We consider the problem of coordinated multicell downlink beamforming in massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems consisting of N cells, Nt antennas per base station (BS) and K user terminals (UTs) per cell. In particular, we formulate a multicell beamforming algorithm for massive MIMO systems that requires limited amount of information exchange between the BSs. The design objective is to minimize the aggregate transmit power across all the BSs subject to satisfying the user signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) constraints. The algorithm requires the BSs to exchange parameters which can be computed solely based on the channel statistics rather than the instantaneous channel state information (CSI). We make use of tools from random matrix theory to formulate the decentralized algorithm. We also characterize a lower bound on the set of target SINR values for which the decentralized multicell beamforming algorithm is feasible. We further show that the performance of our algorithm asymptotically matches the performance of the centralized algorithm with full CSI sharing. While the original result focuses on minimizing the aggregate transmit power across all the BSs, we formulate a heuristic extension of this algorithm to incorporate a practical constraint in multicell systems, namely the individual BS transmit power constraints. Finally, we investigate the impact of imperfect CSI and pilot contamination effect on the performance of the decentralized algorithm, and propose a heuristic extension of the algorithm to accommodate these issues. Simulation results illustrate that our algorithm closely satisfies the target SINR constraints and achieves minimum power in the regime of massive MIMO systems. In addition, it also provides substantial power savings as compared with zero-forcing beamforming when the number of antennas per BS is of the same orders of magnitude as the number of UTs per cell.


1. Quadriceps strength, relaxation rate, fibre-type composition and energy-turnover rate during a submaximal contraction have been measured in hypo- and hyper-thyroid patients and compared with findings in normal subjects. 2. Six out of eight hypothyroid patients had normal strength whereas four out of five hyperthyroid patients were weak. 3. Relaxation rate was decreased in all the hypothyroid patients but increased in only three out of five hyperthyroid patients. 4. In hypothyroidism there was a marked reduction in the percentage contributed by type II fibres to muscle cross-section, partly due to type II atrophy but also due to a decrease in the relative frequency of type II fibres. In hyperthyroidism both fibre types tended to atrophy. 5. The rate of ATP turnover during submaximal contraction held to fatigue was reduced in hypothyroidism. This was probably due to decreased ATP utilization rather than an impaired supply of energy-supplying substrates. In hyperthyroidism the rate of ATP turnover was increased. 6. Altered relaxation rate and ATP-turnover rate may be explained on the basis of changes in myosin ATPase activity with thyroid status. Changes in muscle-fibre-type composition, as determined histochemically, could not per se account for the functional abnormalities.


Bob Graham is a United States senator and chairman of the US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, a body that provides legislative oversight for the intelligence agencies of the US government. A Democrat from the state of Florida, he was a primary author of the USA Patriot Act, signed into law by US President George Bush in October 2001, which began the process of US intelligence reform after September 11. The 2002 US Intelligence Authorization Bill included a five-year plan sponsored by Senator Graham aimed at improving the intelligence capabilities of the United States. He is also presently co-chairman of the joint US House-Senate investigatory committee reviewing the terrorist attacks and reevaluating US intelligence operations and agency structures. Senator Graham is one of the foremost authorities on the largest intelligence organization in the world. Before joining the Senate, Graham served as a Florida state legislator and as governor of Florida for two consecutive terms (1979-1987). He was first elected to the Senate in 1986 and is now serving his third term. As a leading moderate Democrat, his major initiatives in the Senate have been related to drug control, Medicare, and forest preservation. Senior Editors Richard Re and Kristen Eichensehr interviewed Senator Graham to discuss intelligence's potential contribution to the war against terrorism and the international cooperation this effort requires. HARVARD INTERNATIONAL REVIEW: How would you describe the way US agencies have interacted with foreign agencies before and after September 11? How do you think they should interact with foreign agencies in the future? One of the fundamental realities of the United States intelligence community is its relative youth. Most European powers have intelligence services that go back at least to the Napoleonic wars. The United States has had an historic attitude of antipathy toward the craft of spying. We do not like spying on people, listening to their telephone conversations, opening their mail. It was not until World War II that the United States developed an organized agency; and that was a military one. As soon as the war was over, that military organization was abandoned. Two years later; US President Harry Truman recognized that the Soviet Union had changed from a wartime ally to a Cold War adversary and that the United States did not know enough about this adversary. So in 1947 the first civilian intelligence agency; the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), was established. In the Cold War, the United States had a series of relationships with foreign intelligence agencies, known as liaison relationships. During that later phase of the Cold War, those relationships became less important as we were able to use our own technology--especially satellite technology--to gather information and became less dependent on human-derived intelligence. Since the end of the Cold War, as our target of concern broadened from the Soviet Union and its allies to 30 or 40 countries around the world, the relative importance of human intelligence, especially when conducted in cooperation with other countries, has increased. And that has been accelerated as a result of the events of September 11. As an example, the United States had limited experience in Afghanistan, and so worked to establish effective liaison relationships with Britain, Russia, and Pakistan. Our own agencies were limited in both cultural and linguistic understanding. So the short answer is that since September 11, there has been an increase in our interest in cooperating with other governments' services. And I anticipate that our experience in Afghanistan will be a harbinger of an accelerated set of liaison relationships in other countries where we will be more actively engaged as we go into the next phases of the war against terrorism. How might a mature interagency cooperation scheme play itself out in coming months and years? …


In Early Qing Dynasty, the Jesuit Figurists found the Yijing as their precious treasure and treated it as the bridge linking the gap between Christianity and Chinese civilization. The Yijing was viewed as preserving relics of this pure true religion. They tried to find Prisca theologia (ancient theology) in the Chinese classics, especially in the Yijing æ??ç¶? (the Book of Changes). This group of Jesuit Figurists viewed the Yijing as a prophetic book, which contained some of the mysteries of Christianity and so started their trans-textual dialogue with the ancient texts and the auxiliary commentaries of the Yijing. What distinguishes this dissertation from other academic research about the Jesuit Figurists is its focus on the Jesuit Figuristsâ?? Chinese works on the Yijing. Between 1710 and 1712, Bouvet wrote eight works about the Yijing in Chinese. This dissertation aims to discover the missing piece in the puzzle and make the whole research on the Jesuit Figuristsâ?? works of the Yijing more complete. Though their endeavors on the re-interpretation of the Yijing and their proselytization failed to promote Catholicism as a national religion in China because the Kangxi Emperor and Chinese literati all had their own agenda, their dialogue with the Yijing to build the esoteric connection and parallels with Christianity reveals more and more valuable findings. The same mystical elements, such as numbers, images, characters in both the Western tradition of biblical hermeneutics, and the charts and hexagrams of Yijing, become tokens of exchange and disclose evidence of their deliberate interpretation. Each page of their Chinese handwritten manuscript should not be left unnoticed because they invite us to embark on a new journey to uncover their embedded mystic theological interpretation in their trans-textual dialogue in the intra-lingual translation of the Book of Changes. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group East Asian Languages & Civilizations First Advisor Victor Mair


The dependence of contact resistivity on the Ge content in Si1–xGex is examinedfor TiW/p+ Si1–xGex interfaces. Measurements are made on contacts with epitaxial Si1–xGex layers either at the surface or buried under a Si cap layer of various thicknesses. The contact resistivity is found to decrease by an order of magnitude with increasing Ge content from 0 to 30 at. %, which is attributed to an increase in the valence band energy of p+ Si1–xGex. The measured contact resistivity is compared with a theoretical model, and the experimental results agree well with the modelled ones.


In post-conflict societies, decentralization is often used as a conflict management tool to address territorial claims and interests. The latest example is the agreement between the Republics of Serbia and Kosovo of April 2013 over the status of four Kosovar municipalities which remained under de facto control and jurisdiction of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the long-term effects of decentralization on ethnic conflict. To contribute to filling this research gap, this paper focuses on the impact of decentralization on the establishment of sustainable peace through conflict transformation. Based on the theory on decentralization in post-conflict institution-building, two models of decentralization are developed. While the first model focuses on conflict management through the separation of ethnic groups, ethnic selfrule and conflict resolution on the level of political elites, the second model focuses on conflict transformation at the local level through initiating contact, cooperation and trust-building in local institutions. As a case study the paper examines the decentralization process in the Republic of Kosovo, which entails both models of decentralization. To investigate the hypothesis that the Kosovar decentralization process has already supported and continues supporting conflict transformation, the paper analyzes 16 interviews with representatives of international and Kosovar NGOs and think tanks, international organizations and governmental agencies working in the field of decentralization. It focuses on 34 municipalities in which the decentralization program had already been implemented in 2011 and thus leaving aside the situation in the four municipalities mentioned above. The paper concludes that ethnic conflict in Kosovo is still far from being transformed. Nevertheless, decentralization has contributed to the development of an institutional setting allowing for the transformation of the ethnic conflict. Where implemented, decentralization has promoted the acceptance of the Republic of Kosovo among nonmajority communities. When looking at the two models of decentralization, it can be noted that ethnically heterogeneous municipalities following the second model have been able to facilitate cooperation between representatives of ethnic groups while homogenous municipalities have hardly contributed to conflict transformation. 1 Quotation from Martti Ahtisaari's Nobel lecture in Oslo, Norway on 10th December 2008.


We present a comprehensive study of the observational constraints on spatially flat cosmological models containing a mixture of matter and quintessence—a time-varying, spatially inhomogeneous component of the energy density of the universe with negative pressure. Our study also includes the limiting case of a cosmological constant. We classify the observational constraints by redshift: low-redshift constraints include the Hubble parameter, baryon fraction, cluster abundance, the age of the universe, bulk velocity and the shape of the mass power spectrum; intermediate-redshift constraints are due to probes of the redshift-luminosity distance based on Type Ia supernovae, gravitational lensing, the Lyα forest, and the evolution of large-scale structure; high-redshift constraints are based on measurements of the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropy. Mindful of systematic errors, we adopt a conservative approach in applying these observational constraints. We determine that the range of quintessence models in which the ratio of the matter density to the critical density is 0.2 ≲ Ωm ≲ 0.5, and the effective, density-averaged equation of state is -1 ≤ w ≲ -0.2, is consistent with the most reliable, current low-redshift and microwave background observations at the 2 σ level. Factoring in the constraint due to the recent measurements of Type Ia supernovae, the range for the equation of state is reduced to -1 ≤ w ≲ -0.4, where this range represents models consistent with each observational constraint at the 2 σ level or better (concordance analysis). A combined maximum likelihood analysis suggests a smaller range, -1 ≤ w ≲ -0.6. We find that the best-fit and best-motivated quintessence models lie near Ωm ≈ 0.33, h ≈ 0.65, and spectral index ns = 1, with an effective equation of state w ≈ -0.65 for "tracker" quintessence and w = -1 for "creeper" quintessence.


Designing software architectures that exhibit a good trade-off between multiple quality attributes is hard. Even with a given functional design, many degrees of freedom in the software architecture (e.g. component deployment or server configuration) span a large design space. In current practice, software architects try to find good solutions manually, which is time-consuming, can be error-prone and can lead to suboptimal designs. We propose an automated approach guided by architectural tactics to search the design space for good solutions. Our approach applies multi-objective evolutionary optimization to software architectures modelled with the Palladio Component Model. Software architects can then make well-informed trade-off decisions and choose the best architecture for their situation. To validate our approach, we applied it to the architecture models of two systems, a business reporting system and an industrial control system from ABB. The approach was able to find meaningful trade-offs leading to significant performance improvements or costs savings. The novel use of tactics decreased the time needed to find good solutions by up to 80%.


Many domains of scientific simulation (chemistry, condensed matter physics, data science) increasingly eschew dense tensors for block-sparse tensors, sometimes with additional structure (recursive hierarchy, rank sparsity, etc.). Distributed-memory parallel computation with block-sparse tensorial data is paramount to minimize the time-to-solution (e.g., to study dynamical problems or for real-time analysis) and to accommodate problems of realistic size that are too large to fit into the host/device memory of a single node equipped with accelerators. Unfortunately, computation with such irregular data structures is a poor match to the dominant imperative, bulk-synchronous parallel programming model. In this paper, we focus on the critical element of block-sparse tensor algebra, namely binary tensor contraction, and report on an efficient and scalable implementation using the task-focused PaRSEC runtime. High performance of the block-sparse tensor contraction on the Summit supercomputer is demonstrated for synthetic data as well as for real data involved in electronic structure simulations of unprecedented size.


This research work is a pair review into the conceptual frame work and innovation into Pen-style Personal Network Gadget Package (P-ISM) as inevitable tool to easy, fast and convenient access to the internet. Computing activities have increased the degree of people using personal computers (PCs), complicated packages and all form of social media applications (Apps.) have emerged within this short period. Meeting these trends (day to day activities) in more convenient form has led to the modern sophisticated garget such as Pen-Style Network Gadget Package (P-ISM) prototype. The growth in internet affects our lives in much better way than we know and its sustainability made 5 pen technology innovations a salt after.


Turbo-like Codes introduces turbo error correcting concept in a simple language, including a general theory and the algorithms for decoding turbo-like code. It presents a unified framework for the design and analysis of turbo codes and LDPC codes and their decoding algorithms. A major focus of Turbo-like Codes is on high speed turbo decoding, which targets applications with data rates of several hundred million bits per second (Mbps). In this book a novel high-speed turbo decoder is presented that exploits parallelization. Parallelism is achieved very efficiently by exploiting the flexibility of message-passing algorithm. It has been shown that very large speed gains can be achieved by this scheme while the efficiency is maintained reasonably high. Memory access, which poses a practical problem for the proposed parallel turbo decoder, is solved by introducing the conflict-free interleaver. The latency is further improved by designing a special kind of conflict-free interleaver. Furthermore, an algorithm to design such interleaver is presented. It is shown that the performance of turbo code is not sacrificed by using the interleaver with the proposed structure.


Anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) model based on artificial neural network (ANN) and optimized design variables were modeled. The input parameters of the anode-supported SOFC model developed in this study are as follows: current density, temperature, electrolyte thickness, anode thickness, anode porosity, and cathode thickness. Voltage was estimated from the SOFC model with the input parameters. Numerical results show that the SOFC model constructed in this study can represent the actual SOFC characteristics very well. There are four design parameters to be optimized: electrolyte, anode, cathode thickness, and anode porosity. To derive the optimal combination of the design parameters, we have used a multi-armed bandit algorithm (MAB), and developed a methodology for deriving near-optimal parameter set without searching for all possible parameter sets.


Over the past two decades, the high energy physics community has been actively discussing and developing a number of post-LHC collider projects; however, none of them have been approved due to high costs and the uncertainty in post-LHC physics scenarios. There have been great expectations of rich new physics in the 0.1-1 TeV mass region: the Higgs boson (one or several), supersymmetry, or perhaps new particles from the dark-matter family. It has been the general consensus that the best machine for the detailed study of new physics to be discovered at the LHC would be an energy-frontier linear e+e- collider. Physicists held their breath waiting for the results from the LHC. In summer 2012, two LHC detectors, ATLAS and CMS, announced the discovery of a Higgs boson with the mass of 126 GeV and (still) nothing else. The absence of new physics in the region below 1 TeV has changed the post-LHC collider R&D priorities and triggered a zoo of project proposals for the precision study of the 126 GeV Higgs boson, possibly with further upgrades to higher energies. This paper gives an overview of these projects; it is based largely on the reports presented at the first workshop on Higgs factories held at FNAL a few days prior to the present workshop in Protvino.


Emergent vegetation covering floodplains and wetlands has an important role in fluvial ecosystems. Since natural systems are not homogeneous, the flow within the stem array is influenced by several space scales, determined by the number-density of stems and its spatial modulation. The aim of this study is to characterize experimentally the spatial variation of the flow at the smallest spatial scales over a wavelength of the largest scale. To meet the proposed objectives, an experimental test was carried out where two stem's densities were alternated with a fixed period, allowing the interaction of three different wavelengths: two different inter-stem spaces and the characteristic length between the two densities. The measurements of velocity fields were made using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The data treatment was done with the Double Averaged methodology (DAM) to account for the great spatial variability of the flow.


Although a growing number of studies suggest that providing poor families with income supplements of as little as $1,000 per year will improve children's well-being, many poor children miss important sources of income support provided through the tax system because their parents either do not work or do not file taxes. Accessing assistance through means-tested programs is also challenging. We propose replacing the complicated array of benefits provided through the tax system with a universal child benefit of $2,000 per child that would be available regardless of parents' work status. Our reform would ensure that all children receive enough assistance to make a difference and it would be simpler and more equitable than the current array of child benefits that are provided through the tax code.


There has been considerable empirical research on style investment in the United States and a fair amount in Europe but relatively little published research in the Asian markets. It is commonly believed that fundamental stock valuation and style analysis works only in developed markets like the United States and that more qualitative methods should be used in inefficient markets such as Asia (including developed economies and emerging economies in Asia). We therefore determine whether style investment strategies can be applied consistently in the Asian Equity Markets. Our study encompasses markets in developed Asia which includes Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore as well as markets in emerging Asia comprising Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand.

We also investigate the significance of the theoretical drivers behind the valuation ratios which are used as proxies for classifying value and growth stocks. The traditional valuation ratios, which are influenced by the 'Price' factor, may contain systematic errors and may not reflect the underlying intrinsic valuations of both value and growth' companies. This raises the question whether they are valid ratios for screening value and growth stocks. We therefore analyse a style investment strategy using a combination of theoretical drivers of the proxies based on historical data or a mix of historical and forecast data.

We also investigate the reasons behind the existence of 'value-growth premiums'. We focus on elements of behavioural finance based on expectational error to explain the superior performance of value strategies. There may be many different sources of expectational error which range from investors and analysts extrapolating past earnings/sales growth too far into the future, to reliance on analysts' earnings forecasts, to portfolio flows or various cognitive errors/research biases. To date, there has not been a consensus on the sources of extreme expectations. Our thesis determines whether extreme expectations are driven by extrapolation of past performance, portfolio flows and/or analysts' forecast errors to explain the value/growth effect.

The results of the thesis aim to provide a deeper understanding of style investment in the Asian Equity Markets and enable a fund manager to better implement active style strategies.


There is a growing interest in the use of computer-based learning environments to enhance learning in higher education, but the implications of this on the improvement of metacognition in higher education have yet to be adequately explored. In the current study, 175 students who enrolled in an introductory psychology course were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (computer-assisted vs. self-managed). In the computer-assisted condition, besides the lecture delivered four hours per week and for three months in total, students took a set of assignments based on evidence-based teaching in a computer-based environment. The control group, however, took these assignments as in-and-out class activities without using a computer environment. An assessment based on Bloom's taxonomy was utilized to obtain metacognitive and competency scores for both groups. The results of the study showed that the students who completed the structured learning assignments as computer-based, self-learning environment showed better metacognition performance than those in the self-managed group, who did not engage with the online platform, even though there was no significant difference between the groups regarding competence on the course's learning objectives. The current experiment offers an empirical validation for why instructors should use technology as a self-regulatory tool that enhances students' metacognitive performance and competence of learning outcomes.


This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the system dynamics approach to the development of ecological economics, the study of the interactions between economic systems and ecological systems. We build and analyze an ecological economic model: an extension of a population–resource dynamics model developed by Brander and Taylor and published in American Economic Review in 1998. The focus of the present paper is on the model building and analysis to contribute to theory building rather than eliciting policy implications from the model. Hence, this is an example of model-based theory building using system dynamics. Our analysis sheds light on several problems with this type of ecological economics model that can be attributed to three commonly taken approaches to model building and analysis by traditional economics: simplification through the use of exogenous variables, equilibrium thinking, and a focus on the so-called balanced growth path. To solve these problems ecological economic models should adopt approaches that are not prevalent in traditional economics such as taking an endogenous point of view and allowing for out-of-equilibrium (adaptation) which are key principles of the system dynamics method.


A new procedure is proposed to generate planar asymmetric coronas with multi‐streamer structures, as shown in SOHO/LASCO observations. The initial coronal magnetic field is separated into potential part and non‐potential part. We first fit the potential part by using the sum of magnetic multi‐poles, whereas the non‐potential part is approximated by the magnetic field induced by some properly fitted current densities. Then the total field is numerically modified in terms of Maxwell's equations. Based on the initial magnetic fields obtained in such a way, we can further compute various complex asymmetric corona structures by solving MHD equations. In order to verify this procedure, we compute the 2‐D coronal structures prior to the December, 1996 CME and August, 1999 CME events. The numerical result is on the whole in agreement with observations, and hence set proper backgrounds for further studying the propagation of CME in various coronal structures using numerical computations.


Solutions of the scalar-wave equation that are based on modified Bessel functions are introduced. These functions are radially nonoscillating, unbound, and nondiffractive. Their propagation constant is larger than that of vacuum, meaning that there is an inverse Guoy effect or a phase velocity smaller than c. The beams are physically realized by apodization of the modified Bessel profiles by means of suitable window functions. When Gaussian apodization functions are used, axial decay is slower than in the Gaussian case and the case of ordinary Bessel counterparts. Super-Gaussian and circular apodization are also examined. In the latter case a persistent narrow axial lobe that also has a nondecaying character is encountered.


Objective: To evaluate the long term follow-up
results of the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique. Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 16 patients (19 renal units) who underwent direct
nipple ureteroneocystostomy. The mean age was 43 years and 3 patients had
bilateral disease. In five units the ureters had been ligated during
gynecological surgery, 11 renal units were obstructive and three units were
reflexive megaureters. The ureters were spatulated for about 2 cm and folded back. Nipples 2 to 2.5 cm long were prepared. In two cases the
ureters were thin-walled (2 mm
or less) and they were not spatulated but folded back onto themselves. In one case the ureter could not
be everted since it had a thick and fibrotic wall. The distal 2 to 2.5 cm segment of this ureter was directly
inserted in to the bladder. Postoperative follow-up was at 3 month intervals
for the first year at 6 month intervals for 2 - 3 years and yearly thereafter. At the time of follow-up serum creatinine,
urine culture, ultrasound, intravenous urography, voiding cystoureterography,
nuclear renal scintigraphy and cystometric evaluations were performed. The
functions of 11 and 15 renal units were evaluated scintigraphically and
stereologically, respectively, in the both preoperative and postoperative first
year follow-up. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used for statistical
evaluation and p Results: Mean follow-up was 49
months. Three renal units had Grade III reflux (two of them during voiding) and
one unit had Grade IV reflux. At follow-up this patient developed in the ureteral
stricture. No patients had urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis or ureteral
stricture follow-up period. Between the preoperative and postoperative first
year, there was an increase in postoperative split renal function based on
renal scintigraphy but this difference was not statistically significant. The
stereologically calculated decrease in pelvicaliceal dilatation was
statistically significant. Conclusion: Ease of application
and no need to taper or plicate the ureter or prepare a submucosal tunnel may be the reasons to
consider the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique for megaureters of
different etiologies.


Grounded in Bowlby's (1969/1982, 1988) attachment theory, this study aimed to explore (a) the pervasiveness of the three main functions of attachment within the context of the coach-athlete relationship, (b) the associations of athletes' attachment styles with such important variables as satisfaction with the relationship and satisfaction with the sport, and (c) the process by which athletes' attachment styles and satisfaction with sport are associated. Data were collected through self-report measures of attachment functions and styles as well as relationship satisfaction and sport satisfaction from 309 student athletes (males = 150, females = 159) whose age ranged from 18 to 28 years (Mage = 19.9, SD = 1.58 years). Athletes' mean scores indicated that the coach was viewed as an attachment figure fulfilling all three functions of secure base, safe haven, and proximity maintenance. Bivariate correlations indicated that athletes' avoidant and anxious styles of attachment with the coach were negatively correlated with both relationship satisfaction and sport satisfaction. Mediational regression analysis revealed that athletes' satisfaction with the coach-athlete relationship may be a process that links athletes' attachment styles with levels of satisfaction with sport. The findings from this study highlight the potential theoretical and practical utility of attachment theory in studying relationships within the sport context.


In this Essay, written for a symposium honoring Sam Gerdano, I offer an assessment of current Chapter 11 theory and practice. The most distinctive feature of current Chapter 11 practice is the extent to which the parties now enter into intercreditor agreements, restructuring support agreements and other actual contracts governing their rights and responsibilities. One question raised by the dramatic shift in bankruptcy practice is whether the leading normative theory of bankruptcy, the Creditors' Bargain Theory, is now obsolete, as some scholars have suggested. The Creditors' Bargain Theory explains bankruptcy as a solution to coordination problems that might lead to the dismemberment of an otherwise viable firm if creditors were simply left to their own devices. Although the particular coordination problem foregrounded by the theory—the collective action problem faced by widely scattered unsecured creditors—no longer characterizes most Chapter 11 cases, I argue that this bargaining failure has been replaced by others to which the same logic applies.

The theory provides a much more complete picture of why bankruptcy is necessary than of the optimal framework for resolving financial distress. In current practice, the key question is how to make sense of the contracts that now govern the Chapter 11 process. Building on earlier work with George Triantis, I argue that the principal objective should be to distinguish between ex ante and ex post agreements, and to balance the costs and benefits of each. I consider the implications of this perspective for debtor-in-possession financing and managerial bonuses.


To build a machine that has "common sense" was once a principal goal in the field of artificial intelligence. But most researchers in recent years have retreated from that ambitious aim. Instead, each developed some special technique that could deal with some class of problem well, but does poorly at almost everything else. We are convinced, however, that no one such method will ever turn out to be "best," and that instead, the powerful AI systems of the future will use a diverse array of resources that, together, will deal with a great range of problems. To build a machine that's resourceful enough to have humanlike common sense, we must develop ways to combine the advantages of multiple methods to represent knowledge, multiple ways to make inferences, and multiple ways to learn. We held a two-day symposium in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, to discuss such a project--to develop new architectural schemes that can bridge between different strategies and representations. This article reports on the events and ideas developed at this meeting and subsequent thoughts by the authors on how to make progress.


Abstract In this paper, the gravitational field equations for static spherically symmetric perfect fluid models with a polytropic equation of state, p=kρ1+1/n, are recast into two complementary 3-dimensional regular systems of ordinary differential equations on compact state spaces. The systems are analyzed numerically and qualitatively, using the theory of dynamical systems. Certain key solutions are shown to form building blocks which, to a large extent, determine the remaining solution structure. In one formulation, there exists a monotone function that forces the general relativistic solutions towards a part of the boundary of the state space that corresponds to the low pressure limit. The solutions on this boundary describe Newtonian models and thus the relationship to the Newtonian solution space is clearly displayed. It is numerically demonstrated that general relativistic models have finite radii when the polytropic index n satisfies 0⩽n≲3.339 and infinite radii when n⩾5. When 3.339≲n


On September 21st, 1999, the central part of Taiwan suffered an earthquake which was 7.3 on the Richter scale. This disaster provided a unique and rare opportunity to study students' worldviews. Science educators have proposed that students' worldviews influence their ways of interpreting natural phenomena and then impose an effect on conceptual development in science. The objective of this study was to explore students' worldviews as revealed by their ideas about the causality of earthquakes after experiencing the natural disaster. In Taiwan's socio-cultural milieu, there are some indigenous world-views about earthquakes including the perspectives of supernatural forces and myths. Through tracking the ideas of 60 fifth graders and sixth graders for eight months, this study showed that students tended to employ the following three major approaches to resolve the incongruence between indigenous worldviews and scientific worldviews. First, they may try to accept the scientific ideas and to abandon their original worldviews. Second, they may try to grasp the scientific views and at the same time try to keep the indigenous worldviews unchanged. Many students held a scientific/myths dual perspective about the causes of earthquakes. Finally, they may retain their original worldview and try to ignore the scientific worldview. This paper finally suggests that science educators need to integrate socio-cultural aspects of science and of learning science into science education research and practice.


Building multi-domain AI agents is a challenging task and an open problem in the area of AI. Within the domain of dialog, the ability to orchestrate multiple independently trained dialog agents, or skills, to create a unified system is of particular significance. In this work, we study the task of online posterior dialog orchestration, where we define posterior orchestration as the task of selecting a subset of skills which most appropriately answer a user input using features extracted from both the user input and the individual skills. To account for the various costs associated with extracting skill features, we consider online posterior orchestration under a skill execution budget. We formalize this setting as Context Attentive Bandit with Observations (CABO), a variant of context attentive bandits, and evaluate it on simulated non-conversational and proprietary conversational datasets.


Post-conflict states represent an important research agenda for scholars studying foreign direct investment (FDI). While leaders of post-conflict states have strong incentives for trying to attract international investments, multinational corporations (MNCs) may view these states as high-risk since the reoccurrence of violence in the aftermath of civil conflict is common. Consequently, leaders of post-conflict states desperate to receive FDI to help ignite their stalled economies must convince MNCs that their state is a stable and secure place to invest in. Drawing on the recent literature that identifies the importance of domestic and international institutions for securing FDI, this article argues that post-conflict justice (PCJ) institutions can help post-conflict states attract investment. The domestic and reputation costs associated with implementing PCJ allow states to send a costly and credible signal to international investors about the state's willingness to pursue the successful reconstruction of the post-conflict zone. Under these conditions, uncertainty is lessened and foreign investors can feel more confident about making investments. Post-conflict states, therefore, that choose to implement PCJ are more likely to receive higher levels of FDI compared with post-conflict states that refrain from implementing these institutions. Statistical tests confirm the relationship between justice institutions and FDI from 1970–2001. Post-conflict states that implement restorative justice processes in the post-conflict period receive higher levels of FDI than those countries that do not implement a process.


Eighty-nine percent of American households were food secure throughout the entire year in 2003, meaning that they had access, at all times, to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. The remaining households were food insecure at least some time during that year. The prevalence of food insecurity, 11.2 percent of households, was not statistically different from the 11.1 percent observed in 2002. The prevalence of food insecurity with hunger was unchanged at 3.5 percent. This report, based on data from the December 2003 food security survey, provides the most recent statistics on the food security of U.S. households, as well as on how much they spent for food and the extent to which food-insecure households participated in Federal and community food assistance programs. Survey responses indicate that the typical food-secure household in the U.S. spent 34 percent more on food than the typical food-insecure household of the same size and household composition. Just over one-half of all food-insecure households participated in one or more of the three largest Federal food assistance programs during the month prior to the survey.


Objective: To compare the accuracy of HARUS 15-30-60, HADI, and Asian Formulas (Chinese-equation (Ch-E), Japanese-equation (Jp-E), and Thai- equation (Th-E)) for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: The Kidney Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) has published a guideline to measure renal function, which is based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This procedure is complicated and expensive, therefore an estimated GFR (eGFR) has been proposed. The modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) study prediction equation is the most frequently eGFR used. This method still have a weakness in accuracy, so the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula is developed. Since CKD-EPI is not practical for daily use, the MDRD is published for Asian population that includes Ch-E, Jp-E, and Th-E. In Indonesia, the MDRD formula has not been validated using any gold standard, therefore 2 new formulas have been developed, i.e. HARUS 15-30-60 and HADI formulas. In this study, we analyzed 102 medical records of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) patients who visited Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung during the period of 2012 to 2013. We analyzed the data using HARUS 15-30-60, HADI, Asian formulas, and then compared them to CKD-EPI to see the accuracy. Statistical analysis used was paired t-test in SPSS-17 program. Results: The accuracy of the different formulas are as follows: HADI (p=0.173), HARUS 15-30-60 (p=0.060), Ch-E (p=0.001), Th-E (p=0.000), and Jp-E (p=0.000). Conclusions: HADI is the most accurate formula, followed by HARUS Formula, Ch-E, and Th-E and Jp-E, respectively. Keywords: Chinese-equation, HADI and HARUS 15-30-60 formulas, Japanese-equation, and Thai-equation DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v3n1.403


Preterm birth places infants at increased risk for adverse developmental outcomes, with selfand affect regulation problems among the most important impairments. However, few studies have empirically examined maternal interpretation of infant affect in mothers of pre- and term infants. The current study examines how negative affect of mothers of preterm and term infants is associated with their interpretation of infant facial expressions. One hundred and sixty-eight mothers with their infants (64 term and 104 preterm) participated. Seven days after birth, mothers completed the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL; Matthews, Jones, & Chamberlain, 1990) to assess maternal negative affect. During a home visit, six months after birth, mothers additionally completed a task developed to measure infant affect interpretation (Interpreting Facial Expressions of Emotions through Looking at Pictures task, IFEEL pictures task; Emde, Osofsky, & Butterfield, 1993). Mothers of preterm infants reported more negative affect than mothers of term infants. However, the relationship between infant birth status (i.e., term vs. preterm) and maternal interpretation of infant facial expressions was moderated by the mother's own negative affectivity. Surprisingly, particularly mothers of term infants who also reported high levels of negative affect were found to interpret infant affect significantly more negatively. Prematurity itself does not seem to be a dominant factor in determining maternal infant affect interpretation, though maternal psychological negative mood does. Both theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.


Excerpt] The Annual Professional Performance Review (APPR) is the new teacher evaluation system adopted by New York State in 2012. Through APPR, each New York State teacher's performance is evaluated annually. If a teacher is rated Ineffective, he or she must take part in a Teacher Improvement Plan (TIP). If a teacher is rated Ineffective for two consecutive years, the teacher may be dismissed even if that teacher has tenure. Given these potential consequences, the ability to appeal APPR ratings and how those ratings are conducted has been a major issue for teachers and their unions. Under New York Education Law 3012-c, which establishes APPR, each school district negotiates its own APPR procedure with its local teachers union, including any procedures for appealing the performance review. This report examines the APPR appeals procedures established by school districts in order to investigate the following: Which aspects of the APPR process can teachers appeal? Who has the fi nal say in that appeals process? How much time do appeals processes take? Can teachers appeal APPR issues through the regular contractual grievance-arbitration procedure? This report addresses these questions by analyzing APPR appeal procedures for all New York State school districts. The data analyzed was gathered by coding the provisions of the APPR appeal procedures, which are publicly available on the New York State Department of Education website (1).


Are you looking for a great idea or some inspiration to make your business more effective and cutting edge? Do you need to motivate and inspire your employees, shareholders or customers? Do you need to turbocharge your career? Do you want to do things differently? By starting each day with a new idea, you can meet the challenges of modern-day business and work with energy and creativity. This bumper book contains 365 more great business ideas, one for each day of the year, extracted from the world's best companies and managers. From marketing to PR, presentations to time management, starting up new businesses to reducing costs, sales to writing great copy, each idea is succinctly described and is followed by advice on how it can be applied to the reader's own business situation. More Great Ideas a Day… is the companion guide to the best-selling An Idea a Day and offers even more ideas in a simple but potenitally powerful book for anyone seeking new inspiration and that killer application in their business and work life.


The Development Dilemma For Amartya Sen, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for economics, it was clear: "The most important thing that has happened in the 20th century is democracy." Yet today, for many developing countries in Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia, the value of democracy is not quite this self-evident. While Western nations preach "democratization" as the key to economic progress, the developing nations themselves must determine the best form of governance and the best economic policy that will drive their countries forward. In opposition to its knee-jerk appeal, some have argued that "democracy"-the presence of freely elected institutions and the ability to participate in them--is unnecessary and is, in fact, an obstacle to the progress of developing countries. There are theoretical arguments, empirical evidence, and events from recent history that may appear to support this thesis; yet, upon closer examination, the bulk of the argument proves untenable. Indeed, democracy is a factor that promotes economic growth. Though it cannot guarantee increases in a nation's GDP or per capita income, the practice of democracy is critical for long-term sustainable growth. Centralized Power Resistance to democracy arises from the belief that a strong central government is more conducive to development than democratic institutions. In particular, the influence of populism on policy formation is seen as the major drawback of democratic government. Since a democracy is dependent on the will of the people, some argue that such governments are less likely to make necessary but politically unpopular economic decisions; on the other hand, an authoritarian government could theoretically take necessary economic measures with an eye toward the long-term good without fear of reprisal at the ballot box. For instance, several historians have attributed Russia's economic disarray after the breakup of the Soviet Union to Russian President Boris Yeltsin's untimely introduction of democracy. In 1992, implementation of Russian Finance Minister Yegor Gaidar's "shock therapy"--abolishing price controls on all goods--was delayed because it was highly unpopular. This delay was a move that economists have widely criticized, and it undermined later economic reform. Conversely, officials may formulate popular but economically unviable policies, catering to the short-term desires of the masses rather than following a long-term economic blueprint. India, Asia's largest democracy, has often excused its economic failures as the "price of democracy"--frequent elections and proportional representation meant weak coalition governments that followed public opinion slavishly and isolated India from the world economy. However, political decisions are neither made in a vacuum nor based completely on public opinion. Although democracy may make government sensitive to the people's desires, this may be seen as insurance against the opposite: an oppressive government insensitive to the people's needs. An open political system helps root out pervasive corruption, which hurts development and discredits public authority. With democracy, a government has to account for its policies before an ever-demanding public, thus ensuring greater transparency and reining in corruption. Even as some argue that corruption is not intrinsic to undemocratic government and that an autocrat might be willing to forgo bounty in the near term to enhance long-term growth prospects and future revenues, evidence to the contrary abounds. Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, the Philippines' Ferdinand Marcos, and Kenya's Daniel arap Moi are just a few prominent examples of the corrupt dictators produced by a lack of transparency within the system. Without accountabili ty to the people, there is no way of ensuring that undemocratic governments deliver the goods. Getting Results Yet critics of democracy say that in the area of economic-policy implementation, undemocratic governments may be superior because, unlike democracies, they are not beset by constantly changing governments, bureaucracies, and interest groups. …


From its roots in strategic management theory, stakeholder management has been adopted by the construction management academic community and applied as a valid paradigm
around which research work has been generated aiming to improve project effi ciencies and effectiveness. However, academics have argued that stakeholder management should move away from purely theoretical discussions and engage more with the realities of construction project work. This paper re-appraises the stakeholder management concept for the construction domain by re-thinking some of the fundamental principles and ideals present within the more general stakeholder theory literature. It engages with issues which researchers have arguably failed to acknowledge and calls for a re-evaluation of construction
stakeholder management research by presenting a review around four distinctive themes: the moral obligations of engaging with stakeholders against the business and efficiency driven imperatives of construction organisations; the contrast between theoretical abstractions
and empirically grounded research; the tensions between theoretical convergence versus calls for multiple and divergent perspectives on stakeholder management and the
practicalities of conducting stakeholder management in the construction domain. Such a critical re-appraisal of stakeholder management thinking both generates new lines of
enquiry and promises to help inform and shape current and future industry practice.


Using the Web Audio API, a roomful of smartphones becomes a platform on which to create novel musical experiences. As seen at WAC 2015, composers and performers are using this platform to create clouds of sound distributed in space through dozens of loudspeakers. This new platform offers an opportunity to reinvent the roles of audience, composer, and performer. It also presents new technology challenges; at WAC 2015 some servers crashed under load. We also saw difficulties creating and joining private WiFi networks. In this piece, building on the lessons of WAC 2015, we load all our sound resources onto each phone at the beginning of the piece from a stable, well-known web host. Where possible, we use the new Service Worker API to cache our resources locally on the phone. We also replace real-time streaming control of roomful of phones with real-time engagement of the audience members as performers.


Southwest Libya is one of the most important desert regions in Libya with its significant historical oases and towns. This region is characterised by the unique design of vernacular desert dwellings, with a rich architectural heritage and a remarkable convergence of cultures from the locals in the region. The nature of these dwellings is founded on the harmonious blend between architecture and people, which has formed its architectural identity over centuries. However, in recent decades, the vernacular architecture of desert dwellings, which were sustainable for many centuries, is no longer able to keep up with the contemporary lifestyle for different generations. The vernacular architecture of desert dwellings and the architectural landscape in Southwest Libya face several serious challenges. These challenges include rapid changes to the building of contemporary dwellings with 'modern' trends for desert dwellings. Such trends have led to transformative patterns of socio-cultural life, which have recently resulted in the distortion of the architectural landscape of the region.
Southwest Libya has experienced defects in desert-dwelling designs in terms of the lack of compatibility of those dwellings with the socio-cultural needs of the locals, including a lack of harmony with the architectural identity and patterns of contemporary life. This is in addition to the distortion of the architectural landscape of historical towns, which is caused by the rapid intercalation of imported contemporary architectural trends into the socio-cultural features of the region. This condition is worsened by the fact that the current desert dwellings are, nevertheless, still designed and implemented as a result of the same trends, causing problems in meeting the requirements of socio-cultural sustainability for the locals.
Through the literary reviews it turned out that there is a great lack of consideration of aspects of social and cultural sustainability in Southwest Libya, and, in general, it is the aspect that is explored the least in the prevailing literature. This research highlights the absence of social and cultural sustainability considerations in the design of contemporary desert dwellings in southwest Libya. This research examined the levels of satisfaction of different generations, regarding both vernacular and contemporary desert-dwelling designs. Particular focus was placed on the views of the new generation with respect to architectural identity and contemporary lifestyle. In addition to, investigate the views of professionals and architects on the advantages and disadvantages of both vernacular and contemporary desert dwellings design as well as the socio-cultural features of sustainable desert dwellings design, including the issue of architectural identity and identity changes for young generations.
Data is collected through mixed-methods techniques: questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Three historical towns Ghadames, Sabha and Ghat in Southwest Libya are selected which are distinguished by the unique vernacular architecture expressing the identity, diversity and cultural heritage of its people as the case study.
The findings of the questionnaire showed different levels of satisfaction of the respondents with respect to the social and cultural sustainability features for both vernacular and contemporary desert-dwelling designs, most of which refer to levels of satisfaction with vernacular dwelling designs in terms of traditional values and cultural heritage; the levels of satisfaction with contemporary dwelling designs were about features that relate to the contemporary lifestyle. The findings also showed the new generation's response levels for architectural identity, architectural heritage, and contemporary lifestyle, as well as the preferences and desires of the population. The findings of the interviews showed an in-depth understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of desert dwellings design. The features highlighted the socio-cultural sustainability of both vernacular and contemporary desert dwellings in Southern Libya, which integrated and synthesised later with the findings of the questionnaire.
A set of guidelines was then formulated, based on the integration of the findings of the questionnaire and interviews with the lessons learned from vernacular architecture and the advantages of contemporary desert dwellings, to represent the fundamental points towards socio-cultural sustainability in desert dwellings design in Southwest Libya to increase residents' satisfaction with the design of their dwellings which fulfil their social and cultural needs. In addition to the most important steps to be taken by the relevant authorities to promote cultural identity and preserve the architectural identity, especially for the younger generations.


For Diagonal Diagram of Dispersed Documents, Material Conjectures will transform the gallery space at ArtLacuna, London into a large scale architectonic staging structure for a selection of materials produced, found and constructed through a variety of research methods.

DDDD brings together a group of internationally recognised researchers and practitioners:

Jonathan Darling | Rachel Garfield | Jaspar Joseph-Lester | Pil and Galia Kollectiv | Graham Lister | Mer. Maggie Roberts/0rphan Drift | Anne Tallentire | BAW and Bruce Gilbert

This exciting collection of research includes materials which investigate, interrogate or analyse a range of socially architectural devices: borders, migrations, regeneration, capitalist urban planning, government policy, barrier materials and adhoc structures. These materials are presented at points inside, upon and adjacent to a new large scale structure built for the gallery at ArtLacuna. The exhibition is an architectural diagram for encountering knowledges and data produced through the contributors' research activities. All the contributions share a concern with the ongoing crisis conditions of global capitalism and the disordering effects of these upon spatial relations or constructions.


INTRODUCTION
Heat-related illness is a critical factor for military personnel operating in hyperthermic environments. Heat illness can alter cognitive and physical performance during sustained operations missions. Therefore, the primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a novel cooling shirt on core body temperature in highly trained US Air Force personnel.

METHODS
Twelve trained (at least 80th percentile for aerobic fitness according to the American College of Sports Medicine, at least 90% on the US Air Force fitness test), male Air Force participants (mean values: age, 25 ± 2.8 years; height, 178 ± 7.9cm; body weight 78 ± 9.6kg; maximal oxygen uptake, 57 ± 1.9mL/kg/ min; and body fat, 10% ± 0.03%) completed this study. Subjects performed a 70-minute weighted treadmill walking test and 10-minute, 22.7kg sandbag shuttle test under two conditions: (1) "loaded" (shirt with cooling inserts) and (2) "unloaded" (shirt with no cooling inserts).

RESULTS
Core body temperature, exercise heart rate, capillary blood lactate, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. Core body temperature was lower (ρ = .001) during the 70-minute treadmill walking test in the loaded condition. Peak core temperature during the 70-minute walking test was also significantly lower (ρ = .038) in the loaded condition.

CONCLUSION
This lightweight (471g), passive cooling technology offers multiple hours of sustained cooling and reduced core and peak body temperature during a 70-minute, 22.7kg weighted-vest walking test.


The research paper has found out that the Malacca Zakat Centre (PZM) although had made efforts to increase collection of Zakat through various promotional activities such as talks (ceramah), exhibitions and phamplets to Zakat payers both in the government and private sectors as well as by having facilities of payment counters in the banks in Malacca such as with BBMB, BSN, BIMB and Maybank, it still did not much achieve the targeted collection amount of the Zakat. There seemed to be leakages and the availability of the facilities was not sufficient enough. The survey result clearly indicated that PZM should now make focus on Zakat collection more to the prospective Zakat payers i.e. the income earners not only in the government sector but also the private sector. This would help to increase the amount of Zakat collection. This was proved by the hypothesis I , saying that "most prospective Zakat payers in the income earner group did not pay Zakat on income" held true. The lack of facilities as the major reasons to most of the prospective Zakat payers for not paying the Zakat was not also proved to be true as shown in the hypothesis III in the report. PZM had intensively and adequately provided such physical facilities to pay Zakat by appointing collection agents in the bank counters through the signed MOU with a number of well-known banks in Malacca. It was identified that the lack of PZM's efforts to aggressively promote these facilities were the main cause of the lower level of awareness of most of the publics towards the use of these facilities. Promotional efforts through talks, phamplets, exhibitions and bill-boards at the banks can help increase this level of public awareness. The research paper also further identified the importance of promotional efforts to be stressed in order to achieve the amount of Zakat collection targeted. The PZM should promote straight to the right group i.e. the income earners in both the government and private sectors. However more focus should be to the private sectors as these groups were much neglected before. Finally, through the promotional efforts of talks PZM staff can effectively play a role to explain and highlight the Zakat payment through the salary deduction scheme as this is less burden some on the Zakat payers as compared to paying in lump sum at the end of the year. For this scheme to be successfully implemented PZM need to get the close cooperation of the employers.


The Central Asian orogenic belt, formed in response to consumption of the Paleo–Asian Ocean, is one of the largest and most complex accretionary collages in the world and was responsible for considerable Phanerozoic juvenile crustal growth in Central Asia. The timing of subduction-accretion processes and closure of the Paleo–Asian Ocean is controversial. The Xilingol complex, composed of deformed quartzofeldspathic rocks and lenticular or quasi-lamellar amphibolites, is located on the northern section of the eastern Central Asian orogenic belt in Inner Mongolia, China. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, and geochronology of an amphibolite and an epidote amphibolite from the complex. The protolith of the amphibolite is a gabbro or gabbroic diorite with a laser-ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U-Pb age of 382 ± 4 Ma and uniform eHf(t) values (–1.06 to +1.25). The protolith of the epidote amphibolite is a quartz diorite with a LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of 327 ± 5 Ma and uniform positive eHf(t) values (+0.78 to +4.11). The primitive magma of the Devonian gabbroic dike was generated by partial melting of a spinel lherzolite lithospheric mantle that was modified by fluids and melts from subducted slab components. A newly enriched lithospheric mantle is a possible source region for the Devonian mafic rocks. Fractionation of olivine and hornblende played a dominant role in magma differentiation with little or no crustal contamination. Amphibolite-facies metamorphism affected the Devonian gabbroic rocks at 321.6 ± 3.1 Ma, and the quartz diorite underwent epidote amphibolite-facies metamorphism at 279.4 ± 5.3 Ma, based on hornblende 40Ar/39Ar dating. The Devonian to Carboniferous intrusive rocks in the eastern Central Asian orogenic belt likely formed during the collapse of a mature arc at the southern margin of the South Mongolian microcontinent. Combining our results with previous data, we identify an initial phase of postcollisional extension (382–340 Ma) that occurred after earlier compression related to intra-oceanic subduction (484–469 Ma), ridge subduction (440–434 Ma), and arc-continent collision (427–383 Ma). We also constrain increasing extension accompanying extensive collapse of the mature arc (340–309 Ma), northward subduction of the forearc oceanic crust (322–274 Ma) coeval with development of the Hegenshan back-arc basin (354–269 Ma), and final collision (246–228 Ma). The presence of an accretionary belt along the southern margin of the South Mongolian microcontinent reflects the importance of continental growth by accretion of an arc chain during the Late Cambrian–Middle Triassic in the eastern Central Asian orogenic belt.


The game of Chinese Checkers is a challenging traditional board game of perfect information that differs from other traditional games in two main aspects: first, unlike Chess, all checkers remain indefinitely in the game and hence the branching factor of the search tree does not decrease as the game progresses; second, unlike Go, there are also no upper bounds on the depth of the search tree since repetitions and backward movements are allowed. Therefore, even in a restricted game instance, the state-space of the game can still be unbounded, making it challenging for a computer program to excel. In this work, we present an approach that effectively combines the use of heuristics, Monte Carlo tree search, and deep reinforcement learning for building a Chinese Checkers agent without the use of any human game-play data. Experiment results show that our agent is competent under different scenarios and reaches the level of experienced human players.


In cloud computing, instead of building their own network and facilities, companies can allocate resources from network operators, thus reducing hardware investment and maintenance cost. The company's IT infrastructure can be designed as an abstract virtual graph of services to be mapped into the substrate network of the operator. In this paper, we refer to the virtual graph mapping problem as service composition. How to identify and locate the substrate components to map the virtual graph to in an optimal way is the subject of this paper. We propose three algorithms for three different graph topologies: path, star, and tree, whose complexity is O(V3) + O(ERV2) where V is the set of substrate network nodes and ER is the set of virtual links. We also provide simulations to evaluate the performance of our algorithms.


Background—Falling victim to financial scams can have a significant impact upon social and financial wellbeing and independence. A large proportion of scam victims are older adults, but whether older victims with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at higher risk remains unknown. Objective—We tested the hypothesis that older persons with MCI exhibit greater susceptibility to scams compared to those without cognitive impairment. Methods—Seven hundred and thirty older adults without dementia were recruited from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a community-based epidemiologic study of aging. Participants completed a five-item self-report measure of susceptibility to scams, a battery of cognitive measures, and clinical diagnostic evaluations. Results—In models adjusted for age, education, and gender, the presence of MCI was associated with greater susceptibility to scams (B = 0.125, SE = 0.063, p-value = 0.047). Further, in analyses of the role of specific cognitive systems in susceptibility to scams among persons with MCI (n = 144), the level of performance in two systems, episodic memory and perceptual speed abilities, were associated with susceptibility. Conclusions—Adults with MCI may be more susceptible to scams in old age than older persons with normal cognition. Lower abilities in specific cognitive systems, particularly perceptual speed and episodic memory, may contribute to greater susceptibility to scams in those with MCI.


The rule-based formal language of "stochastic sensitive growth grammars" was designed to describe algorithmically the changing morphology of forest trees during their lifetime under the impact of endogenous and exogenous factors, and to generate 3-D simulations of tree structures in a systematic manner. The description in the form of grammars allows the precise specification of structural models with functional components. These grammars (extended L-systems) can be interpreted by the software GROGRA (Growth grammar interpreter) yielding time series of attributed 3-D structures representing plants. With some recent extensions of the growth-grammar language (sensitive functions, local variables) it is possible to model environmental control of shoot growth and some simple allocation strategies, and to obtain typical competition effects in tree stands qualitatively in the model.


The recent development of Internet cellular and wireless networks led several mobile phone manufacturers to create smartphones able to connect to the Internet anytime-anywhere. Despite the growing dependency of mobile phones from the Internet, very little efforts have been done to measure wireless network performances from smartphones. In this paper, we introduce SmartProbe, a tool dedicated to smartphones able to discover the bottleneck link capacity between two hosts. This tool is based on the technique proposed in PBProbe, but uses a lower amount of resources, making it appealing to the smartphone environment, where the battery consumption and costs are topics of extreme importance. Thanks to the capability of smartphones to understand the type of network where they are connected and to the technique exploited to choose the correct size of the probing packet train, Smart probe is able to save on average more than 80% of data if compared to the original technique depicted in PBProbe, still maintaining a comparable precision.


Since the development of p-type material in 1989, research in nitride emitter technology has developed rapidly over the last 15 years. This material system provided a new range of color applications that could be better utilized and with far better reliability than the II-VI material system. This report examines material systems and developments for short wavelength (green-ultraviolet) lasers and LEDs.


Detection of wooden foreign bodies in dogs can be challenging. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was done to describe computed tomographic (CT) signs associated with wooden foreign bodies, and to estimate the accuracy of CT for detection of wooden foreign bodies. Patient records and CT images were reviewed for 72 dogs that had a history of suspected stick injury and CT of the affected body part, or possible wooden foreign object reported on CT, and had surgical exploration during the same period of hospitalization. Duration of clinical signs was acute in 48 (67%) dogs and chronic in 24 (33%). Wood was removed from 55 dogs, including a piece of a tree or shrub in 33 (60%) instances, kebab stick in 8 (15%), piece of bamboo garden cane in 2 (4%), cocktail stick in 2 (4%), thorn in 1 (2%), and unidentified wood in the remaining nine instances. Based on review of CT images with knowledge of the surgical findings, sensitivity of CT for wooden foreign bodies was 79% (95% CI 65%-89%), specificity 93% (78%-98%), positive likelihood ratio 11.5 (2.9-44.1), and negative likelihood ratio 0.23 (0.13-0.41). Wooden foreign bodies were predominantly rectangular or linear, with median length 48 mm (range 2-270 mm), median thickness 3 mm (range 1-22 mm), and median attenuation 111 HU (range -344 to +640 HU). A CT finding of gas in soft tissues was significantly associated with acute cases, whereas suspected foreign material, cavitary lesions, fat stranding, and periosteal reaction on adjacent bones were associated with chronic cases.


PURPOSE
To compare the agility demands of 4 small-sided games (SSGs) and evaluate the variability in demands for elite Australian Football (AF).

METHODS
Fourteen male elite Australian Football League (AFL) players (mean ± SD; 21.7 ± 3.1 y, 189.6 ± 9.0 cm, 88.7 ± 10.0 kg, 39.4 ± 57.1 games) completed 4 SSGs of 3 × 45-s bouts each with modified designs. Video notational analysis, GPS at 5 Hz, and triaxial accelerometer data expressed the external player loads within games. Three comparisons were made using a paired t test (P < .05), and magnitudes of differences were reported with effect size (ES) statistics.

RESULTS
Reduced area per player (increased density) produced a small increase in total agility maneuvers (SSG1, 7.2 ± 1.3; SSG2, 8.8 ± 4.1), while a large 2D player load was accumulated (P < .05, ES = 1.22). A reduction in players produced a moderate (ES = 0.60) total number of agility maneuvers (SSG 3, 11.3 ± 6.1; SSG 2, 8.3 ± 3.6); however, a greater variability was found. The implementation of a 2-handed-tag rule resulted in a somewhat trivial decline (P > .05, ES = 0.16) in agility events compared with normal AFL tackling rules (SSG 2, 8.3 ± 3.6; SSG 4, 7.8 ± 2.6).

CONCLUSIONS
SSG characteristics can influence agility-training demand, which can vary considerably for individuals. Coaches should carefully consider SSG design to maximize the potential to develop agility for all players.


In recent years nationalism has emerged as one of the dominant issues of our time. In this lucid and balanced account, David McCrone lays out the key issues and debates around a subject which is too often obscured by polemic. Among topics covered are: * classical and contemporary theories of nationalism * nationalism and ethnicity * nationalism and the nation state * colonial and post-colonial nationalisms * neo nationalism and post communist nationalism.


Colonic metaplasia of the ileal reservoir in patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is described in pathological and histochemical studies. So far, there are no reports on the imaging presentation of colonic transformation. We describe the distinctive post-operative MRI features found in a 28-year-old patient with IPAA after failed conservative treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis. These distinct MRI features of colonic transformation of ileum mimicking normal colon are important to know for radiologists reading MR examinations of patients with IPAA.


Effective remediation of sulphide-bearing mine tailings is a fundamental aspect in mine plan development. Novel solutions to replace virgin materials in engineered dry cover amendments using sewage sludge biosolids (SS) were evaluated in laboratory-, pilot-, and field-scale experiments. The aim of this thesis is to be able to identify the applicability of SS as a long-term (10 000 year) dry cover amendment for sulphide mine tailings remediation. The utilisation of SS could provide a low-cost approach to mitigate sulphide mine tailings oxidation, acid rock drainage (ARD) formation, and offer a solution towards the co-disposal of two wastes simultaneously. Three experiments evaluated five different SS applications at pilot- and field-scales. The experiments were innovative as they stepped outside of the laboratory domain, and evaluated time periods spanning 0-8 years. The first study addressed a novel solution to replace common sealing layer barrier materials within a composite dry cover with SS. In the 8-year experimental period, it was found that the SS acted as an effective physical and organic reactive barrier to oxygen diffusion. This created a reductive, high alkalinity, near-neutral pH environment in the underlying tailings. Sludge-derived Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn accumulated in the sludge-to-tailings interface, and the effluent drainage exhibited low (<10 µg L-1) dissolved Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations. However, aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes exhausted 85 % of the organic fraction of the SS, and combined with the leaching of metals, exhibited a 19.6 % sludge mass reduction. The second study focused upon using a field-scale application of SS as a vegetation substrate applied onto a formerly remediated tailings impoundment. The objective delineated the magnitude, duration and fate of sludge-borne constituents by groundwater well monitoring methods and geochemical modelling. The findings indicated that ~ 17 % of the SS was degraded after 2 years of surface weathering, due to nitrification, aerobic degradation, and the leaching of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The metals formed highly mobile organo-metallic complexes that were readily transported though the groundwater. Stoichiometric ratios indicated that nitrate acted as an oxidant to pyrite in the underlying tailings. The effects were temporary due to vegetation establishment, which suppressed nitrate release within 2 years. The third field-scale study investigated the use of a single SS layer onto bare sulphide mine tailings, and when combined with a fly-ash layer. The aim of the study was to identify if a single layer would mitigate oxygen diffusion, and if not, if a combined sludge/fly-ash cover would be more effective. The findings of this study indicated that a single layer of SS above the tailings was ineffective at preventing oxygen diffusion and ARD formation, and merely slowed the process by 20 % in 2 years. In addition, sludge-derived metals (Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn) accumulated in the underlying tailings. The combined sludge/fly-ash cover was effective at immobilising the sludge-derived metals, and acted as an effective barrier to oxygen. Nevertheless, the SS continued to perpetuate the application, as high concentrations of nitrate provided an oxidant to pyrite. Two laboratory experiments were set-up to quantify aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation rates of the organic fraction of the SS and to calibrate them with the field data to provide a model for estimating the life-time of the cover. Within 156 and 230 day experiments at 20-22°C, aerobic and anaerobic degradation rates each resulted in a 14.8 % and 27.8 % loss of the organic fraction respectively. Field biodegradation rates were modelled to be slower, due to colder field temperatures and a high degree of water-saturation. Predictions indicate aerobic biodegradation rates will result in a 20 % loss of total organic matter degradation in 2 years of field conditions. Anaerobic biodegradation prediction rates indicate an exhaustion of readily-degradable organic fractions within 2 years. However, a large residual organic fraction left is more recalcitrant to biodegradation. The findings of this thesis indicate that SS may be effective in limited application types for sulphide mine tailings remediation. However, long-term engineered cover applications may be compromised by high rates of biodegradation in both surface and sub-surface amendments.


Daughter of Damascus presents a personal account of a Syrian woman's youth in the Suq Saruja ("old city") quarter of Damascus in the 1940s. Siham Tergeman wrote this book to preserve the details of a "genuine Arab past" for Syrian young people. In it, she relates the customs pertaining to marriage, birth, circumcision, and death. She writes of Ramadan festivities, family picnics to the orchards of the Ghuta, weekly trips to the public bath, her school experiences, Damascene cooking, peddlers' calls, and proverbs. She includes the well-known dramatic skits, songs, and tales of the Syrian Hakawati storytellers. And, through the words of her father, she describes the difficult period when Syrians were involved in the Balkans War and World War I. All this wealth of ethnographic detail is set in real-life vignettes that make the book lively and entertaining reading. Little has been published about modern Syrian social life. In this English translation of an Arabic memoir originally published in Syria in 1978, Tergeman appeals to a wide audience. General readers will find a charming story, while scholars can find source material for university courses in anthropology, sociology, family and women's studies, and Middle Eastern area studies. The introduction by anthropologist Andrea Rugh portrays Syrian social life for Western readers and points out some of the nuances that might escape the attention of those unacquainted with Arab culture.


Individual-based modelling (IBM) is an important option in ecology for the study of specific properties of complex ecological interaction networks. The main application of this model type is the analysis of population characteristics at high resolution. IBM also contributes to the advancement of ecological theory. One of the remarkable potentials of the approach is the possibility of studying self-organization and emergent properties that arise from individual actions on higher integration levels, especially on the population level. This review outlines the background and different application fields of individual-based models together with a short description of the technical implications of model setup. The limitations of this modelling approach result from the technical basis of model construction, which can handle a limited number of active entities only. Limits in biological knowledge also restrict the application of this model type. The paper presents some individual-based models that have been developed for different purposes and briefly discusses these models. Concerning the perspective of IBM, a coincidence with developments in artificial life research is explained. IBM shifts the focus of ecological analysis of dynamic systems from structurally fixed settings to the analysis of self-organizing interaction patterns that are variable in quantity and quality.


Subjected to an adequately high magnetic field, Landau levels (LLs) form to alter the electronic transport behavior of a semiconductor. Especially in two-dimensional (2D) limit, quantum Hall effect sheds light on a variety of intrinsic properties of 2D electronic systems. With the raising quality of field effect transistors (FET) based on few-layer black phosphorus (BP), electronic transport in quantum limit (quantum transport) has been extensively studied in literatures. This chapter investigates the electronic transport in few-layer BP, especially in quantum limit. At the beginning of this chapter, a brief introduction to the background of LL, edge state, and quantum Hall effect will be delivered. We then examine the fabrication of high-quality FET based on BP and their electronic performances followed by exploring the magnetoresistances of these high-quality devices which reveal Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations and quantum Hall effect in BP. Intrinsic parameters like effective mass, Landé g-factor, and so on are discussed based on quantum transport.


The Gorda plate, the southernmost fragment of the larger Juan de Fuca plate system, is an example of a nonrigidly deforming tectonic accommodation zone or buffer plate, absorbing deformation and allowing the surrounding larger plates to act in a more rigid fashion. Here we present a new structural analysis of the plate based on full-plate bathy- metric coverage, augmented by seismic reflection data and earthquake moment tensors and locations. We interpret internal deformation of the Gorda plate as an asymmetrical flexural-slip buckle with a vertical axis, utilizing reactivation of spreading-ridge fabric normal faults as strike-slip faults. Newly formed second-generation faults crosscutting the structural grain overprint the reactivated structures. The spreading fabric faults finally begin a second phase of extension as the plate approaches the subduction zone. This model, based on fault constraints, has allowed investigation of ridge-plate-subduction interac- tions, and suggests that spreading-rate variations along the Gorda Ridge may be con- trolled by internal deformation of the plate rather than the reverse, as previously hypothesized.


There has been no previously reported case series study regarding chest radiographic (CXR) presentations in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients. We retrospectively studied 363 DHF patients from June to December 2002 in southern Taiwan, and a total of 468 CXRs were obtained and reviewed. More than 50% of these showed abnormalities after the 3rd day, with infiltration only and small pleural effusion as the major findings. Progressive changes during the first week and improvements during the second week were observed in these abnormal CXRs. The CXR presentation was also significantly correlated with laboratory findings (white blood cell count, platelet levels, activated partial thromboplastin time, and alanine aminotransferase and albumin levels), as well as the clinical course (renal insufficiency, liver function impairment, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, combination bacterial infection, and duration of admission) and outcome (mortality). The CXR may therefore be a modality for evaluating the clinical course of DHF and should be made during first week after the onset of illness.


AbstractThis paper highlights the inadequacies of traditional RAPMs (risk-adjusted performance measures) and proposes AIRAP (alternative investments risk-adjusted performance), based on Expected Utility theory, as a RAPM better suited to alternative investments. AIRAP is the implied certain return that a risk-averse investor would trade off for holding risky assets. AIRAP captures the full distribution, penalizes for volatility and leverage, is customizable by risk aversion, works with negative mean returns, eschews moment estimation or convergence requirements, and can dovetail with stressed scenarios or regime-switching models. A modified Sharpe ratio is proposed. The results are contrasted with Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen rankings to show significant divergence. Evidence of non-normality and the tradeoff between mean–variance merits vis-a-vis higher moment risks is noted. The dependence of optimal leverage on risk aversion and track record is noted. The results have implications for manager selection and fund of hedge funds portfolio construction.


Keyphrases are an important means of document summarization, clustering, and topic search. Only a small minority of documents have author-assigned keyphrases, and manually assigning keyphrases to existing documents is very laborious. Therefore it is highly desirable to automate the keyphrase extraction process. This paper shows that a simple procedure for keyphrase extraction based on the naive Bayes learning scheme performs comparably to the state of the art. It goes on to explain how this procedure's performance can be boosted by automatically tailoring the extraction process to the particular document collection at hand. Results on a large collection of technical reports in computer science show that the quality of the extracted keyphrases improves signi cantly when domain-speci c information is exploited.


[Excerpt] "Long before the framers of New Hampshire's first constitution admonished legislatures and magistrates to cherish education, the provincial government had already established requirements for providing public education; these requirements were related to the size of a settlement. By 1708, the provincial government in New Hampshire had established the first public school. Not surprisingly, the school was in Portsmouth, which was, at the time, the seat of the provincial government. On May 2, 1719, the province passed an act that required communities of fifty families to employ a school teacher. Under the same act, a community that had one hundred families was required to maintain a school. Thus, the province established the duty to provide access to public education in New Hampshire and mandated that the settlements implement it. Where a child lived was the causal connection in the expansion of public education. The purpose of this work is to ascertain whether, as a matter of public policy, the location in which a student lives should continue to determine which public school that student shall attend. The article will first look at the development in, and some of the early exceptions to, the residency requirement and how they have affected education policy. Next, it will discuss the role that state and federal statutes, court decisions, school funding litigation, technology, and current national projects have in modifying a strict reliance on residency as the primary factor that decides where students have access to public education. Finally, it will analyze whether the reliance on a residency-based public education system continues to be justifiable. While the focus of this article is on public education in New Hampshire, the article also considers statutes and court decisions from Florida and Colorado, as well as some federal statutes and court decisions, in order to illustrate the general application of this analysis to public education nationwide and to demonstrate that the New Hampshire experience is not necessarily unique. There was no particular rationale for the choice of states other than to offer a limited, but geographically diverse, view as evidence of the parallel between the state experience in New Hampshire and that in other states, and of the experience at the national level."


I was one of seven designer/makers commissioned to make work for the group show 'Out of the Ordinary', at the V&A, in conjunction with the Crafts Council. The exhibition highlighted makers and designers who push the boundaries of what craft is. My installation challenged traditional ways of showing contemporary craft, and also married craft with design, by presenting my conceptual ideas in multi media and consumable forms.

Rather than adorning the body with jewellery, I transformed the museum space with traces of the body, appealing to the senses of vision, taste and hearing. My installation consisted of five elements: sound, objects, lenticulars, film and chocolate masks.

A small film loop of my face was set into the wall at eye level. It recorded changes of expression as I talked, smiled, frowned. Fragments of these facial expressions were captured on chocolate lollipops in the shop: a frown, a wink or a smirk was sold as edible expressions. In the gallery space, hidden speakers transmitted the sounds of breathing, clearings one's throat and swallowing. Glass balls suspended from the ceiling enveloped isolated body parts (a development from the Alexander McQueen pieces, see output 1). A group of lenticulars showed a model turning 360 degrees wearing some of the glass balls. As the viewer circles them the image changes and different things are revealed.

My initial process started with sketches, photographs and body casts; I then worked collaboratively with specialists to produce these objects. The lenticulars are illustrated and written about in the exhibition catalogue. Although not a new form, I used them in a new way.

The impact of the installation is based on the way that it pushes the boundaries of conceptual jewellery, craft practice and representation, using multi media and sensory design.


Samuel Johnson haunted the nineteenth-century American literary imagination, and there is no more compelling example of this than Nathaniel Hawthorne, who modeled his uniquely reticent form of authorial exemplarity in Johnson's sociable shadow. This essay looks at a neglected dimension of Hawthorne's historical and moral endeavor in his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter (1850), by considering his fascination with both the great Augustan moralist and the elusive, mobile, and seminal historical genre that shaped that fascination, the anecdote. The genre of exemplarity par excellence, the anecdote is also, in Joel Fineman's words, "the literary form that uniquely lets history happen by virtue of the way it introduces an opening into the teleological, and therefore timeless, narration of beginning, middle, and end." The anecdote is thus the "hole within the whole" from which alternative histories, including the true histories known as romances, can emerge. Hawthorne's lifelong preoccupation with James Boswell's anecdote of Johnson's penance in Uttoxeter Market roots a uniquely American fictional hero (aka Arthur Dimmesdale) and Hawthorne's distinctively melancholic mode of American authorship, in Johnson's English singularity.


Abstract The major surface antigens expressed by free-living and parasitic protozoa commonly contain repeating cysteine motifs. Despite the common occurrence of these repeats their functional significance remains largely unexplored. In this paper we investigate the conserved cysteine repeats within the variable surface antigens of Paramecium tetraurelia. We show that deletion of 2 entire repeating units or portions of repeats near the N-terminus does not prevent expression of the A51 variable surface antigen. Alteration of a single cysteine to serine residue also has no effect on A51 expression. In contrast, deletions near the C-terminus of the protein have identified a small segment within the repeats that is required for expression on the surface. The required region contains a number of conserved amino acid residues, yet site-directed mutagenesis of two residues (serine and threonine to alanine) did not prevent expression. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using deletion analysis to identify regions critical for the expression of cysteine-rich surface antigens. The relationship of these results to the structure and expression of cysteine-rich surface proteins in other protozoa is discussed.


Author(s): Van Way, Valerie | Abstract: Upon discovery in 1980 in the San Diego area of a feral population of Indian White-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa), a prohibited species in California, an eradication program was begun by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). Mist-netting and shooting proved to be the most successful of the capture methods explored. After three and one-half seasons of retrieval effort and 330 birds taken, fewer than a dozen birds now have been detected in the wild. Within the remainder of the fiscal year, CDFA is conducting intense survey and retrieval. Whether eradication is feasible and applicable to other incipient infestations of exotic birds potentially detrimental to agriculture within the State is yet to be determined.


Cancer has the fastest growing prevalence of any non-communicable disease in Canada. Oral and other take-home cancer drugs have been a major game-changer allowing cancer patients to live longer while staying at home without the stressful ordeal of IV chemotherapy. The Canada Health Act only provides for government reimbursement for IV cancer drugs administered in a hospital or cancer centre. In Ontario and Atlantic Canada, patients must personally pay some or all of the cost of medications that are taken at home, even if they are considered the standard of care as part of internationally accepted treatment protocols. A sensitivity analysis was conducted for Ontario on the pool of 9,588 financially vulnerable new cancer patients assuming different levels of oral drug penetration and different drug costs. The last dollar scenario, where the Province steps in after private insurance has paid its share, for a year's worth of oral cancer drugs for new cancer cases would produce a budget impact of $28 million. For first-dollar coverage the budget impact would be $58.5 million. On an on-going, annualized, first-dollar basis, covering all cancer cases, full coverage would yield a budgetary impact of $93.8 million. Universal funding of oral cancer drugs will save the healthcare system money overall; provide better, more meaningful data; provide better quality of life for cancer patients; provide better purchaser negotiating positions for the procurement of novel prescription pharmaceuticals; and, provide quicker access for patients to life-saving therapy with better outcomes.


In the first half of the twentieth century, when Japanese and Arabic poets began writing free-verse poetry, many terms were proposed as labels for the new form. In addition to the calques on "free verse," neologisms were created to name the new poetry. What is striking is that, in these two quite different literary spheres, a number of the proposed neologisms were the same: for example, in both Japanese and Arabic the terms prose poetry , modern poetry , and colloquial poetry were proposed (among others) as alternatives to the label free poetry . This essay provides an annotated list of the neologisms in Japanese and Arabic, with a list of English terms for comparison; and by referring to the contemporary Japanese and Arabic criticism on the topic of poetic innovation, this essay attempts to explain the similarity between the Japanese and Arabic neologisms. In short, the Japanese and Arabophone arguments in favour of adapting the free-verse form were based on similar premises regarding modernity, freedom, and a vision of literary history that was rooted in an evolutionary theory of genre development.