This article provides insights into the important but relatively unexamined issue of destructive leadership in a non-Western country. Although tentative, the article also provides some guidance for expatriate managers in adapting their own behavior to avoid being categorized as "destructive" by non-Western subordinates. In the following pages, we report the findings of a study of destructive leader behaviors among convenience samples of Australian, American, and Iranian leaders. No differences were found between Australian and American leaders in regard to the nature and frequency of destructive behaviors. As a result, the Australian and American data were combined and compared to a sample of Iranian leaders. Destructive leader behavior was measured using the Destructive Leadership Questionnaire developed by Shaw et al. (2011). Although relatively small in magnitude, results consistently indicated that the worst, middle, and best leaders differed significantly from one another in both samples in terms of the level of destructive leader behavior exhibited. In general, the pattern was similar for both the Australian–American and Iranian samples, although small, consistent differences were observed across the two samples.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a major public health concern. Currently, neither prevention nor treatment exists to cure or stop the fatal disease. Findings suggest that neurodegeneration begins decades before the first symptoms occur. A focus of AD research involves identifying asymptomatic adults at increased risk with the purpose of initiating treatment before the onset of irreversible neurological disease. According to the current state of knowledge AD is a complex disease due to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.

Sporadic late-onset AD is influenced by a variety of genetic factors. The major genetic susceptibility factor is the APOE gene. A variant of this gene, the APOEe4 allele, is associated with a greater susceptibility for developing late-onset AD. Carriers of two APOEe4 alleles are estimated to be up to a 6- to 30-fold increased risk compared to the most common variant of two APOe3 alleles. APOE is an important genetic risk factor but is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the disease.
Due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of APOE testing and the lack of treatment and prevention, APOE testing is not used as a routine test in clinical settings but plays an important role in research settings. Yet, commercial direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic services offer genetic susceptibility tests for AD over the internet. In this way genetic risk information is available for everybody who is interested and willing to pay for testing via Internet without involving a healthcare professional.
In addition to genetic susceptibility testing, other presymptomatic tests such as cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers are discussed.
Regardless of the specific biomarkers that might be used one day, the social and ethical debate will remain the same and the ethical analysis concerning genetic testing for AD can serve as a paradigm: Is there a right to know or maybe even a duty to know about an increased risk for developing AD?

The aim of this work is to identify social issues and underlying ethical conflicts concerning genetic susceptibility testing for AD.

First, I summarize the findings of empirical studies on socio-psychological implications of genetic susceptibility testing for AD. Second, I undertake a comparative analysis of the existing expert's guidelines and recommendations concerning APOE testing. Thus I identify public perceptions and values as well as underlying socio-moral and ethical-theoretical reflections in the debate. Through these findings I identify two core ethical aspects of the debate: autonomy and responsibility. Methodically the term 'responsibility' serves as an analytic tool to examine social and ethical issues systematically in this context. My context sensitive analysis leads to a normative discussion on how to regulate genetic susceptibility testing for AD with respect to the right of self determination. I point out that there is a right to know in the lack of clinical utility. Thus, the idea of a personal utility in the context of genetic testing needs to be further investigated. One major concern is the availability of personal risk assessment of AD by DTC companies. Since these tests are not followed up by appropriate genetic counseling, their impact on public attitudes should be critically investigated. I critically reject genetic responsibility in the sense of imperative genetic risk assessment as reductionist and misleading concerning Alzheimer's disease and the complex process of aging. I argue for a broader understanding of responsibility in the context of susceptibility testing for AD that includes social dimensions of responsibility.


Video encryption, Video Security, ChaCha, Stream cipher, Features Detectors Operators. Video encrypting is one technique to protect digital videos, it used to avoid unwanted interference and viewing of the transmitted videos. In this paper, a new selective video cryptography algorithm is suggested using light stream algorithm. As it known video size is large in size and it consume time in the encryption process, ChaCha a light encryption algorithm has been used to reduce the encryption time, encryption is done by Xoring frames of video with the key generated from ChaCha algorithm, it produced an acceptable results from robustness point view, but still encryption process consumed time, thus to speed up this process, feature detection operator (FAST) is used to encrypt key points result from FAST operator, in addition key points from this is increased to optimized between speed and robustness of proposed algorithm. In evaluation process, some of measuring quality factors MSE, PSNR, Correlation, NPCR, UACI and entropy are specified for evaluating and comparing between two suggested encryption algorithms which gave good result in encryption process (ChaCha and ChaCha with FAST Enhancement). Experimental results have discovered that the current projected has less encrypting time and better encrypting influence. How to cite this article: A. R. Alawi and N. F. Hassan " A Proposal Video Encryption Using Light Stream Algorithm" Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 39, Part B, No. 01, pp. 184-196, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i1B.1689


With the increased demand for water in the United States, particularly in the West, it is essential that water resources be accurately monitored. Consequently, the National Weather Service (NWS) maintains a set of conceptual, continuous, hydrologic simulation models used to generate extended streamflow predictions, water supply outlooks, and flood forecasts. A vital component of the hydrologic simulation models is a snow accumulation and ablation model that uses observed temperature and precipitation date to simulate snow cover conditions. The simulated model states are updated throughout the snow season using snow water equivalent estimates (estimates of the water content of snowpack) obtained from airborne and ground-based snow water equivalent data. The National Weather Service has developed a spatial geostatistical model to estimate the areal snow water equivalent in a river basin. The estimates, which are obtained for river basins throughout the West, are used to update the snow model. To facilitate accurate updating of the simulated snow water equivalent estimates generated by the snow model, it is necessary to incorporate measures of uncertainty of the areal snow water equivalent estimates. In this research, we derive the expression for the mean-squared prediction error of the areal snow water equivalent estimate and illustrate the methodology with an example from the Upper Colorado River basin.


Present-day handheld devices, such as PDAs, are a useful blend of hardware and software oriented toward the mobile workforce. While they provide the capability to review documents, correspond via electronic mail, manage appointments and contacts, etc., they typically lack a number of important security features. Concerned individuals and organizations aware of the associated risks involved, mitigate them with such add-on mechanisms as improved user authentication, content encryption, organizational policy controls, virus protection, firewall and intrusion detection filtering, and virtual private network communication. Unfortunately, such piecemeal solutions often present problems in software integration, usability, and administration. This paper describes a framework for incorporating core security mechanisms in a unified manner that avoids these problems.


The small signal response and thermal noise spectra in miniband superlattice are investigated. The properties of hot electron differential mobility, velocity fluctuation, and noise temperature are determined around a stationary condition. The field and frequency dependent drift velocity, electron energy, effective mass, and electron temperature are obtained. At low frequencies, noise temperature increases rapidly with the electric field. Our calculated noise temperatures for miniband superlattice are in good agreement with the experimental results, with the sample thickness estimated to be around 4 μm.


Abstract: During the Palaeocene and Eocene Epochs (65.5–33.9 Ma) the Earth experienced the warmest conditions of the Cenozoic. This Palaeogene greenhouse episode is characterized by several short-lived negative carbon isotope (δ13C) excursions, which are usually interpreted as transient warming events ('hyperthermals') as indicated by rising temperatures of surface and bottom waters, and accompanied carbonate dissolution in deep-sea settings. Among these events, the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, c. 55.5 Ma) is globally the best documented and most prominent. Further negative δ13C anomalies have recently been identified in the Eocene, but the early to middle Palaeocene has mostly been neglected. Here, benthic foraminiferal δ13C records are presented from four upper Danian–lower Selandian sections in the Nile Basin (eastern Egypt). All records show a negative δ13C shift with an amplitude of up to 2‰ at the base of planktonic foraminiferal subzone P3b (c. 61 Ma). The supra-regional nature of this event is emphasized by correlation with a well-dated, similar δ13C record from Zumaia (Spain). Lithological changes, the δ13C signature and biotic responses strongly resemble those of the PETM in Egypt, which leads to the hypothesis that this 'Latest Danian Event' (LDE) may represent another early Palaeocene hyperthermal.


This paper introduces a method for boosting the signal-to-noise ratio at the transmitter of a discrete-multitone system through reshaping of the spectrum of quantization noise and clipping distortion. This is of particular importance for high-bandwidth transmission, such as 30 GHz, where digital-to-analog converters have a very limited resolution of only 5-8 bits. This limitation of the data converters is thus significant and reducing their noise contribution has a pronounced effect on the overall system's performance. The proposed technique resembles the quantization noise shaping of delta-sigma data converters but is a more general technique that shapes both quantization and clipping noise and it additionally does not require oversampling. The technique relies on the existence of an unused band of subcarriers, as would be the case, for example, when tone reservation is applied. The proposed system is additionally well-suited for low-power transceivers as its most computationally-expensive element is a short finite impulse response filter. In a practical setting, the noise contribution of quantization and clipping can be reduced by 6 dB.


This guide provides resources to help new UCLA law students get started with Law School and become more familiar with the Law Library, UCLA and Westwood.


Regulation 596/2014/EU and Directive 2014/57/EU were adopted in order to provide adequate protection of investors and the smooth functioning of the capital market in European Union (EU). They envisage the obligations of Member States to prescribe, under national law, misdemeanor and criminal sanctions for conduct that constitutes abuses in the capital market. Their aim was to provide the same level of criminal justice protection at the level of all EU countries. As EU candidate country, the Republic of Serbia has prescribed sanctions by the Law on the Capital Market, the Law on Takeovers of Joint Stock Companies and the Law on Open-Ended Investment Funds subject to Public Offering. Although serious abuses in the capital market of the Republic of Serbia constitute criminal offenses, in practice it seems impossible for prosecutors and courts to prove their existence. Therefore, we cannot say that there is adequate protection of investors or unhindered functioning of the capital market. Given that national courts do not recognize as valid circumstantial evidence, it is impossible to prove some of these acts without the use of specific evidentiary actions such as, for example, eavesdropping on telecommunications. However, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Serbia only provides for a limited number of criminal offenses to which such evidentiary actions can be applied. This provision does not cover offenses under the sec-* This paper created two and European Law: Comparison and har-monization", of Education and Science of Republic of Serbia, number 179031, which is Institute of Comparative Law and and challenges in international relations in 2020", ondary criminal legislation and, therefore, offenses representing abuses in the capital market. In the previous period, the Securities Commission has filed several criminal charges against the perpetrators of such criminal offenses, however, the Public Prosecutor's Office has not filed any lawsuit or notified the authorized applicant on the outcome of the proceedings. Such actions could further discourage institutions authorized to monitor legitimate capital market opera-tions from filing criminal charges against capital market abusers in the future, some of which may be related to corporate business corruption. This could certainly have a negative impact on the decisions of both existing and potential investors in the capital market. This paper starts with the analysis of compliance of the regulations of the Republic of Serbia with Regulation 596/2014/EU and Directive 2014/57/EU, then points to the lack of provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code which provides for the limited application of special evidence in criminal proceedings. Based on this analysis the authors strive to make recommendations in order to improve the implementation of provisions that enable the suppression of criminal offenses which threaten the capital market integrity. In this way, we would like to point out that alignment with the acquis communautaire also implies the possibility of applying its standards in the territory of both candidate and EU Member States. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary not only to adopt new regulations, but also to harmonize the existing provisions of some other regulations which enable their implementation in the practice.


Risk and knowledge are two concepts and components of business management which have so far been studied almost independently. This is especially true where risk management (RM) is conceived mainly in financial terms, as for example, in the financial institutions sector. Financial institutions are affected by internal and external changes with the consequent accommodation to new business models, new regulations and new global competition that includes new big players. These changes induce financial institutions to develop different methodologies for managing risk, such as the enterprise risk management (ERM) approach, in order to adopt a holistic view of risk management and, consequently, to deal with different types of risk, levels of risk appetite, and policies in risk management. However, the methodologies for analysing risk do not explicitly include knowledge management (KM). This research examines the potential relationships between KM and two RM concepts: perceived quality of risk control and perceived value of ERM. To fulfill the objective of identifying how KM concepts can have a positive influence on some RM concepts, a literature review of KM and its processes and RM and its processes was performed. From this literature review eight hypotheses were analysed using a classification into people, process and technology variables. The data for this research was gathered from a survey applied to risk management employees in financial institutions and 121 answers were analysed. The analysis of the data was based on multivariate techniques, more specifically stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the perceived quality of risk control is significantly associated with the variables: perceived quality of risk knowledge sharing, perceived quality of communication among people, web channel functionality, and risk management information system functionality. However, the relationships of the KM variables to the perceived value of ERM are not identified because of the low performance of the models describing these relationships. The analysis reveals important insights into the potential KM support to RM such as: the better adoption of KM people and technology actions, the better the perceived quality of risk control. Equally, the results suggest that the quality of risk control and the benefits of ERM follow different patterns given that there is no correlation between both concepts and the distinct influence of the KM variables in each concept. The ERM scenario is different from that of risk control because ERM, as an answer to RM failures and adaptation to new regulation in financial institutions, has led organizations to adopt new processes, technologies, and governance models. Thus, the search for factors influencing the perceived value of ERM implementation needs additional analysis because what is improved in RM processes individually is not having the same effect on the perceived value of ERM. Based on these model results and the literature review the basis of the ERKMAS (Enterprise Risk Knowledge Management System) is presented.


Within the sheet metal industry, different shear cutting technologies are commonly used in several processing steps, e.g. in cut to length lines, slitting lines, end cropping etc. Shearing has speed and cost advantages over competing cutting methods like laser and plasma cutting, but involves large forces on the equipment and large strains in the sheet material.Numerical models to predict forces and sheared edge geometry for different sheet metal grades and different shear parameter set-ups are desirable. For new sheet metal grades, numerical shear models are efficient for finding appropriate shear parameters without the need for time consuming and expensive live tests in the production. In order to allow for validation of numerical models, accurate experimental data is wanted.Many industrial equipments for shearing give some measure of applied force, but due to machinery friction losses, measured forces are always higher than the forces acting on the sheet. Shearing also generates a force that attempts to separate the two shear tools with changed shear conditions through increased clearance between the shear tools as result. Clearance is also the most common shear parameter to adjust, depending on material grade and sheet thickness, in order to moderate the required force and to control the final sheared edge geometry.Sheared edges have four characteristic zones, rollover, shear, fracture and burr zones. Burrs and rough fracture zones complicate the following processing through inadequate tolerances that may imply additional machining and sharp edges that may damage equipment or even cause injuries. Well defined shears and accurate measurements are important for the understanding of shear parameters. In this work, an experimental procedure with high measurability and consistent and predictable output, is designed, built and evaluated. Important shear parameters and demands on the experimental set-up are identified in a perturbation analysis performed with use of finite element method.Considering the perturbation analyses results, experimental set-up requirements are formulated. Based on magnitude of the force changes obtained as result of perturbed input parameters in the analyses, force measurements with one percent accuracy are considered necessary. Since a clearance change of one percentage point results in approximately one percent change in forces, the target experimental clearance stability is an order of magnitude lower, i.e. the clearance should remain within 0.1% or 5μm at the sheet thicknesses sheared.With respect to high clearance stability and accurate force measurements, a symmetric experiment with two simultaneous shears and internal balancing of forces attempting to separate the shear tools, is constructed. Besides a stable clearance, the experiment features high accuracy force measurements without external friction losses through 20 strain gauges mounted on the set-up.Since clearance and clamping of the sheet are identified as important to the shear results, these parameters are selected for further experimental studies through shearing of three material grades with various strength. Judging by the result, shear tool penetration before fracture decreases with increased material strength. When one side of the sheet is left unclamped and free to move, the required shear force decreases but instead the force attempting to separate the two shear tools increase. Further, the maximum shear force increases and the rollover decreases with decreased clearance. In general terms, results from the study are promising for use in validation of numerical shear models.


Deep learning models have been successfully used in computer vision and many other fields. We propose an unorthodox algorithm for performing quantization of the model parameters. In contrast with popular quantization schemes based on thresholds, we use a novel technique based on periodic functions, such as continuous trigonometric sine or cosine as well as non-continuous hat functions. We apply these functions component-wise and add the sum over the model parameters as a regularizer to the model loss during training. The frequency and amplitude hyper-parameters of these functions can be adjusted during training. The regularization pushes the weights into discrete points that can be encoded as integers. We show that using this technique the resulting quantized models exhibit the same accuracy as the original ones on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets.


In today's highly competitive marketplace, traditional marketing has lost its effectiveness. Since rational and functional attributes are becoming more homogeneous, and customers are exposedto thousands of advertisements on a daily basis, there is a need for a paradigm shift in themarketing approach. With the senses being instrumental for our interpretation of the world,sensory marketing has the potential to improve the effectiveness of marketing in a cost efficient manner.To further develop the understanding of sensory marketing, an investigation of the sensorial impact on product evaluation has been conducted. The emphasis has been to explore potential differences between different product classes. This was examined by investigating high- and low involvement products influence for three senses: vision, olfactory, and haptic. Threeexperiments were conducted with students at Lulea University of Technology, during whichthe students were exposed to different sensorial stimuli. After the experiments, a focus groupwas held in order to discuss the participants' thoughts and feelings. The collected data indicates that sensory marketing, to an extent, is dependent on the specific product it is used for. It ismore important than previous research has indicated to consider product specific factors in order to avoid inefficient marketing strategies.All in all, the research provides additional knowledge that further develops the field of sensorymarketing by presenting supporting evidence for the importance of sensorial input during product evaluations. With stimuli that is tailored towards the products, it is possible to positively influence customers' product evaluations, which can be very beneficial for practitioners.


The computational complexity of classical time domain gradient-based echo cancellation algorithms might be prohibitively high, due to the very long response of the acoustic transfer functions involved. A reduction in computational complexity can be achieved by using frequency domain or subband algorithms. However, these algorithms introduce an inherent delay in the signal path. The delayed echo has an annoying psychoacoustic effect. Additionally, the delay prevents natural, full-duplex conversation. Moreover, when operated in practical scenarios, using speech signals in actual room acoustic environments, the convergence and tracking properties of the frequency domain algorithms do not compare favorably with those of the NLMS algorithm. This is because the range of values of the convergence constant that support a stable filter is more restrictive for the frequency domain algorithms. In this study we introduce a new algorithm termed delayless frequency domain (DLFD). The DLFD exhibits performance comparable to that of the NLMS algorithm with a computational complexity comparable to that of standard frequency domain algorithms and without the processing delay.


Determining the extent of reproductive isolation in cryptic species with dynamic geographic ranges can yield important insights into the processes that generate and maintain genetic divergence in the absence of severe geographic barriers. We studied mating patterns, propensity to hybridize in nature and subsequent fertilization rates, as well as survival and development of hybrid F1 offspring for three nominal species of the Engystomops petersi species complex in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. We found at least two species in four out of six locations sampled, and 14.3% of the wild pairs genotyped were mixed-species (heterospecific) crosses. We also found reduced fertilization rates in hybrid crosses between E. petersi females and E. "magnus" males, and between E. "magnus" females and E. "selva" males but not in the reciprocal crosses, suggesting asymmetric reproductive isolation for these species. Larval development times decreased in F1 hybrid crosses compared to same species (conspecific) crosses, but we did not find significant reduction in larval survival or early metamorph survival. Our results show evidence of post-mating isolation for at least two hybrid crosses of the cryptic species we studied. The general decrease in fertilization rates in heterospecific crosses suggests that sexual selection and reinforcement might have not only contributed to the pattern of call variation and behavioral isolation we see between species today, but they may also contribute to further signal divergence and behavioral evolution, especially in locations where hybridization is common and fertilization success is diminished.


Problem statement: Many existing database applications manage time-varying data. These database applications are referred to as temporal databases or time-oriented database applications that are considered as repositories of time-dependent data. Many proposals have been introduced for developing time-oriented database applications, some of which suggest building support for Temporal Database Management Systems (TDBMS) on top of existing non-temporal DBMSs, while others suggest modifying the models of exiting DBMSs or building TDBMS from scratch. Approach: This study addressed several issues concerning developing a technique that enables database designers to understand the way in which time-varying behavior can be modeled and mapped into tabular form. Results: Conventional DBMSs do not have the capability to record and process time-varying aspects of the real world. With growing sophistication of DBMS applications, the lack of temporal support in conventional DBMS raises serious problems when used to develop temporal database. The technique of understanding how to think about time and represent it in formal systems is the topic of this study. We examined how to implement time-varying application in the SQL structured query language by introducing temporal data concepts that need to be simulated in DBMSs which lack temporal supports. We proposed a temporal data model that combines the features of previous temporal models and that reduces the cost of memory storage. Conclusion: We proposed a technique for implementing temporal database on top of exiting non-temporal DBMS. This technique includes five main areas. These areas are temporal database conceptual design, temporal database logical design, integrity constraints preventions in temporal database, modifying and querying temporal database. We proposed a data model for the temporal database based on the data models which are discussed in literature.


According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) information in 2009, at least 1 billion people are exposed to outdoor air pollution that exceeds the air quality standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). Poor air quality in urban areas, mainly associated with the transportation sector, has been directly linked to almost 0.8 million premature deaths annually, especially in sensitive groups such as children. In this context, the role of trees on improving urban air quality has been discussed. However, there is still a scarce understanding on the ultimate impact of trees over the exposure of pedestrians. This paper evaluates the exposure of students in their daily walk to/from school, and how it relates with the effect of trees over the local concentrations of road traffic-emitted air pollutants. The study is focused on an area of 0.380.22 km 2 centred at a high school of the city of Aveiro, in central Portugal, which is located close to a road with significant traffic. A period of one day was chosen, based on data availability. Time evolution of georeferenced location of an individual was tracked with a GPS for different alternative walking routes to the school. Air quality and meteorological data were measured in the school yard. Simulations of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in the study domain were performed with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model VADIS, with and without considering the influence of trees over the dispersion. Traffic emissions were estimated with the TREM model, using traffic counts (with vehicles categories discretization) data. Simulated wind speed and CO concentrations were compared with measured values showing a very good agreement (normalized mean square error, NMSE, equals 0.29 and 0.04, respectively). An exposure model was developed that associates the georeferenced location of the student with the computed air quality


The Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements on the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-GLIMS) started continuous nadir observations of lightning and transient luminous events (TLEs) at the International Space Station (ISS) in November 2012 and completed the observations in August 2015. As JEM-GLIMS uses the nadir observation technique, the JEM-GLIMS optical instruments simultaneously measure both incomparably intense lightning emissions and weak sprite emissions. We adopted combined data analytical methods to distinguish between these two types of emissions: (1) a subtraction of the wideband LSI-1 image from the narrowband LSI-2 image, (2) a calculation of the intensity ratio between different photometer channels, and (3) an estimation of the charge moment change (CMC) of the suspected sprite-producing CG discharge. This report presents as a case study one sprite event detected at 19:50:40.30580 UT on 28 September 2013 and identified using the above analytical methods. From the results derived from detailed data analyses, we judged that the optical emission measured by LSI-2 is a sprite emission. We carried out the geometry conversion toward the LSI-1 and subtracted images and found that the sprite emission location shifts by 3.5 km from the peak lightning emission location, which agree with the previous reports. The detailed horizontal distributions of sprites and the relationship between the sprite location and the parent lightning location are quantitatively revealed for the first time. Article history: Received 3 March 2016 Revised 1 August 2016 Accepted 21 September 2016


In recent years, the potential of riverbed hyporheic sediments to attenuate nitrate from polluted groundwater has received much attention. However, transformation of reactive nitrate along upwelling flow paths is dependent on redox conditions and the availability of electron donors; these biogeochemical conditions are in turn strongly dependent on hydro-morphologic drivers including riverbed structure and water flux. We worked on a 50m stretch of the River Leith, Cumbria, UK, which is dominated by upwelling nitrate-rich groundwater. Previous investigations of hyporheic connectivity and pore water chemistry in our sub-reach suggest strong groundwater upwelling might suppress the hyporheic zone, possibly restraining its ability to attenuate nitrate in the upwelling groundwater. However, this hypothesis could not be verified previously due to the difficulty of measuring pore water chemistry at depths in the riverbed <10cm. The goal of this paper is to test whether nitrate attenuation is occurring in riverbed sediments characterised by strong vertical water fluxes. We utilised diffusive equilibrium in thin-films (DET) samplers to capture high resolution (cm-scale) vertical concentration profiles of nitrate in the upper 15cm of the riverbed sediments. The vertical concentration profiles obtained from DET probes indicate considerable cm-scale variability in concentrations. However, the overall trend suggests the absence of substantial net chemical transformations and surface-subsurface water mixing in the shallow sediments of our sub-reach.


For more than 20 years, scientists have studied solar cells made from organic semiconductors. Throughout this time, device structures have evolved from bilayer devices to bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices and even though efficiencies are
approaching 10%, scientists still know relatively little about the transport of charge carriers and recombination mechanisms in these materials. Novel structures, based on lateral BHJ solar cells, have proven to be versatile tools to study transport and recombination mechanisms. In addition, these structures can easily be employed by researchers and solar cell manufacturers to determine the quality and measure the improvement of their materials. For these studies, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) has been employed due to its wide use among researchers as well as potential for commercialization.
DC photocurrent measurements as a function of device length have yielded the mobility-lifetime product and the generation rate of free carriers within these BHJ
devices. In addition to these parameters, the recombination rate as a function of light intensity provides information about the mechanisms of recombination. For example, by measuring the recombination rate as a function of applied electric field and light intensity we have found that recombination is unimolecular in nature and shifts to bimolecular
at increased electric field strengths. Additionally, the mobility-lifetime product,
generation rate, and recombination mechanism have been studied as a function of applied electric field, illumination spectrum, illumination intensity, etc. This information has provided much insight on physics of the P3HT:PCBM material system which did not exist before these studies.


In this paper, we systematically analyze writing variations of Swiss German in two existing corpora with standard German glosses, a corpus of 10,000 short text messages and a corpus of transcribed oral history recordings (90,000 tokens). We show that neither resource is sufficient for assessing factors in writing variations of users and describe a data collection project involving a citizen science community for solving this problem. Laymen will independently and redundantly transcribe 1,200 short samples (15-20 seconds) of audio material in Swiss German according to their own best practice.


Our life is becoming increasingly computerised at nearly all scales, a trend evident in terms such as the Smart City, the Smart Home, or the Internet of Things. The introduction of digital technology enables environments to respond to data gathered from many of our behaviours. A growing field of architectural design and research focuses on kinetic responses to inhabitant behaviour. However, the specific modes of interaction as well as the effects of such environmental responses on their inhabitants are currently underexplored. Using a literature-based approach, we argue that because such digitally augmented environments respond to bodily behaviours of their inhabitants, one important dimension of investigation is the embodied relationship between the architectural space and its occupant. One perspective that offers insight into this relationship is the so-called enactive approach to cognition, describing mutual influences between inhabitant and environment, which can create autonomous behaviour dynamics. Understanding the enacted relationship between inhabitants and environment will help architects create kinetically responsive environments that benefit their inhabitants physiologically and psychologically. The paper concludes with an overview of our lab-based research already conducted and current investigations.


Increasingly, a broader range of training programs and evidence-based
interventions are being employed within music education contexts. It is
important that these programs are empirically tested to provide an unbiased
assessment of their impact and efficacy. This article highlights methods for developing and testing intervention programs. A nine-week musician-specific mental skills training program was developed and delivered to performance students from the Royal College of Music (RCM). Pre- and post-testing involved a battery of questionnaires, public performances, and performance-related tasks. Feedback from these students was collected throughout concerning their views on the relevance and usefulness of the program. In comparison with a control group, this experimental group demonstrated significant changes in their views toward practice activities and specific practicing behaviors. A significant increase in self-efficacy for performing was also found for the experimental group, as was an increase in imagery vividness. These results are further supported by comments from students in the experimental group revealing greater levels of self-awareness and confidence, facilitative views toward and heightened control over anxiety, and healthier perspectives toward music making. Feedback from the participants also provided insight into issues pertaining to content and delivery.


DSP-based susceptometer was designed and implemented to study granular HTS Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) superconducting specimens. The AC susceptometer is made up of a primary coil driven by an AC signal and two sensing coils: a balancing coil and a pickup coil which senses the magnetic response of a superconducting specimen. A particular feature of the AC susceptometer was a digital lock-in amplifier which was designed and implemented in DASYLab instead of using a conventional lock-in amplifier. The lock-in amplifier was necessary to separate the real and imaginary parts of AC susceptibility response of the superconducting sample placed into one of the sensing coils. Granular YBCO material is known for having a low critical current density, , due to a weak link effect. Grain boundaries, which are responsible for the weak link effect, comprise of regions of high stress fields. In one experiment to test the apparatus, YBCO specimens were doped with hydrogen with the aim of relieving stresses to improve the intergranular critical current. The AC susceptometer was successfully used to characterise the intergranular critical current of YBCO samples. The relative intergranular critical current was successfully estimated using a critical state model, based on Bean model. The migration of H2 molecules into the YBCO"s lattice was not successful in relieving the stresses at the grain boundaries, and resulted in the deterioration of intergranular critical current.


The General Organization for Technical Education and Vocational Training, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, has developed a special feeding program for the students at its institutions. The effects of this program on the nutritional and health status of these students have not been evaluated yet, and since no published dietary research has been performed on Technical and Vocational young adult male students, the present work was undertaken to investigate the nutritional status of this community in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. After a pilot survey, it was decided to use a selfcompleted questionnaire combined with personal interview to investigate the nutritional status of 690 students randomly selected from the study population. Dietary data was collected by two methods: usual weekly intakes "diet history" and actual daily intakes "diet diary". The nutrient intakes were calculated using the unilever Dietary Analysis Program (UNIDAP). The statistical Package for the social Science (SPSS/PC+) was employed to analyse the data; statistical significance of relationships between certain sets of data was determined by chi-square analysis. Some general factors affecting the nutritional status of these students were identified, their nutritional habits and attitudes were investigated, and the average daily intakes of energy, the macronutrients, and selected micronutrients were calculated. The main results of this study shows that the majority of the study population are adolescent, moderately active individuals, and have lower than the standard range of the Body Mass Index; anaemia is the most stated health problem; meal-skipping and eating between meals are common habits amongst the students. Regarding nutrient intake, there was an energy, polyunsaturated fat, and vitamin C deficiency; adequate intake of saturated fat, dietary fibre, retinol, and zinc; more than adequate intake of protein, total fat, cholesterol, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, and iron. Recommendations are given which aim to improve the nutrition of technical and vocational students.


Displacement of roots into the maxillary antrum is an intraoperative complication during extraction of upper molar teeth. A combination of panoramic, intraoral and occipitomental radiography is normally considered the imaging method of choice in assessing the position of the displaced roots. We describe the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the management of displaced roots in the antrum. CBCT aids in localising displaced roots and informs surgical access.


Soil texture has been commonly associated with the population density of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode: SCN), but such an association has been mainly described in terms of textural classes. In this study, multivariate analysis and a generalized linear modeling approach were used to elucidate the quantitative relationship of soil texture with the observed SCN population density reduction after annual corn rotation in Nebraska. Forty-five commercial production fields were sampled in 2009, 2010, and 2011 and SCN population density (eggs/100 cm(3) of soil) for each field was determined before (Pi) and after (Pf) annual corn rotation from ten 3 × 3-m sampling grids. Principal components analysis revealed that, compared with silt and clay, sand had a stronger association with SCN Pi and Pf. Cluster analysis using the average linkage method and confirmed through 1,000 bootstrap simulations identified two groups: one corresponding to predominant silt-and-clay fields and other to sand-predominant fields. This grouping suggested that SCN relative percent population decline was higher in the sandy than in the silt-and-clay predominant group. However, when groups were compared for their SCN population density reduction using Pf as the response, Pi as a covariate, and incorporating the year and field variability, a negative binomial generalized linear model indicated that the SCN population density reduction was not statistically different between the sand-predominant field group and the silt-and-clay predominant group.


Biotechnology promises the biologically and ecologically sustainable production of commodity chemicals, biofuels, pharmaceuticals and other high-value products using industrial platform microorganisms. Metabolic engineering plays a key role in this process, providing the tools for targeted modifications of microbial metabolism to create efficient microbial cell factories that convert low value substrates to value-added chemicals. Engineering microbes for the bioproduction of chemicals has been practiced through three different approaches: (i) optimization of native pathways of a host organism; (ii) incorporation of heterologous pathways in an amenable organism; and finally (iii) design and introduction of synthetic pathways in an organism. So far, the progress that has been made in the biosynthesis of chemicals was mostly achieved using the first two approaches. Nevertheless, many novel biosynthetic pathways for the production of native and non-native compounds that have potential to provide near-theoretical yields and high specific production rates of chemicals remain yet to be discovered. Therefore, the third approach is crucial for the advancement of bio-based production of value-added chemicals. We need to fully comprehend and analyze the existing knowledge of metabolism in order to generate new hypotheses and design de novo pathways. In this thesis, through development and application of efficient computational methods, we took the research path to expand our understanding of cell metabolism with the aim to discover novel knowledge about metabolic networks. We analyze different aspects of metabolism through five distinct studies. In the first study, we begin with a holistic view of the enzymatic reactions across all the species, and we propose a computational approach for identifying all the theoretically possible enzymatic reactions based on the known biochemistry. We organize our results in a web-based database called "Atlas of biochemistry". In the second study, we focus on one of the most structurally diverse and ubiquitous constituents of metabolism, the lipid metabolism. Here we propose a computational framework for integrating lipid species with unknown metabolic/catabolic pathways into metabolic networks. In our next study, we investigate the full metabolic capacity of E. coli. We explore computationally all enzymatic potentials of this organism, and we introduce the "Super E. coli", a new and advanced chassis for metabolic engineering studies. Our next contribution concentrates on the development of a new method for the atom-level description of metabolic networks. We demonstrate the significance of our approach through the reconstruction of atom-level map of the E. coli central metabolism. In the last study, we turn our focus on studying the thermodynamics of metabolism and we present our original approach for estimating the thermodynamic properties of an important class of metabolites. So far, the available thermodynamic properties either from experiments or the computational methods are estimated with respect to the standard conditions, which are different from typical biological conditions. Our workflow paves the way for reliable computing of thermochemical properties of biomolecules at biological conditions of temperature and pressure. Finally, in the conclusion chapter, we discuss the outlook of this work and the potential further applications of the computational methods that were developed in this thesis.


Abstract Architectural history of the last two centuries shows that welfare, far from being a purely technical issue – a balance between weather and the physiological human constants – is a culturally constructed idea concerning diverse factors, such as the relationship between space and human body or the ways of conceiving nature in architecture. However, the notion of comfort has not received the historiographical attention it deserves, hence the need for a new perspective, aesthetic and multidisciplinary in nature. Such a view is discussed in this article through a brief and partial history of comfort that addresses the different meanings assigned to the concept over the past two centuries, in accordance with a kind of 'poetics': the longstanding poetics of fire, linked the regenerative comfort; the poetics of hygiene and habitat, developed during modernity as a scientifistic dogma and as an aesthetic alibi, and, finally, the poetics of atmospheres, which accounts for contemporary concerns about perception, memory and sociability. From this historical review we can conclude that welfare is not an objectifiable concept, nor an idea synthesized in the technician or scientist test tubes, but a complex notion consisting of several intertwined layers: physiological, constructive, aesthetic, existential, social. The history of comfort is, thus, a sort of small version of the history of culture.


Abstract: The sedimentary model of coastal deposits in eastern Rhodes over the last 2 Ma is refined and improved in accuracy. New field investigations and U/Th dating of Spondylus bivalve shells, combined with micropalaeontological and sedimentological data, allow the recognition of four synthems separated by major erosional surfaces. We present here evidence for two of these erosional surfaces. This new model allows the identification and quantification of the vertical movements recorded by the studied exposures. The history of these vertical motions is characterized by two periods of uplift and two periods of subsidence. Such an evolution is unique at the regional scale in the eastern Hellenic forearc. We interpret these results as reflecting the individualization of Rhodes as a single tectonic block during increasing trench bending. This trench bending is accommodated by an increase in the curvature of the forearc during the last 2 Ma. Supplementary material: U/Th dating on spondylid shells, index calcareous nannofossils and Khallithea and Faliraki Road sections are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4211357


Objective Muscle loss and metabolic changes occur with disuse [i.e. bed rest (BR)]. We hypothesized that BR would lead to a metabolically unhealthy profile defined by: increased circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, decreased circulating insulin-like-growth-factor (IGF)-1, decreased HDL-cholesterol, and decreased muscle density (MD; measured by mid-thigh computerized tomography). Methods We investigated the metabolic profile after 28 days of BR with 8±6% energy deficit in male individuals (30-55 years) randomized to resistance exercise with amino acid supplementation (RT, n=24) or amino acid supplementation alone (EAA, n=7). Upper and lower body exercises were performed in the horizontal position. Blood samples were taken at baseline, after 28 days of BR and 14 days of recovery. Results We found a shift toward a metabolically unfavourable profile after BR [compared to baseline (BLN)] in both groups as shown by decreased HDL-cholesterol levels (EAA: BLN: 39±4 vs. BR: 32±2 mg/dL, RT: BLN: 39±1 vs. BR: 32±1 mg/dL; p<0.001) and Low MD (EAA: BLN: 27±4 vs. BR: 22±3 cm2, RT: BLN: 28±2 vs. BR: 23±2 cm2; p<0.001). A healthier metabolic profile was maintained with exercise, including NormalMD (EAA: BLN: 124±6 vs. BR: 110±5 cm2, RT: BLN: 132±3 vs. BR: 131±4 cm2; p<0.001, time-by-group); although, exercise did not completely alleviate the unfavourable metabolic changes seen with BR. Interestingly, both groups had increased plasma IGF-1 levels (EAA: BLN:168±22 vs. BR 213±20 ng/mL, RT: BLN:180±10 vs. BR: 219±13 ng/mL; p<0.001) and neither group showed TNFα changes (p>0.05). Conclusions We conclude that RT can be incorporated to potentially offset the metabolic complications of BR.


This paper tackles the problem of selecting among several linear estimators in non-parametric regression; this includes model selection for linear regression, the choice of a regularization parameter in kernel ridge regression or spline smoothing, and the choice of a kernel in multiple kernel learning. We propose a new algorithm which first estimates consistently the variance of the noise, based upon the concept of minimal penalty which was previously introduced in the context of model selection. Then, plugging our variance estimate in Mallows' CL penalty is proved to lead to an algorithm satisfying an oracle inequality. Simulation experiments with kernel ridge regression and multiple kernel learning show that the proposed algorithm often improves significantly existing calibration procedures such as 10-fold cross-validation or generalized cross-validation.


Evolution of speed (V), cycle length (LCL), cycle frequency (FCL) and cycle index (ICL) were analysed in 44 young kayakists (24 males and 20 females; 13 – 14 years old) who underwent a maximum-500 m test. Digitalized images from each test were obtained to measure the variables cited above. V, FCL and ICL decreased through the test, while LDL was kept stable. FCL was similar in both genders, although the values of remaining variables measured were significantly higher in males than in females. There was a significant inverse correlation between FCL and LCL and a significant direct correlation between ICL, V and LCL was found. KEY WORDS: canoeing, speed, cycle frequency, cycle length, cycle index.


The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) adopted a series of guidance documents which complement the Regulations governing the authorisation of feed additives. These are intended to help applicants in their preparation of technical dossiers. Although most guidance documents prepared by the Panel have been updated at some point, experience has shown that some elements are in need of technical update. Consequently, the EFSA has asked the FEEDAP Panel to identify from the current guidance documents those that need to be updated. The FEEDAP Panel addressed this by considering the experience gained since the last major revision of the individual guidance documents. Each of the Standing Working Groups of the FEEDAP Panel were asked to identify issues which have arisen during additive assessments and which suggested the need for elements of the guidance to be reconsidered. In addition, consideration was given to the relevant overarching guidance documents produced by the EFSA Scienti fi c Committee and to developments in assessment tools provided by EFSA and other international organisations. The analysis of the information collected indicated a number of broad areas in the existing guidance which need possible revision. In particular, since the existing guidance on environmental risk assessment is no longer aligned to other EFSA outputs, the Panel proposes that revision of this guidance should be given the highest priority. The Panel then proposes the revision of the three guidance documents concerned with safety (target animals, consumer and user) followed by the guidance on ef fi cacy. In parallel, the data necessary to establish the characterisation of the additive should be reviewed and modi fi ed as necessary. The FEEDAP Panel considers it fundamental to involve industry, consumer associations and experts from Member States risk assessment bodies in the early stages of the guidance revision. assessment of antimicrobial resistance and presence of DNA from the production strain, endotoxin production for Gram-negative bacteria, production of secondary metabolites, purity relative to inclusion rate).


This book fills a significant lacuna in our understanding of the refugee crisis by analyzing the dynamics that lie behind fifteen years of asylum policies in the European Union. It sheds light on why cooperation has led to reinforced refugee protection on paper but has failed to provide it in practice. Offering innovative empirical, theoretical and methodological research on this crucial topic, it argues that the different asylum systems and priorities of the various Member States explain the EU's lack of initiative in responding to this humanitarian emergency. The author demonstrates that the strong regulators of North-Western Europe have used their powerful bargaining positions to shape EU asylum policies decisively, which has allowed them to impose their will on Member States in South-Eastern Europe. These latter countries, having barely made a mark on EU policies, are now facing significant difficulties in implementing them. The EU will only identify potential solutions to the crisis, the author concludes, when it takes these disparities into account and establishes a functioning common refugee policy. This novel work will appeal to students and scholars of politics, immigration and asylum in the EU.


Culture, Institutions and the Wealth of Nations We construct an endogenous growth model that includes a cultural variable along the dimension of individualism-collectivism. The model predicts that more individualism leads to more innovation because of the social rewards associated with innovation in an individualist culture. This cultural effect may offset the negative effects of bad institutions on growth. Collectivism leads to efficiency gains relative to individualism, but these gains are static, unlike the dynamic effect of individualism on growth through innovation. Using genetic data as instruments for culture we provide strong evidence of a causal effect of individualism on income per worker and total factor productivity as well as on innovation. The baseline genetic markers we use are interpreted as proxies for cultural transmission but others have a direct effect on individualism and collectivism, in line with recent advances in biology and neuroscience. The effect of culture on long-run growth remains very robust even after controlling for the effect of institutions and other factors. We also provide evidence of a two-way causal effect between culture and institutions. JEL Classification: O1, O3, O4, O5


We demonstrate how Bayesian shrinkage can address problems with utilizing large information sets to calculate trend and cycle via a multivariate Beveridge-Nelson (BN) decomposition. We illustrate our approach by estimating the U.S. output gap with large Bayesian vector autoregressions that include up to 138 variables. Because the BN trend and cycle are linear functions of historical forecast errors, we are also able to account for the estimated output gap in terms of different sources of information, as well as particular underlying structural shocks given identification restrictions. Our empirical analysis suggests that, in addition to output growth, the unemployment rate, CPI inflation, and, to a lesser extent, housing starts, consumption, stock prices, real M1, and the federal funds rate are important conditioning variables for estimating the U.S. output gap, with estimates largely robust to incorporating additional variables. Using standard identification restrictions, we find that the role of monetary policy shocks in driving the output gap is small, while oil price shocks explain about 10% of the variance over different horizons.


Summary Worldwide, there is a well-documented crisis for bees and other pollinators which represent a fundamental biotic capital for wild life conservation, ecosystem function, and crop production. Among all pollinators of the world, bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) constitute the major group in species number and importance, followed by hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). The Aegean constitutes one of the world's hotspots for wild bee and other pollinator diversity including flies (mainly hover flies and bee flies), beetles, and butterflies. Despite this advantage, our present knowledge on Greek pollinators is poor, due to a lack of focused and systematic research, absence of relevant taxonomic keys, and a general lack of taxonomic experts in the country. As a result, assessments of pollinator loss cannot be carried out and the causes for the potential pollinator loss in the country remain unknown. Consequently, the desperately needed National Red Data list for pollinators cannot be compiled. This new research (2012–2015) aims to contribute to the knowledge of the pollinator diversity in Greece, the threats pollinators face, as well as the impacts these threats may have on pollination services. The research is conducted in the Aegean archipelago on > 20 islands and several mainland sites in Greece and Turkey. Prime goals are: i. the assessment of bee and hover fly diversity (species, genetic); ii. their pollination services; and iii. the effects of climate change, grazing, intensive bee-keeping, fires, electromagnetic radiation on bee diversity and ecology, as well as on plant-pollinator networks. At the same time, this research contributes to the taxonomic capital in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, focusing on the creation of the first identification keys for pollinators, the training of new scientists, as well as the enrichment and further development of the Melissotheque of the Aegean, a permanent reference collection of insect pollinators established at the University of the Aegean.


The Kruger National Park (KNP) has developed and refined a system of management called 'strategic adaptive management' (SAM), which rests on the concept of 'threshold of potential concern' (TPC). TPCs represent end-points in a continuum of change. When thresholds are reached – at which point concerns of negative impacts on biodiversity are raised – management options are explicitly considered and implemented. This paper describes the TPCs developed for monitoring and managing invasive alien species (IAS). More importantly, however, it describes the conceptual understanding, principles and hypotheses adopted as the foundations for setting these TPCs. In accordance with adaptive management practices, the TPCs will be revised as the ecological and conceptual understanding of invasions grows and information is gained through research in the KNP and elsewhere. Conservation implication: In accepting that species and systems are variable, and that flux is inevitable and desirable, these TPCs developed for invasive alien species specifi cally, provide end points against which monitoring can be assessed. Once a threshold is reached, the cause of the threshold being exceeded is examined and management interventions recommended.


Abstract Electron microprobe analyses are presented for fluorapatite phenocrysts from a benmoreite-peralkaline rhyolite volcanic suite from the Kenya Rift Valley. The rocks have previously been well characterized petrographically and their crystallization conditions are reasonably well known. The REE contents in the M site increase towards the rhyolites, with a maximum britholite component of ~35 mol.%. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are rather flat between La and Sm and then decrease towards Yb. Sodium and Fe occupy up to 1% and 4%, respectively, of the M site. The major coupled substitution is REE3+ + Si4+ ↔ Ca2+ + P5+. The substitution REE3+ + Na+ ↔ 2Ca2+ has been of minor importance. The relatively large Fe contents were perhaps facilitated by the low fO₂ conditions of crystallization. Zoning is ubiquitous and resulted from both fractional crystallization and magma mixing. Apatites in some rhyolites are relatively Y-depleted, perhaps reflecting crystallization from melts which had precipitated zircon. Mineral/glass (melt) ratios for two rhyolites are unusually high, with maxima at Sm (762, 1123).


This article theorizes and analyzes two aspects of government building in the German states while paying special attention to interrelations between the federal and state level. First, we examine which factors influence the choice of the partisan composition of the next government. Secondly, we ask for the determinants of the policy positions of the newly formed coalition governments. Original empirical results show that both government formation and policy formulation in the German Länder are clearly affected by federal politics. State-level coalitions cross-cutting the federal government–opposition divide are avoided, and the strength of this effect depends on institutional context and the federal election cycle. The policy position of state-level governments is affected by the position of the respective federal government. On the economic policy dimension, all state-level governments move towards the federal government. On the social policy dimension, those state governments whose partisan composition is congruent with the federal government seem to move away from the latter.


Kinetics of oxidation of malic acid by benzyltrimethylammonium fluorochromate (BTMAFC) in acetonitrile-water solvent mixture at 298 K in the presence of perchloric acid has been followed spectrophotometrically. The reaction is first order with respect to both malic acid and BTMAFC and is catalyzed by H + ion. Hydrogen ion dependence shows the form kobs = a + b(H + ). The reaction rate is not affected by changes in ionic strength of the reaction medium or by the addition of acrylonitrile. However, addition of manganese sulphate causes a decrease in the rate of reaction. An increase in the water content of the solvent mixture decreases the rate of reaction. The reaction has been studied at four different temperatures and activation parameters, ΔH ‡ , ΔS ‡ and ΔG ‡ have been evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring equations. Based on these findings, a suitable mechanism involving a direct hydride ion transfer from substrate to oxidant has been proposed.


Recent research has emphasized that the Federal Reserve under Chairman Alan Greenspan was forward looking, smoothed interest rates, and focused on core inflation. The semiannual monetary policy reports to U.S. Congress indicate that the measure of inflation used in monetary policy deliberations has also been refined over time: For most of the Greenspan period before 2000, inflation forecasts used the consumer price index (CPI), but in the early 2000s, inflation forecasts switched to using the core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) deflator. Using information contained in Greenbook forecasts, this article estimates two forward-looking Taylor rules that differ only with respect to the measure of inflation used over 1987:1-2006:4. A Taylor rule that is estimated using a time-varying measure of core inflation-CPI until 2000 and PCE thereafter-depicts parameter stability in the Greenspan years, and tracks the actual path of the federal funds rate during the subperiod 2000:1–2006:4, when the measure of inflation used changed. In contrast, a Taylor rule that is estimated using headline CPI inflation does not depict such parameter stability, and indicates the actual funds rate was too low relative to the level prescribed during the subperiod 2000:1-2006:4, as headline CPI inflation remained elevated because of the continual rise in oil prices. Moreover, in real time during most of this subperiod, core PCE inflation was much lower than what is indicated by the current vintage data. These results highlight the importance of using real-time information in evaluating historical monetary policy actions.


Population expansions of successful species have gained importance as a major conservation and management concern. The success of these 'winners' is widely attributed to their high adaptability and behavioural plasticity, which allow them to efficiently use opportunities provided by human-modified habitats. However, most of these studies consider conspecifics as ecological equivalents, without considering the individual components within populations. This is critical for a better understanding of the main ecological mechanisms related to the success of winning species. Here, we investigated the spatial ecology of the opportunistic yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis, a clear example of a winning species in southern Europe, to examine its degree of individual specialization in habitat use. To test for such individual strategies, we applied specialization metrics to spatial data obtained from 18 yellow-legged gulls that were GPS-tracked simultaneously during the breeding season. The results revealed that population-level generalism in habitat use in the yellow-legged gull arises through varying levels of individual specialization, and individual spatial segregation within each habitat. Importantly, we found that the combination of individual specialization and individual spatial segregation may reduce intra-specific competition, with these 2 important mechanisms driving the success of this winning species.


Context. Because of its proximity, Mrk 421 is one of the best sources on which to study the nature of BL Lac objects. Its proximity allows us to characterize its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED).
Aims. The goal is to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the broadband emission and the temporal evolution of Mrk 421. These mechanisms may also apply to more distant blazars that cannot be studied with the same level of detail.
Methods. A flare occurring in March 2010 was observed for 13 consecutive days (from MJD 55 265 to MJD 55 277) with unprecedented wavelength coverage from radio to very high energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) γ-rays with MAGIC, VERITAS, Whipple, Fermi-LAT, MAXI, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and several optical and radio telescopes. We modeled the day-scale SEDs with one-zone and two-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, investigated the physical parameters, and evaluated whether the observed broadband SED variability can be associated with variations in the relativistic particle population.
Results. The activity of Mrk 421 initially was high and then slowly decreased during the 13-day period. The flux variability was remarkable at the X-ray and VHE bands, but it was minor or not significant at the other bands. The variability in optical polarization was also minor. These observations revealed an almost linear correlation between the X-ray flux at the 2–10 keV band and the VHE γ-ray flux above 200 GeV, consistent with the γ-rays being produced by inverse-Compton scattering in the Klein-Nishina regime in the framework of SSC models. The one-zone SSC model can describe the SED of each day for the 13 consecutive days reasonably well, which once more shows the success of this standard theoretical scenario to describe the SEDs of VHE BL Lacs such as Mrk 421. This flaring activity is also very well described by a two-zone SSC model, where one zone is responsible for the quiescent emission, while the other smaller zone, which is spatially separated from the first, contributes to the daily variable emission occurring at X-rays and VHE γ-rays. The second blob is assumed to have a smaller volume and a narrow electron energy distribution with 3 × 10^4<γ< 6 × 10^5, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the electrons. Such a two-zone scenario would naturally lead to the correlated variability at the X-ray and VHE bands without variability at the optical/UV band, as well as to shorter timescales for the variability at the X-ray and VHE bands with respect to the variability at the other bands.
Conclusions. Both the one-zone and the two-zone SSC models can describe the daily SEDs via the variation of only four or five model parameters, under the hypothesis that the variability is associated mostly with the underlying particle population. This shows that the particle acceleration and cooling mechanism that produces the radiating particles might be the main mechanism responsible for the broadband SED variations during the flaring episodes in blazars. The two-zone SSC model provides a better agreement with the observed SED at the narrow peaks of the low- and high-energy bumps during the highest activity, although the reported one-zone SSC model could be further improved by varying the parameters related to the emitting region itself (δ, B and R), in addition to the parameters related to the particle population.


This paper describes analyses of a railroad tank car impacted at its side by a ram car with a rigid punch. This generalized collision, referred to as a shell impact, is examined using nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) and threedimensional (3-D) collision dynamics modeling. Moreover, the analysis results are compared to full-scale test data to validate the models. Commercial software packages are used to carry out the nonlinear FEA (ABAQUS and LS-DYNA) and the 3-D collision dynamics analysis (ADAMS). Model results from the two finite element codes are compared to verify the analysis methodology. Results from static, nonlinear FEA are compared to closed-form solutions based on rigid-plastic collapse for additional verification of the analysis. Results from dynamic, nonlinear FEA are compared to data obtained from full-scale tests to validate the analysis. The collision dynamics model is calibrated using test data. While the nonlinear FEA requires high computational times, the collision dynamics model calculates gross behavior of the colliding cars in times that are several orders of magnitude less than the FEA models.


Background: YKL-40 is involved in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and associated with diabetes and atherosclerosis  disease. In the present study we investigated the effect of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, on coronary heart disease patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the impact of acarbose on the serum YKL-40 concentrations of these patients. Methods: This was a 24 weeks study in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) (50% stenosis on quantitative coronary angiography) who were newly diagnosed with IGT. After undergoing coronary angiography, CAD patients with IGT were randomly allocated to receive either acarbose 100 mg/d (C group) or no treatment group (B group) for 24 weeks. 30 patients with CAD and normal glucose tolerance were enrolled in control group (A group). Anthropometrical evaluation, fast blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), serum fast insulin (FINS), lipid profile including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HbA1c and serum YKL-40 were measured at baseline and 24 weeks end point. Results: There were no significant differences among tree groups in terms of age, gender distributions, SBP, DBP, TGTC, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG. The levels of WHR, BMI, FINS, HOMA-IR, YKL-40 in the B group were significantly higher than A group. After 24-weeks treatment of acarbose (100 mg/d), the levels of WHR, TG, YKL-40 FINS, PBG, HbA1c and HOMA-IR were significantly reduced (p<0.05). Conclusions: After the treatment of acarbose 100 mg/d, the coronary heart disease patients with IGT had a beneficial effect in the glucose and lipid metabolism, the insulin resistance and serum YKL-40 concentrations were decreased.


The present study investigates the perspective of fans and non–fans of a club of Australia's A–League regarding the style of football they prefer to watch. A total of 1706 respondents participated and provided their own preferences in the form of comments. As many as 40.7% fundamentally prefer attacking football; in all, almost 80% indicated attacking, passing or both, highlighting their interest to see flowing, entertaining football. Interestingly, 11.6% just want the team to win, prefer all types or that of 'total' football, and 9.2%, 'the strategists' provide more elaborate comments in a clear allusion to their strong preference for the quality of play. These answers were more predominant among individuals with more club fan and membership 'seniority'. These individuals also planned to attend more games than other respondent groups. Implications of the findings for sport organisations and sport consumers, as well as avenues of future research are discussed.


Achieving Internet access "anywhere, anytime" is an ideal that much research has been working towards. One aspect of this research is the integration o different network technologies such as wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies and third generation (3G) technologies into socalled heterogeneous networks. With such integration, an important issue is handling mobility both within a given network technology and among the various ones. Mobile IP is a standard that supports transparent mobility at the network layer. However, another issue that arises is authentication and authorisation of users. The Mobile IP standard does not adequately address this issue. Proposals for improved authentication architectures for Mobile IP have therefore been made. This document describes the implementation of an authentication architecture prototype that extends the functionality of an existing Mobile IP implementation.


The world economy needs a growth-lifting strategy, and infrastructure financing seems to hold the key. Based on the New Structural Economics (Lin, 2010; 2012) we discuss the heterogeneity of capital focusing on the long-term versus short-term orientation (STO). Traditional neoliberalism assumes that capital is homogenous, complete capital account liberalization is "beneficial". However, previous studies have found evidence of long-term orientation (LTO) in the culture of many Asian economies (Hofstede, 1991). In this exploratory paper, we suggest that the LTO can be considered a special endowment which, under certain circumstances, can be developed into a comparative advantage (CA) in patient capital. If these countries can turn their latent CA into a revealed CA in patient capital, and develop the ability to "package" profitable and non-profitable projects in meaningful ways, they would have a "revealed" competitive advantage in infrastructure financing. The ability to "package" public infrastructure and private services is one of the key institutional factors for success in overseas cooperation.


This article considers a method for estimating the traffic volume indirectly without directlycounting the movements. The method is based on spatial microsimulation. Spatial microsimulationand demographic data are used for finding the movement counts and to model trafficrequirements for the road network.The developed method can be used to estimate the traffic volume on local roads which consist ofmajor part of Estonian road network. Estimating the traffic volume is necessary for assigning theroad maintenance levels in transportation and traffic studies and while planning for roadrenovations.


Dogmatic examination of the right to privacy obtains further recognition in case law
Before the 2003 Rugby World Cup the Springbok rugby team was assembled for a training camp which later became known as the infamous Kamp Staaldraad. At the camp the players were subjected to food and sleep deprivation, exhausting physical exercises, freezing temperatures, extreme physical discomfort and humiliating activities. Several of these activities were recorded on DVD. After the camp still photos taken from the recordings were leaked to and published in the media. The security company responsible for the recordings wanted to sell the DVDs to the public, but several of the players sought an interdict to prevent this, alleging that the publication would infringe their rights to privacy, dignity and reputation. In turn the respondents answered that distribution of the DVD was in the public interest so that the negative public perceptions about the camp could be put into perspective. They also raised the defence of volenti non fit iniuria, claiming that the players were aware of the recordings and never objected to them. Rabie J granted the interdict, holding that the publication of the images complained of, particularly those where the players were shown naked, or clearly exhausted, humiliated and traumatized, would undoubtedly be contra bonos mores and thus wrongful, infringing their personality rights involved. There was no question of consent on the side of the players and the publication would also not be in the public interest.
The decision constitutes an important continuation of the development of the protection of privacy in our law. This applies to the definition of privacy, which entails that a person may in principle still have control over private facts that have previously been disclosed; that privacy can be infringed by intrusion into or the disclosure of private facts; that the wrongfulness of an infringement of privacy is determined by the boni mores; that the publication of private facts is wrongful in principle if it is in conflict with a confidential relationship or perpetrated by the media; that consent and the public interest in information may serve here as grounds of justification; that the public interest in information should be weighed up against the right to privacy with reference to the boni mores and various factors that may play a part; and that such a public interest may be lacking even with regard to public figures involved in a newsworthy event because other factors may be decisive, such as the intensity of the infringement of privacy or the fact that publication would be in conflict with a confidential relationship.


Introduction: The purpose of the study was to compare fall risks and physical fitness levels in the elderly with fall related conditions or unrelated diseases. Materials and Method: The study includes 60 people with a mean age of 73.28±6.63 years. They were categorized in three groups according to their conditions. Their demographic characteristics, cognitive functions, balance, fall risk and physical fitness levels were examined. A survey was conducted to determine the demographic features of the elderly. The participants' cognitive function was assessed using Mini Mental State Test; fall risk by Berg balance test; balance by standing on one foot test, and physical fitness by Senior Fitness Test. Results: The Berg balance test, standing on one foot test and two minute step test results of the subjects who had a fall related condition were lower than that of those without any disease (p<0.05). Furthermore, the results of '8-foot up-and-go test' in subjects who did not have any disease were better (in terms of performing the test within the preset duration) than that of those who had a fall related condition (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, in the elderly with fall related conditions, agility, balance, endurance and muscle strength were found to be decreased.


Many environmental and risk management decisions are made jointly by technical experts and members of the public. Frequently, their task is to select from among management alternatives whose outcomes are subject to varying degrees of uncertainty. Although it is recognized that how this uncertainty is interpreted can significantly affect decision‐making processes and choices, little research has examined similarities and differences between expert and public understandings of uncertainty. We present results from a web‐based survey that directly compares expert and lay interpretations and understandings of different expressions of uncertainty in the context of evaluating the consequences of proposed environmental management actions. Participants responded to two hypothetical but realistic scenarios involving trade‐offs between environmental and other objectives and were asked a series of questions about their comprehension of the uncertainty information, their preferred choice among the alternatives, and the associated difficulty and amount of effort. Results demonstrate that experts and laypersons tend to use presentations of numerical ranges and evaluative labels differently; interestingly, the observed differences between the two groups were not explained by differences in numeracy or concerns for the predicted environmental losses. These findings question many of the usual presumptions about how uncertainty should be presented as part of deliberative risk‐ and environmental‐management processes.


Concrete construction methods and practices influence the final in-place quality of concrete. A low permeability concrete mixture does not alone ensure quality in-place concrete. If the concrete mixture is not transported, placed and cured properly, it may not exhibit the desired durability and mechanical properties.

This study investigates the in-place permeation properties of low permeability concrete bridge decks mixtures used in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Permeation properties were assessed in both the laboratory and in the field using 4-point Wenner array electrical resistivity, surface air flow (SAF), and chloride ion penetrability (ASTM C 1202-97).

Laboratory test specimens consisted of two concrete slabs having dimensions of 280 x 280 x 102-mm (11 x 11 x 4-in) and twelve 102 x 204-mm (4 x 8-in) cylinders per concrete mixture. Specimens were tested at 7, 28 and 91-days. Thirteen cylinder specimens per concrete mixture underwent standard curing in a saturated limewater bath. The simulated field-curing regimes used wet burlap and plastic sheeting for 3 (3B) and 7 days (7B) respectively and was applied to both slabs and cylinder specimens.

Slab specimen were tested on finished surface using the SAF at 28 and 91 days, and 4-point electrical resistivity measurements at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 91 days. Compressive strength (CS) tests were conducted at 7 and 28 days. Chloride ion penetrability tests were performed at 7, 28, and 91 days.

Statistical analyses were performed to assess the significance of the relationships for the following: Total charge passed and initial current (ASTM C 1202-97); 3B resistivity and 7B resistivity; Slab and cylinder resistivity; Slab resistivity and ASTM C-1202-97 (Total Charge and Initial current); and Surface Air Flow and ASTM C-1202-97.

Field cast specimens, test slabs and cylinders, were cast on-site during concrete bridge deck construction. The slab dimensions were 30.5 x 40.6 x 10.2-cm (12 x 16 x 4 in.), and the cylinders were 10.2 x 20.4-cm (4 x 8-in). In-situ SAF and resistivity measurements were taken on the bridge deck at 14, 42 and 91 days. In-place SAF and resistivity measurements on laboratory field cast slabs were taken at 7, 14 and 28-days. ASTM C 1202-97 specimens were prepared from field cast cylinders and tested at 7 and 28 and 42-days. The relationship between in-place permeation measures from field specimens was compared to laboratory data.

Results indicated no difference in chloride ion penetrability (Figures 7.4 and 7.5) and 28-day compressive strength (Figure 7.2) with regard to differing simulated field curing regimes, for same age testing. There was no significant difference at the 95 % confidence level between 3B resistivity and 7B resistivity specimens tested at the same age (Figures 7.9 and 7.10).

A well defined relationship was observed between total charge passed and initial current (Figure 7-6). An inverse power function was found to describe the relationship between charge passed/initial current and electrical resistivity for all laboratory mixtures used in this study (Figure 7.17 – 7.22). Field data was used to validate laboratory established models for charge passed/initial current and electrical resistivity. Laboratory established models were able to predict 30 to 50% of the field data (Figures 7.31 – 7.34). Results indicate that the SAF lacked the sensitivity to classify the range of concretes used in this study (Figure 7.24).


In the first part of this dissertation, we study mainly novel boron structures and their electronic and mechanical properties, using ab initio calculations. The electronic structure and construction of the boron buckyball B80, and boron nanotubes as the α-sheet wrapped around a cylinder are studied. The α-sheet is considered so far to be the most stable structure energetically out of the two dimensional boron assemblies. We will argue however that there are other sheets close in energy, using cluster expansion method. The boron buckyball is shown to have different possible isomers. Characterization of these isomers according to their geometry and electronic structure is studied in detail. Since the B80 structure is made of interwoven double-ring clusters, we also investigate double-rings with various diameters. We investigate the properties of nanotubes obtained from α-sheet. Computations confirm their high stability and identify mechanical stiffness parameters. Careful relaxation reveals the curvature-induced buckling of certain atoms off the original plane. This distortion opens up the gap in narrow tubes, rendering them semi-conducting. Wider tubes with the diameter d  1.7 nm retain original metallic character of the α-sheet. We conclude this part by investigation into hydrogen storage capacity of boron-rich compounds, namely the metallacarboranes. In the second part of dissertation, we switch our focus to electronic and transport properties of carbon nano-structures. We study the application of carbon nanotubes as electro-chemical gas sensors. The effect of physisorption of NO2 gas molecules on electron transport properties of semi-conducting carbon nanotubes is studied using ab initio calculations and Green's function formalism. It is shown that upon exposure of nanotube to different concentrations of gas, the common feature is the shift in conductance towards lower energies. This suggests that physisorption of NO2 will result in a decrease (increase) in conductance of p-type (n-type) nanotubes with Fermi energies close to the edge of valence and conduction band. Finally we study the effect of torsion on electronic properties of carbon nano-ribbons, using helical symmetry of the structures.


HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic that has affected national economies and devastated families. In Botswana, the HIV/AIDS situation is pronounced. The HIV/AIDS infection rate in the country is one of the highest in the world. Annually, Botswana spends a significant amount of its GDP on HIV/AIDS related challenges and initiatives. One such initiative is the Messiah ARV program, which provides free HIV/AIDS treatment for every citizen. While it is being credited as one of the first such initiatives in the world, the program is however faced with challenges. Key among them is the issue of drug resistance. Drug resistance access when existing HIV drugs—are not effective and do not stop the virus from multiplying. These kinds of characteristics are known as drug resistance. When HIV isn't fully controlled by ARV drugs, the virus makes copies of itself at a very rapid rate. Because this replication is occurring so fast, HIV often makes mistakes in the copies. If these "mistaken copies" are able to reproduce themselves, they are called mutations—which creates new forms of the virus. This concept paper presents an ongoing research which aims to investigate the challenge of drug resistance among HIV/AIDS patients in Botswana. The research will employ data mining techniques to monitor the CD Count, as it affects a patient HIV aids cell mutation over time. This will improve the doctor's decision in recommending the right therapy for patients at any particular given time. The research will confirm that data mining techniques have been used successfully in education and health sectors to assist in the detection of patterns in data, and prediction of the best approaches in addressing challenges. As such, it is seen as a useful tool to apply to this problem.


The ever-increasing demand for electrical power leads to reinforced power systems. Therefore, the overcurrents resulting from contingencies such as short-circuits are increasingly higher. In order to reduce these overcurrents, a protection system composed of a superconducting current limiter and a traditional breaker seems to provide a promising solution for future power system operation. In this context, the authors aim is to analyze the transient response to a fault of a resistive type high-T/sub c/ superconducting fault current limiter inserted in an electrical power system. In order to do this, simulations were carried out with the well-known EMTP software. The fault current limiter was represented using a preliminary tape model that includes the AC losses contribution and is valid for any current wave shape. This tape model was developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, using measurements of the dynamic behavior of Ag-sheathed Bi-2223 tapes.


Abstract: This chapter, as the title indicates, is about imaging and quantifying biofilm structure. The term biofilm structure was conceived in reference to the distribution of biomass in the space occupied by a biofilm, after it became obvious that this distribution was nonuniform. This is the original definition of biofilm structure and we have adhered to this definition in most parts of this text. However, we cannot ignore the fact that the definition of biofilm structure has expanded. Since the time when the original meaning of the term was proposed, nonuniform distribution of other components of biofilm has been demonstrated, in particular the nonuniform distribution of various physiological groups of microorganisms and the nonuniform distribution of various polymeric substances, collectively called extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The distribution of physiological groups in biofilms has become a well-studied branch of biofilm research – known as microbial community structure analysis, and quantification of the distribution of various polymers constituting EPS has made progress as well. The tools used to quantify the nonuniform distribution of various components in biofilms have much in common. The smallest dimension of the biofilm, the thickness, is conveniently expressed in microns, and it determines that the resolution of tools used to study the distribution of the components in biofilms must provide spatial resolution better than the thickness of the biofilm. This clearly includes several types of microscopy. In this chapter, we discuss these tools and where appropriate we illustrate their use with examples. Finally, the distribution of the components in biofilms needs to be quantified, and we describe software packages that can be used for this purpose. The concept of biofilm structure is dynamic and flexible, and able to accommodate the distributions of the components that have been described as well as the distribution of components that will be described in the future.


John Ireland (1838-1918), first archbishop of St. Paul, believed that the United States offered a new and tremendously favorable opportunity for Roman Catholics and their church. By vigorously and single-mindedly urging his fellow Catholic immigrants to take their place in the mainstream of American life, he played a major role in the growth of the American Catholic church. Marvin R. O'Connell's masterful biography brings to life the experiences that shaped Ireland's views and describes the battles that marked his career. In smooth and flowing prose, with rich detail and enlightening analysis, O'Connell traces Ireland's life, from his boyhood to his years as a powerful player in Vatican politics and an advisor to American presidents. Ireland was one of the important and characteristic figures of the American Gilded Age, a man whose own rags-to-riches story followed classic lines. Born in Ireland in 1838, he saw as a boy the horrors of the Great Famine. In 1852 he and his family emigrated to St. Paul, Minnesota. Sent by pioneer Bishop Joseph Cretin to France for his education, Ireland became a priest in 1861. His work for temperance and Catholic colonization on Minnesota's western frontier gave him national prominence and launched him on a long and impressive career. Ireland was an Americanist, one of a group of Catholic leaders who promoted the ideal of a truly American church. O'Connell's accounts of Ireland's hard-fought and often acrimonious battles present a lively portrait of a complicated man, with impressive strengths and surprising weaknesses. Ireland struggled to convince the Vatican that the American church was more than a collection of immigrant churches; he argued to his fellow clerics that immigrants could abandon Old World customs and languages without losing their faith; he encouraged Catholics to take advantage of the opportunities offered in America; and he strove to demonstrate to Protestant Americans that Catholics were not hopelessly foreign. O'Connell also tells little-known stories of the archbishop's personal politics and finances. Ireland became wealthy through land speculation, but nearly lost all in the Panic of 1893. As a prominent and out-spoken Republican, he associated with William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft. Though John Ireland was denied the ultimate accolade of a cardinal's hat, and though his colleagues on the episcopal bench were by no means unanimous in supporting him, his influence upon the development of American Catholicism was enormous. This forthright biography is a fascinating account of an important man.


When in the summer of 2013 whistleblower Edward Snowden revealed the scope of the mass surveillance programs conducted by the National Security Agency and its international partners, privacy activists launched several global online and offline campaigns to protect privacy and resist surveillance.
Applying methods of social movement frame and discourse analysis, the dissertation seeks to analyze the various ways activists have tried to shape the privacy discourse in a post 9/11 'Surveillance Society.' A close reading of activist materials and texts over the course of four campaigns – "Restore the Fourth," "Stop Watching Us," "The Day We Fight Back," and "Reset the Net" – reveals a set of frame packages, which are juxtaposed with the media coverage the campaigns have generated. In subsequent semistructured interviews with 21 activists from 14 countries, participants involved in the protest events were asked to critically reflect on framing choices, media dynamics and the degree of transnational cooperation among various privacy advocacy groups. The dissertation contributes to the field of grass roots political communication research by discussing the potentials and limits of anti-surveillance frames as well as providing a cultural and oral history of organized resistance against surveillance in the post-Snowden world.