Because religion is a potent force for many people, it affects the content, structure, and function of law and the law's relationship to ordering society. The complexity and variability from state to state of the relationships of religion to social, governmental, and legal systems is remarkable. This variability and complexity stems from several major influences including in particular: (1) the diversity of religions and of people's understanding of and use of those religions; and (2) the mix of religions within a particular state. As predominantly secular countries become more ethnically and religiously diverse, particularly through immigration from regions religiously different from the host country (e.g., the Muslim emigration into Christian Europe), more free exercise and accommodationist demands are being made by those whose religions are not merely a variant of the dominant religion. These demands bring new challenges and require sensitive balancing of conflicting fundamental rights and liberties. This essay examines three books addressing these topics from various perspectives and uses them as a vehicle for some commentary on the nature of the problems encountered.


We used laboratory experiments to examine the rise process in neutrally buoyant jets that resulted from an unsteady supply of momentum, a condition that defines plumes from discrete Vulcanian and Strombolian‐style eruptions. We simultaneously measured the analog‐jet discharge rate (the supply rate of momentum) and the analog‐jet internal velocity distribution (a consequence of momentum transport and dilution). Then, we examined the changes in the analog‐jet velocity distribution over time to assess the impact of the supply‐rate variations on the momentum‐driven rise dynamics. We found that the analog‐jet velocity distribution changes significantly and quickly as the supply rate varied, such that the whole‐field distribution at any instant differed considerably from the time average. We also found that entrainment varied in space and over time with instantaneous entrainment coefficient values ranging from 0 to 0.93 in an individual unsteady jet. Consequently, we conclude that supply‐rate variations exert first‐order control over jet dynamics, and therefore cannot be neglected in models without compromising their capability to predict large‐scale eruption behavior. These findings emphasize the fundamental differences between unsteady and steady jet dynamics, and show clearly that: (i) variations in source momentum flux directly control the dynamics of the resulting flow; (ii) impulsive flows driven by sources of varying flux cannot reasonably be approximated by quasi‐steady flow models. New modeling approaches capable of describing the time‐dependent properties of transient volcanic eruption plumes are needed before their trajectory, dilution, and stability can be reliably computed for hazards management.


Overlaying maps using a desktop GIS is often the first step of a multivariate spatial analysis. The potential of this operation has increased considerably as data sources and Web services to manipulate them are becoming widely available via the Internet. Standards from the OGC enable such geospatial 'mashups' to be seamless and user driven, involving discovery of thematic data. The user is naturally inclined to look for spatial clusters and 'correlation' of outcomes. Using classical cluster detection scan methods to identify multivariate associations can be problematic in this context, because of a lack of control on or knowledge about background populations. For public health and epidemiological mapping, this limiting factor can be critical but often the focus is on spatial identification of risk factors associated with health or clinical status. In this article we point out that this association itself can ensure some control on underlying populations, and develop an exploratory scan statistic framework for multivariate associations. Inference using statistical map methodologies can be used to test the clustered associations. The approach is illustrated with a hypothetical data example and an epidemiological study on community MRSA. Scenarios of potential use for online mashups are introduced but full implementation is left for further research.


Various combinatorial/algebraic parameters are used to quantify the complexity of a Boolean function. Among them, sensitivity is one of the simplest and block sensitivity is one of the most useful. Nisan (1989) and Nisan and Szegedy (1991) showed that block sensitivity and several other parameters, such as certificate complexity, decision tree depth, and degree over R, are all polynomially related to one another. The sensitivity conjecture states that there is also a polynomial relationship between sensitivity and block sensitivity, thus supplying the "missing link".

Since its introduction in 1991, the sensitivity conjecture has remained a challenging open question in the study of Boolean functions. One natural approach is to prove it for special classes of functions. For instance, the conjecture is known to be true for monotone functions, symmetric functions, and
functions describing graph properties.

In this paper, we consider the conjecture for Boolean functions computable by read-k formulas. A read-k formula is a tree in which each variable appears at most k times among the leaves and has Boolean gates at its internal nodes. We show that the sensitivity conjecture holds for read-once formulas with gates computing symmetric functions. We next consider regular formulas with OR and AND gates. A formula is regular if it is a leveled tree with all gates at a given level having the same fan-in and computing the same function. We prove the sensitivity conjecture for constant depth regular read-k formulas for constant k.


If you think you lack the necessary training for teaching dance in the primary classroom and are searching for resources to support teaching and learning, look no further. Through Complete Guide to Primary Dance, youll gain the insight, expertise and confidence to teach dance to children from reception to year 6. Regardless of your experience, this book and accompanying web resource will enable you to plan and deliver age-appropriate learning experiences for your children. Complete Guide to Primary Dance offers a wealth of practical and creative ideas that you can use in your teaching, whether you are new to teaching, have little dance experience or are a dance specialist; a scheme of 22 units of work for teaching children from reception to year 6; and a companion web resource that includes a bank of photos, video clips, warm-ups and written resources to assist you in your teaching. You can download and print the photographs from the web resource to demonstrate and inspire good practice. The video clips show progression in learning through bite-sizedstepsthat will help you guide the childrento create and perform dances in real time. In addition, you can view two complete class dances and a number of dance phrases on the video clips to use with your classes. These photographs and clips supplement the written resources on the web, which include stories, a poem, word banks, warm ups and complete units of work along with a template that can be used for designing your own unit of work. Complete Guide to Primary Dance draws on and is complementary to the National Dance Teachers Association partnerships with Youth Dance England, Dance UK, the Association for Physical Education and Youth Sports Trust. Teaching points are aligned with each task, helping you to know what to look for, what to emphasise, how to develop the movement material and how to challenge the children appropriately. Written by Lyn Paine, a highly regarded teacher trainer and author of many dance resources, Complete Guide to Primary Dance is the definitive dance resource that is based on current best practices in schools. In addition to dance subject knowledge for teaching, youll find the chapters on managing learning and assessing most helpful. Together, this book and web resource present a clear vision for dance education and its potential to develop children and young peoples well-being and enhance their lives.


During the last quarter of the twentieth century, electronic and computer technology advanced at a staggering pace. The field of print publishing has been transformed by digital technology, and all illustrations are now digitised for printing purposes. This presents a challenge to illustrators: what combination of traditional skills and digital techniques can be used to best develop an individual style or should an illustration be wholly created on a computer?

This research aims to explore the impact of digital technology on illustration, especially with reference to children's books and their publishing practice since 1990. In order to fulfil the aims, the study was in two parts: an examination of the attitudes and experiences of practitioners using digital technology; and an evaluation of the visual appearance of digital forms of illustration. The research was conducted with a semi-structured interview approach, focusing mainly on illustrators and experts in the field of children's books from both the United Kingdom and Taiwan. Analysis of data from the interviews highlighted the emergence of many significant issues namely, the experiences of digital usage in children's book publishing, the working processes which have been commonly used in producing digital illustration, the rationale for adopting digital means, the visual appearance of digital illustration and its distinctive features from traditional illustration.

To distinguish between traditional and digital illustration, the research refers to traditional illustration as a process that does not include any form of digital technology. On the other hand, digital illustration refers to the creation of illustrations that includes digital means within its working processes, which could include either using digital methods entirely or an integration of traditional and digital methods. In this research, the working processes for digital illustration do not necessarily omit the use of traditional
methods.

The contribution of the research is to offer insights into the concepts and thinking behind digital forms used so far in children's book illustration. Taking examples from both countries, the thesis provides a broad understanding of digital influences on children's book publishing in both Taiwan and the United Kingdom. In addition, many students are now being taught how to employ hand drawing and digital technology as part of the drawing process; thus the study serves to provide a platform for considering how the computer can be integrated into an artist's drawing process.


The effect of the abnormal capital outflow (capital flight) on the economy of a developing nation is investigated herein via a class of distribution known as the Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution. The capital outflow is first modeled as an infinitely divisible process to adapt to the operational time which is an important characteristic of the NIG. Data of capital flight from 1973-1989; source from the IFS (1990) year book fitted to the NIG as illustrative test of the model.


The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) policies have been a battleground for litigation about First Amendment protections for commercial speech. In the last five years, the FDA's position that "off-label" promotion of approved prescription drugs — when a manufacturer promotes a drug for a use for which the FDA has not approved it — leads to violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act has been subject to successful legal challenges. Although the merits of these off-label promotion decisions are well traversed in the literature, this Article explores the potential indirect consequences of recently-recognized protections for off-label promotion. This Article demonstrates that — as suggested in the dissenting opinion in United States v. Caronia, a high-profile 2012 case regarding off-label promotion — protections for off-label promotion might affect the FDA's decision-making in areas other than drug promotion, and analyzes precisely what those effects could be in light of the FDA's current statutory authority.


Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells through the exogenous expression of transcription factors. These cells, just like embryonic stem cells, are likely to have a major impact on regenerative medicine, because they self-renew and retain the potential to be differentiated into all cell types of the human body. In this Review, we describe the current state of iPS cell technology, including approaches by which they are generated and what is known about their biology, and discuss the potential applications of these cells for disease modeling, drug discovery, and, eventually, cell replacement therapy.


This study explores why some university spin-outs (USOs) are able to attract first venture capital (VC) investment. Furthermore, factors including first VC investment are associated with USO's superior firm performance. The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm is replicated and extended with signalling theory. VC firms (supply-side seeking to reduce uncertainty and information asymmetry problems request positive 'signals' from entrepreneurs and firms (demand-side). Entrepreneurs can provide such 'signals of quality' relating to their own as well as their firms' resources. Hypotheses were derived accordingly.
This is the first nationwide study using cross-sectional data from British USOs on a firm and founder level related to attracting first VC investment and firm performance. A population of 505 British USOs founded between 1990 and 2007 that were still active in 2008 was identified. Founders of 125 USOs participated in an online survey (25% response rate). No response biases were detected. Secondary data sources provided information on financing and performance. Hypotheses were tested with regression techniques.
Key findings on the attraction of first VC investment support the joint framework of the RBV of the firm and signalling theory. The most prominent signals of quality were experienced and reputable founding teams (specific human capital), network links to VC investors (networks), firm-owned IP, patented IP (intellectual capital) and founders who were professor (general human capital). USOs with public backed equity (finance) avoided an 'equity gap' when seeking less than £500,000 of VC. USOs with radical innovation (intellectual capital) were less likely to attract generalist VC firms.
Key findings on factors related to superior firm performance suggest the importance of USO's internal resources as implied by the RBV of the firm. Strategic alliances (networks) and USOs with VC investment reported superior firm performance. However, generalist VC firms performed better than industry specialists. VC investment reduced the direct influence of experienced and reputable founding teams (specific human capital) and founders who
were professors (general human capital) related to firm performance. Former important signals to attract first VC investment such as patented IP, firm-owned IP (intellectual capital) and public backed equity investments (finance) were not related to firm performance.
Best practices and recommendations on how USOs can overcome barriers to attracting first VC investment and achieve superior firm performance are made for several practitioner groups. Limitations and areas of future research are discussed.


Cross-correlation evaluation model, CCEM, was mainly studied to evaluate how much two different topologies are similar to each other in a quantitative way, and further used in evaluating whether a topology by an Internet topology model is close to real Internet or not. SLS (Signless Laplacian Spectra), is used to quantitatively identify the topology properties of the Internet generated by the model and the Internet out of real measuring. SLS eigenvectors could be gained out of this procedure, then a cross-correlation calculation was performed on the eigenvectors to give the difference identification in a quantitative way. With this, a recommended way of using the CCEM within a Genetic Algorithm was finally given.


The Kulmhof extermination camp in Chełmno nad Nerem was the first camp set up by the Nazis to exterminate Jews during the Second World War. The history of Kulmhof has long been an area of interest for academics, but despite thorough research it remains one of the least-known places of its kind among the public. Studies of the role of archaeology in acquiring knowledge about the functioning of the camp have been particularly compelling. The excavations carried out intermittently over a thirty-year period (1986–2016), which constitute the subject of this article, have played a key role in the rise in public interest in the history of the camp.


When it was first published by D.C. Heath in 1963 as part of their "Problems in European Civilization" series, this small volume offered readers a broad representation of the scholarly discussion on Pope Innocent III in an accessible format. Now revised and updated, this new edition presents recent scholarship on the role of Innocent III in the development of the medieval papacy, while enlarging the treatment of the Crusades, Innocent III's importance in theology, his political life and his pastoral and reform activities. Eight new selections have been added, along with a revised and expanded introduction. At the time of the first edition, its title aptly summed up the main lines of discussion about the pontificate of Pope Innocent III. Although extreme statements criticising Innocent for claiming secular power or defending his conception of papal authority no longer commanded major support, modified versions of these views continued to dominate scholarship; to a lesser degree they continue to do so today. Yet in the past three decades, important studies have emerged that emphasize Innocent's place as theologian, his role in the Crusade movement and his involvement in efforts to reform the church and Christian society. The papacy as a developing historical institution is now more firmly established in the context of the important changes that were taking place in late 12th- and early 13th-century Europe. If Innocent III is no longer seen by most as pursuing secular dominance, he is perhaps more realistically viewed as struggling within the limits of his age to find ways to make a better Christian world. Offering a sampling of current and established scholarship on Innocent III, this new paperback edition should prove valuable as a supplementary text in both undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in religious studies, European history, medieval history and the history of Christianity.


It has been demonstrated that speech rhythm classes (e.g. stress-timed, syllable-timed) can be distinguished acoustically and perceptually on the basis of the variability of consonantal and vocalic interval durations. It has moreover been shown that even infants are able to use these cues to distinguish between languages from different rhythm classes. Here we demonstrate that the same classification is possible in the acoustic domain based simply on the durational variability of voiced and voiceless intervals in speech. The advantages of such a procedure will be discussed and we will argue that 'voice' possibly offers a more plausible cue for infants to distinguish between languages of different rhythmic class.


In this work we compare the channel estimation algorithms for use in an iterative CDMA receiver in a block fading environment. The receiver consists of a soft multiuser data estimator, a bank of single user decoders, und a multiuser channel estimator. The multiuser data estimator is implemented as parallel interference canceler with unconditional post-MMSE filtering (PIC-MMSE) and the decoder is a soft-in soft-out MAP decoder. In the channel estimator we make use of dedicated pilot symbols and fed back soft-code symbols which are exploited as additional soft pilot symbols when the iterations proceed. We show that using extrinsic information increases the receiver performance significantly compared to using a posteriori information in the feedback for channel estimation. We introduce a linear MMSE (LMMSE) estimator which takes into account the variances of fed back code symbols and compare it to approximations of the least-squares (ALS) estimator and the linear minimum-mean-square-error (ALMMSE) estimator. Performance results are illustrated in terms of bit error rate (BER) and average normalized square error (ANSE) of the channel estimators. They show that the newly proposed LMMSE algorithm outperforms the ALS and ALMMSE algorithms.


It is well accepted that Information Systems (IS) are critical for the competitiveness of virtually any human organization. However, IS need constant attention to fulfill their role and to keep pace with the changes of organizations. Therefore, the success of IS projects is crucial for the success of IS and, consequently, for the success of the organizations themselves since they are closely related. Given the complex nature of the participating objects and related concepts (e.g., people, information, processes, and technology), the perspectives of success and its influencing factors can be of high complexity. This complexity comes from various aspects that need to be recognized, considered and evaluated, as well as from the multiple interactions that occur between them. This article aims to contribute with new insights and a new way of addressing the success of projects and IS, by identifying and describing various important facets of success.


Qualifications to an audit report may provide the basis for an auditor's claim that the user was warned about an unusual risk. If audit qualifications highlight changes in firm risk that are material, then the announcement of a qualification should be associated with an increase in the risk of the affected firm. In this paper, we test this proposition. Our initial tests do not detect a shift in systematic risk around qualification announcements; however, subsequent analysis shows that firms announcing recurring material uncertainties have higher levels of systematic risk than firms announcing initial qualifications. Furthermore, we document a significant decrease in systematic risk for firms publicly announcing qualification withdrawals. These results are consistent with announcements of qualification withdrawals providing more timely information to capital market participants than announcements of qualification issuances, which are more likely to have been pre-empted by alternative sources of information. Our findings also indicate that unsystematic, or firm-specific, risk changes significantly around qualification and withdrawal announcement dates. Although systematic risk is of primary importance to investors, information regarding company-specific risk may assist other outside users (i.e., lenders, regulators, employees, rating agencies, etc.) in evaluating a given firm's ability to satisfy its existing contracts. In total, this paper provides evidence that may be useful to many external parties regarding the association between the material uncertainties that are highlighted in audit reports and changes in firm risk. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1998.


One of the main problems to assess the achievement of the MDGs is the paucity of reliable data and statistics that reflect
field reality, especially of the poor. With successive waves of decentralisation, district authorities have been made responsible
for poverty and gender specific information on coverage, use and sustainability of water and sanitation services, at
community level and district levels. Participatory methods are essential to give all members of village communities the
opportunity to influence scores, and also to make informed choices during planning, and control quality of implementation.
However, such methods are time consuming and often generate qualitative information that is difficult to compare and
analyse at district or national levels. To address these problems, IRC developed, together with the Water and Sanitation
Program (WSP), the Methodology for Assessment (MPA) to assess sustainability of services and to generate gender and
poverty specific data. (Mukherjee and van Wijk, 2003). Based on the methodology, IRC along with AJ James has now developed
Qualitative Information System (QIS), which is a flexible system to store and analyse qualitative data for monitoring
progress and adaptive management at both project and community levels. Although QIS has the potential to contribute to
a more effective use of qualitative information, the challenges of preserving quality when using participatory methods as
well as the reliability of the data collected remain concerns to be addressed. The paper presents a number of key concerns
and introduces a set of criteria to ensure quality of both the participatory processes and the data collected.


We present the results of a numerical computation of the interactions between the horizontally periodic monochromatic component of a large-scale coherent structure and the fine-grained turbulence in a mixing layer. The dependent variable characterizing the coherent structure is the total flow quantity which includes both the Reynolds-averaged (here the horizontal average) mean flow and the large-scale coherent structure, this being distinguished from the fine-grained turbulence by a conditional average linked to the periodicity of the coherent structure. The dependent variables characterizing the fine-grained turbulence are the conditionally averaged turbulent stresses, which are themselves total quantities comprising the Reynoldsaveraged mean stresses and the coherent-structure induced or modulated stresses. The transport equations for such conditionally averaged quantities are identical in form to the Reynolds-mean equations. Closure approximations for the Reynolds-mean stresses due to Launder et al. (1975) are directly extended to the conditionally averaged stresses. These approximations include the pressure-velocity strain redistribution which accounts for rapid distortions due to the large-scale coherent structure, a simple diffusional approximation to the triple correlations and an approximate transport equation for the rate of viscous dissipation. The large-scale structure is two dimensional with its vorticity axis perpendicular to the mean flow direction, the fine-grained turbulence being three dimensional. The initial conditions are made self-consistent by numerically solving the horizontally homogeneous, time-dependent, Reynolds-mean problem in the absence of coherent structure until the mean Reynolds stresses and viscous dissipation become self-similar as the shear layer growth rate becomes constant. The solution to the Rayleigh equation with this self-similar mean velocity profile is then obtained. The wavenumber mode which corresponds to the most-amplified case is then suddenly imposed, together with the Reynolds mean velocity, as the initial condition for the large-scale structure. It is argued that, since the coherent structure-induced stresses and viscous dissipation function develop in finite time, the initial conditions for the conditionally averaged turbulence quantities are precisely those for the initial self-similar Reynolds-mean quantities, consistent with the sudden imposition of a large-scale structure upon the flow. The structural details are presented in terms of the time evolution of the conditionally averaged streamfunction and vorticity contours. While the streamline patterns resemble Kelvin's cats' eyes, the vorticity patterns display large non-uniformities within the cats' eyes; thus it is not possible to construct an analytical nonlinear critical layer theory for this problem consistent with the numerical results. The physical interpretation is presented, after Reynolds (horizontal) averaging, in terms of the time evolution of global energy-exchange mechanisms between the Reynolds-averaged mean flow, the large-scale coherent structure and the fine-grained turbulence. The mean flow loses energy to both components of the oscillations, the large-scale structure gains energy from the mean flow and loses energy to the fine-grained turbulence, and the fine-grained turbulence gains energy from both the mean flow and the large-scale structure and loses kinetic energy through viscous dissipation of the small eddies. The possibility that the large-scale structure transfers energy back to the mean flow (like 'damped' disturbances in hydrodynamic stability interpretations) is also shown. Owing to the nonlinear interaction between the mean flow and large-scale structure, through the action of the large-scale Reynolds stresses, the global energy of the large-scale structure first increases and then decays with time. Such a growth and decay reflects the inability, at some time, of the largescale to effectively transfer energy from the mean flow and to subsequently transfer energy back to the mean flow through the action of the large-scale Reynolds stresses. The simultaneous evolution of the global fine-grained turbulent energy exhibits an increase from its initial self-preservation level to a final, higher one, in response to the new mean flow condition caused by the evolution of the large-scale structure. This physical picture of the global energy evolution is consistent with previous much-simplified analyses of the temporal problem (Liu & Merkine 1976 a) and approximately consistent with results for the spatial problem as well (Alper & Liu 1978). The structural details of the direct production mechanisms of the conditionally averaged horizontal and vertical contributions to the fine-grained turbulence energy from the two dimensional, large-scale structure are shown in terms of contour plots for the cats' eyes regions; of these, the dominant production mechanisms essentially resemble the contours of the horizontal and vertical contributions to the turbulence energy. Since there is no direct production mechanism for the spanwise contribution to the turbulence energy, this contribution must arise entirely from the pressure-velocity strain redistribution mechanism obtained from the closure approximation. The structural details of this redistribution mechanism essentially resemble those of the spanwise contribution to the turbulence energy. Certain apsects of available experimental observations are interpreted in terms of the present considerations. Finally, the importance of well-controlled experiments to further study the large-scale coherent structures in free turbulent shear flows is re-emphasized.


Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the change in the production process and specifications of lacto‐N‐neotetraose (LNnT) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) LNnT but also contains lactose, lacto‐N‐triose II (LNT II), para‐lacto‐N‐neo‐hexaose (para‐LNnH) and other related carbohydrates. The NF is produced by fermentation with two genetically modified strains of Escherichia coli BL21. LNnT when chemically synthesised or produced by microbial fermentation using another E. coli strain (K‐12) is already authorised and included in the EU list of NFs. This application is limited to a change in the manufacturing process and specifications while target population, uses and use levels and consequently the anticipated intake do not change. The information provided on the manufacturing process, including the absence of DNA from the producing microorganisms, composition, identity and specifications of the NF do not raise safety concerns. Particularly, the proposed changes in the specifications are limited to a slightly higher ash content and limits for the presence of yeast and moulds, while specifications for methanol and LNnT fructose isomer have been removed. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with the added NF or breast milk for young children are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that lacto‐N‐neotetraose (LNnT) as a NF when produced by fermentation with two genetically modified strains of E. coli BL21 is safe under the proposed conditions of use.


A rising tide of Islamophobia in the United States has led, in recent years, to state-level efforts to prohibit the application of Sharia law in American courts. While these bans have been largely unsuccessful as legislation—the U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals has even declared one such ban unconstitutional—the growing uneasiness among Americans regarding the application of Sharia law persists. Similar tensions have been addressed in Canada and the United Kingdom through reform of the application of Sharia law in alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms. By taking a critical look at the American ADR system through the lens of Canadian and British reforms, a mode of reconciling religious arbitration with egalitarian values, and concerns, can emerge.


Norway is the only country which has turned down EU membership in two popular referenda. It occupies a unique place in the study of Euroscepticism due to its population's stable and persistent misgivings about European integration. The thesis seeks to find out what Norwegian Euroscepticism really is and how it can be explained. Adopting a theoretical framework drawn from the Norwegian and comparative literature on EU support and a sequential exploratory mixed methods research design, the thesis first examines how the Norwegian Eurosceptic discourse has played out in a major national newspaper and the party political arena in the last fifty years, through the three periods of heightened Euroscepticism (1961-62; 1970-72; 1989-1994) and one period of latent Euroscepticism (1995-2010). Subsequently, the results of the qualitative analysis are tested on the 1994 Referendum Study to ascertain whether the issues mobilized in the public debate do indeed resonate on the popular level. The thesis finds that there are essentially two broad types of Norwegian Euroscepticism, mainstream (centre/left) and right-wing Euroscepticism. It argues that concerns about postmaterialist Values, political Culture and Rural society (VCR) are at the heart of mainstream Norwegian Euroscepticism, that values (the desire to make Norway and the world a better place), political culture (selfdetermination) and rural attachment are much more potent explanations for the phenomenon than economic interest (wanting to make Norway a richer place) or national identity concerns. Right-wing Euroscepticism, however, has an altogether different structure. Although it shares the political culture element with its mainstream counterpart, it does not exhibit postmaterialist or rural society sentiments. Conversely, it is driven by economic utilitarianism and the view that the EU is not sufficiently neo-liberalist. The findings also suggest that perceived cultural threat might be relevant to right-wing Euroscepticism, but this is an issue which must be investigated further by future research.


Courtship in Georgian England was a decisive moment in the life cycle, imagined as a tactical game, an invigorating sport, and perilous journey across a turbulent sea. This book brings to life the emotional experience of courtship using the words and objects selected by men and women to navigate this potentially fraught process. It provides new insights into the making and breaking of relationships, beginning with the formation of courtships using the language of love, the development of intimacy through the exchange of love letters, and sensory engagement with love tokens such as flowers, portrait miniatures, and locks of hair. It also charts the increasing modernization of romantic customs over the Georgian era—most notably with the arrival of the printed valentine card—revealing how love developed into a commercial industry. The book concludes with the rituals of disintegration when engagements went awry, and pursuit of damages for breach of promise in the civil courts. The Game of Love in Georgian England brings together love letters, diaries, valentines, and proposals of marriage from sixty courtships sourced from thirty archives and museum collections, alongside an extensive range of sources including ballads, conduct literature, court cases, material objects, newspaper reports, novels, periodicals, philosophical discourses, plays, poems, and prints, in order to create a vivid social and cultural history of romantic emotions. The book demonstrates the importance of courtship to studies of marriage, relationships, and emotions in history, and how we write histories of emotions using objects. Love emerges from this study as something that we do in practice, enacted by couples through particular socially and historically determined rituals.


The use of augmented reality (AR) and mobile applications has recently been investigated in the teaching of advanced concepts and training of skills in a variety of fields. By developing educational mobile applications that incorporate augmented reality, unique interactive learning experiences can be provided to learners on their personal smartphones and tablet computers. This paper presents the development of an immersive user interface on a tablet device that can be used by engineering students to interact with a motor test-bed as they examine the effects of discrete-time pole locations on the closed-loop dynamic response of the test-bed. Specifically, users point the rear-facing camera of the tablet at the test-bed on which colored markers are affixed to enable an image processing routine running on the tablet to measure the angular position of an arm attached to the motor. To perform vision-based control of the angular position of motor arm, a discrete-time Kalman filter and a full-state feedback controller are implemented in the background of the application. As the user taps on the touchscreen of the device, s/he adjusts the angular position of a 3D semi-transparent virtual arm that represents the set point to the system. An interactive pole-zero plot allows users to tap at any desired location for the closed-loop pole-placement, in turn triggering the application code to redesign a new controller for driving the test-bed. Real-time plots enable the user to explore the resulting closed-loop response of the test-bed. Experimental results show several responses of the test-bed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system.


Predictions for wireless and mobile Internet access suggest an exponential traffic increase, particularly in in-building environments. Non-traditional actors such as facility owners have a growing interest in deploying and operating their own indoor networks to fulfill the capacity demand. Such local operators will need spectrum sharing with neighboring networks because they are not likely to have their own dedicated spectrum. Management of internetwork interference then becomes a key issue for high capacity provision. Tight operator-wise cooperation provides superior performance, but at the expense of high infrastructure cost and business-related impairments. Limited coordination, on the other hand, causes harmful interference between operators, which in turn will require even denser networks. In this article, we propose a techno-economic analysis framework for investigating and comparing indoor operator strategies. We refine a traditional network cost model by introducing new inter-operator cost factors. Then we present a numerical example to demonstrate how the proposed framework can help us to compare different operator strategies. Finally, we suggest areas for future research.


In discourse, older adults tend to be more verbose and more disfluent than young adults, especially when the task is difficult and when it places few constraints on the content of the utterance. This may be due to (a) language-specific deficits in planning the content and syntactic structure of utterances or in selecting and retrieving words from the mental lexicon, (b) a general deficit in inhibiting irrelevant information, or (c) the selection of a specific speech style. The possibility that older adults have a deficit in lexical retrieval is supported by the results of picture naming studies, in which older adults have been found to name objects less accurately and more slowly than young adults, and by the results of definition naming studies, in which older adults have been found to experience more tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states than young adults. The available evidence suggests that these age differences are largely due to weakening of the connections linking word lemmas to phonological word forms, though adults above 70 years of age may have an additional deficit in lemma selection.


Why did Mill draw such a firm line between nature and society, and what did he mean by the claim that only permanent or necessary truths could be gleaned in nature? Why are the laws of production able to transcend the social realm and thereby attain a higher epistemological standing? Was Mill the first (and possibly the last) to make this distinction, or does it conform with a long tradition within the history of economic thought?


Applications such as fleet management, mobile task force coordination, logistics or traffic control can largely benefit from the on-line detection of collective mobility patterns of vehicles, goods or persons. However, collective mobility pattern analysis is exponential by nature, requires the high-throughput processing of large volumes of mobile sensor data, and thus generates huge communication and processing load to a monitoring system. Considering the benefits of the event-based asynchronous processing model for on-line monitoring applications, in this paper we argue that several collective mobility patterns can be elegantly described as a composition of reusable Complex Event Processing (CEP) rules, and specifically focus on the detection of the cluster mobility pattern. We also present a DDS-based mobile middleware that supports a distributed deployment of these CEP rules for such collective mobility pattern detection. As means of evaluating our approach we show that using our middleware it is possible to detect this mobility pattern for thousands of mobile nodes, with a latency that is adequate for most monitoring applications.


Integrity test on existing concrete structures is often being carried out to determine the assessment for the structure through several aspects such as to determine the whether the structure is suitable for its designed use, for proposed change of usage or extension of a structure, to enswe the acceptability of structure following to any deterioration or structural damage. The evaluation of integrity of existing concrete structures has been carried out through several testing methods and procedures such as non destructive test (NDT) and partially destructive test using sophisticated testing techniques. However, the criteria of selection for suitable testing method and techniques is still are being unclear depending types of structure that need to be tested. The criteria determination of most suitable codes and standards specification for Malaysia perspective is also unclear. Therefore, it is vital to study the reality in selecting most suitable testing method incorporated with most suitable codes and standardizations to carry out integrity test on existing concrete structures in Malaysia. This case study consisting testing on existing concrete structures using concrete core method, rebound hammer test and ultra sonic pulse velocity OJPV) on existing prestressed T-beam and concrete structures of an unnamed bridge in Klang Valley. Results obtained from testing tabulated for comparison between BS 1881& BS 6089 cube characteristic strength and BSEN 13791, 2007 cube characteristic strength. Selected civil and structural consulting engineers was interviewed using prepared questionnaire to identify the selection criteria and views in selecting appropriate testing method to evaluate integrity of existing concrete structures. Finally, the factors influencing selecting the most suitable testing method and comparison of selected standard code and practice identified.


In an abstract presented at the Society of Biological Psychiatry meeting in May, Lobna Ibrahim and Carlos Zarate of the National Institute of Mental Health reported that intravenous infusions of ketamine were effective in a majority of patients with highly treatment-resistant depression, i.e. even those who had been unresponsive to a course of electroconvulsive therapy. Editor's note: Few treatments have been explored for this subgroup of highly treatment-resistant patients, although some have been referred for experimental protocols with intracranial deep brain stimulation (DBS) and others have been successfully treated by Mark George and colleagues at the Medical University of South Carolina with very high intensity rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex (at 130% of motor threshold, 10 Hz stimulation). Further study is needed to determine what follow-up procedures can be used to sustain an acute response to ketamine, rTMS, or ECT for the long term. Prudic, Sackeim and colleagues have reported that 40% of patients with a good response to three times a week ECT relapsed within a month of completing that course of treatment. This loss of effect occurred even when ECT was continued more intermittently, suggesting that other therapeutic options need to be developed for this rapidly relapsing subgroup. Most of the data suggest that if patients fail to respond to a drug treatment regimen prior to ECT and then respond to ECT, a different or an increased intensity of the earlier drug regimen is required in order to sustain their response. Nonresponse to a drug treatment regimen prior to ECT predicts nonresponse to the same regimen following ECT. Since there are now numerous drugs for the primary and auxiliary treatment of depression, research should focus on determining optimal treatment algorithms for patients, both those who are responsive to ECT and those who are not. Having a potential treatment such as intravenous ketamine that is rapidly effective for ECT nonresponders is a good start. However, at the present time it is not clear how the acute onset antidepressant effects of intravenous ketamine may be sustained for the long term. Since intravenous ketamine also exerts positive effects on acute suicidal ideation, it is likely that IV ketamine will develop into an emergency room procedure for patients in suicidal crisis.


Understanding whether individuals are satisfied with their new residential environment is crucial for assessing the sustainability of relocation projects. In this study, the relocation project for the part of Cukur village, under the risk of disaster was investigated. It was aimed to determine the changes that occurred in the living conditions of the beneficiaries as a result of the relocation project, the satisfaction levels of the residents with their dwelling units, lots and the settlement, the reasons of their satisfaction/dissatisfaction and the positive and negative aspects of the relocation project. The data obtained in the survey are based on discussions with the project developers and on the field surveys carried out in the region. The positive aspects of the project are the relocation of the villagers who live under the risk of disaster to a safe area, protection of the social ties between the old settlement and the new settlement, provision of houses with better physical conditions than the old ones, and the fact that infrastructure works required for basic living activities were completed. The disadvantages of the project are the problems caused by the method of payment of the housing loan, the problems experienced as a result of the workmanship errors in the dwellings, noise and natural lighting problems, and the fact that the daily activities of the villagers are interrupted due to the lack of provision of service spaces. Proposals have been suggested to ensure sustainable relocation projects in rural areas. Keywords: Sustainable relocation, resettlement, housing, satisfaction.


Nuclear magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is a technique which combines magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The final goal is to develop this technique to such a level that the atomic structure of a virus or protein can be revealed by this microscope. This thesis shows nuclear magnetic resonance force measurements on copper in which the interaction of the magnetic moments of the nuclei of copper with a magnetic cantilever has delivered a detectable signal at a temperature of 50 millikelvin. Furthermore, we show measurements, which support a new theory where at low magnetic field and low temperature, non contact friction between the magnetic cantilever and paramagnetic electron spins is described. These measurements were enabled by technical improvements such as vibration reduction in a cryogen free dilution refrigerator. As a benchmark for the low vibration, we show atomic resolution scanning tunneling microscopy at 15 millikelvin temperature on graphite. We also show a method to create small magnets for MRFM from a thin magnet film. With these small magnets the field gradient and therefore the sensitivity may be significantly enhanced.


The measurement of the deflection of the surface of road pavements under a standard wheel load is common practice in many countries. The main purposes of making deflection measurements are to assist in the evaluation of the structural condition of roads, and to help in the design of road strengthening measures. In developing countries in the tropics the high road temperatures and other climatic effects necessitate the use of a special technique in making deflection tests. This report describes the technique adopted by the overseas unit of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory for the measurement of pavement deflection in tropical developing countries, and discusses factors relevant to the deflection of road pavements in such conditions. (Author/TRRL)


Cloud computing is a revolution in the way it offers computational capability. The information technology organizations do not need to oversize the infrastructure anymore, potentially reducing the cost of deploying a service. The two main objective of this paper is to study a cloud deployment model which involves user, broker, federated catalog system and to decrease the cost of deploying a service using a scheduling model. Many research works are going on to obtain the best out of the cloud. In this work, we propose a system which analyzes the cost by a scheduling model for optimizing virtual cluster placements across available cloud offers.


Why the British forces fought so badly in World War II and who was to blame Gordon Corrigan's Mud, Blood and Poppycock overturned the myths that surround the First World War. Now he challenges our assumptions about the Second World War in this brilliant, caustic narrative that exposes just how close Britain came to losing. He reveals how Winston Churchill bears a heavy responsibility for the state of our forces in 1939, and how his interference in military operations caused a string of disasters. The reputations of some of our most famous generals are also overturned: above all, Montgomery, whose post-war stature owes more to his skill with a pen than talent for command. But this is not just a story of personalities. Gordon Corrigan investigates how the British, who had the biggest and best army in the world in 1918, managed to forget everything they had learned in just twenty years. The British invented the tank, but in 1940 it was the Germans who showed the world how to use them. After we avoided defeat, but the slimmest of margins, it was a very long haul to defeat Hitler's army, and one in which the Russians would ultimately bear the heaviest burden.


Abstract. We perform an all-sky information content analysis for channels in the millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelength with 24 channels in the region from 23.8 to 874.4 GHz. The employed set of channels corresponds to the instruments ISMAR and MARSS, which are available on the British FAAM research aircraft, and it is complemented by two precipitation channels at low frequencies from Deimos. The channels also cover ICI, which will be part of the MetOp-SG mission. We use simulated atmospheres from the ICON model as basis for the study and quantify the information content with the reduction of degrees of freedom (ΔDOF). The required Jacobians are calculated with the radiative transfer model ARTS. Specifically we focus on the dependence of the information content on the atmospheric composition. In general we find a high information content for the frozen hydrometeors, which mainly comes from the higher frequency channels beyond 183.31 GHz (on average 3.10 for cloud ice and 2.57 for snow). Considerable information about the microphysical properties, especially for cloud ice, can be gained. The information content about the liquid hydrometeors comes from the lower frequency channels. It is 1.69 for liquid cloud water and 1.08 for rain using the full set of channels. The Jacobians for a specific cloud hydrometeor strongly depend on the atmospheric composition. Especially for the liquid hydrometeors the Jacobians even change sign in some cases. However, the information content is robust across different atmospheric compositions. For liquid hydrometeors the information content decreases in the presence of any frozen hydrometeor, for the frozen hydrometeors it decreases slightly in the presence of the respective other frozen hydrometeor. Due to the lack of channels below 183 GHz liquid hydrometeors are hardly seen by ICI. However, the overall results with regard to the frozen hydrometeors also hold for the ICI sensor. This points to ICI's great ability to observe ice clouds from space on a global scale with a good spatial coverage in unprecedented detail.


This book aims to go beyond mere exam practice; it provides in-depth practice, based on the authors' experience with candidates, in those skills and attitudes which are not only essential for success in each of the papers, but will also be needed in the students' later studies. It contains an answer key and notes to the teacher and student. There are ten units each containing: sample tests (the tests used throughout the book become increasingly like the real exam, and unit 10 contains a full IELTS sample test); answer key and feedback notes; skills focus. The book is aimed at advanced level students (for the International English Language Testing System UCLES Examination). IELTS is the equivalent to TOEFEL for defining language level for entry to British, Canadian and Australian tertiary education for overseas students. It is administered by the British Council. A C60 audio cassette is available separately.


Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) reports are routinely used to monitor and benchmark the coverage in LTE cellular networks of fourth generation. Such measurements also trigger idle and active mode mobility decisions between two LTE cells or two inter-technology cells. Therefore, these measurements must be accurate and repeatable to facilitate both proper network functioning and network optimization. This paper presents a repeatability study on raw RSRP measurements collected in the 700 MHz frequency band in a commercial LTE network. This process is facilitated through the common RF drive-test method using a scanner-based tool as the measuring device. After gathering all the required data with the scanner, the main measurement statistical metrics are calculated in the analysis phase. The repeatability of the RSRP measurements is examined comparing statistics from data collected over identical drive route across different days. Based on the limited collected data set, good temporal repeatability and stability of the LTE RSRP measurements is confirmed allowing optimization to be based on a single LTE drive test.


Professor J P VANDENBROUCKE (Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands) writes: Perhaps the most important lesson from the recent avalanche of antiplatelet megatrials is the following quote from the UK-TIA Study Group: "Having spent nearly 10 years designing, funding, conducting, and analysing this study, we are frustrated to conclude that its results cannot stand alone" (30 January, p 316). The solution proposed is a meta-analysis. It might be time, however, to acknowledge that medicine is more than just a numbers game: physiology, biochemistry, and clinical science are also necessary. Moreover, professional philosophers of science have already backed away from the idea that "crucial experiments" exist; the discrepant results between the United States and the United Kingdom primary aspirin prevention trials, at least for fatal myocardial infarction, seem to offer these philosophers empirical support. Some modesty about the claims for the superior role of clinical megatrials in medicine might result from the aspirin


Since the 1980s, a peculiar paradox has evolved in American film. Hollywood's children have grown up, and the adults are looking and behaving more and more like children. In popular films such as Harry Potter, Toy Story, Pocahantas, Home Alone, and Jumanji, it is the children who are clever, savvy, and self-sufficient while the adults are often portrayed as bumbling and ineffective. Is this transformation of children into "little adults" an invention of Hollywood or a product of changing cultural definitions more broadly? In Coining for Capital, Jyostna Kapur explores the evolution of the concept of childhood from its portrayal in the eighteenth century as a pure, innocent, and idyllic state - the opposite of adulthood - to its expression today as a mere variation of adulthood, complete with characteristics of sophistication, temptation, and corruption. Kapur argues that this change in definition is not a media effect, but rather a structural feature of a deeply consumer-driven society. Providing a new and timely perspective on the current widespread alarm over the loss of childhood, Coining for Capital concludes that our present moment is in fact one of hope and despair. As children are fortunately shedding false definitions of proscribed innocence both in film and in life, they must now also learn to navigate a deeply inequitable, antagonistic, and consumer-driven society of which they are both a part and a target.


Modern intelligent and autonomous robotic applications often require robots to have more information about their environment than that provided by traditional occupancy grid maps. For example, a robot tasked to perform autonomous semantic exploration has to label objects in the environment it is traversing while autonomously navigating. To solve this task the robot needs to at least maintain an occupancy map of the environment for navigation, an exploration map keeping track of which areas have already been visited, and a semantic map where locations and labels of objects in the environment are recorded. As the number of maps required grows, an application has to know and handle different map representations, which can be a burden.We present the Hypermap framework, which can manage multiple maps of different types. In this work, we explore the capabilities of the framework to handle occupancy grid layers and semantic polygonal layers, but the framework can be extended with new layer types in the future. Additionally, we present an algorithm to automatically generate semantic layers from RGB-D images. We demonstrate the utility of the framework using the example of autonomous exploration for semantic mapping.


Take Your Doubles Game to the Next Level! Whether you're trying to improve your doubles game or are just getting started playing tennis with a partner, The Art of Doubles is the book for you. Author Pat Blaskower is your personal coach, guiding and encouraging you and your partner to play winning tennis by showing you how to: * choose a compatible partner * determine your jobs on the court * learn poaching skills * communicate with each other and opposing teams * maintain mental toughness * use various formations and strategies * pick your shots intelligently * decide where to play: tournaments or leagues * and much, much more! The book also includes detailed court diagrams that show you how to execute offense, defense, and tactical plays; checklists that summarize the most important points of each chapter; and on-court drills to help you improve and refine your skills. The Art of Doubles is loaded with practical, proven tennis strategies that you can put to work immediately to see improvements in your own doubles game!


Part One of this paper addressed the positive and negative role "Business as mission" (BAM) played in 19 th century Hawaii; its negative side being its contributory role to the loss of Hawaii's monarchy (1893) and its independence (1898)—a tragedy contrary to the wishes of all the early actors, both native and foreign, who had embraced "business as mission." This paper, Part Two, focuses on the lessons that can be drawn from this history. Too often the tale is told simplistically as one where the missionaries, or their descendants, lost their mission and greedily took over the kingdom. This paper concludes, rather, that serious mistakes were made on both sides: native Hawaiian and foreign-descended Hawaiians. It highlights native Hawaiian leaders' own fateful, if understandable, embrace of "economic development" as the way forward for their nation; followed up by native Hawaiian commoners' own economic falling behind; the result being a deeply divided society, which then set up a social tinderbox all-too-ready for conflagration should certain incendiary personalities strike the match—which is precisely what happened with Lorrin Thurston, King Kalākaua and Queen Liliuokalani. Hawaii's history teaches important lessons: the need to understand and value cultural norms and values, the need to identify how economic gains impact the culture, and the need to be willing and able peacekeepers in the process of doing BAM.


Given a linear control system, the controllability radii for a linear control system is the norm of the smallest perturbation that makes the given system uncontrollable. In this paper, we propose a generalized problem for controllability radii when both or only one of system matrices is perturbed. Then, based on recent methods of Gu, Burke-Lewis-Overton and Gu-Mengi-Overton-Xia-Zhu, we present an algorithm to computing the generalized controllability radius problem. This algorithm achieves the complexity of O(k4) on average, where k is the order of the system. Numerical experiments indicate that the new method is reliable in practice.


Chaotic phenomena occurring in the natural sciences have been a focus of interest of both theoreticians and experimentalists for over five decades. Usually associated with nonlinear systems, they can also appear in infinite dimensional linear ones; that is, governed by, for instance, infinite systems of ordinary differential equations or partial differential equations. In this paper we shall provide a survey of mathematical tools which are necessary to analyse chaotic linear systems and discuss several examples of such systems arising in mathematical biosciences, ranging from drift-diffusion processes, through mutations, to the production of blood cells. We shall also attempt to address some questions related to the relevance of the mathematical analysis to properties of real-life systems.


Reverse osmosis is used widely in the maple syrup industry to concentrate maple sap and increase the overall efficiency and profitability of syrup production. Sets of samples from maple producers utilizing a range of sap concentration levels were collected and analyzed to provide a portrait of the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of maple sap, concentrate, and permeate across a single production season. The results reinforce that reverse osmosis functions essentially as a concentration process, without significantly altering the fundamental proportions of sap constituents.


Oxford University Press has digitalised the audio version of David Sugarman's (Lancaster University Law School, UK) interview with H.L.A. Hart of 1988 and posted it on the Web as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations marking the publication of Hart's The Concept of Law and a new (third, 2012) edition. The interview delineates the particulars of Hart's life and work: his background, early education, and undergraduate studies; learning law, practising at the Bar, and journalism; working in military intelligence; the early years as a philosophy don and the principal philosophical influences that shaped his work; and the state of Oxford jurisprudence in the 1940s and 1950s. It then addresses Hart's work and ideas between 1945 and the 1980's: his appointment to the Chair of Jurisprudence at Oxford; the Hart-Fuller Debate and his year at Harvard; the writing of Causation in the Law and The Concept of Law ; the 1950's, the Cold War, and the 1960's; "The Hart-Devlin Debate"; and what Hart called, "the Thatcher world". The interview also illuminates Hart's work beyond legal and political philosophy — the seminars to Labour Party groups on closing loopholes in the tax law; and the duties he undertook for the Monopolies Commission (1967-73) and the Oxford University Committee on Staff-Student Relations (the "Hart Report", 1968-69). The interview includes Hart's assessment of Bentham, Nozick and Dworkin, a general discussion of the virtues and limitations of sociology, sociological jurisprudence and analytical jurisprudence, of legal education, and the relationship between university legal education and the legal profession. A succinct summary of Hart's contribution to legal philosophy brings the interview to a close. An edited version of the interview was published as: "Hart Interviewed: H.L.A. Hart in Conversation with David Sugarman", (2005) 32 Journal of Law and Society pp. 267-293. The audio version of the interview, and a blog about the interview, can be accessed at http://blog.oup.com/2012/12/h-l-a-hart-in-conversation-with-david-sugarman/


The identification of superior genotypes and mega-environments on the basis of multiple traits is a key objective of multi-environment trials in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The objective of this study was to examine the genetic variation and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) effects for fresh root yield, six other agronomic traits, and severity ratings for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava green mite (CGM) in 40 genotypes of cassava. Experiments were conducted using a randomized complete-block design with four replications for 2 yr in three representative agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Site regression (SREG) analysis revealed that GEI was a major source of fresh root yield variation and the different testing sites discriminated among the genotypes. Genotypes TMS 98/0581, TMS 97/4763, TMS 98/ 0002, TMS 99/3073, and M98/0068 were highest yielding at Otobi and Umudike, whereas TMS 98/0510, TMS 97/4779, and TMS 92B/00068 yielded the most at Ishiagu. TMS 98/2226, TMS 92/0325, and M98/0028 had the poorest performance across all locations. Genotypes with the highest yield showed the lowest CMD scores, whereas very tall (well above 2 m) plants had low harvest index on the basis of multiple trait analysis. We identified optimally adapted genotypes for commercial cassava production in different areas in Nigeria.


Global warming, overpopulation, the biodiversity crisis... the world we live in is in a state of emergency. This is not just an ecological problem; it is an economic problem as well. The state of the natural world impacts – and is impacted by – human society. Our actions have long-term consequences, so we must be wise in the choices we make, not least in the companies/practices we support through our investment decisions. In The Ethical Investor's Handbook, author Morten Strange connects the dots, to show how economics and finance play a direct role in perpetuating this crisis. What can we as individual investors do to avoid wrecking the Earth while growing our wealth? How can we navigate the capital allocation space without compromising our ethical values? It can be done – some of the Big Boys have done it – and this invaluable new book shows us how. Delving into topics such as alternative energy sources, conservation and natural capital, The Ethical Investor's Handbook offers practical advice on how to build a sustainable green portfolio that reaps handsome returns. There are pitfalls and stranded assets to avoid, but also new opportunities if you know where to find them. Do-gooders, with the right understanding of the issues at hand, can make a good buck!


The heme coordination chemistry and spectroscopic properties of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c' (RCCP) have been compared to data from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (AXCP), with the aim of understanding the basis for their different reactivities with nitric oxide (NO). Whereas ferrous AXCP reacts with NO to form a predominantly five-coordinate heme-nitrosyl complex via a six-coordinate intermediate, RCCP forms an equilibrium mixture of six-coordinate and five-coordinate heme-nitrosyl species in approximately equal proportions. Ferrous RCCP and AXCP both exhibit high Fe-His stretching frequencies (227 and 231 cm(-)(1), respectively), suggesting that factors other than the Fe-His bond strength account for their differences in heme-nitrosyl coordination number. Resonance Raman spectra of ferrous-nitrosyl RCCP confirm the presence of both five-coordinate and six-coordinate heme-NO complexes. The six-coordinate heme-nitrosyl of RCCP exhibits a fairly typical Fe-NO stretching frequency (569 cm(-)(1)), in contrast to the relatively high value (579 cm(-)(1)) of the AXCP six-coordinate heme-nitrosyl intermediate. It is proposed that NO experiences greater steric hindrance in binding to the distal face of AXCP, as compared to RCCP, leading to a more distorted Fe-N-O geometry and an elevated Fe-NO stretching frequency. Evidence that RCCP has a more accessible distal coordination site than in AXCP stems from the fact that ferric RCCP readily forms a heme complex with exogenous imidazole, whereas AXCP does not. A model is proposed in which distal heme-face accessibility, rather than the proximal Fe-His bond strength, determines the heme-nitrosyl coordination number in cytochromes c'.


Objectives:L-Carnitine is a crucial component of activated fatty acid transport. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine on patients with a history of mild heart failure and diastolic dysfunction. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with a history of NYHA functional class II symptoms and ejection fraction >45% with documented grade 1 diastolic dysfunction on echocardiogram were randomized in blinded fashion to receive 1,500 mg of L-carnitine daily for 3 months in comparison to a no treatment group (31 patients). Baseline echocardiographic and follow-up measurements of diastolic parameters were assessed after 3 months. Results: Important parameters of diastolic function improved in the L-carnitine group only: left atrial size (3.6 ± 0.4 cm before treatment vs. 3.4 ± 0.5 cm after treatment, p = 0.01); isovolemic relaxation time (127 ± 26 ms before vs. 113 ± 24 ms after treatment, p = 0.007); septal mitral E′ velocity (0.064 ± 0.01 m/s before vs. 0.074 ± 0.01 m/s after treatment, p = 0.01), and lateral mitral E velocity (0.082 ± 0.01 m/s before vs. 0.091 ± 0.02 m/s after treatment, p = 0.006). Dyspnea also significantly improved in L-carnitine-treated patients. Conclusion: In patients with a history of diastolic heart failure, important indices of diastolic function and symptoms appear to improve with L-carnitine treatment.


Bare unpassivated GaAs nanowires feature relatively high electron mobilities (400–2100 cm2 V−1 s−1) and ultrashort charge carrier lifetimes (1–5 ps) at room temperature. These two properties are highly desirable for high speed optoelectronic devices, including photoreceivers, modulators and switches operating at microwave and terahertz frequencies. When engineering these GaAs nanowire-based devices, it is important to have a quantitative understanding of how the charge carrier mobility and lifetime can be tuned. Here we use optical-pump–terahertz-probe spectroscopy to quantify how mobility and lifetime depend on the nanowire surfaces and on carrier density in unpassivated GaAs nanowires. We also present two alternative frameworks for the analysis of nanowire photoconductivity: one based on plasmon resonance and the other based on Maxwell–Garnett effective medium theory with the nanowires modelled as prolate ellipsoids. We find the electron mobility decreases significantly with decreasing nanowire diameter, as charge carriers experience increased scattering at nanowire surfaces. Reducing the diameter from 50 nm to 30 nm degrades the electron mobility by up to 47%. Photoconductivity dynamics were dominated by trapping at saturable states existing at the nanowire surface, and the trapping rate was highest for the nanowires of narrowest diameter. The maximum surface recombination velocity, which occurs in the limit of all traps being empty, was calculated as 1.3  ×  106 cm s−1. We note that when selecting the optimum nanowire diameter for an ultrafast device, there is a trade-off between achieving a short lifetime and a high carrier mobility. To achieve high speed GaAs nanowire devices featuring the highest charge carrier mobilities and shortest lifetimes, we recommend operating the devices at low charge carrier densities.


The Aggeneys terrane is a central part of the western Namaqua Metamorphic Complex (NMC) that is most renowned for hosting world-class massive sulphide mineralisation. Peak metamorphism reached upper amphibolite facies conditions, in contrast to the granulite facies conditions experienced by many of the surrounding terranes in the western NMC. Pseudosection modelling of metapelitic and metamafic lithologies constrains peak P-T conditions at 650 ± 20°C and 5 ± 1 kbar, corresponding to an apparent geotherm of 130°C/kbar. Prograde metamorphism involved heating and concomitant burial from conditions of andalusite stability, and initial retrograde metamorphism appears to have involved cooling, rather than decompression, resulting in an anticlockwise path. Whereas the absolute P-T conditions for the Aggeneys terrane are lower than that of the granulite terranes, metamorphism of the entire area occurred under similar, highly elevated apparent thermal gradients and was dominated by heating and cooling along similar P-T paths. However, peak metamorphism in the Aggeneys terrane is inferred to have occurred during the c. 1.17 to 1.13 Ga O'okiepian Orogeny whereas in other terranes it occurred during the younger, c. 1.07 to 1.03 Ga Namaquan Orogeny. The style of metamorphism experienced by the western NMC requires higher than average lithospheric heat flow generally attributed to mafic underplating, or elevated crustal heat production that can be caused by the slow burial of highly radiogenic crust. Both processes occur over protracted periods of time and affect large areas of the crust, such that the apparent diachronicity of peak metamorphism in the NMC, and the mechanisms by which it might have occurred require further investigation .


A look at how the advent of the World Wide Web and transition to primarily electronic distribution of federal publications has permanently altered the FDLP. In order to survive, the program needs to transition from the old model based on geographically dispersed storehouses of information to a new model based on user service.


It is an axiom of faith among criminal procedure scholars that legislatures are hostile to criminal defendants. Many have gestured towards an alleged "legislative default" in criminal procedure to support judicial activism to ensure fairness in the criminal process. This article, taking its cue from Mark Twain's insight that Congress is our "distinctly native American criminal class," questions the prevailing wisdom and argues that legislatures are sometimes sympathetic to criminal defendants. Over the centuries, legislators have been menaced by criminal prosecution, and this prospect has, on significant occasions, shaped the development of Anglo-American criminal procedure. In the late seventeenth century, after a prolonged period of vicious treason prosecutions, over the course of which almost every political faction was threatened and not a few innocent people executed, Parliament intervened to provide protections for defendants accused of treason. These measures included many of the rights we take for granted in criminal trials today: the right to counsel, to compel witnesses to appear on the defendant's behalf, and to have those witnesses sworn. More recently, in the aftermath of the Abscam sting operation of 1978-1980, Congress scrutinized undercover investigations; and following the unsuccessful prosecution of Representative Joseph McDade in 1996, Congress enacted a pair of measures to rein in federal prosecutors. Congress in part has itself to blame for the ease with which federal prosecutors can now bring close cases, for Congress has in recent years vastly extended criminal liability, particularly in the area of white-collar crime. This article argues that the federalization of crime exposes politically prominent individuals, including members of Congress, to the criminal process and in this way ensures that the institution will not be wholly antagonistic to criminal defendants.


Background and Aim: The aim of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is improving use of the upper limb that is functionally impaired after stroke. In CIMT to treat the use of upper limb impairment, application of the less severely affected arm is restricted for many hours each weekday over 2 consecutive weeks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of constraint-induced movement therapy on improvement of upper limb and hand function in stroke patients by integrative review of published articles since 2000- 2013. Materials and Methods: An integrative review of published articles regarding the effectiveness of constraint- induced movement therapy in promotion of hand function in stroke patients since 2000- 2013 was used in this study. We reviewed Iranian databases such as SID and MagIran and foreign databases such as Pedro, OT Bib Sys, OT seeker, OTD base, Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Elsevier. We used a qualitative approach for content analysis. Results: Over 268 papers were found regarding stroke and upper limb function, 200 articles of those used different ways to improve upper limb function, such as medication, physiotherapy, occupational therapy approaches and were rejected, the remained 68 articles were dedicated to the study of constraint- induced movement therapy. Among these articles, 43 papers were about the effects of constraint induced movement therapy on development of upper extremity. 9 articles were excluded due to using of Constraint Induced Movement Therapy on head injury patients and lab rat. Finally, 36 articles were selected according to the criteria of entry. Conclusion: The aggregate results of a review of studies showed that constraint induced movement therapy improves function of upper extremity at every stages of stroke (acute, sub acute and chronic) with a prerequisite of having active extension of wrist and finger, passive 90 ° flexion and abduction and 45°external rotation of the shoulder, 45° pronation and supination and having good cognitive function (MMSE =20 to 24). This method is more effective than traditional rehabilitation method in improving upper extremity functional abilities of stroke patients and overcoming the learned nonuse syndrome. But its impact on quality of life and movement kinematics requires further investigations. Key words: stroke, hand function, constraint-induced movement therapy, integrative review


Systemic inflammation is associated with impaired lung function. Inflammation is part of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the local and systemic inflammatory pattern differs. The overall aim was to evaluate systemic inflammatory markers in obstructive lung diseases and more specifically: To determine if CRP is related to respiratory symptoms, asthma, atopy and bronchial responsiveness (paper I), in a population sample from three countries (paper I and II); to evaluate if CRP is related to COPD, lung function and rate of lung function decline (paper II); to investigate the association of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 with lung function in a cross-sectional population based study (paper III); and finally, to study possible gender differences in the longitudinal association between CRP and lung function in a prospective population based study (paper IV). In the first study we reported that CRP was related to non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma, and that CRP was related to respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, nocturnal cough and breathlessness after effort, but not associated with atopy or bronchial responsiveness. In the second study we found that COPD was more common in subjects in the highest CRP quartiles and higher CRP levels were associated with lower FEV1 values in both men and women, but the negative association between CRP and FEV1 was larger in men than women. The FEV1 decline was larger in men with high CRP levels, whereas no such association was found for women. In the third study we reported that lower FEV1 was associated with higher levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and their ratio MMP-9/TIMP-1. After stratification for gender this association was significant in men but not women. In the fourth study we found that CRP levels were associated with change in both FEV1 and FVC in men but not women. This association was found for both baseline CRP and change in CRP, confirming a stronger association between systemic inflammation and lung function decline in men than women. In conclusion, systemic inflammation is associated with non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma. Our findings of a stronger association between the systemic inflammation and lung function impairment in men, but not women, may indicate a gender difference in the mechanisms of lung function decline.


In the literature on Indonesian legal history, the role of language has been paid scant attention. Even the replacement of Dutch by Indonesian as the official language of the law, surely a major event for the work of Indonesian jurists, has not been closely examined. Yet, since the early 1970s, legal usage and terminology have been the topic of a steady stream of highly critical publications by linguists and, remarkably, by jurists as well. Their criticism is focused on the heterogeneity of law language and terminology, and the deviation of legal usage from the official standard language. Government measures (language courses, law dictionaries) have not allayed this criticism. This study exposes two fundamental defects in the government measures and in the criticism itself. Firstly, they are grounded in an instrumental approach to language, an approach that sees language as a mere tool of the jurist, and as secondary in importance to the conceptual world that is considered law's core business. Secondly, they greatly underestimate the impact of the declining knowledge of Dutch upon the development of Indonesian law language. Massier argues that the law must be viewed as inextricably bound up with the language in which it is formulated. Consequently, legal training and practice are examined in this study in terms of language behaviour and conventions, of learning, writing and speaking the languages of the law. The voice of the law in transition provides a language history of Indonesian law and its practitioners.


Following the creation of a set of concepts, principles and generally accepted international accounting conventions, to which any elaboration, interpretation or enforcement of accounting and financial information would refer, IASC (later IASB) has developed, in 1989, the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements that, although inspired from the American one, didn't address predominantly only to a single category of users (investors), but several categories of representatives of accounting information demand. Nowadays, it is now known that international body of accounting normalization - IASB (International Accounting Standards Board), cooperates with the American body - FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) for the purpose of developing a Single Conceptual Framework, which is an important phase in strengthening current and future international accounting standardization process. Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, published in September 2010 by the IASB, replaced the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements issued in 1989 and is actually the result of the current process of updating the General framework of the IASB, but also represents the completion of an important stage in the process to develop a single conceptual framework.


We present new full-sky temperature maps in five frequency bands from 23 to 94 GHz, based on data from the first 3 years of the WMAP sky survey. The new maps are consistent with the first-year maps and are more sensitive. The 3 year maps incorporate several improvements in data processing made possible by the additional years of data and by a more complete analysis of the polarization signal. These include several new consistency tests as well as refinements in the gain calibration and beam response models. We employ two forms of multifrequency analysis to separate astrophysical foreground signals from the CMB, each of which improves on our first-year analyses. First, we form an improved "Internal Linear Combination" (ILC) map, based solely on WMAP data, by adding a bias-correction step and by quantifying residual uncertainties in the resulting map. Second, we fit and subtract new spatial templates that trace Galactic emission; in particular, we now use low-frequency WMAP data to trace synchrotron emission instead of the 408 MHz sky survey. The WMAP point source catalog is updated to include 115 new sources whose detection is made possible by the improved sky map sensitivity. We derive the angular power spectrum of the temperature anisotropy using a hybrid approach that combines a maximum likelihood estimate at low l (large angular scales) with a quadratic cross-power estimate for l > 30. The resulting multifrequency spectra are analyzed for residual point source contamination. At 94 GHz the unmasked sources contribute 128 ± 27 μK2 to l(l + 1)Cl/2π at l = 1000. After subtracting this contribution, our best estimate of the CMB power spectrum is derived by averaging cross-power spectra from 153 statistically independent channel pairs. The combined spectrum is cosmic variance limited to l = 400, and the signal-to-noise ratio per l-mode exceeds unity up to l = 850. For bins of width Δl/l = 3%, the signal-to-noise ratio exceeds unity up to l = 1000. The first two acoustic peaks are seen at l = 220.8 ± 0.7 and l = 530.9 ± 3.8, respectively, while the first two troughs are seen at l = 412.4 ± 1.9 and l = 675.2 ± 11.1. The rise to the third peak is unambiguous; when the WMAP data are combined with higher resolution CMB measurements, the existence of a third acoustic peak is well established. Spergel et al. use the 3 year temperature and polarization data to constrain cosmological model parameters. A simple six-parameter ΛCDM model continues to fit CMB data and other measures of large-scale structure remarkably well. The new polarization data produce a better measurement of the optical depth to reionization, τ = 0.089 ± 0.03. This new and tighter constraint on τ helps break a degeneracy with the scalar spectral index, which is now found to be ns = 0.960 ± 0.016. If additional cosmological data sets are included in the analysis, the spectral index is found to be ns = 0.947 ± 0.015.


The following study will explore the stories which are not told – that is, it will scrutinize the process of intertextual emergence of an ultimately open story: one which has neither discernible authorship nor agenda and which remains in-the-making rather than strives to achieve closure. The paper will discuss the process in which multifaceted and multidirectional organizational stories are created, in which plots and characters exchange and 'ending' is defied. This lack of closure is perceived here as a breeding ground for networked meanings, which, if allowed to remain interdependent and plural, eschew the danger of a new organizational story becoming universal carrier of inflexibly established contents. Since the unifying semantic organizational frameworks (e.g. 'success story') may be construed as impostors attempting to ascribe both authorship and agency to a non- agentical and non-authored 'untold story', this study proposes one way in which multi- directedness and plurality of the story may be preserved.


After three decades of state intervention throughout the
world the 1980s and 1990s have seen a marked reversal.
Instead of government control and centralized planning
there has been a renewed emphasis on market-oriented
strategy. Privatization constitutes one of the
cornerstones of this strategy.
The relationship between privatization and development is
complex because privatization transforms the institutional
framework through which people usually expound, negotiate,
and promote their individual and group interests.
In theory, privatization should assist in overcoming the
problems of poverty and sustainable development through
the "trickle down" effect. In this thesis, however, it
will be argued that privatization in developing countries
and in Jordan as a case study would not exclusively lead,
on the grounds of efficiency, to a successful cure for the
economic ills of those countries.
The thesis also developed and applied to Jordan a
methodology of analyzing privatization which departs from
the mainstream view. This methodology considers
privatization as one part of a whole system and can be
understood within the context of development only in terms
of the whole system. Thus, privatization is linked as an
economic, social and political phenomenon with decentralization, participation, and development.
The thesis concluded that development may mean
decentralization, which certainly means participation, but
privatization will not necessarily secure participation.
It depends on how it is designed and implemented. If
privatization is to be sustainable and people-centred, it
_
has to be gradual, relatively crisis-free, untroubled and
unenforced, marked by the fusion of collective
participation from below (e.g., grass roots) and
individual participation in the market place. This will
depend exclusively on the commitment of the decision
makers and their vision of empowering the people.


For several years, reports by French and Italian beekeepers have been suggesting a lethal effect of imidacloprid on honey bees; in particular, the molecule has been related to honey bee mortality and decrease of hive populations, affecting the orientation and ability of honey bees to return to the hive. In this paper we investigate the effects of sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid on foraging activity and homing ability of honey bees. Honey bees from one hive were trained to forage on an artificial feeder filled with a 50% sucrose solution. The feeder was gradually moved up to a distance of 500 meters from the hive. Thirty bees, foraging on the sucrose solution, were captured, indi- vidually marked with coloured number tags and transferred into a flying cage, acting as control. The feeder was then replaced with a new one, filled with an imidacloprid supplemented sucrose solution. Again, thirty bees foraging on this feeder were cap- tured, individually marked with different coloured number tags and transferred into an other flying cage. Three concentrations of imidacloprid were tested: 100 ppb, 500 ppb and 1000 ppb. The solutions at 500 ppb and 1000 ppb of imidacloprid had a repellent effect and the bees stopped visiting the feeder, hence only 10 and 20 honey bees, respectively, were captured for the two doses. Since the effects of imidacloprid start half an hour to one hour after ingestion, bees were released from the flying cage 1 hour after confinement. After the release, the behaviour of the bees was followed for 2 hours: two observers at the hive and one observer at the feeding site recorded the arrival and the departure of the marked bees. The presence of the bees at the hive and at the feeder was also recorded for one hour, 5 and 24 hours after the release. The results show that almost all the control honey bees returned to the hive, and started again visiting the feeder between 2 to 5 hours after the release. Honey bees fed with the concentration of 100 ppb also returned to the hive, but they returned to visit the feeder only 24 hours after the release. Honey bees fed with 500 ppb and 1000 ppb completely disappeared after the release, and they were not seen during the following 24 hours, neither at the hive nor at the feeding site.


A prominent strategy in some of the most innovative electronic literature online is the appropriation and adaptation of literary modernism, what I call "digital modernism." This essay introduces digital modernism by examining a work that exemplifies it: Dakota by Young-hae Chang Heavy Industries. I read this Flash-based work in relation to its literary inspiration: the authors claim that Dakota is "based on a close reading of Ezra Pound's Cantos part I and part II." The authorial framework claims modernism's cultural capital for electronic literature and encourages close reading of its text, but the work's formal presentation of speeding, flashing text challenges such efforts. Reading Dakota as it reads Pound's first two cantos exposes how modernism serves contemporary, digital literature by providing a model of how to "MAKE IT NEW" by renovating a literary past.


Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is a methodology for optimizing large coupled systems. Over the years, a number of different MDO decomposition strategies, known as architectures, have been developed, and various pieces of analytical work have been done on MDO and its architectures. However, MDO lacks an overarching paradigm which would unify the field and promote cumulative research. In this paper, we propose a differential geometry framework as such a paradigm: Differential geometry comes with its own set of analysis tools and a long history of use in theoretical physics. We begin by outlining some of the mathematics behind differential geometry and then translate MDO into that framework. This initial work gives new tools and techniques for studying MDO and its architectures while producing a naturally arising measure of design coupling. The framework also suggests several new areas for exploration into and analysis of MDO systems. At this point, analogies with particle dynamics and systems of differential equations look particularly promising for both the wealth of extant background theory that they have and the potential predictive and evaluative power that they hold. © 2012 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.


Stochastic computation graphs (SCGs) provide a formalism to represent structured optimization problems arising in artificial intelligence, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Previous work has shown that an unbiased estimator of the gradient of the expected loss of SCGs can be derived from a single principle.
However, this estimator often has high variance and requires a full model evaluation per data point, making this algorithm costly in large graphs.
In this work, we address these problems by generalizing concepts from the reinforcement learning literature. We introduce the concepts of value functions, baselines and critics for arbitrary SCGs, and show how to use them to derive lower-variance gradient estimates from partial model evaluations, paving the way towards general and efficient credit assignment for gradient-based optimization. In doing so, we demonstrate how our results unify recent advances in the probabilistic inference and reinforcement learning literature.


We present a study of the Raman phonons in YBa 2~Cu0.96Ni0.04!4O8 under hydrostatic pressure in the superconducting phase. A comparison with our earlier work on the undoped YBa 2Cu4O8 shows that the pressure coefficients of two vibrational modes involving oxygen atoms differ significantly from those of the corresponding modes in the undoped material. These are the O ~1! chain mode which shifts 33% faster and the O~2!-O~3! in-phase mode which shifts 23% slower than the undoped counterparts. The other Raman modes in the Ni-doped sample shift in a manner similar to the undoped material. The observed behavior of the O ~1! chain and O~2!-O~3! in-phase modes in YBa 2~Cu0.96Ni0.04!4O8 under pressure and the softening of the Cu ~1! Ag mode frequency with increasing Ni doping suggest that the Ni atoms substitute for the Cu atoms in the chain, which in turn decreases the compressibility in the vicinity of the Cu ~Ni! chain atom.@S0163-1829 ~99!14429-1#


Ever since the birth of phonology, French has been a favorite testing ground for theoretical claims concerning phonological structure. Sadly, far too many theoretical claims have just been reinterpretations of idealized data borrowed from the literature or observations taken from normative work teaching foreigners to pronounce French correctly. The PFC project ('Phonologie du francais contemporain: usages, varietes et structure') aims at redressing the imbalance between observation and theorization. PFC involves over thirty researchers and aims at the recording, partial transcription and analysis of over 500 speakers from the francophone world on the basis of a common Labovian protocol. The aims of the paper will be to present the project, its goals, its actors, the methodology and the research tools used. Some preliminary results are presented concerning vocalic systems, the treatment of liaison and of schwa.