The analysis of the relationship between architecture, the territory and modern tourism, the subject of this research, is part of the interpretation of the tourist phenomenon as a spatial phenomenon at the basis of new urban scenarios, capable of influencing the processes of the urbanization of places and their perception, of generating renewed urban metaphors contributing to modify social forms and methods of
communication. In this sense the initial frame of reference within which research is developed, refers to the theory of space aimed at understanding the phenomenon of tourism.The study of the "space tourist" has so far placed itself within the scientific debate regarding the geographical knowledge, of which two tasks have been traditionally assigned: the first was to provide representations, the second to translate the reading and interpretation of the territory into operational tools in order to transform it according to the needs of society. The latest spatial manifestations of tourism have therefore represented significant areas whereby to draft the features of a possible postmodern geography. But the analysis of space
tourism, in recent decades, has taken on a new dimension and with it, a new relevance in terms of social and cultural aspects, in fact tourist images of places have contributed in an ever more consistent way to feed the mind maps of individuals and thus their vision of space, of the
territory and of the world. The horizon of tourist research was broadened enormously by the research of the last ten ye-
ars, and tourism has thus become an important key for interpreting significant phenomena, starting with the process of nation building, the Americanization of consumer styles and production patterns, the elaboration of the con-
cept of heritage, the courses of development of backward economies, up until the most recent studies on the relationship between tourism and urbanism. And it is precisely on contemporary urban horizon which I intend to focus on in this work, thanks to more recent research trends of the French school, in particular in the transition
from the study of geography of tourism to the study of the relationship between tourism and urban themes and by the
research carried out by the MIT team (MIT Team – Mobilites, Itineraires, Territoires). Today we can speak of hyper-tourist phase- a definition that may be useful to distinguish first generation tourism from the current one -
for the fact that the relationship which has been established between tourist industry, urban are as and local systems is typically post-modern. In fact, both in terms of territorial transformation and economic and cultural terms, many cities have taken tourism as the reference model and, in turn, tourist spots and places have
adopted dynamics which are typically urban even when pre-existing urban settlements are not mentioned. These premises are the basis of the objectives of this research that by analyzing the contemporary tourist phenomenon in its architectural and urban spatial dimension, intends to bring materials and methodologies for interpreting it
as a phenomenon that generates "urbanity". The concept of urbanity thus allows us to approach tourism in a different way than just studying a set of practices which have incre-
ased exponentially: rural tourism, ecological tourism, seaside tourism, urban tourism, etc., allowing us to highlight the properties common to the tourist phenomenon and what forms it may take on. At the same time, the concept of urbanity allows us to bring out the urban characteristics produced through tourism. The concept of "urbanity" is then referred to the transformations of the territory tied to tourism: from the evolutionary trends of the settlement, which also fits the role and orientation of planning, up to the current processes of restructuring
the territory. In this sense it was deemed necessary to distinguish two reference scales: the extra-territorial dimension of the phenomenon where, in the dynamics of contemporary flows, it is possible to identify a sort of macroplace (destination) that includes all the spaces
where people come to and which they often share, and bringing us to a phenomenology of generalized de-localisation and de-territorialization.
- the territorial dimension, the one where in the concrete relationship with places, tourism leaves deep traces in space, produces urban substance becoming the generator of urbanity forms, which often defy the rules of the city in the consolidated or traditional sense, and for which it is necessary to define critical issues and politics of intervention . Starting from the need to bring the attention to the territorial dimension, in which analysis and formalization of the relationship between territory-tourism-urbanity can lead to theoretical and operational outcomes, the developments of this research thesis are then referred to the specific case study of Sardinia. This research is structured into three main sections. The first is dedicated to the analysis of space tourism, where, starting from the modern-post modern dichotomy as identified by Minca (1996), an in-depth examination is carried out, on the one hand, a kind of tourist space explo-
sion, with the acquisition of new and increasingly large territories and, on the other hand, a genuine tourist space implosion with the concentration inside closed or semi-closed areas in a series of images and pure, stylized tourist landscapes. The focus is placed on the territory: the tourist territory - namely the spatial organization (or
space-time) tourism, which presents itself since its origins as a consumer-driven system, because it is moulded favouring methods of access to resources and exchange, that today becomes the paroxysmal place of the flows both in terms of material consumption of goods – starting with the territory - in terms of geographical mobility (movement) and in terms of symbolic exchange (communication). The analysis of the first section focuses, as indicated in the introduction, focuses on the interpretation of the tourist phenomenon as a spatial phenomenon which causes space tran-
sformations through the construction of images and landscapes, creating forms of urbanity in terms of urban 'products' and architecture 'products'. With reference to specific case studies and analysis we will then refer to the alternation in time of genuine models tied to the courses of differentiation and approval, related to the creation and organization of tourist area in which fundamental interpretations regard the formulations of Battilani (2007) and the research contribution of Trillo (2003). This type of analysis is supported by a further
comparison, the one with the specialised 'manuals' and its contents compared to the reflections and attempts to define guidelines for the space tourist project. Therefore those elements emerge - which is the basis and where the thesis is oriented towards with the ability to confer quality to the project of tourist spots, with a significant contribution in the Italian case, consisting of a lecture by Gio Ponti entitled "Architettura e turismo" (Architecture
and Tourism), held in 1942 for the Directorate General for tourism and ENIT (National Tourist Agency), which widens the horizon of the debate, from the manual type of debate to the more complex one: the context. The following paragraphs relate to a specific analysis of spatial transformations induced by tourism and in particular to the phenomena of cultural and physical de-location and de-territorialization, up to the analysis of urban dynamics-
related processes, in which often the concept of city is represented, made into a utopia, or subverted. If in the first section of the thesis tourism has been identified as a spatial phenomenon, which begins with a project, an intention tied to the use of places, it is evident to steer this research within a framework of analysis on the relationship between tourism and the theme of urban, introducing the second section with an interpretation of Tourism as a generator of urbanity. The possibility to analyze and identify the specific characters of urbanity, referring to the evolutionary dynamics of a given territory, can constitute a conceptual tool that allows us to receive the tourist dimension as a component of the ur-
ban aspect. This is formalized through the interpretation of
three different dimensions: that of urban monuments, urban public spaces and mobility, deepening the analysis on the relations between tourist spots and the differentials of urbanity, illustrating the issues whereby that tourist aspect is featured as "relative urbanity". Consequently a second analysis scenario is introduced, the one that refers to the relationship between Tourists and Urbanists, hence
between tourism and planning. Some a few fundamental references, Oddi (2011) with regard to the study of the relationship between tourism and urban planning, we start with the fundamental differences that exist between the two scopes: the town is basically a technique and an art2 ; while tourism is – just as with all the "isms" - a movement, a flow, even before a pure and simple activity. In
this sense the town is the tourism object but it does not deplete its interests and interferes only partially with its reasons strongly tied to moving. That which unites urban planning and tourism, however, is the need for design, planning and programming of transformations that generate in the territory in order to ensure the control
and quality of interventions. It is clear that the town planning technique (more rarely art) has established the necessary instrument for implementing tourist settle-
ments, but the goals have strongly come apart, producing a sort of mutual distrust that under lies many still pervasive attitudes.


Those who think otherwise, though they may fail, deserve our attention, says H. Stuart Hughes. In "Sophisticated Rebels," Hughes shows what happened to the revolutionary spirit after the 1968 suppressions in Prague and Paris: dissenters learned their lesson and began to pursue their goals in patient, realistic, limited fashion, eschewing violence and inflammatory ideological rhetoric. Yet theirs were the voices protesting what even conformists recognize as social evils; the manipulative routine of bureaucratic authority, public and private; the soullessness of life in the sprawling conurbations European cities have become; the deadening of sensibility that allows us to screen out from consciousness the possibility of nuclear war. Hughes takes up in turn the innovations in dissidence during a reactionary age: the foreign workers, especially Moslems, who flooded the more prosperous countries of Europe in the 1970s, creating a large underclass; the advocates of local cultural autonomy, such as the Welsh and Bretons; the independent-minded theologians Hans Kung and Edward Schillebeeckx and Leonardo Boff arrayed against Pope John Paul II, who was himself rebelling against a dilution of Catholic theology; Poland's Solidarity and with it the longing for reunification of a sundered continent; the frustration of Soviet dissent, from the hope of Khrushchev's "thaw' to the sufferings of Sakharov; the collapse of Eurocommunism and the falterings of democratic socialism; and the slow advance of the German Greens toward a society on a human scale. Although European dissent, with the exception of the Greens, has failed to shake the hold of conservative rule, Hughes believes the subject matter of dissent--notably the protest against the nuclear menace--has lost none of its timeliness for the century ahead, and the dissenters themselves face the future with both stoicism and hope. Serving as markers throughout the route are brief analyses of the relevance of novelists and social critics, among them Milan Kundera, Adam Michnik, Yuri Trifonov, Roy Medvedev, and Jurgen Habermas.


Numerous crowdfunding platforms are available on the Web. Such platforms provide access for both profit-making and non-profit organizations. It is worth exploring how to attract investor attention related to viewing fundraising proposals and to assess investment intention on such platforms. The purpose of this study is to explore which one or more elements contained in fundraising proposals presented on the platforms under consideration significantly affect investment intention. In this study, three observable elements were selected based on the development of a business model, where an eye-tracking method was used to capture investors' visual attention. Six experimental scenarios were developed, and a total of 48 participants were invited to participate. Finally, it was found that the value proposition element obtained the most visual attention, and the key activities element had a significant impact on the participants' investment intention, especially when the proposal provided adequate details related to the appropriation of funds.


his paper presents a case study where Continuous Commissioning ® (CC ® ) 1 , a process that optimizes the HVAC system operation and controls to reduce the building energy consumption and improve comfort, was embedded as one Energy Cost Reduction Measure (ECRM) in a $2.7 million energy efficiency program. The program covers four campuses and two administrative office buildings of a community college district, with a total conditioned area of 2.35 million square feet. Cumulative cost savings of over $1.7 million have been achieved since the start of the program in mid- 2002. Savings as a direct result of the CC ® efforts account for almost 2/3 of the total cost reduction. This paper discusses major commissioning activities for the central plants and building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as how deferred maintenance issues, key to the success of any commissioning project, were addressed and adminstered by the CC ® engineer.


What have been the roles of charities and the state in supporting medical provision? These are issues of major relevance, as the assumptions and practices of the welfare state are increasingly thrown into doubt. This title offers a broad perspective on the relationship between charity and medicine in Western Europe, up to the advent of welfare states in the 20th century. Through detailed case studies, the authors highlight significant differences between Britain, France, Italy and Germany, and offer a critical vocabulary for grasping the issues raised. This volume reflects recent developments relating to the role of charity in medicine, particularly the revival of interest in the place of voluntary provision in contemporary social policy. It emphasizes the changing balance of "care" and "cure" as the aim of medical charity, and shows how economic and political factors influenced the various forms of charity.


It is generally thought that the duplicated structure of serum transferrin in vertebrates arose by gene duplication and fusion from a small ancestral protein. We have found that the isolated domains of transferrin are rapidly lost from the bloodstream via the kidneys. Therefore we suggest that the ancestral transferrin was not a serum protein or, alternatively, that it was not as small as the half-molecule.


A mixed type second-order dual is formulated for a class of continuous programming problems in which the integrand of the objective functional contains square root of positive semi-definite quadratic form; hence it is nondifferentiable. Under second-order pseudoinvexity and second-order quasi-invexity, various duality theorems are proved for this pair of dual nondifferentiable continuous programming problems. A pair of dual continuous programming problems with natural boundary values is constructed and it is briefly indicated that the duality results for this pair of problems can be validated analogously to those for the earlier models. Lastly, it is pointed out that our duality results can be regarded as dynamic generalizations of those for a nondifferentiable nonlinear programming problem, already treated in the


Green tea is a worldwide used beverage rich in fluoride and caffeine. To study the effect of excessive green tea intake versus fluoride and caffeine on body weight and serum thyroid hormones in male mice. Also, to confirm the effect of excessive green tea intake on thyroid gland was due to its fluoride and caffeine content or not. Thirty Male albino mice 25-30 gm weight were divided into five groups. Control (C) group (6 mice) receiving distilled water. Green tea (GT) treated group; 6 mice were given a 5 gm% tea hot water extract as their sole water supply. Fluoride (FL) treated group, 6 mice were given fluorine excess solution as their only water supply. Caffeine (Caf) treated group, 6 mice were treated with caffeine (6.25 mg/kg ip). Propylthiouracil (PTU) treated group, 6 mice were treated with PTU (10 mg/kg ip). Each of the five groups is treated with the corresponding substance for 30 days, then sacrificed under ether anesthesia, blood was collected to study serum levels of T3 and T4. There was a significant decrease in serum T3 in PTU treated group (0.72±0.03), GT treated group (0.96±0.04), FL treated group (0.93±0.04) and Caf treated group (1.46±0.08) in comparison to the C group (1.71±0.05).Also, there was a significant decrease in serum T4 in PTU treated group (15.71±1.26), GT treated group (30.07±2.29) and FL treated group (22.03±1.95)in comparison to the C group (51.1±3.15). But, there was an insignificant change in serum T4 in Caf treated group (45.55±2.73) in comparison to the C group (51.1±3.15). Green tea unfractionated aqueous extract decreased serum T3 and T4 and at the same time, increased final total body weight without a significant effect on the relative thyroid weight in comparison to the control group and this may be at least partly due to its content of fluoride and caffeine. Further work should be done on green tea free fluoride and caffeine to confirm this result.


Virtual Reality (VR) enables the simulation of ecologically validated scenarios, which are ideal for studying behaviour in controllable conditions. Physiological measures captured in these studies provide a deeper insight into how an individual responds to a given scenario. However, the combination of the various biosensing devices presents several challenges, such as efficient time synchronisation between multiple devices, replication between participants and settings, as well as managing cumbersome setups. Additionally, important salient facial information is typically covered by the VR headset, requiring a different approach to facial muscle measurement. These challenges can restrict the use of these devices in laboratory settings. This paper describes a solution to this problem. More specifically, we introduce the emteqPRO system which provides an all-in-one solution for the collection of physiological data through a multi-sensor array built into the VR headset. EmteqPRO is a ready to use, flexible sensor platform enabling convenient, heterogenous, and multimodal emotional research in VR. It enables the capture of facial muscle activations, heart rate features, skin impedance, and movement data—important factors for the study of emotion and behaviour. The platform provides researchers with the ability to monitor data from users in real-time, in co-located and remote set-ups, and to detect activations in physiology that are linked to arousal and valence changes. The SDK (Software Development Kit), developed specifically for the Unity game engine enables easy integration of the emteqPRO features into VR environments. Code available at: (https://github.com/emteqlabs/emteqvr-unity/releases)


This paper compares the saving behavior of formal and informal workers and additionally provides a socioeconomic and financial characterization of informal workers in Chile. The paper uses the Financial Household Survey conducted by the Central Bank of Chile in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, which covers between 1,740 and 2,533 urban households, performing both OLS and probit regressions. The cross-section regression results indicate that, in general, informal households save less than formal households. Further, descriptive data indicate that informal workers have less access to financial services and possess less financial assets and liabilities. In terms of policy implications, combating informality may not only improve the well-being of workers, but may also have positive consequences on the aggregate saving rate. In addition, for Chile, it is evident that there is ample room to improve access to financial services not only for informal but also for formal workers.


The principal objective of DEISA 1, 2 , a consortium of major national supercomputing centres in Europe, is to advance computational science in leading scientific and industrial discip lines by deploying an innovative Grid-empowered infrastructure to enhance and reinforce High-performance Computing in Europe. The infrastructure, based on the tight coupling of homogeneous national supercomputers, provides a distributed supercomputing platform operating in multi-cluster mode. The production capab ility and capacity of the distributed platform will provide a substantial European added-value to the existing national infrastructures and w ill, in turn, be integrated into a larger heterogeneous Grid. The DEISA service activity "Network operation and support" defines, deploys and operates the network interconnect required by this infrastructure during the project lifetime and beyond. The paper will give an overview about the activities performed in this service activity, the experiences that have been gathered and the future tasks which have to be performed.


We prove a shape theorem for rotor-router aggregation on the comb, for a specific initial rotor configuration and clockwise rotor sequence for all vertices. Furthermore, as an application of rotor-router walks, we describe the harmonic measure of the rotor-router aggregate and related shapes, which is useful in the study of other growth models on the comb. We also identify the shape for which the harmonic measure is uniform. This gives the first known example where the rotor-router cluster has non-uniform harmonic measure, and grows with different speeds in different directions.


SOA Design Patterns is an important contribution to the literature and practice of building and delivering quality software-intensive systems. - Grady Booch, IBM Fellow With the continued explosion of services and the increased rate of adoption of SOA through the market, there is a critical need for comprehensive, actionable guidance that provides the fastest possible time to results. Microsoft is honored to contribute to the SOA Design Patterns book, and to continue working with the community to realize the value of Real World SOA. - Steven Martin, Senior Director, Developer Platform Product Management, Microsoft SOA Design Patterns provides the proper guidance with the right level of abstraction to be adapted to each organizations needs, and Oracle is pleased to have contributed to the patterns contained in this book. - Dr. Mohamad Afshar, Director of Product Management, Oracle Fusion Middleware, Oracle Red Hat is pleased to be involved in the SOA Design Patterns book and contribute important SOA design patterns to the community that we and our customers have used within our own SOA platforms. I am sure this will be a great resource for future SOA practitioners. - Pierre Fricke Director, Product Line Management, JBoss SOA Platform, Red Hat A wealth of proven, reusable SOA design patterns, clearly explained and illustrated with examples. An invaluable resource for all those involved in the design of service-oriented solutions. - Phil Thomas, Consulting IT Specialist, IBM Software Group This obligatory almanac of SOA design patterns will become the foundation on which many organizations will build their successful SOA solutions. It will allow organizations to build their own focused SOA design patterns catalog in an expedited fashion knowing that it contains the wealth and expertise of proven SOA best practices. - Stephen Bennett, Director, Technology Business Unit, Oracle Corporation The technical differences between service orientation and object orientation are subtle enough to confuse even the most advanced developers. Thomas Erls book provides a great service by clearly articulating SOA design patterns and differentiating them from similar OO design patterns. - Anne Thomas Manes, VP & Research Director, Burton Group SOA Design Patterns does an excellent job of laying out and discussing the areas of SOA design that a competent SOA practitioner should understand and employ. - Robert Laird, SOA Architect, IBM As always, Thomas delivers again. In a well-structured and easy-to-understand way, this book provides a wonderful collection of patterns each addressing a typical set of SOA design problems with well articulated solutions. The plain language and hundreds of diagrams included in the book help make the complicated subjects of SOA design comprehensible even to those who are new to the SOA design world. Its a must-have reference book for all SOA practitioners, especially for enterprise architects, solution architects, developers, managers, and business process experts. - Canyang Kevin Liu, Solution Architecture Manager, SAP The concept of service oriented architecture has long promised visions of agile organizations being able to swap out interfaces and applications as business needs change. SOA also promises incredible developer and IT productivity, with the idea that key services would be candidates for cross-enterprise sharing or reuse. But many organizations efforts to move to SOA have been miredby organizational issues, by conflicting vendor messages, and by architectures that may amount to little more than Just a Bunch of Web Services. Theres been a lot of confusion in the SOA marketplace about exactly what SOA is, what its supposed to accomplish, and how an enterprise goes about in making it work. SOA Design Patterns is a definitive work that offers clarity on the purpose and functioning of service oriented architecture. SOA Design Patterns not only helps the IT practitioner lay the groundwork for a well-functioning SOA effort across the enterprise, but also connects the dots between SOA and the business requirements in a very concrete way. Plus, this book is completely technology agnosticSOA Design Patterns rightly focuses on infrastructure and architecture, and it doesnt matter whether youre using components of one kind or another, or Java, or .NET, or Web services, or REST-style interfaces. While no two SOA implementations are alike, Thomas Erl and his team of contributors have effectively identified the similarities in composition services need to have at a sub-atomic level in order to interact with each other as we hope they will. The book identifies 85 SOA design patterns which have been developed and thoroughly vetted to ensure that a service-oriented architecture does achieve the flexibility and loose coupling promised. The book is also compelling in that it is a living document, if you will, inviting participation in an open process to identify and formulate new patterns to this growing body of knowledge. - Joe McKendrick, Independent Analyst, Author of ZDNets SOA Blog If you want to truly educate yourself on SOA, read this book. - Sona Srinivasan, Global Client Services & Operations, CISCO An impressive decomposition of the process and architectural elements that support serviceoriented analysis, design, and delivery. Right-sized and terminologically consistent. Overall, the book represents a patient separation of concerns in respect of the process and architectural parts that underpin any serious SOA undertaking. Two things stand out. First, the pattern relationship diagrams provide rich views into the systemic relationships that structure a service-oriented architecture: these patterns are not discrete, isolated templates to be applied mechanically to the problem space; rather, they form a network of forces and constraints that guide the practitioner to consider the task at hand in the context of its inter-dependencies. Second, the pattern sequence diagrams and accompanying notes provide a useful framework for planning and executing the many activities that comprise an SOA engagement. - Ian Robinson, Principal Technology Consultant, ThoughtWorks Successful implementation of SOA principles requires a shift in focus from software system means, or the way capabilities are developed, to the desired end results, or real-world effects required to satisfy organizational business processes. In SOA Design Patterns, Thomas Erl provides service architects with a broad palette of reusable service patterns that describe service capabilities that can cut across many SOA applications. Service architects taking advantage of these patterns will save a great deal of time describing and assembling services to deliver the real world effects they need to meet their organizations specific business objectives. - Chuck Georgo, Public Safety and National Security Architect In IT, we have increasingly come to see the value of having catalogs of good solution patterns in programming and systems design. With this book, Thomas Erl brings a comprehensive set of patterns to bear on the world of SOA. These patterns enable easily communicated, reusable, and effective solutions, allowing us to more rapidly design and build out the large, complicated and interoperable enterprise SOAs into which our IT environments are evolving. - Al Gough, Business Systems Solutions CTO, CACI International Inc. This book provides a comprehensive and pragmatic review of design issues in service-centric design, development, and evolution. The Web site related to this book [SOAPatterns.org] is a wonderful platform and gives the opportunity for the software community to maintain this catalogue. - Veronica Gacitua Decar, Dublin City University Erls SOA Design Patterns is for the IT decision maker determined to make smart architecture design choices, smart investments, and long term enterprise impact. For those IT professionals committed to service-orientation as a value-added design and implementation option, Patterns offers a credible, repeatable approach to engineering an adaptable business enterprise. This is a must read for all IT arch...


1. Rates of synthesis and catabolism of liver and muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein have been measured in young control, starved and protein (deprived) rats using [ 14 C]Na 2 CO 3 to label protein. 2. Half-lives for synthesis of 1·35, 2·8 and 7·2 days for liver, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins respectively were obtained, whilst half-lives for catabolism were 1·55, 3·6 and 15·6 days in each case in the control animals. 3. The protein free diet for 3 days caused a small decrease in the rate of synthesis of liver and muscle proteins. The catabolic rate of liver protein was increased by 20% whilst there was a smaller increase in the catabolic rate of myofibrillar proteins. 4. Starvation for 3 days caused a 20% reduction in the rate of liver protein synthesis whilst there were greater reductions in muscle protein synthesis. The catabolic rate of liver protein was only slightly increased whereas there was a 75% increase in the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown. 5. The total amount of protein synthesis and catabolism in liver and the two muscle protein fractions over the first 3 days of the three regimes were calculated. Muscle protein turnover, in particular myofibrillar, was shown to be very sensitive to dietary protein and/or calorie deficiency. 6. These results are discussed in terms of the mobility and therefore importance of muscle protein metabolism in the economy of the whole animal.


This project attempts to describe and elucidate the compositional and instrumental character of the 24 Caprices of Niccolo Paganini and their far-reaching influence on violin playing and on musical creativity up to the present time. There is also the wider inspirational value which can be traced in literature, poetry, and fine arts.
The first Chapter aims to place the 24 Caprices in their historical perspective. The reception accorded to the work by prominent musicians of the time (in particular Chopin, Liszt and Schumann) whose attention was drawn to the concept of virtuosity as an essential parameter in musical composition, is emphasised and examined.
Chapter II investigates the unique significance of the dedication "alii Artisti" which suggests a Romantic manifesto some ten years before Hugo's prefaces to Cromwell and to the Eastern Lyrics.
Chapter III investigates Paganini's instrumental and musical background. It has often been claimed that Paganini was self-taught. However, evidence of his all-important early training in violin and composition makes him the true heir of the old Italian masters, representing at the same time a vital milestone for subsequent development of instrumental and compositional techniques. Paganini can thus be seen as representing a link between the classico-romantic and modem attitudes to instrumental writing reaching well into the twentieth century.
In Chapter IV, some aspects of Paganini's compositional and performing styles are examined. A striking interpretative concept (the "suonare parlante") is discussed. Special consideration is given to instrumental techniques which are not employed in the Caprices. Their absence suggests that the Caprices represent a perhaps intentionally restrained statement of Paganini's violinistic knowledge. Chapter V traces the origins of the violin Caprice and its development as a musical genre.
The Appendices include an analysis of selected Caprices, a diplomatic transcript of Caprices 1-4, a facsimile of the manuscript, as well as supporting documents such as Feuillets d'album and scales written by Paganini.


As food is an experience good, the market for restaurant meals is a market where the cost of acquiring information regarding quality is relatively high. In such markets consumers often turn to reputation measures to guide purchase decisions. As Australia does not have a longstanding cuisine style of its own, and given Australia has been open to substantial immigration inflows since federation, it represents an especially appropriate market to study regarding the impact of individual restaurant reputation and collective cuisine reputation on meal prices. The following study uses the hedonic price approach to investigate the implicit price of individual reputation indicators, cuisine type reputation indicators and other objective indicators in the market for restaurant meals. The empirical findings presented suggest that both individual restaurant reputation and cuisine type reputation are important. Other important factors are shown to include the quality of the restaurant wine list, the availability of private dining rooms, and whether or not there is an outdoor dining option.


The term "midnight regulations" describes the dramatic spike of new regulations promulgated at the end of presidential terms, especially during transitions to an administration of the opposite party. As commentators have pointed out, this phenomenon is problematic because it is the result of a lack of presidential accountability during the midnight period -- the time after the November election and before Inauguration Day. Midnight regulations, however, present another problem that receives little attention. It is the prospect that an increase in the number of regulations promulgated in a given time-period could overwhelm the institutional review process that serves to ensure that new regulations have been carefully considered, are based on sound evidence, and can justify their cost. The regulatory review process that every president since Richard Nixon has used to check his own administration's regulations is now operated by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), which is charged with reviewing all proposed new significant regulations. The problem is that while the number of regulations proposed spikes during the midnight period, the resources available to OIRA remain constant. Although the problem is perennially highlighted in the press, few satisfactory solutions to the phenomenon have been proposed. One possible solution to address the effects of midnight regulation on regulatory review might be to cap the number of regulations agencies may submit to OIRA for review during a given time-period.


Abstract Several hundred tin dots with controlled size were easily fabricated on transparency film by using an inkjet printer with SnSO4 solution. A surface treatment using Tween 20 as the surfactant was necessary. The SnSO4 was reduced to metallic tin with NaBH4. The thickness of metallic tin was 25 nm for one throughput.


Human beings have been using the herbal and allopathic systems of medicine since over a long time to cure, treat, diagnose and prevent diseases and ailments. In fact, herbal treatment is the oldest, traditional and cheapest medicine system that is more accessible to low income and local people. Therefore, the medicinal system has always been a supporter for people to treat and get over the problems related to health which are minor or major. Unlike, the ayurvedic medicinal system, allopathic method is more scientifically proven and developed, and more regulated. Each of the two systems has its own strengths and weaknesses. They are used to treat different ailments and at different levels and rates. Depending upon which people prefer and use one either one of the methods or combination both of the methods more than the other. This work reviews and comparatively analyzes the herbal and allopathic treatments to cure the problems in health care. It suggests the adoption of the concept of integrative medication and health care that connects mainstream allopathic medical treatment and herbal therapies and select the best, scientifically validated therapies out of the systems. Scrupulous scientific methods and clinical trials should be used to certify the quality, safety, efficacy and batch-to-batch consistency of natural medicinal products. The world should work to ensure access to affordable qualitative and safe medicines and health care.


Horse racing is a weight category sport. One of the key challenges facing jockeys is the pressure of "making weight" throughout the protracted racing season. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a chronically weight restrictive lifestyle and acute weight loss practices on aspects of physiological, osteogenic, metabolic and cognitive function in jockeys. Methods: The primary aim was achieved through the completion of four related studies. Study One: The effect of a 4% reduction in body mass in 48 hours on physiological and cognitive function was assessed through performance on an incremental cycle ergometer test to volitional exhaustion and a computer based cognitive test battery. Study Two: Bone mass was compared between jockeys (flat and national hunt), elite amateur boxers and a group of age, gender and BMI matched controls. Study Three: Bone mass, bone turnover and endocrine factors related to growth and metabolism were analysed in a group of jockeys and age, gender and BMI matched controls. Study Four: The impact of 6 months whole body vibration therapy (0.3 g and 30 Hz) on bone mass and turnover was analysed in a group of professional jockeys. Results: In study one maximal aerobic exercise performance was negatively affected following a 4% loss in body mass in 48 hours as evidenced by a reduction in peak power output achieved and an increase in submaximal cardiovascular strain. No changes to cognitive performance were identified in this study. In study two both groups of jockeys had lower bone mass at a number of sites than either the boxer or control groups. Adjustment of bone data revealed that differences in height and lean mass accounted for some of the variation between the groups, but that additional factors were present which may have impacted on bone mass in. Study three showed that bone mass was reduced and bone resorption increased in a jockey group. Elevated SHBG and reduced IGF-1 levels in comparison to an age, gender and BMI matched control group appeared to have a role to play in this finding. No aspect of body composition, bone mass or turnover was affected by the vibration therapy protocol used within study four. Conclusion: Results from this research appeared to indicate that aspects of physiological, osteogenic and metabolic function are affected in jockeys. This is likely to have occurred in response to a chronically weight restricted lifestyle. These findings may convey both long and short term health risks to jockeys and as such represent a major health and safety concern to the racing industry.


The study of preferences has a long tradition in many disciplines, but it has only relatively recently entered the realm of data management through their application in answering queries to relational databases. The current revolution in data availability through the Web and, perhaps most importantly in the last few years, social media sites and applications, puts ontology languages at the forefront of data and information management technologies. In this paper, we propose the first (to our knowledge) integration of ontology languages with preferences as in relational databases by developing PrefDatalog+/-, an extension of the Datalog+/- family of languages with preference management formalisms closely related to those previously studied for relational databases. We focus on two kinds of answers to queries that are relevant to this setting, skyline and k-rank (a generalization of top-k queries), and develop algorithms for computing these answers to both DAQs (disjunctions of atomic queries) and CQs (conjunctive queries). We show that DAQ answering in PrefDatalog+/- can be done in polynomial time in the data complexity, as in relational databases, as long as query answering can also be done in polynomial time (in the data complexity) in the underlying classical ontology.


IN THIS WORK WE INTRODUCE A NEW MODELING PARADIGM FOR DEVELOPING DECISION PROCESS REPRESENTATION FOR SHORTEST-PATH PROBLEM AND GAMES. WHEREAS IN PREVIOUS WORK, ATTENTION WAS RESTRICTED TO TRACKING THE NET USING AS A UTILITY FUNCTION BELLMAN'S EQUATION, THIS WORK USES A LYAPUNOV-LIKE FUNCTION. IN THIS SENSE, WE ARE CHANGING THE TRADITIONAL COST FUNCTION BY A TRAJECTORY-TRACKING FUNCTION WHICH IS ALSO AN OPTIMAL COST-TO-TARGET FUNCTION FOR TRACKING THE NET. THIS MAKES A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE PROBLEM DOMAIN, ALLOWING THE REPLACEMENT OF THE NASH EQUILIBRIUM POINT BY THE LYAPUNOV EQUILIBRIUM POINT IN SHORTEST-PATH GAME THEORY. TWO DIFFERENT FORMAL THEORETIC APPROACHES ARE EMPLOYED TO REPRESENT THE PROBLEM DOMAIN: I) MARKOV DECISION PROCESS AND, II) PLACE-TRANSITIONS PETRI NETS HAVING AS A FEATURE A MARKOV DECISION PROCESS, CALLED DECISION PROCESS PETRI NETS (DPPN). THE MAIN POINT OF THIS PAPER IS ITS ABILITY TO REPRESENT THE SYSTEM-DYNAMIC AND TRAJECTORY-DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF A DECISION PROCESS. WITHIN THE SYSTEM-DYNAMIC PROPERTIES FRAMEWORK WE PROVE NEW NOTIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY. IN THE TRAJECTORY-DYNAMIC PROPERTIES FRAMEWORK, WE OPTIMIZE THE TRAJECTORY FUNCTION VALUE USED FOR PATH PLANNING VIA A LYAPUNOV-LIKE FUNCTION, OBTAINING AS A RESULT NEW CHARACTERIZATIONS FOR FINAL DECISION POINTS (OPTIMUM POINTS) AND STABILITY. WE SHOW THAT THE SYSTEM-DYNAMIC AND LYAPUNOV TRAJECTORY-DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF EQUILIBRIUM, STABILITY AND FINAL DECISION POINTS (OPTIMUM POINTS) MEET UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS. MOREOVER, WE GENERALIZE THE PROBLEM TO JOIN WITH GAME THEORY. WE SHOW THAT THE LYAPUNOV EQUILIBRIUM POINT COINCIDES WITH THE NASH EQUILIBRIUM POINT UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS. AS A CONSEQUENCE, ALL THE PROPERTIES OF EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY ARE PRESERVED IN GAME THEORY UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS. THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF THIS WORK. THE POTENTIAL OF THIS APPROACH REMAINS IN ITS FORMAL PROOF SIMPLICITY FOR THE EXISTENCE OF AN EQUILIBRIUM POINT. TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE THE APPROACH SEEMS TO BE NEW IN DECISION PROCESS, GAME THEORY AND PETRI NETS.


The Fire Management Program (FMP) of the Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for the prevention and suppression of fires on public land in the State of Victoria. This article reports on an economic evaluation of the net benefits of these fire management activities for a representative year. The FMP is calculated to yield high net benefits to Victoria from its investment in fire suppression and prevention, through a reduction in the value of agricultural, capital and forest assets which would otherwise be lost to bushfires.


Community civic engagement is a new and emerging trend in urban cities driven by the mission of developing responsible citizenship. The recognition of civic potential in every citizen goes a long way in creating sustainable societies. Technology is playing a vital role in helping this mission and over the last couple of years, there have been a plethora of social media avenues to report civic issues. Sites like Twitter, Facebook, and other online portals help citizens to report issues and register complaints. These complaints are analyzed by the public services to help understand and in-turn address these issues. However, once the complaint is registered, often no formal or informal feedback is given back from these sites to the citizens. This de-motivates citizens and may deter them from registering further complaints. In addition, these sites offer no holistic information about a neighborhood to the citizens. It is useful for people to know whether there are similar complaints posted by other people in the same area, the profile of all complaints and a know-how of how and when these complaints will be addressed. In this paper, we create a conversation-based platform CitiCafe for enhancing citizen engagement front-ended by a virtual agent with a Twitter interface. This platform back-end stores and processes information pertaining to civic complaints in a city. A Twitter based conversation service allows citizens to have a direct correspondence with CitiCafe via "tweets" and direct messages. The platform also helps citizens to (a) report problems and (b) gather information related to civic issues in different neighborhoods. This can also help, in the long run, to develop civic conversations among citizens and also between citizens and public services.


A popular technique for the analysis of web query languages relies on the translation of queries into logical formulas. These formulas are then solved for satisfiability using an off-the-shelf satisfiability solver. A critical aspect in this approach is the size of the obtained logical formula, since it constitutes a factor that affects the combined complexity of the global approach. We present logical combinators whose benefit is to provide an exponential gain in succinctness in terms of the size of the logical representation. This opens the way for solving a wide range of problems such as satisfiability and containment for expressive query languages in exponential-time, even though their direct formulation into the underlying logic results in an exponential blowup of the formula size, yielding an incorrectly presumed two-exponential time complexity. We illustrate this from a practical point of view on a few examples such as numerical occurrence constraints and tree frontier properties which are concrete problems found with semi-structured data.


Noise Induced Hearing Loss is the most common occupational disease in the U.S. and of paramount importance in the mining industry. According to data for 2006 from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), Continuous Miner operators accounted for 30.2% of underground mining equipment operators with noise doses exceeding the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). This figure becomes more significant considering that 49% of the 2006 national underground coal production was extracted using continuous mining methods. Thus, there is a clear need to reduce the sound radiated by Continuous Mining Machines. The first step towards efficient noise control of a Continuous Mining Machine requires identification of the various noise sources under controlled operating conditions. To this end, a 42-microphone phased array was used in conjunction with 4 reference microphones to sample the acoustic field of a machine in the Hemi-anechoic chamber of the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory. These data were processed using a frequency-domain beamforming algorithm to obtain acoustic maps of 5 sides of the machine. The focus of the test was on the conveyor noise since previous studies showed that operation of the conveyor is the most important contributor to the sound radiated by the machine. From the acoustic maps, the following potential areas for noise control were identified, and included: chain-tail-roller interaction, chain flight tip-side board interaction, and chain-upper deck interaction.© 2008 ASME


Objectives: The present study has been performed by the aim of investigating the predictive role of the ego strength, the object relations and the defense styles on the mental health. Method: The community of the present study consisted of students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Iran University of Medical Sciences. Total of 700 subjects (including 280 males and 420 females) were selected as clustering multi stage methods and they completed the questionnaires of Barron's Ego Strength Inventory (ESS), Bell's Object Relation Inventory (BORI), Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) & General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data were analyzed by using of the Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression. Results: The ego strength, the object relations and the defense styles had meaningfully correlation to the mental health. Also, the analysis of hierarchical regression demonstrated that these variables can determine 37% of variance of the total score of mental health in students. Conclusion: Generally, understanding the effective ingredients on mental health and their predictive rate assists not only to acquire the preventive approach but also to improve the mental health. Furthermore, it determines the direction of the treatment and also it facilitates the process of therapy.


A number of graduate (masters-level) students from a wide variety of academic disciplines have viewed a required introductory research methodology course negatively. These students often do not retain much of the previously learned material, thus limiting their success of subsequent research and statistics courses. The purpose of this article is to briefly 1) describe the current lack of research interest and involvement among masters-level students and 2) propose three recommendations for faculty in order to reevaluate general instructional goals and objectives. The incorporation of these recommendations may facilitate student learning, and maximize student retention of previously learned materials in the introductory research methodology course. ********** The purpose of an introductory research methodology course is for students to become familiar with research mainly at "how-to" skills and application level, and the textbook authors generally do not mystify students with heavy theoretical and statistical jargon (Gay et al., 2009). There are some similarities in this introductory research course across academic disciplines: Research is taught as a professional tool to improve practice; both quantitative and qualitative research are taught; and research assignments include designing and implementing a research project or proposal (Unrau and Beck, 2004). Before taking a formal research methodology course, a number of graduate students nationwide have demonstrated a lack of interest and involvement in research activities (Bard et al., 2000). Because introductory research methodology is a required course in some graduate programs, a small number of masters-level students have expressed a deep interest by conducting thesis research as their culminating academic activity, while most students have simply completed a set of required coursework, followed by a written comprehensive examination for graduation (Lei, 2008a). Previous research studies have shown that research design, statistics, and computer skills are often inadequately taught (Royalty and Reising, 1986; Wampold, 1986), thus creating a low interest and a negative impact on attitudes toward research. These negative attitudes have greatly reduced the amount of time and effort students are willing to expend on learning research methodology and have limited the selection of more advanced courses, such as research and statistics courses beyond minimum requirements set by the graduate college (Papanastasiou, 2005; Lei, 2008a). College research methodology faculty from a wide variety of disciplines must develop and maintain learner interest throughout the course of study in order to capture the attention of students. The interest of students is vital if optimal attainment is to accrue (Ediger, 1994). This article offers three recommendations for faculty who have taught or will teach introductory research methodology courses. The incorporation of these recommendations may enhance student learning, and promote student retention of previously learned research materials. Recommendations Instructional Goals Regardless of course format (face-to-face, distance education, or hybrid) and course length (semester-long or condensed/ time-shortened class), research methodology instructors must use measurable stated goals and objectives in teaching-learning situations (Ediger, 1994). Instructors write these course goals and objectives for the purpose of effective teaching and assessment, which may range from simple learning of facts to higher-level thinking and performance skills. Students who are told what they should accomplish at the conclusion of an introductory research course know exactly what they must focus on, have tangible goals and objectives to strive for, and are better able to judge how successful they have learned and retained new materials (Gronlund, 2000; McAshan, 1979; Stiggins, 2001). Goal theory researchers generally agree that mastery goals are more productive than performance goals, and approach goals are more productive than avoidance goals (Brophy, 2005). …


1. Whole-body retention and plasma values of 131I after a test dose were measured for up to 32 days in patients previously rendered athyreotic by surgery, and 131I treatment for thyroid carcinoma, and who were without detectable functioning tissue at the time of study. 2. About 99-8% of the administered 131I was rapidly excreted, consistent with renal iodide excretion. The remainder (about 0-2%) was eliminated slowly, with mean half-life 15 days; we call this the slow-turnover component. 3. By the sixth day after the 131I dose, very little [131I]iodide remained in the plasma. The average protein-bound 131I was only 0-0035% of dose/l, with mean half-life 14-1 days; 90% was non-extractable in butanol. Labelled albumin accounted for about 80% of the non-extractable fraction. 4. The distribution space estimated from the slow-turnover component and protein-bound 131I was 34 l, indicating that most of the slow-turnover component is extravascular. 5. Stable potassium iodide administration, starting 2 days after giving 131I, had no observable effect on the variables measured. 6. Impairment of renal function delayed [131I]iodide excretion and increased both slow-turnover component and plasma protein-bound 131I. 7. A simple model describing iodine kinetics in athyreotic individuals is suggested. It predicts that the slow-turnover component contains only about 4 micrograms of iodine and, since this is distributed widely in body tissues, it is unlikely to be of biological significance.


We investigate the properties of metamaterials with both negative permitivitty and permeability through analytic and numerical simulations. Metamaterial-integrated waveguides have very interesting properties leading to exciting applications. Typical waveguides are made up of conventional materials which rely on total internal reflection (TIR). Here, we model multiple pairs of doubly-positive-double-negative (DPS-DNG) media making up a waveguide and we look at the modes formed inside the waveguide. The transmission spectrum at several frequencies of the DPS-DNG waveguide is compared to that of a pure DPS waveguide. We also show the natural phase compensation capability of the DPS-DNG waveguide as a result of the DNG's anti-parallel nature of the group and phase velocity.


In this paper, a hybrid prediction model based on rough set (RS) and support vector machine (SVM), RSS prediction model, is proposed to explore the stock index futures tendency. In this approach, RS is used for feature vectors selection to reduce the computation complexity of SVM and then the SVM is used to identify stock index futures movement direction. To evaluate the prediction ability of RSS model, we compare its performance with that of neural network model. At the same time, we suggest an investment efficiency formula which is used for decision making. The empirical results reveal that RSS model outperforms other prediction models, implying that RSS model can be used as a viable alternative solution for stock index futures prediction.


Many schools of modern linguistics generally adopt a rigid approach to categorisation by not allowing degrees of form class membership, degrees of resemblance to a prototype or overlaps between categories. This all-or-none conception of categorisation (Bolinger 1961) goes back to Aristotle, and has been pervasive and influential, especially in formal linguistics. The alternative view, prevalent amongst descriptive and cognitive linguists, is to posit grammars which pervasively display categorial vagueness, more usually called gradience. In this article I will begin by briefly tracing some of the ideas on gradience in linguistics and philosophy. I will then argue, firstly, that gradience should have a role to play in language studies (both descriptive and theoretical). Secondly, I will show that two types of category fluidity should be distinguished. One type I will call Subsective Gradience (SG). It is intra-categorial in nature, and allows for members of a class to display the properties of that class to varying degrees. The other type is called Intersective Gradience (IG). This is an inter-categorial phenomenon which is characterised by two form classes 'converging' on each other. Thirdly, I will argue that while the two types of gradience are grammatically real, IG is not as widespread as is often claimed. Finally, in this article I will attempt to be more precise about the vague phenomenon of gradience. To this end I will devise a formalisation of SG and IG, using a number of case studies mainly from English. The formalism makes use of morphosyntactic tests to establish whether an item belongs to a particular class or to a 'bordering' one by weighing up the form class features that apply to the item in question. This article can be seen to argue for a midway position between the Aristotelian and the cognitivist conceptions of categorisation in that I will defend a position that allows for gradience, but nevertheless maintains sharp boundaries between categories. The ideas put forward in this article have wider implications for the study of language, in that they address the problem posed by the existence of a tension between generally rigidly conceived linguistic concepts and the continuous phenomena they describe.


As the twenty-sixth president of the United States from 1901 to 1909, Roosevelt embodied the overwhelming confidence of the nation as it entered the American Century. With a fierce joy, he brandished a "Big Stick" abroad and promised a "Square Deal" at home. He was the nation's first environmental president, challenged the trusts, and, as the first American leader to play an important role in world affairs, began construction of a long-dreamed-of canal across Panama, and he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for almost single-handedly bringing about a peaceful end to the Russo-Japanese War. In addition to following Roosevelt's political career - from his role as a youthful reformer battling New York City's corrupt Tammany Hall machine to his term as New York State governor to his presidency, in which he established the progressive agenda, to his ill-fated run on the third-party Bull Moose ticket in 1912 - Theodore Roosevelt examines the man as well. This book looks deeply into his personal relations with his close associates and his family, his children, and particularly the two women he married. Theodore Roosevelt presents a three-dimensional portrait of a man of flesh and blood who confronted life-wrenching tragedies as well as triumphs. It is biography at its best.


Cells constantly survey a complex set of inputs that is processed by the intracellular signaling network, but little is known of how cells integrate input information from more than one cue. We employed a FRET biosensor-based imaging platform to study the effect of combinatorial growth factor levels on the signaling network in human cells. We found that pairwise stimuli caused distinct concentration- and ratio-dependent signaling states through signaling signatures such as antagonism, additivity and synergy. The unique signaling states correlated with differential gene expression and non-additive transcription patterns. We further elucidated how a signal-rich environment can fine-tune the signaling network and adjust physiological outcomes, by kinase and phosphatase activity profiling. We describe how complex extracellular conditions affect phospho-turnover and the basal phosphorylation status. Thus, we provide mechanistic insights into cellular processing of multiple cues and explain part of the complexity of cellular adaptation to changes in the extracellular environment.


ABSTRACT African agriculture's importance for sustainable development is well appreciated. Indeed, recent years have seen a thorough reappraisal of the sector. What are less well understood, however, are the drivers that reallocate scarce human and physical resources across occupations and space, and without which agriculture and industrial development, and hence structural transformation, will stagnate. One such endogenous driver is entrepreneurship. This paper begins with the reappraisal of African agriculture and focus on the literature on entrepreneurship in Africa's structural transformation. Then a conceptual model to describe how entrepreneurship reallocates farmers out of agriculture into non-agricultural activities and locations is presented. Recent empirical evidence that is broadly consistent with this model is discussed. Implications and challenges for entrepreneurship development policies and further research are outlined.


Documenting the recovery of hydrologic functions following perturbations of a landscape/watershed is important to address issues associated with land use change and ecosystem restoration. High resolution LiDAR data for the USDA Forest Service Santee Experimental Forest in coastal South Carolina, USA was used to delineate the remnant historical water management structures within the watersheds supporting bottomland hardwood forests that are typical of the region. Hydrologic functions were altered during the early 1700's agricultural use period for rice cultivation, with changes to detention storage, impoundments, and runoff routing. Since late 1800's, the land was left to revert to forests, without direct intervention. The resultant bottomlands, while typical in terms of vegetative structure and composition, still have altered hydrologic pathways and functions due to the historical land use. Furthermore, an accurate estimate of the watershed drainage area (DA) contributing to stream flow is critical for reliable estimates of peak flow rate, runoff depth and coefficient, as well as water and chemical balance. Peak flow rate, a parameter widely used in design of channels and cross drainage structures, is calculated as a function of the DA and other parameters. However, in contrast with the upland watersheds, currently available topographic maps and digital elevation models (DEMs) used to estimate the DA are not adequate for flat, low-gradient Coastal Plain (LCP) landscape. In this paper we explore a case study of a 3 rd order watershed (equivalent to 14-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC)) at headwaters of east branch of Cooper River draining to Charleston Harbor, SC to assess the drainage area and corresponding mean annual runoff coefficient based on various DEMs including LiDAR data. These analyses demonstrate a need for application of LiDAR-based DEMs together with field verification to improve the basis for assessments of hydrology, watershed drainage characteristics, and modeling in the LCP.


The Arya Samaj provided unique kinds of Hindu support to Indians who traveled overseas as indentured laborers between 1845 and 1916. The Arya Samaj, which Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded in 1875 to reform Hindu belief and practice in India, was the first Hindu organization to send reformers to indenture colonies. Many historians of South Asia have studied the Arya Samaj in India (Jones 1976, Jordens 1978, Vable 1983, Llewellyn 1993, Gupta 2002, Hardiman 2007). In this article, I assess Samaj activities outside India in the first half of the 20th century among Indian ex-indentured labourers in Natal (today, part of KwaZulu Natal province, South Africa) and Trinidad (today, part of Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean). In both places, the Samaj spearheaded efforts to unify Hindus, promote access to education, and establishing Samaj institutions.


In spite of affecting the life of millions of people, chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been hitherto treatable with effective pharmacological tools. This review gives a comprehensive summary of the theoretical data supporting the pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic system in TBI, pointing out the most urgent targets for further studies. The published clinical evidence of cholinergic treatment in TBI is critically reviewed, with emphasis on modern available cholinergic agents. The lessons from these studies are converted to detailed suggestions for further clinical testing. In addition, the treating clinicians are provided with practical advice, based on personal experience of the cholinergic treatment in over 350 TBI patients. It is concluded that cholinergic agents offer several very promising potentials for the treatment of TBI. However, the final breakthrough requires further well-conducted studies and the potential caveats of the treatment have to be acknowledged.


Abstract Research in teacher education is increasingly concerned with teachers' visions of education and their sense of calling, mission, and professional identity. Interviews with outstanding cooperating teachers focused on exploring their beliefs on teacher vision, and what makes a good teacher. The teachers were also asked to discuss their beliefs on whether vision—and the independence of spirit that a strong vision is thought to foster—is relevant in their work with student teachers. The teachers revealed a strong sense of why they teach and shared goals around several themes. They also maintained that reflection is key to developing a vision of education. Teacher education programs can support these teachers' views of quality education by developing conceptual frameworks that foster reflection and the development of a vision for education, particularly in the student teaching experience.


ABSTRACT Foraging behavior is essential for all organisms to find food containing nutritional chemicals. A hungry Drosophila melanogaster fly performs local searching behavior after drinking a small amount of sugar solution. Using video tracking, we examined how the searching behavior is regulated in D. melanogaster. We found that a small amount of highly concentrated sugar solution induced a long-lasting searching behavior. After the intake of sugar solution, a fly moved around in circles and repeatedly returned to the position where the sugar droplet had been placed. The non-nutritious sugar d-arabinose, but not the non-sweet nutritious sugar d-sorbitol, was effective in inducing the behavior, indicating that sweet sensation is essential. Furthermore, pox-neuro mutant flies, which have no external taste bristles, showed local searching behavior, suggesting the involvement of the pharyngeal taste organ. Experimental activation of pharyngeal sugar-sensitive gustatory receptor neurons by capsaicin using the GAL4/UAS system induced local searching behavior. In contrast, inhibition of pharyngeal sugar-responsive gustatory receptor neurons abolished the searching behavior. Together, our results indicate that, in Drosophila, the pharyngeal taste-receptor neurons trigger searching behavior immediately after ingestion. Summary: After drinking a small droplet of sugar solution, hungry Drosophila melanogaster initiate local searching behavior. This behavior is triggered by pharyngeal sugar-responsive receptor neurons.


Various studies have emphasised the trade and/or revenue implications of free trade. The purpose of this study is to investigate future tax implications of further economic integration. Additional considerations are whether tax competition can become an issue and whether it can be used to the benefit of all SADC members. An integrated approach was done of what is needed in terms of commodity taxation to reach a workable long-term solution. This article analyses experiences in the developing world with reference to lessons learned from developed regions. The first section provides a theoretical background, analysing the meaning of commodity tax. The second section emphasises the importance of fiscal decentralisation in federations and the SADC and the third investigates the character of and changes in commodity taxation that could occur in the future.


We demonstrate a new concept to vary the carrier-envelope phase of a mode-locked laser by a composite plate while keeping all other pulse parameters practically unaltered. The effect is verified externally in an interferometric autocorrelator, as well as inside the cavity of an octave-spanning femtosecond oscillator. The carrier-envelope frequency can be shifted by half the repetition rate with negligible impact on pulse spectrum and energy.


We present a review of the development of a compact and high-power broadband terahertz (THz) source optically excited by a femtosecond photonic crystal fiber (PCF) amplifier. The large mode area of the PCF and the stretcher-free configuration make the pump source compact and very efficient. Broadband THz pulses of 150 μW extending from 0.1 to 3.5 THz are generated from a 3-mm-thick GaP crystal through optical rectification of 12-W pump pulses with duration of 66 fs and a repetition rate of 52 MHz. A strong saturation effect is observed, which is attributed to pump pulse absorption; a Z-scan measurement shows that three-photon absorption dominates the nonlinear absorption when the crystal is pumped by femtosecond pulses at 1 040 nm. A further scale-up of the THz source power is expected to find important applications in THz nonlinear optics and nonlinear THz spectroscopy.


This paper proposes a new method that determines segmental duration for text-to-speech conversion based on the movement of articulatory organs which compose an articulatory model. The articulatory model comprises four time-variable articulatory parameters representing the conditions of articulatory organs whose physical restriction seems to significantly influence the segmental duration. The parameters are controlled according to an input sequence of phonetic symbols, following which segmental duration is determined based on the variation of the articulatory parameters. The proposed method is evaluated through an experiment using a Japanese speech database that consists of 150 phonetically balanced sentences. The results indicate that the mean square error of predicted segmental duration is approximately 15[ms] for the closed set and 15-17[ms] for the open set. The error is within 20[ms], the level of acceptability for distortion of segmental duration without loss of naturalness, and hence the method is proved to effectively predict segmental duration.


This thesis examines EU trade policy within the context of the relationships which the EU has established with regional organizations in other parts of the world. For many years these interregional relationships have served as mechanisms through which the EU has attempted to achieve broad political and economic cooperation. Until quite recently, however, the issue of reciprocal trade liberalization was not on the interregional agenda in the majority of cases as the EU prioritized multilateralism within the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

Since 2006 in particular, however, the EU has implemented a new approach to trade policy which has involved Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) negotiations being launched with several other regional organizations. This thesis aims to account for this change in approach. I argue that the EU pursuit of PTAs at the interregional level can be explained by the lack of progress which has taken place within multilateral negotiations in conjunction with the increasing spread of PTAs concluded by other major economies.

Despite much initial optimism regarding the potential for interregional PTAs, however, few have been successfully concluded. I find that the increasing divergence of preferences among potentially affected domestic interest groups in developed and developing countries which has hindered multilateral agreement in recent years has also served to obstruct the conclusion of interregional PTAs in the majority of cases. The EU, in line with its new competitiveness driven approach to trade policy, has therefore increasingly resorted to bilateral PTA negotiations in order to advance the liberalization agenda. The puzzle is that this has occurred in some cases but not in others.

I find that the decision to switch from an interregional to a bilateral approach to trade negotiations in certain cases has closely correlated with the observable expressed preferences of influential business and industry associations within the EU. As such I argue that EU interregional trade policy must be examined within the context of both challenges and opportunities presented by the global economy as well as the preferences of organized domestic interest groups.

This thesis presents a comparative case study analysis of the EU's relationships with four different regional groups – the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN), the Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur), and Central America. The major aims of the study are to account for the decision to launch PTA negotiations at the interregional level, the low rate of success which has been achieved, and the decision to commence bilateral negotiations in place of an interregional approach in certain cases.


In this sympathetic history of a maligned decade, Marty Jezer, a fellow antiwar activist, details Abbie Hoffman's humor, manic energy, depressive spells, political skills, & above all, his incurable & still contagious optimism. He presents a thoughtful, solidly researched biography of the wildly creative & iconoclastic Yippie, portraying Hoffman as a fresh force in American political culture. Jezer surveys in detail the politics, philosophies, & struggles of the antiwar movement.


Philcoxia tuberosa is proposed as a new species of Plantaginaceae from Bahia (Northeastern Brazil). It can be differentiated from the remaining three species of the genus by the presence of tubers in the branches, smaller flowers, pedicel and sepals sparsely glandular, bicolor corolla with purple tube and white limb, and longer sepals and filaments. This new species has a narrow geographical range in Morro do Chapeu municipality, on the Northern slopes of the Chapada Diamantina mountain range. It occurs in white sand dunes within a patch of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest.


The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 have both opened sections of the countryside for recreational access, but have also been used as vehicles for the introduction of new environmental law. In drafting the Acts, legislators have included provisions which maintain a balance between private property rights, open access, the interests of agriculture and the conservation of the environment. This paper contends that this attempt to strike a balance between access and the environment has created a new species of environmental regulation, one which balances rights with responsibilities and recognises the additional benefit of access to the countryside as an educator on the environment and rural affairs. Where competing interest groups have formed a consensus on rights of access, it is through a common recognition of the importance of access to the countryside as a vehicle for these secondary benefits.


Improving human performance involves one of the hardest challenges in the known universe: changing the way people think. In constant demand as a coach, speaker, and consultant to companies around the world, David Rock has proven the secret to leading people (and living and working with them) is found in the space between our ears. "If people are being paid to think," he writes, "isn't it time the business world found out what the thing doing the work, the brain, is all about?"Supported by the latest groundbreaking research, "Quiet Leadership" provides, for the first time, a brain-based approach that will help busy leaders, executives, and managers improve their own and their colleagues' performance. Quiet leaders are masters at bringing out the best performance in others. They improve the thinking of people around them - literally improving the way their brains process information - without telling anyone what to do. Given how many people in today's companies are being paid to think and analyse, improving our thinking is one of the fastest ways to improve performance. This book offers a practical, six-step guide to making permanent workplace performance change by unleashing higher productivity, new levels of morale, and greater job satisfaction.


The Los Angeles locales photographer Kevin McCollister takes you to the places you can't buy a ticket to. His blog and book project that grew out of it, East of West L.A. , tells a different L.A. story — one that is subtler, nuanced and found only through patience. McCollister takes in the city by foot, armed with two cameras. Sometimes observing more than actually documenting. The city that emerges within these frames isn't the one of iconic palm streets, expensive cars, expansive civic-center vistas — but one that lives in the shadows of our imagination. Workaday strivers, lost-people, forgotten emotional territories. The work tells us stories about the space between the L.A. dream and reality. While McCollister is certainly "documenting" Los Angeles — his images evoke something more chambered — internal, contemplative, elegantly transitory. They play like memory and fantasy fused and evoke a Los Angeles that feels personal: one that's private, but not exclusive. The images open a window on an unexpected L.A., contradictory, complex, and elusive as the city is itself.


Background: Chordoma is slowly growing locally malignant destructive tumor originated as a remnant of notochord. It occur less than 5% of all bone tumors. It has a preferentiality to attack sacrum up to 50%, followed by base of the skull up to 40% and to less extent other vertebral regions up to 15%. Local pain, radiculopathy, and urinary incontinence are the usual presenting symptoms in case of Sacral Chordoma. Contrast enhanced MRI and CT are recommended studies to evaluate extent of both soft tissue invasion and displacement and bone destruction and calcification. This lesion is resistant to chemotherapy and weak response to radiotherapy make the surgical excision first line of treatment. Aggressive surgical excision and stabilization of lumbosacral spin and pelvis improve the local control in spite of risk of associated morbidity. Sacral Chordoma is reported to be poor prognosis. The optimal method for management of this lesion is debatable due to its rarity.
Aim: To present a case of Sacral Chordoma with very large local extension and sacral destruction.
Study design: Case report.
Methods: our 60 years old male patient presented with lower lumbar and sacral swelling, bilateral gluteal pain, and obstructive uropathy. Slowly progressive within the last nine months prior to presentation; contrast enhanced MRI and CT lumbosacral spine, show a large sacral destructive heterogeneous mass lesion destructing the sacrum and intraspinal structures apart from first sacral segment. By CT guided biopsy at oncology institute diagnosed as Sacral Chordoma. He was subjected to gross surgical total excision, and posterior lumbosacral transpedicular screw fixation concomitant with iliac screw for sacral augmentation, then adjuvant radiation therapy.
Results: After tumor excision and lumbopelvic fixation, the patient still incontinent, full motor power of both lower limbs. Complete course of adjuvant radiation. And after one year follow up the patient died due to bad general condition.
Conclusion: Sacral Chordoma is infrequent lesion that affect male more than females. Gross surgical excision is the first line of treatment. Lumbopelvic stabilization is mandatory when extensive sacral destruction exist. Sacral Chordoma reported to be poor prognosis.


This study used a single-case design to assess the effect of a hinged ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) on four hemiplegic subjects, and elicited their views of the AFO. The gait parameters measured were: velocity, stride length, step length and symmetry using a paper walkway. The subjects walked without (phase A) and then with (phase B) the AFO. The subjects' views were sought using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were displayed graphically and analysed using autocorrelations and paired t-tests to compare phases A and B in each parameter for each subject. All subjects showed significant improvements in velocity, stride and step length in the sound and weak legs, and three of the subjects showed significant improvements in symmetry. The subjects all viewed the AFO positively and felt that it improved their walking. They placed more emphasis on the changes in disability than impairment.


Based on Baddeley's (1986) working model and research on human attention, this study intends to design a visualauditory information presentation to: (1) minimize the interference in information processing between visual and auditory channels; and (2) improve the effectiveness of mental integration of information from different modalities. Baddeley suggests that imagery spatial information and verbal information can be concurrently held in different subsystems within human working memory. Accordingly, this research proposes a method to convert sequential textual information into its graphical and verbal representations and hypothesizes that this dualmodal presentation will result in superior comprehension performance and higher satisfaction as compared to pure textual display. Simple T-tests will be used to test the hypothesis. Results of this study will help to address usability problems associated with small-screen computers. Findings may also benefit interface design of generic computer systems by alleviating the overabundance of information output in the visual channel.


It as indeed upsetting to read the obituary for ionic strength recently composed by Darvell and Leung;' but not because they are 'irreverent to some grand old masters of chemistry'. Their announcement consigns ionic strength to the grave, it seems, merely because of the misbehaviour of certain close associates! We doubt that the inadequacies of Debye—Huckel equations and relatives deserve capital punishment as discussed by Darvell and Leung, but see no grounds whatsoever to suggest that ionic strength, despite its venerable age, is not alive and well.


The development of highly active and long-term stable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is very important. Because of the hysteresis phenomenon, IrO2 is rarely used as a cathode material for the HER. Herein, an IrO2–TiO2 composite oxide was prepared using the thermal decomposition method. The physical and electrochemical characterization of the materials was achieved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In the process of the HER, the current of IrO2 is only 1.91 mA cm−2@−0.2 V in the first segment scan. However, at the 51, 101 and 151 segment scan, the HER current increases to 6.85, 15.7 and 18.2 mA cm−2@−0.2 V, respectively. During the activation process of IrO2, the HER current has increased ten times. Compared with the HER activity of IrO2, there is almost no hysteresis for the IrO2–TiO2 electrode. In the first segment scan, the HER current has already reached 27.9 mA cm−2@−0.2 V and further increased to 31.1, 33.1 and 35.0 mA cm−2 at the 51, 101 and 151 segment scan. The difference between them is not significant, which means that the IrO2–TiO2 electrode does not need activation. The IrO2–TiO2 electrode has exhibited a higher HER activity than the IrO2 electrode, which may be attributed to the electronic structure modification and the increase of the electrochemical area.


Sending humans to the Moon and Mars in the near future requires appropriate infrastructure to support and subsequently sustain human activities. This includes infrastructure to shield from environmental conditions, generate energy, and facilitate mobility and communication. Construction of such infrastructure aims to use in-situ resources and reduce the use of supplies from Earth. The establishment and maintenance of the required infrastructure, equipment, and hardware involves the development of adequate manufacturing techniques, which can enable maximal use of the local resources. Those techniques can be based on processing of local materials into construction materials, extraction of useful elements from local materials or in combination with materials brought from Earth. The required manufacturing techniques address the range of needs for sustained human activities, from smaller scale manufactured items to large built structures. The design of such structures is associated with a number of space systems' engineering challenges, ranging from the accurate definition of all resource budgets (mass, volume, power, data) to the design of the interfaces between all subsystems making use of these resources. The interplanetary spacecraft used to transport the required materials (and eventually, crew) from Earth to the final site would probably need to be designed ad-hoc for this specific application, given its peculiar mass and volume constraints, especially in case a reusable concept is adopted. Other engineering aspects involved in the design of the infrastructure systems include the selection of an appropriate power generation approach and the definition of the radiation environment in order to provide sufficient shielding to the habitats. This Spool CpA #4 issue investigates challenges of designing, engineering, constructing, operating, and maintaining off-Earth infrastructure.


A system for ensemble streamflow prediction, ESP, has been operational at SMHI since July 2004, based on 50 meteorological ensemble forecasts from ECMWF. Hydrological ensemble forecasts are produced daily for 51 basins in Sweden. All ensemble members, as well as statistics (minimum, 25% quartile, median, 75% quartile and maximum), are stored in a database. This paper presents an evaluation of the first 18 months of ESP median forecasts from this system, and in particular their performance in comparison with today's categorical forecast. The evaluation was made in terms of three statistical measures: bias B , root mean square error RMSE and absolute peak flow error PE . For ESP forecasts the bias ranged between -20% and 80% with a systematic overestimation for Sweden as a whole. A comparison between bias in input precipitation and ESP output, respectively, revealed only a weak relationship, but streamflow overestimation is likely related mainly to model properties. The results from the streamflow forecast comparison showed that the ESP median in deterministic terms performs overall as well as the presently used categorical forecast. Further, ESP has the advantage of providing at least a qualitative measure of the uncertainty in the forecasts, with probability forecasts being the ultimate goal.


We document economists' opinions about what is worth knowing and ask (i) which research objectives economic research should embrace and (ii) which topics it should study. Almost 10,000 economic researchers from all fields and ranks of the profession participated in our global survey. Detailed bibliometric data show that our sample represents the population of economic researchers who publish in English. We report three main findings. First, economists' opinions are vastly heterogeneous. Second, most researchers are dissatisfied with the status quo, in terms of both research topics and objectives. Third, on average, respondents think that economic research should become more policy-relevant, multidisciplinary, risky and disruptive, and pursue more diverse topics. We also find that dissatisfaction with the status quo is more prevalent among female scholars and associated with lower job satisfaction and higher stress levels. Taken together, the results suggest that economics as a field does not appreciate and work on what economists collectively prefer.


Monitoring the negative effect of drugs is a concept that all healthcare professionals would be aware of as part of their professional responsibility. However since 1968, it has evolved into a structured science called 'Pharmacovigilance'. This review aims to sensitize Caribbean healthcare professionals to the global pharmacovigilance network of the World Health Organization and how their active involvement at the national level is imperative to the benefit versus harm evaluation of drugs.


The confinement of some 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II, often called the Japanese American internment, has been described as the worst official civil rights violation of modern U. S. history. Greg Robinson not only offers a bold new understanding of these events but also studies them within a larger time frame and from a transnational perspective. Drawing on newly discovered material, Robinson provides a backstory of confinement that reveals for the first time the extent of the American government's surveillance of Japanese communities in the years leading up to war and the construction of what officials termed concentration camps for enemy aliens. He also considers the aftermath of confinement, including the place of Japanese Americans in postwar civil rights struggles, the long movement by former camp inmates for redress, and the continuing role of the camps as touchstones for nationwide commemoration and debate. Most remarkably, A Tragedy of Democracy is the first book to analyze official policy toward West Coast Japanese Americans within a North American context. Robinson studies confinement on the mainland alongside events in wartime Hawaii, where fears of Japanese Americans justified Army dictatorship, suspension of the Constitution, and the imposition of military tribunals. He similarly reads the treatment of Japanese Americans against Canada's confinement of 22,000 citizens and residents of Japanese ancestry from British Columbia. A Tragedy of Democracy recounts the expulsion of almost 5,000 Japanese from Mexico's Pacific Coast and the poignant story of the Japanese Latin Americans who were kidnapped from their homes and interned in the United States. Approaching Japanese confinement as a continental and international phenomenon, Robinson offers a truly kaleidoscopic understanding of its genesis and outcomes.


The present study investigated the effect of a common soil amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii, on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana. In the first experiment a fingerprinting method was established to detect grazing induced shifts on bacterial communities in a sand/litter system. The effect of different extraction protocols on fingerprinting was assessed. The use of a method including a phenol/chloroform purification step proved to be most efficient for monitoring grazing-induced shifts with denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses (DGGE). Bacterivorous protozoa alter the structure of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of plants, and these changes likely contribute to plant growth-promoting effects of protozoa. In the second experiment effects of protozoan grazing on bacterial community composition was investigated with DGGE and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). DGGE fingerprinting pattern demonstrated rapidly induced changes in the composition of the bacterial community, some bands already disappeared two days past inoculation of amoebae. Using FISH with probes for major bacterial phyla a decrease in metabolically active bacteria in presence of amoeba could be demonstrated. However, simultaneously their proportion strongly increased. The decrease in numbers was most pronounced in Betaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. The quantity of Gammaproteobacteria was not affected by protozoan grazing but DGGE with specific primers for pseudomonads revealed functional shifts in the gacA gene. Protozoa are known to increase plant growth by mobilization of nutrients due to grazing on bacteria and by grazing induced shifts in bacterial community composition favouring plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In a third experiment it was investigated if protozoan-mediated changes in plant performance are based on changes in the composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community or on nutrient based effects. Arabidopsis thaliana was grown in a sand/litter substrate inoculated with single strains of bacteria or a diverse bacterial soil filtrate and Acanthamoeba castellanii. Plant rosette diameter, as indicator for plant biomass and fitness, was generally increased in presence of amoebae, whereas root biomass was reduced in both single strain bacteria treatments. Further amoebae increased plant tissue nitrogen concentration resulting in lower C-to-N ratio. Amoeba-mediated changes in rosette diameter and plant tissue C-to-N ratio were not significantly different between the single strain and diverse bacterial communities suggesting that the effects were independent of bacterial community composition. The results of the present study suggest that nutrient based effects caused by grazing of the amoeba on bacterial biomass and thereby mobilizing nutrients locked in bacterial tissue are more important than grazing induced shifts in bacterial community composition.


Abstract While social policy and planning documents are replete with ominous warnings about the cost of an ageing population, this article tells a different story about the productive and self-sustaining networks that exist among older women in the community who do craftwork. From our research conducted in Victoria, Australia during 2007–2008 we discovered a resilient and committed group of older women quietly and steadily contributing to community fundraising, building social networks, and providing learning opportunities to each other in diverse ways. Through our conversations with nine craftswomen we have been able to articulate clear links between the theory and models commonly espoused in the community development literature and the life-enriching practices used in organising informal community craft group activities. From our interviews with the older women we provide evidence of sustained participation, the generation of social capital, and the fostering of life-long learning. While none of the women we spoke to were trained in community development and did not use language commonly associated with feminist ideology, the relationship between the informal group work with principles of empowerment and self-efficacy were unmistakeable. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for critical social work practice.


What does it mean to live in a society where everything good is located within one ethnicity, and geography? In reading the gospel of John, one gets the impression that faithful disciples, the Holy Spirit and morality are exclusively located within the Johannine community and can only permeate to the outside through the good work of the insiders – the disciples. Everything is asymmetric – morality, ideal disciples and good virtues – these originate from within John's community. Outside John's community, it is darkness that awaits the illuminating lights of John's disciples, without which they will remain in perpetual darkness. Despite recent theories that position John as a missionary and an open community, still it does not remove the asymmetric nature of the gospel. The study builds on views inspired by scholars such as Jonathan Draper (1992:13) to argue that John used the Holy Spirit to naturalise identities. From this perspective and if read from the South African context of racism, ethnicity and gender, John makes the reader think about the consequences and implications of exclusive social boundaries. Keywords: Spirit, identity, boundary making, modernity, Social cohesion


This paper is a short review on the Jann and content of speech and language rehabilitation services and the trend of their institutionalization in Iran. A summary of formal education in speech and language therapy in Iran as originated by establishing a 4 year BS rehabilitation program in the College of Rehabilitation Sciences in Tehran in 1974 is given . Since then , speech and language Rehabilitation programs have been expanding both in size and quality , resulting in about 1200 speech therapists p racticing in hospitals and rehabilitation centers throughout the counfly . The expansionof the first BS program, into 5 different graduate prgranis at MS Level in different universitties and a prospective Ph.D Program starting as of next year are also adding to the quality of these services. A swnma,y of the content of the theory courses and clinical practice courses as well as research on assessment and diagnostic tools of specific ~71eech and language impairments and cross linguistic studies are briefly