A Monte-Carlo model of exospheres was extended by treating the solar wind ion induced sputtering
process, quantitatively in a self-consistent way starting with the actual release of particles from the
mineral surface of Mercury. Mercury is a body without a significant atmosphere, thus, the surface is
effected by different processes that are mainly related to the radiation and plasma environment of
the Sun and to micrometeorites, which are delivered to Mercury's surface. In such a case it can be
assumed that the composition of Mercury's thin collisionless atmosphere, the exosphere, is related
to the composition of the planetary crustal materials. If so, then inferences regarding the bulk
chemistry of the planet can be made from a study of atoms and molecules in the exosphere after
they are released from the mineral surface by a variety of release processes. One difficult challenge
is the identification of the main source of some elements like H, He, Na or K. Generally it is
believed that H and He come primarily from the solar wind, while Na and K originate from
volatilized materials partitioned between Mercury's crust and impacts from meteorites. Besides the
before mentioned elements corresponding to spectroscopic observations and experiments with soil
analogues, other elements such as O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, OH should also
be related with Mercury's surface soils (Wurz et al., 2010, and references therein). Based on
available observational data and literature data we established a global model for the surface
mineralogy of Mercury and from that derived the average elemental composition of the surface.
Compositional data analysis has been employed for Mercury's surface minerals recently by
(Sprague et al., 2009). In these cases the applied method was based on simple correlation methods,
which do not exploit the full potential of the available data. In addition, the closed nature of
compositional data, i.e., the assumption that component concentrations have to sum up to 100% in
an analysis, bears important implications for the statistical analysis of compositional data, which do
not seem to have been sufficiently appreciated until now. To investigate the default of the classical
additive analysis method our research group applied recently a more realistic multiplicative method
(Aitchison, 1986) based on the Euclidean space geometry of the simplex (see the chapter Elements
of simplicial linear algebra and geometry). Our recent results presented in detail in Wurz et al.,
(2010) for Mercury will be discussed. This model serves as a tool to estimate densities of species in
the exosphere depending on the release mechanism and the associated physical parameters
quantitatively describing the particle release from the surface


Graduate students often lack concrete advice on publishing. This essay is an attempt to fill this important gap. Advice is given on how to publish everything from book reviews to articles, replies to book chapters, and how to secure both edited book contracts and authored monograph contracts, along with plenty of helpful tips and advice on the publishing world (and how it works) along the way in what is meant to be a comprehensive, concrete guide to publishing that should be of tremendous value to graduate students working in any area of the humanities and social sciences.


Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mechanism with high-intensity pulsed laser excitation has not been well understood. We think complete understanding of this unknown effect in PDT leads perfect treated depth control at various lesions. To realize the depth controlled PDT for atheromatous plaque therapy with a fibrous cap intact and surrounding damage free, we studied PDT against murine macrophage-like cells in vitro with the second-generation chlorin photosensitizer manufactured by Photochemical Co. Ltd. (Okayama Japan). The relation between the excitation conditions (pulse energy density and repetition rate) and PDT photocytotoxicity was examined in vitro. The XeCl excimer laser pumped dye laser (wavelength: 669±3 nm, pulse duration: 7ns in FWHM) was used with the pulse energy density from 1.2 to 9.5 mJ/cm2, and the pulse repetition rate from 5 to 80 Hz. Under higher pulse energy density condition, no significant PDT photocytotoxicity was obtained. We examined the photobleaching of the protein containing photosensitizer medium solution, which is considered to correlates with the generation of singlet oxygen. Under higher pulse energy condition, the photobleaching efficiency decrease was observed and the measured PDT effect decrease in terms of laser pulse energy density could be explained by the photobleaching. We measured the oxygen partial pressure in photosensitizer medium solution immediately after the laser exposure. The decrease of oxygen partial pressure, i.e., the amount of the oxygen consumption during the laser exposure was observed 46 mmHg under the excitation condition of the pulse energy density of 9.5 mJ/cm2, the total fluence of 5 J/cm2, the repetition rate of 80Hz, and correlated with the bleaching efficiency 87% under the same condition. We calculated cell death distribution in depth direction based on measured photocytotoxicity under various pulse energy densities. The possibility of depth controlled PDT for safety atheromatous plaque therapy was suggested by the PDT effect alteration depending on pulse energy density.


The Dα emission time-series from the TCV tokamak was investigated for a large set of ELMy discharges, to determine whether fluctuations in the time delay between ELMs are the result of noise only, or whether a deterministic process in a chaotic state exists, as suggested by results on JT-60U (Bak \textit{et al} 1999 \textit{Phys. Rev. Lett.} \textbf{83} 1339). This study was carried out by searching the time-series of each discharge for transient sequences that are generic to chaotic systems, called unstable periodic orbits (UPOs). By taking a statistical approach, a subset of discharges with q95 greater than 2.6 were shown to contain many more UPOs than could be expected if the dynamical system was noise dominated, and the properties of these UPOs were found to exhibit systematic variations with plasma parameters. Specifically, the period of the unstable fixed point ΔT* was found to scale independently with the plasma current, density and the inner plasma-wall distance. In a number of cases, two separate fixed points were found to co-exist during the same discharge.


This thesis investigates the role of rural primary school teachers in
community development activities within an integrated rural education
centres project (IRECs) in southern Sudan.
The study explores five areas of importance for an extended teacher's role in
rural areas: (i) the school or community environment, (ii) community
perception of the teacher's role and its expectations of the school, (iii)
teachers' perception of their own role in the community, (iv) teachers'
satisfaction and morale, and (v) the influence of teachers social attributes
(age, sex, ethnicity and language), previous general education and professional
training programmes.
An eclectic methodology was adopted. Various indicators were developed to
assess the influence of the above factors on teachers' involvement in
community development work. Of particular interest were indicators of (i)
teacher leadership abilities, (ii) involvement in community organizations,
(iii) teacher status and prestige, (iv) measures of adoption of new practices
among teachers and the community and (v) teacher satisfaction and morale.
It is argued that for teachers to exercise leadership, they need to have high
status in the community, they must be seen to influence decisions and control
of scarce resources, they need to have the necessaary pedagogic skills, and
must be committed to working with rural people.
The study further concludes that projects like IRECs which, are often
centrally planned and controlled often take insufficient account of the
existing realities in rural areas regarding the attitudes, expectations and felt
needs of the rural masses and the development situations prevailing in rural
communities. Such projects are often based on too categoric premises about
the nature of rural problems. IRECs exaggerated the capacity of the rural
primary school teachers as change agents and did little to improve the status
of these agents. Hence, there remained a wide discrepancy between the
project intentions and what was actually implemented and realised by the
project.


We present a novel algorithm for motion planning of a deformable robot in a static environment. Given the initial and final configuration of the robot, our algorithm computes an approximate path using the probabilistic roadmap method. We use "constraint-based planning" to simulate robot deformation and make appropriate path adjustments and corrections to compute a collision-free path. Our algorithm takes into account geometric constraints like non-penetration and physical constraints like volume preservation. We highlight the performance of our planner on different scenarios of varying complexity.


The Vestfold Hills block of the East Antarctic Shield is an Archean
granulite facies complex crossed by hundreds of mafic dykes. The dykes
compose five chemically distinct suites emplaced in three separate magmatic
episodes during the Early-Middle Proterozoic. Sampling of Chilled margins
coupled with detailed documentation of cross-cutting relationships form the
basis for studying the chemical and temporal evolution of each dyke suite
as well as providing insight into the chemical evolution of the
subcontinental mantle during the Proterozoic. Furthermore, the emplacement
of the swarms is bracketed by tectonothermal metamorphic events at
ca.2500 Ma and ca.1100 Ma. Previous studies of the metamorphic assemblages
which developed during these events have provided constraints on the
P,T, time path of the Shield. A principal purpose of the present study has
been to determine emplacement depths of the dyke suites in order to further
restrict the possible uplift path of the shield during the -1400 Ma
interval separating, the final two major deformations. High pressure experimental techniques were used to determine the load
pressure at the emplacement depth of two samples representing dyke suites
intruded at ca.2400 Ma and ca.1360 Ma. This was accomplished by
experimentally reproducing the chilled margin phenocryst assemblage and the
phase compositions after first rigorously evaluating crystal/liquid KD's to
ensure the studied material represented liquid compositions: The results
of the experimental studies were also applied to compositionally similar
dykes from the Napier Complex of Enderby Land. The studies indicate the
Napier Complex and the Vestfold Hills are characterized by -2000 Ma of
crustal stability following the peak metamorphic event at ca .3100 Ma. Both
terrains followed identical isobaric cooling paths, to ca.2500 Ma, After
which the Napier Complex remained at deep crustal levels ( -28 km) until
ca.1000 Ma, while the Vestfold Hills was exhumed at a rate of -1cm/1000 a
until ca. 1100 Ma. This long period of crustal stability experienced by
both terrains was terminated by a Himalayan-style tectonic event which
resulted in isothermal decompression at a minimum net rate of 11cm/1000 a
in the Napier Complex, while crustal loading, depressed the Vestfold Hills
from depths of -16 km to -22 km resulting in the formation of garnet in the
mafic dykes. In the absence of more recent deformational events, it is
assumed that these terrains experienced slow, erosion controlled uplift
since ca.1000 Ma. The oldest undeformed mafic dyke swarm in the Vestfold Hills was
emplaced at ca.2400 Ma and is composed of two contemporaneous suites, a
Si02 -rich, high-Mg tholeiite suite and a Fe-rich tholeiite suite, which
compare favourably to basaltic komatiite -Fe tholeiite associations of
Archean greenstone belts. Normalized plots of incompatible trace elements,
phase compositions, and major element ratios divide the high-Mg suite into
three distinct subgroups. The trace element characteristics and isotopic
studies prohibit these subgroups from being related by crystal
fractionation and previous isotopic studies preclude crustal contamination
as a source of chemical variations. Major and trace element evaluation
also indicates that two of the chemically distinct subgroups were derived
from a primitive liquid extracted from "chondritic" mantle sources leaving
an olivine + orthopyroxene residue. Superimposed upon the chondritic
characteristics is evidence for selective trace element contamination
through a "wall-rock" reaction-type process, possibly with a plagioclasebearing
lherzolite. Comparison of an estimated parental liquid composition
with experimental melting studies indicates magma extraction took place at
pressures of -10 kbar (35 km), consistent with the geochemical signature
indicating partial melting with a plagioclase-bearing mantle. The more
differentiated Fe-rich tholeiites are depleted in LIL elements compared to
the high-Mg tholeiites which excludes any simple relationship between the
suites by a fractional crystallization process. Three petrographically and chemically distinct groups can be
identified within the Fe-rich suite. Two groups can be related in both
major and trace element variations by crystal fractionation, but field
relationships preclude this simple interpretation. All the groups have REE
patterns indicating derivation from an unfractionated mantle, which
precludes a relationship with the high-Mg suite by polybaric melt
extraction of a single source. The two closely related groups display
enrichment in P and Zr in excess of that due to crystal fractionation.
This may represent a relatively deep level wall-rock reaction process as
the third group displays elemental enrichments identical to that of the
high-14g tholeiites (formed at -10 kbar).
The youngest and volumetrically largest dyke swarm was emplaced in
the Vestfold Hills at ca.1360 Ma and is dominated by Fe-rich tholeiites
with subsidiary, though widespread alkaline dykes. The major and trace
element diversity of the Fe-rich suite can be accounted for by a crystal
fractionation dominated process. However, the geochemical trends are
defined by clusters of analyses which in themselves define differentiation
trends that cannot be related to fractionation of the phenocryst phases. Furthermore, the ordering of the groups does not relate to a simple,
monotonic emplacement sequence. The nature of the small-scale geochemical
trends and the complex emplacement style may be the result of "open system"
magma chamber processes. Rare earth element profiles, as well as the
incompatible element plots indicate the parental liquids to this suite were
derived from a primitive source which had not experienced previous melting
events.


A rare late Sarmatian terrestrial gastropod fauna is described from the Gratkorn Basin. This intramontane basin developed during the Miocene at the junction between the Eastern Alps and the Pannonian Basin System. During the mid-Sarmatian, a considerable drop of the relative sea level, probably coinciding with uplift in the Eastern Alps, caused the Paratethys Sea to retreat from marginal basins and embayments. An alluvial plain developed in the Gratkorn Basin, indicated by fluvial gravel and paleosol formation. A moderately diverse gastropod fauna of 17 species inhabited this alluvial plain. The composition corresponds to Sarmatian faunas from southern Germany and the North-Alpine Foreland Basin. Taxonomically, it can clearly be distinguished from superficially similar and ecologically equivalent faunas of the Pannonian. Thus, we document the value of terrestrial gastropods as a biostratigraphic tool to date the lithologically often very similar freshwater systems in Miocene intramontane basins. The clausiliid Pseudidyla martingrossi Harzhauser & Binder and the camaenid Pleurodonte michalkovaci Binder & Harzhauser are introduced as new gastropod species.


Due to its cable-free deployment, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have drawn great attention as a new technique for industrial data acquisition. However, the harsh environment of the gas turbine engine provides a number of challenges to the deployment of wireless sensors. A definitive study of the impacts of harsh environments on the WSNs is currently lacking, which represents an obstacle to WSN's deployment in safety-critical industrial instrumentation and automation. In this paper, we report the test results of applying WSNs to data acquisition in gas turbine engine testing and the development of a realistic software simulator with the purpose of de-risking the wireless data transmission technology in a project called WIDAGATE. This paper provides an overview of the simulation platform developed and investigates how small-scale tests of a WSN deployed on a real engine were used to validate and improve the simulator platform. This work proposes the realistic modelling of the physical layer (radio channel) when subject to interference in harsh industry environment during aero engine testing. Based on the validated, realistic physical layer model, different MAC protocols are simulated to demonstrate how this improved simulator can be used to select an appropriate protocol.


McArdle's disease is an autosomal recessive metabolic myopathy characterised by a deficiency in muscle glycogen phosphorylase and results in exercise intolerance, rhabdomyolysis and recurring myoglobinuria. Sustained disabling weakness may also occur late in the course of the disease. At present, no satisfactory treatment is available for this disorder. There are three mammalian isoenzymes of glycogen phosphorylase (muscle, brain and liver forms) which are encoded by different loci. The brain and muscle isoforms are expressed in foetal muscle, whereas the muscle isoform is expressed during the late phases of muscle differentiation and is the only isoform present in adult skeletal muscle. McArdle's disease is caused by genetic defects in the muscle-specific isoform resulting in either the absence or decreased levels of muscle glycogen phosphorylase, with minimal or no detectable enzymatic activity.

A sheep model of McArdle's disease, characterised by diminished exercise tolerance and impaired glycogen degradation has been described. Studies revealed the absence of glycogen phosphorylase cytochemical activity in the muscle fibres. A splice site mutation in the myophosphorylase gene results in the loss of eight bases at the 5' end of exon 20 of the transcript. This deletion disrupts the reading frame, thereby removing the last 31 residues of the myophosphorylase.

We report results from trials in which a first generation adenovirus, expressing the (a) human muscle phosphorylase gene driven by the Rous Sarcoma virus promoter (ADV myophos) or (b) Lac Z reporter gene with a cytomegalovirus promoter (ADV Lac Z) was injected into the semitendinosus muscle of affected lambs at sites with or without prior injection of notexin. Ten days after injection of ADVmyophos alone, there was an approximately 10-fold increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity when compared to levels from uninjected muscle. Similar results were seen at 30 days, with a slight decrease at 60 days. Combining notexin and ADV myophos resulted in 40 times the glycogen phosphorylase activity at 10 days, however, at 30 and 60 days results were similar to those obtained for ADV myophos alone. When either notexin or ADV LacZ alone were injected, average glycogen phosphorylase activity was comparable to that from ADV myophos only sites. Phosphorylase expression was not seen in uninjected muscle but was evident at sites injected with notexin. This is likely to be due to upregulation of another ovine phosphorylase isoform and is currently being investigated.


Some of this is about--marijuana. Just so you9ll know, there9s nothing in here about what we were all doing back in the day (though of course, we never inhaled). The reason to give marijuana some attention here is a legal case that has wedged open an important chapter in the relationship between law and science. It pits some health activists against a law in the United States called the Data Quality Act (DQA). The turnaround is that DQA has usually helped industry fight off regulation. Not this time; here9s the background.


Our biological inheritance is to sense the world through many channels including the non verbal. Learning theory, in both organizational and pedagogic contexts, has come to recognise as much, yet the dominant physical expressions given to learning space in both contexts remain rooted in linear arrangements. The advent of contemporary human processing tools and artefacts have the potential to liberate the learner yet space designs, driven by dictates of notional efficiency and a view of work and learning as separate, stationary processes, constrain through a reduction in the natural reliance on sensorial, embodied human capacities. With an example of case material, we suggest an asynchronous co-evolutionary process, a syncretisation of learning theories and space design. Granting physical expression to modern views of the learning process as mobile and corporeal can, accelerate learning.

Key words
Workspace, workplace, learning, complexity, organizational ecology, mobility


We report a population-based, retrospective study of 396 Icelandic people diagnosed with glioma in the years 1940-1995. The purpose of this study was to test whether astrocytomas, other glial tumors, other central nervous system tumors, or other cancers aggregate in families identified through glioma probands who were of Icelandic origin. Pedigrees of the 396 cases were traced by the Genetical Committee of the University of Iceland and linked to the Icelandic Cancer Registry. A total of 25,546 relatives, including 2,080 individuals with cancer were identified within these pedigrees. There was no statistically significant increase of glioma in relatives of glioma patients, nor was there any statistically significant increase in risk for other central nervous system tumors. There was no overall increase in incidence of all cancer combined, nor of specific common cancers (lung, prostate, breast, stomach, and colorectal) and uncommon cancers (melanoma and pancreas) in the relatives of glioma patients. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a familial aggregation of glioma indicative of a glioma susceptibility gene.


Background: Brachial plexus blockade is a time tested anesthetic technique for upper limb surgeries. Among the various approaches of brachial plexus block, supraclavicular block, once described as the "spinal of the arm," offers dense anesthesia of the brachial plexus for surgical procedures at or distal to the elbow. Landmark technique has been traditionally used for performing this block. But blind technique often requires multiple trial-and-error needle attempts, resulting in increase in procedure time, procedure-related pain and complications including pneumothorax, which is very risky. In developing countries like India, ultrasound is a relatively new technique and is increasingly being used for performing nerve blocks for acute as well as chronic pain procedures. Objective: We performed this study to evaluate safety and clinical usefulness of ultrasound technology for supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks. Methods: We included 60 adult patients of either sex undergoing surgeries for fracture of lower end of humerus or fracture of forearm bones. Patients were divided into two groups. In one group, surface landmark technique was used while in other group, supraclavicular nerve block was performed under ultrasound guidance by double injection technique. All patients received 10 ml each of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline, 10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and 10 ml of saline. Surgery was started after confirming adequacy of block. Ineffective blocks were replaced with general anesthesia and insufficient pain control during surgery was supplemented with fentanyl. Results: There was no significant difference between patient groups with regard to demographic data. Supraclavicular plexus nerve block was placed in all 60 patients. Block failure was seen in 5 patients in landmark technique group and in one patient in USG group. The time of onset of sensory and motor block was shorter in USG group than landmark technique group. Intra-op analgesic was required in 5/30 patients in blind group and 3/30 patients in USG group. Post-op analgesia was for longer duration in USG guided group as compared to blind group. Conclusion: Ultrasound guidance is clinically very useful for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. It allows visualization of underlying structures, movement of needle and direct spread of local anesthetic and thus making the procedure safer and more effective.


The tidal Thames is flanked by a complex of industrial terminals and dock entrances which are used by a wide variety of vessels, ranging from deep-sea bulk carriers to tugs handling strings of barges. One of the biggest growth trades is oil, the inland distribution of which is by tank barge. There is a variation of the pattern of movement governed both by the tide and commercial considerations. Navigation on the river will be affected by the size of opening since the level of movement needs the widest possible channel and for preference any constriction should be as far up river as practicable. Allied with this requirement is the need for maximum size of opening and the 61m proposed, while adequate, introduces limitations, particularly for the larger vessel. During construction, special arrangements for navigation will be required to ensure the minimum of disruption to traffic both transitting the area and using terminals in the vicinity of the barrier site. The closure of the barrier will halt all vessels bound through it and is likely to delay them for up to 12 h. It will also have some effect on vessels bound for docks below the barrier. Special arrangements will be required to enable all such vessels to wait. Running costs of vessels likely to be delayed range from £1500 to £300 per day and so the overall sum could be high. Membership of the Navigational Working Party includes representation from all concerned with the movement of vessels on the river. Their initial deliberations were to conclude which site would be acceptable and whilst factors other than navigational had also to be considered, acceptance of the Woolwich site was governed by the forecast of the likely rate of closures to be initially no more than 2 per annum. With opening widths of 61 m, a long straight approach is needed to ensure ease of navigation and the piers of the barrier must be alined to the direction of the tidal stream. T o minimize disruption of navigation, the level of the sill must be low enough to ensure that vessels are not hindered. Sill level also needs to be considered in relation to the regime of the river. Use of the barrier other than for flood control could create problems of siltation and pollution and it is essential before using the barrier for other than its prime purpose to establish that there is no such possibility. Arrangements for control of navigation remain to be finalized, but special signals, radio, visual and aural will be required. Also requiring further consideration is the precise timing of closures. Because of the vital need to prevent flooding, the number of closures may exceed the forecast. This is apparent from experience to date and the tidal pattern of initially indicating a surge which subsequently does not reach flood level. While economic pressures have resulted in a design not necessarily ideal from navigational considerations, it is hoped that the Working Party's deliberations can minimize the impact on the trade of the Port while ensuring flood protection to London.


Wild rumors of a Devil Baby - a child who has miniature horns and a forked tail and appears in retribution for a husband's cruelty - at Hull-House brought a flood of curiosity-seekers to Jane Addams' door. To her surprise, many of the most adamant about seeing the Devil Baby were older, working-class, immigrant women. These women, usually rather withdrawn from the community, seemed to spring to life in response to this apocryphal story - and to be inspired to tell stories of their own. The tales they shared with Addams in the wake of the Devil Baby were more personal and revealing than any they had previously told her: stories of abusive mates, lost or neglectful children, and endless, ill-paid menial labor endured on behalf of loved ones. In response to these sometimes wrenching conversations, Addams wrote "The Long Road of Woman's Memory", an extended musing on the role of memory and myth in women's lives. As Addams records the difficult recollections of these women she ponders the transformation of their experiences - so debilitating and full of anguish - into memories devoid of rancor and pain. She explores the catalytic function of cautionary tales in reviving older women's sense of agency. Through moving conversations with women who had lost sons on the battlefield, she emphasizes the importance of voicing a female perspective on war. The women's stories, graphically depicting the conditions in which they lived and labored and the purposefulness that sustained them, are gracefully woven together with Addams' insights on the functioning and purpose of memory. Seen in the context of Addams' personal connection with these diverse women and their stories, her larger efforts to bring about equity and social justice appear all the more courageous and vital. Charlene Haddock Seigfried's new introduction sets Addams' observations in the context of pragmatist and feminist traditions.


OBJECTIVE
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) publishes a web-based quality report card for nursing homes. The quality measures (QMs) do not assess quality of end-of-life (EOL) care, which affects a large proportion of residents. This study developed prototype EOL QMs that can be calculated from data sources available for all nursing homes nationally.

METHODS
The study included approximately 1.5 million decedents residing in 16,000 nursing homes during 2003-2007, nationally. Minimum Data Set (MDS) data were linked to Medicare enrollment files, hospital claims, and hospice claims. Random effect logistic models were estimated to develop risk-adjustment models predicting two outcome measures (place of death [POD] and hospice enrollment), which were then used to construct two EOL QMs. The distributional properties of the QMs were investigated.

RESULTS
The QMs exhibited moderate stability over time. They were more stable in identifying quality outliers among the larger nursing homes and in identifying poor-quality outliers than high-quality outliers.

CONCLUSIONS
This study offers two QMs specialized to EOL care in nursing homes that can be calculated from data that are readily available and could be incorporated in the Nursing Home Compare (NHC) report card. Further work to validate the QMs is required.


The reading of literature related work is always interesting because it gives us not only some fun but also some about life. It is possible to take place because of work related to the primary literature is human experience
through an impressive language. Work related to literature
may be classified into two groups that they are not the job
imaginative literature and related work related work imaginative literature. Work related to imaginative literature may be in the form novelet poem game, short stories, etc. of a game is one of them in the form
prose. In general, prose see harmonious because of the existence of two elements. They are elements caused by circumstances beyond the essential elements. elements caused
by external circumstances are out of the text. They are the curriculum vitae of the author and the condition of society and culture where work is another element that angry / crazy is what a very-called essential elements. These elements are present internally a literary text-related work is determined. Unsu these elements occur from the character, cast and storyline. Levers head above background, the problems in this study is something
expressed as follows: is the character of Hamlet Small Tragedy, how the story line. The purpose of the study is to find and give clear answers to all the descriptive
The third question above. Setting a small hamlet in the government Elisabe queen, the period in which the people
Christian, and takes place at the castle Elsinora, Denmark.
Karakterdari game is Hamlet, Claudius Opelia, Leartes, Polonius and Getrude. There are five elements in the story panampila pestle, konlik highest level of tension, and
conclusion. And the storyline is a small hamlet tragedy grows out of AAU or events respectively. The author concludes that the theme of the game discussing about the emotions of his father Danish prince and a greedy uncle Claudius, because emotions many conflicts appear every part of the story to end.
Finally, the author hopes of writing a dissertation can be used to control our emotions that only because emotions will take us to hell if we can not control them. The
final dissertation author also expects that the reader can understand Little approximately examine how they view the drama of the essential elements of it.


The elasticities of long-run population growth rate with respect to vital rates are useful in studying selection on vital rates, and in evaluating management policy that aims to control vital rates. In temporally varying environments, elasticity is often calculated from simulations that assume a probability distribution for the environmental states. Here we develop a method to estimate elasticities directly from demographic data. Using a time-series of demographic matrices and age-structure we construct a consistent statistical estimator of elasticity that converges to the correct limiting value as the sample length increases. We also construct confidence intervals for elasticities from temporal data and suggest tools for testing hypotheses about the strength of selection. We use data on a natural population to show that our method can indeed accurately estimate elasticities using relatively short time series.


We propose a novel training method that integrates rules into deep learning, in a way the strengths of the rules are controllable at inference. Deep Neural Networks with Controllable Rule Representations (DeepCTRL) incorporates a rule encoder into the model coupled with a rule-based objective, enabling a shared representation for decision making. DeepCTRL is agnostic to data type and model architecture. It can be applied to any kind of rule defined for inputs and outputs. The key aspect of DeepCTRL is that it does not require retraining to adapt the rule strength -- at inference, the user can adjust it based on the desired operation point on accuracy vs. rule verification ratio. In real-world domains where incorporating rules is critical -- such as Physics, Retail and Healthcare -- we show the effectiveness of DeepCTRL in teaching rules for deep learning. DeepCTRL improves the trust and reliability of the trained models by significantly increasing their rule verification ratio, while also providing accuracy gains at downstream tasks. Additionally, DeepCTRL enables novel use cases such as hypothesis testing of the rules on data samples, and unsupervised adaptation based on shared rules between datasets.


Mr. Conley offers four possible reasons why we find such a limited higher education presence in school reform and suggests Oregon's Proficiency-based Admission Standards System as one model that enables a higher education system to participate constructively in high school reform. My 8-year-old daughter was fond of the "Where's Waldo?" posters, which challenged her to locate Waldo, a somewhat disoriented fellow lost within a complex scene of characters engaged in any number of interesting, if moderately chaotic, activities. I find this an apt metaphor for the relationship of higher education to reform in the K-12 system. I'd like to offer four possible reasons why we find such a limited higher education presence in school reform and then turn to a discussion of Oregon's Proficiency-based Admission Standards System (PASS) to suggest it as one model for the way a higher education system can participate constructively in high school reform. Most discussions of higher education's relationship to school reform begin and end with the observation that there doesn't appear to be much of a relationship. This seems somewhat odd, particularly considering that, historically, higher education has been one of the main drivers of change in secondary schools. Current reform scenarios have begun to focus on the school-to-work transition and the elimination of the "general education" track in high schools. This round of reform has not been about improving the college preparation that takes place in high schools. It may result in more students who are capable of doing college-level work as a happy side effect, but this does not seem to be a primary goal. Four Factors Inhibiting Higher Education's Interest in Reform Are there other factors inhibiting higher education's interest in reform? I see at least four. First, it seems that many people in higher education almost instinctively view school reform as an attempt to lower standards. Second, higher education has always made a distinction between conceptual and applied, or instrumental, knowledge - and school reform seems more concerned with the latter. Third, admissions officers are wary of anything that looks as though it will complicate the admissions process and of portfolios in particular. And fourth, higher education really doesn't have very high expectations for the secondary school system. Many people in higher education with whom I have spoken - including presidents, provosts, deans, and faculty members - seem to believe that any reform movement in the public schools is really a smokescreen for lowering standards. This perception influences the way in which higher education administrators and policy makers have viewed current reforms. In essence, they have not taken them very seriously, except to view calls for "restructuring" or "systemic reform" as distractions or "fads" at best and as threats to the proper preparation of students at worst. Since the rhetoric of reform has focused on improving the performance of all students, the perception is perhaps understandable. Furthermore, the track record of high school improvement after a decade of sustained attention and action at the state level, prompted by the release of A Nation at Risk in 1983, is spotty at best.(1) The limited success of attempts in the 1980s to increase achievement is particularly troublesome, since the focus was on requiring more of the types of courses required for college admission. Most important in some respects, the current call for educational redesign is coming not from the academy but from the business community, state legislatures, and, more recently, the federal government. The connection between educational competence and economic productivity has recently become an unquestioned (and largely untested) assumption, and those in higher education may look on this linkage with suspicion. Activist state legislatures have tended to exclude higher education from emerging programs of state educational restructuring. …


Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cortex. Activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors hyperpolarizes cells and inhibits neuronal activity. Synaptic responses mediated by GABAA receptors also strongly excited hippocampal neurons. This excitatory response was recorded in morphologically identified interneurons in the presence of 4-aminopyridine or after elevation of extracellular potassium concentrations. The synaptic excitation sustained by GABAA receptors synchronized the activity of inhibitory interneurons. This synchronized discharge of interneurons in turn elicited large-amplitude inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in pyramidal and granule cells. Excitatory synaptic responses mediated by GABAA receptors may thus provide a mechanism for the recruitment of GABAergic interneurons through their recurrent connections.


The article explores the tri-faceted nexus arising from (1) the generally dismal view of public institutions expressed by the private sector in various successive surveys over the years; (2) conventional private and public sector perceptions on the supposedly proper role of public leaders in the context of the society today; and (3) potential perspectives for identifying and addressing assumptions and expectations created by such views. In doing so, it is hoped that this article will contribute to the development of a more realistic and relevant model of the Philippine public leadership that is more attuned to the demands and needs of the Philippine economy in general, and of Filipino businesses in particular. The article starts with an analysis of the perception by the business sector regarding public institutions. It shall also analyze the model that a public servant is expected to be, a heroic leader. The article ruminates on shattering this myth and explores an alternative paradigm, that relates to the handling of ethical situations in terms of "quiet leadership," and the feasibility of adopting this model of leadership for public administrators in the local setting. It then provides specific illustrations of what the mindset of a Filipino public administrator practicing quiet leadership would be like. The article concludes by linking this model of "quiet leadership" with efforts to bring about a truly Filipino discipline of public administration, mindful of the need for a change in perspective on how those in both the public and the private sectors view public leadership.


Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is a first-line behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome (TS). However, ERP for tic disorders requires intentional tic suppression, which for some patients is difficult even for brief periods. Additionally, practical access to behavior therapy is difficult for many patients, especially those in rural areas. The authors present a simple, working web platform (TicTrainer) that implements a strategy called reward-enhanced exposure and response prevention (RE–ERP). This strategy sacrifices most expert therapist components of ERP, focusing only on increasing the duration of time for which the user can suppress tics through automated differential reinforcement of tic-free periods (DRO). RE–ERP requires an external tic monitor, such as a parent, during training sessions. The user sees increasing digital rewards for longer and longer periods of successful tic suppression, similar to a video game score. TicTrainer is designed with security in mind, storing no personally identifiable health information, and has features to facilitate research, including optional masked comparison of tics during DRO vs. noncontingent reward conditions. A working instance of TicTrainer is available from https://tictrainer.com/


The computational and memory resources of wireless sensor nodes are typically very limited, as the employed low-energy microcontrollers provide only hardware support for 16 bit integer operations and have very limited random access memory (RAM). These limitations prevent the application of modern signal processing techniques to pre-process the collected sensor data for energy and bandwidth efficient transmission over sensor networks. This tutorial introduces communication and networking generalists without a background in wavelet signal processing to low-memory wavelet transform techniques. We first explain the one-dimensional wavelet transform (including the lifting scheme for in-place computation), the two-dimensional wavelet transform, as well as the evaluation of wavelet transforms with fixed-point arithmetic. Then, we explain the fractional wavelet filter technique which computes wavelet transforms with 16 bit integers and requires less than 1.5 kByte of RAM for a 256 × 256 gray scale image. We present case studies illustrating the use of these low-memory wavelet techniques in conjunction with image coding systems to achieve image compression competitive to the JPEG2000 standard on resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes. We make the C-code software for the techniques introduced in this tutorial freely available.


Introduction Glycyrrhiza glabra, also known as licorice and sweetwood, is native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia. Historically, the dried rhizome and root of this plant were employed medicinally by the Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Indian, and Roman civilizations as an expectorant and carminative. In modern medicine, licorice extracts are often used as a flavoring agent to mask bitter taste in preparations, and as an expectorant in cough and cold preparations. Licorice extracts have been used for more than 60 years in Japan to treat chronic hepatitis, and also have therapeutic benefit against other viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes simplex. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) preparations are useful in treating various types of ulcers, while topical licorice preparations have been used to sooth and heal skin eruptions, such as psoriasis and herpetic lesions.


Texture characterization is a central element in many image processing applications. Multifractal analysis is a useful signal and image processing tool, yet, the accurate estimation of multifractal parameters for image texture remains a challenge. This is due in the main to the fact that current estimation procedures consist of performing linear regressions across frequency scales of the 2D dyadic wavelet transform, for which only a few such scales are computable for images. The strongly non-Gaussian nature of multifractal processes, combined with their complicated dependence structure, makes it difficult to develop suitable models for parameter estimation. Here, we propose a Bayesian procedure that addresses the difficulties in the estimation of the multifractality parameter. The originality of the procedure is threefold. The construction of a generic semiparametric statistical model for the logarithm of wavelet leaders; the formulation of Bayesian estimators that are associated with this model and the set of parameter values admitted by multifractal theory; the exploitation of a suitable Whittle approximation within the Bayesian model which enables the otherwise infeasible evaluation of the posterior distribution associated with the model. Performance is assessed numerically for several 2D multifractal processes, for several image sizes and a large range of process parameters. The procedure yields significant benefits over current benchmark estimators in terms of estimation performance and ability to discriminate between the two most commonly used classes of multifractal process models. The gains in performance are particularly pronounced for small image sizes, notably enabling for the first time the analysis of image patches as small as 64 × 64 pixels.


Abstract. Remotely sensed hyperspectral data has widely been used to determine water quality parameters in oceanic waters. However in freshwater basins the dependence between the hyperspectral data and the parameters is more complicated. In this work some ideas are presented concerning the study of this dependence. The data used in this study were collected from the lake Hiidenvesi in southern Finland. The hyperspectral data consists of reflectances in 36 bands in the wavelength area 508…878 nm and the separately measured water quality parameters are turbidity, blue-green algae, chlorophyll, pH and dissolved oxygen. Hyperspectral data was used as bare band reflectances, but also in the form of two simple spectral indices: ratio A / B and difference A − B, where A and B go through all the bands. The correlations of the indices with the parameters were presented visually as 1- or 2-dimensional arrays. To examine the significance on the results of different variables, the data was classified in two different ways: the natural basins and the values of the water quality parameters. It was noticed that the variability of the correlation arrays was particularly strong among different basins in both the magnitude of correlation and the best performing indices. Further studies are needed to clarify which features of the basins are of most importance in predicting the shapes of the correlation arrays.


This essay investigates the indeterminacy thesis - roughly the claim that the content of authoritative legal materials (such as the texts of constitutions, statutes, cases, rules, and regulations) does not determine the outcome of particular legal disputes. The indeterminacy thesis can be formulated as either "strong" or weak." The strong version of the indeterminacy thesis is demonstrably false, but several weak versions of the thesis are true but lack the radical implications of strong indeterminacy.The strong indeterminacy thesis is the claim that all cases are "hard" cases - or that in any case any conceivable result can be derived from existing legal doctrine. Strong indeterminacy does not hold if there are easy cases - cases in which some outcomes cannot be legally correct. For example, if it were the case that the first paragraph of this abstract did not slander Gore Vidal, then there would be at least one easy case, and strong indeterminacy would be false.Weak versions of the indeterminacy thesis include the claim that important cases are indeterminate, that the law does not necessarily determine outcomes, or that every case could become indeterminate if political conditions supported indeterminacy. These weaker claims may be true, but they lack the critical bite associated with strong indeterminacy.The essay also distinguishes between "determinacy," "indeterminacy," and "underdeterminacy." The law is "determinate" with respect ot a given case if and only if the set of results that can be squared with the legal materials contains only one member. The law is "indeterminate" with respect to a given case if and only if the set of results that can be squared with the legal materials is identical with the set of all imaginable results. The law is "underdeterminate" with respect to a given case if and only if the set of results that can be squared with the legal materials is a nonidentical subset of the set of all imaginable results.This article was first published in 1987, and some of the author's views have been revised in interim.


This 2003 book covers the fundamentals of conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) as applied to crystalline solids. Emphasis is on the experimental and computational methods used to quantify and analyze CTEM observations. A supplementary website containing interactive modules and free Fortran source code accompanies the text. The book starts with the basics of crystallography and quantum mechanics providing a sound mathematical footing for the rest of the text. The next section deals with the microscope itself, describing the various components in terms of the underlying theory. The second half of the book focuses on the dynamical theory of electron scattering in solids including its applications to perfect and defective crystals, electron diffraction and phase contrast techniques. Based on a lecture course given by the author in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, the book is ideal for graduate students as well as researchers new to the field.


The purpose of this thesis is to study the pricing and credit risk of corporate debt using structural and reduced-form approaches. We discuss the theoretical aspects of three important topics in pricing risky debt: (i) the impact of stochastic interest rates, and hence the interaction between market risk and credit risk; (ii) the impact of diversifiable and non-diversifiable jump risks on pricing and default mechanisms, and (iii) a reduced-form model with a firm's fundamental variables.

To investigate the relationships between market risk and credit risk, we develop a flexible binomial framework for valuing credit-sensitive instruments by generalizing the valuation model of Geske [1977]. We price a defaultable coupon bond when interest rates and a firm's asset value are stochastic. Our results confirm our belief that firms with low credit quality should have more market risk than firms with high credit quality. We discuss the implications of the results for capital adequacy. In addition to providing conceptual insights into the default behaviour, the flexibility of our method allows for efficient pricing of other credit-sensitive instruments.

To improve the short-end properties of credit spreads, we model a firm's asset value as a jump-diffusion process. We show several significant implications of the jump process for the term structure of credit spreads. We also discuss the effects of the disversifiability of jumps on corporate debt pricing. We prove that without considering systematic jump risk, theoretical models tend to underestimate credit spreads. Another contribution of this thesis is the incorporation of taxes into our model to show that taxes do have significant effects on levels of credit spread. Interestingly, the model implies that a decrease in the federal tax rate may precipitate an earlier default of low-grade bonds.

Finally, we investigate a reduced-form model of corporate debt, by taking into account stochastic interest rates, a firm's equity values, and hazard rates of default. Through a moving average of a log-transformation of equity prices, we introduce structural characteristics of the firm into the model. This is an innovation.


On Monday, 26 June 1967, a riot broke out in the city of Buffalo, New York, when two white police officers intervened in an altercation between two male African American teenagers. The riot erupted when a crowd of approximately two hundred African Americans, many of whom were residents of the Lakeview Projects, a public housing facility, responded to the perception that the police used excessive force in attempting to subdue the two youths. The rioting continued intermittently until Saturday, I July 1967. (2) On the first night of the riot, reports estimated that the crowd swelled from about 200 to 350 people. By the second night of the riot, approximately 1500 African Americans were involved, throwing stones and bricks at police officers who attempted to subdue the crowds with teargas. (3) The five-night riot resulted in about sixty injuries, over 180 arrests, and approximately $250,000 worth of property damage done to stores and homes. (4) The Buffalo riot was part of a wave of riots that swept across urban areas of the North in the late 1960s. In spite of the gains made by the Civil Rights movement in the South, the quality of life for African Americans in Northern cities in the 1960s was deteriorating. The Second World War stimulated population growth among African Americans in the North. According to historian Henry Taylor, Buffalo's black population increased exponentially from 1950 to 1970 as African Americans migrated from the South to industrial jobs in the North. As Taylor explains, the growth of Buffalo's African American population then led to the phenomenon of white flight, which also occurred in other Northern cities at the time: As thousands of African Americans moved into Buffalo City, even greater numbers of whites fled to the emerging suburban hinterland. Driven by postwar prosperity, low-interest loan rates (through the Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans Housing Administration), and radical changes in the home mortgage system, home ownership rose and fueled suburban development. Between 1950 and 1970 the Buffalo population declined by 117,000 people, a loss of 20 percent. ... Most people fleeing the city were white. (5) White flight resulted in de facto housing segregation, wherein the majority of those living in the East Side of Buffalo were African Americans. At the time of the riot, approximately 100,000 African Americans resided in Buffalo. (6) They constituted 21 per cent of the total population of the city. (7) Most of them lived either within the area affected by the riot or nearby. According to a newspaper article, "the area in which the rioting broke out is bounded [on] the north by Genessee Street, on the west by Jefferson Street, on the south by Broadway and on the east by Fillmore Street." (8) The riot-affected area was referred to by the press as "the Negro ghetto," (9) suggesting that residential segregation was a well-known fact in Buffalo. In order to comprehend the riot, it is necessary to consider the social conditions that produced it. Historian Kenneth Kusmer asserts that the Northern riots of the 1960s resulted from a combination of racism and deindustrialization. He maintains that "the rapidly growing African American communities of northern cities had largely been excluded from the fruits of urban renewal, suburbanization, and 'growth politics' promoted by white political and business leaders after World War Il ... the riots of the 1960s were one result of this increasing, and unacknowledged, inequality--a trend that coincided with the crisis of the declining industrial city." (10) Deindustrialization led to unemployment, particularly among young African American men, who were the first to be laid off as companies closed down their factories. De facto segregation in housing kept African Americans trapped in the deplorable conditions of Rust Belt cities with dwindling resources, such as Buffalo. In his study of the decline of the city of Detroit, historian Thomas Sugrue argues: The combination of discrimination and deindustrialization weighed most heavily on the job opportunities of young African American men. …


To understand how best to combat COVID-19, we must understand how deadly is the disease. There is a substantial debate in the epidemiological lit- erature as to whether the fatality rate is 1% or 0.1% or somewhere in between. In this note, I use an SIR model to examine why it is difficult to estimate the fatality rate from the disease and how long we might have to wait to resolve this question absent a large-scale randomized testing program. I focus on un- certainty over the joint distribution of the fatality rate and the initial number of active cases at the start of the epidemic around January 15, 2020. I show how the model with a high initial number of active cases and a low fatality rate gives the same predictions for the evolution of the number of deaths in the early stages of the pandemic as the same model with a low initial number of active cases and a high fatality rate. The problem of distinguishing these two parameterizations of the model becomes more severe in the presence of effective mitigation measures. As discussed by many, this uncertainty could be resolved now with large-scale randomized testing.


This paper looks at the way in which the idea of the Precautionary Principle, increasingly influential in environmental and other policy areas, is being and might be used in foreign and security policy. It aims to contrast the relative precision with which the term is used in the environmental arena with the current usage in international relations. Contrasting the Precautionary Principle with ideas of precaution, prevention, pre-emption and similar terms in post-structuralist analyses of risk, humanitarian intervention and US foreign policy in the aftermath of 11 September 2001, the paper identifies costs and benefits in deploying a more carefully specified account of the Precautionary Principle. In particular, it highlights key issues of regulatory authority and the way in which policy-makers and analysts understand and respond to the limits of knowledge and knowledge systems as important challenges to which careful use of the Precautionary Principle can potentially contribute. The paper concludes by suggesting that both policy-making and policy analysis could potentially be improved by adapting and extending the idea of the Precautionary Principle as it is deployed in other policy arenas.


Successful repair of craniofacial and periodontal tissue defects ideally involves a combined therapy that includes inflammation modulation, control of soft tissue infiltration, and bone regeneration. In this study, an anti-inflammatory polymer, salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-ester) (SAPAE) and a three-dimensional osteoconductive ceramic scaffold were evaluated as a combined guided bone regeneration (GBR) system for concurrent control of inflammation, soft tissue ingrowth, and bone repair in a rabbit cranial defect model. At time periods of 1, 3, and 8 weeks, five groups were compared: (1) scaffolds with a solid ceramic cap (as a GBR structure); (2) scaffolds with no cap; (3) scaffolds with a poly(lactide-glycolide) cap; (4) scaffolds with a slow release SAPAE polymer cap; and (5) scaffolds with a fast release SAPAE polymer cap. Cellular infiltration and bone formation in these scaffolds were evaluated to assess inflammation and bone repair capacity of the test groups. The SAPAE polymers suppressed inflammation and displayed no deleterious effect on bone formation. Additional work is warranted to optimize the anti-inflammatory action of the SAPAE, GBR suppression of soft tissue infiltration, and stimulation of bone formation in the scaffolds and create a composite device for successful repair of craniofacial and periodontal tissue defects.


The Kozani earthquake (Ms = 6.6) of 13 May 1995 is the strongest event of the decade in Greece and occurred in a region of low seismic activity. Using regional data and the strong-motion record at the Kozani station, we relocate the mainshock at 40.183° N and 21.660° E, beneath the Vourinos massif at a depth of 14.2 km. We also compute a focal mechanism by body-waveform modeling at teleseismic distance, which confirms a normal mechanism. The most likely plane strikes 240° ± 1° N and dips 40° ± 1° N with a centroid depth of 11 ± 1 km. Modeling of the strong-motion record at Kozani confirms that nucleation started at the eastern termination of the bottom of the fault.
 Six days after the mainshock, we installed a network of 40 portable seismological stations for one week around the epicentral region. Several thousand aftershocks were recorded, among which we locate 622 with a precision better than 1 km. We compute 181 focal mechanisms that mostly show normal faulting. The aftershock seismicity is restricted between 5 and 15 km depth and defines a plane dipping north at an angle of about 35°, consistent with the mainshock mechanism. Seismic activity with the same pattern of normal fault mechanisms is also seen on an antithetic fault connected to the main one at 12 km depth, which cuts the ground surface north of the Vourinos ophiolite massif in the Siatista valley. These results suggest two possibilities for the active fault plane; either it is the Deskati fault that is flat and dips with a constant angle, and therefore the surface breaks are secondary features, or, more likely, it is the Paleohori fault that is new, of listric shape, and located ahead of the Deskati fault, which was not active during the earthquake.


INTRODUCTION
Vascular ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers present a health serious problem which affects a large number of patients, creating a major challenge for health professionals. Hyper-oxygenated fatty acid dressings have proven to be effective thanks to their favorable action on the skin in three ways: increasing the microcirculation of the blood, promoting the renovation of the epidermic cells, and notably increasing cutaneous hydration.

OBJECTIVE
Evaluate the effectiveness of Mepentol Leche, an emulsion based on Hyper-oxygenated fatty acids, Aloe barbadensis and Mimosa tenuiflora, used to treat the skin and alleviate symptoms in patients who suffer from vascular ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers.

METHODS
Clinical evaluation carried out between June 2004 and December 2005. 195 patients were studied. The parameters for inclusion in this study were 32.82% for venous pathology 35.90% for skin care, 26.67% due to arterial pathology, and 4.62% for a lymphatic pathology. These patients were evaluated over a one month period and each had a follow-up by means of a data collection file. The guideline to apply this product was twice a day and always over integral skin. The effectiveness of this product has been established based on these epigraphs: symptoms of itching, smarting and pain, and skin conditions: color, dryness, edema, maceration, rashes, and desquamation.

RESULTS
Not one patient developed new lesions in healthy skin protected by Mepentol Leche. Symptoms linked to this pathology saw improvements in these percents: itching 96%, smarting 93%, and pain 96%, and skin conditions: color 100%, edema 90%, maceration 96%, rashes 92%, and desquamation 100%. Health professionals' evaluation of this product has been highly favorable in regards to ease of use, tolerance, absorption, and ease of application.

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed the benefits in applying this product systematically to alleviate the symptoms prior to the appearance of ulcers, thus avoiding skin dryness and reducing itching, smarting, pain and eczema while returning normal color to the skin.


This paper is a review of the thermal stability of nanostructured nitride coatings synthesised by reactive magnetron sputtering technique. In the last three decade, nitride based coatings have been widely applied as hard wear-protective coatings in mechanical components. More recently, a larger interest has been addressed to evaluate the thermal stability of such coatings, as their mechanical and tribological properties are deteriorated at high working temperatures. This study describes the microstructural, mechanical and compositional stability of nano-crystalline Cr-N and nano-composited Ti-N based coatings (Ti-Al-Si-B-N and Ti-Cr-B-N) after air and vacuum annealing. For Cr-N coatings annealing in vacuum induces phase transformation from CrN to Cr2N, while after annealing in air only Cr2O3 phase is present. For Ti-N based coatings, a well-definite multilayered structure was shown after air annealing. Degradation of mechanical properties was observed for all the nitride coatings after thermal annealing in air.


The European music profession is rapidly changing and suggests more flexible career patterns and a need for transferable skills and lifelong learning strategies. Musicians collaborate increasingly with practitioners in other arts and societal cross-sector settings. This reality holds challenges and implications for higher music education (Smilde 2009). This state of play was point of departure in 2006 for the development of the collaborative European master 'New Audiences and Innovative Practice' (NAIP) by five European conservatoires. Five schools, from Iceland, the UK, the Netherlands and Finland, devised an innovative two-year master programme, helping students to develop and lead creative projects in diverse artistic, community and cross-sectoral settings, thereby creating new audiences and developing their leadership skills in varied artistic and social contexts. The programme aims to provide future professional musicians with the skills and knowledge to become artistically flexible practitioners able to adjust to new contexts within a wide range of situations of societal relevance. This particular chapter entails a case study of the first summer school of this programme which took place in Iceland. It details the heart of the programme, the artistic laboratory and reflective practice.


In the past two decades advances in miniaturisation and economies of scale have led to the emergence of billions of connected components that have provided both a spur and a blueprint for the development of smart products acting in specialised environments which are uniquely identifiable, localisable, and capable of autonomy. Adopting the computational perspective of multi-agent systems (MAS) as a technological abstraction married with the engineering perspective of cyber-physical systems (CPS) has provided fertile ground for designing, developing and deploying software applications in smart automated context such as manufacturing, power grids, avionics, healthcare and logistics, capable of being decentralised, intelligent, reconfigurable, modular, flexible, robust, adaptive and responsive. Current agent technologies are, however, ill suited for information-based environments, making it difficult to formalise and implement multiagent systems based on inherently dynamical functional concepts such as trust and reliability, which present special challenges when scaling from small to large systems of agents. To overcome such challenges, it is useful to adopt a unified approach which we term agoric computation, integrating logical, mathematical and programming concepts towards the development of agent-based solutions based on recursive, compositional principles, where smaller systems feed via directed information flows into larger hierarchical systems that define their global environment. Considering information as an integral part of the environment naturally defines a web of operations where components of a systems are wired in some way and each set of inputs and outputs are allowed to carry some value. These operations are stateless abstractions and procedures that act on some stateful cells that cumulate partial information, and it is possible to compose such abstractions into higher-level ones, using a publish-and-subscribe interaction model that keeps track of update messages between abstractions and values in the data. In this thesis we review the logical and mathematical basis of such abstractions and take steps towards the software implementation of agoric modelling as a framework for simulation and verification of the reliability of increasingly complex systems, and report on experimental results related to a few select applications, such as stigmergic interaction in mobile robotics, integrating raw data into agent perceptions, trust and trustworthiness in orchestrated open systems, computing the epistemic cost of trust when reasoning in networks of agents seeded with contradictory information, and trust models for distributed ledgers in the Internet of Things (IoT); and provide a roadmap
for future developments of our research.


This thesis develops innovative procedures to address problems in imaging multichannel reflection seismic data in regions of complex geology. Conventional common midpoint (CMP) based processing fails to produce adequate Earth images for complex geological structures with both vertical and lateral heterogeneities. This failure is due to the breakdown of assumptions such as common midpoint stacking and exploding reflector models. In these cases, seismic prestack depth migration is necessary since it can produce an accurate subsurface image - provided that a good estimate of the low wavenumber component of the velocity model is available. Two powerful prestack depth migration techniques are developed through the integral and finite-difference solutions of the wave equation. -- I first develop a new, robust, and accurate traveltime calculation method which is essentially a wavefront tracing procedure. This is implemented as a combination of a finite-difference solution of the eikonal equation, an excitation of Huygens' secondary sources, and an application of Fennat's principle. This method is very general and can be directly applied to compute first arrival traveltimes of incident plane waves. These traveltimes are extensively used by the Kirchhoff integral method to determine the integral surface, and also by the reverse-time migration to determine imaging conditions. -- The prestack Kirchhoff integral migration of shot profiles which is developed using the WKBJ approximation to the Green's function is simply a summation of amplitudes of differential traces along an integral surface with amplitudes being modulated by certain geometrical functions. I demonstrate that this summation scheme along a general integral surface is the mathematically more rigorous extension of the summation scheme along diffraction surfaces and of the superposition scheme of aplanatic surfaces. With the utilization of efficient traveltime computations, the integral depth migration is very computationally effective. It can be easily used to perform target-oriented imaging tasks by migrating selective shots and traces. -- In contrast to the Kirchhoff method, reverse-time migration is based on a direct solution of the wave equation by approximating the differential terms of the wave equation with finite differences. It is theoretically more accurate than the Kirchhoff method since it attempts to solve the wave equation without a high frequency approximation. In addition to such attractions as implicit static corrections and coherent noise elimination based on velocity information, I find that there exist self-healing mechanisms of the wavefield due to constructive interference during the reverse-time propagation of the unaliased wavefield. The self-healing ability of waves thus provides the basis of migrating sparsely and irregularly sampled unaliased recordings relative to a fine finite-difference grid without prior interpolation of missing traces. This is particularly valuable in migrating unaliased shot records with a gridded velocity model as fine as common depth point (CDP) bins with no explicit trace interpolation. As in the integral method, I implement the reverse-time migration directly from topography using the actual source and receiver positions. -- Considering the nature of imaging in geologically complex areas, I view the geophysicists' goal of obtaining an accurate Earth image as an iterative interpretive imaging procedure. This procedure consists of an initial velocity model building followed by iterative prestack depth migration, geological interpretation and velocity analysis. I formulate a very general prestack depth migration velocity analysis method with illustrations of both simple and complex examples. The evaluation of the performances of both the integral and the reverse-time migrations, especially through extensive application examples of both methods to geologically complex areas, demonstrates that the Kirchhoff integral scheme should be a better candidate for iterative imaging from the cost effectiveness viewpoint. Nevertheless, reverse-time migration is a valuable complement to Kirchhoff migration, since it can possibly produce a more accurate image of the Earth during the final imaging iterations. In this study, I extensively compare Kirchhoff and reverse-time migration procedures both on model data and an Alberta foothills real data set provided by Husky Oil Inc.


Hardware trends oblige software to overcome three major challenges against systems scalability: (1) taking advantage of the implicit/vertical parallelism within a core that is enabled through the aggressive micro-architectural features, (2) exploiting the explicit/horizontal parallelism provided by multicores, and (3) achieving predictively efficient execution despite the variability in communication latencies among cores on multisocket multicores. In this three hour tutorial, we shed light on the above three challenges and survey recent proposals to alleviate them. The first part of the tutorial describes the instruction- and data-level parallelism opportunities in a core coming from the hardware and software side. In addition, it examines the sources of under-utilization in a modern processor and presents insights and hardware/software techniques to better exploit the micro-architectural resources of a processor by improving cache locality at the right level of the memory hierarchy. The second part focuses on the scalability bottlenecks of database applications at the level of multicore and multisocket multicore architectures. It first presents a systematic way of eliminating such bottlenecks in online transaction processing workloads, which is based on minimizing unbounded communication, and shows several techniques that minimize bottlenecks in major components of database management systems. Then, it demonstrates the data and work sharing opportunities for analytical workloads, and reviews advanced scheduling mechanisms that are aware of non-uniform memory accesses and alleviate bandwidth saturation.


Background Integrative health care (IHC) has become a popular term used in practice and research to define the blending of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and conventional care as an innovative approach to health care delivery. Purpose and objectives To conduct a bibliometric analysis to develop a better understanding of the evolution of the concept of IHC in the CAM field. Methods All articles on IHC published between 1915 and 2008 indexed in the ISI web of knowledge database were retrieved. Title and abstract review were conducted to determine eligibility. Inclusion criteria included a research report and integration of CAM and conventional therapies. A second review of the full papers will be conducted to determine the final article sample, which will be analyzed using a rigorous bibliometric analysis approach. Results Three thousand and five articles were retrieved and 35% met the inclusion criteria in the first screening round. Descriptive and relational bibliometric indicators will be presented, including the volume of research by year, keywords used, impact of the publication and collaboration amongst researchers. Discussion and conclusion Application of a bibliometric analysis allows for a broad and focused overview of the IHC literature within its historical and cultural context, and evaluation of the research output and its impact.


In this study, we analyze the transmission dynamics of several variants of Covid-19 that have appeared around the world. Our aim is to propose a discrete mathematical model that describes the dynamics of different infectious compartments, namely, Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Individuals infected with the Alpha variant (I1), Individuals infected with the Beta variant (I2), Individuals infected with the Gamma variant (I3), Individuals infected with the Delta variant (I4), Hospitalized (H), Quarantined (Q) and Recovered (R). We also focus on the importance of people infected with the Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta variants, with the aim of finding optimal strategies to minimize the number of people infected with the different variants of Covid-19. We used three controls which represent: 1) awareness programs through media and civil society to urge uninfected people to stay away from infected people, as well as to encourage individuals to be vaccinated, 2) encouraging people infected with Covid-19 variants to self-isolate at home or join quarantine centers and encouraging severe cases go to hospitals and in the last control we use medical and psychological treatment to increase the immunity of people infected with different variants and reduce the number of people in hospitals and in isolation centers. We use the principle of the Pontryagin's maximum principle in discrete time to characterize these optimal controls. The resulting optimality system is solved numerically using Matlab. Therefore, the results obtained confirm the performance of the optimization strategy. © 2022 the author(s).


During the last fifteen years the Breathalyzer has been the most widely used instrument in North America for determining blood alcohol concentrations by means of breath analysis [1,2]. Of the parameters which may affect the alcohol readings, those related to the composition of the ampule reagent are among the most important. At present the manufacturing specifications used by Scientific Services are, by volume, 50 percent aqueous sulfuric acid, 0.025 percent weight per volume, potassium dichromate, and 0.025 percent weight per volume, silver nitrate [3]. The total volume of this solution in the ampules may be 3.00 to 3.07 ml. The inclusion of the silver nitrate as a catalyst is a modification of the original formulation which involved only the potassium dichromate in the aqueous sulfuric acid solution [4]. It has been shown that the potassium dichromate concentration may vary between 0.015 percent and 0.035 percent weight per volume, and the sulfuric acid concentration may vary between 16 and 20 normal without loss in accuracy [5]. Under these conditions ethanol samples introduced into the ampules at approximately 65 C were oxidized stoichiometrically to acetic acid within 90 s [1]. The ethanol is first oxidized to acetaldehyde, a short-lived intermediate, rapidly oxidized to acetic acid. Stronger oxidizing conditions than exist in the ampule are needed to take the oxidation beyond the acetic acid stage [2,6,7]. The equations representing the stoichiometry of this progressive oxidation of ethanol are as follows: 1) 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 → 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 8H2O + 6O2) CH3CH2OH + O → CH3CHO + H2O 3) CH3CHO + O → CH3COOH 4) CH3COOH + 4O → 2CO2 + 2H2O


Since 2009 the Gabii Project, an international archaeological initiative led by Nicola Terrenato and the University of Michigan, has been investigating the ancient Latin town of Gabii, which was both a neighbor of, and a rival to, Rome in the first millennium BCE. The trajectory of Gabii, from an Iron Age settlement to a flourishing mid-Republican town to an Imperial agglomeration widely thought to be in decline, provides a new perspective on the dynamics of settlement in central Italy. This publication focuses on the construction, inhabitation, and repurposing of a private home at Gabii, built in the mid-Republican period. The remains of the house provide new information on the architecture and organization of domestic space in this period, adding to a limited corpus of well-dated examples. Importantly, the house's micro-history sheds light on the tensions between private and public development at Gabii as the town grew and reorganized itself in the mid- to late-Republican period transition. Published in digital form as a website backed up by a detailed database, the publication provides a synthesis of the excavation results linked to the relevant spatial, descriptive, and quantitative data.


As has been noted in scholarship across various disciplines, issues of age and ageing have attracted much interest in recent years. In film production as well, ageing character actors have entered centre stage, in both popular films (for instance the Hotel Marigold films) and existential dramas (for instance Lucky, with 90-year-old Harry Dean Stanton in his last role). However, little has been written on Swedish film production in this regard. This article attempts to demonstrate, through an empirical overview, that interest in age and ageing has increased in feature film during the last two decades, not only internationally but more specifically in Swedish film. This article also strives to hypothesize, drawing on the area of memory studies, that the mere representation of ageing bodies and identities by well-known actors may inspire positive affective experiences related to memory, and that such representations, accumulatively across time, may be beneficial to health.


This learning paper presents an initial analysis of the emerging research to policy linkages within the Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA) programme of the Future Agricultures Consortium, which is funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). APRA has an innovative monitoring, evaluation and learning approach known as the 'Accompanied Learning on Relevance and Effectiveness' (ALRE), which is being delivered by a small team of embedded evaluation specialists. This paper discusses how ALRE has applied the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour) (Mayne 2018; Mayne 2016; Michie, van Stralen and West 2011) model of behaviour change to explore the interactions and influencing strategies between researchers and policymakers in the context of agricultural policy research in Africa. These insights have produced the Diamond of Influence, a new ALRE-adapted model, which applies each of the COM-B elements to discuss the different aspects of research to policy processes, drawing on examples of how researchers in each of the APRA focus countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe) are engaging in policy spaces.


Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial profile of AmpC β-lactamase producing bacteria. Methods: The study was conducted at The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health Lahore, Pakistan, during September 2011 to June 2012. A total number of 1,914 blood samples of suspected neonatal septicemia were processed. Isolates were identified using Gram's staining, API 20E and API 20NE tests. Gram negative isolates were screened for AmpC β-lactamase production against ceftazidime, cefotaxime and cefoxitin resistance and confirmed by inhibitor based method. Results: Total number of 54 (8.49%) Gram positive and 582 (91.5%) Gram negative bacteria were identified. Among Gram negative isolates 141 (22%) were AmpC producers and found to be 100% resistant to co-amoxiclav, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, gentamicin, amikacin and aztreonam. Less resistance was observed against cefepime (30.4%), sulbactam-cefoperazone (24.8%), piperacillin-tazobactam (10.6%), ciprofloxacin (20.5%) and meropenem (2.1%). All the isolates were found sensitive to imipenem. The patients harbored AmpC β-lactamases were on various interventions in which intravenous line was noted among (51.1%), naso-gastric tube (37.6%), ambu bag (8.5%), endotracheal tube (3.5%), ventilator (2.1%) and surgery (0.7%). Conclusion: Extensive use of invasive procedures and third generation cephalosporins should be restricted to avoid the emergence of AmpC beta-lactamases in neonates.


Fifteen years in the making, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer is a monumental achievement. Never before has such a comprehensive resource been available to those searching for answers to questions on Jewish prayer. Macy Nulman has provided, in one unique, accessible volume, information on each and every prayer recited in the Ashkenazic and Sephardic traditions, creating an invaluable tool for study or quick reference. Prayer books are essentially cumulative anthologies that evolved over time as new prayers were added. Study of these prayers reveals insights into the history of Judaism, providing a deeper appreciation of the heritage that has sustained the Jewish people throughout the centuries. This volume, through its encyclopedic format, makes such a study easy and enjoyable. Arranged alphabetically by prayer, the encyclopedia entries include extensive liturgical information on the prayers, their composers and development, the laws and customs surrounding them, and their place in the service. All prayers, including not only prayers recited in the synagogue, but also the Grace After Meals and the prayers to be said before going to bed, prayers for special occasions such as weddings and circumcisions, prayers for the funeral ritual and for private devotion, are featured. The entries make extensive use of cross-referencing and bibliographical information to facilitate further study. In addition, the author discusses the many poetic insertions, known as piyyutim, recited on special Sabbaths, Holy Days, and festivals. Concise and easy to consult, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer contains several indexes: two title indexes - one in Hebrew and one in transliteration - as well as an index of biblical verses and a name index. Additionally, a glossary defining technical terms and vocabulary associated with the prayers is provided. This important, one-of-a-kind reference volume is ideal for scholars, students, and others who want to know more about Jewish tradition.


The ability to recognize distinct word sequences which refer to the same meaning is of extreme relevance for many applications in NLP, such as automatic summarization, question answering, generation, etc. In this paper we describe our first attempt at aligning common information between portuguese similar sentences. We propose a method based on lexical and syntatic information and some paraphrase rules to find different strings with the same meaning. A preliminary experiment suggests that the method has potential for identifying strings which are semantically related but lexically different, as is the case of lexical paraphrases.


Has the European Union (EU) succeeded in socializing citizens to support the democratic values it claims to promote? On the face of it, the prevailing skepticism precludes any expectation of a successful socialization of EU citizens to the EU values. Yet, according to the socialization hypothesis, citizens' support for these values is expected to increase as countries accumulate more years of the EU membership. Using survey data to isolate distinct dimensions of democratic values, we examine differences among countries in this regard, as well as changes within countries over time. Results confirm the socialization hypothesis, showing that support for democratic values is generally higher in countries with more years of the EU membership, and that this support trends upwards over time.


The papers in this volume represent a step forward in our knowledge of the geological evolution of the North Atlantic from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary through to the early Eocene. With the increase in hydrocarbon exploration activities in the Faroe-Shetland Basin (Fig. 1), new interpretations of the regional geology have become increasingly important, and the accuracy of the time frame for this work is vital to our understanding of the sequence of volcanic and sedimentary events. The synthesis of data relating to Palaeogene volcanism and sedimentation along the Norwegian Margin by Eldholm et al. emphasizes the importance of transfer zones, possibly inherited from the Proterozoic basement, in the distribution of sediments and volcanic products during rifting (Fig. 2). Furthermore, subsequent uplift and the development of marginal highs are invoked as factors which affected water circulation within the basins, leading to a deterioration in the Eocene climate. This work identifies the relevance of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) as an influence on environmental systems on a global scale. Ar-Ar and Pb-U isotopic age data show that the main period of continental flood basalt volcanism in the NAIP extended from c. 60.5 Ma through to c. 54.5 Ma (Table 1). Biostratigraphical analysis of these volcanic-sedimentary sections (Jolley et al. 2002) shows that the onset of this interval equates to the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (LPTM). New isotopic dating of the oldest part of the volcanic sequence on the Faroe Islands, the Lower Formation, by Waagstein et al. has further confirmed the age


Systems for measuring the performance of general practices are extremely limited.

 The aim was to develop, pilot test and evaluate a measure of productivity that can be applied across all typical general practices in England, and that may result in improvements in practice, thereby leading to better patient outcomes.

 Stage 1 – the approach used was based on the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES). Through 16 workshops with 80 general practice staff and 72 patient representatives, the objectives of general practices were identified, as were indicators that could measure these objectives and systems to convert the indicators into an effectiveness score and a productivity index. This was followed by a consensus exercise involving a face-to-face meeting with 16 stakeholders and an online survey with 27 respondents. An online version of the tool [termed the General Practice Effectiveness Tool (GPET)] and detailed guidance were created. Stage 2 – 51 practices were trained to use the GPET for up to 6 months, entering data on each indicator monthly and getting automated feedback on changes in effectiveness over time. The feasibility and acceptability of the GPET were examined via 38 telephone interviews with practice representatives, an online survey of practice managers and two focus groups with patient representatives.

 The workshops resulted in 11 objectives across four performance areas: (1) clinical care, (2) practice management, (3) patient focus and (4) external focus. These were measured by 52 indicators, gathered from clinical information systems, practice records, checklists, a short patient questionnaire and a short staff questionnaire. The consensus exercise suggested that this model was appropriate, but that the tool would be of more benefit in tracking productivity within practices than in performance management. Thirty-eight out of 51 practices provided monthly data, but only 28 practices did so for the full period. Limited time and personnel changes made participation difficult for some. Over the pilot period, practice effectiveness increased significantly. Perceptions of the GPET were varied. Usefulness was given an average rating of 4.5 out of 10.0. Ease of use was more positive, scoring 5.6 out of 10.0. Five indicators were highlighted as problematic to gather, and 27% of practices had difficulties entering data. Feedback from interviews suggested difficulties using the online system and finding time to make use of feedback. Most practices could not provide sufficient monthly financial data to calculate a conventional productivity index.

 It was not possible to create a measure that provides comparability between all practices, and most practices could not provide sufficient financial data to create a productivity index, leaving an effectiveness measure instead. Having a relatively small number of practices, with no control group, limited this study, and there was a limited timescale for the testing and evaluation.

 The GPET has demonstrated some viability as a tool to aid practice improvement. The model devised could serve as a basis for measuring effectiveness in general practice more widely.

 Some additional research is needed to refine the GPET. Enhanced testing with a control sample would evaluate whether or not it is the use of the GPET that leads to improved performance.

 The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.


In 1995, sexual rights were articulated in the Beijing Platform for Action. Now, however, principles agreed many years ago are being deemed too radical to be cited in new texts. In the face of these rollbacks, and at a time when activists are being silenced by funding restrictions, what possibility is there of progress? Drawing on examples from the Commission on Human Rights, the 49th Commission on the Status of Women (Beijing Plus Ten) and the Commission on Population and Development, this article examines the obstacles to progress, the challenges to and of maintaining the status quo and the opportunities we must seize if we are to realise the potential of sexual rights. We must not lose the hard-won gains from the International Conference on Population and Development, the Fourth World Conference on Women and other fora. However neither can we stop there. Having spent so long on the defensive, we now need to move beyond a focus solely on negative, protectionist models and find ways to progress understanding and realisation of sexual rights. We need to build a new culture of sexuality that allows individuals to act with autonomy and take responsibility for their actions, and that promotes mutual respect as well as individual choice, expression and pleasure


Objective: To study the pharmacognostic characters of a medicinally important crude drug, Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Methods: Various pharmacognostic parameters involved in organoleptic, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and fluorescence evaluation were carried out. Results: The macroscopy study showed that the leaves was observed as sessile, obovate-oblong apex, tapered base, dentate margin, simple, serrate lamina, surface glabrous. The leaf microscopy showed the presence of diacytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, arc shaped vascular bundle which contain lignified xylem and non lignified phloem, cortical parenchyma and a thin strip of collenchyma, micro rosette calcium oxalate crystals. The powder characteristics of leaf showed the presence of lignified fibers, medullary rays, bordered pitted xylem vessels, calcium oxalate crystals, stomata, epidermal cells and covering trichomes. Physicochemical parameters like total ash value was 9.21%, water soluble ash 1.56%, acid insoluble ash 1.35%, swelling index 4 mL, loss on drying 1.09% and foreign matter was 0.20%w/w respectively where as stomatal indexes of upper and lower surfaces were 33.2 and 23, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile oil, fats and oils, tannins and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The present study provides the scientific data for the proper authentification and establishment of quality control standards for the therapeutic use of Sphaeranthus indicus.