Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a rapid deployed, self organized and multi-hop wireless networks. However, the wireless and distributed natures of WMN make it subject to various kinds of malicious attacks, which raise a great challenge in securing these networks. Most existing security mechanisms are based on cryptographic keys where a high degree key management services are in demand. In this paper, we present an effective secure key management scheme (SKeMS) which seeks an encryption key assignment such that the induced network is securely key connected and well protected against potential malicious eavesdropping attacks. Compared to previous work, our scheme assigns the available encryption keys among all the nodes in the network. Our simulation results show that our scheme outperforms previous schemes through providing a network that is resistant to malicious eavesdropping attack.


As advances are made in wearable computing, there is a need for a personal mobile hub that can manage interactions between the wearable devices and act as a proxy for these devices. In this paper we describe why this is a good model, why the interfaces need to be open, and why different parties in the value chain, such as wireless service providers and device manufacturers, may prefer such architecture. Our personal mobile hub supports multiple wireless protocols, some short range and some wide area so that the power of the Internet is available even to body worn sensors. We describe custom hardware that we built for this purpose and also the software necessary to make this concept work. We have tested out this architecture with an end-to-end application. The working system was demonstrated at the annual IBM Stockholders meeting in 2004 and is also available for customers to see at the IBM Industry Solutions Lab in Zurich.


Korean stop contrasts (lenis, fortis, and aspirated) have been phonetically differentiated by Voice Onset Time (VOT), but with a tonogenetic sound change in progress, the role of fundamental frequency (F0) has been amplified for distinguishing between Korean stop contrasts with the loss of VOT differentiation in young adults' production. The present study explores how F0 is perceptually acquired and how it phonetically operates in toddler speech in relation to Korean stop contrasts according to age. In order to determine the relationship between F0 developmental patterns and age in child stop production, this study uses a quantitative acoustic model to examine the word-initial stop productions of 58 Korean monolingual children aged 20 to 47 months. The production experiment confirmed that VOT is useful for distinguishing fortis stops, but F0 is required for distinguishing between lenis and aspirated stops, and this tendency is significantly related to age. As F0 becomes a determinant acoustic parameter for articulatory distinction, the role of F0 in perceptual distinction was investigated through a perceptual identification test with the F0 continuum. Children were provided with selected lenis-aspirated pairs of images in which they would point to one or the other image in response to given synthetic sounds with different F0 values. This allowed us to observe how phonetic boundaries in the F0 dimension for aspirated stops change with age. A comparative analysis between children's production and perception of F0 indicates that articulatory skills depend on perceived F0 differences depending on the phonemic categories. Additionally, the analysis indicates that once F0 is acquired, VOT differentiation diminishes for distinction between lenis and aspirated stops, and this trade-off between VOT and F0 would occur around the age of 3 years. These findings suggest that phonemic categorization of lenis and aspirated stops should be processed in the F0 dimension and that phonemic processing in perceptual acoustic space is directly linked to phonetic discrimination between the non-fortis stops in production. This study provides experimental evidence for understanding a developmental trajectory of F0 as an acoustic cue for native phonological contrasts. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Linguistics First Advisor Mark Liberman


Justices of the Supreme Court, legal scholars, and reporters who cover judicial proceedings frequently claim that when the Court issues a constitutional decision it remains final unless the Court changes its mind or the Constitution is amended to reverse the Court. However, the record of more than two centuries offers an entirely different picture. Decisions by the Supreme Court lack finality on constitutional issues partly because the Court makes mistakes and has done so throughout its history. Human institutions, including the judiciary, are prone to miscalculation, including law, history, and political developments. After the Court issues a constitutional decision it does not deprive the elected branches from adopting policies directly contrary to what the Court has announced. This article offers many examples to demonstrate that constitutional interpretation is not centered entirely in the Supreme Court. The process involves all three branches, the states, scholars, and the general public. At times the Court recognizes the deficiency of an earlier decision and overrules it. However, the sole-organ error in CurtissWright (1936) was not corrected by the Court until its decision in Zivotofsky v. Kerry on June 8, 2015. On other occasions, the regular political process offers constitutional interpretations that override the Court.


A crystal of BaTiO3 illuminated by a spatially periodic light intensity pattern will exhibit both uniform and spatially periodic photogalvanic currents. The modulated part of the intensity produces a spatially period photo-galvanic current, which creates a spatially periodic electric field in the crystal. This field, measured by two-beam coupling, is spatially in phase with the light pattern and increases monotonically with intensity, saturating at ∼450 V/cm. The spatially uniform photogalvanic current produced by the average light intensity creates a spatially uniform electric field, which is surprisingly small (≈10 V/cm) across a nominally open-circuited BaTiO3 crystal at high optical intensity. We explain the observed intensity dependence of two-beam coupling by proposing that photogalvanic currents arise with different strengths from at least two trap levels in the crystal.


Cost-effective health care depends on high-quality triage. The most challenging aspect of triage, which GPs confront on a regular basis, is diagnosing rare but serious disease. Failure to shoulder any risk in this situation overloads the health system and subjects patients to unnecessary investigation. Adopting too high a risk threshold leads to missed cases, late diagnosis, and sometimes avoidable death. It also undermines the credibility of primary care practitioners. Quantification of diagnostic risk suggests there is a potential risk gap between the maximum certainty with which GPs can assess the risk of serious disease at presentation and the minimum certainty required by many health systems for further investigation or hospital referral. Physician gut-feeling and diagnostic safety netting are often employed to fill the gap. Neither strategy is well defined or well supported by evidence. It should be possible to reduce the diagnostic risk gap cost-effectively by adopting more explicit diagnostic algorithms and providing better GP access to new diagnostic technologies. It is also essential, given the decreasing experience of triage clinicians employed in a number of countries, that a teachable evidence base is constructed for gut feeling and diagnostic safety netting. However, this construction of an evidence base requires very large-scale studies, and the global primary care research community remains small. The challenge therefore needs to be met by urgent and effective international collaboration.


The outage capacity (OC) is among the most important performance metrics of communication systems operating over fading channels. Of interest in the present paper is the evaluation of the OC at the output of the Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) receivers. In this case, it can be seen that this problem turns out to be that of computing the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) for the sum of independent random variables. Since finding a closed-form expression for the CDF of the sum distribution is out of reach for a wide class of commonly used distributions, methods based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations take pride of price. In order to allow for the estimation of the operating range of small outage probabilities, it is of paramount importance to develop fast and efficient estimation methods as naive MC simulations would require high computational complexity. In this line, we propose in this work two unified, yet efficient, hazard rate twisting Importance Sampling (IS) based approaches that efficiently estimate the OC of MRC or EGC diversity techniques over generalized independent fading channels. The first estimator is shown to possess the asymptotic optimality criterion and applies for arbitrary fading models, whereas the second one achieves the well-desired bounded relative error property for the majority of the well-known fading variates. Moreover, the second estimator is shown to achieve the asymptotic optimality property under the particular Log-normal environment. Some selected simulation results are finally provided in order to illustrate the substantial computational gain achieved by the proposed IS schemes over naive MC simulations.


Strategy making forces executives to confront a future they can only guess at. It's not surprising, then, that they try to make the task less daunting by preparing a comprehensive plan for how the company will achieve its goal. But good strategy is not the product of endless research and modeling; it's the result of a simple process of thinking through how to hit a target and whether it's realistic to try. Discomfort is part of the process. If you are entirely comfortable, you're probably stuck in one or more of the following traps. Strategic planning. Planning arguably makes for more thorough budgets, but it must not be confused with strategy. Cost-based thinking. Costs lend themselves wonderfully to planning, because the company controls them. But for revenue, customers are in charge. Planning can't make revenue magically appear. Self-referential strategy frameworks. Even managers who avoid the first two traps may end up using a framework that leads them to design a strategy entirely around what the company controls. A company can avoid those traps by focusing on customers, recognizing that strategy is about making bets, and articulating the logic behind strategic choices. INSETS: Giant Opportunities Encourage Bad Strategy;Are You Stuck in the Comfort Zone?


TNF-α and its receptor TNFR1 provide an inhibiting input for peptidergic pain neurons and an enhancing input to nonpeptidergic pain neurons. Specific classes of nociceptive neurons respond to different types of painful stimuli, such as pain-inducing chemicals released by damaged tissue, heat, cold, or pressure. Initially, development of the precursors of both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons requires nerve growth factor (NGF), which stimulates its receptor TrkA. Later, proper target innervation of peptidergic nociceptive neurons relies on NGF-TrkA, whereas that of nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons relies on glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GNDF) family member neurturin and the receptor Ret. Wheeler et al. examined the mRNA abundance of all 23 members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR) family in embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG). They detected high abundance of the transcripts for TNFR1 and for p75NTR, an inhibitor of NGF-TrkA signaling. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TNFR1 colocalized with markers of both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons and indicated the presence of TNF-α, the TNFR1 ligand, on sensory neurons in the DRG, the epidermis, and the spinal cord. Mice genetically deficient in TNF-α or TNFR1 (Tnf–/– or Tnfr1–/–) had increased density of nociceptive fibers in the skin and were hypersensitive to thermal and mechanical stimuli, indicating a reduced threshold for pain perception. Unexpectedly, there were relatively fewer Trk-positive nociceptive neurons at P0 in the mutant mice, but more at P14 and P30, suggesting that differentiation of the nociceptive neurons was altered. Indeed, mutant mice had a larger proportion of doubly positive Ret and TrkA precursor nociceptive neurons in the DRGs at P0, but at P14 and P30, only the proportion of nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons was increased. However, compared with wild-type mice, the Tnf–/– or Tnfr1–/– mice had more projections from peptidergic neurons and fewer nonpeptidergic neuronal projections in the spinal cord. Furthermore, dissociated sensory neurons or DRG explants from wild-type mice exhibited faster NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth in the absence of exogenously added TNF-α compared with growth in the presence of TNF-α. DRG explants from the Tnf–/– or Tnfr1–/– mice exhibited increased outgrowth in response to NGF, suggesting that TNFR1 signaling inhibits NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth. In contrast, DRG explants from Tnf–/– or Tnfr1–/– mice exhibited decreased neurite outgrowth in response to neurturin, suggesting a positive role for TNF-α-TNFR1 signaling. Neurturin-stimulated outgrowth of neurites from DRG explants from Tnfr1–/– mice was rescued by the addition of soluble TNFR1, whereas the addition of TNF-α failed to rescue outgrowth from explants from Tnf–/– mice, suggesting that "reverse" signaling from TNFR1 to TNF-α and not "forward" signaling by TNF-α to TNFR1 mediated this enhancement of neurite outgrowth. Calcium-imaging studies showed that compared with those from wild-type mice, peptidergic nociceptive neurons isolated from the Tnf–/– or Tnfr1–/– mice were more excitable in response to ligands that activate pain-associated TRP channels and that the nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons were less responsive to either ATP or TRP ligands in the mutant mice. Thus, TNF-α-TNFR1 signaling has opposite roles in suppressing the outgrowth and excitability of TrkA-positive peptidergic nociceptive neurons and in enhancing the outgrowth and excitability of Ret-positive nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons. M. A. Wheeler, D. L. Heffner, S. Kim, S. M. Espy, A. J. Spano, C. L. Cleland, C. D. Deppmann, TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling is required for the development and function of primary nociceptors. Neuron 82, 587–602 (2014). [PubMed]


QUANTIFYING SOCIAL JUSTICE ADVOCACY COMPETENCY: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL JUSTICE ADVOCACY SCALE by Jennifer K. Dean Social justice advocacy has been a force throughout the history of Counseling Psychology and has been described as more critical to the field than any other time in its long history (Toporek & McNally, 2006). Accordingly, in 2002, the American Counseling Association endorsed the Advocacy Competencies in an effort to advance the status of social advocacy by defining competency for counselors engaged in social advocacy (Lewis, Arnold, House, & Toporek, 2002). However, at the writing of this article, these competencies had not yet been operationalized. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the multidisciplinary literature was conducted and seventythree skills consistent with these competencies were identified and used to further describe what it means to be a competent social justice advocate. These skills were then used to create a measure of social justice advocacy. Content validity of the items was addressed through the use of expert ratings. One hundred participants were recruited to take this measure. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor model of social justice advocacy skills: Collaborative Action, Social/Political Advocacy, Client Empowerment, and Client/Community Advocacy. Evidence for construct validity was found in the expected positive correlations between the social advocacy survey and the Multicultural Knowledge and Awareness Scale (Ponterotto et al., 2002) and the Miville-Guzman Universal-Diverse Orientation ScaleShort Form (Fuertes et al., 2000). The resulting 43item survey serves as a starting point for operationalizing and assessing counselors' competence in social justice advocacy. QUANTIFYING SOCIAL JUSTICE ADVOCACY COMPETENCY: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL JUSTICE ADVOCACY SCALE by Jennifer K. Dean


We show that social capital improves the viability of stakeholder-oriented firms operating in competitive markets. Studying exits from the population of Norwegian savings banks after deregulations, we find that banks located in communities with high social capital have a higher probability of survival, but no similar effect exists for commercial banks. Norwegian savings banks are collectively governed by their stakeholders and we provide evidence that social capital improves the efficiency of stakeholder governance. In high social capital areas, banks raise more deposits locally, distribute more of their surplus for altruistic purposes, and operate more locally-focused branch networks.


Gaps in mental health funding and insurance coverage have resulted in significant unmet need and inequities in access. Both Australia and the United Kingdom have expanded public funding for psychotherapy over the past decade, and it remains to be seen how far the new federal transfer of $5 billion over ten years will go toward improving equity in access in Canada.
This four-paper dissertation examines how the exclusion of psychotherapy came about in Canada and why it has persisted, the extent to which access currently depends on how rich or poor you are, and what could be done to change this in the Canadian context in light of lessons learned from Australia and the United Kingdom.
The first paper analyses parliamentary debates to trace the role of Canada's decentralized government structure in constraining federal transfers. The evidence suggests that Canada's decentralized form of government has been at the heart of its inability thus far to introduce significant reforms. The primary contribution of other factors (such as stigma and cost) has been their influence over whether or not mental health has been enough of a national priority to warrant the use of federal spending power.
The second and third papers are large-N studies using data from Canadian and Australia population health surveys to measure the extent to which access to psychotherapy and other mental health services varies by income. Income-based inequities in utilization and unmet need are found to be significant problems in Canada, particularly for psychologist services. In Australia, inequities in utilization is found to be less of a concern than in Canada, but unmet need for psychotherapy is more inequitable, suggesting a possible backlog effect with the expansion of public funding in 2006.
The fourth paper uses interviews with key informants in Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada to delve more deeply into the relationship between government structure, service system design and equity in access to psychotherapy. The key finding is that, while more centralized governments have greater capacity for reform, achieving equity in access requires explicit focus regardless of government structure, service system design or social insurance model.


Bruno Taut (18801938) is generally considered the leading housing estate architect of the modern era. Utilizing the latest architectural techniques and concentrating on the needs of the people who were to inhabit his buildings, he made a lasting impression on the housing construction of his time which is not simply reflected by the 10,000 flats built by him. This revised and extended edition presents the extensive catalogue of Bruno Tauts works. Each project is portrayed by means of texts, plans as well as historic and contemporary photos. Proven experts lead the reader through the creative work and life of Bruno Taut in several introductory essays that show him not only as a city planner, designer and social reformer but above all as an artist who therefore truly deserves to be honored as the master of colourful architecture in Berlin.


SBAQ's for the FRCEM Primary is a key resource for the new FRCEM Primary examination. Featuring over 450 Single Best Answer Questions (SBAQ's) mapped to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine curriculum, this comprehensive guide ensures high-quality self-assessment. Each chapter focuses on a key areas of emergency medicine candidates will be tested on. All questions are supported by detailed answers and further reading to ensure quick identification of key areas that may need more attention. The last chapter features a mock examination of 100 SBAQ's ensuring the reader has, not only the knowledge to the pass the exam, but can practice the technique and approach required for success in this exam. Edited by an experienced Consultant, SBAQ's for the FRCEM Primary is essential reading for candidates preparing for the FRCEM Primary exam worldwide.


We advocate for the realization of volatile sample return from various destinations including: small bodies, the Moon, Mars, ocean worlds/satellites, and plumes. As part of recent mission studies (e.g., Comet Astrobiology Exploration SAmple Return (CAESAR) and Mars Sample Return), new concepts, technologies, and protocols have been considered for specific environments and cost. Here we provide a plan for volatile sample collection and identify the associated challenges with the environment, transit/storage, Earth re-entry, and curation. Laboratory and theoretical simulations are proposed to verify sample integrity during each mission phase. Sample collection mechanisms are evaluated for a given environment with consideration for alteration. Transport and curation are essential for sample return to maximize the science investment and ensure pristine samples for analysis upon return and after years of preservation. All aspects of a volatile sample return mission are driven by the science motivation: isotope fractionation, noble gases, organics and prebiotic species; plus planetary protection considerations for collection and for the sample.
The science value of sample return missions has been clearly demonstrated by previous sample return programs and missions.
Sample return of volatile material is key to understanding (exo)planet formation, evolution, and habitability.
Returning planetary volatiles poses unique and potentially severe technical challenges. These include preventing changes to samples between (and including) collection and analyses, and meeting planetary protection requirements.


ABSTRACT Dry areas cover 41% of the earth's surface, and are home to over 2 billion people – and the majority of the world's poor. Over 80% of the population in these regions lives on less than $2/day, most of which is spent on food. Correspondingly, food insecurity – exacerbated by the current food crisis – is perhaps the key challenge facing communities as well as governments in dry areas. Several factors, some long-standing, others fairly recent, have contributed to the food crisis in dry areas. This situation is further aggravated by the fragile nature of these environments, and the impacts (e.g. extreme weather conditions already being experienced) of climate change. Improving food security and livelihoods of the resource poor in these areas requires an integrated approach based on the three pillars of sustainable agriculture: crop and livestock improvement, natural resource management, and development of policies and institutional capacity. Technology options for crop/livestock improvement and natural resource management are available. But for these technologies to make a positive impact, supportive policies and effective technology transfer are needed, which in turn requires stronger institutions. Policy makers must provide incentives to encourage farmers to invest in new technologies. Simultaneously, they must ensure long-term investment in research to maintain a flow of new technologies. Numerous case studies have illustrated the importance of an integrated approach in improving food security and livelihoods. For the past three decades ICARDA has worked towards sustainable agricultural development in the dry areas, i.e. increasing productivity and production and improved livelihood options for resource-poor farmers. Working in collaboration with the Center, national programs have released nearly 850 improved varieties of wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and faba bean adapted to the dry areas. Recent successes include 'Alemaya', a rust-resistant lentil variety in Ethiopia, and 'Gokce', a drought tolerant chickpea variety in Turkey, which have had major impacts in these two countries. Integrated fungal and insect pest management techniques have cut production costs and protected the environment. High value crops and protected agriculture are now available to farmers in Afghanistan and Yemen to diversify production systems, and improve nutrition and livelihoods. The Center has introduced improved crop management methods: more efficient water management (e.g. water harvesting, supplemental irrigation), as well as conservation agriculture to increase rainwater infiltration, raise yields, reduce production costs and protect the soil. Continued investment in agricultural research will be the key to improving food security, cutting food prices, and developing the capacities of national research centers to help farmers cope with climate change. We believe this investment deserves the full support of the international community.


We present the first resolved images of the eclipsing binary β Lyrae, obtained with the CHARA Array interferometer and the MIRC combiner in the H band. The images clearly show the mass donor and the thick disk surrounding the mass gainer at all six epochs of observation. The donor is brighter and generally appears elongated in the images, the first direct detection of photospheric tidal distortion due to Roche lobe filling. We also confirm expectations that the disk component is more elongated than the donor and is relatively fainter at this wavelength. Image analysis and model fitting for each epoch were used for calculating the first astrometric orbital solution for β Lyrae, yielding precise values for the orbital inclination and position angle. The derived semimajor axis also allows us to estimate the distance of β Lyrae; however, systematic differences between the models and the images limit the accuracy of our distance estimate to about 15%. To address these issues, we will need a more physical, self-consistent model to account for all epochs as well as the multiwavelength information from the eclipsing light curves.


A number of physical limitations mandate radical changes in the way how
we build computing hard- and software, and there is broad consensus that
a stronger interaction between hard- and software communities is needed
to meet the ever-growing demand for application performance.

Under this motivation, representatives from various hard- and software
communities have met at the Dagstuhl seminar "Databases on Future
Hardware" to discuss the implications in the context of database
systems. The outcome of the seminar was not only a much better
understanding of each other's needs, constraints, and ways of thinking.
Very importantly, the group identified topic areas that seem key for the
ongoing shift, together with suggestions on how the field could move
forward. During the seminar, it turned out that the future of databases
is not only a question of technology. Rather, economic considerations
have to be taken into account when building next-generation database
engines.


In some cases carbon steels can be shaped by plastic deformation with as result a heterogeneous repartition of hardening effects and different surface corrosion behaviours, the two depending on the local deformation mode as well as on the local deformation rate. To complete previous works concerning other compositions of steel and other modes of plastic deformation, a ferrito-pearlitic steel was here elaborated by foundry and shaped as a cylinder by using a special foundry technique, then cut into samples to which different rates of plastic deformation were applied by compression. A not-deformed cylindrical sample and the other cylindrical samples having been subjected to compression were cut in order to generate two types of samples,metallographic samples formicrostructure examination +Vickers indentation and electrodes for a later corrosion study, characterized by two main orientationswith respect to the deformation direction. In this first part only the microstructures and hardness levels are of interest. It is found that hardness increases more or less by comparison to the not-deformed state, this depending on the considered orientation. The comparison with previous works shows that this increase depends on the chemical composition of the steel, on the deformation rate and on the orientation, but also that the order between the two orientations depends on the steel type and on the deformationmode.


The regional economic development model of the Chinese Pearl River Delta is under increasing pressure to adapt. Local firms and their business models are faced with growing competition from other Chinese regions and Asian economies. Along with a slowdown in economic growth, firms and policy-makers are called for a reorganization of business models as well as for an overall adjustment of the regional economic growth model and economic upgrading. Based on a case study of the electronics industry and supported by a mixed-methods approach, this e-book analyzes the role of formal and informal institutions for the process of regional economic adjustment and allows for an in-depth view into the changing economic landscape of the production cluster in the Pearl River Delta. It contributes to the emerging field of empirical studies on institutions and economic development in geography. Following a discussion of the role of institutions and innovation for regional economic change, four empirical chapters elaborate the role of firms' strategic adaptation, the role of financial markets for firm innovation, the use of supply-chains for interactive learning, and the role of the party administration and informality for the process regional economic adjustment.


Out of 193 countries that are currently UN member states, we've invaded or fought conflicts in the territory of 171. That's not far off a massive, jaw-dropping 90 per cent. Not too many Britons know that we invaded Iran in the Second World War with the Soviets. You can be fairly sure a lot more Iranians do. Or what about the time we arrived with elephants to invade Ethiopia? Every summer, hordes of British tourists now occupy Corfu and the other Ionian islands. Find out how we first invaded them armed with cannon instead of camera and set up the United States of the Ionian Islands. Think the Philippines have always been outside our zone of influence? Think again. Read the surprising story of our eighteenth-century occupation of Manila and how we demanded a ransom of millions of dollars for the city. This book takes a look at some of the truly awe-inspiring ways our country has been a force, for good and for bad, right across the world. A lot of people are vaguely aware that a quarter of the globe was once pink, but that's not even half the story. We're a stroppy, dynamic, irrepressible nation and this is how we changed the world, often when it didn't ask to be changed!


The motivation for this paper is to consider the effect of rear end geometry on rear soiling using a representative generic SUV body. In particular the effect of varying the top slant angle is considered using both experiment and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Previous work has shown that slant angle has a significant effect on wake shape and drag and the work here extends this to investigate the effect on rear soiling. It is hoped that this work can provide an insight into the likely effect of such geometry changes on the soiling of similarly shaped road vehicles. To increase the generality of results, and to allow comparison with previously obtained aerodynamic data, a 25% scale generic SUV model is used in the Loughborough University Large Wind Tunnel. UV doped water is sprayed from a position located at the bottom of the left rear tyre to simulate the creation of spray from this tyre. Having a single source of contamination simplifies the configuration of both experimental tests and simulations. It also improves analysis by allowing the soiling pattern from only one wheel to be seen in isolation. In order to provide further insight into the flowfield and its interaction with the spray CFD simulations are also performed at the same scale. A Detached Eddy Simulation approach is used, specifically the Spalart Allmaras formulation of the IDDES CFD model. Lagrangian particle tracking is used to model the dispersed phase. This CFD methodology has been found to give good agreement for soiling pattern with experiment for baseline cases.


The United States Constitution prohibits federal officials from receiving any "present, Emolument, Office or Title" from a foreign state without the consent of Congress. In interpreting the Constitution's text, we are to be guided "by the principle that '[t]he Constitution was written to be understood by the voters; its words and phrases were used in their normal and ordinary as distinguished from technical meaning'." However, in trying to determine the "normal" meaning of emolument in the Founding Era we are confronted with a term that might as well be a foreign word from an unknown language. The word emolument has virtually vanished from contemporary American English.

In this article, we investigate the mysterious meaning of "emolument" by doing computer-assisted searches and linguistic analyses of a massive data base of texts from the time of the Constitution: the Corpus of Founding Era American English (COFEA), which contains in digital form over 126,000 texts created between 1760 and 1799, totaling more than 136,800,000 words. We found strong patterns of usage that reveal how the word was used at the time the Constitution was drafted and ratified.

There is virtually no judicial precedent about the meaning of "emolument" because there has been no significant court litigation over the Emoluments Clauses since the founding – that is until the Presidency of Donald J. Trump.

There is little doubt that President Donald J. Trump owns businesses that have received millions of dollars from foreign governments during his time in office, including revenue from The Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C., located a few blocks from the White House. Lawsuits have been filed in federal courts in New York, Maryland and the District of Columbia claiming that President Trump's continued ownership of the Trump Hotel and other businesses violates the emolument clauses of the Constitution.

The three cases are in various stages of litigation. President Trump claims in each of the three cases that one usage of "emolument" that was common in the Founding Era – to refer to something received from a government for performance of official duty or employment – is the exclusive meaning dictated by the Constitutional context.

These cases prompted us to frame our research question as: "Is there evidence that Americans in the Founding Era could have used the word "emolument" to describe revenue derived from ownership of a hotel?" The research findings discussed above do provide evidence that Founding Era Americans could have used emolument to describe revenue derived from ownership of a hotel. Using the word in such a way would have been consistent with what has been shown to be the broad meaning and wide usage of emolument.

We further conclude that in each of the three clauses in the Constitution that use the word emolument, the structure of each clause indicates that the emoluments are not received for performing an official duty. Indeed, the common theme of all three clauses is to guard against federal officials receiving emoluments that are separate and outside of the compensation they are properly entitled to receive for performing their office.

Although emolument is no longer in the vocabulary of modern Americans, it appears that it was a very useful word in the Founding Era: useful indeed precisely in the ways it was used in the Constitution. If the drafters and ratifiers of the Constitution were concerned that foreign states could be endlessly ingenious in conceiving ways to corrupt federal officials, then there was wisdom in using a term of general inclusion like emolument.

In January 2019 the authors filed an amicus brief in support of neither party reporting our research results. The brief was submitted in the case filed against President Trump in Maryland, then pending on appeal before the US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. The brief can be downloaded from Cunningham's home page (internet search "Clark Cunningham") following the links for "Law & Linguistics" and then "The original meaning of "cases" in Article III of the US Constitution."

The research results discussed in this article were submitted to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and District of Columbia Circuit in two of the pending cases alleging that President Trump is violating the Emoluments Clauses: Brief for Professor Clark D. Cunningham & Professor Jesse Egbert as Amici Curiae Supporting Neither Party, In re Trump, 928 F.3d 360 (4th Cir. 2019) (No. 18-2486), reh'g en banc granted, 780 F. App'x 36 (4th Cir. 2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3334017; Brief of Amici Curiae Professor Clark D. Cunningham and Professor Jesse Egbert in Support of Neither Party, Blumenthal v. Trump. No. 19-5237 (D.C. Cir. argued Dec. 9, 2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3475650.


Objective: Use of an epidural self-blood patch (EBP) is the most effective form of therapy for patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypovolemia. However, even if the symptoms are resolved, other clinical aspects of this condition frequently prevent patients resuming social activity. In the present study, we investigated the clinical course of patients with CSF hypovolemia after treatment with an EBP to assess the factors affecting return to work or school, and considered the treatment of patients with progressive chronic subdural hematoma. Patients and Results: We investigated a group of 10 patients with CSF hypovolemia. After initial application of an EBP, 8 of these patients were completely relieved of postural headache and associated symptoms, and the other 2 recovered after a second application. However, 3 patients who had cervical spondylosis or psychosis were still unable to return to work or school. Two patients who were forced to retire have potential for rehabilitation after EBP. One patient has recovered from the illness, but could not return to school due to persistent medical history of psychosis. These patients had suffered symptoms for a long period before EBP (mean, 17.8 months; range 7 months to 3 years) relative to those who were able to resume social activity (mean, 2.0 months; range 7 days to 5 months) (P < 0.05). Three had progressive bilateral chronic subdural hematoma. One of these patients required emergency burr-hole drainage to resolve the neurological deterioration. Conclusions: Both physicians and patients need to be aware of CSF hypovolemia, and the fact that it requires appropriate treatment without delay. While application of an EBP is a fundamentally important therapy even for patients with hematoma, careful follow-up is required for patients showing marked neurological deterioration or an increasing hematoma volume with a brain midline shift, and burr-hole drainage must sometimes be considered in combination with EBP.


Cotton produced in Uzbekistan has a low water and fertilizer use efficiency and yield is below its potential. To introduce improved production methods, knowledge is required on how the agro-ecosystem would respond to these alternatives. For this assessment, dynamic simulation models such as the crop-soil simulation model CropSyst are useful tools. CropSyst had never been applied to cotton, so it first was calibrated to the cotton variety Khorezm-127 grown under researcher-managed optimal conditions in the Khorezm region of Uzbekistan in 2005. The model performance was evaluated with a data set obtained in 2004 on two farmer-managed sites. Both data sets comprised in-situ measurements of leaf area index and aboveground biomass. In addition, the 2004 data set included the normalized difference vegetation index derived from satellite imagery of the two cotton fields, which provided estimations of leaf area index with a high temporal resolution. The calibrated optimum mean daily temperature for cotton growth was 25 °C., the specific leaf area 13.0 m2 kg−1, the leaf/stem partition coefficient 3.0, the biomass/transpiration coefficient 8.1 kg m−2 kPa m−2 and the radiation use efficiency 2.0 g MJ−1. Simulations matched 2005 data, achieving a root mean square error between simulated and observed leaf area index and aboveground biomass of 0.36 m2 m−2 and 0.97 Mg ha−1, respectively. The evaluation showed that early cotton growth and leaf area index development could be simulated with sufficient accuracy using CropSyst. However, final aboveground biomass was slightly overestimated by CropSyst, because some unaccounted plant stress at the sites diminished actual aboveground biomass, leading to a root means square error of around 2 Mg ha−1. Some characteristics of cotton, such as the indeterminate growth habit, could not be incorporated in detail in the model. However, these simplifications were compensated by various other advantages of CropSyst, such as the option to simulate crop-rotation or its generic crop growth routine that allows modelling of additional, undocumented crops. The availability of normalized difference vegetation index data with a high temporal and acceptable spatial resolution opened possibilities for a precise, in-expensive and resource-efficient way of model evaluation.


Crucial to the Court's disposition in the constitutional challenge to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a hypothetical mandate to purchase broccoli, which Congress never had considered and nobody thought would ever be enacted. For the five Justices who concluded the ACA exceeded Congress's commerce power, a fatal flaw in the government's case was its inability to offer an adequate explanation for why upholding that mandate would not entail also upholding a federal requirement that all citizens purchase broccoli. The minority insisted the broccoli mandate was distinguishable.This Article argues that the fact that all the Justices insisted on providing a limiting principle – which was the demand underlying the broccoli hypothetical – was perhaps the most notable, precedent-breaking aspect of its landmark decision. As the Article shows, when confronted with novel constitutional questions the Court almost always uses narrow, "localist" reasoning that analyzes only the government's actual action. Indeed, the Court ordinarily explicitly declines to provide a limiting principle until it has heard several cases from which it can confidently deduce one. The Article provides the first comprehensive analysis of how, and why, the broccoli hypothetical ultimately proved so deeply consequential. Outside the courts, where the constitutionality of the mandate was robustly debated, the broccoli hypothetical served to highlight the potential liberty costs of the Act. In the courts – where, strictly speaking, the doctrinal question involved not personal liberty but congressional power – broccoli ensured that liberty costs would be a significant element of the constitutional analysis, and it also generated a perceived need to identify a limiting principle. In short, broccoli was a critical bridging mechanism that brought together a popular constitutional movement mobilized against the Affordable Care Act and the constitutional challenge taking place in the courts. We conclude with a normative assessment of this kind of relatively direct extrajudicial influence on the courts. We argue that while popular constitutional theory might justify the majority's novel liberty-centered approach to congressional power, it cannot warrant the Court's unusual break from localist legal reasoning. The Court's premature engagement with limiting principles bypassed the benefits of its ordinary incremental, case-by-case analysis, and circumvented institutional synergies that can generate superior and more democratically legitimate outcomes when courts and legislatures work together, over time, to flesh out constitutional judgments.


High arsenic concentrations occur naturally in groundwater in some locations and can result in serious health effects when the groundwater is used as a drinking water supply. The effects have been well documented in Bangladesh, where millions of people have been exposed to unacceptably high arsenic concentrations since the 1970s and serious health impacts, such as cancer, have emerged. Here in the USA, there are several problem areas, among them, parts of Maine. In 2001, an isolate named NP4, later identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as a member of the genus Sulfurospirillum, was obtained from a contaminated well in Northport, Maine. The well is among a cluster of wells with very high arsenic concentrations, and with no known anthropogenic sources of arsenic. At the time of sampling, the total arsenic concentration in the water was 1400 ppb. The presence of NP4 in groundwater, and its ability to reduce arsenate as well as a variety of other electron acceptors, including Fe(III) and Mn(IV), prompted a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study to determine its prevalence in the environment. Well water was taken from wells in the Northport area and in the Branch Lake area of Ellsworth, Maine, where the groundwater has much lower concentrations of arsenic, but with some readings still higher than the drinking water standard of 10 ppb. In the Northport area, NP4 accounted for as much as 16% of the total suspended bacterial population. While NP4 as a percentage of total bacterial numbers does not correlate with total As concentrations in groundwater, it does correlate with As(III). A positive correlation was also found between Geobacter, a genus that includes many iron-reducing bacteria, and total arsenic. These results indicate that microorganisms may be important in arsenic mobilization and speciation in groundwater.


Allo-octoploid cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) originated through a combination of polyploid and homoploid hybridization, domestication of an interspecific hybrid lineage, and continued admixture of wild species over the last 300 years. While genes appear to flow freely between the octoploid progenitors, the genome structures and diversity of the octoploid species remain poorly understood. The complexity and absence of an octoploid genome frustrated early efforts to study chromosome evolution, resolve subgenomic structure, and develop a single coherent linkage group nomenclature. Here, we show that octoploid Fragaria species harbor millions of subgenome-specific DNA variants. Their diversity was sufficient to distinguish duplicated (homoeologous and paralogous) DNA sequences and develop 50K and 850K SNP genotyping arrays populated with co-dominant, disomic SNP markers distributed throughout the octoploid genome. Whole-genome shotgun genotyping of an interspecific segregating population yielded 1.9M genetically mapped subgenome variants in 5,521 haploblocks spanning 3,394 cM in F. chiloensis subsp. lucida, and 1.6M genetically mapped subgenome variants in 3,179 haploblocks spanning 2,017 cM in F. × ananassa. These studies provide a dense genomic framework of subgenome-specific DNA markers for seamlessly cross-referencing genetic and physical mapping information and unifying existing chromosome nomenclatures. Using comparative genomics, we show that geographically diverse wild octoploids are effectively diploidized, nearly completely collinear, and retain strong macro-synteny with diploid progenitor species. The preservation of genome structure among allo-octoploid taxa is a critical factor in the unique history of garden strawberry, where unimpeded gene flow supported its origin and domestication through repeated cycles of interspecific hybridization.


We use a randomized field experiment to test the causal impact of short-term work experience on employment and school enrollment among disadvantaged, in-school youth in the Philippines. This experience leads to a 4.4 percentage point (79-percent) increase in employment 8 to 12 months later. While we find noaggregate increase in enrollment, we also do not find that the employment gains push youth out of school. Our results are most consistent with work experience serving as a signal of unobservable applicant quality, and these findings highlight the role of temporary work as a stepping-stone to employment for low-income youth.


Abstract:Peru's democracy is dying. The country made international headlines after a cycle of political instability that left behind seven presidents in seven years, a failed coup, and 60 people dead after violent protests and brutal repression by the government. However, unlike the usual stories about democracy falling prey to the military or a popular strongman dismantling it from within, Peru's democracy is dying not from power concentration but from power dilution. Electoral fragmentation, political amateurism, and weak linkages with society have left politics populated by politicians willing to break democratic norms to make short-term gains. We call that process "democratic hollowing."


This thesis investigates marketing's role in new product development (NPD) in commercial, investment and merchant banks. It examines how marketing inputs contribute to new product development success. NPD success can be measured at two levels of analysis - at the program and at the project level. Our study is concentrated at the program level at which sustained product development success is examined, rather than one-off project success. Successful product developers are identified as those banks with a better record of being first to market with new products. This measure of product development success is important in the financial risk management market in which commercial, investment and merchant banks compete fiercely. Based on peer evaluation seventeen banks were identified as innovative, that is to say; active new product developers in the financial risk management market from a universe of almost 130 U.K. and foreign banks with established operations in London. From these seventeen eight participated in our research study. Data was collected in two stages. First, personal interviews were conducted with the heads of the treasury divisions or the heads of derivates desks to collect background information for control purposes. Second, detailed questionnaires were administered to two further members of each bank who were involved with the development of financial risk management products. The questionnaires consisted of statements for which respondents were invited to indicate agreement or disagreement on 5-point Likert type scales. Our findings show that it is not the trappings but the quality of marketing inputs that contribute to program success. Quality of marketing inputs comprises the quality of approach adopted and the quality of execution. The most important finding is that successful product developers adopt higher quality marketing than do less successful product developers. Successful product developers place great emphasis on getting both their approach and their execution right. It was found that successful product developers adopt a market-based approach in identifying new opportunities. They not only adopt a strategy which selects markets on the basis of benefits sought (instead of determining strategy on the basis of primarily internal strengths), but they also use internal marketing to promote this cause. Further, successful product developers possess the appropriate implementation skills to exploit selected opportunities. While we cannot claim that program success will be guaranteed from a market-based approach, our evidence lends strong support that absence of a market-based approach is likely to lead to considerably lesser success in the type of product development investigated in this research study.


As "cultic citizens," women participated in state festivals at Athens alongside men and celebrated their own rituals apart from them, at shrines within the house and in cults outside the house in the company of other women. Their association with fertility made them indispensable performers of rites connected with the agricultural year. Women also served as priestesses, as dedicators, and as euergetai (benefactors). At home, their rituals accompanied nuptial preparations, the laying out of the dead, and the departure of soldiers for war. Female religious activity was considered so critical to the welfare of the community that it was sanctioned by law and financed by the polis. Religion further allowed women's widespread movement throughout the city as they left their homes to participate in processions and festivals, visit shrines, sanctuaries, and cemeteries. By performing rituals on behalf of the city, Athenian women distinguished themselves from female foreigners and slaves as rightful citizens of the polis. Women-only festivals further offered opportunities to build and strengthen female social networks, to act autonomously, and perhaps even to subvert social norms. Domestic rituals accomplished by women in turn helped to mark the life stages and strengthen familial identity.
 The difficulties of reconstructing the ancient Greek religious system are well known, even for the period for which there is the most evidence, classical Athens. Even more challenging is the task of recovering the religious activities of women within this structure, given that men served as the primary religious agents within both the polis and household. The prevailing view that the polis mediated all religious activity, including domestic, encompassed by the concept of "polis religion," has further obscured our understanding women's ritual activities. Influenced by feminist and social-network theories, recent research has argued for a more nuanced model of religious activity that takes into account the varieties of individual religious experience, particularly those of members of marginal groups, such as slaves and women. It dismantles the traditional binary model of public and private by showing how polis and household were intricately interconnected and interdependent at all levels. These new approaches allow us to consider the ways in which women's ritual activities intersected with and reinforced polis ideology, allowing women a significant presence and agency in the civic sphere, despite their exclusion from politics, commerce, and certain public spaces. It can also help us understand their engagement with noncivic celebrations and domestic ritual.


Can exposure to celebrities from stigmatized groups reduce prejudice? To address this question, we study the case of Mohamed Salah, a visibly Muslim, elite soccer player. Using data on hate crime reports throughout England and 15 million tweets from British soccer fans, we find that after Salah joined Liverpool F.C., hate crimes in the Liverpool area dropped by 16% compared with a synthetic control, and Liverpool F.C. fans halved their rates of posting anti-Muslim tweets relative to fans of other top-flight clubs. An original survey experiment suggests that the salience of Salah's Muslim identity enabled positive feelings toward Salah to generalize to Muslims more broadly. Our findings provide support for the parasocial contact hypothesis—indicating that positive exposure to out-group celebrities can spark real-world behavioral changes in prejudice.


The research programme focuses on Total Quality Management adoption and application.
TQM which is established in a number of businesses and industries has more recently been
introduced into healthcare. TQM definition and eclectic paradigm has been developed and
tested for establishing quality performance and distinguishing radical change and continuous
improvement approach. A number of critical elements and variables concerning
implementation and application are identified which pertain to organisations which through
size and bureaucracy operate with diverse missions, a wide range of systems and are
characterised by degrees of rigidity from an employee mix of multiple knowledge,
understanding competences skills and hence commitment.

Research was conducted in healthcare provider organisations, which involved eighty-three
NHS hospitals/Trusts, wherein two pilot, twelve TQM demonstration and sixty-nine sites
were involved. The main focus concerned a case study Trust, which although
demonstrating keen interest in quality management had not reached the formative stages of
developing TQM definition or paradigm.

The research framework is based on a number of approaches in that methods selected for
evaluation were appropriate both to the situation and the context of TQM strategies being
examined. Intention was to identify successes and failures of the TQM processes applied,
establish similarities and distinguishable differences and determine extent to which TOM
objectives were achieved and the impact of the processes on specific groups.

The investigation was undertaken using longitudinal analysis which involved in-depth
interviews with top managers and clinicians and a mix of employees, customers, potential
customers and purchasers in the form of managers, consultants, hospital doctors, nurses,
support services personnel, patients, members of the public and GPs. TOM Awareness and
Action Seminars and Workshops involving personnel from a variety of international
healthcare organisations provided an additional source of data. Self-completion
questionnaires were also used.

Data analysis compares and contrasts varying TQM models, processes, activities and results
from degree of emphasis placed on critical elements and variables. Stage predictions and
resulting outcomes are presented and quality of care improvements suggested from analysis
of customer perceptions of quality and value. The findings show significant variations in
approach between the hospitals/Trusts in matters which concern organisation, management
and culture issues, resulting in a high proportion viewing TOM process as evolution from
quality assurance to radical change, hospital process re-engineering and patient focused
care A minority only included such processes in their application of TQM.

Key conclusions result from attempt at establishing some measure of success and failure
from TQM implementation and application. Findings contribute to the extant literature
specifically in that beyond top management and clinician commitment to high level strategic
focus is a combination of facilitator-led culture change, motivation and shared values
directing attention to exceeding that of merely doing enough for reducing poor quality and
customer complaints. Patient involvement in TOM is more problematic than literature
suggests from both the patients and professionals perspectives of patient empowerment.

Bottom-up action focused TQM paradigm working simultaneously with top down support
and commitment requires barrier breaking, culture transformation and the establishment of
internal/external customer and supplier chains and seeking to establish opportunities for
continuous improvement and radical change in advance of attempts at in-depth
implementation and evaluation. It is not over-statement to conclude that the majority of
managers and clinicians were unaware of the costs of getting things wrong.

Despite TOM being acted upon as driving force for competition most had limited knowledge
of how much non-quality cost them, suggesting that they had not earlier thought it
necessary to measure the costs of none or low quality. Research results, irrespective of
applications definition or paradigm, question the views that TQM is long-term process.
Whether these may be concluded as desire to integrate TOM with other foci or vacuum
sucking in panaceas was unclear. It was clear however that although quality in healthcare
is sacred total quality management is not.


In this paper, the work is divided into two parts. First, the hydraulic performance of single and multi-drop structures is investigated and compared using two approaches. In the first approach, the empirical equations found in the literature are summarised and reanalysed to compare the dissipation of energy of single drop and multi-drop structures. The demarcation condition at which multi-drop structure behaves as a single drop is identified. In the second approach, a numerical investigation of the hydraulic performance of single vertical drop and multi-stepped channel has been conducted via the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) fluent package using the volume of fluid (VOF) technique. It is found that the CFD package is able to simulate the hydraulic performance of both structures (single and multi-drop) reasonably well; however, it has been noted that in some situations the CFD package did not detect the presence of air cavities underneath the nappe for the napped flow case. Second, an Excel solver called HSMD has been developed. The objective of this solver is to work as an expert system for the design of drop structures and to facilitate the use of the large number of the available empirical formulas for practicing engineers. A comparison between the previous laboratory empirical formula (adopted in HSMD model) and numerical simulations has been also carried out.


Biologically-inspired AI methods like evolutionary algo- rithms have shown great promise in creating complex structures yet these structures still pale in comparison to their natu- ral counterparts. The recently introduced generative encoding compositional pattern producing networks (CPPNs), which is based on the principles of how natural organisms develop, narrowed this gap by showing that it is possible to artifi-cially evolve life-like patterns with regularities at a high-level of abstraction. As these generative and developmental systems (GDS) are asked to evolve increasingly complex struc- tures, the question of how to start evolution from a promising part of the search space becomes more and more impor- tant. To address this challenge, we introduce the concept of a CPPN-Compiler , which allows the user to directly compile a high-level description of the desired starting structure into the CPPN itself . In this paper, as proof of concept, the CPPN-Compiler is able to generate CPPN-encoded represen- tations from vector-based images that can serve as the starting point for further evolution. Importantly, the offspring of these compiled CPPNs show meaningful variations because they directly embody important domain-specific regularities like symmetry or repetition. Thus the results presented in this paper open up a new research direction in GDS, in which spe-cialized CPPN-Compilers for different domains could help to overcome the black box of evolutionary optimization.


This study presented the cash portion of working capital management (WCM) by using the concept of target cash balance and developed a practical model for construction firms in Taiwan for rationalizing the amount of cash and current assets which should be possessed in any point of time. The model developed by Miller and Orr is introduced here for understanding the issues involved. Based on the technique of Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model, the fuzzy S-curve regression is hereby constructed in this paper.


How to Get Your School Moving and Improving is based on over three decades of experience and research by Professor Steve Dinham in all aspects of teaching, learning and school leadership. It cuts through the clouds of 'fashion, fad, jargon and ideology' to show what research has revealed about what really works and adds value in all schools in the twenty-first century. Aimed at professionals at any stage of their career seeking to improve teaching and learning, this book highlights relevant research from educators and students in many schools across a variety of countries, along with short case studies and vignettes to add detail, richness and authenticity.


Laguna Potrok Aike is a maar lake located in the Pali Aike Volcanic Field in Southern Patagonia,Argentina, at about 52°S and 70°W. The lake with a diameter of about 3.5 km is almost circular and bowl-shaped with a deep, flat plain (about 100 m water depth) in its central part. Steep flanks separate the central plain from the lake shoulders in 15 to 30 m water depth. The lake is located at the present boundary between the Southern Hemispheric Westerlies and the Antarctic Polar Front. It is highly susceptible to changes in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current controlling the regional precipitation patterns. Its sediments possibly contain a long and continuous record of several glacial and interglacial cycles, which is unique in the southern South American realm.In a first step towards continental deep drilling, four seismic surveys were carried out between 2003 and 2005 to reveal the general geometry of the maar crater as well as the internal structures and thickness of the lacustrine sediments, their spatial distribution and possible lithologies.Two major stratigraphic units were distinguished in the seismic sections, Unit I consisting of thelacustrine infill and Unit II forming the surrounding and underlying bedrock. Unit I was further subdivided into Sub-units I-a and I-b on the lake shoulders and I-ab, I-c and I-d in the central basin.The sediments of Unit I are generally well-layered. Sub-units I-a and I-b on the lake shoulders areseparated by a major unconformity and contain several paleoshoreline structures formed during a step-wise transgression after a lake level lowstand of approx. 35 m below the present lake level. In the central basin, Sub-units I-a and I-b are merged into Sub-unit I-ab, not being separated by any unconformity. Pelagic sedimentation dominates in the northern and central parts, whereas mass movement deposits were found in the southern, western and eastern parts close to the steep diatreme flanks. The boundary between I-ab and I-c is non-erosive with I-ab forming downlaps onto I-c from the eastern and western parts of the lake, pointing at a significantly lower lake level during its accumulation. Sub-unit I-d shows similar characteristics as I-ab. The bedrock (Unit II) that forms the steep diatreme flanks consists of the well-layered sandstones found in outcrops of the lake surroundings.


This thesis studies matter emergent as topological excitations of quantum geometry in quantum gravity models. In these models, states are framed four-valent spin networks embedded in a topological three manifold, and the local evolution moves are dual Pachner moves. We first formulate our theory of embedded framed four-valent spin networks by proposing a new graphic calculus of these networks. With this graphic calculus, we study the equivalence classes and the evolution of these networks, and find what we call 3-strand braids, as topological excitations of embedded four-valent spin networks. Each 3-strand braid consists of two nodes that share three edges that may or may not be braided and twisted. The twists happen to be in units of 1/3. Under certain stability condition, some 3-strand braids are stable. Stable braids have rich dynamics encoded in our theory by dual Pachner moves. Firstly, all stable braids can propagate as induced by the expansion and contraction of other regions of their host spin network under evolution. Some braids can also propagate actively, in the sense that they can exchange places with substructures adjacent to them in the graph under the local evolution moves. Secondly, two adjacent braids may have a direct interaction: they merge under the evolution moves to form a new braid if one of them falls into a class called actively interacting braids. The reverse of a direct interaction may happen too, through which a braid decays to another braid by emitting an actively interacting braid. Thirdly, two neighboring braids may exchange a virtual actively interacting braid and become two different braids, in what is called an exchange interaction. Braid dynamics implies an analogue between actively interacting braids and bosons. We also invent a novel algebraic formalism for stable braids. With this new tool, we derive conservation laws from interactions of the braid excitations of spin networks. We show that actively interacting braids form a noncommutative algebra under direction interaction. Each actively interacting braid also behaves like a morphism on non-actively interacting braids. These findings reinforce the analogue between actively interacting braids and bosons. Another important discovery is that stable braids admit seven, and only seven, discrete transformations that uniquely correspond to analogues of C, P, T , and their products. Along with this finding, a braid's electric charge appears to be a function of a conserved quantity, effective twist, of the braids, and thus is quantized in units of 1/3. In addition, each CPT -multiplet of actively interacting braids has a unique, characteristic non-negative integer. Braid interactions turn out to be invariant under C, P, and T . Finally, we present an effective description, based on Feynman diagrams, of braid dynamics. This language manifests the analogue between actively interacting braids and bosons, as the topological conservation laws permit them to be singly created and destroyed and as exchanges of these excitations give rise to interactions between braids that are charged under the topological conservation rules. Additionally, we find a constraint on probability amplitudes of braid interactions. We discuss some subtleties, open issues, future directions, and work in progress at the end.


We describe artificial subtle expressions (ASEs) as intuitive notification methodology for artifacts' internal states for users. We prepared two types of audio ASEs; one was a flat artificial sound (flat ASE), and the other was a sound that decreased in pitch (decreasing ASE). These two ASEs were played after a robot made a suggestion to the users. Specifically, we expected that the decreasing ASE would inform users of the robot's lower level of confidence about the suggestions. We then conducted a simple experiment to observe whether the participants accepted or rejected the robot's suggestion in terms of the ASEs. The results showed that they accepted the robot's suggestion when the flat ASE was used, whereas they rejected it when the decreasing ASE was used. Therefore, we found that the ASEs succeeded in conveying the robot's internal state to the users accurately and intuitively.


Currency crises episodes of 1996, 1998, and 2001 are used to identify common country specific causes of currency crises in South Africa. The paper identifies crises by the use of an Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index as introduced by Eichengreen, Rose and Wyplosz (1996). It extends the Signals Approach introduced by Kaminsky and Reinhart (1996, 1998) by developing a composite indicator in order to measure the evolution of currency crisis risk in South Africa. The analysis considers the standard suspects from international currency crises and country specifics as identified by the Myburgh Commission (2002) and current literature as potentially relevant indicators.


How does contemporary science contribute to our understanding about what it means to be women or men? What are the social implications of scientific claims about differences between "male" and "female" brains, hormones, and genes? How does culture influence scientific and medical research and its findings about human sexuality, especially so-called normal and deviant desires and behaviors? Gender and the Science of Difference examines how contemporary science shapes and is shaped by gender ideals and images. Prior scholarship has illustrated how past cultures of science were infused with patriarchal norms and values that influenced the kinds of research that was conducted and the interpretation of findings about differences between men and women. This interdisciplinary volume presents empirical inquiries into today's science, including examples of gendered scientific inquiry and medical interventions and research. It analyzes how scientific and medical knowledge produces gender norms through an emphasis on sex differences, and includes both U.S. and non-U.S. cases and examples.


DO TEACHER OPINION LEADERS IMPACT OTHER TEACHERS Annette Eyman, MA University of Nebraska, 2001 Advisor: Dr. Shereen Bingham The purpose of this study was to determine if there were identified opinion leaders among teachers and how those opinion leaders may have influenced teachers' acceptance levels of the standards and assessment implementation for the language arts curriculum. Three phases of research were conducted. Twenty-four secondary language arts teachers and 109 elementary classroom teachers in the Papillion-LaVista School District were first surveyed to determine their level of acceptance of the standards and assessments for language arts. Each of the respondents was then asked to identify the opinion leaders, or those they turn to and trust regarding the standards and assessment implementation. The identified opinion leaders were then asked to participate in focus groups where they were asked to share their sources of information and views regarding the standards and assessment process. A total of 32 teachers were identified as opinion leaders. The list of identified opinion leaders was compared to the list of teachers who served on the core team that was responsible for writing, and disseminating information regarding the standards and assessments. The acceptance levels of those four schools that had opinion leaders on the core team were compared to the acceptance levels of those schools without opinion leaders on the core team. There were three elementary schools and one secondary school. It was discovered that elementary schools that had teachers on the core team had a higher level of acceptance than the other elementary schools that did not have opinion leaders on the core team. This was not found to be true for the secondary schools. The findings also indicate that overall elementary and secondary teachers are neutral regarding their acceptance levels of the standards and assessment process. The elementary opinion leader teachers were more positive about the process citing the direct correlation between the assessments and the curriculum as the main strength. The secondary opinion leader teachers were not as positive, citing the fact that the assessments were not taken from the curriculum as a weakness. Additional findings indicate that the media and general talk in the education community were the first sources of information and being involved, for those that were, was the most influential as the opinion leaders determined their level of acceptance


In this thesis we present formal logical systems, concerned with reasoning about algebraic data types. The first formal system is based on the quantifier-free calculus (outermost universally quantified). This calculus is comprised of state change rules, and computations are performed by successive applications of these rules. Thereby, our calculus gives rise to an abstract decision procedure. This decision procedure determines if a given formula involving algebraic type members is valid. It is shown that this calculus is sound and complete. We also examine how this system performs practically and give experimental results. Our main contribution, as compared to previous work on this subject, is a new and more efficient decision procedure for checking satisfiability of the universal fragment within the theory of algebraic data types. The second formal system, called Term Builder, is the deductive system based on higher order type theory, which subsumes second order and higher order logics. The main purpose of this calculus is to formulate and prove theorems about algebraic or other arbitrary user-defined types. Term Builder supports proof objects and is both, an interactive theorem prover, and verifier. We describe the built-in deductive capabilities of Term Builder and show its consistency. The logic represented by our prover is intuitionistic. Naturally, it is also incomplete and undecidable, but its expressive power is much higher than that of the first formal system. Among our achievements in building this theorem prover is an elegant and intuitive GUI for building proofs. Also, a new feature from the foundational viewpoint is that, in contrast with other approaches, we have uniqueness-of-types property, which is not modulo beta-conversion.


We live in an age in which expressive, informational, and technological subject matter are becoming increasingly important. Intellectual property is the primary means by which the law seeks to regulate such subject matter. It aims to promote innovation and creativity, and in doing so to support solutions to global environmental and health problems, as well as freedom of expression and democracy. It also seeks to stimulate economic growth and competition, accounting for its centrality to EU Internal Market and international trade and development policies. Additionally, it is of enormous and increasing importance to business. As a result there is a substantial and ever-growing interest in intellectual property law across all spheres of industry and social policy, including an interest in its legal principles, its social and normative foundations, and its place and operation in the political economy. This handbook written by leading academics and practitioners from the field of intellectual property law, and suitable for both a specialist legal readership and an intelligent but non-specialist legal and non-legal readership, provides a comprehensive account of the following areas: - The foundations of IP law, including its emergence and development in different jurisdictions and regions; - The substantive rules and principles of IP; and - Important issues arising from the existence and operation of IP in the political economy.


PURPOSE
The aim for the study was to investigate characteristics of the OCTAVIUS Detector 1000 SRS, used for verification of the treatment plans in radiotherapy treatments of the small field sizes.

METHODS
Reproducibility and dose linearity of the output of the detector has been checked. As well as radiation output as a function of the field size. The detectors sensitivity to positional changes of the collimation system and the perturbation effect of irradiated area has been investigated. Clinical dose maps were measured and the detectors performance has been investigated. Dose profiles of the open and wedge modulated fields for the different field sizes were measured. All the collected data has been analyzed and relevant comparisons were done.

RESULTS
Reproducibility of the measurements within every batch showed superb agreement with the highest value of the standard deviation of the mean not exceeding 0.2%, which is an indicator of very short-term reproducibility performance. The standard deviation between the batches does not exceed 0.5%, which is an excellent indicator of the reproducibility with the longer period of time. The measured results of the central axis (CAX) ionization chamber showed that response is very linear with the dose. The output factors agreement between detector and the pinpoint chamber measured data set is very good as well as agreement with microLion chamber measured data set. Sensitivity measurement showed that the geometrical separation of the detectors does not contribute to the loss of the sensitivity and there is no noticeable perturbation effect of the irradiated area. Dose profiles measurement showed excellent agreement with data acquired with pinpoint chamber.

CONCLUSION
Broad range of tests performed in investigation showed that OCTAVIUS Detector 1000 SRS is a dosimetrically accurate and sensitive device and it can be used for quality assurance and verification of clinical radiotherapy beams.


Objectives. There have been many recent reports of improved survival rates for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), largely derived from institution-based data. These are often flawed by case selection bias. The objectives of this study were to document the true incidence, management, and outcomes of CDH in a geographically defined population over a 12-year period and to determine the changing trends in these over time. We also sought to ascertain the prenatal and postnatal factors associated with morbidity and death among these infants. Methods. A retrospective study of all cases of CDH in Western Australia from 1991 to 2002 was conducted. Cases were identified from 5 independent databases within the Western Australian health network, including the Western Australian Birth Defects Registry. All fetuses and neonates diagnosed with CDH in Western Australia during this period were identified, including miscarriages, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancies in which a diagnosis of fetal CDH had been made, as well as those diagnosed postnatally. Cases not known to involve CDH until diagnosis at autopsy were also included. Infants with diaphragmatic eventration were excluded from the study. Detailed information was obtained from review of maternal and infant medical records. Results. One hundred sixteen cases of CDH were identified. Of these, 71 (61%) infants were born alive and 37 survived beyond 1 year of age (52% of live-born infants, 32% of all cases of CDH). Pregnancies involving 38 (33%) fetuses were terminated electively, 4 (3%) fetuses were aborted spontaneously, and 3 (3%) fetuses were stillborn. Another major congenital anomaly was present in 54 (47%) cases. Twenty-one (18%) cases had other anomalies that were likely to be fatal. Of all cases with an additional major anomaly, 42 (78%) died. Twenty-seven (71%) of 38 fetuses for whom the pregnancy was terminated had another major anomaly. Twenty-three (32%) live-born infants had another major anomaly (4 of which were considered fatal conditions); however, this did not affect their survival rates. Fifty-three percent of cases were diagnosed prenatally, and 49% of these pregnancies were then terminated. Of live-born infants with prenatally diagnosed CDH, 10 (33%) survived beyond 1 year of age. The gestational age at diagnosis did not affect the survival rate for live-born infants. Postnatal diagnosis occurred in 55 (47%) cases. Of these, 41 (74%) case subjects were born alive and diagnosed on clinical grounds after birth. In the remaining 14 cases, the diagnosis was made in postmortem examinations of fetuses from pregnancies that were terminated for other reasons (8 cases) or after spontaneous abortion or stillbirth (5 cases). Significant differences were found between prenatally and postnatally diagnosed live-born infants. Among live-born infants, prenatal diagnosis was associated with a significantly reduced survival rate (33%, compared with 66% for postnatally diagnosed infants). Prenatally diagnosed live-born infants were of lower birth weight and were born at an earlier gestational age. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in the onset of labor (spontaneous or induced) or in the rate of elective cesarean sections. Prenatally diagnosed live-born infants were more likely to be delivered in a tertiary perinatal center and were intubated more commonly at delivery. No difference was found in the Apgar scores at either 1 or 5 minutes between the groups. Of 71 live-born infants, 37 (52%) survived to 1 year of age. The majority of deaths occurred within the first 7 days of life (44%). Preoperative air leaks occurred for 16 (22%) infants, of whom 14 (88%) died. Factors found to predict death of live-born infants included prenatal diagnosis, right-sided hernia, major air leak, earlier gestational age at birth, lower birth weight, and lower Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. Over the course of the decade, there were significant increases in the proportion of cases in which the diagnosis of CDH was made with prenatal ultrasonography and in the number of live-born infants born at the tertiary perinatal center. The mortality rate for all cases, the mortality rate for live-born infants, and the proportion of pregnancies involving prenatally diagnosed cases that were terminated electively were all greater in the later epoch but not significantly so. Conclusions. This was a comprehensive, population-based study of CDH, with full case ascertainment, large sample size, and complete outcome data for all cases. The majority of published studies of CDH examined specific patient populations, such as neonates referred to tertiary pediatric surgical centers. Invariably, those studies failed to detect the demise of cases with CDH before arrival at the referral center, whether through termination of pregnancy, in utero fetal demise, or postnatal death occurring before transfer. Exclusion of these cases from calculations of mortality rates results in significant case selection bias. In our study, 35% of live-born infants died before referral or transport. The population of infants reaching the tertiary surgical center represented only 40% of the total cases of CDH. Wide variations in reported survival rates occur throughout the literature. These differences reflect the influence of this case selection bias, as well as variable referral policies and management practices. For our study population, survival rates differed vastly depending on the subgroup analyzed. Ninety-two percent of postoperative infants survived beyond 1 year of age, as did 80% of infants who reached the surgical referral center. However, only 52% of live-born infants, 32% of all cases, and 16% of all prenatally diagnosed cases survived. Therefore, the overall mortality rate for this condition remains high, despite increased prenatal detection, transfer to tertiary institutions for delivery, and advances in neonatal care, and is influenced significantly by the rate of prenatal termination. In our study, 33% of all cases of CDH and 49% of prenatally diagnosed fetuses underwent elective termination of pregnancy. This large number of fetal terminations confounds the accurate assessment of the true outcomes of this condition.


While the existing literature emphasizes that elites often have incentives to pander to nationalist sentiment, much less attention has been paid to elite efforts to subdue popular nationalism, either to avoid domestic instability or international escalation. This article examines how different governments respond to nationalist protests and the resulting effects on the risk that interstate disputes will escalate to armed conflict. We argue that government responses to nationalist protests tend to vary in patterned ways across regime types. Nationalist protests present particular dangers in weakly institutionalized democracies, where demonstrations often pose serious threats of instability but are difficult or costly for the government to subdue, tempting or forcing leaders to escalate to appease domestic critics. We illustrate the theory with four cases representing a range of regime types: Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and the Philippines.


Equestrian sports such as dressage and show jumping cause physical and physiological stress on the horses' musculoskeletal structures, which can lead to decreased performance and injury. Warming-up prior to intense exercise can increase utilisation of the aerobic pathway, increase performance and decrease injury risk. Whilst duration of equestrian warm-up regimes has been reported, details of which gaits and skills related tasks, such as jumping and lateral movements, riders elect to use have not been evaluated to date. The purpose of this study was to understand dressage and show jumping riders' decision-making when warming up at home and prior to a competition. Surveys (dressage: 39 questions; show jumping: 41 questions) were distributed online via social media. Mann Whitney U tests identified significant differences in warming up practice between dressage and show jumping riders. Most riders reported that a warm-up was beneficial for getting the horse ready for work, increasing responsiveness to aids, enhancing suppleness and relaxation, and decreasing injury risk. Both dressage and show jumping riders typically warm-up between 10-20 min. While dressage riders use the walk as their main warm-up gait, show jumpers preferred the trot. Both dressage riders and show jumpers incorporate technical skills in their warm-up such as lateral work, and quick transitions (when riders change gait for only few strides before changing again). Show jumpers include 4-10 jumping efforts, using different fence types. During a competition most dressage and show jumping riders agreed that factors such as perceived stress level of both the horse and rider, crowdedness of the arena, arena footing and size, as well as time allocated by the venue, were important factors that could impact the duration and content of their warm-up routines. Both groups of riders considered horses were sufficiently 'warmed up' when they were responsive to the aids and felt supple and relaxed.


Effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of epoxy composites reinforced with alkali-treated voile fabric has been studied. The voile fabric is treated with different concentrations of NaOH solution (1% and 3% ) for 1 h at 20 ± 2 °C. The epoxy-based composite obtained by reinforcing the alkali-treated fabric is evaluated for its tensile strength, and dynamic mechanical properties. Composite reinforced with 3% NaOH solution treated fabric shows significant improvement in tensile strength (~32.72%). This implies that the concentration of NaOH treatment greatly influences the interfacial adhesion between the voile fabric and the epoxy. Results of dynamic mechanical analysis show an increase in the storage moduli of the composites reinforced with 1% and 3% NaOH treated fabric as compared to untreated composites at 20 -100 °C. However, for all the composites, the storage modulus decreases with the increase in temperature with a significant fall in the temperature range 25 - 100 °C, indicating that the incorporation of voile fabric in epoxy matrix unconcluded reinforcing effects appreciably at higher temperatures. The loss moduli of untreated and treated composites decrease with the increase in temperature. The glass transition temperatures of the untreated and treated (1% and 3% NaOH) composites are found to be 35.36 °C, 35.81 °C, and 30.55 °C respectively. For all the composites, the value of tan  δ decreases with the increase in temperature which indicates the level of interactions between the polymer matrix and the reinforced fabric. The fractured surface of composites is observed using SEM, which indicates the surface modification of the voile fabrics with alkali treatment and subsequent improvement in fibre-matrix adhesion.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between chronic mental illness, menstrual cycle phases, and psychiatric hospitalization. A detailed menstrual history was obtained from each participating subject. Women who were pregnant, postmenopausal, or who were prescribed hormonal contraception were excluded from the study. Factors precipitating admission, such as a suicide attempt, were identified. All women had a documented history of chronic mental illness, defined in this study as two prior psychiatric hospitalizations. Based on the menstrual history, the phase of the women's cycle at time of hospitalization was calculated. Diagnoses and the reasons for admission were correlated with the menstrual cycle phase. Thirty-three women participated in the study. Seventeen (52%) of those women were admitted during the late luteal/early menstrual phase. Women with schizophrenia whose behavior precipitating the admission was characterized as nonsuicidal and nonaggressive were admitted exclusively during the postovulatory phase. On the basis of findings of this study, the authors conclude that the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle may be a time of increased risk for women with chronic mental illness, especially schizophrenia. Prophylactic interventions might minimize admissions.


Background Whale shark tourism is increasingly popular at coastal predictable aggregations around the world. However, only one description accounts for provisioning of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), which is at Oslob, Philippines, where sharks are provisioned between 6 am and 1 pm daily within a demarked tourist interaction area. Understanding the potential effects of provisioning on the behaviour of this species is important for their conservation. Approach To investigate whether whale shark diving behaviour was affected by the provisioning, four whale sharks with known extended residency at the study site were tagged with CEFAS G5 temperature-depth-recorder (TDR) tags. Three individuals were juvenile males with estimated total lengths of 4.5, 5.0 and 6.5 m (P-432, P-480 and P-403 respectively), and a fourth individual was a juvenile female measuring 5.5 m (P-385). A Hawaiian-sling spear pole was used to deliver stainless steel anchors with a tether carrying a swivel 10 cm into the subdermal layer of the whale sharks on the ventral side between the first dorsal fin and the first lateral ridge. Three TDR tags were randomly deployed amongst the individuals over a period of 18 months. Linear mixed effect models were used to test how attendance at the provisioning site affected shark depth use and variability. Results Tags were deployed for an average duration of 49.5 provisioned days (sharks present daily at the site) and 33.8 non-provisioned days (sharks were absent from the site). The deepest dive was recorded by P-403 to 1,251 m, at a minimum temperature of 12.1 °C. The tags revealed a pronounced shift in habitat use by individuals when away from the provisioning site. Specifically, during provisioned days, time spent at the surface (0 – 2 m) between 6 am and 1 pm was ca. six times longer than during non-provisioned days. During provisioned days, deep dives occurred mostly near or at the end of the provisioning activities (i.e. 10 am to 2 pm), whereas on non-provisioned days, deep dives occurred mostly between 4 am and 10 am. This shift could suggest that whale sharks have a need to thermoregulate following a prolonged period of time at the surface where temperatures regularly exceed 31 °C. Conclusions The use of TDR tags on whale sharks revealed modified diving behaviour at Oslob, a unique provisioning site. This behavioural modification should be considered when developing guidelines for sustainable tourism and conservation measures for the species.


Whilst the physical health benefits of taiji have been reported, there is limited information on the influences of taiji on mental health. This paper reports on a collaborative one day experiential workshop between a university, a local martial arts academy and Mental Health in Higher Education (MHHE). The purpose of the day was to explore the impact of taiji on people's mental health and well-being. The workshop used a multi method approach to explore the potential benefits of taiji. Participants, who were service users and various professionals, were introduced to the philosophies behind taiji and gained an understanding of the concept of qi. This was followed by participants being guided through a practical taiji session to demonstrate how qi can be activated. The remainder of the day was used to deconstruct poetry and narratives to trigger discussions on the range of benefits of taiji. Those participating acknowledged the social benefits of belonging to a community of taiji practitioners. Two pragmatic issues were also highlighted: cultural background being an important influence regarding the understanding and practice of taiji; and that difficulties in gaining access to reputable and qualified teachers can act as a barrier to integrating taiji within educational programmes.


Physical education programs in the United States emerged in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Over time, physical education became the field of kinesiology with an established disciplinary base with multiple associated professions. Historical context is provided for five different eras. Textbooks, including those authored by National Academy of Kinesiology fellows, played an important role in the evolution of the field, providing direction, context, and content for both the subdisciplines and the professions. Arguments are offered for the value of textbooks as an important form of scholarship (the scholarship of integration), for the value of textbooks in providing visibility and real-world impact for the field of kinesiology, and for the value of associated textbook ancillary materials as teaching resources for faculty in institutions of higher learning.