Historians in the United States are at present deeply engaged in a conversation about the nature and future of graduate education, and the place of public history in it. Over the past several years, sustained institutional energies have been directed toward the review of current conditions in the teaching of public history, and the development of an improved practice that is more consistent and coherent across programs. Several of those efforts have come to fruition in recently-released reports and ongoing studies that assess the key challenges facing the field and suggest specific strategies for improvement. In 2000, the American Historical Association (AHA) directed its Committee on Graduate Education (CGE) to undertake a comprehensive study of current practices in graduate training; their findings and recommendations were published in the December 2003 volume, The Education of Historians for the Twenty-first Century. (2) The AHA CGE followed this study of doctoral programs with an initiative to examine the nature of the master's degree in history, the degree level where most public history education occurs. In 2001, the AHA council also established the Task Force on Public History (TFPH), charged with, among other things, considering "whether degree offerings in higher education institutions--including undergraduate as well as graduate programs--adequately take into account the role public history can and does play in the nation's cultural life and within the profession." The report of the Task Force was delivered before the AHA's annual meeting in January 2004. (3) In these same years, the National Council on Public History (NCPH)--the main professional organization serving public historians broadly defined--has turned its attention to graduate training; the NCPH Committee on Curriculum and Training is currently surveying and assessing a selected group of existing master's degree programs with the goal of developing broad curriculum guidelines for public history programs. Finally, the Organization of American Historians (OAH) dedicated one of the 2004 "State of the Field" sessions ("State of the Field" sessions are a staple element of the OAH's annual meeting, which itself draws almost three thousand historians; these sessions are intended to introduce non-specialists to current trends and practice) to the topic of public history, creating an opportunity for sustained conversation about the state of public history education and the most promising directions for future development. (4) The impetus behind this present and growing interest in public history from a number of professional quarters can be traced to developments that are both encouraging and troubling. On the one hand, public history programs in the U.S. are reaching a certain state of maturity. The field has clearly reached a collective milestone as a number of programs founded in the 1970s and 1980s have or will achieve landmark anniversaries in the early twenty-first century, including Middle Tennessee State University (which began to offer a concentration in historic preservation as early as 1973), the University of South Carolina and University of California--Santa Barbara (both founded in 1976), Arizona State University (founded in 1980), Loyola University (founded in 1981), Indiana University/ Purdue University Indianapolis (or IUPUI, founded in 1984) and my own institution, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst (founded in 1986). In 2004, the NCPH itself reached its twenty-fifth year. Public history is without doubt gaining real ground as an area of emphasis within traditional degree programs. As Connie Schulz of the University of South Carolina has put it, "Public history is becoming a central element in the professional education of all historians in the departments fortunate enough to have a public history component in their curriculum." (5) Today, more than sixty programs across the United States, largely grounded in history departments, offer students a certificate, master's degree, or, in some cases, a Ph. …


The Abbott ARCHITECT Active-B12 assay is a test for detecting levels of serum holotranscobalamin, which is the metabolically available component of vitamin B12, and can be used as a marker of vitamin B12 deficiency. Four diagnostic test accuracy studies, using different reference standards, reported greater diagnostic accuracy for the Active-B12 assay compared with assays measuring other markers of vitamin B12 deficiency. The assay needs less sample preparation than a total vitamin B12 test and the expected cost is about £3.50 per test including VAT, depending on sample throughput.


When responding to a complex, fast-moving crisis, leaders must constantly adapt their mental models and create a "unity of effort." argues Allen, a retired U.S. Coast Guard admiral and the national incident commander for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. That's a much bigger management challenge than approaching the job as a military operation and drawing on unity of command, and it can require nuanced and creative strategies, such as deciding to go "off book" when standard protocol simply won't work. In this edited interview, Allen--who also brought post-Katrina New Orleans back from the brink of anarchy and headed the Coast Guard's response to the September 11 attacks along the eastern seaboard-stresses the need to lead both from headquarters and on the ground. He discusses how the phenomenon of publicly available, real-time information has affected crisis management in recent years, addresses the challenges of managing multiple public and private stakeholders, and shares his thoughts on how to lead when an anxious public is counting on success.


Using a different database of labor regulation, we sketch the relationship between labor market flexibility and unemployment in Tunisia during the period 2000-2013. The results of the study find no link between labor regulation and unemployment. The main finding from the dynamic panel estimation is that the labor regulation composite indicator used does not have a statistically significant association with the unemployment rate for the selected 115 developing countries. However, there is a direct link between the firing and hiring regulation and unemployment. In addition, the interactive variable between these indicators and the dummy variable for Tunisia doesn't seem to explain why unemployment is higher in Tunisia than in other countries. Regulation has no adverse effect on aggregate unemployment.


If youve got incredible iOS ideas, get this book and bring them to life!iOS 7 represents the most significant update to Apples mobile operating system since the first iPhone was released, and even the most seasoned app developers are looking for information on how to take advantage of the latest iOS 7 features in their app designs. Thats where iOS App Development For Dummies comes in! Whether youre a programming hobbyist wanting to build an app for fun or a professional developer looking to expand into the iOS market, this book will walk you through the fundamentals of building a universal app that stands out in the iOS crowd.Walks you through joining Apples developer program, downloading the latest SDK, and working with Apples developer toolsExplains the key differences between iPad and iPhone apps and how to use each devices features to your advantageShows you how to design your app with the end user in mind and create a fantastic user experienceCovers using nib files, views, view controllers, interface objects, gesture recognizers, and much moreTheres no time like now to tap into the power of iOS start building the next big app today with help from iOS App Development For Dummies!


The Biblical Archaeologist is published quarterly (March, May, September, December) by the American Schools of Oriental Research. Its purpose is to provide readable, non-technical, yet thoroughly reliable accounts of archaeological discoveries as they relate to the Bible. Authors wishing to submit unsolicited articles should write the editors for style and format instructions before submitting manuscripts.


Neutron-rich A∼110 nuclei have been the subject of intensive discussion since the discovery of a rapid onset of ground-state static quadrupole deformation in the A>100 Zr nuclei over 60 years ago. The results presented in this thesis further the experimental knowledge of such deformations towards more exotic isotopes in this region. An experiment was carried out at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Japan. Nuclei of interest were produced through the in-flight abrasion fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon 238U beam by a 555 mg/cm2 9Be target and selected by the BigRIPS spectrometer according to their
mass-to-charge ratio and atomic charge. They were implanted into the WAS3ABi silicon stack and γ
rays emitted following β-decay, or decay of isomeric states were detected in an array of 12 cluster
HPGe (EURICA) and 18 LaBr3(Ce) detectors.
A newly implemented fast β-γ timing configuration provided access to the lifetimes

of excited states in the nanosecond regime. In particular, the lifetime of the 2+ state of 106Zr
is reported for the first time, as well as a more precise measurement for 104Zr, compared to the
adopted value. These measurements, combined with the energy of the ground-state transition, have
been used to deduce the reduced transition probability and from this a model-dependent value for
the ground-state deformation. New isomeric states have also been observed in 102Zr, 113Nb and
115Mo.

The reduced transition probability of the 2+

+
g.s

transition in 106Zr shows a

marked decrease from that of 104Zr. This reflects the energy systematics, and further confirms the
deformed sub-shell closure at N=64. Comparisons of the systematics of the observed reduced
transition probabilities to those calculated in the IBM-1 model show poor agreement. However,
calculations based on the nuclear-shell model in a deformed basis state, show good agreement with
observation, demonstrating the reliability of the employed ground-state wavefunction. The
isomeric state in 102Zr is ascribed to a change in the K quantum number, and the isomeric states
in 113Nb and 115Mo are proposed to be due to shape stabilisation of excited states.


Reproducibility has become one of biology's most pressing issues. This impasse has been fueled by the combined reliance on increasingly complex data analysis methods and the exponential growth of biological datasets. When considering the installation, deployment and maintenance of bioinformatic pipelines, an even more challenging picture emerges due to the lack of community standards. The effect of limited standards on reproducibility is amplified by the very diverse range of computational platforms and configurations on which these applications are expected to be applied (workstations, clusters, HPC, clouds, etc.). With no established standard at any level, diversity cannot be taken for granted.


Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) is a state parameter in most ecosystem productivity models and is also the key terrestrial product. In this study, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) was used to estimate FPAR from 1982 to 2006, using an intermediate model. Our research focused on the analysis of long‐term global FPAR interannual trend patterns and driving forces involving climate and land cover changes. Results showed that interannual trend and spatial distribution patterns of global FPAR were independent of the changes in AVHRR instruments, and differed by season dynamics and vegetation types. Compared with other seasons, the period during JJA (June–August) exhibited more areas with decreasing FPAR and greater reduction range. For FPAR interannual trend, a wholly different correlation pattern was observed between temperature and precipitation, especially for arid and semi‐arid regions. A significant influence of extreme droughts such as those associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on FPAR variability was found. The result also revealed the increasing and decreasing interannual trend of FPAR corresponding to the afforestation in the Three North Shelterbelts Program in China and deforestation in tropical forests in Southeast Asia. Driving factor analysis indicated that the climate and land cover changes had an interactive effect on the FPAR annual anomalous variation.


From pony to airplane, from medicine dance to Christian worship, "Mountain Wolf Woman, Sister of Crashing Thunder" is the life story of a Winnebago woman, told in her own words to her adopted kinswoman, Nancy Lurie. This retelling of more than seventy-five years of Native American life is both a candid and compelling account of how one woman lived through a period of cultural crisis."Mountain Wolf Woman" tells of her childhood in Wisconsin, her brief stay at a mission school, her marriage to "Bad Soldier," and her religious experiences with peyote. Her struggle to maintain her family against many hardships---odds that would have defeated a less vigorous and self-confident person---underscores her perseverance and tenacity. Whether she is describing her wanderings as a child or her misfortunes later in life, "Mountain Wolf Woman" sets forth her views in honest and perceptive terms, adding all the more power to her narrative.This book is a valuable companion to the story of Mountain Wolf Woman's brother, immortalized by Paul Radin in "Crashing Thunder," a classic of anthropological literature. It will also be of interest to those interested in ethnographic records, the role of women in native cultures, and Midwestern Native Americans, in general." . . . a superb human document."---"Chicago Sun-Times"" . . . one of those rare books . . . ."---"Saturday Review"." . . a notable contribution to the literature of culture change and culture and personality."---"American Anthropologist"Nancy O. Lurie has written extensively on Native American culture over her long career. She is now retired from her former position as head curator of anthropology, Milwaukee Public Museum.


System Safety Regulations (SSR) are a central component to the airworthiness certification of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). There is significant debate on the setting of appropriate SSR for UAS. Putting this debate aside, the challenge lies in how to apply the system safety process to UAS, which lacks the data and operational heritage of conventionally piloted aircraft. The limited knowledge and lack of operational data result in uncertainty in the system safety assessment of UAS. This uncertainty can lead to incorrect compliance findings and the potential certification and operation of UAS that do not meet minimum safety performance requirements. The existing system safety assessment and compliance processes, as used for conventional piloted aviation, do not adequately account for the uncertainty, limiting the suitability of its application to UAS. This paper discusses the challenges of undertaking system safety assessments for UAS and presents current and envisaged research towards addressing these challenges. It aims to highlight the main advantages associated with adopting a risk based framework to the System Safety Performance Requirement (SSPR) compliance process that is capable of taking the uncertainty associated with each of the outputs of the system safety assessment process into consideration. Based on this study, it is made clear that developing a framework tailored to UAS, would allow for a more rational, transparent and systematic approach to decision making. This would reduce the need for conservative assumptions and take the risk posed by each UAS into consideration while determining its state of compliance to the SSR.


Adolescent fertility is a problem that is urgent in developing countries due to rapid population growth rates. To gain a better understanding of adolescent fertility within developing countries a study was undertaken to examine adolescent sexual behavior among teens within a developing country, Zambia. A self-administered questionnaire was given to secondary school going teenage women in Zambia. The sample population consisted of 503 women between the ages of 12 and 19. The survey was analyzed using both regression and univariate analysis of the data. The findings revealed that a high percentage of the teens have initiated sexual activity; yet few (4.2%) have ever used modern contraceptive methods. Suggestions were made for family planning programs that would involve both parents and their children.


The SnCl4-catalyzed reaction of (−)-thiofenchone (=1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-thione; 10) with (R)-2-phenyloxirane ((R)-11) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 at −60° led to two spirocyclic, stereoisomeric 4-phenyl-1,3-oxathiolanes 12 and 13via a regioselective ring enlargement, in accordance with previously reported reactions of oxiranes with thioketones (Scheme 3). The structure and configuration of the major isomer 12 were determined by X-ray crystallography. On the other hand, the reaction of 1-methylpyrrolidine-2-thione (14a) with (R)-11 yielded stereoselectively (S)-2-phenylthiirane ((S)-15) in 56% yield and 87–93% ee, together with 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (14b). This transformation occurs via an SN2-type attack of the S-atom at C(2) of the aryl-substituted oxirane and, therefore, with inversion of the configuration (Scheme 4). The analogous reaction of 14a with (R)-2-{[(triphenylmethyl)oxy]methyl}oxirane ((R)-16b) led to the corresponding (R)-configured thiirane (R)-17b (Scheme 5); its structure and configuration were also determined by X-ray crystallography. A mechanism via initial ring opening by attack at C(3) of the alkyl-substituted oxirane, with retention of the configuration, and subsequent decomposition of the formed 1,3-oxathiolane with inversion of the configuration is proposed (Scheme 5).


Some previous approaches to family violence offenders have assumed that these offenders exclusively commit violent offences against partners or family members and do not commit other types of crime. This is known as 'specialisation' in offending. A substantial amount of research has been conducted examining specialisation in criminal offending, but fewer studies have focused on specialisation in family violence, particularly in the Australian context. This study examines the recorded family violence incidents and non-family violence offences for a cohort of family violence perpetrators over a five year period from 2012 to 2016. Forty percent of the cohort were classified as generalist perpetrators who were recorded for non-family violence offences in addition to family violence incidents, while 60% were specialists who were only recorded for family violence incidents and related offences. A logistic regression model was constructed to examine the differences between generalist and specialist perpetrators in terms of perpetrator and incident characteristics. Similar to the findings of previous studies, female perpetrators were less likely to be generalists than males, and perpetrators who were younger at the time of their first family incident during the study period were more likely to be generalists those who were older at the time of their first family incident. The current study also reports the relationship between generalisation amongst FV perpetrators and a number of other factors that have not been examined in previous research studies.


Intelligent software algorithm are increasingly becoming a tool in consumers daily lives. Users understand the basic mechanics of the intelligent software systems they rely on, but often novices have no direct knowledge of their intelligent devices algorithm, data requirements, limitations, and representations. Problems can go beyond those caused by a poor user interface design and a user's ability to under stand a tool's simple components, which could be alleviated with proper instruction. This article describes the Experiential User Guide (EUG), a concept designed to address these challenges.


The human gastrointestinal tract harbours myriad bacterial species, collectively termed the microbiota, that strongly influence human health. Symbiotic members of our microbiota play a pivotal role in the digestion of complex carbohydrates that are otherwise recalcitrant to assimilation. Indeed, the intrinsic human polysaccharide-degrading enzyme repertoire is limited to various starch-based substrates; more complex polysaccharides demand microbial degradation. Select Bacteroidetes are responsible for the degradation of the ubiquitous vegetable xyloglucans (XyGs), through the concerted action of cohorts of enzymes and glycan-binding proteins encoded by specific xyloglucan utilization loci (XyGULs). Extending recent (meta)genomic, transcriptomic and biochemical analyses, significant questions remain regarding the structural biology of the molecular machinery required for XyG saccharification. Here, we reveal the three-dimensional structures of an α-xylosidase, a β-glucosidase, and two α-l-arabinofuranosidases from the Bacteroides ovatus XyGUL. Aided by bespoke ligand synthesis, our analyses highlight key adaptations in these enzymes that confer individual specificity for xyloglucan side chains and dictate concerted, stepwise disassembly of xyloglucan oligosaccharides. In harness with our recent structural characterization of the vanguard endo-xyloglucanse and cell-surface glycan-binding proteins, the present analysis provides a near-complete structural view of xyloglucan recognition and catalysis by XyGUL proteins.


This article offers both an economic and philosophical analysis of modern consumption tax proposals such as the Flat Tax. It demonstrates that, given firm behavior, the proposals are likely to deviate substantially from individual taxation, which can be defined as taxing individuals for the value of what they consume. Although the proposals deviate from individual taxation, the philosophical underpinnings of consumption tax theory rest on individual taxation. The article concludes that if non-consequentialist and weighted welfarists theories of consumption taxation are important, one should choose other methods of implementing a consumption tax. If the design of the modern proposals is important, however, one should acknowledge that the proposals would tax consumption solely to promote overall economic growth.


This article presents a numerical study of particle deposition in two fluids, i.e., liquid and droplet flow in a single row tube bundle heat exchanger. The tubes in the heat exchanger are modeled as heating sources. Two level-set functions are used to capture the liquid-droplet interface and the liquid-deposit front. The effects of different parameters, including Damköhler number, thermal conductivity of the deposit, viscosity of the liquid, and the heating power of the tube on the flow and heat transfer, are investigated. The deposit profiles on the tube surface are analyzed. Comparison is made for the averaged Nusselt number for the case without and with deposition. It is found that the tube surface has a thicker deposit at the upstream facing side compared with that of the downstream facing side. Generally, the heat transfer rate reduces with the growth of the deposit. Under certain conditions, heat transfer can be increased because of the increase in fluid velocity due to blockage of the flow area by the deposit. The averaged Nusselt number oscillated temporally in response to the droplet movement across the tube. Generally, the temperature at the liquid-deposit front decreases with thicker deposit formed. The averaged Nusselt number along the liquid-deposit front increases to a critical value initially, and it starts to decrease with the growth of the deposit.


Deep neural network-based classifiers are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples that can fool them into misclassifying their input through the addition of small-magnitude perturbations. However, recent studies have demonstrated that such adversarial examples are not very effective in the physical world--they either completely fail to cause misclassification or only work in restricted cases where a relatively complex image is perturbed and printed on paper. In this paper we propose a new attack algorithm--Robust Physical Perturbations (RP2)-- that generates perturbations by taking images under different conditions into account. Our algorithm can create spatially-constrained perturbations that mimic vandalism or art to reduce the likelihood of detection by a casual observer. We show that adversarial examples generated by RP2 achieve high success rates under various conditions for real road sign recognition by using an evaluation methodology that captures physical world conditions. We physically realized and evaluated two attacks, one that causes a Stop sign to be misclassified as a Speed Limit sign in 100% of the testing conditions, and one that causes a Right Turn sign to be misclassified as either a Stop or Added Lane sign in 100% of the testing conditions.


The author, on the basis of an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature as well as the relevant opportunities and threats, proposes future directions for career counseling with lesbian, gay male, bisexual male and female, and transgendered persons. Suggestions include efforts for theory development, empirical research, career assessment, counseling practice, and counselor education. Whereas Tyler (1978) criticized the vocational behavior literature for concentrating on middle-class men, Fitzgerald, Fassinger, and Betz (1995) asserted that the study of women's career development was probably the most active and vibrant area of vocational psychology research and theory from the 1970s to the early 1990s. The past decade has witnessed another significant advance in this literature, namely attention to the vocational behavior of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual male and female (LGB) persons. This new development is a response to the historical ignorance regarding sexual orientation and the heterosexual assumptions in career theories and research. Whereas the other articles in this special issue on the future of career counseling take a broad perspective, I concentrate on cutting-edge developments regarding the impact of sexual orientation on vocational behavior. A number of conceptual and practical articles about the career development of LGB persons began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s (e.g., Elliott, 1993; Hetherington, Hillerbrand, & Etringer, 1989; Hetherington & Orzek, 1989), followed by theoretical and empirical work (e.g., Bieschke & Matthews, 1996; Chung, 2001; Rostosky & Riggle, 2002). Special issues on this topic appeared in The Career Development Quarterly (Pope, 1995b) and the Journal of Vocational Behavior (Croteau & Bieschke, 1996). Comprehensive reviews of this literature were provided by Croteau (1996); Croteau, Anderson, DiStefano, and Kampa-Kokesch (2000); and Chung (2003). Building on these reviews, I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature, as well as relevant opportunities and threats that I have identified, regarding the direction of career counseling with LGB persons in the next decade. A recent political trend in society at large, as well as in professional organizations, is the inclusion of transgendered people in the LGB movement. Transgendered persons are broadly defined in this article as (a) persons whose gender identity or behavior deviates significantly from what traditional culture deems appropriate for their biological sex at birth or (b) persons who have ambiguous or multisex genitalia. This definition includes transvestites and transgenderists (part-time and full-time cross-dressers), transexuals (both before and after sex-reassignment operations), and androgynous and intersex (ambiguous or multisex) persons (Carroll & Gilroy, 2002; Gainor, 2000). The issue of adding a T(for transgendered) to LGB is somewhat controversial. Opponents to inclusion argue that LGB is about sexual orientation (a person's affective and sexual desires for people of the two sexes; Chung & Katayama, 1996), whereas transgenderism is about gender identity (a person's self-identification as male or female in self-concept or behavior). They claim that these are two distinct constructs and should not be confused with each other. Furthermore, transgendered people are not widely accepted, or may be discriminated against, in the LGB community (Gainor, 2000). On the other hand, in recent years an increasing number of LGB organizations have moved toward the direction of inclusiveness. Recognizing the significant contributions of transgendered people in the LGB movement since the Stonewall event in 1969, as well as the historical, cultural, political, and psychological interrelatedness between the two communities (Gainor, 2000), proponents of inclusion argue that transgendered people are an integral part of the LGB community. …


The use of competency assessments for the recruitment of staff has been around for some time. The benefits of conducting competency assessments has been discussed and debated by many Human Resources professional but not so much by managers who require the placement of competent people in vacant positions. With tights costs and operation budgets, companies are starting to question the activities and work practices that do not obviously seem to be adding any value to the bottom line. One of the practices is the competency assessment for staff recruitment and placement.
The purpose of this research is to determine whether competency assessments are beneficial to the placement of staff in critical managerial positions. It is aimed at demonstrating if there is value add in the time and money spent in conducting these assessments. The main aim of the study is to determine the usefulness of competency assessments in the recruitment of Senior Managers within the South African Public Service.
To facilitate the research, a case study design approach was selected. This approach was selected because a single situation was selected to allow an extensive investigation into the problem statement. The case study method also allowed the use of a mixed method approach to help obtain information using multiple data collection methods.
The sample of this study consisted of a total of 160 Senior Managers in the National Treasury. This sample was the total number of Senior Managers who have been appointed and placed with the aid of competency assessment processes. The information for the research was contained through a number of techniques namely, the questionnaire to the Senior Managers and their subordinates, the interview process with the Senior Managers, and secondary information from the competency assessment service providers and National Treasury employee personnel records.
Data obtained through the above method and techniques was statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
The salient findings of the study indicate strong correlation between competency assessment scores with the current performance of the Senior Managers within the National Treasury. There are also strong signals of job satisfaction amongst the Senior Managers, suggesting that the placement of these managers informed and assisted by the competency assessment process has been a success.
Recruitment experts and Line Managers within the Public Service will derive major benefits in using the competency assessments techniques in recruiting and placing people in critical positions.
It is recommended that further research be conducted to assess and determine the usefulness and value add of competency assessments in the recruitment and placement of managers across the broader Public Service namely at a National, Provincial and Local government level. Once this study has been conducted and the results proves and support what has been found by this study, the Government must then prescribe the use of competency assessments for…


Immigration inspectors are authorized to deport persons who arrive at U.S. ports without valid travel documents. This process, which usually occurs within 48 hours and does not allow for judicial review, is called expedited removal. This article begins by summarizing the findings of the few studies allowed access to the process. The authors extrapolate from the studies to demonstrate that thousands of genuine asylum seekers have erroneously been deported via expedited removal. The greatest cause of erroneous deportation is a failure by the agency responsible for the process, Customs and Border Protection (CBP), to follow its own rules. The heart of the article is a simple inquiry: given the stakes involved, why doesn't CBP follow its own rules? One report found CBP's failure "simply inexplicable." Drawing on the work of Jerry Mashaw, among others, the article attempts to "explain the inexplicable." It demonstrates that a mix of bureaucratic and personal realities, including CBP's dominant enforcement culture, combine to promote noncompliance with many of the rules intended to protect asylees. This showing has important implications for those who would repair the system. CBP's enforcement culture is likely to defeat any attempt to ensure compliance with the rules simply by reiterating them. A method is needed for moderating the culture, so that deporting the wrong person becomes as unacceptable in the future as admitting the wrong person is right now. The article closes with numerous suggestions to help achieve the required change, as well as a few recommendations for specific rule changes.


This study is concerned with the linguistic situation in the town of Kirkuk in north eastern Iraq. In this town there are three main ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs and Turkmana with some very smell minorities such as Chaldeene, Assyrians and Armenians. The languages spoken by these three ethnic groups belong to different language Family groups. In the First cart of the study the historical background of the population, a review of the literature, both of the present linguistic situation in Kirkuk end of relevant sociolinguistics in general, and the theoretical Framework, have been discussed in detail in order to provide background to this study which is mainly concerned with the Following areas: 1. The relationships existing between ethnic background and language usage and language loyalty in Kirkuk. 2. The attitudes of Kirkukiane towards language maintenance and language shift in Kirkuk. 3. Bilingual, multilingual individual communicative competence of Kurds, Arabs and Turkmans in the languages concerned, including the degree to which such a speaker is bilingual or multilingual and the nature of bilingualism or multilingualism in different domains and situations in Kirkuk. To throw light a these areas a situationally-oriented language survey was conducted; the relevant data was collected by randomly distributed questionnaire, by parsonal interview, by personal observation of language use and language attitudes in this town. The data subjected to commuter analysis and the results proved that the were no significant and substantial correlations between the language use, attitudes and competence based on the socio-economic status of respondents in this town, on the other hand, the correlations between the ethnic backgrounds and the language, use, attitudes and competence are indisoutable.


Teachers are unquestionably a vital factor in the field of education and English teaching is no exception. Good teachers of English language must acquire, at minimum, three main skills: linguistic, pedagogic and cultural skills. In Indonesia, nowadays, many schools and universities not only employ non-native English speaking teachers (NNESTs) who are of course Indonesian, but also native English speaking teachers (NESTs). This condition draws pros and cons and therefore it is important to know more deeply about the two kinds of teachers. This paper attempts to discuss the strength and weaknesses of both teachers. This discussion concludes that for ELT in Indonesian context, NNESTs should be prioritized more than NESTs.
Keywords: teachers, ELT, NNESTs, NESTs


Public Expenditures, Growth, and Poverty assesses the efficacy of poverty reduction programs in Latin America, Africa, and Asia by synthesizing studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute over the past ten years. Overall, the studies find that investments in agricultural research, infrastructure, and human capital are beneficial in the long term, while food aid and poverty reduction programs have little utility beyond immediately abating hunger and generating short-run income effects. The book develops a conceptual framework for analyzing public expenditures and their short- and long-run impact on poverty through various channels. It surveys spending trends and analyzes the effect of growing public investment on urban and rural poverty through case studies of India, China, Thailand, and Uganda. And it highlights the advantages of directing spending toward public works programs that engage impoverished peoples rather than using the limited aid money on food subsidies and other passive donations. Featuring discussions about the roles of various social safety net programs and a chapter devoted solely to the vexing poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, Public Expenditures, Growth, and Poverty will aid policy makers and encourage further, more analytic study of worldwide poverty reduction programs.


The reduction of CO2 emissions is strongly linked with the improvement of engine specific fuel consumption, along with the reduction of engine nacelle drag and weight. One alternative design approach to improving specific fuel consumption is to consider a geared fan combined with an increased overall pressure ratio intercooled core performance cycle. The thermal benefits from intercooling have been well documented in the literature. Nevertheless, there is very little information available in the public domain with respect to design space exploration of such an engine concept when combined with a geared fan. The present work uses a multidisciplinary conceptual design tool to analyze the option of an intercooled core geared fan aero engine for long haul applications with a 2020 entry into service technology level assumption. With minimum mission fuel in mind, the results indicate as optimal values a pressure ratio split exponent of 0.38 and an intercooler mass flow ratio of 1.18 at hot-day top of climb conditions. At ISA midcruise conditions a specific thrust of 86 m/s, a jet velocity ratio of 0.83, an intercooler effectiveness of 56%, and an overall pressure ratio value of 76 are likely to be a good choice. A 70,000 lbf intercooled turbofan engine is large enough to make efficient use of an all-axial compression system, particularly within a geared fan configuration, but intercooling is perhaps more likely to be applied to even larger engines. The proposed optimal jet velocity ratio is actually higher than the value one would expect by using standard analytical expressions, primarily because this design variable affects core efficiency at midcruise due to a combination of several different subtle changes to the core cycle and core component efficiencies at this condition. The analytical expressions do not consider changes in core efficiency and the beneficial effect of intercooling on transfer efficiency, nor do they account for losses in the bypass duct and jet pipe, while a relatively detailed engine performance model, such as the one utilized in this study, does. Mission fuel results from a surrogate model are in good agreement with the results obtained from a rubberized-wing aircraft model for some of the design parameters. This indicates that it is possible to replace an aircraft model with specific fuel consumption and weight penalty exchange rates. Nevertheless, drag count exchange rates have to be utilized to properly assess changes in mission fuel for those design parameters that affect nacelle diameter.


Direct detection of extrasolar planets will require imagin g systems capable of unprecedented contrast. Apodized pupils provide an attracti ve way to achieve such contrast but they are difficult, perhaps impossible, to manufac t re to the required tolerance and they absorb about 90% of the light in order to create the apodization, which of course lengthens the exposure times needed for planet det ection. A recently proposed alternative is to use two mirrors to accomplish the apo dization. With such a system, no light is lost. In this paper, we provide a careful m athematical analysis, using one dimensional mirrors, of the on-axis and off-axis p erformance of such a twomirror apodization system. There appear to be advantages an d disadvantages to this approach. In addition to not losing any light, we show that th e nonuniformity of the apodization implies an extra magnification of off-axis sour ces and thereby makes it possible to build a real system with about half the aperture t hat one would otherwise require or, equivalently, resolve planets at about half the angular separation as one can achieve with standard apodization. More specifically, igno ring pointing error and stellar disk size, a planet at 1.7λ/D ought to be at the edge of detectability. However, we show that the non-zero size of a stellar disk pushes the thr eshold for high-contrast so that a planet must be at least 2.5λ/D from its star to be detectable. The off-axis analysis of two-dimensional mirrors is left for future stud y. Subject headings: Extrasolar planets, coronagraphy, point spread function, apodization


Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe illness with excess mortality and no specific therapy. In its early exudative phase, neutrophil activation and accumulation in the lung lead to hypoxemia, widespread tissue damage, and respiratory failure. In clinical trials, inhibition of proinflammatory mediators has not proven effective. In this study, we pursued a new investigative strategy that emphasizes mediators promoting resolution from lung injury. A new spontaneously resolving experimental murine model of ALI from acid aspiration was developed to identify endogenous proresolving mechanisms. ALI increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression in murine lung. Selective pharmacologic inhibition or gene disruption of COX-2 blocked resolution of ALI. COX-2-derived products increased levels of the proresolving lipid mediators lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and, in the presence of aspirin, 15-epi-LXA4. Both LXA4 and 15-epi-LXA4 interact with the LXA4 receptor (ALX) to mediate anti-inflammatory actions. ALX expression was markedly induced by acid injury and transgenic mice with increased ALX expression displayed dramatic protection from ALI. Together, these findings indicate a protective role in ALI for COX-2-derived mediators, in part via enhanced lipoxin signaling, and carry potential therapeutic implications for this devastating clinical disorder.


The current discourse about cloud computing security issues makes a well-founded assessment of cloud computing's security impact difficult for two primary reasons. First, as is true for many discussions about risk, basic vocabulary such as "risk," "threat," and "vulnerability" are often used as if they were interchangeable, without regard to their respective definitions. Second, not every issue that's raised is really specific to cloud computing. We can achieve an accurate understanding of the security issue "delta" that cloud computing really adds by analyzing how cloud computing influences each risk factor. One important factor concerns vulnerabilities: cloud computing makes certain well-understood vulnerabilities more significant and adds new vulnerabilities. Here, the authors define four indicators of cloud-specific vulnerabilities, introduce a security-specific cloud reference architecture, and provide examples of cloud-specific vulnerabilities for each architectural component.


The continued use of fossil fuels along with a rise in energy demand has led to increasing levels of carbon emissions over the past years. The purpose of this research was to design a lean premixed hydrogen fuel system that could be readily retrofit into an existing gas turbine engine to provide a clean renewable energy solution to this growing problem. There were major hurdles that had to be overcome to develop a hydrogen fuel system that would be practical, stable, and would fit into the existing space. High flame temperatures coupled with high flame speeds are major concerns when switching from jet fuel or natural gas to hydrogen. High temperatures lead to formations of pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and can potentially cause damage to critical engine components. High flame speeds can lead to dangerous flashbacks in the fuel premixers. Past researches have developed various hydrogen premixers to combat these problems. This research designed and developed new hydrogen premixers using information gathered from these designs and utilized new ideas to address their shortcomings. A gas turbine engine was modified using 14 premixers and a matching combustor liner to provide lean operation with the existing turbomachinery. The engine was successfully operated using hydrogen while maintaining normal internal temperatures and practically eliminating the NOx emissions when compared to normal Jet-A operation. Even though full power operation was never achieved due to flashbacks in two premixers, this research demonstrated the feasibility of using lean-premixed hydrogen in gas turbine engines.


This paper presents first results of a comprehensive emission inventory of chemical species from anthropogenic activities (power generation, vehicles, ships and aircraft) in Antarctica, covering the 2004–2005 period. The inventory is based on estimated emission rates of fuel consumption provided by some of the Antarctic research stations. Since the emission sources have different modes of operation and use a variety of fuel, the emission flux rate of chemical species is calculated by multiplying the fuel consumption value with the density of fuel and appropriate emission factors. A separate inventory is prepared for each anthropogenic emission source in Antarctica. Depending on the type of operation, emission rates of SO 2 , and BC (Black Carbon, from shipping only) have been calculated using the above technique. However, only results of SO 2 emissions from each source are presented here. Emission inventory maps of SO 2 depicting the track/path taken by each mobile source are shown. The total annual SO 2 is 158 Mg from power generation and vehicle operations, 3873 Mg from ships and 56 Mg from aircraft for 2004–2005 and these values undergo strong seasonality following the human activity in Antarctica. Though these figures are small when compared to the emissions at most other regions of the world, they are an indication that human presence in Antarctica leads to at least local pollution. The sources are mainly line and point sources and thus the local pollution potentially is relatively strong.


Most current approaches to landscape scale ecosystem service assessments rely on detailed secondary data. This type of data is seldom available in regions with high levels of poverty and strong local dependence on provisioning ecosystem services for livelihoods. We develop a method to extrapolate results from a previously published village scale ecosystem services assessment to a higher administrative level, relevant for land use decision making. The method combines remote sensing (using a hybrid classification method) and interviews with community members. The resulting landscape scale maps show the spatial distribution of five different livelihood benefits (nutritional diversity, income, insurance/saving, material assets and energy, and crops for consumption) that illustrate the strong multifunctionality of the Sahelian landscapes. The maps highlight the importance of a diverse set of sub-units of the landscape in supporting Sahelian livelihoods. We see a large potential in using the resulting type of livelihood benefit maps for guiding future land use decisions in the Sahel.


ABSTRACT Background A detailed description of anthropometric and physiologic characteristics of persons in different diet groups is lacking. Objective We aimed to perform cross-sectional analyses of diet group with anthropometric and physiologic characteristics in a large cohort in the United Kingdom. Design The UK Biobank recruited ∼500,000 middle-aged participants throughout the United Kingdom in 2006–2010. Anthropometric indexes (height, weight, waist and hip circumference, body composition) and other physiologic characteristics (heel bone mineral density, grip strength, blood pressure, pulse rate) were measured following standardized protocols. We estimated the age-adjusted means of each characteristic in 6 diet groups (198,166 regular meat eaters, 199,784 low meat eaters, 4381 poultry eaters, 9674 fish eaters, 6366 vegetarians, and 378 vegans) in white women and men, and in 2 diet groups (3322 meat eaters and 1186 vegetarians) in British Indian women and men. Results In white women, after adjustment for age and compared with regular meat eaters, non–red meat eaters had lower adiposity (e.g., 4.5% lower body fat in vegan women) and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (−4.2 and −3.3 mm Hg, respectively), and generally lower heel bone mineral density t-score (−0.26). Patterns of differences by diet group were similar in white men. In the Indian population, compared with meat eaters, vegetarian women were shorter (−1.1 cm) and had lower lean mass (−0.5 kg), and both vegetarian women and men had lower grip strength (−1.3 and −1.4 kg, respectively). No significant differences in the other characteristics were observed. Conclusions Differences in anthropometric and physiologic characteristics were observed across diet groups in white participants, but fewer differences were observed in British Indian participants. The observed differences may be important as intermediate markers of long-term health in different diet groups. This observational study was registered at http://www.isrctn.com/ as ISRCTN10125697.


Women have long realized that cool shoes do not only complement the outfit, they are the whole point. From Cinderella to Carrie, we have all fallen head over heels for the right pair-and to hell with cost or comfort! This book explores the outer realms of avant-garde shoe design. Unfettered by commercialism, these pioneering designers give full rein to their artistic visions. These zany pieces contain an array of extraordinary forms and materials. With influences ranging from Las Vegas pizzazz and arcane tribal relics to contemporary architecture, it may be difficult to distinguish between fun footwear and conceptual sculpture.


Philip Morse has surely been one of the most versatile of American scientists of his generation, the first to be trained largely in his own country. A scientific generalist, he has made significant contributions to atomic physics, quantum mechanics, plasma physics, astrophysics, acoustics, machine computation, and operations research. His life-long commitment to teaching, through his authorship of a series if standard-setting textbooks and through his personal guidance of unnumbered individual students, has extended this scope to include thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and the methods of theoretical physics as well.Moreover, as this autobiography relates at a fast-moving pace, Morse has also been involved in the high-pressure concerns of war research, scientific administration and consultation, policy formation, the education of key groups and wider publics beyond the classroom, and the real-world utilization of scientific techniques and discoveries.For all these accomplishments, Morse writes that his experience as a scientist and as a participant in the affairs of his time "has been at the second, rather than at the top, level." It may be that this circumstance of being neat, rather than at, the top makes this autobiography more, rather than less, relevant to other and younger scientists, to those considering a life in science, and to general readers curious as to what such a life is really like. Only a miniscule few reach, say. Einsteinian levels, and their lives and work tend to be unique unto themselves; what Morse reports is truer to the experience of the great majority of the members of the scientific community. While his actual accomplishments, his range, and his eminence certainly far exceed those of a "typical" scientist, they do so more in degree than in kind.Morse's style is straightforward and nontechnical, direct, and personal. Some of the lighter moments and revealingly human incidents of his experience are recorded along with the problems and breakthroughs in the near-private world of pure science and the public worlds of policy, high-level consultation, and practical applications.


Abstract Objectives To describe the context for implementing the national programme for information technology (NPfIT) in England, actual and perceived barriers, and opportunities to facilitate implementation. Design Case studies and in depth interviews, with themes identified using a framework developed from grounded theory. Setting Four acute NHS trusts in England. Participants Senior trust managers and clinicians, including chief executives, directors of information technology, medical directors, and directors of nursing. Results The trusts varied in their circumstances, which may affect their ability to implement the NPfIT. The process of implementation has been suboptimal, leading to reports of low morale by the NHS staff responsible for implementation. The overall timetable is unrealistic, and trusts are uncertain about their implementation schedules. Short term benefits alone are unlikely to persuade NHS staff to adopt the national programme enthusiastically, and some may experience a loss of electronic functionality in the short term. Conclusions: The sociocultural challenges to implementing the NPfIT are as daunting as the technical and logistical ones. Senior NHS staff feel these have been neglected. We recommend that national programme managers prioritise strategies to improve communication with, and to gain the cooperation of, front line staff.


Many water allocation agreements in transboundary river basins are inherently unstable. Due to stochastic river flow, agreements may be broken in case of drought. The objective of this paper is to analyse whether water allocation agreements can be self-enforcing. An agreement is modelled as the outcome of bargaining game on river water allocation. Given this agreement, the bargaining game is followed by a repeated extensive-form game in which countries decide whether or not to comply with the agreement. I assess under what conditions such agreements are self-enforcing, given stochastic river flow. The results show that, for sufficiently low discounting, every efficient agreement can be sustained in subgame perfect equilibrium. Requiring renegotiation-proofness may shrink the set of possible agreements to a unique self-enforcing agreement. The solution induced by this particular agreement implements the "downstream incremental distribution", an axiomatic solution to water allocation that assigns all gains from cooperation to downstream countries.


Plectin, a member of the cytolinkers protein family, plays a
crucial role in cells as a stabilizing element of cells against
mechanical stress. Its absence results in muscular dystrophy,
skin blistering, and signs of neuropathy. The C-terminus domain
of plectin contains several highly homologous repeat domains
that also occur in other cytolinkers. Secondary structure
analysis revealed that the building block of these domains, the
PLEC repeat, is similar to the ankyrin repeat. We present a
model, which comprises ~1900 amino acid, could be stabilized to
maintain its structural integrity even udenr extensive
mechanical stress. In this model, larger solenoid modules
formed from PLEC repeats can be disulphide-bridged via
conserved cysteines. Our hypothesis suggests that this process
could be mediated by cytoplasmic NOS-generated products, such
as the radical peroxynitrite. Reinforcement of molecular
structure would provide a rationale why during exercising or
physiological stress radicals are formed without necessarily
being deleterious.


The Food Stamp Act allows retail stores and food wholesalers authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture to participate in the Food Stamp Program and accept food stamps as payment instead of cash for qualifying food products. If the Secretary finds that a food stamp merchant — or their employee — has trafficked in food stamps, the Secretary may permanently disqualify the merchant from accepting food stamps. But the Secretary also has "discretion" to impose a civil monetary penalty (CMP) of up to $54,000 in lieu of permanent disqualification if the Secretary finds "significant evidence" that the merchant had effective policies in place to prevent food stamp violations. The Act establishes a statutory right to judicial review of the Secretary's decision to impose disqualification or a civil penalty, and according to the Act, that review is by "trial de novo . . . in which the court . . . determine[s] the validity of the questioned administrative action in issue . . . ." In Affum v. United States, a food stamp merchant whose sole part-time employee exchanged food stamps for $30 cash was found by the Secretary to have trafficked in food stamps. Affum challenged the Secretary's decision to permanently disqualify her rather than impose a fine, but the district court denied her request for injunctive relief and did not reach the merits of her claim after it held, in part, that she did not have standing to challenge the Secretary's decision. Appealing that decision, Affum did not dispute whether her employee engaged in food stamp trafficking. Rather, she asserted, inter alia, that not only was the Secretary's decision of whether to punish a merchant reviewable de novo, but the Secretary's choice of punishments is also reviewable de novo. The D.C. Circuit reversed the district court's finding that Affum did not have standing and remanded the case for de novo review of the administrative proceeding. To guide the district court on which was the proper standard of review to apply, the circuit court found that "nothing in the Act suggest[s] that trials de novo relating to 'administrative action[s] in issue' are limited solely to review of determinations that a trafficking action occurred." Nevertheless, it held that because Congress amended the Act in 1988 to give the Secretary "discretion" in choosing the appropriate penalty for trafficking, it "meant to impose different standards of review for a judicial action challenging the agency's finding of a violation as opposed to a judicial action challenging the Secretary's choice of penalty." Thus, the D.C. Circuit held that though plaintiffs are entitled to de novo review of whether a violation occurred, the Secretary's choice of penalties under 7 U.S.C. § 2021(b)(3)(B) is reviewable under an arbitrary and capricious standard. In reaching this conclusion, the D.C. Circuit joined in the current three-way circuit split over which standard of judicial review should apply to the Secretary of Agriculture's choice of penalties for food stamp merchants. The D.C. Circuit's position — that the penalty is reviewable under an arbitrary and capricious standard — is consistent with that held by the Fourth and Ninth Circuits. The Eighth Circuit, however, holds that the Secretary's choice of penalties is reviewable de novo, and the Sixth Circuit holds that the Secretary's choice is not reviewable. This comment examines the three-way circuit split, argues that the arbitrary and capricious standard is correct, and recommends that either the Supreme Court should adopt the majority rule or Congress should amend § 2023(a) to expressly provide that the Secretary's choice of penalty is reviewable under the Administrative Procedure Act's arbitrary and capricious standard of review. Section I reviews the Food Stamp Act and why Congress amended it to grant the Secretary discretion to impose a civil monetary penalty in lieu of permanent disqualification for trafficking offenses. Section II briefly reviews standards of review of administrative agency actions. Section III analyzes the circuit split at issue by examining cases from the Fourth, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and D.C. Circuits. Finally, Section IV suggests how the Supreme Court or Congress could mend the three-way circuit split over judicial review of the Secretary's choice of penalties under § 2021.


The concept of the three domains of life (the bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes) goes back to Carl Woese in 1990 1 . Most scientists now see the eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) as a secondary domain, derived from bacteria and archaea via an endosymbiosis 2 . That makes the last universal common ancestor of life (LUCA) the ancestor of bacteria and archaea 3 . While these domains are strikingly different in their genetics and biochemistry 4 , they are nearly indistinguishable in their cellular morphology — historically, both groups have been classed as prokaryotes. In terms of their metabolic versatility and molecular machinery, prokaryotes are if anything more sophisticated than eukaryotes 5 . Yet despite an exhaustive search of genetic sequence space in virtually infinite populations over four billion years, neither domain evolved morphological complexity to compare with eukaryotes 5 . The evolutionary path to morphological complexity does not seem to depend on genetic information alone 6 . The most plausible explanation is that physical constraints stemming from the topological structure of prokaryotes blocked the evolution of morphological complexity in prokaryotes, and that the endosymbiosis at the origin of eukaryotes relieved these constraints 6 . In this lecture, I shall argue that the dependence of all life on electrical charges across membranes to generate energy explains the structural constraints on prokaryotes, and the escape from these constraints in eukaryotes 7 .


A microencapsulated flame retardant with a melamine-formaldehyde shell was prepared by in situ polymerization, then incorporated into an iPP matrix with a coupling agent to manufacture multifilament yarns by melt spinning. The influence of the post-treatment on the resulted microcapsules with an alcoholic solution was also studied. The spinnability of these formulations based on the interface characterization from contact angle measurements, tensile test and thermal characterizations was explored to determine the maximum draw ratio (DR) to apply. Finally, knitted fabrics were processed from multifilaments, and their flame-retardant properties were evaluated by performing fire tests according to the FMVSS 302 and Din 4102 part B experiments. The different mechanical and thermal behaviors were discussed in terms of the influence of the DR and the post-treatment applied on fibers during the spinning process and during the recovery of the microcapsules, respectively. The results showed that it was possible to obtain multifilament yarns with a DR of 4, but the best properties were obtained with a DR of 3 and for un-treated microcapsules. Furthermore, the samples containing un-treated microcapsules reach a B rating at the FMVSS test with a fast flame progression and a very low duration of burning. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The evaluation of student-teacher performance during their field experience remains an important component of student-teachers' professional training. However, increasing pressure on university faculty has prompted a search for alternatives to the practice of on-site visits for this evaluation. This research focused on the measurement issues related to the use of video recordings to evaluate student-teacher performance in a teacher education programme in Hong Kong. Sixteen student-teachers and three university faculty participated in the research, using a 17-item Field Experience Supervision Form as the basis for the evaluation. The first part of the study estimated intra-rater agreement of student-teacher performance in a live context compared with an evaluation based on a video recording. The second part estimated inter-rater agreement of student-teacher performance based solely on video recordings of lessons. Analysis of the responses using Gwet's (2001) first-order agreement coefficient to estimate both intra- and inter-rater agreement of student-teacher performance, and a multi-facet Rasch model to study the interactions between student-teachers, raters, and medium, showed that video-recorded lessons can be an effective alternative to on-site evaluations.


This paper describes a novel collaboration between a health science initiative, a MedTech Co-operative and a university design research department alongside a group of children with incontinence, their parents and siblings. This collaboration hoped to inform the development of technological interventions specifically aimed at supporting paediatric incontinence.

Together, we used a range of bespoke tools to creatively and collaboratively explore questions of 'What are your main challenges? How do you currently address them? And how would you like to address them in the future?' These tools aimed to place the children as the experts in the rooms, reflecting on their wider life (i.e. their hobbies, friends, family) and took an asset-based approach to highlight the skills and resources they already leverage to address their personal challenges. Later, ideation activities were used to empower the families as inventors to highlight and address any unmet health needs. Central to each of the activities was the aim to reframe a traditionally 'taboo' topic as something that is safe, and even fun, to explore through creative means.

This study concludes that by using context-specific, sensitive and creative tools, children from a range of ages can (and should) be included in setting the agenda for future healthcare technology development, even in topics that are traditionally difficult to discuss.


Globalisation is a widely used but much contested concept. This contestation has a large variety of dimensions and on-going debates. One of the debates focuses on economic globalisation and a rebalancing of the relations between the private and public sector that is taking place during the last three decades. Neo-liberalism, dominant in the policy agenda of the leading world powers during this period of time, advocates the necessity of privatisation, including privatisation of public services. However, the international outcomes of privatisation policies associated with the promotion of market relations and private investments in the public sector have not been sufficiently examined in empirical research. Although globalisation debates refer to international regulation, competition and the concentration of capital, there is a paucity of detailed empirically focused study on patterns of ownership and what they mean to a changing international order, especially with respect to privatised utilities.

The thesis opens up these themes in a focused way, analysing outcomes of water privatisation and electricity privatisation worldwide. It draws on a comprehensive database held by the Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU) that enables an empirically based analysis of arguments about the outcomes of utilities' privatisation in the light of the globalisation debate. The main methodology used as a basis for a critical assessment of theories of globalisation is social network analysis. The thesis is mostly concerned with the international aspects of the privatisation of public utilities. It begins by arguing that the privatisation of public services worldwide should be located within debates on globalisation. The thesis then presents a reinterpretation of main globalisation trends, specifically the processes related to the internationalisation of public services, as an emerging modern form of economic colonialism.

To develop this argument the thesis comprises a variety of dimensions. First, three sets of debates are reviewed, globalisation, the internationalisation of capital and colonialism. In the course of this analysis attention is drawn to the concentration of economic power and the international dominance of three economic blocs - the North America, Western Europe and Japan. The second dimension of the thesis is the presentation of an analytic framework to analyse the recent developments of privatisation worldwide. Drawing on the achievements of social network analysis a methodology for examining the outcomes of privatisation in relation to ownership and the patterns of concentration that have emerged is developed. This part of the thesis transforms the research questions that arise from the examination of debates about globalisation and privatisation and related developments. Here a set of hypotheses is developed to examine the process of privatisation worldwide, with reference to the electricity and water sector.

With this methodology outlined, the third dimension is present. In this section of the thesis particular explanatory dimensions of the process of globalisation are examined, specifically geography, culture, economy, and politics. Using SNA techniques that build on the first phase of the quantitative analysis which examines ownership concentration and identifies the presence of the star-like pattern of ownership in all studied sectors of public utilities, a rich vein of evidence of the key features of privatisation worldwide is presented.

The broad themes of this analysis are then drawn together in an assessment section. This assessment shows that economic globalisation reflects economic asymmetries and is related to political status, and that historical links make a considerable impact on the global ownership structures that have emerged in public services after privatisation. A key conclusion is that public services are being transformed as part of global capitalist system and that under the cover of globalisation a particular form of economic colonialism is emerging - the neo-colonialism that is centred on a few major western economies: The United States, France and the United Kingdom.


Some eighty years ago, then-Professor and later-Judge Jerome Frank purported to expose what he termed "the basic legal myth"--to wit, that judges decide cases by applying legal rules to the facts before them. (1) Frank reputedly went so far as to say that a court's decision might turn upon what the judge had eaten for breakfast. (2) Fortunately, other judges have looked beyond the breakfast table for methodologies to promote consistency and coherence in judicial decision making. In this Essay, I discuss two such methodologies--one fully achieved and the other still in the making. I refer respectively to the influence of economic analysis in remaking antitrust law and of historical originalism in shaping constitutional law. I. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND THE REMAKING OF ANTITRUST LAW Forty years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court simply did not know what it was doing in antitrust cases. The Court had read into the Sherman Act an assortment of vague and, ironically, anti-competitive social and political goals, such as protecting small traders from their larger, impersonal (and more efficient) rivals. (3) Judge Learned Hand characterized the goals of antitrust law as minimizing the "helplessness of the individual" and ensuring the "organization of industry in small units" for "its own sake and in spite of possible cost." (4) Then, starting in the 1960s, a generation of scholars developed what has aptly been called the "new learning" in antitrust economics. (5) Phillip Areeda at Harvard Law School, Robert Bork and Ward Bowman at Yale Law School, and Richard Posner and others at The University of Chicago Law School advanced the initially controversial view that the antitrust laws should promote economic efficiency and consumer welfare rather than shield from competitive market forces those whom Justice Peckham had deemed "small dealers and worthy men." (6) Starting in the 1970s, the Supreme Court began systematically reworking antitrust doctrine in order to bring it into alignment with the modern economic understanding of competition. In doing so, the Court has made Judge Frank's "basic legal myth" a reality. Where antitrust jurisprudence was once ad hoc and incoherent, the cases now follow simply stated legal norms. A number of trends in the Court's antitrust opinions reflect this transformation. First, as can be seen in Figure 1, (7) the fate of defendants in antitrust cases has improved substantially with every passing decade over the past forty years: During the decade beginning with the 1967 Term, defendants won thirty-six percent of the antitrust cases decided by the Supreme Court (sixteen of forty-four). In the next decade, defendants won forty-five percent of the antitrust cases (nineteen of forty-two), and in the decade beginning with the 1987 Term, antitrust defendants won fifty percent of their cases (nine of eighteen). During the most recent decade, defendants won all thirteen, that is, one hundred percent of the Court's antitrust cases. These figures reflect the Justices' increasing embrace of the economic approach to antitrust law, which--relative to approaches based upon amorphous sociopolitical goals--limits liability to those relatively few business practices truly inimical to consumers. The degree of agreement among the Justices in cases won by the defendant has also increased over the past four decades: [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] During the decade beginning in 1967, the Court decided only twenty-five percent of all its antitrust cases (eleven of forty-four) by a supermajority of six or more Justices in favor of the defendant. Over the following two decades, that percentage rose to thirty-six percent and forty-four percent, respectively. Finally, in the decade beginning in 1997, when the Court decided all thirteen cases for the defendants, a supermajority obtained in eighty-five percent (eleven of thirteen) of the cases. Over these same four decades, the percentage of all antitrust cases that the Court decided by a supermajority in favor of the plaintiff fell from fifty-five percent to zero. …


Twelve Drummers Drumming is a commission from Shape Records for an advent-themed performance event.

Lovett's work explores the relationship between musical composition processes and environmental stimuli, with a particular focus on the way in which rhythmic patterns and cycles of extra-musical data provoke particular responses. As a composer and sound designer, his work integrates improvisation, composition and environmental sound, frequently in combination, in order to create sonic composites.

In this instance, the impulse was the traditional carol, The Twelve Days of Christmas, and the compositional process made use of rhythmic patterns in the carol, along with sound recordings of an a cappella performances of the carol itself in order to provide sonic material for the performance of the Twelve Drummers Drumming piece. The finished performance combined a number of strategies that enabled the players to generate musical material, and made use of a timer in order to structure and control the overall duration of the piece.

Twelve Drummers Drumming makes use of both composed and improvised material, and was designed to enable performers with a range of musical knowledge and skill to participate. The piece draws on 'conduction' processes, particularly those developed by groups such as the London Improvisers' Orchestra, as well as drawing on concepts of scoring for improvisers that has its roots in 1960s and 1970s British experimental and improvised music practice.

Having previously worked extensively within improvised music practice and composition for moving image, this piece extends Lovett's practice into composing for improvisers, and working with an ensemble.


We propose a novel audio watermarking system that is robust to the distortion due to the indoor acoustic propagation channel between the loudspeaker and the receiving microphone. The system utilizes a set of new algorithms that effectively mitigate the impact of room reverberation and interfering sound sources without using derever- beration procedures. The decoder has low-latency and it operates asynchronously, which alleviates the need for explicit synchroniza- tion with the encoder. It is also robust to standard audio processing operations in legacy watermarking systems, e.g., compression and volume change. The effectiveness of the system is established with a real-time system under general room conditions.


The purpose of this study was to highlight the effects of the environment on spin bowling tactics in test match cricket. The speed differences employed by Indian and Australian spin bowlers in home and away test matches were examined over a nine-year period. Eleven test matches played in Australia and 10 test matches played in India from 2007 to 2015 were analysed (3413 spin overs). During this time, 12 spin bowlers represented Australia (mean age 28.0 ± 3.7 years) and 13 represented India (mean age 29.1 ± 4.1 years). In each environment, the home team's spin bowlers were more successful than the away team's bowlers. There was no difference in mean delivery speed between the teams when competing in either country's conditions. However, success in Australia was associated with less variability of delivery speed. In contrast, success in India was associated with greater variability of delivery speed. This would suggest that neither team changed this aspect of their delivery tactics to suit the opposition's home environment, demonstrating the difficulty that even elite spin bowlers experience in adapting to unfamiliar conditions. These findings highlight the need for diversity in practice conditions by creating representatively designed learning environments to help spin bowlers acquire the adaptive behaviours required in test match cricket.


Abstract A discovery by Diebold (1987) can be used to show that there are analytical methods, developed and widely used for layers with plane parallel interfaces, that can often be extended to the case of plane interfaces that are not parallel. Layer interfaces can have arbitrary dip and strike, permitting the study of waves in truly three-dimensional structures. We re-derive Diebold9s result from first principles, showing that the travel time along a ray path is given by a summation of horizontal slowness times horizontal range and vertical slownesses times vertical "layer thicknesses," in a form essentially identical to the standard relationship between these quantities in a medium that is laterally homogeneous. We then show that, because of an underlying lateral invariance in the ray relationships within a stack of wedge-shaped layers, it is simple to develop a generalized ray theory for wave propagation in such a medium. Finally, we show how such a theory can readily be used to synthesize body-wave pulse shapes at teleseismic distances, in a spherically symmetric Earth modified by dipping structures in the vicinity of source and/or receiver.


Advances in medical technology have made kidney transplants over the blood group barrier feasible. This article investigates how such technology should be implemented when designing pairwise kidney exchange programs. The possibility to receive a kidney transplant from a blood group incompatible donor motivates an extension of the preference domain, allowing patients to distinguish between compatible donors and half-compatible donors (i.e. blood group incompatible donors that only become compatible after undergoing an immunosuppressive treatment). It is demonstrated that the number of transplants can be substantially increased by providing an incentive for patients with half-compatible donors to participate in kidney exchange programs. The results also suggest that the technology is beneficial for patient groups that are traditionally disadvantaged in kidney exchange programs (e.g. blood group O patients). The positive effect of allowing transplants over the blood group barrier is larger than the corresponding effects of including altruistic patient–donor pairs or of allowing three-way exchanges in addition to pairwise exchanges.


Jason Cianciotto and Sean Cahill, experts on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender public policy advocacy, combine an accessible review of social science research with analyses of school practices and local, state, and federal laws that affect LGBT students. In addition, portraits of LGBT youth and their experiences with discrimination at school bring human faces to the issues the authors discuss. This is an essential guide for teachers, school administrators, guidance counselors, and social workers interacting with students on a daily basis; school board members and officials determining school policy; nonprofit advocates and providers of social services to youth; and academic scholars, graduate students, and researchers training the next generation of school administrators and informing future policy and practice.


Background Ability grouping has resurged in U.S. schools despite long-standing debates over its consequences for educational equity. Proponents argue that it is the best response to variation in academic skills because it allows teachers to customize the content and pace of instruction to students' diverse needs. Critics answer that this practice places students in divergent educational paths that reproduce educational and social inequalities. Despite the contested nature of ability grouping, research has yet to produce reliable longitudinal evidence to evaluate critics' claims. Objective We examine the degree to which exposure to within-class grouping for reading instruction from kindergarten to third grade is predictive of students' reading test scores and English coursework in the middle grades. Research Design We use multilevel achievement growth models predicting average reading achievement from kindergarten to eighth grade as a function of years of exposure in low, average, or high ability groups in kindergarten through third grade and control variables relevant to each grade. We evaluate the achievement differences between students who are grouped in these ability groups for one or more years and those who were never ability grouped. We use multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the degree to which number of years in each ability group in K–3 grades predicts placements in eighth-grade English classes (below grade or honors, as opposed to regular English classes). Data We use data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS–K), a national panel study of the 1998 U.S. kindergarten cohort sponsored by National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Our sample consists of 7,800 students with data for fall of kindergarten, and spring of kindergarten and first, third, fifth, and eighth grades. Findings Compared with similar students who were ungrouped in the early grades, those in high-ability reading groups have higher test scores, whereas those in low-ability groups have lower test scores in every grade from kindergarten to the eighth grade. In addition, compared with their ungrouped counterparts, students in low-ability groups in the early grades are more likely to enroll in eighth grade English classes that are below grade level, whereas those in high-ability groups in these grades are more likely to enroll in honors eighth-grade English classes. Achievement gaps between previously grouped and ungrouped students increase with every additional year of exposure to ability grouping. Conclusions Students' ability group placements in the early grades evolve into divergent educational paths that grow further apart with multiple years of grouping. These findings provide the first longitudinal evidence linking ability grouping to the reproduction of educational inequalities.


Introduction SINCE ITS OPENING IN 1985 WHEN IRA BRILLIANT DONATED SEVENTY-FIVE FIRST EDITIONS TO SAN JOSE STATE Univerity, the Center has amassed the largest collection of first and early editions of Beethoven's music in the United States. Although we continue to acquire and catalog at a steady pace, we have decided that it is time to publish a checklist of first editions currently in the collection. Listed below are the first editions as they have been identified in the Kinsky/Halm thematic catalog (1955) and Kurt Dorfmuller's "Supplement zum thematisch-bibliographischen Verzeichnis von Kinsky-Halm" in the Beitrage zur Beethoven Bibliographie (Munich: Henle, 1978), including those which were published after Beethoven's death in 1827. Also listed are English editions which were identified by Alan Tyson as appearing simultaneously or in some cases earlier than the first publication on the continent (see his "Authentic Editions of Beethoven Published in Great Britain" in the Beitrage, p. 196-203). We have not included the earliest editions published in France or other countries (although we do own many of these as well), as more research needs to be done to determine publication dates for these editions. (The one exception to this is the French score edition of the Fourth Fortepiano Concerto, which predated the first German edition by at least a decade.) The editions are listed chronologically within genre categories (e.g., Symphonies; Fortepiano Sonatas), following the categorization in The New Grove Beethoven. Space considerations prevent us from providing full bibliographical details here, but we have included basic information to identify the edition (city of publication, publisher, date, and plate number). Question marks follow publication dates when the precise year of issue has not yet been determined. For ensemble or chamber music, we indicate whether the edition consists of a full score, vocal score (for works for voices and orchestra in which the orchestral accompaniment has been reduced for fortepiano), or instrumental parts. The term "score" is also used to identify solo vocal works with fortepiano accompaniment. Missing or additional parts in the Center's copies are noted. If the copy owned by the Center differs from the detailed descriptions found in Kinsky/Halm or Dorfmuller's "Supplement" or matches a variant cited in either of these sources, we have included that information. For those wishing to obtain more detailed descriptions of the Center's first and early editions, we refer you to the continuously-updated Beethoven Bibliography Database (http://www. music.sjsu.edu/Beethoven/Database/ database.html). The Database includes full descriptions of about half of the Center's collection of 2,000 editions from Beethoven's lifetime and the later nineteenth century. By using the Opus or WoO number in the "Scores by Opus" index and limiting by publication date or publisher, Database searchers will quickly locate these descriptions. For information on other editions not yet in the Database, or to order photocopies, please contact the Curator, Patricia Elliott Stroh (408-924-4706; firstname.lastname@example.com). The charge for photocopies is 20¢ per page plus postage. To estimate the number of pages, please consult the Kinsky/Halm catalog or the Beethoven Bibliography Database, or contact the Curator. First Editions in the Collection of the Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies Ia. Symphonies Symphony No. 1 (Opus 21), C Major Parts. Vienna: Hoffmeister; Leipzig: Bureau de musique, 1801. PN 64. Score. London: Cianchettini & Sperati, 1809. PN 26. Score (First German edition). Bonn and Cologne: Simrock, 1822. PN 1953. Symphony No. 2 (Opus 36), D Major Score. London: Cianchettini & Sperati, 1808. PN 25. Score (First German edition). Bonn and Cologne: Simrock, 1822. PN 1959. Score (First German edition). Variant, with "Adagio molto" at head of first movement and metronome markings. …


This article looks to the recent 'removed flag' controversies in Northern Ireland to argue that post-conflict decision-making should be underpinned by principles of international human rights law and by a checklist of fiduciary obligations for decision-makers to actively peace-keep. Useful guidance on cultural property rights is drawn upon from amongst indigenous case law on cultural easements; political decision-makers are framed as the trustees of a peace process that morally obliges them to maintain a meaningful level of community involvement and consensus and that is underpinned by post-conflict norms of tolerance and mutual respect. The article argues that long-held 'other-side' fears and perceptions should be afforded a meaningful level of respect, as should symbolic items of cultural heritage that 'belong' to newly minoritised sections of the community.


This article presents a detailed hydroeconomic modeling tool used to assess potential economic tradeoffs of alternative water resources management policies and development options under different climate scenarios. The tool leverages the strengths of detailed hydrological, water resources, and economic models to accurately represent the complex and multi-objective physical, management, and socio-economic decision processes in a basin. On the supply side, detailed hydrological and water resources assessment models (including operational Turbine Load Dispatching Models, Short and Long Range Reservoir Management and River Simulation Models, Inflow Forecasting Models, Climate Change Assessment Models, and Scenario/Policy Assessment Models) are used to simulate the spatial and temporal water availability in different parts of the basin subject to inflow variability and potential climate change, water use withdrawals and returns, and system constraints imposed by different management policies. On the demand side, detailed economic models based on inductive and deductive water valuation techniques are used to derive marginal economic benefit functions for different water use sectors. The tool is applied to the Apalachicola-ChattahoocheeFlint (ACF) basin in the Southeast US (Figure 1) to assess the economic tradeoffs of two alternative water resources management policies under current and potential future climate conditions. The alternative management policies are the Interim Operations Plan (IOP) used by the US Army Corps of Engineers (US ACE) and a new operational plan proposed by Georgakakos, 2010 (GTIOP). Preliminary results (Figure 2) show that (a) GT-IOP clearly outperforms the current ACF water resources management policy under both historical and future climates; and (b) the ACF basin is likely to experience significant water related economic losses due to potential future climate change unless appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Figure 1. ACF Basin Figure 2. Economic Tradeoff Curves of consumptive and non-consumptive ACF water uses under (a) Historical vs. Future Climates and (b) Current (IOP) vs. Improved (GT-IOP) Operational Management Policies.


Nauplii of Calanus helgolandicus were raised from eggs, laid within a 12 h period, to Copepodite Stage I (CI) on 5 different species of algae at high concentrations at 15°C. The diets used were Isochrysis galbana (5 ?m spherical diameter), Rhodomonas baltica (7 ?m), the coccolithophorid Pleurochrysis carterae (12 ?m), the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (14 ?m) and the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans (30 ?m). Each day a sample was taken and preserved for later cohort analysis. Growth was estimated from CHN samples collected almost daily, from which naupliar stages were also distinguished. Ingestion was measured for each naupliar feeding stage. The fastest development was obtained with I. galbana and P. micans. We found the highest value of carbon and nitrogen content of Naupliar Stages NV to CI for individuals reared on the smallest algae, I. galbana and R. baltica. However, ingestion rate in terms of carbon or nitrogen was lowest with these same (smallest) algae. Therefore, the gross growth efficiency was highest for the smallest algae. These results suggest the following: Firstly, that factors influencing development time and weight in stage are different; weight in stage is negatively related to algal size, whereas development time is independent of it. The quality of the algal biochemical components could be the factor influencing development. Secondly, that small algae are fully assimilated in the gut whereas larger cells, i.e. those with indigestible components around the cell (theca, frustule, calcium layer) are only partly assimilated.


Purpose In CT‐guided liver tumor ablation interventions, registration of a preoperative contrast‐enhanced CT image to the intraoperative CT image is hypothesized to improve guidance. This is a highly challenging registration task due to differences in patient poses and large deformations, and therefore high registration errors are expected. In this study, our objective is to develop a method that enables users to locally improve the registration where the registration fails, with minimal user interaction. Methods The method is based on a conventional nonrigid intensity‐based registration framework, extended with a novel point‐to‐surface penalty. The point‐to‐surface penalty serves to improve the alignment of the liver boundary, while requiring minimal user interaction during the intervention: annotating some points on the liver surface at those regions where the conventional registration seems inaccurate. Results The method is evaluated on 18 clinical datasets. It improves registration accuracy compared with the conventional nonrigid registration in terms of average surface distance (from 2.75 to 2.05 mm) and target registration error (from 6.92 to 5.8 mm). Conclusions In this study, we introduce a semiautomated registration algorithm that improves the accuracy of image registration.


The objective of this research is to investigate innovative power distribution components based on micro-electromechanical systems technologies integrated with advanced optimisation methods to improve the performance of electric power distribution systems. A novel medium voltage circuit breaker using two switching string assemblies has been developed. The building block is a switching unit, which includes micro-switch shunted by a diode and a resistance. Several switching units are connected in series to form the switching string and several strings are connected in parallel to form the switching string assembly. A magnetic coil activates the switches. The circuit breaker contains two switching string assemblies connected in series. One of them interrupts the current in the positive the other in the negative cycle. The opening of the mechanical switches transfers the current to the diodes, without any arcing. The diodes interrupt the current at zero crossing. The project objective includes an educational component: to bring innovative topics in power distribution engineering to practising engineers (e.g., continuing education) as well as engineering students. The design appears to be a logical step in innovative power circuit breaker design that allows better control of circuit interruption than conventional breakers.


Early-onset group B streptococcus (GBS) disease in the infant is acquired by vertical transmission from the mother colonized with GBS. Thirty-four women colonized with GBS were treated with intravenous ampicillin sodium during labor. None of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or within 48 hours. Twenty-four women colonized with GBS received no antibiotic therapy; 14 (58%) of their infants were colonized with GBS at birth or by 48 hours. This difference was highly significant. Mechanisms by which this may have occurred were temporary suppression of GBS vaginal and rectal colonization, high concentration of ampicillin in the amniotic fluid, and transplacental transport of the antibiotic to the infant. In areas where GBS disease is prevalent, we recommend screening pregnant women (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) and treating those colonized with GBS (with no history of penicillin hypersensitivity) with intravenous ampicillin during labor.


In the last decade, the resource-rich Philippines has bet heavily on the mining industry as a development strategy, an approach that has come under growing scrutiny. With 47 large-scale mines in operation and growing evidence of their social and environmental costs, all the presidential candidates in May 2016 election were forced to explain their position on, and their financial ties to, the extractive industry. Most candidates, including President-elect Rodrigo Duterte, argued for "responsible mining†and an end to "exploitative contracts†. Yet few candidates addressed whether a new government could effectively enforce new regulations on a largely foreign-controlled mining industry. This briefing argues that the country's ability to properly regulate or close polluting mines will be severely constrained by a network of investment treaties the Philippines has signed, which provide excessive protection for foreign investors. This legal straitjacket will become still tighter if the government goes ahead with the EU–Philippines Free Trade Agreement and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).