desire, Argentina did become internalised to some extent, which can be seen in the mix of the Spanish, English and Irish languages in his stories, highlighting that the Irish were doing with language what they had already done with their lives; trying to adapt it to their new situation. Bulfin was an emigrant success story, becoming the editor of an Irish newspaper in Buenos Aires called The Southern Cross. As an additional aspect of this paper, I examine how, in his role as editor, he encoded signs in his editorials and stories in an attempts to awaken or rekindle a political consciousness among emigrants in the hope of ensuring support for the independence struggle in Ireland, and in the process attempts to shape an exilic rather than emigrant mentality. Through his stories I analyse how Argentina never quite becomes a new home, but a place where Irish identity is played out and acquires form.
In a complex shifting of roles, Bulfin moves from part of an Imperial centre to a periphery, and then back again. Unlike the majority of emigrants, he actually returned home. His travels around Ireland in the early 1900s, at a time when Ireland was struggling for its own independence, and his subsequent travel narrative, Rambles in Eireann, (first serialised in newspapers in Argentina, then published as a novel) underscores the use made of travel writing by those with a political agenda.


Drug abuse is a serious public health problem that causes several social problems. The paper presents a bibliometric analysis of 16,745 papers published on drug abuse research during 2011-2018 and indexed by the Web of Science core collection. The study examines the pattern of drug research output during the study period; identifies most productive countries, institutions and authors and examines the impact of their output. Among the key findings are that the research output from 2014 shows a downward trend in spite of drug abuse increasing worldwide. Research activity as indication by publication output is found to be highly concentrated among the advanced economy (higher income) countries of the world with USA topping the list contributing more than half of the publication output. The value of Citation per Paper (CPP) which indicates to some extent how paper is valued by the research community showed that UK and the Netherlands had highest values of this indicator. University of California Systems (USA) followed by Harvard University (USA) topped the list of most productive institutions. The distribution of citations indicates that about one per cent papers received 100 or more citations.The pattern of communication of the scholars indicates that the total output was scattered among 2469 journals originating from 61 countries. More than three-fourth (76.5%) of these journals were published from three countries, namely USA (48.7%) followed by UK (23.1%) and the Netherlands (4.7%).The study indicates no correlation between death rate of a country due to drug abuse with its publications output. The study points out that research need to focus on countries that have high drug abuse which are increasingly observed in developing and marginalized economies. It calls for mechanisms to support research in developing and marginalised economies as drug abuse is so prevalent in these countries.


The French cafe epitomises the French art of living. Through its timeless glass doors float the aromas of strong coffee and black-tobacco, hot milk and fresh croissants. The cafe, open early until late, is both focus and microcosm of society. Friends talk; lovers linger; the white saucers pile up as the world goes by; a lone customer comes in to read the newspapers or for a petit verre at the bar. The French cafe is a refuge, a place to meet, to sit inside or out, somewhere to see and be seen. For anyone interested in French life and culture, here is a an intimate look at a great institution, from the grand establishments dating from the all rural bistro from the workers' local cafes to the legendary Parisian cafes where the poets, painters and philosophers gathered. From Directoire decoration to Starck style, this book reveals the rich variety and extraordinary inventiveness of cafe design. Marie-France Boyer is a freelance journalist, and represents in Paris the magazine "The World of Interiors". Her last book wass "Cabin Fever: Sheds and Shelters, Huts and Hideaways" (1993), also published by Thames and Hudson. Eric Morin is a Paris-based photographer who contributes to many magazines on interior design including "The World of Interiors".


Summary
A total of thirty-six birds infected with Plasmodium circumflexum have been examined for exoerythrocytic stages. Fifteen of these carried chronic infections and twenty-one acute. Sixteen of the twenty-one acute infections were found to have exoerythrocytic stages. The strains with which these birds were infected came from a song sparrow caught in Syracuse (five cases), from a white-throated sparrow also caught in Syracuse (2 cases), from a red-winged black bird caught on Cape Cod (six cases), and from a thrush caught in Germany (three cases). There was evidence of exoerythrocytic infection in only one of the chronic cases which was a relapse terminating in the death of the bird. The following conclusions seem justified:
1.
Schizogony in infections with Plasmodium circumflexum may occur in endothelial and lymphoid-macrophage (reticuloendothelial) cells as well as in the erythrocytes.
2.
The organs most commonly infected seem to be the lungs, spleen, liver, bone marrow, brain, heart muscle, and ovaries. Parasites have been most frequently found in the lungs, and have also been present in greater numbers there than elsewhere.
3.
In the brain the cells infected are the endothelial cells, but in other organs the monocytes are most commonly parasitized. But parasites are also to be found in lymphocytes (both large and small), the fixed phagocytic cells, endothelial cells, and even occasionally the granulocytes (heterophils). The phagocytic cells of the blood have so far never been found so parasitized.
4.
It is believed that there is no essential difference between the parasites occurring in the erythrocytes and those found in other types of cells, and that it may be a matter of chance as to which type of cell a parasite enters. The character of the cell may thereafter determine how many merozoites will be eventually produced.
5.
The exoerythrocytic stages found in Plasmodium circumflexum appear to be very similar to those seen in the other four species in which a similar type of schizogony has been demonstrated. The mechanism of schizogony also appears to be like that in other species.
6.
There is probably a definite relationship between the pathogenicity of an infection and the presence of these stages in the internal organs. This relationship is perhaps a function of the immune mechanism in the part of the bird against the parasite.
7.
The demonstration of exoerythrocytic schizogony in the avian malarias should result in the union of the two families Hemoproteidae and Plasmodiidae, if this type of schizogony is found to occur generally, or in the transfer of those species in which it does occur to the former group, with, of course, appropriate changes in which the Hemoproteidae are defined.


This collection of essays confirms Carmen de Burgos's pivotal place in Spanish feminist history by bringing together eminent international scholars who offer new readings of Burgos's work. It includes the analyses of a number of lesser-known texts, both fictional and non-fictional, which give us a more comprehensive examination of Burgos's multipronge feminist approach. Burgos's works, especially her essays, are essential feminist reading and complement other European and North American traditions. Gaining familiarity with the breadth and depth of her work serves not only to provide an understanding of Spanish firstwave feminism, but also enriches our appreciation of cultural studies, gender studies, subaltern studies and travel literature. Looking at the entirety of her life and work, and the wide-ranging contributions in this volume, it is evident that Burgos embodied the tensions between tradition and modernity, depicting multiple representations of womanhood. Encouraging women to take ownership of their personal fashion, the design of their homes and the decorum of their families were steps towards recognizing a female population that was cognizant of its own desires.


The succession of larger foraminifers from the White Rock River Bridge section of the Guinea Corn Formation (Late Maastrichtian) in Jamaica, West Indies, contains: Sulcoperculina dickersoni (Palmer), Ayalaina rutteni (Palmer), Orbitoides cf. megaloformis Papp & Küpper, Vaughania cubensis Palmer and Chubbina cardenasensis (Barker & Grimsdale). A. rutteni occurs in the lower beds and C. cardenasensis occurs in the upper beds. The orbitoid foraminifer Or. cf. megaloformis is restricted to the middle beds. The White Rock River Bridge Section can be correlated to the standard Guinea Corn successions using lithological/biostratigraphic markers and rudist marker beds, and linked ages derived from Sr-isotope values. This indicates that Or. cf. megaloformis occurs in the last 1.3 Ma of the Cretaceous in the Caribbean and that its evolution was retrograde compared to coeval populations in Europe. The first appearance of Chubbina represents a valuable datum since the genus occurs in various different biofacies (both with and without orbitoid foraminifers) and allows correlation in the Caribbean, Central America and Florida.