The papers contained herein were presented at the Second International Conference on Composite Structures (ICCS/2) held at Paisley College of Technology, Paisley, Scotland, in September 1983. The Conference was organised and sponsored by Paisley College of Technology in association with the Scottish Development Agency and the National Engineering Laboratory. It forms a natural progression from the highly successful First International Conference on Composite Structures (lCCS/l) held at Paisley in September 1981. The last few decades have seen phenomenal advances in research and of composite materials with new and exciting structural development possibilities being unearthed on an almost daily basis. Composites have been rightly heralded as space-age materials of the future. However, along with the rather specialised aerospace applications a growing awareness of the wider potential of composites is also unmistakable. The extensive composite materials research programmes of the fifties and sixties are now yielding fruit in abundance, with composites being used in virtually every area of structural engineering from transportation to pressure vessels and so on. Although significant weight savings, paramount in transportation engineering, are possible, composites have gone far beyond being simply lighter than conventional materials. They offer real structural advantages with almost unbounded potential. The ability to tailor a particular matrix material to suit prevailing environmental conditions whilst maintaining adequate reinforcement to withstand applied loading is unquestionably an attractive proposition.


The predictive coding model of perception proposes that neuronal responses reflect prediction errors. Repeated as well as predicted stimuli trigger suppressed neuronal responses because they are associated with reduced prediction errors. However, many predictable events in our environment are not isolated but sequential, yet there is little empirical evidence documenting how suppressed neuronal responses reflecting reduced prediction errors change in the course of a predictable sequence of events. Here we conceived an auditory electroencephalography (EEG) experiment where prediction persists over series of four tones to allow for the delineation of the dynamics of the suppressed neuronal responses. It is possible that neuronal responses might decrease for the initial predictable stimuli and stay at the same level across the rest of the sequence, suggesting that they reflect the predictability of the stimuli in terms of mere probability. Alternatively, neuronal responses might decrease for the initial predictable stimuli and gradually recover across the rest of the sequence, suggesting that factors other than mere probability have to be considered in order to account for the way prediction is implemented in the brain. We found that initial presentation of the predictable stimuli was associated with suppression of the auditory N1. Further presentation of the predictable stimuli was associated with a rebound of the component's amplitude. Moreover, such pattern was independent of attention. The findings suggest that auditory N1 suppression reflecting reduced prediction errors is a transient phenomenon that can be modulated by multiple factors.


Quantitative Methods in Supply Chain Management presents some of the most important methods and tools available for modeling and solving problems arising in the context of supply chain management. In the context of this book, solving problems usually means designing efficient algorithms for obtaining high-quality solutions. The first chapter is an extensive optimization review covering continuous unconstrained and constrained linear and nonlinear optimization algorithms, as well as dynamic programming and discrete optimization exact methods and heuristics. The second chapter presents time-series forecasting methods together with prediction market techniques for demand forecasting of new products and services. The third chapter details models and algorithms for planning and scheduling with an emphasis on production planning and personnel scheduling. The fourth chapter presents deterministic and stochastic models for inventory control with a detailed analysis on periodic review systems and algorithmic development for optimal control of such systems. The fifth chapter discusses models and algorithms for location/allocation problems arising in supply chain management, and transportation problems arising in distribution management in particular, such as the vehicle routing problem and others. The sixth and final chapter presents a short list of new trends in supply chain management with a discussion of the related challenges that each new trend might bring along in the immediate to near future. Overall, Quantitative Methods in Supply Chain Management may be of particular interest to students and researchers in the fields of supply chain management, operations management, operations research, industrial engineering, and computer science


When the editors of Biochemia Medica asked me to write a viewpoint on using a single name in authors' by-line to a journal article, recently discussed on the Listserve of the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) (1), I recalled two of my past experiences with names in research publishing.

One is related to my own name and happened in 2002, when a psychiatrist from Slovenia, late Prof. Andrej Marusic, submitted a paper (2) to the Croatian Medical Journal, which I edited at that time. Our introduction was along the lines "So you are the other "Marusic A" that gets in the list of my papers on PubMed!" Indeed, I have always had troubles sorting out my articles from Andrej's (and another Marusic A, a biochemist), especially because I also authored some psychiatry papers published during the 1991-1995 war against Croatia (and some close to biochemistry, too). Each time I need to update my bibliography or calculate my h-index, I have to go carefully over all publications retrieved with my surname and initial, and sort out my publications from those of other Marusic As.

The second time I had to deal with authors' names was when my co-authors and I studied the research output published in local journals from the countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region (3). We had problems in finding articles from our study sample by using authors' names because of differences in transcription and indexing of Arabic names in bibliographical databases. It seemed that the usual practice to index authors by surname(s) and first name(s) initials was a serious problem for complex Arabic names because the logic behind them is often very different from that for most western names. This is true not only for Arabic (4), but also Chinese (5) and even Spanish (6) names.

According to the information on MEDLINE indexing processes, indexers pay special attention to indexing names, including full authors' names instead of "last name – initials" format (7). MEDLINE also recognizes that some authors may have only a surname, which is then indexed in that field (LastName data element) (7). Listing only first names, as discussed in the WAME Listserve case (1), seems not to be an option in MEDLINE.

The problems with indexing authors' names do not stop there. There are cases where author's names were used for purposes other than giving actual research credit. There is a famous story of Polly Matzinger, immunologist from the National Institutes of Health in the USA, and her Afghan hound Galadriel Mirkwood, who co-authored her paper published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine in 1978 (8). The rumour has it that she was blacklisted by the journal's editor after the identity of the second author was disclosed, and the ban was lifted only after the editor's death. Even older story is from physics, in which an American physicist, George Gamow, thought it would be amusing to add another name to the paper by himself and his then PhD student Ralph Alpher. By adding his friend, another eminent physicist, Hans Bethe, to the article, the by-line (Alpher, Bethe, Gamow) (9) turned into a play on the first three Greek letters α, β, and γ. I am sure that the PhD student was not thrilled with this game, as I am sure that the editor of the Journal of Experimental Medicine was not happy about the misuse of authorship, one of the most important elements of academic and scholarly life.

What is the solution? I am not sure editors should go into fights with authors about their personal wishes for their name(s) presentation in an article by-line. They should embrace the solution already at hand – author identifier. For example, since 2013, MEDLINE has the option of adding unique author identifiers to the indexed article, such as Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID), International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI), or a name from Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) (10). For biomedicine, ORCID seems to be the most common solution, and several editors have already implemented ORCID in their journals (11), and some publishers have already integrated ORCID into their publishing and indexing systems (12).

It will take some time and effort for all stakeholders – authors, journals, publishers and indexing databases – to sort out how to link ORCIDs to all past publications. But the future is here, and incentives from research and academic institutions and research funding would be important for the full success in solving the current riddle of names in research publishing.

After all, the value of the research we do is valued only in relation to the names we have. So it seems appropriate to end this essay with the quote on names: "Stat rosa pristina nomine; nomina nuda tenemus" (13).


This dissertation comprises an exploration of the thesis that a holistic education entailing multi-disciplinary study is essential if classical singers and vocal pedagogues are to be prepared adequately for performance, for their teaching role, and for cooperation in inter-professional relations. The disciplines pertinent to vocal pedagogy are examined, and their varied contributions are discussed with a view to showing the ways in which they are mutually supportive. The case is argued on the basis of an exhaustive analysis of the relevant literature, and is underpinned by my wide professional experience as a soprano, and as a teacher both in primary, secondary and higher education, and in private practice at home and abroad.

Starting with a survey of views on vocal pedagogy from biblical and classical times to the present day, important diverse roots are exposed, yielding differing and even conflicting tonal ideals which have a bearing on the consideration of different singing styles, and the interpretation of songs and arias. Ethics and psychology are identified as central to the entire pedagogical process, along with the scientific basis of singing, encompassing acoustics, anatomy and physiology, with special reference to the bearing of the latter two upon vocal health and hygiene. A detailed consideration of singing technique is the centrepiece of the
dissertation, building on the scientific basis already presented. The several aspects of technique are discussed, and an understanding of the relations between good technique and scientific awareness is shown to be fundamental to good vocal pedagogical practice. In differing ways all of the disciplines thus far discussed - history, the ethics and psychology, science, vocal technique - contribute to performance, which is the next topic dealt with. In addition, since the evaluation of performance is a question of aesthetics, that branch of philosophy is introduced as a further discipline contributing to the education of the fully equipped singer and vocal pedagogue.

While a considerable amount of research has been undertaken by others on the individual disciplines discussed in this dissertation, no study to date has attempted the task of showing the inter-relationships of all of them, and the ways in which together they bear upon classical singing pedagogy. The central theme of the dissertation is that the adoption of a holistic, multidisciplinary approach is of particular benefit to singers and voice teachers, and that such an approach
facilitates mutual co-operation between them and other voice professionals.

https://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/file/iso/11-08-PP-IK Tata Cara Compress PDF.pdf


Northern latitudes are experiencing faster warming than other regions in the world, which is partly explained by the snow albedo feedback. In Norway, mean temperatures have been increasing since the 1990s, with 2014 being the warmest year on record, 2.2 °C above normal (1961–1990). At the same time, a concurrent reduction in the land area covered by snow has been reported. In this study, we present a detailed spatial and temporal (monthly and seasonal) analysis of trends and changes in snow indices based on a high resolution (1 km) gridded hydro-meteorological dataset for Norway (seNorge). During the period 1961–2010, snow cover extent (SCE) was found to decrease, notably at end of the snow season, with a corresponding decrease in snow water equivalent except at high elevations. SCE for all Norway decreased by more than 20,000 km 2 (6% of the land area) between the periods 1961–1990 and 1981–2010, mainly north of 63 ° N. Overall, air temperature increased in all seasons, with the highest increase in spring (particularly in April) and winter. Mean monthly air temperatures were significantly correlated with the monthly SCE, suggesting a positive land–atmosphere feedback enhancing warming in winter and spring.


Room 13 is a Scottish primary school art group that is largely pupil managed, where learners have a designated "drop-in" space (Room 13) with artists-in-residence and make art that is engaged with contemporary practices. Using this example, I argue that this is an artist-teacher and artist-learner configuration that represents emerging resistance to the imposition of tightly governed curricula and regulated pedagogies. With the wider public, contemporary art has acquired significantly improved status and popularity; whilst the standing of these practices and their display and dissemination continues to grow, there has not been a similar bestowing of status or even legitimacy upon the production of art in schools. This article examines ways of analyzing classroom art practice as the collaborative art production of artist-teachers with artist-learners, a collaboration that is defined as a learning community of art practitioners, using cultural, community, and pedagogical theorists. The features of this model of learning through contemporary art are explored with reference to the singular methods and features of Room 13. For these practices to become more widespread, and for the radical development of art education, I argue that it is necessary to challenge institutional orthodoxies by developing new methodologies that insist upon the validity of contemporary artist-teacher/learner production.


Wireless communication is observing a fast development in today?s communication area. In mobile communication the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) to Base Station Controller (BSC) or Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) link is based on microwave link. Therefore, analysis and planning of a microwave link is very much important. The microwave equipment can be installed after a careful planning and detailed analysis a microwave radio system. A poorly designed path can result in periodic system outages, resulting in increased system latency, decreased throughput, or worst case, a complete failure of the system. Planning a good, stable and reliable microwave network can be quite challenging. At the same time, it poses several interesting optimization problems. The theme of thesis work an iterative technique has been presented to explain the sequential communication of signal transmission for long and short distance radio communication through microwave link with better efficiency.


The cellular industry is evaluating architectures to distribute the signal processing in radio access networks. One of the options is to process the signals of all base stations on a shared pool of compute resources in a central location. In this centralized architecture, the existing base stations will be replaced with just the antennas and a few other active RF components, and the remainder of the digital processing including the physical layer will be carried out in a central location. This model has potential benefits that include a reduction in the cost of operating the network due to fewer site visits, easy upgrades, and lower site lease costs, and an improvement in the network performance with joint signal processing techniques that span multiple base stations. Further there is a potential to exploit variations in the processing load across base stations, to pool the base stations into fewer compute resources, thereby allowing the operator to either reduce energy consumption by turning the remaining processors off or reducing costs by provisioning fewer compute resources. We focus on this aspect in this paper.
 Specifically, we make the following contributions in the paper. Based on real-world data, we characterise the potential savings if shared homogeneous compute resources are used to process the signals from multiple base stations in the centralized architecture. We show that the centralized architecture can potentially result in savings of at least 22 % in compute resources by exploiting the variations in the processing load across base stations. These savings are achievable with statistical guarantees on successfully processing the base station's signals. We also design a framework that has two objectives: (i) partitioning the set of base stations into groups that are simultaneously processed on a shared homogeneous compute platform for a given statistical guarantee, and (ii) scheduling the set of base stations allocated to a platform in order to meet their real-time processing requirements. This partitioning and scheduling framework saves up to 19 % of the compute resources for a probability of failure of one in 100 million. We refer to this solution as CloudIQ. Finally we implement and extensively evaluate the CloudIQ framework with a 3GPP compliant implementation of 5 MHz LTE.


i»?This paper analyzes the causes of the 2008–2009 financial crisis together with its manifestations, using a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model. The analysis is conducted on a cross-section of 85 economies; I focus on international financial linkages that may have both allowed the crisis to spread across economies, and/or provided insurance. The model of the cross-economy incidence of the crisis combines 2008–2009 changes in real gross domestic product (GDP), the stock market, economy credit ratings, and the exchange rate. The key domestic determinants of crisis incidence that I consider are taken from the literature, and are measured in 2006 : real GDP per capita; the degree of credit market regulation; and the current account, measured as a fraction of GDP. Above and beyond these three national sources of crisis vulnerability, I add a number of measures of both multilateral and bilateral financial linkages to investigate the effects of international financial integration on crisis incidence. I ask three questions, with a special focus on Asian economies. First, did the degree of an economy's multilateral financial integration help explain its crisis? Second, what about the strength of its bilateral financial ties with the United States and the key Asian economics of the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea? Third, did the presence of a bilateral swap line with the Federal Reserve affect the intensity of an economy's crisis? I find that neither multilateral financial integration nor the existence of a Fed swap line is correlated with the cross-economy incidence of the crisis. There is mild evidence that economies with stronger bilateral financial ties to the United States (but not the large Asian economies) experienced milder crises. That is, more financially integrated economies do not seem to have suffered more during the most serious macroeconomic crisis in decades. This strengthens the case for international financial integration; if the costs of international financial integration were not great during the Great Recession, when could we ever expect them to be larger?


Background & objectives: Amitraz is a member of formamidine family of pesticides. Poisoning from amitraz is underrecognized even in areas where it is widely available. It is frequently misdiagnosed as organophosphate poisoning. This systematic review provides information on the epidemiology, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis and management of amitraz poisoning. Methods: Medline and Embase databases were searched systematically (since inception to January 2014) for case reports, case series and original articles using the following search terms: 'amitraz', 'poisoning', 'toxicity', 'intoxication' and 'overdose'. Articles published in a language other than English, abstracts and those not providing sufficient clinical information were excluded. Results: The original search yielded 239 articles, of which 52 articles described human cases. After following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 32 studies describing 310 cases (151 females, 175 children) of human poisoning with amitraz were included in this systematic review. The most commonly reported clinical features of amitraz poisoning were altered sensorium, miosis, hyperglycaemia, bradycardia, vomiting, respiratory failure, hypotension and hypothermia. Amitraz poisoning carried a good prognosis with only six reported deaths (case fatality rate, 1.9%). Nearly 20 and 11.9 per cent of the patients required mechanical ventilation and inotropic support, respectively. The role of decontamination methods, namely, gastric lavage and activated charcoal was unclear. Interpretation & conclusions: Our review shows that amitraz is an important agent for accidental or suicidal poisoning in both adults and children. It has a good prognosis with supportive management.


Wild ungulate populations are increasing in Europe and Italy, with a consequent increase in culling rates and availability of their meats. Objectives of this review were to evaluate the trends of availability of meat from wild ungulates in Italy, to review the present knowledge on nutritional properties, sensorial characteristics, and hygiene problems of wild ungulate meat and to examine the critical steps that influence their hygiene and quality. Wild ungulate meat in Italy derives mainly from wild boar, roe deer and red deer and its availability has been increasing in the last decade. Total consumption of wild ungulate meat is low (0.1–0.3 kg per capita/year), but in some regions rises to significant levels, especially for hunters' families (1.0–4.0 kg per capita/year). Wild ungulate meats generally have a low fat content, although with a certain variability associated with gender, hunting season, age and physiological conditions, and a favourable fatty acid composition. In general, they are darker, less tender and characterised by a more intense and peculiar flavour than meats from domestic ruminants. However, these properties also show a great inter- and intra-specific variability. Risks for the consumer associated with contaminants (heavy metals, radionuclides, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls) and zoonoses are considered to be low. Critical steps from shooting in the field to the final marketing should be considered to ensure hygiene and quality of meats. Future research should focus on the variability of hunting modes, accuracy of shooting, field dressing and carcass processing, in order to understand how these practices influence the final microbiological and sensorial quality of wild ungulate meats.


In this thesis the properties of unbound nuclei like 12,13Li are studiedby extending the multistep shell model to the complex energy plane. Thenuclei 12Li and 13Li are described starting from the one-particle states in 10Liand two-particle states in 11Li. The ground state of 12Li is found to be anantibound state. No bound or antibound state is found in 13Li. It is alsoshown that the odd proton plays a minor role in these nuclei.This framework is also applied to study the recently proposed spin-alignedproton-neutron pair coupling scheme. For this the MSM is extended to theproton-neutron space as well as the isospin space. In the model, a nonorthogonalbasis is introduced, which allows us to identify simultaneously theroles played by all configurations. The four-particle, six-particle and eightparticlenuclei in the heaviest N = Z region are evaluated using the MSMbasis within the space spanned by the single 0g9/2 hole shell.A novel Monte Carlo representation in the complex energy plane is alsodeveloped for studying nuclear excitations in the continuum. The calculationson realistic potentials show a stable performance and high accuracy in the oneparticleand two-particle cases. This will provide a convenient tool to studyopen systems with many nucleons in the continuum.


BACKGROUND
There has been debate in the literature for more than 40 years as to whether flushing of the Fallopian tubes enhances fertility and whether this presumed therapeutic effect is greater with oil-soluble media than with water-soluble media. A meta-analysis of the therapeutic role of oil-soluble contrast media at hysterosalpingography was published in March 1994 (Watson 1994). This Cochrane Review is an expansion and update of that overview.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of flushing the Fallopian tubes with oil- or water-soluble contrast media on subsequent pregnancy rates in infertility patients.

SEARCH STRATEGY
1. For randomised controlled trials (RCTs): we searched the Cochrane Subfertility Review Group specialised register of controlled trials. 2. For non-randomised controlled studies: Medline and manual search of eight relevant journals.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Six RCTs and six non-randomised controlled studies. In two studies tubal flushing was compared with no treatment-controls. Eleven studies, comprising a total of 2635 subjects, compared oil- with water-soluble media.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Independently by first 2 authors for: 1. Methodological trial characteristics 2. Characteristics of participants 3.

OUTCOMES
the main studied outcome was pregnancy rate per patient

MAIN RESULTS
In comparison with no treatment, a significant benefit on pregnancy rates was seen by flushing the tubes with oil-soluble media (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.29-2.50) but not with water-soluble media (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.50-1.52). In the direct comparison of oil- and water-soluble media the former lead to significantly higher pregnancy rates (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.60-2.29). The treatment effect appeared similar in RCTs and non-RCTs. Subgroup analysis suggested the therapeutic benefit was greatest for patients suffering from unexplained infertility and least for those with tubal factor infertility.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
Flushing of the tubes with oil-soluble media increases subsequent pregnancy rates in infertility patients. The hypothesis that tubal "plugs" are a cause of proximal tubal occlusion and that oil-soluble media may flush them out, is supported by new techniques such as falloposcopy. Clinicians should consider flushing the tubes with OSCM before contemplating more invasive therapies.


Background: Consumption of fast food is pervasive among young adults. This research aimed to assess the impact of consuming fast foods on total cholesterol level among university students in Northern Jordan. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a blood sample to investigate cholesterol level was drawn from a sample of university students in Northern Jordan. Besides, students' dietary habits and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Results: Out of 201 participants, 57% (n=115) were male and 43% (n=86) were female. More than three quarters of the sample ate shawarma (Mediterranean fast food) at least once per week. About 44% of the study subjects had increased BMI and about 37% had increased serum cholesterol level. Participants' gender, age, marital status, physical activity, BMI, living status, and daily pocket money significantly correlated with cholesterol level (P<0.05). In the regression analysis, eating fast foods and increased BMI were strong predictors of high cholesterol level. Students who ate shawarma more than 3 times a week had more than 8 folds to have hypercholesterolemia (OR=8.4; CI: 2.62–26.72), and obese students were more than 14 folds at higher risk to have hypercholesterolemia compared to those with normal BMI (OR=14.2; CI: 4.80–42.29). In addition, male students had doubled odds for having abnormal cholesterol level compared to females (OR=2.1; CI: 1.10–4.44). Conclusion: Fast food consumption among university students in Jordan was significantly associated with increased total cholesterol level. Encouraging healthy diet and lifestyle are the basis for prevention of dyslipidemia.


Low height castor bean hybrids and highly productive possibly need larger quantity of macronutients during its development cycle. However, in Brazil there is little information on extraction and exportation of macronutrients by low height castor bean hybrids, as on season as out-of-season growing. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrients extraction and exportation by Savana hybrid castor bean on season and out-of-season growing. The experiments were conducted during the season of 2005/2006 and out-ofseason of 2006 in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The plots were consisted by harvest times of plants, which were composed by six plant rows to 5 m, spaced 0.45 m between rows. Samples were collected at 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) during the season and at 17, 31, 45, 59, 80; 100 and 120 DAE in the out-of-season. The nutrients accumulation by Savana hybrid was small until the flowering (30 DAE), but intensified after this period. The period of greatest nutrient absorption occurred at 65 and 90 DAE for N, 70 and 80 DAE for P, 60 DAE for K and Mg, 55 and 60 DAE for Ca and S. The amounts absorbed per hectare by hybrid Savana ranged 155 to 31 kg of N, 17 to 3 kg of P, 71 to 13 kg of K, 56 to 12 kg of Ca, 28 to 4 kg of Mg and 29,5 to 7 kg of S in season and out-of-season, respectively. The yield was higher in growing season, but the nutrients extraction and exportation per ton of grain were similar among the seasons. Among 40% and 50% of N and S and most part of Mg, K and Ca accumulated in the plants returned to soil with crop residues, but less than 35% of P remained in the residues.


The idea of autonomous systems that are able to make choices according to properties which allow them to experience, apprehend and assess their environment is becoming a reality. These systems are capable of auto-configuration and self-organization. This book presents a model for the creation of autonomous systems based on a complex substratum, made up of multiple electronic components that deploy a variety of specific features. This substratum consists of multi-agent systems which act continuously and autonomously to collect information from the environment which they then feed into the global system, allowing it to generate discerning and concrete representations of its surroundings. These systems are able to construct a so-called artificial corporeity which allows them to have a sense of self, to then behave autonomously, in a way reminiscent of living organisms.


Electrofluorochromism deals with electrochemical monitoring of luminescence features. There are several reasons to be interested in that field. The first one is the design of displays working in a similar way to electrochromic devices, substituting colors due to absorption with colors due to emission, thus producing much higher brilliance. This requires designing smart molecules and materials, which are likely to exhibit reversible switch of emission by controlling their redox state. There are also a lot of analytical applications, especially in biochemical issues, where in situ dual detection of electrochemical and fluorescence signals can lead to very sensitive and selective biosensors. To achieve this goal, instrumental developments are necessary, involving, among others, beyond diffraction limit and single molecule detection optical techniques. This paper reviews the most recent developments in the above mentioned fields of fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry, coupled detection of fluorescence and electrochemical signals and design of molecules and materials exhibiting electrofluorochromic properties. The first part describes the required features for molecular systems to exhibit a reversible switch in their luminescence properties according to a change in their redox state. Examples among organic and organometallic dyes and redox labelled fluorophores are listed. The second part focuses on the instrumental development in fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry and recent coupling of electrochemical techniques with fluorescence microscopy. Finally, some applications and devices are presented in the last part of this review. This should give an overview of this emerging research field at the interface between physics, chemistry and biology.


Purpose: This study investigates air passengers' perceptions of the brand personalities of airlines and explores the relationships between the brand personality and its antecedent factor, the country-of-origin of the airlines, and the consequent factor which is the purchase intentions to the corresponding airlines.Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a questionnaire survey containing air passengers' trip characteristics and demographics and three main scales: country-of-origin, brand personality, and purchase intentions to collect the data of 490 respondents flying from Kaohsiung to Macao. The passengers are from three types of airlines: an international airline with a global network, a regional airline, and a low-cost carrier. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to investigate the differences in the perceptions of brand personalities of airlines and several models were developed to determine the antecedent and the consequent factors of airline brand personality.Findings: The air passengers' perceptions regarding the brand personalities of different types of airlines were significantly different. The country-of-origin of airlines was proved as a significant factor for the brand personality. The brand personality also significantly influenced passengers' loyalty to the corresponding airlines. Moreover, some demographic and trip characteristics such as personal monthly income, memberships in the airline's frequent flyer program, and experiences with the airlines were also determined as the significant variables to impact passengers' loyalties.Originality/value: The concept of brand personality has been explored by various researches but few related to airline management and identified as a key element to brand marketing. Particularly, low-cost carriers always implement different marketing strategies to create a distinctive position in their target customers' mind and legacy airlines are also doing different things to retain their customers. Therefore, investigating passengers' perceptions of airlines from the perspective of brand personality is also an important issue for airline management. Not only does this study prove the differences in passengers' cognitions of brand personalities of a global network airline, a regional network airline, and a low-cost airline but conclude the determinants and influences of the brand personality.


Long-term declines in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in the United States are presumably due to decades of habitat loss or degradation at a national scale. Food and fiber production characterized by replacement of open woodlands and savannas by dense forest, intensification of agriculture, and conversion of native grasslands to nonnative pastures have degraded habitats for most grassland and early successional birds. Declines in bobwhite and associated species occurred within this context at a scale that has overwhelmed wildlife management efforts. However, with understanding of scale and context, managers could sustain these species in some future landscapes. Increasing urbanization over the next century will result in loss of millions of acres of forests, grasslands, and agricultural lands used by bobwhite and associated species, and climate change will affect abundance and distribution of shortleaf (Pinus echinata), loblolly (P. taeda), and longleaf (P. palustris) pine woodlands. I highlight modeling tools and planning efforts that demonstrate how conservation planning can address these changes. I suggest that focusing management in the correct landscape contexts and accounting for land use and climate change is more likely to be successful than management that does not and conservation partnerships and management efforts across public and private lands are required to affect regional bobwhite populations.


Using a single ultrashort optical pulse propagating through a short nonbirefringent single-mode optical fiber, we have observed degenerate-cross-phase modulation of the two orthogonal circularly polarized components of the pulse. The spectral broadening of the two polarization components in the single laser pulse is attributed to self-phase modulation (SPM), degenerate-cross-phase modulation (DXPM), and interference between SPM and DXPM.


An increasing number of people with chronic illness use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) (Metz, 2000) and rarely disclose such use to treating biomedical physicians [B/M] (Adler & Fosket, 1999). Although the incidence of CAM use amongst people with chronic illness has been investigated (Nader et al., 2000; Sharon & Mark, 2006; Yang et al., 2002) research specifically examining that section of people who require ongoing biomedical treatment from a very early age until death has never before been conducted. This thesis examined the patterns of self-prescribed and CAM practitioner prescribed CAM use, reasons for CAM use and disclosure of CAM use to treating physicians, among people with a lifelong medical condition, thalassaemia major (TM). To examine the reasons for use and disclosure of CAM in this population, 21 people (eight males, 13 females) aged between 24 and 43 years volunteered for the three-phase study, which forms the thesis. The participants were English speakers whose physical and cognitive capacities did not prevent participation in the study. Interviews were conducted in the participants' homes and followed standard consent procedures. All phases were conducted face-to-face. In Phase 1, using an in-depth unstructured questionnaire and two structured questions, participants were asked about their medical history, CAM use and whether they disclosed such use to their biomedical physician/s. In addition, the participants were asked to nominate any CAM practices they had heard of, that people might use. A written list was devised as the participants mentioned CAM therapies/treatments. The participants were then asked which of these CAM therapies/treatments they had used. In Phase 1, all of the participants reported having multiple co-morbidities and at least one major surgical procedure. Twelve of the participants reported using CAM when asked a dichotomous choice question. All participants were found to be CAM users when CAM was estimated according to the substances and therapies that participants reported using. Phase 1 showed that CAM estimates varied according to which CAM definition was applied to analyse the data. In Phase 1 there was only one participant out of 21 (4.76%) who reported CAM disclosure and disclosure was ongoing in that case. The reasons for CAM use and disclosure were elicited using in-depth conversational interviews, which constituted Phases 2 and 3 respectively. The operational definition of CAM devised for this thesis was based on the intent of CAM use and not prescribed by a biomedical physician. Based on the operational definition of CAM proposed for thesis there were 21 CAM users. Examination of the reasons the participants gave for CAM use confirmed there were 21 CAM users. Phase 2 showed the participants wanted safe and effective treatment to manage and cure the primary illness and co-morbidities. Phase 2 also indicated that CAM was used, at times in lieu of biomedicine, to prevent illnesses and to enhance quality of life (QoL) and to increase life expectancy. Phase 2 showed biomedical failure and adverse outcomes from biomedicine motivated CAM use. These reasons shaped perceptions of dissatisfaction with biomedical treatment and the prescribers of such treatment. Phase 3, addressed CAM disclosure, showed most of the participants considered they had disclosed their CAM use when they asked their treating biomedical physician about CAM. Phase 3 demonstrated most participants attempted to disclose CAM use and whilst they felt it was important for the treating physician to know about such use, they abandoned disclosure because of dissatisfaction with biomedical practitioners' responses to their attempts to disclose. Other reasons for non-disclosure or aborted disclosure included a desire to maintain privacy and a belief that CAM was harmless. Phases 2 and 3 showed core reasons for CAM use and CAM non-disclosure were dissatisfaction and a loss of confidence in biomedicine. The one person who did disclose CAM use stated disclosure symbolised their dissatisfaction with biomedicine. This thesis showed people with a serious life-long illness used CAM because biomedicine was often ineffective, frequently palliative and sometimes considered deleterious to health. These aspects of biomedical care instigated dissatisfaction and a loss of confidence in biomedicine treatment and practitioners. The negative perceptions held by the participants of biomedical treatment and biomedical physicians were the primary motivators for CAM use and disclosure. All participants were found to be CAM users and this might have serious implications for their on-going biomedical treatment because some CAM products have a pharmacological effect that might interact with prescribed biomedicine medication. The findings suggest CAM was beneficial in an environment in which biomedicine could only offer palliative care, but this finding requires further research. This thesis showed that CAM use and disclosure are complex issues, deserving indepth examination in people with a range of medical conditions, as well as in the general population.


The order–disorder phase transition of magnesium lithium titanate solid–solution (1−x)Li2TiO3–xMgO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) ceramics prepared by conventional solid-state processing has been examined. The phase and structural analysis was carried out using electron diffraction, neutron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Both electron and neutron diffraction results revealed the onset of an order-to-disorder transition at 0.3 < x < 0.4. Superlattice reflections found in certain regions of x = 0.2 samples and most areas of x = 0.3 samples were caused by a twin structure stabilized by Mg incorporation. Rietveld refinements of neutron diffraction data suggested a random distribution of Mg on the Li 4e sites and equal distribution of Mg on the two Ti 4e sites for x ≤ 0.3. As the Mg content continues to increase, the crystal symmetry transforms from monoclinic to cubic rocksalt. Consequently, the cation ordering on the 8f and 4d sites of the C2/c structure became corrupted and turned into short-range ordering on the 4a sites of a cubic structure with symmetry, resulting in diffuse scattering in electron diffraction patterns.


Human administrative borders have no effect on wild animals, and the vast home ranges of large carnivores often cause them to live simultaneously on the territory of two or more countries or jurisdictions with different management policies. Here, we investigate the importance of transboundary population monitoring using as a case study the Pyrenean brown bear population (Ursus arctos) that lives in France, Andorra and Spain. Using capture-recapture models and the Pollock's robust design, we estimated abundance and demographic parameters using data collected separately in France and Spain and a dataset gathered from joint monitoring on both sides of the border. As expected, the abundance estimates from French (from 11 bears in 2008 to 13 in 2014) or Spanish (from 4 bears in 2008 to 9 in 2014) data only were lower than abundance obtained from both sides of the border (from 11 in 2008 to 18 in 2014). The joint monitoring dataset also highlighted the importance of individual detection heterogeneity that, if ignored, would lead to underestimation. Our results reinforce the importance of transboundary cooperation when dealing with animal populations with territory spanning two or more administrative jurisdictions for collecting reliable scientific data and providing relevant abundance estimation to take sound management decisions.


Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is poorly reported globally but more in developing countries with poor participation by health professionals. Currently, there is no known literature on the Nigerian pharmacy students' knowledge on ADR reporting. Hence the purpose of this study was to find out the level of knowledge of pharmacy students on the concept of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting and also to evaluate their opinions on the National Pharmacovigilance Centre guidelines on adverse drug reaction reporting. A pretested 34-item semi-structured questionnaire was administered among 69 pharmacy undergraduate students in their penultimate and final years that consented to take part in the study, in one of the universities in Nigeria. The study was carried out strictly adhering to the principles outlined in the Helsinki declaration of 1964, which was revised in 1975. The questionnaire used had four sections which included a section on biographical data, a section which evaluated the students knowledge on the concept of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting, a section on students personal experiences of adverse drug reactions and modes of reporting them and the final section of the questionnaire evaluated the students' opinions on the National Pharmacovigilance Centre guidelines for reporting adverse drug reactions. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests were used to analyze the data obtained. None of the participants knew the sequence of reporting ADR. More than half, 40(58.0%) had heard about pharmacovigilance at symposiums, 7(10.1%) during clinical clerkship program and 18(26.1%) from media jingles. Twenty nine (42.0%) agreed that pharmacovigilance was in their curriculum, however only 16(23.2%) could define the term correctly. None of the participants had seen or used an ADR form prior to the study, but the students could easily identify and describe the type of ADR they had personally experienced in detail, however, they did not know the channel of reporting it. Only 3% reported incidences of personal experience of ADR to the physician while another 3% reported cases of such to the pharmacist. There was a significant difference comparing students' year of study in the pharmacy program with their opinion scores on the National Pharmacovigilance Centre (NPC) guidelines on ADR reporting (p <0.05). The lack of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting courses in the pharmacy school curriculum result in the poor knowledge of the students on the concept of adverse drug reaction reporting, nonetheless the view and knowledge they had garnered from different sources helped the students in identifying and describing ADR but this is not enough in properly documenting cases of ADRs. Thus, the poor knowledge on ADR reporting among the students requires speedy implementation of new curriculum incorporating pharmacovigilance to enhance the involvement of pharmacists in ADR reporting in Nigeria. Keywords : Students, Pharmacovigilance, Adverse drug reaction reporting, Nigeria Internet Journal of Medical Update . 2013 January;8(1):24-30


The global moving out of poverty study is unique in several respects. It is one of the few large-scale comparative research efforts to focus on mobility out of poverty rather than on poverty alone. The study draws together the experiences of poor women and men who have managed to move out of poverty over time and the processes and local institutions that have helped or hindered their efforts. It is also the first time that a World Bank report draws on people's own understanding of freedom, democracy, equality, empowerment, and aspirations-and how these affect poor people in different growth, social, and political contexts. By giving primacy to people's own experiences and how they define poverty, the study provides several new insights to develop more effective strategies to reduce poverty. The study finds that poor people take lots of initiative, in many cases even more than those who are better off. There are millions and millions of tiny poor entrepreneurs. The investment climate of these tiny entrepreneurs has not been a centerpiece of poverty strategies. Too often, poor people do not face a level playing field. Despite the micro credit revolution, poor people remain outside of most financial services; and large lenders remain reluctant to lend to micro enterprises and micro entrepreneurs. New institutional models and financial instruments are needed to serve poor people's financial needs and give them the capital they need to expand their businesses and connect to markets.


Newsmaker InterviewIn 2006, neuroscientist Dario Ringach of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), gave up his primate research after years of threats and harassment from animal-rights activists. After keeping a low profile for a few years, Ringach has recently begun speaking out about the benefits of animal research and against a spate of attacks on researchers at UCLA and elsewhere and co-organized a panel discussion among experts with differing views on animal research that was open to UCLA students and staff. Last week, Ringach spoke with Science about the event and the renewed attention he's gotten from animal-rights extremists.


The development of sand bed morphology in response to steady uniform flow is well described by phase diagrams. This includes the predications of bedform spacing, and individual bedform characteristics, both important parameters on describing flow resistance. However during time varying flow such as that experienced during the passage of a flood wave, the implicit assumption that bed form adjustment tracks changes to flow does not hold true with evidence of bed form hysteresis in flood cycles. Consequently there is a need to understand which characteristics of unsteady flow drive the disequilibrium between bedform geometries and the hydraulic conditions. This paper describes a series of experiments set up to identify the impacts of hydrograph characteristics on the morphodynamic evolution of alluvial dunes. A series of mobile bed experiments were undertaken in a 16m long, 1.6m wide flume, using a uniform sediment of medium sand (D50 of 450μm). Sediment was water worked under steady flow until quasi equilibrium bed conditions were met whereupon a hydrograph consisting of a rising and falling rising limb was applied. At the end of the hydrograph a period of steady flow was once again run until equilibrium conditions were attained. During the experiments profiles of bed morphology were measured continuously along a 5m long, 0.6m wide transect taken along the channel centreline using ultrasonic sensors. Flow was measured with a suite of Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters and suspended sediment with Acoustic Backscatter Sensors. Results are reported for two different hydrographs applied to two different initial starting conditions. The impact of the differing rising-limb characteristics are discussed in terms of differences between equilibrium bed morphologies, flow field characteristics and suspended sediment concentrations.


Onset and end of the rainy season in the Amazon Basin are examined for the period 1979‐96. The onset and end dates are determined by averaging daily rainfall data from many stations, and then constructing 5-day averages (pentads). Onset (end) is defined as the pentad in which rainfall exceeds (falls below) a given threshold, provided that average rainfall was well below (above) the threshold for several pentads preceding onset (end), and well above (below) the threshold for several pentads after onset (end). For the criteria chosen, the climatological onset progresses toward the southeast, arriving in mid-October, and then toward the mouth of the Amazon, arriving near the end of the year. The end dates are earliest in the southeast and progress toward the north, but withdrawal is slower than onset. The onset dates, however, are quite sensitive to changes in the threshold. If the threshold is doubled, for example, the sense of onset is reversed, with onset occurring toward the northwest. Changes in threshold do not change the direction of the progression of the end of the rainy season. The central Amazon shows the largest variation in the date of onset. In several years, onset in the southeast occurs before that in the central Amazon, but onset near the mouth is always latest. There is an unexpectedly low relationship between the length of the rainy season and total accumulation. Likewise, there is little relationship between the onset (and end) date and the total accumulation. Composites of outgoing longwave radiation and the low-level wind field show that in the central Amazon, onset is associated with an anomalous anticyclone and enhanced trade winds in the Atlantic. Near the mouth of the Amazon, however, onset is associated with large-scale northerly anomalies, and the zonal component of the trade winds is reduced. There is an apparent association between sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific and the pentads of onset and end of the rainy season in the northern and central Amazon, and near its mouth. The sense is that a warm Pacific and cold Atlantic result in a delayed onset and early withdrawal. Although the ←


Applications to elite US colleges have more than doubled over the past 20 years, with little change in the number of available seats. We examine how this increased competition has affected the admissions advantage that legacies and athletes (LA) receive. Using data on Harvard applications over 18 years, we show that non-legacy, non-athlete (NLNA) applications grew considerably and that LA applications remained at. Yet, the share of LA admits remained stable, implying substantial increases in admissions advantages for legacies and athletes. We develop a simple theoretical model of university admissions to frame our empirical analysis. Viewed through the lens of the model, stability in the share of LA admits implies that elite colleges treat the number of LA admits and overall admit quality as complements. Our empirical analysis reveals that, if the admissions advantages for LA applicants had been constant throughout this period, there would have been a large increase in the number of minority admits.


The educational reform provided for in the 1996 Peace Accords, which aimed to infuse the history, language, and culture of the Maya people into Guatemala's national curriculum, has not yet been implemented. The Pan Mayanist educational reform proponents, operating from a position of political weakness, have been unable to convince successive governments to implement these measures. Consequently, educational changes that have occurred, while improving some indicators of student achievement, do not address the issue of the cultural components that constitute the essential ingredients of an educational reform from a Maya perspective. Faced with this situation, local Maya communities, frequently with the support of Maya organizations of civil society, are creating instances of local power where education from a Maya perspective is being implemented in local schools, with or without Ministry collaboration.


Advancing an account of responsibility which is based on the functioning of our rational capacities, the paper revisits some central aspects of the moral luck puzzle. It proposes a new variant of Williams' agent-regret, but concludes that its scope does not coincide with cases of moral luck. It then distinguishes different ways in which the factors beyond our control feature in our engagement with the world which show how the guidance principle (we are responsible for actions guided by our rational powers) recognises a narrower range of situations of moral luck than is often supposed, allowing to distinguish between responsibility for intentions, (some) attempts and actions, as well as for responsibility for thoughts and emotions. Finally, relying on the fact that for each person some actions are within his or her range of secure competence the paper argues that responsibility extends beyond the guidance principle. It concludes with a brief outline discussion of the relations between responsibility and blame.


The concept of values has long been suggested as an important concept across social sciences (e.g. Inglehart, 1977; Kluckhohn, 1951; Williams, 1968). Despite the lack of agreement on the content of values and also diversity of perspectives on the roles of values (Kluckhohn, 1951; Van Deth and Scarbrough, 1995) there is a general agreement about the vital role of values in human beings' lives (Dewey, 1939; Hechter, 1992; Joas, 1996; Kluckhohn, 1951; Mandler, 1993; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992). To help to get a better idea about content and role of values, this thesis discusses important contemporary theories of values and then presents evidence testing one of these theories, which suggests a dynamic circumplex structure of values based on motivational conflicts and compatibilities among them (Schwartz, 1992). Six experiments provided strong support for this model of values. Experiments 1 to 3 provided support for the circumplex structure by revealing the first evidence of inter-value relations in memory. That is, they revealed that people judge the conceptual relations between pairs of motivationally congruent values and motivationally opposing values quicker than pairs of motivationally unrelated values. Moreover, the results explained how motivational conflicts and compatibilities affected response times over and above semantic relations. Experiment 4 supported the circumplex structure of values by providing evidence that prioritizing specific values not only increases the importance of the prioritized values and similar values, but also decreases the importance of opposed values. Experiment 5 revealed that priming a specific value increases likelihood of the value-relevant behaviours, while decreasing value-opposed behaviours. Finally, Experiment 6 found support for influence of value conflicts on feelings of ambivalence. Overall, the results offered further support for the circumplex structure of values and extended prior research using new methods (e.g. measuring value associations in memory), designs (e.g. effects of value change on behaviours relevant to different values), and measures (e.g. feelings of ambivalence).


Objectives: Quality of life for disabled children often has been assessed based on functional status or parental perceptions rather than direct reports from the children. The objective of this study was evaluating the quality of life of mothers with disabled children. Method: There is widespread acceptance of the need for disabled children to be fully integrated into society but there needs to be further attitudinal change. Totally forty mothers with a cerebral palsy child and forty mothers with health problems participated in a study. Health Survey was used to assess a mother's quality of life Results: The mean scores on Health Survey were significantly lower in mothers of children with disabled child than those of the other group. The quality of life scores also was correlated with the severity of disability. Coping strategies were clear correlates of health related quality of life when sociodemographic, disability related and social support variables were studied. The relationship between coping strategies and quality of life was the more revaluation of life values. Conclusion: The results suggest that greater focus needs to be directed to coping strategies and to ways of facilitating adaptive outcomes in rehabilitation. Different coping strategies and psychosocial programmes must be designed and implemented to decrease the burden of care.


Varicella Zoster Virus is the causative agent of varicella (chickenpox) upon primary infection and zoster (shingles) upon reactivation from latency. Viral reactivation causes neurological complications, with pain being the most common. Almost all zoster patients are prescribed medication to alleviate pain and up to one third will develop a chronic pain state that lasts longer than 30-90 days known as Post-Herpetic Neuralgia (PHN). A majority of these PHN patients describe pain in one of three ways: a constant burning, intermittent stabbing or shooting, and lastly allodynia (pain from normally innocuous stimuli), which is the most common and debilitating. A rat model of VZV-induced pain was established in 1999 which mimics the pain seen in humans. The goal of this thesis is to utilize the rat model of VZV-induced pain to characterize the viral effects on the host, investigate mechanisms that result in chronic hypersensitivity, and to evaluate novel treatment strategies. We have discovered that viral infection of rat tissue ex vivo is limited, viral DNA persists at low levels early in infection, and viral RNA transcription is limited to immediate early and early expressed genes. We investigated host changes upon VZV infection which include a decrease in peripheral neurite innervation density and changes in whole dorsal root ganglia transciption with up-regulation of 86 genes and down-regulation of 114 host genes. We show that ORF47, a viral protein kinase, is both necessary and sufficient for the induction of hypersensitivity in rats, and this effect may be related to its phosphorylation of ORF9, an essential tegument associated protein. Interestingly, ORF47 may not be the only VZV protein involved in the induction of hypersensitivity, as animals transduced with an HSV vector expressing IE62 also develop hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli, suggesting a role for IE62 in VZV-induced pain. Lastly, we tested novel herpes simplex vectors that express pain relieving genes for their efficacy on VZV-induced pain. Vectors delivering human preproenkephalin, an endogenous opioid peptide, and soluble TNFα receptor alleviate hypersensitivity in our model. The rat model has enabled us to better understand and treat VZV-induced pain.


The study and the investigation of structural and dynamical properties of complex systems have attracted considerable interest among scientists in general and physicists and biologists in particular. The present review paper represents a broad overview of the research performed over the nonlinear dynamics of DNA, devoted to some different aspects of DNA physics and including analytical, quantum and computational tools to understand nonlinear DNA physics. We review in detail the semi-discrete approximation within helicoidal Peyrard–Bishop model and show that localized modulated solitary waves, usually called breathers, can emerge and move along the DNA. Since living processes occur at submolecular level, we then discuss a quantum treatment to address the problem of how charge and energy are transported on DNA and how they may play an important role for the functioning of living cells. While this problem has attracted the attention of researchers for a long time, it is still poorly understood how charge and energy transport can occur at distances comparable to the size of macromolecules. Here, we review a theory based on the mechanism of 'self-trapping' of electrons due to their interaction with mechanical (thermal) oscillation of the DNA structure. We also describe recent computational models that have been developed to capture nonlinear mechanics of DNA in vitro and in vivo, possibly under topological constraints. Finally, we provide some conjectures on potential future directions for this field.


A method of real-time dynamical simulation for laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors is presented. The method is based on a digital filtering approach and a number of important physical points understood by a step-by-step investigation of two-mirror cavities, a three-mirror coupled cavity, and a full-length power-recycled interferometer with mirrors having longitudinal motion. The final analytical representation used for the fast simulation of a full-length power-recycled interferometer is analogous to a two-mirror dynamical cavity with time-dependent reflectivities, when intracavity fields of the interferometer are expressed together in a state-vector representation. A detailed discussion establishes the relationships among physical effects pertaining to field evolution in two-mirror cavities and coupled cavities or to the full interferometer.


The thesis describes the epidemiology of selected somatic and psychiatric conditions in epilepsy and the health care demands of people with epilepsy, and presents broad estimates of life expectancy in people with epilepsy in the community in comparison to people without epilepsy. A cross-sectional study was conducted extracting data from the General Practice Research Database for the period 1995-1998. Psychiatric disorders occurred twice as often and the risk of groups of most somatic disorders across categories was increased in people with epilepsy. The risk of neoplasia excluding intracranial tumours was not increased in epilepsy. The risk of brain tumours, meningiomas and neurodegenerative disorders was particularly increased. Other conditions occurring more frequently in epilepsy include upper gastrointestinal bleed, cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders, fractures, pneumonia and chronic lung diseases, and diabetes. Analysis of data from the fourth national survey of morbidity in general practice (1991-92) revealed that patients with epilepsy used health services (consultations with a general practitioner, home visits, referrals to secondary care) more often than people without epilepsy, irrespective of age, sex and social class. A higher proportion of patients with epilepsy consulted for neoplasms, haematological and mental health disorders, dementia, stroke and gastrointestinal bleeding. Previous studies have shown that epilepsy carries a risk of premature death. Life expectancy was estimated using data from a cohort of 564 patients with definite epilepsy followed for nearly 15 years (177 deaths) (registered through the National General Practice Study of Epilepsy) by employing a parametric survival model based on the Weibull distribution. Reduction in life expectancy can be up to 2 years for people with a diagnosis of idiopathic/cryptogenic epilepsy and the reduction can be up to 10 years in people with symptomatic epilepsy. Reductions in life expectancy are highest at the time of diagnosis but diminish with time. People with epilepsy can be affected by a number of psychiatric and somatic conditions more frequently than people without the condition. They make a higher use of health services at all levels of care, which may be partly related to the presence of coexisting disorders. It appears that higher mortality rates in epilepsy translate into reductions in life expectancy.


Investigating the central role that theories of the visual arts and creativity played in the development of fascism in France, Mark Antliff examines the aesthetic dimension of fascist myth-making within the history of the avant-garde. Between 1909 and 1939, a surprising array of modernists were implicated in this project, including such well-known figures as the symbolist painter Maurice Denis, the architects Le Corbusier and Auguste Perret, the sculptors Charles Despiau and Aristide Maillol, the "New Vision" photographer Germaine Krull, and the fauve Maurice Vlaminck.

Antliff considers three French fascists: Georges Valois, Philippe Lamour, and Thierry Maulnier, demonstrating how they appropriated the avant-garde aesthetics of cubism, futurism, surrealism, and the so-called Retour a l'Ordre ("Return to Order"), and, in one instance, even defined the "dynamism" of fascist ideology in terms of Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein's theory of montage. For these fascists, modern art was the mythic harbinger of a regenerative revolution that would overthrow existing governmental institutions, inaugurate an anticapitalist new order, and awaken the creative and artistic potential of the fascist "new man."

In formulating the nexus of fascist ideology, aesthetics, and violence, Valois, Lamour, and Maulnier drew primarily on the writings of the French political theorist Georges Sorel, whose concept of revolutionary myth proved central to fascist theories of cultural and national regeneration in France. Antliff analyzes the impact of Sorel's theory of myth on Valois, Lamour, and Maulnier. Valois created the first fascist movement in France; Lamour, a follower of Valois, established the short-lived Parti Fasciste Revolutionnaire in 1928 before founding two fascist-oriented journals; Maulnier forged a theory of fascism under the auspices of the journals Combat and Insurge .


Three components that have each been associated separately with the aging process in worm or rodent model systems have now been linked together by Nemoto and Finkel in a mammalian signaling pathway that may regulate longevity. An increase in intracellular oxidants decreased the activity of a forkhead transcription factor, whose inhibition has been implicated in aging. This effect required expression of the intracellular protein p66shc. Preservation of forkhead activity resulted in higher oxidant scavenging and a decrease on overall cellular oxidant levels. The use of reactive oxygen species as signaling agents may have important therapeautic implications. S. Nemoto, T. Finkel, Redox regulation of forkhead proteins through a p66shc-dependent signaling pathway. Science 295: 2450-2452 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Large and periodically corrugated optical waveguide structures are shown to possess specific modal regimes of slow-light propagation that are easily attainable. The very multimode nature of the coupling is studied by employing coupled-mode theory and the plane-wave expansion method. Given a large enough light cone, associated with a surrounding medium with low enough refractive index, we notably identify a critical slowdown regime with an interesting bandwidth-slowdown product. Essential features of these original systems are further explored: the nature of the coupled modes, the role of gain, symmetry effects, polarization, and relation with photonic-crystal systems. Practical systems are introduced using finite-difference time-domain methods, which provides first-order rules for the use of the above phenomena and their implementation in devices. © 2008 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 230.7370, 050.5298, 050.2770, 050.1940, 130.5296, 130.2790.


The Institute for Applied Economic Research, or Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), as it is known in Brazil, is a public foundation linked to the Brazilian Presidency. Its research activities aid the government in planning and implementing public policies. Ipea ́s Knowledge Repository (RCIpea) is a very useful KM initiative that allows users inside and outside the organization to access the institute's intellectual capital. The repository is an online portal designed to preserve and manage the institute's organizational memory. RCIpea contains more than documents (a document management system), data (database), or records (a record management system). It also contains valuable knowledge comprised of the combination of the organization's tacit and explicit knowledge based on Ipea's researchers' unique experiences in terms of conducting social studies research. Researchers' tacit knowledge has been stored in the repository through videos where researchers share their own lessons learned and best practices. The RCIpea allowed the institute to make explicit part of the researchers' tacit knowledge. Today, the institute's tacit and explicit knowledge are organized and stored in a structured way. Moreover, this knowledge can now be disseminated using patterns of international interoperability, allowing internal and external access to Ipea's knowledgebase. The implementation of RCIpea shows that it is possible to implement a KM framework, a KM method, and a KM practice in an integrated way. The KM Framework for the Brazilian Public Administration designed by Fábio Ferreira Batista is the foundational theory, developed through a literature review covering KM frameworks in the public sector (Batista, 2012). Following this decision, a KM Plan was draft based on an implementation method for that purpose. The main focus was the implementation of a repository to eliminate knowledge gaps and to improve organizational performance.


We investigated the Rossby Centre regional climate model, RCA3, and its ability to reproduce the water budget of the Baltic Sea drainage basin during the period from 1979 to 2002. The model was forced on its lateral boundaries with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis data, ERA40. Simulated long-term means and inter-annual variability were compared with observational records and model-derived data. The basin-wide water fluxes were broadly captured by the model, and annual mean net precipitation over land agreed well (i.e., within 5%) with observed total discharge to the Baltic Sea. Long-term annual means of precipitation were around 20% higher in RCA3 compared with reference data, the differences being in most months statistically significant at the 5% level. On the other hand, differences between the reference datasets were evident and in most months also statistically significant. The inclusion of a high-resolution dataset showed a close agreement compared with RCA3; differences were less than 5% in the long-term annual mean. Therefore, more high-resolution observational datasets, especially for evaporation and runoff, are required to refine the water budget and compare water fluxes on sub-regional and local scales.


Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008

CN04-04

Background Breast cancer prevention trials have shown that tamoxifen or raloxifene reduce breast cancer incidence by up to 50%. However, these drugs do not prevent estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer. Based on previous studies in mice showing RXR-selective retinoids or rexinoids prevent ER-negative breast cancer, we conducted a Phase II trial testing whether the rexinoid bexarotene would suppress breast cell proliferation in women at high risk of breast cancer.

Methods In this Phase II double-blind randomized clinical trial, pre- and post-menopausal women at high risk of breast cancer (defined as >10% chance of carrying a BRCA1 or 2 mutation) received 200 mg/m2 bexarotene or placebo for 28 days. Breast core needle biopsies were taken on Days 1 and 29. Pre- and post-treatment samples were assessed for Ki67 expression (primary endpoint) and Cyclin D1 expression (secondary endpoint) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Ki67 and cyclin D1 expression (secondary endpoints) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).

Results Eighty seven participants enrolled in this study. The median age was 43 years (range: 20-82). Bexarotene was well tolerated, but was associated with more frequent hypertriglyceridemia (57%), subclinical hypothyroidism (49%), and mild skin reactions (34%) compared to placebo (6%, 0%, 6%, respectively). These side effects resolved after completing therapy. 66 women had paired biopsies, and 52 of these pairs were satisfactory for biomarker analysis. For the primary endpoint, there was no change in pre- versus post-treatment Ki67 as measured by IHC staining in either arm, and no difference in the change in Ki67 between the two arms (p=0.88). We also conducted analysis of Ki67 RNA expression as measured by qRT-PCR. Overall, these studies showed a decrease in Ki67 RNA in the bexarotene treated group as compared to an increase in the placebo group, although this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p=0.20). We next investigated the effect of bexarotene on the expression of Cyclin D1 by IHC and by qRT-PCR. These studies showed that there was no difference in the change in Cyclin D1 protein expression overall as measured by IHC (p=0.40). In subgroup analysis of pre- and post-menopausal women, Cyclin D1 protein expression decreased in post-menopausal women in both arms, but this decrease was greater in the bexarotene arm (although not statistically significant, p=0.32). In studies of cyclin D1 RNA, there was an overall decrease in the bexarotene arm that was nearly twice the decrease in the placebo arm, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.13). In a subgroup analysis of postmenopausal women, the decrease in cyclin D1 was significantly greater in the bexarotene arm (-65%) than in the placebo arm (-24%)(p=0.03).

Conclusions This study shows biomarker analysis using IHC and quantitative RT-PCR is feasible using core needle breast biopsies. We did not see any significant reduction in Ki67 protein in the women taking bexarotene as measured by IHC analysis. However, we did observe a reduction in cyclin D1 RNA expression as measured by qRT-PCR, particularly in postmenopausal women taking bexarotene, suggesting a biological effect of bexarotene in women at high risk of breast cancer. These studies support the use of RNA-based biomarkers in Phase II biomarker studies. We are now using these results to plan future cancer prevention trials using rexinoids.

Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):CN04-04.


The following article suggests that the weakening of the transatlantic bond was, and still is, inevitable, as the end of the Cold War reduced Europe's reliance on the United States (US) for security. As a result the relationship has become more pragmatic and politics more selective at a time when the EU and the US need each other (not least because of the strong economic interdependence) maybe more than ever. Both sides differ more often than in the past (on issues such as the rise of China and a re-assertive Russia, the threat from Europe's southern periphery or the systemic challenges posed by autocratic regimes regarding the future global governance structures) and for this reason have to forge strategic partnerships with many others as well. Against this background Europe's unwillingness to allocate funds and unfold leadership is the most valuable indicator (and not the successful completion of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership) of how seriously it is taking the underlying strategic issues. It is this unwillingness that has hampered Europe's geostrategic influence in its neighbourhood, the US value of security guarantees, and the future of the liberal order.


The long-term evolution of large domain particle-in-cell simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection is investigated following observations that show two possible outcomes for collisionless reconnection: toward a Petschek-like configuration or toward multiple X points. In the present simulation, a mixed scenario develops. At earlier time, plasmoids are emitted, disrupting the formation of Petschek-like structures. Later, an almost stationary monster plasmoid forms, preventing the emission of other plasmoids. A situation reminiscent of Petschek's switch-off then ensues. Switch-off is obtained through a slow shock/rotational discontinuity compound structure. Two external slow shocks (SS) located at the separatrices reduce the in-plane tangential component of the magnetic field, but not to zero. Two transitions reminiscent of rotational discontinuities (RD) in the internal part of the exhaust then perform the final switch-off. Both the SS and the RD are characterized through analysis of their Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions. A moderate guide field is used to suppress the development of the firehose instability in the exhaust.


Modelica is a modern, strongly typed, declarative, and object-oriented language for modeling and simulation of complex systems. This paper gives a quick overview of some aspects of the OpenModelica environment – an open-source environment for modeling, simulation, and development of Modelica applications. An introduction of the objectives of the environment is given, an overview of the architecture is outlined and a number of examples are illustrated.


With the increasing use of information and communications technology (ICT), researchers are able to use computer software tools to find, organize, analyze, and share relevant information. However, there are hundreds of such tools to select from, for various research-related uses. Nader has collected over 700 tools that can help researchers do their work efficiently. It is assembled as an interactive Web-based mind map, titled "Research Tools", which is updated periodically. "Research Tools" consists of a hierarchical set of nodes. It has four main nodes: (1) Searching the literature, (2) Writing a paper, (3) Targeting suitable journals, and (4) Enhancing visibility and impact of the research. Several free tools can be found in the child nodes. In this seminar some tools and their application in research will be described. The e-skills learned from the seminar are useful across various research disciplines and research institutions. Effective Use of Research & Publication Tools and Resources ©2014 By: Nader Ale Ebrahim


Larry Wolff. The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010. xi, 486 pp. Illustrations. Index. $60.00, cloth.Larry Wolffs new book is about "how an imagined or invented entity, like Galicia in the eighteenth century, became geopolitically real, meaningful, and historical in the nineteenth century - before receding again into the domain of fantasy in the twentieth century" (p. 7). The Habsburg state came up with the idea of Galicia to justify taking part in the 1772 partition of Poland. Galicia was manufactured out of medieval claims of the Hungarian crown to the former Rus' principality of Galicia- Volhynia. There was some geographical congruence between the principality that disappeared in the late fourteenth century and the Austrian land that appeared in the late eighteenth, but the threads binding the two "Galicias" were very thin. Still, the invention began to take on a life of its own.After only twenty years of existence, Galicia figured as "the fatherland" in the conception of some Polish noblemen. By 1848 the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) clergy and intelligentsia wanted to partition Galicia into western (Polish) and eastern (Ruthenian) sections. Wolff feels that the contention over partition confirms that Galicia had become the political framework in which its inhabitants were then thinking. The reality of Galicia solidified even more after the land received autonomy within Austria in 1867. After the fall of the Habsburgs, Wolff shows, Galicia, as fantasy or apparition, haunted culture and politics for decades.What is attractive about this book, however, is less the particular ground it covers than the way it does so. The study is a highly intelligent, delightful read, as much a work of art as an investigation of history. It is skilfully paced - the intellectual history of Galicia moves forward in almost imperceptible increments from the 1770s into the 1920s. True, the major transitions are marked by chapter divisions, but there is a tremendous fluidity in the presentation and never does the reader feel rushed to the next historical station. Wolff often makes his points through examples from literature, music, and the visual arts, even film - he manages to make legitimate use, for example, oi Some Like It Hot. Crucial figures who explain Galicia to the reader include the great Polish playwright Alexander Fredro, Mozart's son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Alfred Dob lin, Isaac Babel, and Bruno Szulc. Wolff quotes passages in his own elegant and sensitive translations. …


In the past few years, policymakers, academic commentators, consumer advocates, civil liberties groups, and user communities have expressed grave concerns about the steadily increasing levels of enforcement of intellectual property rights. Many of these concerns relate to the "alphabet soup" of transborder intellectual property enforcement, which consists of the following: SECURE, IMPACT, ACTA, TPP, COICA, PIPA, SOPA, and OPEN. Published in the inaugural issue of Drake Law Review Discourse, this short essay identifies six different concerns and challenges the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) poses to U.S. consumers, technology developers, and small and midsize firms. It then explores the ongoing negotiation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) and explains why TPP is likely to be more dangerous than ACTA from a public interest standpoint. The essay concludes by highlighting the challenges recently raised by two new pieces of legislation, the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA).


We use China's recent anti-corruption campaign as a natural experiment to examine the (market expected) equilibrium consequences of (anti-)corruption. We argue that the announcement of inspections of provincial governments by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) on May 17, 2013 represents a significant departure of past norms of anti-corruption campaigns, and thus serves a rare empirical opportunity to examine the equilibrium effects of anti-corruption campaigns for firms. We first present a conceptual framework to illustrate the channels through which anti-corruption actions can influence firms. Using an event study approach and May 17, 2013 as the event date, we find that, overall, the stock market responded positively to the announcement of strong anti-corruption actions. The announcement returns are significantly lower for luxury-goods producers, and SOES, large firms, or politically connected firms earn lower returns than private, small, or non-connected firms. We also find that existing local institutions play a crucial role in determining the announcement returns across firms. Moreover, a long-term difference-in-differences analysis shows that higher returns during the event window are associated with more subsequent entries of new firms and faster expansions of existing firms. Finally, we also provide direct evidence consistent with the endogenous grits effect.


Background: Paramedic programs use formative assessments to determine cognitive competency. Understanding the number of failed formative units as a probability of passing the summative exam will allow programs to set additional benchmarks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether failure in formative exams determines success on a summative exam. Methods: Formative and summative scores from 2011 – 2016 for paramedic students with accounts in Fisdap™, an Internet-based administrative database, were retrospectively reviewed for the following criteria: provided consent for research, completed all six formative (unit) examinations, and completed a summative (comprehensive) examination. Analyses were performed with Pearson correlations and linear regression. Results: A total of 1,406 student records were included based on inclusion criteria. Correlation with each formative and the summative examination were all significant, p < 0.001: Cardiology 0.597; Airway 0.571; Medical 0.571; Trauma 0.566; Ob/Pediatrics 0.549; Operations 0.495. The cardiology exam was shown to have a moderate correlation on summative performance, whereas the operations exam had the weakest correlation. The number of formative examination failures was a significant predictor of the probability of passing the summative examination, t(1405) = –31.02, p < 0.001. Zero failed unit examinations yielded a 100% probability of passing. Three failed formative exams yielded a 60.4% probability. Four failed attempts yielded a 44.8% probability. Failure of all six formative exams yielded a 13.4% probability of passing the Paramedic Readiness Exam Version 3. Conclusion: Not all formative examinations hold the same predictive power on the probability of passing a summative examination. Each had their own correlation value. Students who did not fail formative examinations have a 100% likelihood of passing the summative examination.


Australians are often said to have a sense of humour that is dry, irreverent and ironic. In such a culture, one might expect those who exercise judicial power to feel at liberty to unleash their wit. Yet most judicial officers in Australia today exercise caution and restraint in using humour in courtrooms and judgments. This stringent attitude is reflected in the paucity of Australian examples of judicial humour, especially in written decisions. However, this conventional view deserves to be challenged. This article assesses whether there is an appropriate role for humour in the exercise of judicial functions in hearing and determining cases.This article considers the primary stakeholders in legal proceedings — litigants, judges, advocates and society-at-large — and examines how their different interests are affected by the use of judicial humour. The article then discusses four arguments in support of judicial humour, namely, that humour is a quintessentially human quality we should expect judges to display; promotes open justice by demystifying the language and rituals of the courtroom; oils the wheels of justice by easing courtroom tensions and aiding digestion of complex written reasons; and serves as a social corrective by allowing judges to gently admonish.Balanced against these considerations is the concern that excessive use of humour may conflict with a judge's ethical duty to acquit his or her role with independence, integrity, propriety and diligence. In extreme cases, a judge's use of humour might give rise to an apprehension of bias in discharging judicial functions. The use of humour also has to avoid claims of judicial misconduct. While it is fanciful to suggest that even an egregious use of humour could amount to misconduct that warrants removal from office, it could form the basis of a complaint against a judicial officer, and has done so on occasion.Despite these legitimate constraints on judicial behaviour, the article concludes that humour has a place in the curial process. From time to time the use of humour by judges may be called in question, but judges are chosen for their capacity to judge. Extreme cases aside, we should let humour lie within the sound discretion of the court.


When reporting on those conditions which they perceive as necessary for the inclusion of students with special educational needs, teachers often refer to the importance of additional adult support. The deployment of teaching assistants in England and special needs assistants in Ireland has been regarded as an important factor in supporting national policies for inclusion in both countries. This paper reports on research which through survey and interview methods investigated the working practices of these colleagues and discusses the different approaches to their deployment in schools. It is suggested that whilst there are clear distinctions between the role of the teaching assistant in England and the special needs assistant in Ireland, both play a distinct and essential role in the development of inclusive schooling. The paper considers how two distinctive models of classroom support have emerged and the different ways in which they impact upon inclusion. Consideration is given to the changes which are taking place in the development of classroom teams and the ways in which this may impact upon current and future inclusion agendas


As a collaboration between UST School of Law and the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, the following is the transcript of a conversation between the creator of the multi-door courthouse, Harvard Law Professor Frank E.A. Sander, and the executive director and founder of the University of St. Thomas (UST) International ADR [Alternative Dispute Resolution] Research Network, Professor Mariana Hernandez Crespo. The UST International ADR Research Network is a research program designed to create inclusive problem-solving models that utilize social capital and consensus-building techniques (i.e., dispute-resolution processes that include the voices of all stakeholders, especially the disenfranchised members of a community). In a pilot project in Brazil, participants examined the different options available to maximize the dispute-resolution process, including the multi-door courthouse conceived by Frank Sander. The multi-door courthouse is an innovative institution that routes incoming court cases to the most appropriate methods of dispute resolution, which saves time and money for both the courts and the participants or litigants. In our Brazilian pilot project, participants met in a virtual forum following the consensus-building methodology designed by Professor Lawrence Susskind of MIT and Harvard Law School. The project was implemented under the direction of Professor Hernandez Crespo, together with a team of Brazilians, global experts and collaborators.


Weight loss surgery is an increasingly common treatment for medically defined class III obesity and related comorbidities. A rise in demand has resulted in progressively longer waiting times in Canada, lasting upwards of ten years. Extended surgical waits impact the lives of people pursuing the procedure, no doubt – I wonder in what way? What is the experience of waiting to have weight loss surgery? I sought to explore this question using a human science approach to phenomenology of practice. It is within this broader inquiry that this particular text is situated. The multiple interviews I conducted with people who were awaiting surgery revealed the experiential import of contact, of touch, metaphorical and otherwise, to the overall waiting phenomenon. In this paper I consider this particular dimension of the wait – I question the experiences and meanings of contact that occur within the pre-weight loss surgical period. I reflect on the possible ethical and clinical significance of contact within this particular context while focusing on the relational aspect of the phenomenon, particularly between patient and clinician. Ultimately this deeper understanding of the experience as it is lived may elicit new and possibly more tactful ways of being with, of making contact – as in touch, hearing from or connecting with – within weight loss surgery-related clinical encounters.


The effects of implanted oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and self-damage on the growth of helium-induced cavities in silicon during high-temperature annealing have been studied. Impurities and helium were implanted into silicon at room temperature. Annealing at temperatures above 1000 K converts small He-filled bubbles into larger empty voids. The mean void size after annealing for 30 min at 1173 K was significantly reduced by the presence of all three implanted impurities. In extreme cases, the mean void radius is reduced from 10 nm, for a pure He implant, to 2.8 nm in a C pre-implanted sample. On the other hand, self-ion damage, unless at or near the level sufficient to cause amorphization, does not significantly affect cavity growth during annealing. We speculate that the presence of impurities significantly reduces the movement of voids by pinning them to dislocations or impurity aggregates or by chemical reactions at the void surfaces.


Background: Today, women's roles are emerging differently with new commitment and career oriented as well as commitment to families. So, this in turn leads to a number of stress and strain among working women. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of this study was to elucidate the work–family conflict on psychological well-being experienced by working women and to determine whether social support has beneficial role in the psychological well-being of the working women. Materials and Methods: Eighty-two women working in different professions from dual-earner family and 82 homemakers from traditional single-earner family were included in the study and assessed on the following: (1) Postgraduate Institute (PGI) Health Questionnaire and (2) PGI Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) for the assessment of well-being and social support, respectively, and data were analyzed. Results: Working women scored lower on PGI Health Questionnaire than homemakers, which was statistically highly significant, indicating that working women had higher psychological well-being than homemakers or nonworking women. On the assessment of PGI and SSQ, scores revealed that women in dual-earner families perceived lower social support as compared to those of single-earner families. Conclusion: Employed women are more satisfied with their life than nonworking women, and the quality of home and work environments determines the impact of employment on the psychological well-being of working women in dual-earner families.