A Culture of Its Own: Taking Latin America Seriously presents Mark Falcoff's essays on the region. Many of them are contentious; none of them are dull. He ranges from bilingualism to the cult of Garcia Lorca, from U.S.-Cuban relations to Chile's curious love affair with Germany. On more than one occasion, Falcoff takes aim at American journalism and scholarship, both of which, he argues, have all too often produced a fantasy version of Latin America which reflects our own national narcissism rather than genuine curiosity about the other. Latin America, Falcoff argues, is not merely a geographical extension of the United States, or a kind of downmarket version of the American Southwest. It is a culture all its own, with its own historical memory, sensibility, and worldview. Its achievements--and its miseries--are also its own, not the end-product of policies made by the Pentagon, Wall Street, or the CIA. Falcoff writes about the region with originality, iconoclastic wit, and distinctive literary flair. His volume will interest Latin American specialists, diplomats, and journalists as well as those general readers who think they are not interested in Latin America--or who only suspect they might be, but don't know quite where to start.


Using panel data on individual labor income histories from 1957 to 2013, we document two empirical facts about the distribution of lifetime income in the United States. First, from the cohort that entered the labor market in 1967 to the cohort that entered in 1983, median lifetime income of men declined by 10%–19%. We find little-to-no rise in the lower three-quarters of the percentiles of the male lifetime income distribution during this period. Accounting for rising employer-provided health and pension benefits partly mitigates these findings but does not alter the substantive conclusions. For women, median lifetime income increased by 22%–33% from the 1957 to the 1983 cohort, but these gains were relative to very low lifetime income for the earliest cohort. Much of the difference between newer and older cohorts is attributed to differences in income during the early years in the labor market. Partial life-cycle profiles of income observed for cohorts that are currently in the labor market indicate that the stagnation of lifetime incomes is unlikely to reverse. Second, we find that inequality in lifetime incomes has increased significantly within each gender group. However, the closing lifetime gender gap has kept overall lifetime inequality virtually flat. The increase within gender groups is largely attributed to an increase in inequality at young ages, and partial life-cycle income data for younger cohorts indicate that the increase in inequality is likely to continue. Overall, our findings point to the substantial changes in labor market outcomes for younger workers as a critical driver of trends in both the level and inequality of lifetime income over the past 50 years.


ABSTRACT This article presents the results of the first-ever survey that captures how political scientists view peer-reviewed law journals with regard to overall impact, familiarity, and article quality, as well as reading and submission preferences. In addition, it examines the extent to which the evaluation of journal quality differs depending on a researcher's methodological approach. I find that scholars generally agree on a set of top peer-reviewed law journals, although some differences do exist based on the methodological approach of the respondent. These results can be used by a wide range of scholars to formulate publication strategies and evaluate the scholarly productivity of their peers.


Whether a lubricant or a coating wets a surface or not is of great technical importance. Theoretically, it is possible to predict the stability of a thin liquid film on a surface, since it is governed by the effective interface potential. In practice, however, a prediction can be quite cumbersome, since liquids as well as surfaces often consist of numerous components which all influence the effective interface potential. A molecular layer on a substrate's surface like a self-assembled monolayer mainly changes the short-range potential whereas the composition of the substrate below the surface determines the long-range interactions such as the van der Waals potential. The interplay of short- and long-range interactions, including the dielectric properties of all layers in the case of van der Waals interactions, governs the stability of a liquid film. If the film is not stable, distinct rupture mechanisms can be observed causing characteristic film morphologies: spinodal dewetting and dewetting by nucleation of holes, which both entail liquid flow and reveal new routes to study microscopic parameters such as the hydrodynamic boundary condition at the solid/liquid interface. A rather old question turns out to become very important again: Can liquids slide? The article links stability and dynamics of thin liquid films to microscopic material properties and, moreover, describes their experimental access.


OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to develop a reliable and valid tool for quantifying patient-rated wrist pain and disability.

DESIGN
Survey, tool development, reliability, and validity study.

SETTING
Upper extremity unit.

PARTICIPANTS
One hundred members of the International Wrist Investigators were surveyed by mail to assist in development of the scale. Patients with distal radius (n = 64) or scaphoid (n = 35) fractures were enrolled in a reliability study, and 101 patients with distal radius fractures were enrolled in a validity study.

INTERVENTION
Information from the expert survey, biomechanical literature, and patient interviews was used as a basis for item generation and definition of structural limitations for a scale that would be practical in the clinic. Patients with distal radius or scaphoid fractures completed the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) on two occasions to determine test-retest reliability. Patients with distal radius fractures (n = 101) completed the PRWE and the SF-36 and were tested with traditional impairment measures at baseline and at two, three, and six months after fracture to determine construct and criterion validity.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Reliability coefficients (ICCs) and validity correlations (Pearson product moment correlations).

RESULTS
Patient opinions on pain and on ability to do activities of daily living and work were thought to be the most important dimensions to include in subjective outcome tools. Brevity and simplicity were seen as essential in the clinic environment. A fifteen-item questionnaire (the PRWE) was designed to measure wrist pain and disability. Test-retest reliability was excellent (ICCs > 0.90). Validity assessment demonstrated that the instrument detected significant differences over time (p < 0.01) and was appropriately correlated with alternate forms of assessing parameters of pain and disability.

CONCLUSIONS
The PRWE provides a brief, reliable, and valid measure of patient-rated pain and disability.


This thesis investigates the Theory of Formal Discipline (TFD): the idea that studying mathematics develops general reasoning skills. This belief has been held since the time of Plato (2003/375B.C), and has been cited in recent policy reports (Smith, 2004; Walport, 2010) as an argument for why mathematics should hold a privileged place in the UK's National Curriculum. However, there is no rigorous research evidence that justifies the claim. The research presented in this thesis aims to address this shortcoming.

Two questions are addressed in the investigation of the TFD: is studying advanced mathematics associated with development in reasoning skills, and if so, what might be the mechanism of this development? The primary type of reasoning measured is conditional inference validation (i.e. `if p then q; not p; therefore not q'). In two longitudinal studies it is shown that the conditional reasoning behaviour of mathematics students at AS level and undergraduate level does change over time, but that it does not become straightforwardly more normative. Instead, mathematics students reason more in line with the `defective' interpretation of the conditional, under which they assume p and reason about q. This leads to the assumption that not-p cases are irrelevant, which results in the rejection of two commonly-endorsed invalid inferences, but also in the rejection of the valid modus tollens inference. Mathematics students did not change in their reasoning behaviour on a thematic syllogisms task or a thematic version of the conditional inference task.

Next, it is shown that mathematics students reason significantly less in line with a defective interpretation of the conditional when it is phrased `p only if q' compared to when it is phrased `if p then q', despite the two forms being logically equivalent. This suggests that their performance is determined by linguistic features rather than the underlying logic. The final two studies investigated the heuristic and algorithmic levels of Stanovich's (2009a) tri-process model of cognition as potential mechanisms of the change in conditional reasoning skills. It is shown that mathematicians' defective interpretation of the conditional stems in part from heuristic level processing and in part from effortful processing, and that the executive function skills of inhibition and shifting at the algorithmic level are correlated with its adoption.

It is suggested that studying mathematics regularly exposes students to implicit `if then' statements where they are expected to assume p and reason about q, and that this encourages them to adopt a defective interpretation of conditionals. It is concluded that the TFD is not supported by the evidence; while mathematics does seem to develop abstract conditional reasoning skills, the result is not more normative reasoning.


Symptomatic recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) occurs in approximately 20% of patients and is challenging to treat. Identifying those at high risk could allow targeted initial management and improve outcomes. Adult toxin enzyme immunoassay–positive CDI cases in a population of approximately 600 000 persons from September 2006 through December 2010 were combined with epidemiological/clinical data. The cumulative incidence of recurrence ≥14 days after the diagnosis and/or onset of first-ever CDI was estimated, treating death without recurrence as a competing risk, and predictors were identified from cause-specific proportional hazards regression models. A total of 1678 adults alive 14 days after their first CDI were included; median age was 77 years, and 1191 (78%) were inpatients. Of these, 363 (22%) experienced a recurrence ≥14 days after their first CDI, and 594 (35%) died without recurrence through March 2011. Recurrence risk was independently and significantly higher among patients admitted as emergencies, with previous gastrointestinal ward admission(s), last discharged 4–12 weeks before first diagnosis, and with CDI diagnosed at admission. Recurrence risk also increased with increasing age, previous total hours admitted, and C-reactive protein level at first CDI (all P < .05). The 4-month recurrence risk increased by approximately 5% (absolute) for every 1-point increase in a risk score based on these factors. Risk factors, including increasing age, initial disease severity, and hospital exposure, predict CDI recurrence and identify patients likely to benefit from enhanced initial CDI treatment.


Colin Elford's A Year in the Woods is an enthralling journey into the heart of the English countryside - with a preamble from Craig Taylor. Colin Elford spends his days alone - alone but for the deer, the squirrels, the rabbits, the birds, and the many other creatures inhabiting the woods. From the crisp cold of January, through the promise of spring and the heat of summer, and then into damp autumn and the chill winds of winter, we accompany the forest-ranger as he goes about his work - stalking in the early morning darkness, putting an injured fallow buck out of its misery, watching stoats kill a hare, observing owls, and simply being a part of the outdoors. Colin Elford immerses himself in the richly diverse and unique landscapes of Britain, existing in rhythm with natural environments. For fans of Robert Macfarlane's Landmarks, Helen Macdonald's H is for Hawk or James Rebanks' A Shepherd's Life, Colin's rare and uplifiting journey will unveil the true nature and beauty of Britain's countryside. "This is nature for real...Elford describes woodland wonders in short paragraphs of luminous intensity." (Daily Mail). "A poetic insight in the world of hidden Nature." (Countryman). "Stalking sharpens the senses and there is an almost hallucinatory clarity to Elford's writing." (Observer). "Refreshingly unsentimental. Contains some wonderful descriptions and sentences which are so profound they demand a second reading." (Sunday Express). Colin Elford is a forest ranger on the Dorset/Wiltshire border. Craig Taylor is the author of Return to Akenfield and One Million Tiny Plays About Britain and the editor of the magazine Five Dials.


We reported on the response behaviours of a composite sensor of SWNTs with polyaniline to detect noxious gases at room temperature. The SWNT-polyaniline composite synthesised was found to be high-quality with good uniformity. A combination of photolithography and a lift-off process was utilised to fabricate 100-nm thick Pd electrodes on drop-cast SWNT-polyaniline composite. The composite-based sensor showed high sensitivities to NH3 concentration of 35 ppm and CO concentration of 50 ppm at room temperature. The observed sensitivity was 4% and –5.5% for the respective gas species in air. These results indicate that SWNT-polyaniline composite sensors employing Pd electrodes can be a good candidate for a noxious gas sensor that is able to simultaneously detect multiple gases in different modes down to minimal concentrations at room temperature.


Abstract. World Health Organization predicts that Indonesia will encounter an increasing number of diabetic patients from 8.4 million in 2004 to approximately 21.3 million in 2030. The aims of this work is to investigate the effect of blood glucose following the administration of rice bran on the experimental rats treated with alloxan. This research is an experimental laboratory one with the randomized pre- and post-test research design with control group. The samples were white male Wistar rats aged seven weeks with the inclusion criteria, namely: blood glucose >142mg/dl, healthy, and energetic. They were divided into experiment and control groups. Each group had 6 rats. The total samples were 24. The t- test result shows that the difference of weekly blood glucose level of experiment groups and the one control group is statistically significant. It be concluded that the supplementation of rice bran powder amounting to 50% to the daily food intake of the diabetic rats exposed to the treatment can decrease their weekly blood glucose if compared to those that are not exposed to the same treatment.


Part I examines the intersection between divorce and bankruptcy in contemporary American society, providing an overview of divorce demographics and an introduction to the bankruptcy process. Part II offers a pre- and post-Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) comparison of the Bankruptcy Code sections governing divorce obligations and discharge under the Bankruptcy Code. Part III reviews how courts in the future are likely to do so under the BAPCPA revisions. Part IV joins together existing rules and approaches to the new BAPCPA language to determine how courts will apply the BAPCPA marital discharge provisions to future cases. Part V concludes with an analysis of the strengths and weakness of the divergent rules, problems that are likely to occur in the future under BAPCPA provisions, and comments on how courts can best deal with these hurdles.


This paper deals with the synthesis of mechanical transmission structures for tendon-driven manipulators. Based on static force analysis, necessary conditions are developed for the synthesis of tendon-driven manipulators with isotropic transmission characteristics. It is shown that an n degree-of-freedom (dof) manipulator will possess the isotropic transmission characteristics, if satisfies two isotropic conditions. Furthermore, a design equation is derived for the construction of isotropic transmission structure matrices and a three-dof spatial manipulator is synthesized to demonstrate the methodology. It is shown that the isotropic design leads to a more uniform tendon force distribution.


Adrogenesis, development from paternal but not maternal chromosomes, can be induced to occur in some organisms, including vertebrates, but has only been reported to occur naturally in interspecific hybrids of the Sicilian stick insect. Androgenesis has not been described previously in Drosophila. We now report the recovery of androgenetic offspring from Drosophila melanogaster females mutant for a gene that affects an oocyte- and embryo-specific alpha-tubulin. The androgenetic exceptions are X,X diploid females that develop from haploid embryos and express paternal markers on all 4 chromosomes. The exceptional females arise by fusion of haploid cleavage nuclei or failure of newly replicated haploid chromosomes to segregate, rather than fusion of two inseminating sperm. The frequency of androgenetic offspring is greatly enhanced by a partial loss-of-function mutant of the NCD (nonclaret disjunctional) microtubule motor protein, suggesting that wild-type NCD functions is pronuclear fusion. Diploidization of haploid paternal chromosome complements results in complete genetic homozygosity, which could facilitate studies of gene variation and mutational load in populations.


This study adds to the debate on the contribution of digital Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) towards the improvement of local governance.Sub-Saharan Africa has been identified as a region where the achievement of development goals is hampered by a high degree of government centralisation. The recognition of decentralisation as a strategic imperative for development has contributed to the popularity of participatory development approaches (PDA) which aim at empowering local populations. Motivated by the rapid of mobile telephony in Africa, scholars and development practitioners have become increasingly interested in the possibility of utilising digital ICT in the context of PDA in the region. In the context of a decentralisation programme, the German KfW Development Bank is currently pilot testing an ICT-based citizen participation platform in several Togolese middle cities. The objective of the platform is two improve citizen participation, transparency, and accountability in local governance.This study presents a Social Network Analysis (SNA) that investigates the state of decentralisation in two of the Togolese cities in which KfW's ICT-based citizen participation platform is being implemented.Based on the findings of the SNA, the authors discuss the potential of ICT-based participatory development approaches to strengthen local governance in general, and formulate specific recommendations for the further development of KfWs ICT-based citizen participation platform in Togo.


Analyzing economic studies of the resource curse, the author points out their methodological incompleteness. Dealing predominantly with modern economy and ignoring extensive structural changes, they cannot reveal essential principles; some questions remain unanswered, such as how fatal this mechanism can be. The effects or resource availability on economy and society have been initially studied not only in political economy and in economic theory, but also in all social sciences of which sociology has been a linchpin. Today, sociological approach is essential for research of the resource curse phenomenon; its key point is to reveal objective laws of social structural transformations. Impact of resource abundance not only on economic dynamics but on development of modern economy has to be studied, but also on the process of its formation including necessary analysis of qualitative and quantitative changes that accompany transformation of agrarian society into industrial one. Methods of historical sociology enable to refute widely accepted arguments of the resource curse opponents ("Norwegian", "American" and "Canadian" ones). Basing on the results of own research, author, in contradiction to the views dominating in economic theory, insists that the mechanism of the resource curse has fatal effects, when it comes to the countries where modernization is not completed and where structure and values of modern industrial society have taken root. Macrosociological research shows that in countries with incomplete modernization (where modern mechanisms of the elites' selection are absent or have not developed yet) resource abundance has negative consequences in the longer term: if there are objective conditions for its exposure, it always leads either to stagnation or to decline of economy and society. High resource supply invariably leads to export dependency, when all characteristics of the resource curse actualize.


We report on a partial solution of the conjecture that the class of finite solvable groups can be characterised by 2-variable identities. The proof requires pieces from number theory, algebraic geometry, singularity theory and computer algebra. The computations were carried out using the computer algebra system SINGULAR.


Raw water resources in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate are affected by many contaminants particularly during the winter season and low demand period of the Nile River, in which water level decreases and organic matter increases resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen, and increased ammonia, nitrite and bacterial load in the water. In this study, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water samples taken seasonally from selected sampling sites on seven main canals in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate were tested and studied to monitor nitrification process occurrence and study its effect on water quality. The main results of the study included turbidity, conductivity, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate and showed increased values during the winter season. Heavy metals levels showed that iron increased in winter and aluminum increased in spring, while copper increased in winter and spring seasons. Total bacterial count, total coliform and algal count increased in the winter season. Activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria also increased markedly during the winter season which could be explained by increased ammonia concentration during the same period which enhanced nitrification process occurrence. This study proved that nitrification in environments which provide unfavorable conditions for autotrophic nitrifying bacteria may result from the activity of heterotrophic microorganisms; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated and identified to be involved.


Using a suitable stochastic version of the compactness argument of [V. V. Zhikov, 2000. On an extension of the method of two-scale convergence and its applications. Sb. Math., 191(7–8), 973–1014], we develop a probabilistic framework for the analysis of heterogeneous media with high contrast. We show that an appropriately defined multiscale limit of the field in the original medium satisfies a system of equations corresponding to the coupled "macroscopic" and "microscopic" components of the field, giving rise to an analogue of the "Zhikov function", which represents the effective dispersion of the medium. We demonstrate that, under some lenient conditions within the new framework, the spectra of the original problems converge to the spectrum of their homogenisation limit.


Lead (Pb) poisoning causes permanent neurologic and developmental disorders and remains an important environmental health problem for US children, despite removal of Pb from gasoline and household paints. To better understand the contribution of Pb from historical traffic and residential Pb based paint to soil Pb concentrations in Los Angeles, we analyzed 550 soil Pb samples from south central Los Angeles County, CA, in relation to land-use patterns (commercial, industrial, residential, and parks and open areas) and proximity to freeways, highways, and major arterials. House age variables (surrogates of historical Pb-based paint) and traffic index variables (surrogates of historical traffic) were created at different buffer distances (10–5000 m). Total and bioavailable Pb concentrations near freeways and major arterials were significantly higher than those collected elsewhere. Total and bioavailable Pb concentrations were highly correlated (r= 0.96) after the removal of one outlier. Both parcel-age related variables and traffic variables were important predictors of current soil bioavailable Pb concentrations. Average age of parcels within 30 m and length of small streets within 3000 m explained 57% and 38% of the variance, respectively, in soil bioavailable Pb concentrations in residential areas away from freeways and major arterials (N =44). Road length of freeways within 750 m explained 28% of bioavailable Pb concentrations in parks and open areas (N= 26). Multi-variable regression models predicted 16–61% of the variances in bioavailable Pb concentrations, depending on land-use type and spatial relationship to roadways. Based on these models a map of spatial distributions of soil Pb concentrations was created for the Los Angeles area that shows promise as a screening tool to evaluate continued Pb poisoning in children.


The article discusses motivation as a precendition for successful learning and to analyses students' attitude to factors influencing learning motivation. The following tasks are set: to analyse learning motivation factors and pedagogical–psychological assumptions; to investigate students' (forms 9–10) attitude towards factors of direct influence on learning motivation. Q-type diagnostic data collection (attitude scale) was used. 160 students from Vilnius secondary and youth schools were asked to evaluate factors of direct influence on their learning motivation. The authors examine the main reasons for unsuccessful learning, one of which is the lack of student learning motivation. Learning motivation is the main tool for improving students' progress. Particular attention is given to interral and exterral aspects of learning motivation. The person's needs as the main element of motive formation are also discussed as well. Learning motivation diminishes because of the monotony of satisfying the needs; therefore, different ways of need strengthening should be introduced. The results of the research show that most often unsuccessful learning is caused by unfair evaluation by the teachers. It should be noted that for motivation includes a lot of elements defining the whole learning process. An important factor decreasing learning motivation is the lack of learning stimulus. This factor is especially significant for students with low motivation as well as for students with behavioural problems and bad learning results. The research showed that, according to the opinion of students in all groups, motivation is least affected by the learning load.


This comment paper addresses data and analysis issues in a paper entitled "Streamflow Input to Lake Athabasca, Canada" by Rasouli et al. (2013). Analyses of observed and naturalized lake level data for Lake Athabasca are redone in this comment paper with corrected hydrometric data to provide northerners and researchers with the correct information for environmental assessments. The comment paper also highlights the importance of including in the analysis not only direct inflows to Lake Athabasca, but also the hydraulic influences on lake outflow, especially when meaningful future projections of lake levels are required for water management.


Mobile users often require access to their documents while away from the office. While preloading documents in a repository can make those documents available remotely, people need to know in advance which documents they might need. Furthermore, it may be difficult to view, print, or share the document through a portable device such as cell phone. We implemented DoKumobility, a network of Web services for mobile users for managing, printing, and sharing documents. In this paper, we describe the infrastructure and illustrate its use with several applications.


Simultaneous analysis of genetic associations with multiple phenotypes may reveal shared genetic susceptibility across traits (pleiotropy). For a locus exhibiting overall pleiotropy, it is important to identify which specific traits underlie this association. We propose a Bayesian meta-analysis approach (termed CPBayes) that uses summary-level data across multiple phenotypes to simultaneously measure the evidence of aggregate-level pleiotropic association and estimate an optimal subset of traits associated with the risk locus. This method uses a unified Bayesian statistical framework based on a spike and slab prior. CPBayes performs a fully Bayesian analysis by employing the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique Gibbs sampling. It takes into account heterogeneity in the size and direction of the genetic effects across traits. It can be applied to both cohort data and separate studies of multiple traits having overlapping or non-overlapping subjects. Simulations show that CPBayes produces a substantially better accuracy in the selection of associated traits underlying a pleiotropic signal than the subset-based meta-analysis ASSET. We used CPBayes to undertake a genome-wide pleiotropic association study of 22 traits in the large Kaiser GERA cohort and detected nine independent pleiotropic loci associated with at least two phenotypes. This includes a locus at chromosomal region 1q24.2 which exhibits an association simultaneously with the risk of ve di erent diseases: Dermatophytosis, Hemorrhoids, Iron De ciency, Osteoporosis, and Peripheral Vascular Disease. The GERA cohort analysis suggests that CPBayes is more powerful than ASSET with respect to detecting independent pleiotropic variants. We provide an R-package 'CPBayes' implementing the proposed method.


Hybrid solar cells based on the pDPP5T-2 electron donating polymer, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) and cadmium selenide telluride (CdSeXTe1−X) quantum dots (QDs) are fabricated and their photovoltaic performance and optoelectronic properties are investigated as a function of QD loading. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of hybrid solar cells is improved up to 5.11% for the device containing 4 wt% of QDs which is mainly due to the enhancement in short circuit current density (Jsc) resulting from increased light harvesting. A full-fledged study is performed on the microstructure, charge transfer/transport and recombination mechanisms of our ternary hybrid solar cells by employing various advanced techniques. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results reveal the non-agglomerated and uniform distribution of the CdSeXTe1−X QDs within the pDPP5T-2:PC61BM host matrix at low QD concentrations. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) showed a slower charge carrier recombination rate due to the introduction of QDs into the photoactive layer. It can be attributed to the more efficient exciton dissociation in ternary systems. These findings are consistent with the photovoltaic properties of the device.


Light-tissue interactions during photoacoustic imaging, including dynamic heat transfer processes in and around vascular structures, are not well established. A three-dimensional, transient, optical-thermal computational model was used to simulate energy deposition, temperature distributions and thermal damage in breast tissue during exposure to pulsed laser trains at 800 and 1064 nm. Rapid and repetitive temperature increases and thermal relaxation led to superpositioning effects that were highly dependent on vessel diameter and depth. For a ten second exposure at established safety limits, the maximum single-pulse and total temperature rise levels were 0.2°C and 5.8°C, respectively. No significant thermal damage was predicted. The impact of tissue optical properties, surface boundary condition and irradiation wavelength on peak temperature location and temperature evolution with time are discussed.


We examined children's development of strategic and conceptual knowledge for linear measurement. We conducted teaching experiments with eight students in grades 2 and 3, based on our hypothetical learning trajectory for length to check its coherence and to strengthen the domain-specific model for learning and teaching. We checked the hierarchical structure of the trajectory by generating formative instructional task loops with each student and examining the consistency between our predictions and students' ways of reasoning. We found that attending to intervals as countable units was not an adequate instructional support for progress into the Consistent Length Measurer level; rather, students must integrate spaces, hash marks, and number labels on rulers all at once. The findings have implications for teaching measure-related topics, delineating a typical developmental transition from inconsistent to consistent counting strategies for length measuring. We present the revised trajectory and recommend steps to extend and validate the trajectory.


This case study describes the work of the people responsible for creating festive lore and its system of ceremonies and festivities - an inseparable part of every culture. In the case of the new modern Hebrew culture of Eretz Israel (modern Jewish Palestine) - a society of immigrants that left behind most of their traditional folkways - the creation of festival lore was an organized process guided by a national ideology and aesthetic values. This effort in a secular national society served as an alternative to the traditional religious system, adapted the ceremonies and festivals to a new historical reality, and created a new festival cycle that would give expression to the values and symbols of the new Jewish society. Stoging and Stagers in Modern Jewish Palestine claims that the system of ceremonies and festivals, in general, and each separate ceremony and festival were staged according to the staging instructions written by a defined group of cultural activists. The book examines three main stages - the educational network, rural society (particularly the cooperative sector), and urban society (most notably Tel Aviv) - and looks at the stagers themselves, who were school-teachers, writers, artists, and cultural activists. Though cultural systems of festivals and ceremonies are often researched and described, scholarly literature rarely identifies their creators or studies in detail the manner in which these systems are created. This book sheds important light on the stagers of modern Jewish Palestine and also on the processes and mechanisms that created the performative lore in other cultures, in ancient as well as modern times.


Author(s): Farhat, Ahmed; Rowe, Robert | Abstract: ABSTRACT: History of present illness: A 31-year-old female with history of sigmoid volvulus status post sigmoidectomy 2 years prior presented to the emergency department with 1-week history of diffuse, crampy abdominal pain. In the 24 hours prior to her arrival, patient stated that her abdominal pain acutely worsened and was accompanied with decreased stool output and non-bloody, non-bilious emesis. She denied any fever, chills, weight loss, chest pain, or shortness of breath. Significant findings: Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis was obtained revealing a colonic volvulus in the left mid to upper abdomen (blue arrow) involving the distal transverse colon and descending colon, with gaseous colonic distention to 8.5 cm (red arrow). The characteristic "whirl pattern" is also present (yellow arrow). These findings are suggestive of a high-grade colonic obstruction. It was without evidence of pneumoperitoneum, pneumatosis, or drainable collection. Of note, a 3.6 cm dermoid tumor is also observable in the left adnexa (green arrow). Discussion: A colonic volvulus refers to the twisting of a portion of the colon, most often the sigmoid, in a manner leading to obstruction and potential ischemia and gangrene.1 Colonic volvulus is responsible for approximately 15% of all large bowel obstructions in the United States.1 The mortality associated with this condition is less than 10% in patients who have not developed gangrene, but can be as high as 60% if gangrene is present.2 A sigmoid volvulus occurs when the sigmoid colon is elongated, leading to a redundant loop which rotates around its mesocolon.3 This condition is most common in the elderly with a mean age of 70 years at presentation.4 Institutionalized patients with neuropsychiatric disorders and patients in nursing homes are at the highest risk as these populations experience prolonged recumbency and chronic constipation, which are both highly associated with sigmoid volvulus development.1 Patients with sigmoid volvulus present with slow onset and progressive abdominal pain, nausea, abdominal distention, and constipation. Vomiting is also common but normally occurs several days after the initial onset of pain.5 Computed tomography is the preferred method of diagnosis with a sensitivity of 71%.6 Diagnostic findings include a "whirl pattern," which is caused by the twisting of the sigmoid colon around its mesocolon, and a "bird-beak" appearance of the afferent and efferent colonic segments.7 Treatment of a sigmoid volvulus begins with a flexible sigmoidoscopy for decompression and detorsion, followed by definitive surgery to prevent recurrence.4 Without definitive surgery, recurrence rates of sigmoid volvulus has been reported as high as 90%.1 In this case, gastroenterology was consulted and patient was taken to the endoscopy suite for decompression and detorsion. Topics: Sigmoid volvulus, large bowel obstruction, colonic volvulus.


Purpose: Metastatic breast cancers continue to elude current therapeutic strategies, including those utilizing PI3K inhibitors. Given the prominent role of PI3Kα,β in tumor growth and PI3Kγ,δ in immune cell function, we sought to determine whether PI3K inhibition altered antitumor immunity. Experimental Design: The effect of PI3K inhibition on tumor growth, metastasis, and antitumor immune response was characterized in mouse models utilizing orthotopic implants of 4T1 or PyMT mammary tumors into syngeneic or PI3Kγ-null mice, and patient-derived breast cancer xenografts in humanized mice. Tumor-infiltrating leukocytes were characterized by IHC and FACS analysis in BKM120 (30 mg/kg, every day) or vehicle-treated mice and PI3Kγnull versus PI3KγWT mice. On the basis of the finding that PI3K inhibition resulted in a more inflammatory tumor leukocyte infiltrate, the therapeutic efficacy of BKM120 (30 mg/kg, every day) and anti-PD1 (100 μg, twice weekly) was evaluated in PyMT tumor–bearing mice. Results: Our findings show that PI3K activity facilitates tumor growth and surprisingly restrains tumor immune surveillance. These activities could be partially suppressed by BKM120 or by genetic deletion of PI3Kγ in the host. The antitumor effect of PI3Kγ loss in host, but not tumor, was partially reversed by CD8+ T-cell depletion. Treatment with therapeutic doses of both BKM120 and antibody to PD-1 resulted in consistent inhibition of tumor growth compared with either agent alone. Conclusions: PI3K inhibition slows tumor growth, enhances antitumor immunity, and heightens susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We propose that combining PI3K inhibition with anti-PD1 may be a viable therapeutic approach for triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3371–84. ©2016 AACR.


In the original Black-Scholes pricing framework, a continuously rebalanced delta hedge of an option against its underlying stock produces a perfectly risk free position. But in the real world, a basic delta hedge is still exposed to quite a lot of risk because rebalancing can only be done at discrete intervals, volatility is stochastically time-varying, and underlying assets do not follow true lognormal diffusions. Discrete rebalancing after a non-marginal price change makes gamma an important extra risk factor and with fluctuating implied volatility, vega becomes another one. This makes delta-gamma-vega hedging the next level of option risk management. But unhedged risk still remains. In this paper, Ederington and Guan investigate whether option risk factors measured by other second and third order derivatives of the option pricing function can capture this residual risk, and if so, which are the most important of these "higher order Greeks." They find that, at least for S&P 500 index futures options, the additional risk factors can explain a substantial portion of the residual risk in a delta-gamma-vega hedge. A key finding is that an option's sensitivity to the higher order Greeks depends heavily on its moneyness, with several Greek letter risks that are unimportant for at the money options becoming much more relevant for out of the money contracts. They also show that a hedge strategy that neutralizes these additional factors can lower residual risk by an order of magnitude below that of a delta-gamma-vega hedge.


Large test suites are frequently used to evaluate software systems and to locate errors. Unfortunately, this process can generate a huge amount of data that is difficult to interpret manually. We have created a system, Tarantula, that visually encodes test data to help find program errors. The system uses a principled color mapping to represent source lines in passed and failed tests. It also provides a flexible user interface for examining different perspectives that show the behavior of the source code on test sets, ranging from individual tests, to important subsets such as the set of failed tests, to the entire test suite.


We develop the representation of interacting bulk gauge fields and charged scalar matter in AdS in terms of non-local observables in the dual CFT. We work in holographic gauge in the bulk, A_z = 0. The correct statement of micro-causality in holographic gauge is somewhat subtle, so we first discuss it from the bulk point of view. We then show that in the 1/N expansion CFT correlators can be lifted to obtain bulk correlation functions which satisfy micro-causality. This requires adding an infinite tower of higher-dimension multi-trace operators to the CFT definition of a bulk observable. For conserved currents the Ward identities in the CFT prevent the construction of truly local bulk operators (i.e. operators that commute at spacelike separation with everything), however the resulting non-local commutators are exactly those required by the bulk Gauss constraint. In contrast a CFT which only has non-conserved currents can be lifted to a bulk theory which is truly local. Although our explicit calculations are for gauge theory, similar statements should hold for gravity.


In popular, scholarly, and legal discourse, psychological trauma is an experience that belongs to victims. While we expect victims of crimes to suffer trauma, we never ask whether perpetrators likewise experience those same crimes as trauma. Indeed, if we consider trauma in the perpetration of a crime at all, it is usually to inquire whether a terrible experience earlier in life drove a person toward wrongdoing. We are loath to acknowledge that the commission of the crime itself may cause some perpetrators to experience their own psychological injury and scarring.This Article aims to fill this gap in our understanding of crime and trauma by initiating a long overdue conversation about perpetrator trauma. Specifically, this Article argues that perpetrator trauma exists and merits attention. In doing so, it traces a cultural evolution in the concept of trauma from a psychological category to a moral one, and in response, it proposes a counternarrative of trauma — one that recognizes trauma as a neutral, human trait, divorced from morality, and not incompatible with choice and agency.Finally, this Article argues that we ignore this counternarrative of trauma at our peril. Acknowledging the reality of perpetrator trauma can improve reconciliation efforts in the aftermath of mass atrocity by exposing the need to rehabilitate perpetrators. As importantly, recognizing perpetrator trauma erodes the all-too-common perception of perpetrators as cartoonish monsters by exposing their ordinariness and humanity. The point is not to generate sympathy for a genocidaire. But recognizing him as a person who chose to kill, and who now suffers because of it, can illuminate both the roots of his crimes and the real horror undergirding them — that perpetrators are merely people, and that any other person could do the same. In exposing these overlooked aspects of crime, this Article unsettles understandings of suffering and violence, challenges the categories of perpetrator and victim, and makes clear that the question of how to respond to mass atrocity is even more complex than we know.


Adolescents could develop areas of vulnerability, especially if they have had to deal with highly stressful and traumatic life events. Stressful experiences can work as traumatic memories that become central to one's life and core topics for one's identity and for the attribution of meaning to life experience. The present work evaluates (a) the internal structures of the 20-item Centrality of Event Scale in the Italian context and (b) the impact of stressful and traumatic experience during adolescence. The present work includes a convenience sample of 872 Italian adolescents -528 males, 344 females- aged between 11 and 21 years (M = 15.85; SD = 2.09). We performed a confirmatory factor analysis that confirmed a three-factor solution. Moreover, the perception of stressful event as central in the participants' lives was significantly correlated with the presence of PTSD symptomatology, as measured by the Impact of Event Scale Revised. We found that participants with PTSD symptoms had significantly higher CES scores. These data show the validity of the CES with adolescent samples, emphasizing the sensitivity of this instrument in detecting the impact of negative life experiences even in a sample of adolescents.


The modern bee-keeping proposes various types of honeys of floral and geographical origin, of very varied savor and aspect. It is often the only source of sugar of the most withdrawn indigenous populations of the tropical forests. Good for health, honey is also for the environment. The present manuscript is to determine its physicochemical characteristics, six types of samples were collected in various areas of the East of Algeria. These honeys are analyzed for the determination of the pH, the water content, electric conductivity, the ashes content, acidity, and the content of hydroxyl methylfurfural (HMF), the index of diastase (I.D). The results showed that there were differences of a honeys samples to the other and they which they all answer almost the international norms. The physicochemical analyzes studied is to control quality of Algerian honey who is considered an indicator of the environmental pollution.


We present a holographic recording technique with 150 femtosecond time resolution. This technique allows us to capture either a single hologram with fine spatial resolution (4 micrometers), or a time-sequence of multiple holograms with reduced spatial resolution in a single-shot experiment, while preserving amplitude and phase information. The time resolution and the frame rate are limited only by the duration of the laser pulses. The holograms are recorded on a CCD camera and digitally reconstructed. We have used the technique to study the nonlinear propagation of high energy femtosecond pulses through liquids. We have observed dramatic differences in the pulse propagation characteristics depending on the strength of the nonlinear coefficient of the material and it's time response. The fine spatial resolution allows us to zoom in and visualize the spatial profile of the pulses breaking up into multiple filaments while the phase recovered from the holograms helps us identify the nonlinear index changes in the material. We have measured both positive and negative index changes. Very fast positive index changes are generally attributable to the Kerr nonlinearity. The negative index changes can be caused by electron plasma generated by multiphoton absorption.


The Designers' Workbench is a system, developed by the Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT) consortium to support designers in large organizations, such as Rolls- Royce, by making sure that a design is consistent with the specification for the particular design as well as with the company's design rule book(s). Currently, to capture the constraint information, a domain expert (design engineer) has to work with a knowledge engineer to identify the constraints, and it is then the task of the knowledge engineer to encode these into the Workbench's knowledge base (KB). This is an error prone and time consuming task. It is highly desirable to relieve the knowledge engineer of this task, and so we have developed a tool, ConEditor, that enables domain experts themselves to capture and maintain these constraints. The tool allows the user to combine selected entities from the domain ontology with keywords and operators of a constraint language to form a constraint expression. We hypothesize that to apply constraints appropriately, it is necessary to understand the context in which each constraint is applicable. We refer to this as "application conditions". We plan to make these application conditions machine interpretable and investigate how they, together with a domain ontology, can be used to support the verification and maintenance of constraints.


Many geo-distributed systems rely on a replica selection algorithms to communicate with the closest set of replicas. Unfortunately, the bursty nature of the Internet traffic and ever changing network conditions present a problem in identifying the best choices of replicas. Suboptimal replica choices result in increased response latency and reduced system performance. In this work we present GeoPerf, a tool that tries to automate testing of geo-distributed replica selection algorithms. We used GeoPerf to test Cassandra and MongoDB, two popular data stores, and found bugs in each of these systems.


Abstract Citizen activists play a role in translating public concern about the climate crisis to policymakers and elevating it on the political agenda. We consider the dynamic between citizen activists and the decision-makers they seek to influence and we review psychological research relevant to advocating for climate legislation. We conducted a study with citizen activists who lobby the US Congress for a carbon pricing policy to address climate change. The study assessed how activists think about four social psychological approaches: affirmation, social norms, legacy and immediacy. The findings provide a window into activists' intuitions about which strategies to use, whom to use them with and their perceived effectiveness. A strategy of establishing shared values and common ground (affirmation) was used most frequently overall. A strategy emphasizing the long-term costs and benefits of addressing climate change (legacy) was employed less frequently than affirmation and seen as less effective by activists but it was the only strategy that was associated with perceived increases in Congressional Representatives' support of the policy. Citizen activists and their interactions with elected officials provide an opportunity for social-behavioral scientists to understand and potentially overcome barriers to enacting climate policy.


This paper is a self-contained development of an invariant of graphs embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space using the Jones polynomial and skein theory. Some examples of the invariant are computed. An unlinked embedded graph is one that contains only trivial knots or links. Examples show that the invariant is sufficiently powerful to distinguish some different unlinked embeddings of the same graph.


Cryptographic access control promises to offer easily distributed trust and broader applicability, while reducing reliance on low-level online monitors. Traditional implementations of cryptographic access control rely on simple cryptographic primitives whereas recent endeavors employ primitives with richer functionality and security guarantees. Worryingly, few of the existing cryptographic access-control schemes come with precise guarantees, the gap between the policy specification and the implementation being analyzed only informally, if at all. In this paper we begin addressing this shortcoming. Unlike prior work that targeted ad-hoc policy specification, we look at the well-established Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model, as used in a typical file system. In short, we provide a precise syntax for a computational version of RBAC, offer rigorous definitions for cryptographic policy enforcement of a large class of RBAC security policies, and demonstrate that an implementation based on attribute-based encryption meets our security notions. We view our main contribution as being at the conceptual level. Although we work with RBAC for concreteness, our general methodology could guide future research for uses of cryptography in other access-control models.


James Madison s record of the Constitutional Convention traces day by day the debates held from May to September 1787 and presents the only complete picture we have of the strategy, interests, and ideas of the founding fathers at the Convention itself. In this indispensable primary document, Madison not only provides detailed insights into one of the great events of our history, but clearly sets forth his own position on such issues as the balance of powers, the separation of functions, and the general role of the federal government. More than in the "Federalist," which shows the carefully formalized conclusions of his political thought, we see in the "Debates" his philosophy in action, evolving in daily tension with the viewpoints of the other delegates. It is for this reason that the "Debates" are invaluable for placing in perspective the incomplete records of such well-known figures as Rufus King and Alexander Hamilton, and the constitutional plans of such men as Edmund Randolph and Charles Pinckney. Madison s contemporaries regarded him as the chief statesmen at the Philadelphia Convention; in addition to this, his record outranks in importance all the other writings of the founders of the American Republic. He is thus identified, as not other man is, with the making of the Constitution and the correct interpretation of the intentions of its drafters. New to this edition of the "Debates" is a thorough, scholarly index of some two thousand entries."


Analyses of the rising capacity for coordination within the Secretariats-General of the European Commission and Council have concentrated on their effects within these respective institutions. This article, in contrast, argues that the presence/absence of coordination capacities developed within an institution may have an important bearing also on the relations between institutions (e.g., in inter-institutional negotiations). The empirical analysis traces the negotiation process leading up to the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS), and finds substantial support for the theoretical argument.


In some applications of optical communication systems, such as satellite optical communication and atmospheric optical communication, the optical beam wanders on the detector surface as a result of vibration and turbulence effects, respectively. The wandering of the beam degrades the communication system performance. In this research, we derive a mathematical model of an optical communication system with a detection matrix to improve the system performance for direct-detection pulse-position modulation. We include a centroid tracker in the communication system model. The centroid tracker tracks the center of the beam. Using the position of the beam center and an a priori model of the beam spreading, we estimate the optical power on each pixel (element) in the detection matrix. Using knowledge of the amplitudes of signal and noise in each pixel, we tune adaptively and separately the gain of each individual pixel in the detection matrix for communication signals. Tuning the gain is based on the mathematical model derived in this research. This model is defined as suboptimal, owing to some approximations in the development and is a suboptimum solution to the optimization problem of n multiplied by m free variables, where n, m are the dimensions of the detection matrix. Comparison is made between the adaptive suboptimum model and the standard model. From the mathematical analysis and the results of the comparison it is clear that this model significantly improves communication system performance.


This timely work presents cutting-edge analysis of the problems of U.S. foreign assistance programs - why these problems have not been solved in the past, and how they might be solved in the future. The book focuses primarily on U.S. foreign assistance and foreign policy as they apply to nation building, governance, and democratization. The expert contributors examine issues currently in play, and also trace the history and evolution of many of these problems over the years. They address policy concerns as well as management and organizational factors as they affect programs and policies. "Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy" includes several chapter-length case studies (on Iraq, Pakistan, Ghana, Haiti, and various countries in Eastern Europe and Africa), but the bulk of the book presents broad coverage of general topics such as foreign aid and security, NGOs and foreign aid, capacity building, and building democracy abroad. Each chapter offers recommendations on how to improve the U.S. system of aid in the context of foreign policy.


Background: As part of the lipidome, oxylipins are bioactive lipid compounds originating from oxidation of different fatty acids. Oxylipins could provide a new target in the developmental origins model or the ability of early life exposure to change biology. Objectives: We studied the association between in utero PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) exposure and oxylipin profiles in newborns. Methods: Thirty-seven oxylipins reflecting the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (5-LOX and 12/15-LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways were assayed in 197 cord blood plasma samples from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. Principal component (PC) analysis and multiple regression models were used to estimate associations of in utero PM2.5 exposure with oxylipin pathways and individual metabolites. Results: A principal component representing the 5-LOX pathway (6 metabolites) was significantly positively associated with PM2.5 exposure during the entire (multiple testing–adjusted q-value = 0.05) and second trimester of pregnancy (q = 0.05). A principal component representing the 12/15-LOX pathway (11 metabolites) was positively associated with PM2.5 exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy (q = 0.05). PM2.5 was not significantly associated with the COX pathway during any time period. There was a positive but nonsignificant association between second-trimester PM2.5 and the CYP pathway (q = 0.16). Conclusion: In utero exposure to particulate matter, particularly during the second trimester, was associated with differences in the cord blood levels of metabolites derived from the lipoxygenase pathways. These differences may indicate an effect of air pollution during in utero life on the inflammatory state of the newborn at birth. Oxylipins may be important mediators between early life exposures and health outcomes later in life. Citation: Martens DS, Gouveia S, Madhloum N, Janssen BG, Plusquin M, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, Forsberg B, Nording M, Nawrot TS. 2017. Neonatal cord blood oxylipins and exposure to particulate matter in the early-life environment: an ENVIRONAGE birth cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 125:691–698; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP291


The worldwide dominance of English is such that only catastrophic upheaval could seemingly threaten it in the near future. In the longer term, an emerging power (eg, China) may come to challenge American supremacy and with it the dominant position of English. However, even in the event of such a realignment, the language of that emerging power (eg, Chinese) may not succeed in arresting the advantage English already derives from critical mass. To have any chance of global spread, a challenger would need to possess structural characteristics — namely, minimal inflectional morphology, nontonal phonology, and a non-logographic script — that would facilitate its acquisition by individuals with largely utilitarian motivations. Alternatively, to evolve these characteristics, a challenger would need to be subjected to minimal standardization and be allowed the freedom to accommodate userdriven change, including indigenization. Finally, it would need to be perceived as a vehicle for modernizing values. While hypothetical challengers (eg, Chinese, French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Russian, Arabic, or Esperanto) all exhibit some of these characteristics, only English exhibits all of them at present and for the foreseeable future. For these reasons, the worldwide dominance of English is likely to survive even a hypothetical passing of the American Era.


This paper presents a comparison between subsurface impedance models derived from different deterministic and geostatistical seismic inversion methodologies applied to a challenging synthetic dataset. Geostatistical seismic inversion methodologies nowadays are common place in both industry and academia, contrasting with traditional deterministic seismic inversion methodologies that are becoming less used as part of the geo‐modelling workflow. While the first set of techniques allows the simultaneous inference of the best‐fit inverse model along with the spatial uncertainty of the subsurface elastic property of interest, the second family of inverse methodology has proven results in correctly predicting the subsurface elastic properties of interest with comparatively less computational cost. We present herein the results of a benchmark study performed over a realistic three‐dimensional non‐stationary synthetic dataset in order to assess the performance and convergence of different deterministic and geostatistical seismic inverse methodologies. We also compare and discuss the impact of the inversion parameterisation over the exploration of the model parameter space. The results show that the chosen seismic inversion methodology should always be dependent on the type and quantity of the available data, both seismic and well‐log, and the complexity of the geological environment versus the assumptions behind each inversion technique. The assessment of the model parameter space shows that the initial guess of traditional deterministic seismic inversion methodologies is of high importance since it will determine the location of the best‐fit inverse solution.


The most sacred river in the world and the national river of India "Ganga River." Ganga is the soul of India and is Holly River in India. If we look at current status of our national river it is very shocking we dump about 29 crore litres of sewage in Ganga which is loaded with pollutants, toxins. We also dump tones of municipal solid waste. The government Of India takes charge to clean rivers Ahmadabad, Varanasi, etc. All of us know about the Ganga Abhiyan. Similarly, The villages in all state of India which joint with small & big lake and maximum villages does not use the water of lake for farming as well as drinking and daily uses due to the maximum amount of garbage present in the lake water by taking this into consideration. Our main motive is to clean the lake water for that purpose we are making efficient lake garbage collector by using pedal operated boat. In this we are using pedal operated boat with the conveyor attached to it for collecting garbage from the lake.


Wood carving is an age old business well known for its cultural and economic significance. The industry is characterized by commercial carving activities creating employment for different categories of people in both rural and urban centres across Ghana. However, the over-dependence on a few selected indigenous tree species for carving is a source of concern, threatening local livelihoods and survival of the industry. This study sought to investigate the sources, availability and sustainability of tree species used, awareness of alternative species for carving and the contribution of the wood carving business to livelihood. It was evident that over 80% of respondents interviewed depend solely on carving business for their livelihoods. Only two tree species, which is species from the ebony group ( Diospyros spp .) and Holarrhena floribunda out of the 14 tree species identified were frequently used. The study also showed that current supply of wood resources is unsustainable and there are no attempts by people in the business to establish plantations. This was attributed to difficulty in land acquisition, lack of access to credit, apathy and the long maturity period required for most forest trees. Immediate action is required to address these challenges to sustain the wood carving industry and the livelihood of the people.


Fabrication and cold tests of 32 superconducting combined function magnets including 4 backup magnets for the J-PARC neutrino have been completed. All the magnets reached 7700 A, 105% of maximum operation current, without any spontaneous quenches. Quench protection performance was also confirmed to be safe. In the field measurement during cold tests, all the magnets showed sufficient field quality to fulfill the specification. Reproducibility of the field quality was evaluated to be about the same order of that observed in ordinary cos-thetas magnets, indicating good manufacturing reproducibility.


During 1982 the Transkeian legislature established a system of regional authority courts, the object of which was to place a tribal judiciary on the same footing as the magistrates' courts. I have already commented on certain aspects of the system and the Regional Authority Courts Act 13 of 1982 (""the Act"") (1983 DR 396). This Act came into force on 26 November 1983 and rules for the operation of the courts were promulgated at the same time. It is these rules which now fall under scrutiny.


Music has been present in human culture since time immemorial, some say music came even before speech. The effort to understand the wide variety of emotions evoked by music has started not long back. With the advent and rapid growth of various neurological bio-sensors we can now attempt to quantify various dimensions of emotional experience induced by music especially instrumental music – since it is free from any language barriers. In this study, we took eight (8) cross cultural instrumental clips originating mainly from Indian and Western music. A listening test comprising of 100 participants across the globe was conducted to associate each clip with its corresponding emotional valence. The participants were asked to mark each clip according to their perception of four basic emotions (joy/sorrow and anxiety/serenity) invoked by each instrumental clip. EEG study was then conducted on 10 participants to measure the response evoked by the same instrumental clips in the alpha and theta frequency regions. We took the help of latest non-linear multi-fractal analysis technique – MFDFA to estimate the change in multi-fractal spectral width (corresponding to alpha as well as theta waves) associated with each of the clips in frontal, temporal and occipital lobes. The response in the alpha domain reveals a hint in the direction of universality of music, while in theta domain we have culture specific response. Moreover, we tried to develop alpha as well as theta multi-fractal spectral width as a single parameter with which we can quantify the valence and arousal based effects corresponding to a particular musical clip. The results and implications are discussed in detail.


Brazil, a country with a population of more than 170 million, has embarked on a path to eradicate hunger and poverty. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (commonly known as "Lula") declared as his goal to cut the number of hungry people to zero during his presidency. Poverty and hunger afflict a large proportion of the population in part because of highly skewed income distribution. The poorest income quintile (20 percent of the population) owned 2.2 percent of the national income while the richest quintile owned about two-thirds in 1998. Using USDA/ERS food security models, we measure food availability and access, calculate the number of hungry people, and estimate income growth required to eradicate food insecurity. According to the ERS food security assessment (FSA) model, between 20 and 40 percent of Brazil's population-roughly 50 million people-do not have sufficient incomes to purchase the amount of food necessary to fulfill nutritional requirements. However, by 2007, increases in food production and GDP are projected to raise food availability by 13 percent. This will help decrease the share of hungry people to between 15 and 20 percent of the population. Basic nutritional adequacy is considered in another method used by ERS to estimate food security. This approach employs a food purchasing power threshold (FPPT) to account for prices of food items and balanced coverage of main food groups. This approach measures food insecurity by calculating the cost of a healthy food basket and the cost of other basic necessities. This FPPT can then be compared to income. Food security results from this approach are similar to those from the FSA model. Both models indicate that income growth required to raise consumption in the vulnerable income groups and eradicate hunger far surpass historical growth rates. Therefore, targeted government programs seem to be a promising but costly option to meet the zero-hunger goal. Lula's program is a mix of cash transfers and investment (e.g., education). While the link between improvements in education and poverty reduction is clear, the road to success is likely to take more than the 4 years envisioned by President Lula.


We present a new method for infering the local 3D orientation of keypoints from their appearance. The method is based on the idea that the relation between keypoint appearance and pose can be learnt efficiently with an adequate regressor. Using one reference view of a keypoint, it is possible to train a keypoint-specific regressor that takes the point appearance as input and delivers the local perspective transformation as output. We show that an elegant choice of regressor is a set of sparse regressors applied sequentially in a cascade. In our case, we use a set of parametrized multivariate relevance vector machines (MVRVM) to learn the local 8-dimensional homography from the patch normalized pixel values. We show that using a cascade of regressors, ranging from coarse pose approximation to fine rectifications, considerably speeds up the identification and pose estimation process. Moreover, we show that our method improves the precision of classical points detectors, as the location of the point is rectified together with the homography. The resulting system is able to recover the orientation of patches in real time.


Objective: To assess the menopausal perceptions and experiences of older women from selected sites in Botswana. Design: This study used snowball sampling to recruit 444 older women in four health districts of Botswana. Trained research assistants administered a structured questionnaire to determine respondents' menopausal symptoms, perceptions and knowledge of menopause and sexual experiences. Multiple logistic regression procedures were used to evaluate the association of socio-demographic characteristics with knowledge of menopause and factor analysis was used to cluster menopausal symptoms. Results: Participants had low levels of knowledge and awareness of menopause. The three most common changes identified were weakening of bones (78%), changes in sex drive (69.6%), and difficulty working (56.2%). The majority of respondents perceived menopause as freedom from menstrual cycles (85%) and cost saving (65%). Employment status was significantly associated with knowledge of menopause. The mean age at menopause was 48.9 years. With an average life expectancy of 54.5 years, there remains about 6 years of postmenopausal life. Recommendation: Public health care systems in and beyond Botswana should mobilize resources and take measures to improve older women's awareness and knowledge about menopause-related changes through educational training and guidance to maintain active, healthy lives.


Between 1984 and 1993, MgCl2 brine was used to suppress dust on unpaved roads at a radioactive waste subsurface disposal area. Because Cl− might enhance corrosion of buried metals in the waste, we investigated the distribution and fate of Cl− in the vadose zone using pore water samples collected from suction lysimeters and soluble salt concentrations extracted from sediment samples. The Cl/Br mass ratio and the total dissolved Cl− concentration of pore water show that brine contamination occurs primarily within 13 m of treated roads, but can extend as much as 30 m laterally in near‐surface sedimentary deposits. Within the deep vadose zone, which consists of interlayered basalt lava flows and sedimentary interbeds, brine has moved up to 110 m laterally. This lateral migration suggests formation of perched water and horizontal transport during periods of high recharge. In a few locations, brine migrated to depths of 67 m within 3 to 5 yr. Elevated Cl− concentrations were found to depths of 2 m in roadbed material. In drainage ditches along roads, where runoff accumulates and recharge of surface water is high, Cl− was flushed from the sediments in 3 to 4 yr. In areas of lower recharge, Cl− remained in the sediments after 5 yr. Vertical brine movement is directly related to surface recharge through sediments. The distribution of Cl− in pore water and sediments is consistent with estimates of vadose zone residence times and spatial distribution of surface water recharge from other investigations at the subsurface disposal area.


This paper discusses and compares public and private forestry regulation practices in Canada and the United States. The analyses focuses on industry layout, sustainability policies and new and alternative forms of environmental governance. It concludes with an eye towards Russia, its public forestry policy and the rise of non-state voluntary regulatory practices.


The results observed with this strain of Treponema pallidum may be stated as follows: 1. Normal human serum did not agglutinate this culture of Treponema pallidum in dilutions of 1:5 or higher; equal parts of treponema culture and normal serum (dilution 1:2) resulted in agglutination in about 50 per cent of the sera. With the strain of Treponema pallidum used in this study specific agglutination was not considered as having occurred unless observed in dilutions of 1:5 or higher. 2. The agglutinating power of the sera of non-syphilitic persons suffering with various infections was not higher than that of normal sera. 3. Traces of specific agglutinin for this culture of Treponema pallidum were found in the sera of persons late in the primary stage of syphilis. 4. In the secondary stage of syphilis about 58 per cent of sera showed the presence of a demonstrable amount of agglutinin in dilutions of 1:5 and higher; in no instance, however, was agglutination in evidence in dilutions higher than 1:20. 5. In tertiary and latent syphilis, mostly infections of the central nervous system, agglutination in dilutions of 1:5 and higher was found with about 84 per cent of sera. The highest concentration of pallida agglutinin in the blood serum was found in the later stages of syphilis. 6. The formation of agglutinin for culture Treponema pallidum in human syphilis is probably tardy and does not reach a state of high concentration. 7. There was no direct relation between the presence of the Wassermann antibody and agglutinin for this strain in the sera of syphilitics. The former appears in the body fluids earlier and is probably in higher concentration in all stages of syphilis; while agglutination is most likely to occur with Wassermann positive sera, it may be occasionally observed with sera yielding negative Wassermann reactions. Likewise strongly Wassermann positive sera may not contain demonstrable amounts of agglutinin. 8. It is probable that different strains of pallida vary in susceptibility to agglutination. For example, in the first investigation on agglutinins for Treponema pallidum by Kolmer, the sera of syphilitics in different stages of the disease did not cause agglutination of one of Noguchi's strains in dilutions of 1:20 and higher, whereas the strain used in the present study was frequently agglutinated in this dilution by sera from a similar group of patients. As shown by Zinsser, Hopkins, and McBurney, virulent pallida from human lesions resist agglutination to a remarkable degree. 9. While further studies are necessary to establish the practical value of agglutination in the diagnosis of human syphilis, we believe that with a suitable culture or cultures well marked agglutination of Treponema pallidum in dilutions of 1:5, or better 1:10 and higher, indicates pallida infection and may prove of value in the diagnosis of isolated cases, particularly in the later stages. Investigations bearing upon the relation of agglutinins for culture pallida to immunity in syphilis will be given in a separate communication (16).


The use of scolocidal solutions in the hepatobiliary system may result in caustic sclerosing cholangitis. In this study, the effectivenes of a biological metabolite of albendazole, albendazole sulfoxide, on scolices and the hepatobiliary system was evaluated. In the in vitro study, it was found that 100 µg/ml albendazole sulfoxide solution had strong scolocidal effect in 15 min. In the in vivo study, two experimental groups, each consisting of 8 rabbits aged 3–4 months and weighing 2,500 ± 250 g, 100 µg/ml albendazole sulfoxide and normal saline were given into the biliary tract. ALP, GGT, SGOT and SGPT values on days 7, 30 and 60 were not found to be significantly increased compared to preoperative values. Total bilirubin values were high in the working group 7 and 30 days postoperatively and on day 30 in the control group, returning back to normal levels on day 60 in both groups. Histopathological evaluation of the liver parenchyma and the biliary system on day 60 revealed no differences between the groups. Consequently, albendazole sulfoxide solution may be used intraoperatively for scolocidal purposes.


This article asserts the thesis that customary international law (CIL), even in the absence of any new treaty, already provides a legal regime constraining the testing and use in combat of anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons. This argument, if validated, is important for both legal and public policy considerations: the world (especially, but not only, the United States) has grown increasingly dependent upon satellites for the performance of a wide array of commercial and military functions. At the same time, because of this growing reliance (and hence vulnerability), interest has surged in developing novel systems for attacking a potential enemy's satellites - ASAT technology has been tested by the United States, Russia, and China, and other countries may soon shoot up that same dangerous trajectory. Oddly, the United States has consistently opposed international efforts to negotiate an arms control solution to this problem. Any comprehensive treaty would certainly be difficult to reach (there are numerous complicated issues of definitions, scope, and verification to surmount) but the American stance (not only during the Bush Administration) has been that we should not even try, because "there is currently no arms race occurring in outer space." This article turns that resistance on its head, by asking whether customary international law, even without any formal treaty on point, already imposes meaningful constraints upon ASAT activities. To develop the argument, it analyzes three strands of CIL: first, "general" customary international law, which has long been recognized as an authoritative, albeit complex, source of binding rules; second, the specialized legal regime incorporated into the law of armed conflict, which imposes its own strictures, fully applicable to conventional warfare, but not yet applied extra-terrestrially; and finally, another realm of specialized CIL, the emerging jurisprudence governing international environmental law. My conclusion is that there is already a meaningful ASAT-control regime, created by CIL even without codification in a new treaty. This is not, to be sure, a fully comprehensive legal web, and there would still be plenty of additional scope for a new treaty to enhance and extend the legal regime. But the conclusion is that treaty negotiators would not be drafting on a complete tabula rasa; an incipient legal order is already in place.


Climate change is a serious threat to agriculture and food security. Extreme weather conditions and changing patterns of precipitation lead to a decrease in the crop productivity. High temperatures and uncertain rainfall decrease the grain yield of crops by reducing the length of growing period. Future projections show that temperature would be increased by 2.5°C up to 2050. The projected rise in temperature would cause the high frequent and prolong heat waves that can decline the crop production. The rise in temperature results in huge reduction in yield of agronomic crops. Sustaining the crop production under changing climate is a key challenge. Therefore, adaptation measures are required to reduce the climate vulnerabilities. The adverse effect of climate change can be mitigated by developing heat tolerant cultivars and some modification in current production technologies. The development of adaptation strategies in context of changing climate provides the useful information for the stakeholders such as researchers, academia, and farmers in mitigating the negative effects of climate change.


A body sensor network (BSN) is a network of sensors deployed on a person's body for health care monitoring. Since the sensors collect personal medical data, security and privacy are important components in a BSN. In this paper, we developed IBE-Lite, a lightweight identity-based encryption suitable for sensors in a BSN. We present protocols based on IBE-Lite that balance security and privacy with accessibility and perform evaluation using experiments conducted on commercially available sensors.


The article addresses the impact of the concept of social integration on the European Union citizenship regime. Despite the lack of a clear legal definition, integration is gradually becoming a key cross-cutting category of EU law. The degree of integration in the host society influences the intensity of protection granted by EU law, as Member States often resort to forms of integration conditionality to protect their core interests. The analysis contends that recent Court of Justice case law acknowledges the compelling rise of this elusive concept. However, the Court fails to address its intrinsic complexity and does not take into due consideration the impact of its exclusionary effect on the scope of application of Union citizenship rights


An all-optical read only memory utilizing cross gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) has been demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. In our demonstration, an all-optical 2-to-4 line decoder constructed with SOAs has been employed for the construction of this all-optical read only memory. Storing four characters in an American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) format has been successfully carried out. Each character consisting of seven binary bits could be read out at a rate of 10 Giga characters per second.


One of the fundamental prerequisites for a 'right to the city' is a level of knowledge about the processes, services and opportunities that can improve the life chances of the poor. A vital source of knowledge in any urban environment is local government, which provides access to essential services including knowledge about education, health, sanitation and emergency services and security of tenure. This paper reports on a research project conducted in the city of Rajshahi in Bangladesh in 2013 designed to better understand how people living in poverty and absolute poverty accessed these necessary services. Three types of community were used in the case study: a poor slum with access to the donor sponsored Urban Program for Poverty Reduction (UPPR) scheme in operation, a poor slum with no such support and a more 'middle class' neighbourhood used for comparison. The study found that local political representatives on the city government tightly controlled access to knowledge and services in all cases. This was to the detriment of the poorest slum, which was exploited by its local elected representative. The UPPR slum had a greater access to information and thus voice due to organised local leadership, with a strong role from women. The middle class neighbourhood enjoyed a close and productive relationship with their local member due to high levels of cultural and symbolic capital. The paper concludes by observing that there are particular levels of community cohesion required before poverty alleviation can work. The best intentions of local authorities to improve services and transparency can be futile if political control is not relinquished at the grassroots level and/or the poor are not adequately mobilised and educated about their entitlements and rights.


Why do we feel the way we feel? How do our thoughts and emotions affect our health? Are our bodies and minds distinct from each other or do they function together as parts of an interconnected system? In her groundbreaking book "Molecules of Emotion, " Candace Pert -- a neuroscientist whose extraordinary career began with her 1972 discovery of the opiate receptor -- provides startling and decisive answers to these and other challenging questions that scientists and philosophers have pondered for centuries.Her pioneering research on how the chemicals inside our bodies form a dynamic information network, linking mind and body, is not only provocative, it is revolutionary. By establishing the biomolecular basis for our emotions and explaining these new scientific developments in a clear and accessible way, Pert empowers us to understand ourselves, our feelings, and the connection between our minds and our bodies -- or bodyminds -- in ways we could never have imagined before. From explaining how there is a scientific basis to popular wisdom about phenomena such as 'gut feelings, ' to making recent breakthroughs in cancer and AIDS research comprehensible, Pert provides us with an intellectual adventure of the highest order.The journey Pert takes us on in "Molecules of Emotion" is one of personal as well as scientific discovery. Woven into her lucid explanations of the science underlying her work is the remarkable story of how, faced with personal and professional obstacles, she has grown as a woman and a mother and how her personal and spiritual development has made possible her remarkable scientific career. "Molecules of Emotion" is a landmark work, full of insight and wisdom andpossessing that rare power to change the way we see the world and ourselves. Pert's striking conclusion that it is our emotions and their biological components that establish the crucial link between mind and body does not, however, serve to repudiate modern medicine's gains; rather, her findings complement existing techniques by offering a new scientific understanding of the power of our minds and our feelings to affect our health and well-being.


Jamestown, the Lost Colony of Roanoke, and Plymouth Rock are central to America's mythic origin stories. Then, we are told, the main characters--the "friendly" Native Americans who met the settlers--disappeared. But the history of the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina demands that we tell a different story. As the largest tribe east of the Mississippi and one of the largest in the country, the Lumbees have survived in their original homelands, maintaining a distinct identity as Indians in a biracial South. In this passionately written, sweeping work of history, Malinda Maynor Lowery narrates the Lumbees' extraordinary story as never before. The Lumbees' journey as a people sheds new light on America's defining moments, from the first encounters with Europeans to the present day. How and why did the Lumbees both fight to establish the United States and resist the encroachments of its government? How have they not just survived, but thrived, through Civil War, Jim Crow, the civil rights movement, and the war on drugs, to ultimately establish their own constitutional government in the twenty-first century? Their fight for full federal acknowledgment continues to this day, while the Lumbee people's struggle for justice and self-determination continues to transform our view of the American experience. Readers of this book will never see Native American history the same way.


The extant literature suggests that human-centered approaches to design such as Participatory Design (PD) lend to more reusable and relevant design outputs, but often assumes this progression as an inevitable outcome of PD work. To investigate the factors contributing to this assumption, we document a comparative case analysis of the design processes of three studies centered on learning in communal spaces. All three studies shared the overarching objective of designing signage to promote playful learning opportunities in grocery stores, providing a rare opportunity to analyze different approaches to PD work in a controlled design area. We compare how three components interact throughout each design process: 1) researchers' goals 2) researchers' pedagogical frameworks and 3) community roles. We propose that future researchers consider the interplay of these three components as points of deliberation to formulate innovative and intentional PD practices. We offer a set of guidelines incorporating these components that researchers can reference when structuring their PD process.


Recent advances in computing infrastructure constitute edge nodes prominently (e.g., smartphones, cars) in their computation pipeline. Applications that combine sensor/IoT data from edge devices in a distributed fashion are growing. Dynamically composed applications that combine resources from edge nodes and the cloud are becoming common in various domains including urban and military settings. A key challenge in such applications is to bridge the gap between the application's description and its IoT resource requirements, where the application description is unstructured text and its IoT requirements are structured. In this paper, we describe an approach that develops a model which given unstructured text description of the service predicts its IoT sensor requirements. Our model can predict with an average accuracy of 77% and up to 88% on the top-20 sensor requirements for 300 different applications.


Active learning has been increasingly applied to screening functional materials from existing materials databases with desired properties. However, the number of known materials deposited in the popular materials databases such as ICSD and Materials Project is extremely limited and consists of just a tiny portion of the vast chemical design space. Herein we present an active generative inverse design method that combines active learning with a deep variational autoencoder neural network and a generative adversarial deep neural network model to discover new materials with a target property in the whole chemical design space. The application of this method has allowed us to discover new thermodynamically stable materials with high band gap (SrYF5) and semiconductors with specified band gap ranges (SrClF3, CaClF5, YCl3, SrC2F3, AlSCl, As2O3), all of which are verified by first principle DFT calculations. Our experiments show that while active learning itself may sample chemically infeasible candidates, these samples help to train effective screening models for filtering out materials with desired properties from the hypothetical materials created by the generative model. The experiments show the effectiveness of our active generative inverse design approach.


Insulin human, containing 51 amino acids, is a small polypeptide hormone that regulates blood glucose homeostasis. Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus require insulin therapy through the administration of exogenous insulin to avoid ketoacidosis. Utilizing various genetic engineering techniques, pharmaceutical companies have developed a variety of rapid- or long-acting insulin analogues. Analytical methods for various types of insulin and insulin analogues are gradually being included in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the European Pharmacopeia (Ph. Eur.), but not yet in the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Usually these insulin analogues only differ by 1 to 3 amino acids, which is too subtle to distinguish by most of analytical methods currently available. In this study a peptide mapping technique was employed to screen insulin analogues for quality assessment. Peptide mapping is capable of identifying single amino acid changes resulted from events such as errors in the reading of complementary DNA sequences or point mutations. Here we analyzed 6 insulin preparations including insulin human, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin detemir, insulin glargine and insulin glulisine using peptide mapping analysis. The peptide fingerprints of the insulin products we tested all corresponded well to those of the standard materials. Our peptide mapping method is more accurate in identifying the subtle differences between the insulin analogues than chromatography is. We concluded that peptide mapping is a valuable initial screening tool for quality assessment of insulin analogues. In the future, we intend to continue to develop this technology for post-marketing surveillance of other biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars, such as somatropin, erythropoietin and G-CSF.


Much has been reported of the influence of age, affective symptoms, and satisfaction on self-ratings of health functioning, but little is known about the extent that race-based perceptions may have on influencing behavior or adjustment after a mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (MTBI). We investigated differences in perception of health functioning by race for mental and physical functioning using a global measure of health functioning. MTBI (n = 135) and general trauma (GT, n = 83) patients recruited from an area Level-1 trauma center at 3 months after injury were administered the Medical Outcomes Study: Short Form (SF-36), Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), Community Integration Questionnaire, Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, and the Visual Analogue Scale of Depression. A significant interaction for Race � Group (p < .01) was found on the Physical Component Scale (PCS) of the SF-36. In the MTBI group, African Americans reported worse functioning (p < .04) on the PCS scale; they perceived functioning on subscales General Health Perception (p < .02) and Physical Functioning (p < .04) to be more limited. On the SSQ, Hispanic MTBI patients reported having fewer social supports available to them (p < .05), although the race groups were comparable for satisfaction with their support. Rate of depression across groups was comparable, although subjective reporting by minority MTBI patients indicated greater depressed feelings. Differences in perception of health functioning may be related to the unique interaction created between sustaining an MTBI and variations in cultural expression of disability. Manifestations of physical difficulties may be better accepted for some cultures than having mental illness.


Could humans add some level of self-awareness to Earth's self-regulation? According to Lovelock and Margulis's Gaia hypothesis, living things are part of a planetary-scale self-regulating system that has maintained habitable conditions for the past 3.5 billion years (1, 2). Gaia has operated without foresight or planning on the part of organisms, but the evolution of humans and their technology are changing that. Earth has now entered a new epoch called the Anthropocene (3), and humans are beginning to become aware of the global consequences of their actions. As a result, deliberate self-regulation—from personal action to global geoengineering schemes—is either happening or imminently possible. Making such conscious choices to operate within Gaia constitutes a fundamental new state of Gaia, which we call Gaia 2.0. By emphasizing the agency of life-forms and their ability to set goals, Gaia 2.0 may be an effective framework for fostering global sustainability.


Although a large number of asynchronous microprocessors have now been designed, relatively few have attempted to handle memory faults. Memory faults create problems for the design of any pipelined system which are exacerbated by the non-deterministic nature of an asynchronous processor. This paper describes these problems as encountered in the design of asynchronous ARM processors and discusses their specific solutions in the AMULET3 processor. Different mechanisms were used, as expedient, to maintain coherency for the various state-holding elements within the processor; these include register renaming and history buffering in addition to resource locking.