Document Type Article Peer Reviewed DOI 10.17077/1536-8742.1925 Abstract Gender and the Fate of Julian's Short Text Most studies of Julian of Norwich's Showings juxtapose her Short and Long texts, with a marked lack of enthusiasm for the Short Text in contrast to its longer, revised form thought to be textually and theologically superior. This essay asks what is at stake in the rigorous defense of Julian's Long Text and argues that the issue of gender is central both to its revisions and to its favorable reception. The most noted revision related to gender in the Long Text is the addition of its maternal Jesus, characterized as redemptive of femininity. Concurrently, many scholars remark on the removal of references to women and Julian's sexual identity-changes troubling for an author thought of as a proto-feminist, but either minimized as irrelevant or rationalized as integral to Julian's expanded theology, thus rendering its diminished female presence proof of the Long Text's superiority. While discussions tend to address one or two revisions related to gender, this study presents a comprehensive interrogation, ultimately suggesting that our preference for the Long Text (and disregard for the Short) has been shaped by our desire to promote Julian as a woman ahead of her time, but paradoxically perpetuates the very gender hierarchy and biases that likely compelled Julian's revisions and that we wish for her Showings to challenge. Rights Information Copyright © 2013 Rebecca June Recommended Citation June, Rebecca. "Gender and the Fate of Julian's Short Text." Medieval Feminist Forum: A Journal of Gender and Sexuality 49, no. 1 (2013) : 30-72. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/1536-8742.1925  Download


A systematic study of the mass spectra of particles formed in a supersonic nozzle expansion of Zn, Cd, and Hg vapors together with Na was performed. The particles discussed in this paper contain only 1 heavy atom and <12 Na ligands. Mass spectra from the neutral particles were generated by photoionization at 5 wavelengths (250, 260, 280, 300, and 320 nm) with a slit width corresponding to 16.5 and 3.3 nm, resp. The abundances were cor. to relative differential ionization cross-sections. Photoionization potentials for NanM with 5 < n < 10 and M = Zn, Cd, Hg were measured. Below n = 6, no mixed clusters were found. The 1st abundance max. occurred for all M at n = 8. A 2nd max. was with n = 16 or n = 18. This selectivity can be rationalized by recent ab initio calcns. and by jellium calcns., which give a closed shell at n = 8 with th occupations 1s21p62s2. Ionization potentials clearly show a level reversal to 1p-2s-1d in contrast to the homonuclear jellium with 1p-1d-2s. This is similar to previous results with KnMg. Mol. dynamics simulations with empirical potentials show that the heavy metal migrates to the center of a cube in the frozen asymptote of Na8M. At finite temps. and for larger central atoms, a square antiprismal arrangement seems to be more stable. [on SciFinder (R)]


It is postulated that a mantle superswell (convective upwelling thousands of kilometres in diameter) developed beneath a stationary supercontinent aggregated in the late Early Proterozoic, giving rise to Middle Proterozoic anorogenic magmatism across Laurentia. Magmatism is attributed to invasion and ponding of mantle melts in the crust, causing uplift and anhydrous partial melting of the lower crust. Products include vast sheets of rhyolite, syenogranite, anorthosite, and gabbro, extensive mafic dike swarms, and rifts containing up to 20 km of basalt. Rifting occurred as a consequence rather than the cause of mantle upwelling. Thermal dissipation of lithospheric mantle may have provided rheological conditions favorable for whole-crustal imbrication observed in the parautochthonous Grenville orogen. The Middle Proterozoic supercontinent engendered more pronounced anorogenic magmatism than subsequent supercontinents because of secular cooling of the mantle. Before the Middle Proterozoic, crustal mass may have been insufficient to produce supercontinents large enough to effectively insulate the mantle and promote superswells. The theory of supercontinental episodicity makes testable predictions concerning paleolatitudes, relative sea levels, and globally synchronous episodes of Proterozoic orogenic and anorogenic activity.


This article weaves together two episodes separated by a generation. The inciting event is the trial in 1653 of Anne Bodenham, an elderly cunning woman in Salisbury, who found herself embroiled in a feud in a gentry household, set against the turbulent backdrop of a divided city. Her arrest and examination evoked painful memories of an earlier scandal, the fateful association of the duke of Buckingham with Dr John Lambe, a sorcerer whom Bodenham claimed to have served in the 1620s. These tales, in turn, echoed an even older awareness of the perils of the diabolic, most prominently the pact of Dr Faustus. Together these narrative strands demonstrate how feelings of public disgust at Stuart corruption were revived in the commonwealth era and used as a polemical device by puritan activists. Both stories are rich in gossip, rumour, rhymes, libels, anonymous notes, and the practical uses of printed works, not to mention spells and curses, visions and dreams. As such, this article also shows just how complex a witch-trial could be, and serves as a reminder of the sophistication, ingenuity, and ebullience of seventeenth-century communications and consciousness across the social order.


SUMMARY Individuals with chronic respiratory conditions may be at increased risk for pertussis. We conducted a retrospective administrative claims analysis to examine the incidence and economic burden of diagnosed pertussis among adolescents and adults in the USA with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Patients aged ⩾11 years with diagnosed pertussis and pre-existing COPD (n = 343) or asthma (n = 1041) were matched 1:1 to patients with diagnosed pertussis but without COPD or asthma. Differences in all-cause costs ('excess' costs) during the 45-day and 3-month and 6-month periods before and after the pertussis index date were calculated; adjusted excess costs were estimated via multivariate regressions. The incidence of diagnosed pertussis was higher among patients with COPD or asthma than among matched patients. Compared with matched patients, patients with pertussis and pre-existing COPD or asthma accrued greater all-cause adjusted costs across study periods ($3694 and $1193 more, respectively, in the 45-day period; $4173 and $1301 more in the 3-month period; and $6154 and $1639 more in the 6-month period; all P < 0·0001). Patients with pre-existing COPD or asthma experience an increased economic burden after diagnosed pertussis and may especially benefit from targeted tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination strategies.


: The thrust of this essay is nestled in Cuba's complimentary approach to the treatment of HIV/AIDS virus. In a comprehensive and comparative fashion, the contents herein give credence to a developing nation that demonstrates expedience and emphasizes a history of continuity with remarkable results. Underlying the report is a journey that enlightens the reader to a process rich in application and outcome during a period in which the plaque of HIV has transformed the Caribbean and Latin America community. Meanwhile, it also speaks to a collaborative effort inclusive of government , medical agencies, laboratories, international organizations and the public toward a common good. The country, nonetheless, is not without its shortcomings and therefore monetary constraints and matters of confidentiality and discrimination are pivotal to the presentation. In fact, an elaborate characterization accentuates a 50-year old commercial interdiction as a deterrent that contributes to the disruption of affordability and accessibility to the exchange of goods, services and information. Against all likelihood, a contrasting analysis of regional states inclusive of the United States of America documents Cuba's astonishing success in restricting HIV/AIDS. The Cuban model as described is an exemplary work in progress but likewise the fulfillment of the socialist philosophy toward humanity.


Introduction Posttranslational modification of histones is a well-documented mechanism by which the chromatin structure is modulated to regulate gene expression. Increasing evidence is revealing the strong impact of bacterial pathogens on host chromatin. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced chromatin changes and the impact of histone modifications and chromatin modifiers on infection is still in its infancy. Mechanism and consequence of SIRT2 activation by L. monocytogenes. Listeria induces SIRT2 relocalization from cytoplasm to chromatin, where SIRT2 deacetylates H3K18. The consequences of this cascade are control of host transcription, as illustrated by representative genes regulated by SIRT2, and control of infection, as assessed by staining cells for the secreted bacterial factor InlC (red), which is overexpressed in the cytosol, and host actin, which is polymerized into comet tails by bacteria (green). Error bars indicate SEM; **P < 0.001. Ac, acetyl; deAc, deacetylase. Methods We used the model bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and analyzed the mechanisms underlying a specific histone modification, deacetylation of histone H3 on lysine 18 (H3K18). Through immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we studied how infection affected this modification, both in vitro and in vivo. We used a combination of chemical inhibitors, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and knockout mice to discover the key role of the host histone deacetylase sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) and determine its effect on infection. We performed microarray analysis to identify how infection and SIRT2 modulated host transcription. Results L. monocytogenes induces deacetylation of H3K18. This modification is mediated by the host deacetylase SIRT2. Upon infection, SIRT2 translocates from the cytosol to the chromatin of the host at the transcription start sites of a subset of genes that are repressed. We find that this process is dependent on activation, by the bacterial protein InlB, of the cell surface receptor Met and downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. Finally, infecting cells in which SIRT2 activity was blocked (by pharmacological agents, treatment with siRNA, or the use of SIRT2–/– mice) resulted in a significant impairment of bacterial infection, showing that activity of SIRT2 is necessary for infection, both in vitro and in vivo. Discussion Our study identifies a stimulus, infection by L. monocytogenes, that leads to nuclear localization of SIRT2, a deacetylase previously shown to be mainly cytoplasmic. In fact, only upon infection and SIRT2 translocation from the cytoplasm to the chromatin does this deacetylase have a role in transcriptional repression. This mechanism of host subversion could be common to other invasive pathogens that induce deacetylation of histones, and it defines a target for potential therapeutic treatment. Bacterial Subversion Tactics Intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can change host cell transcription programs to promote infection. Eskandarian et al. (1238858) found that during infection, the Listeria effector protein InlB promoted the movement of a host protein deacetylase, SIRT2, from its normal location in the cytosol to the nucleus. In the nucleus, SIRT2 helped to repress a number of host cell genes by deacetylating one of their associated histones. In mice, reduced levels of SIRT2 impaired bacterial infection. The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes exploits histone modifications to reprogram its host. Pathogens dramatically affect host cell transcription programs for their own profit during infection, but in most cases, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We found that during infection with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, the host deacetylase sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) translocates to the nucleus, in a manner dependent on the bacterial factor InlB. SIRT2 associates with the transcription start site of a subset of genes repressed during infection and deacetylates histone H3 on lysine 18 (H3K18). Infecting cells in which SIRT2 activity was blocked or using SIRT2−/− mice resulted in a significant impairment of bacterial infection. Thus, SIRT2-mediated H3K18 deacetylation plays a critical role during infection, which reveals an epigenetic mechanism imposed by a pathogenic bacterium to reprogram its host.


Many types of cancers are known to have subtypes that derive from common biomolecular alterations. Identifying and characterizing these subtypes is important, since knowledge about the alterations in these subtypes can have serious implications on the treatment and prognosis of patients. The lack of appropriate tools, however, makes the complex process of analyzing subtypes a tedious endeavor. We present StratomeX, an application that supports analysts in identifying and characterizing cancer subtypes using interactive visualizations. StratomeX was first published at EuroVis 2012, but we expect that the BioVis community can benefit from learning about this extensible open source system.


Mid-air gestures are initial hand poses with a subsequent movement. Existing gesture guides reveal this dynamic part of a gesture. Initial poses, however, are either revealed by space-consuming cheat sheets or time-consuming demonstration videos. Mime is a novel interaction concept that (1) reveals how to form complex hand poses and (2) teaches pose-command mappings: Mime reduces hand poses to space-efficient line figures that users mime with their hands; these abstract lines are embedded into command icons or names to create a mnemonic. We present several applications of the Mime concept, and implemented a prototype based on mid-air back-of-device interaction on off-the-shelf mobile phones. We compared both mnemonics, iconic and textual, to a baseline without embedding to test learnability and memorability of a 12-item vocabulary. Users in the iconic condition required significantly less training than both other conditions and recalled significantly more items after one week compared to the no-cue baseline.


Near Middlesex Road, 9 km northeast of the Hellyer mine, northwestern Tasmania, a mineral exploration hole intersects a polymict
volcaniclastic conglomerate of the Southwell Subgroup of the Mt Read Volcanics. At depths of 353 m and 364 m, fossiliferous limestone
clasts within this conglomerate contain trilobites, including an unassigned agnostoid cephalon, Amphoton sp., Liopeishania sp.,
Menocephalites(?) sp., Lisania(?) sp. and an unassigned member of the Dorypygidae, thus suggesting an age of Goniagnostus nathorsti Zone
to early Lejopyge laevigata Zone (i.e. Late Middle Cambrian) range. This shallow-water fauna is unusual for the Tasmanian Cambrian,
in which most faunas are found in deeper water shales and siltstones. The horizon from which the fossils come is stratigraphically dose
to a rhyolite with a SHRIMP zircon age of 503.2 ± 3.8 Ma; the usefulness of this figure in terms of the Cambrian time-scale is questioned.


Objective- The objective of the present study was to determine the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial Oxygen saturation (SpO2) by administration of three drug combinations during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Design- Experimental study. Animals- 21 healthy and adults dog were randomly divided into three groups. Procedures- The IV combination of 6.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.2 mg/kg diazepam was administered in group KD and 6.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 6.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.4 mg/kg medetomidine were used in group KMi and KMed respectively. Respiratory rate/min, heart rate/min and SpO2 were recorded prior to induction of anesthesia and during endoscopy in esophagus, cardiac level, cardia and during exertion. In addition time to induction of anesthesia and duration of anesthesia were recorded in all dogs. Results- Time to induction of anesthesia and duration of anesthesia were significantly shorter in group KMi compared to group KD and KMed (P<0.05). All of the dogs were suffered from hypoxia. However the changes were significant in groups KD and KMi (P<0.05). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- All combinations of the drugs produced hypoxia, however the hypoxia was less when the combination of ketamine and medetomidine was used.Oxygen supplementation is recommended during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in dogs to prevent hypoxia.


In most practical settings and theoretical analyses, one assumes that a model can be trained until convergence. However, the growing complexity of machine learning datasets and models may violate such assumptions. Indeed, current approaches for hyper-parameter tuning and neural architecture search tend to be limited by practical resource constraints. Therefore, we introduce a formal setting for studying training under the non-asymptotic, resource-constrained regime, i.e., budgeted training. We analyze the following problem: "given a dataset, algorithm, and fixed resource budget, what is the best achievable performance?" We focus on the number of optimization iterations as the representative resource. Under such a setting, we show that it is critical to adjust the learning rate schedule according to the given budget. Among budget-aware learning schedules, we find simple linear decay to be both robust and high-performing. We support our claim through extensive experiments with state-of-the-art models on ImageNet (image classification), Kinetics (video classification), MS COCO (object detection and instance segmentation), and Cityscapes (semantic segmentation). We also analyze our results and find that the key to a good schedule is budgeted convergence, a phenomenon whereby the gradient vanishes at the end of each allowed budget. We also revisit existing approaches for fast convergence and show that budget-aware learning schedules readily outperform such approaches under (the practical but under-explored) budgeted training setting.


EXP3 is a popular algorithm for adversarial multiarmed bandits, suggested and analyzed in this setting by Auer et al. [2002b]. Recently there was an increased interest in the performance of this algorithm in the stochastic setting, due to its new applications to stochastic multiarmed bandits with side information [Seldin et al., 2011] and to multiarmed bandits in the mixed stochastic-adversarial setting [Bubeck and Slivkins, 2012]. We present an empirical evaluation and improved analysis of the performance of the EXP3 algorithm in the stochastic setting, as well as a modification of the EXP3 algorithm capable of achieving "logarithmic" regret in stochastic environments.


The paper develops the implications of competitive market equilibrium for production and household behavior when some prices are endogenously determined. The properties of market equilibrium functions are explored, including the effects of pricing policy. A Slutsky-type equation relating compensated and uncompensated market equilibrium functions is derived. Implications for multi-market welfare analysis are presented, focusing on the effects of pricing policy and technical change.


Background: Scientific knowledge of the impact of periodic dietary vitamin C intake and withdrawal on the development of cardiovascular disease has been limited. Our earlier study using a transgenic Gulo(-/-); Lp(a)+ mouse model mimicking human metabolism in respect to a lack of internal synthesis of vitamin C and expression of human lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease, showed that vitamin C deficiency triggers vascular deposition of Lp(a) and atherosclerosis. In this study we used this mouse model to investigate the effect of cyclical vitamin C withdrawal and its continuous supplementation on metabolic factors related to cardiovascular health, such as lipid profile and vascular plaque development.
Methods: Gulo (-/-); Lp (a)+ mice were subjected to 4 weeks of dietary vitamin C withdrawals followed by 4 weeks of a resupplementation pattern for 20 weeks in total. Mice supplemented with vitamin C continuously for 20 weeks served as reference control. Mice were harvested after 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks and analyzed. Serum ascorbic acid, lipid profile, lipoproteins, vascular lesion, and Lp(a) deposition were evaluated.
Results: We observed that periodic vitamin C withdrawals resulted in a less healthy blood lipid profile and showed indications of metabolic adaptation to vitamin C withdrawals. In addition, mice experiencing recurring dietary vitamin C withdrawals were prone to the development of early atherosclerotic lesions with Lp(a) deposition in the structurally compromised areas of the vascular wall, compared to mice continuously supplemented with vitamin C.
 Conclusion: This study further supports the importance of consistent and sufficient intake of vitamin C in assuring optimum profile of blood risk factors, and maintaining vascular wall integrity and optimal cardiovascular health.


I approach digital media via brief examinations of spatial and narrative discourse networks not often associated with the digital. This approach is meant to suggest that digital media is a product and a producer of a dynamic realignment of cultural assumptions globally, such as what is considered to be 'narrative'. The cultural fields I discuss in relation to digital media are the performance of pilgrimage and some of the story telling systems of the Australian Aboriginal nations. In relation to pilgrimage the 9th century Buddhist stupa of Borobudur on the Indonesian island of Java is examined as an example of a spatial hypermediation that immerses the pilgrim in a story manifest through interactions. The Aboriginal story systems examined move across media forms (spoken word, song, body paint, sculpture, bark painting) to present a participatory narrative grounded in culturally specific understandings of space and place.My use of the term 'digital' refers to media systems that rely on digital technologies. The major features of digital technologies relevant here is the effectiveness of the technology at constructing spatial relations in representations and the demand of the direct participation of the users as co-creators of what is represented.


We use radiation hydrodynamics with direct particle integration to explore the feasibility of chondrule formation in planetary embryo bow shocks. The calculations presented here are used to explore the consequences of a Mars-size planetary embryo traveling on a moderately excited orbit through the dusty, early environment of the solar system. The embryo's eccentric orbit produces a range of supersonic relative velocities between the embryo and the circularly orbiting gas and dust, prompting the formation of bow shocks. Temporary atmospheres around these embryos, which can be created via volatile outgassing and gas capture from the surrounding nebula, can non-trivially affect thermal profiles of solids entering the shock. We explore the thermal environment of solids that traverse the bow shock at different impact radii, the effects that planetoid atmospheres have on shock morphologies, and the stripping efficiency of planetoidal atmospheres in the presence of high relative winds. Simulations are run using adiabatic and radiative conditions, with multiple treatments for the local opacities. Shock speeds of 5, 6, and 7 km s−1 are explored. We find that a high-mass atmosphere and inefficient radiative conditions can produce peak temperatures and cooling rates that are consistent with the constraints set by chondrule furnace studies. For most conditions, the derived cooling rates are potentially too high to be consistent with chondrule formation.


PURPOSE
Adverse events associated with retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) have generated an increased interest in improving IVCF retrieval rates to improve patient safety and quality care. This study aims to demonstrate the cost-benefit of implementing an IVCF clinic to improve patient care in an institution in the United States.

METHODS
An IVCF clinic was established at a single institution in September 2012 and for ten months referring physicians were contacted to facilitate retrieval when appropriate. Additionally, a retrospective review was conducted on filter placements over the eight preclinic months. Cost-benefit analysis was conducted by creating a model, which incorporated the average cost and reimbursement for permanent and retrievable IVCFs.

RESULTS
A total of 190 IVCFs (152 retrievable IVCFs and 38 permanent IVCFs) were implanted during the IVCF clinic period. Twenty-nine percent of the retrievable IVCFs were successfully retrieved compared to 10 of 119 retrievable IVCFs placed during the preclinic period (8.4%). Cost-benefit analysis, using the average of the institution's six most common reimbursement schedules, demonstrated an average net financial loss per permanent or retrievable IVCF not removed. However, a net financial gain was realized for each retrievable IVCF removed. The additional hospital cost to maintain the IVCF clinic was offset by removing an additional 3.1 IVCFs per year.

CONCLUSION
An IVCF clinic significantly increases retrieval rates, promotes patient safety, and is economically feasible. Given the adverse event profile of retrievable IVCFs, strategic efforts such as these ultimately can improve quality care for patients with in-dwelling IVCFs.


Rett syndrome (RTT) is one of a group of neurodevelopmental disorders typically characterized by deficits in the X-linked gene MECP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2). The MECP2 gene encodes a multifunctional protein involved in transcriptional repression, transcriptional activation, chromatin remodeling, and RNA splicing. Genetic deletion of Mecp2 in mice revealed neuronal disabilities including RTT-like phenotypes and provided an excellent platform for understanding the pathogenesis of RTT. So far, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for RTT because the role of MECP2 in RTT is incompletely understood. Recently, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technologies have improved our knowledge of neurological and neurodevelopmental diseases including RTT because neurons derived from RTT-hiPSCs can be used for disease modeling to understand RTT phenotypes and to perform high throughput pharmaceutical drug screening. In this review, we provide an overview of RTT, including MeCP2 function and mouse models of RTT. In addition, we introduce recent advances in disease modeling of RTT using hiPSC-derived neural cells.


A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. Graphical abstract Although a graphical abstract is optional, its use is encouraged as it draws more attention to the online article. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as a separate file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum of 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 × 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files. You can view Example Graphical Abstracts on our information site. Authors can make use of Elsevier's Illustration Services to ensure the best presentation of their images and in accordance with all technical requirements.


Worldwide, the number of genebanks and the amount of seed stored in them has increased substantially over the past few decades. Most attention is focused on the likely benefits from conservation, but conserving germplasm involves costs whose nature and magnitude are largely unknown. In this paper we compile and use a set of cost data for wheat and maize stored in the CIMMYT genebank to address a number of questions. What is the cost of storing an accession of either crop for one more year, or, equivalently what is the benefit in terms of cost savings from eliminating duplicate accessions from the genebank? Relatedly, what is the cost from introducing a new accession into the genebank, given the decision to store it is revisited after one year? Does it make economic sense for CIMMYT to discard accessions that may be available elsewhere? As an extension of this line of inquiry it is possible to value the benefits from either consolidating genebanks or at least networking existing banks to reduce or eliminate duplicate holdings not needed for backup safety purposes. We present estimates of the size and scale economies evident in the CIMMYT operation as a basis for assessing the economics of consolidation. Genebanks represent a commitment to conserve seeds for the very long-run. In this study we report on these long-run costs for the CIMMYT genebank costs that are sensitive to the interest rate used and the protocols for periodically replenishing accessions that are shared with others or regenerating accessions whose viability gradually diminishes with age.


As of January 14, 2011, 112,707 individuals were listed for kidney transplant. In the past 5 years the yearly average of deceased donor and living donor kidney-only transplants was 10,052 and 6,153, respectively. Compared with a previous decade, one-, 3- and 5-year graft survival rates for deceased donor kidney transplants increased 5%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. Long-term graft survival has not really improved over the past 2 decades. During the past decade, the percentage of kidneys from deceased donors over age 60 transplanted in patients of the same age group increased (from 29% to 60%) over the previous decade. The number of kidney transplants through paired-exchange donation was 109 in 2007. In 2010, that number almost quadrupled to 421. The number of unrelated living donors (LD) has also increased dramatically over the past decade, accounting for 28% of all LD transplants in 2010, and being the major source of LD kidney transplants since 2008. The combination of male donor and female recipient yielded the highest short- and long-term graft survival rates. Female donor and male recipient had the lowest short- and long-term graft survival rates. The risk of graft loss with female donor and male recipient was 23% higher than with male donor and female recipient. For re-transplants, risk of graft loss was 48% higher in patients who received no induction than in those who received IL-2RA + steroid. The impact of HLA mismatch on graft survival rates has declined, but it remains significant. There is still a 10% decrease in the 5-year graft survival from zero MM (77%) to 5&6 MM (67%) in the more recent years. National sharing of zero HLA-mismatched kidneys to sensitized adults with PRA > 20% has increased the transplant opportunity for more highly sensitized patients, nevertheless it will also indirectly decreased the benefits in survival that zero HLA-mismatches provides to about 6% of the kidney transplant population each year who were not sensitized. As of June 2011, 198,314 kidney transplant recipients were alive with a functioning graft.


Today's needs of urban transportation including roads, railways, airports and harbours demand significant resources for infrastructure development in view of rapid and efficient public and commercial (freight) services. In most cases, authorities have had difficulties in meeting these service demands due to the rapidly growing public, industrial, mining and agricultural sectors in many parts of the world. In order to maximise efficiency and to reduce the costs of maintenance, sound technical knowledge is required. This general report presents major technical advancements around the globe encompassing 33 articles from 19 countries and it is classified into 6 key categories, namely: compaction and subgrade improvement, laboratory testing, theoretical advancements and contributions to design, applications of geosynthetics, numerical modelling and field performance evaluation.


We introduce and discuss a methodology for heterogeneous simulations of computer networks using the dynamic simulation backplane. This methodology allows for exchanging of protocol information between simulators across layers of the protocol stack. For example, the simulationist may wish to construct a simulation using the rich set of TCP models found in the ns network simulator, and at the same time using the highly detailed wireless MAC models found in the GloMoSim simulator. The backplane provides an interface between heterogeneous simulators which allows these simulators to exchange meaningful information across layers of the protocol stack, without detailed knowledge of internal representation in the foreign simulator. With this method of heterogeneous simulation, new and experimental protocols can be validated and tested in conjunction with existing and accepted simulations of lower protocol layers. We discuss the particular problems presented by the split protocol stack model, and present our solutions. We give results of our implementation of the split protocol backplane, using the ns simulator for the higher protocol stack layers, and the GloMoSim simulator for the lower layers.


Following recent UK floods (summer 2007 and Cornwall 2010) and the UK Government's Pitt Review, forecasting and warning of surface water flooding (SWF) has received much attention. To support effective mitigation actions there is a growing demand for more robust, accurate and timely forecast and alert information on surface water flooding and its impacts at local, regional and national scales.

The Natural Hazards Partnership (NHP) aims to provide co-ordinated information on natural hazards from across UK government departments, agencies, trading funds and public sector research establishments. Under NHP, a Hazard Impact Model (HIM) framework is being developed and SWF is one of three initial hazards being trialled.

This report on the SWF HIM outlines the plan of work and reports on Phase 1, which developed a proof-of-concept of a new approach against a background review of existing operational capabilities.

In contrast to rainfall threshold based methods in present use, the new NHP prototype SWF HIM approach builds on the dynamic gridded surface runoff estimates from the Grid-to-Grid (G2G) hydrological model already employed for operational fluvial flood forecasting across Britain.

Methodologies for generating dynamic maps of the possible impact are derived using national datasets of population, infrastructure, property and transport. An initial prototype approach is explained and illustrated through a case study. This is then further developed to exploit detailed information contained in the updated Flood Map for Surface Water (uFMfSW), and derived offline using design storm "effective rainfalls" as input to a surface water inundation model configured at 2m resolution. Maximum depth, velocity and hazard on a 2m grid for the Critical Storm Duration (CSD) are available for three return periods, and these are linked to impacts using the national datasets. The link to G2G surface runoff (at 1km resolution) is established by equating this to the "effective rainfall" (at 250m resolution) which facilitates a link to inundation information (at 2m resolution) and the assessment of impact at this scale.

The prototype SWF HIM has assumed a fixed CSD of 3 hours as this information was not readily available within the uFMfSW. This assumption was investigated by obtaining the CSD dataset for one tile encompassing Newcastle: this showed 1 hour to be more typical, especially for higher return periods. However, the variable nature of CSD across 1, 3 and 6 hours suggests that ideally this should be accommodated in a revision of the prototype approach. If the resulting impact calculations prove too onerous, then a compromise to consider is to employ a fixed CSD of 1 hour instead of 3 hours.

Four end-to-end case studies using the prototype SWF HIM are developed, the first employing foreknowledge of radar rainfall observations as deterministic input to the G2G hydrological model. The remaining three use blended ensemble rainfall forecasts as input to G2G as an offline close emulation of operational system conditions. This allows SWF hazard and impacts to be assessed - in a probabilistic, risk-based context aligned to the Flood Risk Matrix - when used in combination with the uFMfSW information and an Impact Library developed by the Health and Safety Laboratory. A comparative assessment, although not completely "like-for-like", with the FFC's operational SWF Decision Support Tool served to provide initial evidence on the potential advantages of the new prototype SWF HIM approach.

A perspective on future developments is given, including planning for a real-time end-to-end trial using computer platforms employed by the Flood Forecasting Centre.


This chapter discusses rationality/irrationality and how it relates to a set of either/or (rather than both/and) conceptualizations: the idea of a transition rather than transformations of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe after 1989/1991 into something essentially different; the idea that Islam has replaced (Soviet) Communism as arch-enemy of the West; the idea of a clash of civilizations between the West and Muslim countries; the idea that religion and politics are separate entities that should not be mixed (like in political Islam). The aim is to explore Swedish media representations of Middle Eastern Islam and (post-)Communism and how they are related to the West over time. Foreign news articles from Swedish newspapers from the last years of the Cold war, via the post-cold-war period of the 1990s, to the post-September 11 period of the new millennium are analysed. In Middle East storylines, religion is recognized as political, while in (post)Communist storylines, politics appears as connected to religious behaviour. Concurrently, both Middle Eastern and (post)Communist countries are represented as connected to pretence, and represented as threats at all examined points in time – the former through an immediate religio-political threat, the latter through a less obvious threat connected to delusion, which might appear as more dangerous due to unpredictability. The continuity of both threats is, however, the factor that stands out the most. Thus there is no either Islam/Middle East or (post)Communism as enemy of the West discourse, but there is a persistent either Islamic/(post)Communist irrationality or Western rationality discourse.


The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Commission) has a dual mandate, in that it aims at promoting and protecting the rights in the African Charter. Under article 59 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Charter), measures taken by the African Commission remain confidential until approved by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Assembly of Heads of State and Government (now the African Union (AU) Assembly). On the basis of this article, the sessions of the African Commission have been divided into public and private (closed) parts. During the public part of a session, the promotional work of the Commission is discussed. This part of the session includes reports by commissioners about their promotional activities, the examination of state reports submitted under article 62 of the Charter, and contributions by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) about their work and oral interventions on burning human rights issues in Africa. During private sessions, the Commission considers individual (and inter-state) communications alleging violations of the Charter by member states. This part of the proceedings is closed to the public, with the exception of litigants involved in the case.


The livelihood of smallholder farmers in emerging economies' cocoa supply chain is substandard because of fraud, exploitation, corruption, deceit, child labor, and financial exclusion, usually perpetrated by influential actors. This situation creates a social sustainability problem which needs urgent attention. Digital technologies such as sensors, drones, satellites, and blockchain show promise toward fostering social sustainability deep into the supply chain. This innovation is consistent with the United Nations 2030 sustainable development goals of transforming world economies toward a more sustainable future vision by reducing poverty and inequality. As our contribution, we adopt a traditional approach in our perspective article to initiate a scholarly curiosity to discuss and develop research needs on how to use technology to address this current and critical sustainability and supply chain concern. Blockchain can solve the inefficiencies, complexities, and other social issues of smallholder farmers in the supply chain. This article identifies some blockchain technologies in emerging economies, such as Hara Technology in Indonesia and Cellulant Agrikore Blockchain Solution in Nigeria. Again, we observed that the promise of using technology to improve smallholders' vulnerability in the cocoa supply chain remains underexploited in Africa and other emerging economies. Therefore, rigorous research on smallholders' social sustainability is needed to make sound policy recommendations. This short perspective article describes issues facing these smallholder farmers and how technology can play a role for them and their supply chains to alleviate various social and environmental concerns. Accordingly, we propose some research questions for technology, innovation, and engineering management researchers.


Recognizing the growing need for social workers with specialized training in aging, the Hartford Partnership Program for Aging Education (HPPAE) has developed as a nationwide initiative to enhance aging education for master's-level social work students. This study presents a content analysis of answers to 2 open-ended questions in a national survey of HPPAE graduates regarding what they found most useful about the program and what they recommend for the program's improvement. Many graduates perceived value in the program's emphasis on field education, as well as its helping them to develop specialized competence in social work and aging. Graduates desired additional educational content in aging and resolution of issues in field education. Implications for specialized programs in graduate social work education are discussed.


Changes in the television industry with regards to the development of new media technologies are having a significant impact on audience engagement with television drama. This article explores how the internet is being used to extend audience engagement onto platforms other than the television set to the point where television drama should increasingly be reconsidered as trans-media drama. However audience engagement with the various elements of a trans-media drama text is complex. By exploring audience attitudes towards character in the British television series Spooks and its associated online games, this article argues that in an increasingly converged media landscape audiences transfer values between platforms. Consequently the audience's perception of control in relation to their engagement with a trans-media drama text such as Spooks becomes complicated with values associated with television proving key to their engagement with the same fictional world in the form of games.


A graph generative model takes a graph as input and is supposed to generate new graphs that "look like" the input graph. While most classical models focus on few, hand-selected graph statistics and are too simplistic to reproduce real-world graphs, NetGAN recently emerged as an attractive alternative: by training a GAN to learn the random walk distribution of the input graph, the algorithm is able to reproduce a large number of important network patterns simultaneously, without explicitly specifying any of them. In this paper, we investigate the implicit bias of NetGAN. We find that the root of its generalization properties does not lie in the GAN architecture, but in an inconspicuous low-rank approximation of the logits random walk transition matrix. Step by step we can strip NetGAN of all unnecessary parts, including the GAN, and obtain a highly simplified reformulation that achieves comparable generalization results, but is orders of magnitudes faster and easier to adapt. Being much simpler on the conceptual side, we reveal the implicit inductive bias of the algorithm — an important step towards increasing the interpretability, transparency and acceptance of machine learning systems.


For almost two centuries of this nation's history, the basic contours of the fundamental right to marry were fairly clear as a matter of natural, not constitutional, law. The right encompassed marriage's essential characteristics: conjugality and contract, portability and permanence. This Article defines those four dimensions of the natural right to marry and describes their reflections and contradictions in positive law prior to Loving v. Virginia (1967). In that landmark case, the Supreme Court enforced a constitutional "freedom to marry" just when marriage's definitive attributes were on the brink of legal collapse. Not only did wedlock proceed in Loving's wake to lose its exclusive claims to licit sex and legitimate procreation, personal autonomy in those very domains gained independent constitutional protection. Drained of its conjugal essence, today's constitutional right to marry is thus an anachronism, the vestige of a bygone consensus about what, if anything, "marriage" fundamentally is.


In 1976, the outbreak of a new strain of swine flu at the Fort Dix, New Jersey, army base prompted an unprecedented inoculation campaign. Some forty-two million Americans were vaccinated as the National Influenza Immunization Program hastened to prevent a pandemic, while the World Health Organization (WHO) took a wait-and-see approach. Fortunately, the virus did not spread, and only one death occurred. But instead of being lauded, American actions were subsequently denounced as a fiasco and instigator of mass panic. In "Influenza, " George Dehner examines the wide disparity in national and international responses to influenza pandemics, from the Russian flu of 1889 to the swine flu outbreak in 2009. He chronicles the technological and institutional progress made along the way and shows how these developments can shape an effective future policy. Early pandemic response relied on methods of quarantine and individual scientific research. In the aftermath of World War II, a consensus for cooperation and shared resources led to the creation of the WHO, under the auspices of the United Nations. Today, the WHO maintains a large and proactive role in responding to influenza outbreaks. International pandemic response, however, is only as strong as its weakest national link most recently evidenced in the failed early detection of the 2009 swine flu in Mexico and the delayed reporting of the 2002 SARS outbreak in China. As Dehner s study contends, the hard lessons of the past highlight the need for a coordinated early warning system with full disclosure, shared technologies, and robust manufacturing capabilities. Until the national aspect can be removed from the international equation, responses will be hampered, and a threat to an individual remains a threat to all."


Introduction: In 1981, Angiostrongylus cantonensis was first reported in Cuba and in the Western Hemisphere. Objective: To characterize the scientific Cuban production during the years 1981-2015. Materials and Methods: Google Academic, Medline (PubMed), SciELO, CUMED, IBECS and LILACS databases were consulted, retrieving all the published papers from Cuban authors with or without the cooperation of foreign researchers. Journal and authors network were listed using UCINET and yearly frequency using GoPubMed software respectively. Most productive authors were characterized using Publish or perish and also its family index. Results: During the above mentioned period, 40 papers were collected from Cuban authors. The most productive authors published were between 14 and 22 papers. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical , Revista de Neurologia and American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene were the journals where the Cuban authors have published more articles. Spanish and English languages were used. The average of Articles references was 9,92. The strongest collaboration network was LABCEL, collaboration with Ecuador stood out. Conclusions: There is a group of Cuban authors that have been publishing about this topic and a collaboration networks were established with a wider used among other regional countries due to the expansion of the parasite and its consequence on the host. Keywords : Angiostrongylus cantonensis, reference's analysis, Cuba, scientific production, collaboration network.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the proportion of the risk for the development of heart failure (HF) that is attributable to traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and alcohol abuse between subjects with and subjects without rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS
A population-based inception cohort of RA patients was assembled along with a similar cohort of subjects without RA. All individuals were followed up through their complete medical records, until HF incidence, death, migration, or January 1, 2001. The attributable risk of HF was estimated as the difference between the observed cumulative incidence of HF in each cohort (estimated from multivariable Cox models and adjusted for the competing risk of death) and the predicted cumulative incidence of HF in the absence of risk factors, with results expressed as a percentage of the observed cumulative incidence.

RESULTS
A total of 575 RA subjects and 583 non-RA subjects (mean age 57 years, 73% women) without HF at incidence/index date had a mean followup of 15.1 and 17.0 years, respectively. During that period, 165 RA and 115 non-RA subjects had a first episode of HF, with a cumulative incidence of 36.3% and 20.4%, respectively, at age 80 years. Among non-RA subjects, 77% of the HF at age 80 years was attributable to CV risk factors, IHD, and alcohol abuse combined, whereas among RA subjects, only 54% of the HF at age 80 years was attributable to these factors (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
The excess risk of HF among RA patients is not explained by an increased frequency or effect of CV risk factors and IHD.


: Nursery habitats play a major role in the population dynamics of marine and estuarine species, with the blue crab Callinectes sapidus serving as a model invertebrate. The current paradigm of blue crab habitat use postulates that juvenile survival decreases with size in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) due to a reduction in suitably scaled refuge, triggering an ontogenetic shift from SAV to unvegetated habitats. However, alternative mechanisms for this habitat shift have not been examined. We evaluated the paradigm of blue crab habitat use by conducting field tethering experiments in York River (Virginia, USA) nursery habitats using a broad range of juvenile size and SAV cover. Cameras were deployed to identify key predators of juvenile blue crabs and to assess the relative importance of predation and cannibalism as sources of juvenile mortality. Probability of survival increased significantly and additively with crab size and SAV cover. The absence of an interaction between crab size and SAV cover is inconsistent with the current paradigm. Rather, the ontogenetic habitat shift by juvenile blue crabs is likely driven by a density-dependent trade-off between predation risk and foraging efficiency. In images of predation events, adult blue crabs, northern puffers Sphoeroides maculatus , striped burrfish Chilomycterus schoepfi , and oyster toadfish Opsanus tau were identified as predators of juveniles in seagrass beds and sand flats. The high frequency of successful predation events by adult blue crabs suggests that cannibalism is an important source of juvenile mortality and may be as, or more influential, to blue crab population dynamics than finfish predation.


The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guideis part of the multi-volume reference work on the languages and linguistics of the continents of the world. The book supplies profiles of the language families of Europe, including the sign languages. It also discusses the the areal typology, paying attention to the Standard Average European, Balkan, Baltic and Mediterranean convergence areas. Separate chapters deal with the old and new minority languages and with non-standard varieties. A major focus is language politics and policies, including discussions of the special status of English, the relation between language and the church, language and the school, and standardization. The history of European linguistics is another focus as is the history of multilingual European 'empires' and their dissolution. The volume is especially geared towards a graduate and advanced undergraduatereadership. It has been designed such that it can be used, as a whole or in parts, as a textbook, the first of its kind, for graduate programmes with a focus on the linguistic (and linguistics) landscape of Europe.


In the past few years, the study of electrical activity in the brain and its interactions with the body has become popular among researchers. One of the hottest topics related to brain activity is the epileptic seizure prediction. Currently, there are several techniques on how to predict a seizure; however, most of the techniques found in research papers are just mathematical models and not system implementations. The seizure prediction approach proposed in this thesis paper is achieved using the EMOTIV Epoc+ headset, MATLAB, and LabVIEW as the analog and digital signal processing devices. In addition, this thesis project incorporates the use of the Hilbert Huang transform (HHT) method to obtain intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and instantaneous frequency components of the transform. From the IMFs, features as variation coefficient (VC) and fluctuation indexes (FI) are extracted to feed a support vector machine that classifies the EEG data as pre-ictal and non-ictal EEGs. Outstanding patterns in non-ictal and pre-ictal are observed and demonstrated by significant differences between both types of EEG signals. In other words, a classification of EEG signals according to a category can be achieved proving that an epileptic seizure prediction technology has a future in engineering and biotechnology fields.


Background: Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) are zoonotic pathogens associated to sporadic episodes of bloody diarrhea, foodborne outbreaks, and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), with worldwide public health impact. Antibiotic use in STEC infections is controversial because of the potential to increase production and secretion of Shiga toxins. Aim: To study the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of STEC. Material and methods: The in vitro susceptibility profile against 10 antimicrobials of STEC strains isolated from 29 meat products, 20 patients with diarrhea and 9 HUS patients was studied. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (µg/ml) by agar dilution method for ampicillin, cloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamycin, cotrimoxazol, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, fosfomycin and azithromycin were measured according to NCCLS recommendations. Results: Strains from patients with diarrhea or HUS were all susceptible to the 10 antimicrobials and only 13.7% had intermediate resistance to cloramphenicol. Strains from meat products had a similar susceptibility profile, with only 3.5% resistance to tetracycline, 3.5% intermediate resistance to cloramphenicol and 7% to fosfomycin. All 58 strains were considered resistant to azithromycin (MIC >32 ug/ml). Conclusions: Similarity of susceptibility profiles between STEC strains from human and food origin suggests a role of food chain in transmission to humans (Rev Med Chile 2004; 132: 1211-6). (Key Words: Escherichia coli O157; Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Shiga toxin)


Abstract : Noise levels in modern industrial and military environments are constantly increasing, requiring the improvement of current hearing protection devices. The improvement of passive hearing protection devices lies in examining the performance of major contributors to reduction of noise attenuation. The finite element method can be used to fully explore single hearing protection (SHP) and double hearing protection (DHP) systems, and the major performance mechanisms can be observed numerically as well as visually in modern postprocessing software. This thesis focuses on developing and evaluating double hearing protection finite element models, and exploring the behavior mechanisms responsible for reduced noise attenuation. The double hearing protection model studied consists of an earmuff preloaded to a barrier covered to simulate human flesh, and a foam earplug installed inside a rigid cylinder designed to simulate the human ear canal. Pressure readings are taken at the bottom of the simulated ear canal assembly. Advanced finite element models are used to reconcile differences between the experimental and finite element results, and to investigate the behavior of the modeled system. The foam earplug material properties for the finite element model are required in the same shear state of stress and boundary condition configuration as the experimental DHP setup, therefore a novel material extraction method is used to obtain this data. The effects of radial compression preload on the earplugs are considered, and the resulting foam earplug shear material properties are input into the finite element DHP model where the effects of the updated foam material properties are observed.


The Global Engineering Team (GET) has been a very successful programme for delivering engineering design and sustainable manufacturing via Open and Distance Learning mode by using modern digital technologies. The article reports on the results and discusses the challenges of the Project-Oriented Problem-Based Learning (POPBL) approach of teaching of design in a GET environment. The presentation is based on a study carried out in the 2008 edition of GET. Two questionnaires were administered to students and supervisors participating in the programme. The results indicate that GET promotes development of soft engineering skills such as students' teamwork and communication competencies. The programme also promotes student-centred learning and facilitates industry/university collaboration. However, there is also a need to advance hard engineering skills and issues of design problems within GET programme.


The systematics of pyrgomatids, stemming from the early 1800's, has traditionally been based on the number of plates making up the wall (six, four or one) and specializations in the opercular plates. A recent study of the related bryozobiines focused attention on detailed structural modifications of the basis, which we now find also applies to some highly derived pyrgomatids and an archaeobalanine. Reexamination of the Indonesian coral barnacle Pyrgoma kuri Hoek, 1913 has revealed previously unknown morphological features, including separable opercular plates, a true tergal spur, and a basis lined with ladder to arch-like calcareous structures covering "atrial passageways". Thus, the present study expands our knowledge of such specializations and our understanding of the evolution and relationships of the derived pyrgomatids as well as the archaeobalanines and bryozobiines. The complex modifications of the basis found in these three groups evidently function as an avenue for chemical mediation of growth between the barnacle and its host. Although monophyly of the archaeobalanines and bryozobiines based on such structures is possible, there is no obvious connection between them and the few derived pyrgomatids in which these features occur. There is apparently a propensity toward such modifications in archaeobalanids resulting in parallel evolution in association with distinctly different hosts (e.g., sponges, corals and bryozoans).


In this work, a discrete bubble model (DBM) is used to investigate the hydrodynamics, coalescence, and breakup occurring in a bubble column. The DBM, originally developed by Delnoij et al. (Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52, 1429-1458; Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54, 2217-2226),1,2 was extended to incorporate models describing the breakup and coalescence along with a subgrid scale closure model for the turbulence. To validate the turbulence model, simulation results of the DBM are compared to experimental PIV data of Deen et al. (Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 56, 6341-6350).3 It is shown that incorporation of the subgrid scale model results in a better prediction of the mean and fluctuating velocity components in the bubble column, which can be subscribed to an increase of the effective viscosity. Furthermore, it was found that the predicted hydrodynamics are hardly altered when the subgrid scale velocity is taken into account in the evaluation of the interface forces. Finally, the bubble size distributions predicted by the DBM including the coalescence models of Chesters (Trans. IchemE 1991, 69, 259-270)4 and Lee et al. (Chem. Eng. Commun. 1987, 59, 65-84)5 are compared with experimental data that were obtained through digital image analysis in a pseudo 2D bubble column. It is found that the number of collisions between two bubbles that result in coalescence is 43% with the model of Chesters4 and 85% with the model of Lee et al.5 Coalescence occurs mostly in the lower part of the column. The mean diameter obtained from the DBM is higher than those measured experimentally, which is probably due to the lack of breakup.


Empirical research on the causes of financial crises has grown in recent decades. Early work, such as that by Kaminsky and Reinhart, helped establish the link between asset prices and banking crises. While this initial research focused on equity prices, subsequent research expanded the analysis to include residential property prices. This subsequent research is briefly reviewed here. After establishing the link between residential property prices and banking crises, I discuss the role of various credit policies, both for their impact on property prices and for the stability of the financial system in the face of declining property prices. The role of specific loan characteristics, such as loan-to-value (LTV), will be discussed first, followed by the role of institutional leverage. Policy recommendations conclude.


To determine the in vitro effects of various environmental and nutritional factors on the hatching of eggs, development and survival of larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum, eggs were cultivated at different temperature gradients, humidity and PH in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), tap water (TW) and normal saline (NS) using serum and liver extract at different concentrations during the period from November 2008 to October 2009. In this study, no development of eggs was seen at 40 C temperature within 15 days. The eggs also did not hatch while transferred to room temperature within 15 days. Hatching of eggs were maximum (38.7%) at 260 C on day 5. While hatching of eggs of O. columbianum did not occur at pH 2. Maximum number of hatching of eggs was seen on day 6 (40.00%) at pH 6.5 and lowest in (3.65%) at pH 11.5. Maximum hatching of eggs (51.21%) were recorded in the relative humidity of ≥80%-90% on day 5. Light had no significant effect on the development and hatching of eggs of O. columbianum. Maximum eggs hatched in PBS containing 15% serum and 10% liver extract (42.16%) but for PBS containing 10% liver extract also produced about to same hatching rate (42.15%). The present study suggests that PBS containing 15% serum and 10% liver extract may be used as suitable media for the incubation of eggs of O. columbianum due to continuous increasing of hatching rate of eggs according to the advancement of days. Further more, for in vitro culture better results may be obtained if eggs are incubated at 260 C, pH 6.5 and relative humidity ≥80%-90%.


The polarization of workplace skills explains job polarization. Economic inequality is one of the biggest challenges facing society today. Inequality has been recently exacerbated by growth in high- and low-wage occupations at the expense of middle-wage occupations, leading to a "hollowing" of the middle class. Yet, our understanding of how workplace skills drive this process is limited. Specifically, how do skill requirements distinguish high- and low-wage occupations, and does this distinction constrain the mobility of individuals and urban labor markets? Using unsupervised clustering techniques from network science, we show that skills exhibit a striking polarization into two clusters that highlight the specific social-cognitive skills and sensory-physical skills of high- and low-wage occupations, respectively. The connections between skills explain various dynamics: how workers transition between occupations, how cities acquire comparative advantage in new skills, and how individual occupations change their skill requirements. We also show that the polarized skill topology constrains the career mobility of individual workers, with low-skill workers "stuck" relying on the low-wage skill set. Together, these results provide a new explanation for the persistence of occupational polarization and inform strategies to mitigate the negative effects of automation and offshoring of employment. In addition to our analysis, we provide an online tool for the public and policy makers to explore the skill network: skillscape.mit.edu.


NASA's new Exploration initiative for both robotic and manned missions will require higher levels of reliability, autonomy and reconfiguration capability to make the missions safe, successful and affordable. Future systems will require diagnostic reasoning to assess the health of the system in order to maintain the system s functionality. The diagnostic reasoning and assessment will involve data qualification, fault detection, fault isolation and remediation control. A team of researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center is currently working on a Sensor Data Qualification (SDQ) system that will support these critical evaluation processes, for both automated and human-in-the-loop applications. Data qualification is required as a first step so that critical safety and operational decisions are based on good data. The SDQ system would monitor a network of related sensors to determine the health of individual sensors within that network. Various diagnostic systems such as the Caution and Warning System would then use the sensor health information with confidence. The proposed SDQ technology will be demonstrated on a variety of subsystems that are relevant to NASA s Exploration systems, which currently include an electrical power system and a cryogenic fluid management system. The focus of this paper is the development and demonstration of a SDQ application for a prototype power distribution unit that is representative of a Crew Exploration Vehicle electrical power system; this provides a unique and relevant environment in which to demonstrate the feasibility of the SDQ technology.


With a focus on the canonical institutions of Shakespeare and Chekhov, John Tulloch brings together for the first time new concepts of "the theatrical event" with live audience analysis. Using mainstream theatre productions from across the globe that were highly successful according to both critics and audiences, this book of case studies - ethnographies of production and reception - offers a combined cultural and media studies approach to analyzing theatre history, production, and audience. Tulloch positions these concepts and methodologies within a broader current theatrical debate between postmodernity and risk modernity. He also describes the continuing history of Shakespeare and Chekhov as a series of stories "currently and locally told" in the context of a blurring of academic genres that frames the two writers. Drawn from research conducted over nearly a decade in Australia, Britain, and the U.S., Shakespeare and Chekhov in Production and Reception will be of interest to students and scholars of theatre studies, media studies, and audience research.


South Africa is a semi-arid country in which the average rainfall is well below the world average of about 860 mm per year. Stream flow in South African rivers is at a relatively low level for most of the time, a feature that limits the proportion of stream flow that can be relied upon to be available for use. As a result of historical imbalances of the past, the availability of water was to a large extent determined by the prosperity and race of the water user. This resulted in a situation where a small percentage of the population controlled the bulk of the industrial and agricultural water in the country. The National Water Act, promulgated in 1998, saw the beginning of a new era with a new water resource management policy. The following principles are inherent to the new policy: Equitable use of resources, efficient and optimal use of the resource and sustainable use of the resource. A water use licensing system was introduced and enforced by the National Water Act. One of the objectives of this said Act is to redress the imbalances of the past through a more transparent and justifiable process. The paper will attempt to describe the licensing procedure and describe how social, economical and ecological aspects are influencing the decision-making processes in the management of water resources in South Africa.


Large text corpora are increasingly important for a wide variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, and automatic language identification (LangID) is a core technology needed to collect such datasets in a multilingual context. LangID is largely treated as solved in the literature, with models reported that achieve over 90% average F1 on as many as 1,366 languages. We train LangID models on up to 1,629 languages with comparable quality on held-out test sets, but find that human-judged LangID accuracy for web-crawl text corpora created using these models is only around 5% for many lower-resource languages, suggesting a need for more robust evaluation. Further analysis revealed a variety of error modes, arising from domain mismatch, class imbalance, language similarity, and insufficiently expressive models. We propose two classes of techniques to mitigate these errors: wordlist-based tunable-precision filters (for which we release curated lists in about 500 languages) and transformer-based semi-supervised LangID models, which increase median dataset precision from 5.5% to 71.2%. These techniques enable us to create an initial data set covering 100K or more relatively clean sentences in each of 500+ languages, paving the way towards a 1,000-language web text corpus.


An investigation was undertaken in Endospermum chinense Benth
species to assess the growth of seedlings under some nursery practices.
Factorial experiments were conducted to study the effects of pot sizes,
potting media and fertilizers on the growth of seedlings. Pot sizes were applied at
two levels, i.e. 5.1 em x 11.0 em and 6.3 em x 14.0 em. The forest top-soil and
river alluvial soil were tested as potting media. In addition, four levels of
commercial fertilizer NPK at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% and three levels of
organic fertilizer such as 0%, 10% and 20% by weight of pot were used as
fertilization. After 24 weeks of treatment, maximum growth, nutrient, and
chlorophyll concentrations were recorded in treatments with highest inorganic
and organic fertilizers. The inorganic fertilizer gave better seedling morphology
and physiology. The use of larger pot size filled with forest top-soil medium
also stimulated growth of seedlings as well as nutrient, and chlorophyll
concentrations. Seedlings with a lower rate of growth were found to record a
higher plant total carbohydrate concentration. Pot size, fertilizer and potting
medium significantly influenced the morphology and physiology of E. chinense seedlings in a decreasing order of importance. The factors interact additively to
influence growth. The lack of one factor can be compensated by the excess of
another.
An experiment was conducted to estimate the growth of seedlings under
different light intensities: four levels of light regimes, 100%,80%, 50% and 20%
were used. The results showed that 80% of light intensity was optimal for growth
of seedlings. The N, P and starch concentrations of seedlings were not affected
by treatment. The K and chlorophyll concentrations were highest in 20% light
intensity, but Ca concentration was highest in 100% light intensity.
Four levels of watering regime such as 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% were
carried out to study the effects of water deficit on the growth of seedlings.
Results suggested that E. chinense seedlings need unrestricted water for best
growth in the nursery.
A field trial was conducted to assess the effect of nursery cultural practices
on the growth and survival of the seedlings when they were out planted in the
field. High quality E. chinense seedlings with best morphological and
physiolobrical condition can be produced when grown under optimum nursery
conditions. Such plants will also perform better when out planted.


This paper compares the concept pair indexing/flagging with the well-known concept pair head/dependent marking that is widely used in typology. It shows that a general concept of flagging (comprising case and adpositional marking) is needed, and it sketches the advantages of the indexing concept over the older idea of "person agreement". It then points out that the notions of head and dependent are hard to define (apart from the two basic domains of clauses and nominals), and that the head/dependent marking typology does not take the function of syntactic relation markers into account. On a functional view, both flags and indexes can be seen as roleidentifiers, as opposed to concordants (attributive agreement markers). After discussing three further issues with the head/dependent marking typology, involving construct markers, concordants, and cross-indexes, I conclude that the concept pair indexing/flagging is more suitable for typological purposes than head/dependent


Review: Knowledge and Environmental Policy: Re-Imagining the Boundaries of Science and Politics By William Ascher, Toddi Steelman, and Robert Healy Reviewed by Peter C. Little Oregon State University, USA Ascher, William, Steelman, Toddi, and Healy, Robert. Knowledge and Environmental Policy: Re-Imagining the Boundaries of Science and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2010. 280pp. ISBN 9780262514378. US $23.00, paperback.Knowledge and Environmental Policy continues the complex and variegated environmental policy discussion of the evidence-action interface and the contentious relationship between science and politics. The authors, who maintain that they are not "antiscience relativists" (p.5), are up front about their stance on the science-politics relationship: "science is thoroughly embedded in social and political practices" (p.5). Science, like other forms of knowledge they argue, is "not simply an input into the policy process; it also changes in many different ways the governing processes associated with it, from the institutions of decision making to the principles that these institutions employ in environmental policy and management" (p.21).The book showcases how knowledge generation processes complicate environmental policy decisions that aim to be evidence-based decisions. The reason for this complication, according to the authors, is twofold. First, they contend that knowledge generation for environmental decision making is rarely "a systematic process" (p.29). Second, and perhaps the greatest crux environmental policymakers face, is the fact that "knowledge generation is a political process" or a process "affected by the value systems of institutions, professions, and individuals" (p.29).The politics of knowledge are what make up the active ingredient of the so-called "boundaries" of science and politics, and the authors are optimistic in their view that such boundaries can and ought to be "re-imagined" to create progressive environmental policies for the 21st century. The book argues that "Reimaging boundaries means being explicit about how biases influence the knowledge generated, transmitted, and used" (p.163) to make environmental policy decisions. In other words, "We need to raise awareness of the filters that come into play when knowledge moves from generation and transmission to use" (p.163).Knowledge and Environmental Policy makes one key recommendation that provides a strong backbone for the book, which is the need for greater "integration of local knowledge and public-preference knowledge into decision making" (p. …


Microbial mats play a major role in the formation of exceptionally preserved fossil deposits by overgrowing and binding organic remains and sedimentary particles. This minimizes hydrodynamic and biological disruption of dead organisms and sedimentary laminae, but published works all implicate prokaryotic cyanobacteria as the microbial agent. However, exceptionally well preserved macrofossils of the Oligocene Florissant lake beds (Colorado, United States) are enveloped in matted aggregations of mucous-secreting, pennate diatom frustules. It is suggested that the macrobiota became entrapped in mucous-secreting mats of surface water blooms of planktonic diatoms in lake Florissant. As the mats and the incorporated macrobiota were sedimented out of the water column, the mucosic mats and their associated bacterial communities arrested decay and promoted preservation of refractory tissues. Thus, by a completely different mechanism, the diatom mats fulfilled the same preservational role previously suggested for cyanobacterial mats. This hitherto unrecognized mode of preservation may be an important causative factor in the formation of exceptionally preserved lacustrine fossil biotas.


Social Network Sites (SNSs) pose many privacy issues. Apart from the fact that privacy in an online social network site may sound like an oxymoron, significant privacy issues are caused by the way social structures are currently handled in SNSs. Conceptually different social groups are generally conflated into the singular notion of 'friend'. This chapter argues that attention should be paid to the social dynamics of SNSs and the way people handle social contexts. It shows that SNS technology can be designed to support audience segregation, which should mitigate at least some of the privacy issues in Social


No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.


Music departments of colleges and universities is the base place to cultivate talent. When the music department cultivates innovative music talents to service the society, not only do they reform the traditional music teaching pattern, they also should use the open teaching mode, operation type, so as to more fully develop the students' innovation ability and social practice ability of art. And they also need to have the effective ways of security service society innovative music talent cultivation, so as to achieve the goal of training innovative talent of music. This article carries on the preliminary discussion and analysis about today's music department service society the status quo of innovative personnel training


Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecologic disorders and is significantly more prevalent in the setting of infertility. The prevalence of endometriosis in infertile women ranges from 25% to 50% compared to 5% in fertile women. Successful laparoscopic management of all stages of endometriosis was reported as early as 1986. This has revolutionized the management of endometriosis. The benefits of surgical therapy for infertility associated with endometriosis have been well documented.


Aims Epilepsy is a neurological disease occurring worldwide. Alterations in the gut microbial composition may be involved in the development of Epilepsy. The study aimed to investigate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on gut microbiota and the metabolic profile of epileptic rats. Materials and methods and results A temporal lobe epilepsy rat model was established using Li-pilocarpine. CBD increased the incubation period and reduced the epileptic state in rats. Compared to epileptic rats, the M1/M2 ratio of microglia in the CBD group was significantly decreased. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the CBD group decreased, while IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β1 increased. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the ANOSIM index differed significantly between the groups. At the genus level, Helicobacter, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 were significantly reduced in the model group. CBD intervention attenuated the intervention effects of Li-pilocarpine. Roseburia, Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group, and Ruminococcus_2 were strongly positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokine levels. CBD reversed dysregulated metabolites, including glycerophosphocholine and 4-ethylbenzoic acid. Conclusion CBD could alleviate the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolic disorders of epileptic rats. CBD attenuated Epilepsy in rats might be related to gut microbial abundance and metabolite levels. Significance and impact of study The study may provide a reliable scientific clue to explore the regulatory pathway of CBD in alleviating Epilepsy.


Studies of modern glaciers have recently drawn attention to the importance of subglacial sediment deformation to glacier dynamics and processes. Inferences regarding the probable shear strength of this sediment imply that large clasts may in some cases sink to underlying rigid sediment, where abrasion by overlying deforming sediment could occur. This scenario provides a formative mechanism for striated clast pavements commonly described from the base of fine-grained massive diamictons associated with the late Pleistocene Laurentide ice sheet. Such a mechanism indicates that, at the time of formation of clast pavements, overlying diamictons associated with pavements had a low yield strength (≤0.5 kPa) and were deforming mechanically like a debris flow. Clast pavements may therefore be an important criterion for recognition of sediments deposited by subglacial deformation transport.


The optical properties of rare-earth organic complexes have been studied because of their possible application to polymer optical fibers and waveguides. Er3+, Nd3+, and Sm3+ ions are encapsulated in tetrakis(benzoyltrifluoroacetonate) and tetrakis(dibenzoylmethide) chelates, and their radiative properties are evaluated in several organic solvents. Analysis reveals that tetrakis(benzoyltrifluoroacetonate) chelates are promising dopants for use in rare-earth-doped polymer devices. These rare-earth complexes can be doped to high concentrations in polymer systems without quenching, providing the means for short-length amplification devices. Numerical simulations reveal that gains as high as and exceeding 20 dB should be realizable in rare-earth-doped polymer fiber amplifiers having lengths <60 cm. Similar calculations reveal threshold pump powers of tens of milliwatts for rare-earth-doped polymer fiber lasers.


Procurement characteristics of Traditional and Labour-only are compared in some selected states of Nigeria. The objective of this study is to examine if procurement risks, generation of claims, variations to original design, control of sub-contractors and procurement prospects are the same for both methods. The study obtains its primary data through the use of designed questionnaires that are sent to clients, contractors and consultants. In all, 120 questionnaires were sent to these respondents who recently completed their housing projects based on the two methods. Results of the study indicate that there is no significant difference between both methods in terms of risks of value for money, getting good satisfaction, generation of more claims and variation to original design while a significant difference exists between both methods in risk of timely completion of project. Labour-only method demonstrates less risk of timely completion of project than the Traditional method. Characteristics of both methods are not significantly different from each other when control of subcontractors, benefits of getting good quality material and workmanship, satisfaction with co-ordination and planning. improved relationship between project team and timely delivery of project are benefits of comparisons. Labour-only differs significantly from Traditional method in terms of prospect of getting good value for money spent on the project. This study concludes that there are various types of risks inherent in use of both methods in housing projects and Labour-only method indicates characteristics of early completion of project and prospects of getting good value for money. Recommendations of the study are that clients, contractors and consultants should use Labour-only for execution of their future housing projects and also they are at liberty to use any of the two methods as they best satisfy their requirements. Implications of this study to policy makers and other stakeholders in the construction industry is that Labour-only method should be explored for use in large and complex projects as significant cost savings can be achieved, timely delivery of project and good value for money are equally achievable with the use of the method. Results of this study serve as a springboard for further research in perfecting the use of Labour-only method for construction projects. Keywords: Comparisons, Procurement characteristics, Traditional and Labour-only procurements, Nigeria.


Context. There is increasing need for good algorithms for modeling the aggregation and fragmentation of solid particles (dust grains, dust aggregates, boulders) in various astrophysical settings, including protoplanetary disks, planetary- and sub-stellar atmospheres and dense molecular cloud cores. Here we describe a new algorithm that combines advantages of various standard methods into one. Aims. The aim is to develop a method that 1) can solve for aggregation and fragmentation; 2) can easily include the effect and evolution of grain properties such as compactness, composition, etc.; and 3) can be built as a coagulation/fragmentation module into a hydrodynamics simulation where it 3a) allows for non-"thermalized" non-local motions of particles (e.g. movement of particles in turbulent flows with stopping time larger than eddy turn-over time) and 3b) focuses computational effort there where most of the mass is. Methods. We develop a Monte-Carlo method in which we follow the "life" of a limited number of representative particles. Each of these particles is associated with a certain fraction of the total dust mass and thereby represents a large number of true particles which all are assumed to have the same properties as their representative particle. Under the assumption that the total number of true particles vastly exceeds the number of representative particles, the chance of a representative particle colliding with another representative particle is negligibly small, and we therefore ignore this possibility. This now makes it possible to employ a statistical approach to the evolution of the representative particles, which is the core of our Monte Carlo method. Results. The method reproduces the known analytic solutions of simplified coagulation kernels, and compares well to numerical results for Brownian motion using other methods. For reasonably well-behaved kernels it produces good results even for moderate number of swarms.


Prejudice reduction research has focused on reducing negative regard as a means to improve relations between various groups (e.g., religious, ethnic, political). Though positive regard between groups may be created, these forms of contact and common identification do not alter policy orientations of advantaged groups toward disadvantaged ones. Rather than intergroup contact, it is suggested that a collective action model of prejudice reduction (Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 411-425) would create ties between disadvantaged groups to work toward beneficial policy change. We seek to show that the Gezi Park protests in Taksim, Istanbul functioned as an intergroup phenomenon, requiring the cooperation of a number of disadvantaged groups (e.g., feminists, Kurds) working together to improve the status of all present. In a series of interviews with 34 activists from the Gezi Park protests, participants were to reflect on their individual and group-based experiences during their time in the Gezi Park protests. Data indicate that although a few groups remained distant or disconnected during the protests, a common ground was achieved such that some participants were able to overcome past prejudices. Data also indicate that through group perceptions and individuals' descriptions of events, groups who had previously not been able to cooperate were able to work and stick together at Gezi. Results also imply, in line with Dixon et al. (2012), that if disadvantaged groups work together, they might change the position of their groups and improve each group's disadvantaged position via collective action.


Introduction
Children with a weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) -3 SD of this standard. The WHO therefore recommends the use of a WHZ of below -3 SD to identify children with SAM.

The mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) cut-off values of 11.5 cm and 12.5 cm are used globally as screening tools to identify SAM and MAM, respectively, in children between six and 60 months of age. According to the WHO and UNICEF the WHZ and MUAC may be used interchangeably as a screening tool to identify malnourished infants and children, as they reveal a very similar prevalence of SAM in the field. However, more recent data indicate that there may be little overlap between the children identified with SAM and MAM by WHZ and those identified using the MUAC cut-offs. Therefore, more recently the recommendation is to use WHZ and MUAC measurements as independent but complementary admission criteria for SAM.

Methods
In this descriptive study with a cross-sectional design, data from a convenience sample of 400 infants and young children younger than 24 months were gathered from five clinics and 15 early childhood development (ECD) centres in Motherwell, Nelson Mandela Bay Health District (NMBHD) from October 2015 to February 2016. The Pearson correlation co-efficient (r) was used to measure the strength or degree of the relationship between variables. Sensitivity and specificity tests were used on the data with the existing recommended MUAC cut-off values as well as new calculated MUAC cut-off values to determine whether the new MUAC cut-off values were more sensitive in the identification of children affected by wasting, without including false negatives (children without SAM or MAM).

Results
The current WHO MUAC cut-off values to identify MAM have a high specificity, but performed poorly when tested for sensitivity. The r-value (0.78) for the relationship between WHZ and MUAC suggests a dependent relationship between these two indicators. The least squares regression formula (Y = 15.409 + 0.803x (males); Y = 15.13 + 0.83x (females)) was then used to predict where WHZ = -2 is most likely to correspond with a MUAC value in cm. The new predicted MUAC values of 13.8 cm (males) and 13.5 cm (females) were subsequently tested for sensitivity and specificity. The sample was too small to calculate sensitivity for both genders, but 96.4% specificity was achieved for females. A sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.5% was achieved with the male MUAC cut-off. Thus, the proposed cut-offs identified all of the wasted children (WHZ < -2), while identifying an acceptably low number of false positives

Conclusion
The current WHO MUAC cut-off values lacked the sensitivity to identify cases of MAM in a South African urban township population. A revised, single MUAC cut-off value for males and females younger than two years may increase the correct diagnosis of MAM, thus providing health workers the opportunity to prevent SAM. This new cut-off value should be tested in the field with larger samples


Spinal Circuit Complexity in Fish Rapid coordination of opposing muscle groups helps zebrafish zip through water. Bagnall and McLean (p. 197) now describe the neuronal circuits that stabilize swimming fish in their three-dimensional environment. By studying the self-righting behavior of larval zebrafish immobilized in agar, the authors identified parallel excitatory and inhibitory circuits driving dorsal and ventral hemisegments that could be activated independently. Larval zebrafish show more refined musculature control than expected. Locomotion requires precise control of spinal networks. In tetrapods and bipeds, dynamic regulation of locomotion is simplified by the modular organization of spinal limb circuits, but it is not known whether their predecessors, fish axial circuits, are similarly organized. Here, we demonstrate that the larval zebrafish spinal cord contains distinct, parallel microcircuits for independent control of dorsal and ventral musculature on each side of the body. During normal swimming, dorsal and ventral microcircuits are equally active, but, during postural correction, fish differentially engage these microcircuits to generate torque for self-righting. These findings reveal greater complexity in the axial spinal networks responsible for swimming than previously recognized and suggest an early template of modular organization for more-complex locomotor circuits in later vertebrates.


Unlike most existing textbooks on the economic history of modern Europe, which offer a country-by-country approach, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe rethinks Europe's economic history since 1700 as unified and pan-European, with the material organised by topic rather than by country. This first volume is centred on the transition to modern economic growth, which first occurred in Britain before spreading to other parts of western Europe by 1870. Each chapter is written by an international team of authors who cover the three major regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, and central and eastern Europe. The volume covers the major themes of modern economic history, including trade; urbanization; aggregate economic growth; the major sectors of agriculture, industry and services; and the development of living standards, including the distribution of income. The quantitative approach makes use of modern economic analysis in a way that is easy for students to understand.


In the process of tunneling of tunnel boring machine (TBM), different geological conditions often correspond to different working conditions, and the randomness of geological conditions also causes the order of occurrence of each working condition to be different. Under the conversion of different working conditions, this makes the vibration of different types of cutterheads different. How to choose the appropriate type of cutterhead according to different geological conditions is very important for saving engineering cost and increasing cutterhead life. In view of the above situation, this paper proposes a stability evaluation method during the TBM tunneling process to select the appropriate cutterhead type. Firstly, the corresponding relationship between geology and working conditions is established according to different geological conditions, and the input loads corresponding to geological conditions are obtained. Then, it is substituted into the dynamic model of the cutterhead system, the vibration response boundaries of each degree of freedom are obtained by solving. And the average value of the maximum boundary amplitude of each degree of freedom is taken to represent the extreme vibration of the cutterhead under the corresponding working conditions. Finally, by comparing the fluctuation of the ultimate vibration amplitude of each type of cutterhead in the process of working condition conversion, the results are as follows: when the transition between homogeneous strata and composite strata is normal and there is no large turning and deviation correction, the vibration response of the two-part cutterhead is the smallest, and the two-part cutterhead is the best choice. Otherwise, the five-part cutterhead is the best choice, while the stability of the integrated cutterhead is the worst.