Estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 have been measured on a variety of ecosystems world wide including grasslands, savannahs, boreal, pine, deciduous, Mediterranean and tropical rain forests as well as arctic tundra. While there have been numerous comparisons between net primary productivity of arid and semiarid grasslands and shrublands, notably lacking are estimates of NEE with a few exceptions. The objective of this study was to characterize the seasonal and annual carbon flux of a desert shrub ecosystem using the eddy covariance technique to determine the sensitivity of the system to the timing and varying amounts of precipitation. Measurements began in July of 2001, a year with 339 mm of rainfall, considerably above the long‐term average of 174 mm and preceded by 2 years of below average rainfall (50–62 mm). Over the 2 complete years of measurements, precipitation was 147 and 197 mm in 2002 and 2003, respectively. In all years, the majority of the precipitation fell between August and September. The site was a sink of −39 g C m−2 yr−1 in 2002 with a relatively strong uptake in the early part of the year and reduced uptake after the suboptimal rainfall in September. This contrasts with 2003 when the ecosystem took up −52 g C m−2 yr−1 concentrated in the fall after significant rain in August and September. Likely, extremely low rainfall years would result in a carbon loss while a strengthening of the typical winter secondary peak in precipitation (notably absent in the 2 years of measurements) may extend uptake into the spring resulting in more carbon accumulation. The system appears to be buffered against variations in annual rainfall attributed to water storage in the stems and roots.


Background &Aims: Afflict by diabetes and patient's commitment for self-care, induces much stress in routine life which requires the use of coping styles for adaption. The aim of this study was to determine correlation between coping styles and self-care behaviors among diabetic patients. Material &Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 275 type 1 and2 diabetic patients were selected by convenience sampling from Taleghani hospital in Tehran. Data was collected by "Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activity Measure" and "Jalowice Coping Scale" and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS-PC (v.16). Results: The findings showed that there has been a positive significant correlation between Confrontive (r=0.28, p<0.05), Optimistic(r=0.28, p<0.01), Supportant (r=0.31,p<0.01)and Self-reliant (r=0.25,p<./01) coping styles and self-care behaviors. Moreover, there was negative correlation between Emotive (r= -0.18, p<0.05) and Evasive (r= - 0.34, p<0.01) coping styles and self-care behaviors. There was also a significant correlation between total self-care behaviors and coping styles(r=0.26, p=0.018). Conclusion: According to the findings, clinical staff especially nurses can improve the self-care and adaption among diabetic patients by encouraging them to apply effective coping methods.


The robust (solitonlike) nature of bistable light bullets is demonstrated numerically for some illustrative models through three-dimensional switching simulations and collision studies. Bistable light bullets are propagating, spheroidal, bright optical solitons characterized by different sizes and intensity profiles but with the same energy.


This thesis contributes to a larger social science research program of analyzing the diffusion of IT innovations. We show how to automatically discriminate portions of text dealing with opinions about innovations by finding {source, target, opinion} triples in text. In this context, we can discern a list of innovations as targets from the domain itself. We can then use this list as an anchor for finding the other two members of the triple at a "fine-grained" level—paragraph contexts or less.
We first demonstrate a vector space model for finding opinionated contexts in which the innovation targets are mentioned. We can find paragraph-level contexts by searching for an "expresses-an-opinion-about" relation between sources and targets using a supervised model with an SVM that uses features derived from a general-purpose subjectivity lexicon and a corpus indexing tool. We show that our algorithm correctly filters the domain relevant subset of subjectivity terms so that they are more highly valued.
We then turn to identifying the opinion. Typically, opinions in opinion mining are taken to be positive or negative. We discuss a crowd sourcing technique developed to create the seed data describing human perception of opinion bearing language needed for our supervised learning algorithm. Our user interface successfully limited the meta-subjectivity inherent in the task ("What is an opinion?") while reliably retrieving relevant opinionated words using labour not expert in the domain.
Finally, we developed a new data structure and modeling technique for connecting targets with the correct within-sentence opinionated language. Syntactic relatedness tries (SRTs) contain all paths from a dependency graph of a sentence that connect a target expression to a candidate opinionated word. We use factor graphs to model how far a path through the SRT must be followed in order to connect the right targets to the right words. It turns out that we can correctly label significant portions of these tries with very rudimentary features such as part-of-speech tags and dependency labels with minimal processing. This technique uses the data from the crowdsourcing technique we developed as training data.
We conclude by placing our work in the context of a larger sentiment classification pipeline and by describing a model for learning from the data structures produced by our work. This work contributes to computational linguistics by proposing and verifying new data gathering techniques and applying recent developments in machine learning to inference over grammatical structures for highly subjective purposes. It applies a suffix tree-based data structure to model opinion in a specific domain by imposing a restriction on the order in which the data is stored in the structure.


The literature on father involvement suggests that the value men ascribe to the father role is important for understanding their involvement with their children, yet this theory has received only limited empirical attention. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,554), I examined the association between fathers? identity salience reported at their child?s birth and their involvement (accessibility, engagement, and responsibility) when their child was about 1, 3, and 5 years old, carefully considering the role played by fathers? residence status. I found that fathers? identity salience predicted future levels of engagement net of a large number of fathers? characteristics, and that fathers with high identity salience were more likely to reside with their child, which facilitated their involvement. These results suggest that programs designed to enhance the salience of the father role would be useful for teaching men to become more involved fathers.


At the end of the 19th century, Georg Jellinek developed a new theoretical foundation of international law, which he termed a "positivist" approach to international law. It became by far the most influential theory of international law developed in the 19th century in Europe. The structural ingredients of his attempt to construct a "scientific" foundation of international law as a binding and objective law of an "international community" continue to encapsulate the cornerstones, paradoxes and limits of liberal constitutionalist thinking in international law. In the 20th century reception of his international law works, Jellinek's concept of "autolimitation" was often portrayed as a staunch apotheosis of German (hegelian) notions of absolute State sovereignty (by Kelsen and Lauterpacht). Although this somewhat distorted reception during the interwar period seems to have buried a more nuanced understanding of Jellinek's sophisticated theory of a "proto-constitution" of international law, it has after all had an arguably lasting impact on our modern concept of international law.


In this paper, we develop a new stability and convergence theory for highly indefinite elliptic partial differential equations by considering the Helmholtz equation at high wave number as our model problem. The key element in this theory is a novel k-explicit regularity theory for Helmholtz boundary value problems that is based on decomposing the solution into in two parts: the first part has the H2-Sobolev regularity expected of elliptic PDEs but features k-independent regularity constants; the second part is an analytic function for which k-explicit bounds for all derivatives are given. This decomposition is worked out in detail for several types of boundary value problems including the case Robin boundary conditions in domains with analytic boundary and in convex polygons. As the most important practical application we apply our full error analysis to the classical hp-version of the finite element method (hp-FEM) where the dependence on the mesh width h, the approximation order p, and the wave number k is given explicitly. In particular, under the assumption that the solution operator for Helmholtz problems grows only polynomially in k, it is shown that quasi-optimality is obtained under the conditions that kh/p is sufficiently small and the polynomial degree p is at least O(log k). AMS Subject Classification: 35J05, 65N12, 65N30


The expansion of Federal Housing Administration lending has let households with imperfect credit or the inability to make a large down payment maintain access to mortgage borrowing. Rather than excluding such households, lenders have been applying strict underwriting conditions on all borrowers. Clarifying what constitutes approved lending may help relax credit conditions with minimal increase in risk.


The phase transitions and hygroscopic growth of two humic acid aerosols (Aldrich sodium salt and Leonardite Standard (IHSS)) and their mixtures with ammonium sulphate have been investigated using a combination of two techniques, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and tandem differential mobility analysis (TDMA). A growth factor of 1.16 at 85% relative humidity ( RH ) was found for the Aldrich humic acid which can be regarded as an upper limit for growth factors of humic-like substances (HULIS) found in atmospheric aerosol and is significantly smaller than that of typical atmospheric inorganics. We find that the humic acid aerosols exhibit water uptake over all relative humidities with no apparent phase changes, suggesting that these aerosols readily form supersaturated droplets. In the mixed particles, the humic acid component decreases the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and increases the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of the ammonium sulphate component, and there is some degree of water uptake prior to ammonium sulphate deliquescence. In addition, at low RH, the FTIR spectra show that the ammonium is present in a different chemical environment in the mixed aerosols than in crystalline ammonium sulphate, perhaps existing as a complex with the humic materials. The growth factors of the mixed aerosols are intermediate between those of the singlecomponent aerosols and can be predicted assuming that the inorganic and organic fractions take up water independently. Correspondence to: J. P. D. Abbatt (firstname.lastname@example.com)


The mechanism which implement in this device is to help visual impairment people and also to modify the hardcopy hospital data into softcopy. The modified softcopy file will be stored as a backup in the drop box. In this project, a device which developed by a web is converts an image text to speech. The basic structure of the system is to capture an image, extract only the interest region (i.e. The image region which has text) and converts that text speech. The device is implemented with the help of system and a web camera. It locates the parts of images which contains the text and eliminate the background by various image pre-processing from the captured image. Two tools are required to convert the captured image (which contains text only).


Hired to design and monitor construction at Boston's Logan Airport, engineers at S E A Consultant's quickly realized that they would have to supplement their CADD packages with additional programming. At a point in the process when projects are often taken off CADD they developed quick and dirty applications to assist in the design phase. Massachusetts Port Authority (MASSPORT) hired the firm to oversee improvements: Texturing the pavement milling to remove grooves, laying a 3 in. thickness of bituminous concrete, and adjusting the grade for more than 700 runway lights. S E A engineers and designers operate the CADD system directly, rather than deferring to a separate drafting or CADD group. The designer responsible for this design is on the system and in full control of the data. This eliminates much conflict. CADD system advances have left the design industry in a quandary. Most firms have a design gap when it comes to CADD use. Usually, the best CADD operators are the least experienced designers and the more experienced design engingeers and managers have the least CADD knowledge. This gap must be bridged in order to realize the promise of CADD. At S E A, senior designers are working closely with younger CADD-literate junior engineers, who are, in turn, gaining experience from working closely with senior staff.


Gender based violence is a common social problem in Nigeria especially in the Northern parts of Nigeria. There has been an increase in the cases of domestic violence, sexual exploitation, forced early marriage, and rape of minors since the spate of book haram insurgency. This is an empirical study of domestic violence against women in Makurdi metropolis of Benue State. It is a descriptive survey using qualitative and quantitative methods to obtain data from the respondents on the magnitude of domestic violence as well as the cultural practices that predispose women to domestic violence. Three hundred and seventy six respondents were selected using cluster, simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was done using questionnaire and key informant interview. The findings revealed that the magnitude of domestic violence against women in that area is relatively high, and that some cultural values and practices such as male preference, freedom of men to discipline their wives, traditional consideration of women as inheritable properties of men and the disposition that women are second class citizens in the society are the major cultural practices that engender domestic violence against women. About 52.1% of the respondents were of the opinion that the incidence of domestic violence is high, while 63.3% had experienced domestic violence at one time or the other. Also 43.7% said that cultural values and practices are the major causes of domestic violence in the area. The study then concludes that the major causes of domestic violence in the study area are the effects of some cultural values and practices.


The author proposes a method to identify the three-dimensional positions of fluorescent biomarkers by recording just two images. In the proposed method, the x and y positions of all fluorescent markers are recorded in the first exposure, and the z positions are obtained from a blurred image in the second exposure. The author has verified this method using a specimen with 1 μm deep grooves and applied it to measuring chromatic aberration and the separation between two biological probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization cells. The method offers the advantage of greatly reduced data storage requirements.


This paper examines the statistical properties of inflation in a sample of inflation-targeting and non-inflation-targeting countries. First, it analyses the time-varying volatility of a measure of the persistent component of inflation. Based on this measure, inflation-targeting countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom) have experienced a relatively more pronounced fall in the volatility of inflation than non-inflation-targeting countries (Austria, France, Germany, Japan and the United States). But it is hard to say whether inflation is more volatile in inflation-targeting or non-inflation-targeting countries. Second, it analyses whether inflation became easier to forecast after the introduction of inflation targeting. It finds that inflation became easier to forecast in both inflation-targeting and non-inflation-targeting countries; the improvement was greater for the former group but forecast errors remain smaller for the latter group.


In the Netherlands, there will be an urgent need for additional housing by the year 2040, which mainly has to be realized within the existing built environment rather than in the spatial extension of cities. In this data-driven study, we investigated the effects of different urban planning strategies on heat stress for the current climate and future climate scenarios (year 2050) for the urban agglomeration of The Hague. Heat stress is here expressed as the number of days exceeding minimum temperatures of 20 °C in a year. Thereto, we applied a diagnostic equation to determine the daily maximum urban heat island based on routine meteorological observations and straightforward urban morphological properties including the sky-view factor and the vegetation fraction. Moreover, we utilized the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's (KNMI) climate scenarios to transform present-day meteorological hourly time series into the future time series. The urban planning strategies differ in replacing low- and mid-rise buildings with high-rise buildings (which reduces the sky-view factor), and constructing buildings on green areas (which reduces the vegetation fraction). We found that, in most cases, the vegetation fraction is a more critical parameter than the sky-view factor to minimize the extra heat stress incurred when densifying the neighbourhood. This means that an urban planning strategy consisting of high-rise buildings and preserved green areas is often the best solution. Still, climate change will have a larger impact on heat stress for the year 2050 than the imposed urban densification.


Pellets of the Pharaoh Eagle Owl Bubo ascalaphus were collected from Azraq Nature Reserve in the Eastern Desert of Jordan. Analysis of the content of the owl pellets yielded the remains of 107 individuals of prey representing 15 different species. Based on the numbers of individual prey items, 13.1% was represented by 3 insectivores (Hemiechinus aff. auritus, Crocidura suaveolens, and Suncus etruscus) and 73.8% by 4 rodents (Mus aff. musculus, Meriones libycus, Gerbillus nanus, and Jaculus jaculus). In total, mammals constituted 86.9% of the total number of prey items and 89.9% of the prey mass. We also identified 4 birds (Passer domesticus, Luscinia sp, Sylvia sp, one belonging to Alaudidae family), as well as 2 unidentified lizards, 1 snake, and 2 insects.


History: TG‐135 was approved by AAPM at the 2006 Annual Meeting. The intent of this TG was to fill the gap between TG‐40, which does not cover certain QA aspects of newer radiation delivery devices, and TG‐100, which will revise our current QA paradigm. General Outline of Report: The report consists of three major sections: (1) QA for individual system components, (2) QA for the integrated systems, (3) a summary with QA checklists. At the time of publication there is only one FDA‐approved roboticradiosurgery system (Cyberknife, Accuray Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) on the market, therefore the report is often vendor‐specific. Technologies which became available in the clinic after the report was submitted for review (e.g. IRIS collimator, XSight lung tracking) were not included. Major Highlights: Each individual Cyberknife component will be discussed, with reference to applicable AAPM reports and additional QA recommendations if necessary. We also highlight areas in which a good QA approach has not yet been developed. Those include the QA of the imager systems, but also periodic QA of individual beam pointing accuracy. The second section, QA for integrated systems, explains how the various subsystems interact, and how to design a QA program for the feedback loops. Similar to the individual component QA, there are areas in the integrated systems QA where more work needs to be done. This includes e.g. QA of the interaction between image quality and tracking algorithm accuracy, and individual beam pointing QA for non‐isocentric plans. The Task Group's recommendations on patient‐like and individual patient QA are also included. The report summarizes daily, monthly, annual and special considerations (software and hardware upgrades, earthquakes, etc). Report as it relates to TG‐100: This report is intended to give QA recommendations based on the philosophy of TG‐40. The QM approach to roboticradiosurgery will have to be adapted to the TG‐100 philosophy after its publication, which includes the data collection for a FMEA analysis for this relatively new technology. Implementation Plan: The recommendations of TG‐135 should be critically evaluated by the site physicist after the report is published. Changes to the existing QA program should be made at the next scheduled incidence (i.e. changes for the annual QA at the next annual QA). Roboticradiosurgery is a fast‐evolving field, therefore keeping informed through reading peer‐reviewed literature and attending CE programs on QA is essential. Timeline for Report Release: At the time of abstract submission, TG‐135 was undergoing the second revision within its subcommittee, with the goal of being submitted to the TPC for review and a publication in summer/fall of 2009. Learning Objectives: 1. Be aware of the estimated publication date for the report, report structure, and implementation plan. 2. Understand the difference between individual component QA and integrated systems QA. 3. Know which areas of roboticradiosurgery QA are still under development. 4. Anticipate the future change of QA philosophy for roboticradiosurgery with TG‐100.


The coating deposition on large optical components (diameter 350 mm) has required the development of new metrology tools at 1064 nm. To give realistic values of the optical performances, the whole surface of the component needs to be scanned. Our scatterometer (commercial system) has been upgraded to support large and heavy samples. The other metrology tools are prototypes we have developed. We can mention the absorption (photothermal effect) and birefringence bench, a control interferometer equipped with an original stitching option, the optical profilometer (RMS roughness and small defect measurements). A detailed description of these metrology benches will be exposed. Their sensitivity, accuracy and capability to map the optical properties of substrates or mirrors will be discussed. We will describe the recent developments: the stitching option adapted to the Micromap profilometer to measure the RMS roughness on larger area (exploration of a new spatial frequency domain), the accurate bulk absorption calibration.


Crustal-growth curves are the same as crustal-age distributions only in the absence of crustal recycling into the mantle, and are likely to be very different for Earth. Phanerozoic crust is more elevated, on average, compared to the ancient cratons, and thus may be preferentially eroded and deposited onto the mobile ocean floor. Ultimately, this may lead to the preferential recycling of young crust into the mantle. A simplified crustal-growth model shows that preferential recycling of young crust can lead to an apparent peak in crustal growth at 2–3 Ga. Furthermore, the time dependence and uneven positioning of ocean-continent convergence (sites of contemporaneous crustal growth and removal) with respect to the continents are likely to lead to rather irregular age distributions for each individual continent, with an apparent episodicity on a scale of hundreds of millions of years. Finally, considerations of the physics of convection reveals that rapid changes in mantle temperature are strongly inhibited because of the temperature dependence of silicate rheology. Episodic global magmatism and hence episodic crustal growth are not expected from our understanding of mantle convection.


This cluster brings together a selection of the papers presented at the 'Limits and Extensions of the Subject in Contemporary Iberian Culture / Limits i extensions del subjecte en la cultura iberica contemporania' conference, linked to the research project 'Nous subjectes en la creacio catalana contemporania' ['New subjects in contemporary Catalan creation'] (FFI2015-65110-P). The conference took place in July 2017 at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, thanks to the support from Professor Dominic Keown, member of the project research team, and the involvement of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Cambridge and the Department of Catalan Philology and General Linguistics at the University of the Balearic Islands. The event heard twenty-four presentations and two conversations with artists: video artist Matilde Obradors showed the film Exili and performer Marcel·li Antunez staged 'Whale Island: a systematurgic process'. 1 This presentation includes a brief review of the monographic contents preceded by two satellite notes: the first on types of creativity located on the fringes of anthropocentrism and the second on criticism of the latter.


A dispersion equation is derived for shear horizontally polarized acoustic waves propagating on a finite thickness substrate covered by a finite thickness guiding layer with a shear acoustic speed less than that of the substrate. It is shown that the equation has two types of solution corresponding to traditional Love waves and to shear horizontally polarized acoustic plate modes (SH-APMs). Numerical calculations show that each Love wave mode has an associated spectrum of layer-guided acoustic plate modes and that higher order Love wave modes are continuations of the layer-guided SH-APMs. Further, it is shown that the mass sensitivity is related to the slope of the dispersion equation and that layer-guided SH-APMs have far higher mass sensitivity than non-layer-guided SH-APMs. Sensors based on these layer-guided SH-APM modes may have advantages for liquid phase operation because the mode can be excited using the opposite face to that used for sensing. Preliminary experimental results are presented for the dispersion curve of layer-guided SH-APMs. The effect of guiding layer thickness, high and multiple frequency operation and dispersion is discussed for Love waves on a (semi-) infinite substrate.


OBJECTIVES
to explore midwives' attitudes and perceptions about extending their role to the examination of the newborn baby, as well as their general perceptions and attitudes to new role developments.

DESIGN
qualitative, data collected using semi-structured interviews, which were exploratory and interactive in form.

SETTING
six maternity hospitals in South-east England.

PARTICIPANTS
ten midwives were purposefully selected, including five trained in the examination of the newborn baby and currently conducting examinations and five who had not. Most of the midwives had been qualified for over ten years and had a wide range of clinical experience in hospital and community settings.

FINDINGS
midwives identified many benefits to themselves, to their profession and to the mothers as a result of developing their role into the examination of the newborn baby. The major benefit cited was improved job satisfaction, which was directly related to their ability to give continuity and total care to mothers and babies. Midwives also perceived that undertaking the examination strengthened their position as autonomous practitioners, by enabling them to provide total care to mothers and babies who fitted their criteria of normality. Moreover, midwives thought that improvements in the overall quality of care to mothers would result from them performing the examination, including improved communication, greater continuity of care and a more holistic examination. Although midwives were concerned about possible increase in workloads and pressure to take on new roles, the examination was generally perceived as being easily incorporated into their current practice without compromising overall standards in midwifery care. Midwives expressed concern about 'extending' practice into areas that did not fit their perceptions of normality and about being 'pressurised' into taking on new roles.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
it would appear from this study that an important consideration for midwives in their acceptance of new roles, is the relationship of that role to their position as experts in normality. Midwives in this study viewed the examination of the newborn baby as 'fitting in' with their perceptions of the core values of midwifery.


The prognostic impact of BRAF-V600 tumor mutations in stage I/II melanoma patients has not yet been analyzed in detail. We investigated primary tumors of 437 patients diagnosed between 1989 and 2006 by Sanger sequencing. Mutations were detected in 38.7% of patients and were associated with age, histological subtype as well as mitotic rate. The mutational rate was 36.7% in patients with disease-free course and 51.7% in those with subsequent distant metastasis (p = 0.031). No difference in overall survival (p = 0.119) but a trend for worse distant-metastasis-free survival (p = 0.061) was observed in BRAF mutant compared to BRAF wild-type patients. Independent prognostic factors for overall survival were tumor thickness, mitotic rate and ulceration. An interesting significant prognostic impact was observed in patients with tumor thickness of 1 mm or less, with the mutation present in 6 of 7 patients dying from melanoma. In conclusion, no significant survival differences were found according to BRAF-V600 tumor mutations in patients with primary melanoma but an increasing impact of the mutational status was observed in the subgroup of patients with tumor thickness of 1 mm or less. A potential role of the mutational status as a prognostic factor especially in this subgroup needs to be investigated in larger studies.


This textbook accommodates the two divergent developmental paths which have become solidly established in the field of fusion energy: the process of sequential tokamak development toward a prototype and the need for a more fundamental and integrative research approach before costly design choices are made.Emphasis is placed on the development of physically coherent and mathematically clear characterizations of the scientific and technological foundations of fusion energy which are specifically suitable for a first course on the subject. Of interest, therefore, are selected aspects of nuclear physics, electromagnetics, plasma physics, reaction dynamics, materials science, and engineering systems, all brought together to form an integrated perspective on nuclear fusion and its practical utilization.The book identifies several distinct themes. The first is concerned with preliminary and introductory topics which relate to the basic and relevant physical processes associated with nuclear fusion. Then, the authors undertake an analysis of magnetically confined, inertially confined, and low-temperature fusion energy concepts. Subsequently, they introduce the important blanket domains surrounding the fusion core and discuss synergetic fusion-fission systems. Finally, they consider selected conceptual and technological subjects germane to the continuing development of fusion energy systems.


Studies of fecal pellet fluxes and retention have revealed that most pellets are degraded within the surface waters. However, the key degraders are poorly known. The retention of carbon and nutrient is not matched by bacterial respiration and the major degradation process is believed to be coprophagy (ingestion of fecal pellets) by copepods, though field evidence lacks. We observed copepods rejecting pellets immediately after capture, often with pellet fragmentation as outcome. Pellet ingestion was rare and only of small pellet fragments unintentionally along with alternative food. Therefore, coprorhexy (fragmentation of pellets) seems the main impact by copepods, and they are not the key degraders. From size fractionation of the plankton community (Oresund, Denmark), we identified large heterotrophic dinoflagellates as major pellet degraders in the upper ocean. In deeper waters bacterial degradation dominates, only limited by pellet residence time, which is hypothesized to be dependent on ballast minerals. Bacterial degradation was independent on ballast material whereas sinking velocity increased with denser diet, leading to <10-fold higher carbon flux with coccolithophorid and diatom diets than with flagellate diet.


J ohn Hunter, the acclaimed "father of scientifi c surgery," understood human anatomy through a process of careful dissection. From 1750 to 1793, he revolutionized modern surgical anatomy through the dissection of thousands of human samples derived from fresh human cadavers, which came from fresh graves (1). He was credited with educating over 2000 surgeons globally based on the doctrine of observation, experimentation, and application of scientifi c evidence, rather than a reliance on potions, humors, and superstitions to manage disease. Th e early American surgeons who attended these highly desired anatomy courses included Philip Syng Physick, William Shippen, John Morgan, and many others who helped establish the foundations of American medical education. John Hunter was also a brilliant biologist and naturalist, having dissected and stored thousands of animals and plants. His considerable samples represented the entire initial display of the Royal College of Surgeons Museum. In two lengthy volumes, entitled Essays and Observations on Natural History, Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology, and Geology, he identifi ed the remarkable similarity of muscles and organs between various species. John Hunter proposed a gradual formation of species through mutation 70 years before Charles Darwin published his observations in On the Origin of the Species. Th erefore, history reveals that surgeons are uniquely capable of gathering information, making observations, and reaching conclusions about scientifi c discoveries. As the scientifi c community is faced with new challenges to time-honored conclusions regarding the origin of the species, the origin of humans, and evolution, it is appropriate to dissect this new corpus of information with fairness and modern knowledge. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to review the arguments that have been leveled against the concept of evolution as proposed by Charles Darwin and John Hunter, surgeon and biologist extraordinaire. Since this review is off ered by a physician and surgeon, it might be appropriate to provide evidence of qualifi cation and credibility for such a scientifi c endeavor. Medicine is a fi eld that attracts some of the brightest minds, based on competitive test scores and undergraduate performance. Modern premedical education commonly includes a typical bachelor's of science degree in biology, chemistry, mathematics, biochemistry, or molecular biology. Medical education includes 2 years of basic From the Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.


When a graph neural network (GNN) made a prediction, one raises question about explainability: "Which fraction of the input graph is most influential to the model's decision?" Producing an answer requires understanding the model's inner workings in general and emphasizing the insights on the decision for the instance at hand. Nonetheless, most of current approaches focus only on one aspect: (1) local explainability, which explains each instance independently, thus hardly exhibits the class-wise patterns; and (2) global explainability, which systematizes the globally important patterns, but might be trivial in the local context. This dichotomy limits the flexibility and effectiveness of explainers greatly. A performant paradigm towards multi-grained explainability is until-now lacking and thus a focus of our work. In this work, we exploit the pre-training and fine-tuning idea to develop our explainer and generate multi-grained explanations. Specifically, the pre-training phase accounts for the contrastivity among different classes, so as to highlight the class-wise characteristics from a global view; afterwards, the fine-tuning phase adapts the explanations in the local context. Experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets show the superiority of our explainer, in terms of AUC on explaining graph classification over the leading baselines. Our codes and datasets are available at https://github.com/Wuyxin/ReFine.


Traces of thoughts. The place of a theology of the Septuagint in biblical scholarship: In the past decades, research has raised the idea of a theology of the Septuagint (LXX) on various occasions. Important works were recently published on this topic in the Handbuch zur Septuaginta and the Septuagint and Cognate Studies series. The general theological tendencies of the LXX are identified by scholars in eschatology, messianism, anti-anthropomorphism and angelology. These tend to all be regarded as further developments of the theology of the Hebrew Bible (HB). However, one can trace the evolution of these and other main topics of the LXX in the New Testament (NT) and in the later apostolic writings as well. Based on three concise case studies, I point out the evolution of theological ideas from the HB through the LXX up to the NT in this paper. First, I will discuss the importance of the 'Name of God'-theology which is increasingly present in the LXX and has a key role in the messianic passages of the NT. Then in two points it will be argued that addressing Jesus as κύριος implies theological accents which can be detected in the LXX. These observations aim to show that the development of the religious ideologies of the HB can be followed not only in the LXX but in the NT and beyond as well. The importance of a theology of the LXX goes beyond the HB research, having significant implications for the NT as well. In fact, such theology could build the bridge between the HB and the NT, and should not only be written from the viewpoint of the HB but also considering the NT. Contribution: This contribution traces the routes of three theological concepts originating in the Hebrew Bible developed further in the LXX and finally adopted by the New Testament. Based on these three examples, it is suggested here as a novel idea that a theology of the LXX should not be written only with the Hebrew Bible in mind but also considering the New Testament.


Split execution is a common model for providing a friendly environment on a foreign machine. In this model, a remotely executing process sends some or all of its system calls back to a home environment for execution. Unfortunately, hand-coding split execution systems for experimentation and research is difficult and error-prone. We have built a tool, called Bypass, for quickly producing portable and correct split execution systems for unmodified legacy applications. We demonstrate Bypass by using it to transparently connect a POSIX application to a simple data staging system based on the Globus toolkit.


Philosophy of Medicine: 5 Questions is a collection of short interviews based on five provoking questions presented to some of the most influential and prominent scholars in field. They present us with their views on philosophy of medicine, its aim, scope, use, the future direction of philosophy of medicine and how their work fits in these respects. Interviews with Vilhjalmur Arnason, Daniel Callahan, Arthur L. Caplan, Ruth Chadwick, Bill (KVM) Fulford, Henk ten Have, Bjorn Hofmann, Soren Holm, Ingvar Johansson, Niels Lynoe, Ruth Macklin, Lennart Nordenfelt, Onora O'Neill, Peter Rossel, Udo Schuklenk


The ion plating techniques are classified relative to the instrumental set up, evaporation media and mode of transport. Distinction is d ; --4n between the low vacuum ( plasma) and high vacuum ( ion beam) techniques. Ion plating technology is discussed at the fundamental and industrial level. At the fundamental level, the capabilities and limitations of the plasma (evaporant flux) and film characteristics are evaluated. And on the industrial level, the performance and potential uses of ion plated films are discussed. v co co W INTRODUCTION A cursory survey of the literature reveals that since the ion plating technique was first reported in 1964, it has been referred by a vareity of terms such as vacuum ion plating, ion vapor deposition, reactive ion plating, bias sputtering, ion evaporation, ion beam plating and so on. Consequently, it can be concluded that the high degree of ion plating diversifications which exist in instrumental set ups and evaporation media are responsible for the many new terms that have been generated to designate a particular system more specifically. The extensive variation in the instrumental set ups and requirements has precluded the manufacture of a standard ion plating unit in volume production. Each laboratory or industrial operation uses its own unit construction with its own specialized instrumental features to best meet its requirements. The activity and interest in ion plating has primarily developed at two levels: the industrial or technological and the fundamental cr laboratory. At the industrial level, ion plating has proliferated into many areas in which other coating techniques have not been successful. For instance, ion plating technology is well established in the aerospace and aircraft industry for the application of tribological coatings to reduce friction and wear and protective coatings to resist corrosion and oxidation. The technique is used on a production scale to aluminize aircraft components for corrosion protection. It is suitable also for rack coating of large components and barrel coating for a large number of small steel fasteners. The industrial interest in ion plating stems from the unique features which it offers: (1) the high energy flux of ions and energetic neutrals which contribute to the excellent adherence and (2) the high throwing power which is responsible for the three-dimensional coverage which have been widely discussed (refs. 1 to 3). On the fundamental or laboratory level, there is a noticeable trend toward improving and understanding the energetics of the evaporant flux. Increased energizing of the process generally leads to improved film adhesion, favorable film morphological growth, higher film density, and reduced residual stresses in the film. To control the film properties and establish the optimum plating conditions it is important to understand the plating


In this essay I evaluate Uwe Steinhoff's arguments for "The Moral Equality of Modern Combatants and the Myth of Justified War." I introduce, and briefly explore, several ways of critiquing Steinhoff's claim that combatants fighting on two sides of a war have an equal liberty-right to kill each other even if one side is fighting a justified war and the other is not. Moreover, I contend that Steinhoff's thesis about the myth of justified war, despite being too strong, does not suffer from a lack of general plausibility. The notion of "just" warfare is fragile for moral as well as epistemic reasons, and this fragility may not have found sufficient recognition and expression in contemporary moral thinking about war. While Steinhoff's intricate moral architecture may not be aesthetically pleasing, it seems better suited to account for the fragility of justified warfare than moral accounts which draw strictly binary distinctions between just and unjust warfare.


ABSTRACT Microbialites comprise the mineralized record of early life on Earth and preserve a spectrum of fabrics that reflect complex physical, chemical, and biological interactions. The relatively rarity of microbialites in modern environments, however, challenges our interpretation of ancient structures. Here we report the occurrence of microbial mats, mineral precipitates, and oncoids in the Laguna Negra, a high-altitude hypersaline Andean lake in Catamarca Province, Argentina. Laguna Negra is a Ca-Na-Cl brine where abundant carbonate precipitation takes place. Extreme environmental conditions, including high UV radiation, elevated salinity, and temperature extremes, restrict multicellular life so that mineralization reflects a combination of local hydrologic conditions, lake geochemistry, and microbial activity. The resulting carbonates consist of micritic laminae, botryoidal cement fans, and isopachous cement laminae that are strikingly similar to those observed in Proterozoic stromatolites, providing insight into mechanisms of mineralization. Here, increased saturation with respect to carbonate minerals reflects mixing of spring-fed inlets and lake waters, favoring microbialite formation and preservation. This highlights the importance of hydrological mixing zones in microbialite formation and as taphonomic windows to record microbial activity. Recent discoveries of minerals related to evaporating playa-lake systems on Mars further highlights the potential of Laguna Negra to provide critical insight into biosignature preservation in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial settings.


Our objective is to identify a way of checking empirically the extent to which expectations are de-coupled from inflation, how well they might be anchored in the long run, and at what level. This methodology allows us then to identify a measure for the degree of anchorness, and as anchored expectations are associated with credibility, this will serve as a proxy for credibility. We apply this methodology to the US history of inflation since 1963 and examine how well our measure tracks the periods for which credibility is known to be either low or high. Of particular interest to the validity of the measure is the start of the Great Moderation. Following the narrative of a number of well documented incidents in this period, we check how well our measure captures both the evolution of credibility in US monetary policy, as well as reactions to inflation scares.


As in any technology systems, analysis and design issues are among the fundamental challenges in persuasive technology. Currently, the Persuasive Systems Development (PSD) framework is considered to be the most comprehensive framework for designing and evaluation of persuasive systems. However, the framework is limited in terms of providing detailed information which can lead to selection of appropriate techniques depending on the variable nature of users or use over time.
In light of this, we propose a model which is intended for analysing and implementing behavioural change in persuasive technology called the 3D-RAB model. The 3D-RAB model represents the three dimensional relationships between attitude towards behaviour, attitude towards change or maintaining a change, and current behaviour, and distinguishes variable levels in a user's cognitive state. As such it provides a framework which could be used to select appropriate techniques for persuasive technology.


Three radiative transfer models were coupled to simulate forest radiances at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) level:
1) the PROSPECT leaf model, 2) the 4SAIL2 canopy model which includes the hotspot and clumping effects, and 3) the MODTRAN atmospheric radiative transfer model. The output of the coupled model can be compared to radiances measured at satellite level. The study area consisted of two Norway spruce stands in Eastern Czech Republic. The field data were collected in the first half of September 2006 and the CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) data were acquired on September 22, 2006. The coupled model was applied for the two stands, using a single set of
atmospheric parameters for the four available CHRIS viewing directions. The simulated TOA radiances were systematically too high compared to the CHRIS data, for the four viewing
directions. However, the simulated spectral and directional trends matched those measured by CHRIS. After investigation, it was found that the reflectance values simulated by the coupled model at the top of the canopy
(TOC) were too high and caused the TOA radiances to be too high. Further research will therefore focus on
improving the simulation of the TOC reflectances.


This article reports from a research study concerning online distance study for competence development of vocational rehabilitation clients. The students included in the study are adults with health problems participating in a rehabilitation process to re-enter into working life. As a group the students are characterized by difficulties, problems and diagnoses that for many represent learning disadvantages. The study examines the results of combining individual online distance learning with support organized by a local vocational rehabilitation enterprise. In this article student support refers to all kinds of non-academic services and help to students, and does not include any face-to-face teaching or tutoring. The amount and type of local support given and how it has been experienced by the individual student may vary between the different enterprises, dependent on their budgets, number of students in the learning room, types of programmes studied and individual needs of the local students. The study indicates that online line study with adequate local support may constitute a good solution for this target group. Both case handlers in the Labour and Welfare Administration, local counsellors and the students themselves report positive experiences with the learning solution examined. Statistics on completions and withdrawals demonstrate that the group of potentially disadvantaged learners achieve well in online study when they receive sufficient social, technical and practical support.


Gradual increase of antibiotic resistance is a global problem. In this study, we have developed an alternative approach as an alternative to conventional antibiotics from the natural source to solve the antibiotic resistance problem. Some normal microflora were isolated from healthy human skin, their antimicrobial efficacy were examined against some skin and intestinal pathogens initially by cross streak method and finally by disc and well diffusion method. Two normal microflora (e.g., Bacillus licheniformis and Corynebacterium jeikeium) were observed producing antimicrobial metabolites which were effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, with maximum antimicrobial activity at 25C, 48h, pH 9 and 37C, 72h, pH 7 respectively. Only the antimicrobial metabolites produced by Bacillus licheniformis was detected as bacteriocin like substances which was further confirmed as antimicrobial peptide through papain treatment. Efficacy of crude bacteriocin like substances was compared with 10 commercially available antibiotics against Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Of these, 4 antibiotics were found resistant but crude bacteriocin like substances along with 6 other antibiotics showed remarkable susceptibility. Therefore, more studies on the efficacy of this bacteriocin like substances needs to be done to fully understand its mechanism and potentiality as novel antimicrobials.


Endometriosis has baffled us for almost a century. Despite important advances, there is a constant struggle to confidently answer many fundamental questions regarding this enigmatic disease. Lack of a widely accepted classification system that accurately describes the extent and severity of the disease and takes into account various phenotypes-in particular deep infiltrative diseaseis amongst factors that have hindered research in the field. Furthermore, comparison of surgical outcomes and complication rates requires a tool that accurately describes surgical complexity. Numerous systems for classification or staging of endometriosis have been proposed to date. The most commonly used is currently the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine (rASRM) (1). rASRM has been criticized for its arbitrary point system, its poor reproducibility and lack of correlation with symptoms (2). Also, this system is unhelpful in describing deep infiltrative endometriosis. The Enzian system (3) attempts to address some of the above problems in more advanced diseases but has failed to gain wide acceptance, perhaps because of its complexity. Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) has shown promise in predicting pregnancy outcomes (4) and is the only system validated to predict a clinical outcome in endometriosis but is not designed to benchmark surgical complexity or to correlate with symptoms. Attempts to develop a better classification system are ongoing (2) but are we on the right track? The more we understand endometriosis, the clearer it becomes that the highly complex nature of the disease defies a single all-encompassing classification system. Perhaps a system that accurately describes the surgical findings, whilst correlating with symptoms and predicting fertility outcomes cannot exist as the pathophysiology of the disease and the ways it causes its multitude of symptoms are convoluted. The success of EFI is due to its narrow scope and the fact that it doesn't aim to solve all the problems at the same time. Therefore, a similar approach is needed to devise a system that limits itself to describing the surgical findings; without attempting to correlate with symptoms or fertility outcomes. We have been working on such a system in the last two years. VNESS (Visual Numeric Endometriosis Surgical Staging) merely describes intra-operative findings using 8 numbers. Each number corresponds to a compartment in the pelvis, starting from the left adnexa, and going down to the pouch of Douglas and back up to the right adnexa. The disease severity in each compartment can be between 0 (No disease) to 4 (Visceral invasion). A "Complexity score" on a scale of 0-10 accompanies VNESS to assist in benchmarking for surgical outcome and complication rates. VNESS does not attempt to correlate with symptoms and only attempts to turn intraoperative findings into quantitative values. Results of validation studies using videotaped procedures with multiple scorers are encouraging, showing excellent intra-observer and inter-observer correlation (5, 6). A classification system is a language for communication and like languages, its survival depends on its simplicity, practicality, flexibility and the number of its users. We are forming an international collaborative group to refine this new language and we invite interested endometriosis surgeons to join us.


New nanomaterials are leading to a range of emerging dental treatments that utilize more biomimetic materials that more closely duplicate natural tooth structure (or bone, in the case of implants). The use of nanostructures that will work in harmony with the body's own regenerative processes (eg, to restore tooth structure or alveolar bone) are moving into clinical practice. This book brings together an international team of experts from the fields of nanomaterials, biomedical engineering and dentistry, to cover the new materials and techniques with potential for use intra-orally or extra-orally for the restoration, fixation, replacement, or regeneration of hard and soft tissues in and about the oral cavity and craniofacial region. New dental nanotechnologies include the use of advanced inorganic and organic materials, smart and biomimetic materials, tissue engineering and drug delivery strategies. This book prepared by an interdisciplinary and international group of bio-nanomaterial scientists and dental/oral biomedical researchers. It is a comprehensive professional reference for the subject covering materials fabrication and use of materials for all major diagnostic and therapeutic dental applications - repair, restoration, regeneration, implants and prevention. This book focuses in depth on the materials manufacturing processes involved with emphasis on pre-clinical and clinical applications, use and biocompatibility.


Nonplanar, crossed-beam phase matching has been employed to obtain pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) [and coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS)] spectra to within a few wavenumbers of the incident pump frequency. Using this approach, the rotational CARS (and CSRS) radiation is spatially separated from the pump and Stokes beams; therefore small Raman shifts can be observed with a single monochromator.


The objective of the study was to assess the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of selected scales from four national and provincial surveys used to study the health status of community-dwelling seniors. Items on physical impairment, psychological well-being, activities of daily living, chronic health problems, social support, and stressful life events were selected from these surveys and administered in a group of 1,054 seniors, aged 65 and over, living in Wellington County, Ontario. Each scale exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > or = 0.70) except for the stressful life events and social support scales. The intra-class coefficients (rho) for all scales were > 0.80. In addition, almost all single items measures used in this study also exhibited high test-retest reliability (kappa > 0.80) except for measures of perceived health status (kappa = 0.69) and availability of help in crisis situation (kappa = 0.48).


This investigate an important options of cost reductions, offshore outsourcing is found interesting, these days phenomenon of economic downturn, decreasing oil prices and credit crunch cause intense competition so this study is an attempt to understand factors that what are the driving forces for offshore outsourcing in engineering services industry. This project studies the factors of offshore outsourcing practices of engineering services companies in the UK. The scope of study limited to industrial engineering services primarily in oil and gas industry, so this project is also aimed to understand offshore outsourcing practices of UK engineering services sector. The purpose of research is to review the available literature on offshore outsourcing and understand offshore outsourcing situations. This research will focus on knowledge in these fields. The discussions on finding would be focus on why "company" needs offshore outsourcing and "how" different factors help engineering services companies to take offshore outsourcing decisions


Micro or mini heat spreaders are used in the interest of providing higher cooling capability for microtechnologies. Heat spreaders using micro or mini channels are not yet well studied, for this the fundamentals of two-phase heat transfer in microchannels are being studied. Here, a comprehensive experimental two-phase flow study has been carried out on two single round tubes (D = 0.509 and 0.790 mm) and for two different fluids: R-134a and R-245fa. An optical measurement method for two-phase flow characterization in microtubes has been applied to determine the frequency of bubbles exiting a microevaporator, the coalescence rates of these bubbles and their lengths as well as their mean two-phase vapor velocity. Four principal flow patterns (bubbly flow, slug flow, semi-annular flow and annular flow) with their transitions (bubbly/slug flow and slug/semi-annular flow) were observed. A new type of flow pattern map for evaporating flow in microchannel has been developed. The first zone corresponds to the isolated bubble regime. It includes both bubbly flow or/and slug flow and is present up to the onset of coalescence. The second zone is the coalescing bubble regime. It is present up to the end of coalescence process. The third zone is the annular zone and is limited by the fourth zone of this diabatic map, the onset of critical heat flux. This flow pattern map can be used for heat transfer model and design of micro evaporator. The vapor velocity or cross sectional void fraction have been measured. For R-134a, the flow can be considered to be homogeneous (or near homogeneous). For R-245fa, more tests exhibit instabilities and surprisingly show vapor velocities below those of homogeneous flow. Frictional two-phase pressure drops have been measured over a wide range of conditions for the two microchannels and two fluids. Three regimes are distinguishable when regarding to the variation of the adiabatic frictional pressure drop with the vapor quality or the two-phase friction factor with the two-phase Reynolds number: a laminar regime for ReTP < 2000, a transition regime for 2000 ≤ ReTP ≤ 8000 and a turbulent regime for ReTP ≥ 8000. The turbulent two-phase flows are best predicted by the Muller-Steinhagen correlation. New accurate CHF data have been measured with the test facility. A new microchannel version of the Katto-Ohno correlation has been developed to predict the CHF in circular, uniformly heated microchannels. Moreover, a new transition curve from annular flow to dryout has been proposed.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare permeability measurements in high-grade and low-grade glial neoplasms using a T2(*)-weighted method. Our hypothesis was that permeability measurements using a T2(*)-weighted technique would show permeability in high-grade neoplasms to be higher than that in low-grade neoplasms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twelve patients with biopsy-proven high-grade neoplasms and 10 patients with biopsy-proven low-grade neoplasms underwent dynamic susceptibility contrast MR perfusion imaging (TR/TE, 1500/80) after bolus infusion of 0.2 mmol/kg of MR contrast material. Color-coded permeability-weighted maps were created using a model that weights relative contributions to signal intensity from intravascular T2(*) effects and extravascular T1 effects from blood-brain barrier permeability. Two measures of permeability were performed: mean value of highest permeability found on three images through the tumor (mean regional value) and highest value found at any region of interest in the tumor (single area of maximum permeability). Depending on the normality of the data sets, we used the Wilcoxon's rank sum test or the two-tailed Student's t test for statistical analysis.

RESULTS
For low-grade tumors, the range was 0.006-0.041, and the median of the mean regional value for each image was 0.017. For high-grade tumors, the range was 0.005-0.092, and the median of the mean regional value was 0.035 (p = 0.025). For low-grade tumors, the range was 0.008-0.045, and the mean of the single area of maximum values was 0.02. For high-grade tumors, the range was 0.007-0.136, and the mean of the single area of maximum values was 0.054 (p = 0.018).

CONCLUSION
Permeability values for high-grade tumors obtained using a T2(*)-weighted method were significantly greater than those for low-grade tumors and are consistent with previous studies reporting results using T1-weighted methods.


Power system protection is a relatively specialized topic that encompasses a large
variety of areas from generator protection at the source side to as far as motor
protection at the load end. However, the sources for a complete collection of
information on power system protections comprising the generator protection,
station bus protection, line protection, transformer protection and motor protection
are obviously scattered. Having been in the engineering consultancy business for
years, it is realized that finding even a fundamental knowledge of a particular
protection scheme in the line protection area in a convenient way is somewhat
cumbersome. There isn't any interactive multimedia application software that can
offer a complete compilation of topics on various power system protections
comprising not only theories but also some pertinent industry application
recommendations.
It is therefore the objective of the project to develop, using an expert system
approach, an interactive multimedia courseware to serve as a computer-based
training tool in power system protections by integrating technical theories, industrial application recommendations and some specific simulations by which the user has a
wide range of choices for obtaining technical information on power system
protection. The method involved in designing the courseware revolves around the
approach of using an authoring expert system shell Macromedia Director. It
provides the facility of blending the power system protection knowledge domain and
interactivity knowledge.


This paper critically examines identity tension in the National Health Service (NHS) and the associated consequences of inauthenticity, lack of credibility, and low self-efficacy. Data from 60 interviews with staff from a large acute care hospital (hereafter, Large East Midlands Trust (LEMT)) within England's NHS was collected. Analysis revealed that inauthenticity, lack of credibility, and lower perceived self-efficacy are components of identity tension that staff experience as they face the bidirectional pressure exerted on their professional and NHS identities by the demand to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This research is the first to tease out the specific aspects of identity tension that individuals experience in their multiple social identities in response to change in their organisational context. In doing so we contribute to the conference sub-theme: identity and change- how 'who we are' influences how we drive or cope with the unexpected.


FEATURES OF URBANIZATION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC In the Kyrgyz Republic, the urban population is 36 %. There are more than 31 cities in the country, and the main distinctive feature of urbanization is that it took place in a mountainous territorial location. Urban areas, as a rule, are mainly located in the valley and low-mountain zone of the Republic, with the exception of some urban systems, which are located in the mid-mountain part. In the Kyrgyz Republic natural and historical processes and cultural and traditional features have influ-enced the formation of a specific form of urbanization. It differs from the classical type in a relatively small historical period of time-about 100–150 years (excluding ancient fortresses, mausoleums and caravan trade sites). This distinguishes urbanization in the Republic from the world processes of urbanization, the continuity of which has a thousand-year history. In the last twenty years the pace of urbanization has become spontaneous, around large cities (Bishkek, Osh, etc.) so-called "new buildings" have grown, built up with low-rise buildings without adequate infrastructure, which has significantly worsened the sanitary-epidemiological and environmental situation.


NWChem is a general‐purpose computational chemistry code specifically designed to run on distributed memory parallel computers. The core functionality of the code focuses on molecular dynamics, Hartree–Fock theory, and density functional theory methods for both plane‐wave basis sets as well as Gaussian basis sets, tensor contraction engine‐based coupled cluster capabilities, and combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics descriptions. It was realized from the beginning that scalable implementations of these methods required a programming paradigm inherently different from what message‐passing approaches could offer. In response, a global address space library, the Global Array toolkit, was developed. The programming model it offers is based on using predominantly one‐sided communication. This model underpins most of the functionality in NWChem, and the power of it is exemplified by the fact that the code scales to tens of thousands of processors. In this paper, the core capabilities of NWChem are described as well as their implementation to achieve an efficient computational chemistry code with high parallel scalability. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 1 888–894 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.62


Assessment of the existing PCR-gel electrophoresis-based methods for detection of Rx1 and Rx2, the genes that independently control extreme resistance (ER) to Potato virus X (PVX), indicated that the 5Rx1F/5Rx1R primer pair led to reliable detection of Rx1, whereas the 106Rx2F/106Rx2R primer pair detected Rx2 despite some nonspecific reactions in potato clones/cultivars without Rx2. However, the methodology is time consuming and does not differentiate the absence of Rx1/Rx2 from a failed PCR reaction. A newly designed primer pair that targets Rx1 and Rx2 as well as rx1 and rx2 produced an amplicon for all alleles. When the primer pair was combined with 5Rx1F/5Rx1R, respective amplicons were produced, although they were not distinguishable by regular agarose gel electrophoresis. When subjected to a high-resolution DNA melting (HRM) assay, two distinct melting profiles for Rx1 and rx1, respectively, were detected. Triplex PCR-gel electrophoresis and -HRM assay for detection of Rx1, Rx2, and rx1/rx2 were also performed. The efficacy of the HRM assays were validated in potato cultivars/clones with known phenotypes, indicating its potential for high-throughput selection of potato clones/cultivars carrying Rx1 or Rx2. Duplex PCR-HRM assays of over 600 progeny from 12 crosses involving various parents correctly detected the presence or absence of Rx1 in each progeny, allowing accurate prediction of the phenotype. Progeny that tested positive for Rx1 by HRM exhibited ER to PVX whereas progeny that tested negative for Rx1 were susceptible to PVX infection. The genotype of each parent and the possible presence of Nx in two Rx1-possessing parents are also discussed.


"Time-use statistics offer a unique tool for exploring a wide range of policy concerns including social change; division of labour; allocation of time for household work; the estimation of the value of household production; transportation; leisure and recreation; pension plans; and health-care programmes, among others" (United Nations). This expertise will discuss recent developments, improvements and future challenges of time use and time budgets for policy and research with focus on international and in particular German national developments. It is written in the sequel of the last German KVI commission report on the improvement of the information infrastructure between sciences and statistics. Topics are: recent international time use institutions, data archives and surveys; German time use data bases and their access, actual time use research fields and studies; time use and economic and social policy; new methods in time use survey sampling, future developments and European and international challenges. The conclusions recommend first of all a new German Time Use Survey GTUS 2011/12 and urgently calls for its financing and start of organisation. Specific GTUS improvements, SOEP time use issues, a brand new time use panel and a permanent establishment of the German research data centres (RDCs) are recommended in addition.


Instructors' ability to assign artificial intelligence programming projects is limited by the time the projects may require. This problem is often exacerbated by the need for students to develop significant system infrastructure, requiring them to spend time addressing issues which may be orthogonal to the AI course's core pedagogical goals. This paper argues that such problems can be alleviated by basing coding assignments on paradigm-specific frameworks, collections of reusable code designed to be extended and applied to a variety of specific problems. In addition, frameworks can provide a basis for further student research or application of projects to real-world domains, providing additional motivation. This paper illustrates the application of a framework-based approach to teaching case-based reasoning (CBR), introducing the Indiana University Case-Based Reasoning Framework (IUCBRF), discussing its design, and presenting sample exercises that take advantage of the framework's characteristics.


The objective of the research was to evaluate in-line coagulation to improve performance during ultrafiltration (UF). In-line coagulation means use of coagulants without removal of coagulated solids prior to UF. Performance was evaluated by removal of contaminants (water quality) and by resistance to filtration and recovery of flux after hydraulic or chemical cleaning (water production). We hypothesized that coagulation conditions inappropriate for conventional treatment, in particular under-dosing conditions that produce particles that neither settle nor are removed in rapid sand filters, would be effective for in-line coagulation prior to UF. A variety of pre-treatment processes for UF have been investigated including coagulation, powdered activated carbon (PAC) or granular activated carbon (GAC), adsorption on iron oxides or other pre-formed settleable solid phases, or ozonation. Coagulation pre-treatment is often used for removal of fouling substances prior to NF or RO. It has been reported that effective conventional coagulation conditions produced larger particles and this reduced fouling during membrane filtration by reducing adsorption in membrane pores, increasing cake porosity, and increasing transport of foulants away from the membrane surface. However, aggregates produced under sweep floc conditions were more compressible than for charge neutralization conditions, resulting in compaction when the membrane filtration system was pressurized. It was known that the coagulated suspension under either charge-neutralization or sweep floc condition showed similar steady-state flux under the cross-flow microfiltration mode. Another report on the concept of critical floc size suggested that flocs need to reach a certain critical size before MF, otherwise membranes can be irreversibly clogged by the coagulant solids. The authors were motivated to study the effect of various coagulation conditions on the performance of a membrane filtration system.


Providing comprehensive, informative, primary, research-grade biodiversity information represents an important focus of biodiversity informatics initiatives. Recent efforts within Ghana have digitized >90% of primary biodiversity data records associated with specimen sheets in Ghanaian herbaria; additional herbarium data are available from other institutions via biodiversity informatics initiatives such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. However, data on the plants of Ghana have not as yet been integrated and assessed to establish how complete site inventories are, so that appropriate levels of confidence can be applied. In this study, we assessed inventory completeness and identified gaps in current Digital Accessible Knowledge (DAK) of the plants of Ghana, to prioritize areas for future surveys and inventories. We evaluated the completeness of inventories at ½° spatial resolution using statistics that summarize inventory completeness, and characterized gaps in coverage in terms of geographic distance and climatic difference from well-documented sites across the country. The southwestern and southeastern parts of the country held many well-known grid cells; the largest spatial gaps were found in central and northern parts of the country. Climatic difference showed contrasting patterns, with a dramatic gap in coverage in central-northern Ghana. This study provides a detailed case study of how to prioritize for new botanical surveys and inventories based on existing DAK.


The CCIB (Barcelona International Convention Center) is one of the main structures housing the 2004 Forum of Cultures and one of the anchors of the new Diagonal Mar district. It is not properly a building, but a set of objects with differing functions, clients and programs, together with a set of predefined bands that channel this plurality: a hotel and an office building rise up on the northern edge, large exhibition and convention halls are located in the central strip, and public lobbies, restaurants and small conference halls face the sea and the gardens on the southern side. A combination of massive concrete and high-precision, large-span steel, the structure is simultaneously conventional and monstrous, banal and superhuman.


A common treatment used by physiotherapists for patients with low back pain (LBP) is mobilisations. The aim of applying mobilisations is to increase range of movement (ROM) and reduce pain and stiffness. Therapists choose a specific dose of mobilisation for each patient, which includes a decision on the duration of applied force, commonly up to 3 minutes. Little research has been done to determine the biomechanical and analgesic effects of different durations of treatment. There is tentative evidence that increased duration beyond 3 minutes leads to an increase in range of movement and decrease in pain. This research set out to establish the biomechanical and analgesic effects of longer durations
of lumbar mobilisations than commonly used in clinical practice. Only the immediate effects of a single treatment dose have been assessed to date.


This article describes new features and enhanced algorithms made available in version 5.0 of the SCIP Optimization Suite. In its central component, the constraint integer programming solver SCIP, remarkable performance improvements have been achieved for solving mixed-integer linear and nonlinear programs. On MIPs, SCIP 5.0 is about 41 % faster than SCIP 4.0 and over twice as fast on instances that take at least 100 seconds to solve. For MINLP, SCIP 5.0 is about 17 % faster overall and 23 % faster on instances that take at least 100 seconds to solve. This boost is due to algorithmic advances in several parts of the solver such as cutting plane generation and management, a new adaptive coordination of large neighborhood search heuristics, symmetry handling, and strengthened McCormick relaxations for bilinear terms in MINLPs. Besides discussing the theoretical background and the implementational aspects of these developments, the report describes recent additions for the other software packages connected to SCIP, in particular for the LP solver SoPlex, the Steiner tree solver SCIP-Jack, the MISDP solver SCIP-SDP, and the parallelization framework UG.


Cognitive neuroscience is identifying neural networks in the brain that support multiple ways of knowing. This notion is also supported by evidence from psychology, anthropology, sociology, and other related disciplines. These human knowledge systems provide a means for sharing, expressing, understanding, knowing, and gaining insights into one's inner and outer worlds. Considered alongside other knowledge systems such as language and mathematics, what unique contributions can music make? Music provides unique and invaluable insights into the human condition. Music allows us to know, discover, understand, experience, share, or express such aspects of the human condition as feelings, aesthetic experiences, the ineffable, thoughts, structure, time and space, self-knowledge, self-identity, group identity, and healing and wholeness. If the purpose of an education is to systematically develop the mind and capabilities of every child, it is clear that music has a unique and necessary role to play.


In cold regions like Canada, frost action was reported to be the major cause of disintegration of brick veneer. Two approaches to ensure frost durability of clay bricks were studied in this research. One involved the evaluation of durability, while the other studied the improvement of durability through impregnation. In order to carry out these studies, three major objectives were set out for this research. They were: (1) to develop an index to evaluate frost durability, (2) to investigate the feasibility of using nondestructive methods to evaluate durability, and (3) to study the effect of impregnation with different materials on improving durability. It was intended in this research to develop a general durability index for clay bricks, irrespective of the manufacturing process adopted. The performance of the brick was studied using laboratory freeze-thaw test. As the time and facility requirements necessary for the unidirectional freezing test were beyond the constraints which existed in this research, an accelerated omnidirectional freeze-thaw test was used. This fact must be considered while interpreting the results from the freeze-thaw test. The study carried out to compare the performance of existing durability indices showed that they had limitations in reliably assessing durability. Therefore new durability indices were developed based on water absorption properties of bricks. These indices were found to overcome the limitations of existing indices. The feasibility study on nondestructive evaluation of durability was carried out using ultrasonic pulse velocity. New durability provisions were derived based on pulse velocity, using ASTM C216 specifications. At this stage it can be used only along with the ASTM method but it can avoid the time consuming ASTM procedure in many cases. Studies on impregnated bricks showed that there was a general shifting of pore sizes towards lower diameter region. Paraffin impregnated brick showed excellent freeze-thaw performance. The bond between brick and mortar was found to have been adversely affected due to impregnation. But more studies using brick wall component are recommended before final conclusions are drawn on brick-mortar bond strength. Paraffin was found to be the most cost effective among the impregnating materials studied.


This thesis describes the synthesis and analysis of organometallic complexes that feature either enyl or ynyl linkages. Chapter 1 introduces a general overview of electron transfer, classification of mixed-valence complexes and the modelling of mixed-valence complexes using density functional theory.

The synthesis of a range of trans-RuCl(C≡CC6H4R)(dppe)2 complexes, in which R is either an electron donor (Me, OMe, C5H11) or acceptor (NO2, CO2Me), from the five-coordinate complex [RuCl(dppe)2]OTf is described. This synthetic route represents an alternative to the long-standing methods based on cis-RuCl2(dppe)2. Improved synthetic routes to both [RuCl(dppe)2]OTf and cis-RuCl2(dppe)2 are also given. These compounds were fully characterised spectroscopically and the molecular structures of [RuCl(dppe)2]OTf, trans-RuCl(C≡CC6H4OMe)(dppe)2, trans-RuCl(C≡CC6H4Me)(dppe)2, and trans-RuCl(C≡CC6H4CO2Me)(dppe)2 determined and analysed. The structures conform with literature precedence.

The synthesis of ruthenium complexes based on RuCl(dppe)2 and Ru(dppe)Cp* units, featuring 1,3-diethynylbenzene bridging ligands has been achieved. The electronic structures of 1,3-{trans-Cl(dppe)2RuC≡C}c2C6H4, 1,3-{Cp*(dppe)RuC≡C}2C6H4 and 1,3-{Cp*(dppe)RuC≡C}2-5-(HC≡C)C6H3 have been investigated using a combination of UV-vis-NIR and IR spectroscopies and computational studies. In contrast to the case of closely related iron compounds, for the ruthenium complexes 1,3-{trans-Cl(dppe)2RuC≡C}2C6H4, 1,3-{Cp*(dppe)RuC≡C}2C6H4 and 1,3-{Cp*(dppe)RuC≡C}2-5-(HC≡C)C6H3 the bridging aryl moiety is heavily involved in the oxidation process, and consequently descriptions of the electronic structures and electronic transitions in terms of the language developed for mixed-valence systems with clearly identifiable metal oxidation states are not appropriate. The description of the low-energy absorption bands from the mixed-valence complexes are therefore better described as charge transfer transitions rather than IVCT transitions.

A range of mono vinyl Ru(CH=CHC6H4R-4)(CO)(PPh3)Tp complexes have been obtained from the reaction of RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 with para- substituted ethynylphenylenes, and KTp. (R = NO2, CO2Me, CN, Me and OMe). These complexes have been fully characterised spectroscopically, with molecular structures for Ru(CH=CHC6H4NO2-4)(CO)(PPh3)Tp, Ru(CH=CHC6H4CN-4)(CO)(PPh3)Tp, Ru(CH=CHC6H4CH3)(CO)(PPh3)Tp and Ru(CH=CHC6H4OMe-4)(CO)(PPh3)Tp being determined and analysed. The electronic structures of these mono vinyl complexes have been also investigated using a combination of UV-vis-NIR and IR spectroscopies and computational studies, revealing the redox activity of the styrene-derived ligand. Hydroruthenation of 1,3-, 1,4- diethynylbenzene and 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene affords the di- and trimetalled vinyl complexes, which have been characterised spectroscopically. The bridging ligand is shown to be redox non-innocent.

A simple protocol that allows the preparation of either "symmetric" A3 or "asymmetric" AB2 triethynyl methanol derivatives through the reaction of acetylide anions with chloroethylformate, has been explored. This synthetic protocol is not only high yielding, but avoids the harsh conditions used in literature methods. The molecular structures of Me3SiC≡C(COH)(C6H4I)2 and HC≡C(COH)(C6H4I)2 have been determined and analysed, with the packing motifs in the solid state arising from halogen interactions identified. The use of these ligands as branched core ligands has also been investigated, and whilst difficulties have been encountered synthetic work to resolve these has been initiated.

A selection of pro-ligands and both mono- and tris-metallated ligand complexes based on a triarylamine core have been prepared. The electronic and structural nature of Me3SiC≡C(C6H4)NTol2, Fe(C≡C(C6H4)NTol2)(dppe)Cp and [{Fe(dppe)Cp}3(μ-(C≡CC6H4)3N)] have been investigated using a combination of UV-vis-NIR and IR spectroscopies and computational studies indicating electronic interactions between the remote metal centres in the case of [{Fe(dppe)Cp}3(μ-(C≡CC6H4)3N)]n+ (n = 1, 2). The molecular structures of Me3SiC≡C(C6H4)NTol2, HC≡C(C6H4)NTol2, Ru(C≡C(C6H4)NTol2)(dppe)Cp* and Fe(C≡C(C6H4)NTol2)(dppe)Cp have been determined and analysed.


The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) for single jersey and 1×1 rib knitted fabrics has been investigated. The influence of yarn fineness, loop length, carriage speed and yarn input tension as well as their interactions are studied. The effect of unavoidable and uncontrolled random variables on UPF has also been investigated for both types of knitted fabrics. Orthogonal block Box and Behnken design of experiment is used to study the effect of uncontrolled random variables as well as controlled variables like yarn fineness, carriage speed, yarn input tension, loop length and their interactions. The results show that the uncontrolled random variables, during preparation of the samples, do not have any significant impact on resultant UPF for both single jersey and 1×1 rib knitted fabrics. The yarn fineness and the loop length have significant influence on UPF for both types of knitted fabrics. This study will be beneficial in engineering/designing fabrics and clothing of desired comfort with minimum damage to human body due to ultra-violet rays.


Today's society relies heavily on glued wood products for constructions, furniture, and floorings, for example. Essentially, all adhesives on the market are based on fossil-based resources, and many also contain formaldehyde to yield sufficient reactivity and adhesive performance. Formaldehyde is soon to be banned from consumer goods in Europe, due to its carcinogenic and allergenic features. With the rapidly growing societal environmental awareness, it becomes evident that it is crucial to seek greener, more sustainable alternatives. There is nothing new to this idea; on the contrary, prior to the advent of synthetic polymers, a range of biopolymers such as proteins and starch, were successfully used. However, since adhesives based on synthetic polymers were found to perform better, especially regarding the water resistance, the naturally sourced adhesives have had a subordinate role up until recently. The growing interest for using bio-polymers from renewable resources, such as wood/forest, corn, and cereals have spurred significant R&D developments toward the use of bio-polymers in green wood adhesives. The scope of the present chapter is to summarize, in short, some of the most recent scientific literature regarding the development of green adhesives.


- Explanations of IFRS and IFRIC interpretations- Practical insights into implementation issues- Worked-out illustrations and examples- Case studies with solutions- Multiple-choice questions with answers- Extracts from published financial statementsA one-stop resource for understanding and applying currentInternational Financial Reporting StandardsAs the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) makes rapid progress towards widespread acceptance and use of IFRS (formerly named International Accounting Standards) worldwide, the need to understand these new standards increases. Now fully revised and updated, IFRS Practical Implementation Guide and Workbook, Third Edition is the straightforward handbook for understanding and adapting the IFRS standards.This quick reference guide includes easy-to-understand IAS/IFRSoutlines, explanations, and practical insights that greatly facilitate understanding of the practical implementation issues involved in applying these complex standards.Clearly explaining the IASB standards so that even first-time adopters of IFRS will understand the complicated requirements, the Third Edition presents: - Ten recently issued and revised IFRS standards including business combinations, financial instruments and newly issued IFRS for SMEs- New International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) projects- Multiple-choice questions with solutions and explanations to ensure thorough understanding of the complex IFRS/IAS standards- Case studies or "problems" with solutions illustrating the practical application of IFRS/IAS- Excerpts from published financial statements around the world Designed with the needs of the user in mind, IFRS Practical Implementation Guide and Workbook, Third Edition is an essential desktop reference for accountants and finance professionals, as well as a thorough review guide for the IFRS/IAS certification exam.


"The reality that forces poor families to defy child labor laws raises doubts about whether legislation can be enforced successfully." In 1993, social workers and human rights activists were stunned when approximately 70,000 youngsters were unceremoniously thrown out of the Bangladeshi garment industry, prompted by the threat of a US bill to ban imports of goods made by children. (1) Deprived of a regular income, many of the children were driven to the informal sector, which, though unregulated and poorly paid, protected them from the scrutiny of the international media. (2) Although ostensibly aimed at eliminating the exploitation of children worldwide, the potential passing of the US Child Labor Deterrence Act of 1992 (better known as the Harkin Bill after its sponsor, Senator Tom Harkin) caused thousands of already impoverished Bangladeshi children to be pushed further into poverty. In this case, an assertion of human rights legislation resulted in an even greater violation of the rights of the children involved. A comprehensive study conducted by UNICEF found that many of the children had been forced into dangerous jobs and that the girls had become more vulnerable to sexual abuse. (3) The surprising consequences of such well-intentioned legislation calls into question the effectiveness of legislative bans as a weapon against child labor. The reality that forces poor families to defy child labor laws raises doubts about whether legislation can be enforced successfully. In fact, could it be counter-productive by leading to a worsening of poor children's welfare? Proponents of banning child labor often equate child labor with slavery and claim that the employers of children are only interested in profits. Banning child labor, activists argue, is the most effective way to ensure that it is eliminated. Most case studies, however, show that the motivation for sending children to work in the first place is economic and cultural; if such pressures did not drive families, they would generally prefer not to place their children in exploitative situations. Child labor is linked (no matter how complex and intricate the linkage may be) to poverty and underdevelopment. The notion that simply banning child labor will force children to go to school is simplistic and dangerous. The fate of the child workers banned from Bangladesh's garment industry in 1993 is a case in point. While this paper argues that legislative bans alone may be harmful to the child laborers, it does not argue for the dismantling of labor laws and minimum age legislation. On the contrary, what is necessary is an increase in the level of government intervention to solve the problem, using a set of policies that target the complex roots of child labor. In the first section, this paper attempts to define child labor and set out a typology to underscore the importance of understanding its various sources. The second section sets out the theory behind the demand and supply of child labor--factors which should be studied in detail before intervention is designed. The third section describes current child labor legislation and argues that it inadequately addresses many of the determinants of child labor. The final section assesses public and international policy implications of the analysis. LIFE IS LABOR--DEFINITIONS AND A TYPOLOGY Given the scale and nature of the problem, it is surprising how little critical analysis of child labor has been conducted. In fact, this is a field of study where prescription has far outstripped analysis. This is partly due to the fact that data is hard to come by (most governments do not want to record high levels of an officially illegal activity), and what is available is often inaccurate and scanty. (4) Since child labor is an extremely complex phenomenon rooted in various economic, social and cultural characteristics of the society in which it exists, it is imperative to study these roots before policies are designed to eliminate child labor. …


Although people receive trusted, personalized recommendations and auxiliary social benefits when they ask questions of their friends, using a search engine is often a more effective way to find an answer. Attempts to integrate social and algorithmic search have thus far focused on bringing social content into algorithmic search results. However, more of the benefits of social search can be preserved by reversing this approach and bringing algorithmic content into natural question-based conversations. To do this successfully, it is necessary to adapt search engine interaction to a social context. In this paper, we present SearchBuddies, a system that responds to Facebook status message questions with algorithmic search results. Via a three-month deployment of the system to 122 social network users, we explore how people responded to search content in a highly social environment. Our experience deploying SearchBuddies shows that a socially embedded search engine can successfully provide users with unique and highly relevant information in a social context and can be integrated into conversations around an information need. The deployment also illuminates specific challenges of embedding a search engine in a social environment and provides guidance toward solutions.


The paper reflects on new methodological approaches in writing Czech literary history – namely, the "new modernism" project supervised by Vladimir Papousek and the "synoptic-pulsating" approach to 19 th century literary history, put into practice by Dalibor Turecek and his team. The two projects are based on different methodologies, but they overlap in certain aspects. They display a self-consciously constructivist approach to writing history, as well as accepting the writers' historically determined viewpoints. They depict literary history as an open process which is neither linear nor deterministic. Also, they both approach literature in the broader context of culture and the types of discourse that were relevant at the time, while re-evaluating the process of canon creation.