Index insurance and probabilistic seasonal forecasts are becoming available in developing countries to help farmers manage climate risks in production. Although these tools are intimately related, work has not been done to formalize the connections between them. We investigate the relationship between the tools through a model of input choice under uncertainty, forecasts, and insurance. While it is possible for forecasts to undermine insurance, we find that when contracts are appropriately designed, there are important synergies between forecasts, insurance, and effective input use. Used together, these tools overcome barriers preventing the use of imperfect information in production decision making.


This thesis describes the first implementation of a colour encoded structured light (CESL) range-finder capable of measuring the shape of time-varying or moving surfaces. The system is shown to have mean square accuracies of better than 0.5mm when measuring the shape of the human mouth during continuous speech sampled at 50Hz, and better than 0.2mm when measuring static objects of similar dimensions. In order to sample range at video-rates, the images of the scene to be digitised are stored on video tape. This allows the image processing to be performed off-line so the sampling rate of the system only depends on the frame-rate of the video equipment used. The work was motivated by the need to acquire information on mouth shape for acoustics of speech experiments so that the results presented are for measurements of mouth shape and objects relating to the field. The reasons for producing a new system, and the choice of CESL are discussed. The work covers the entire implementation of the range-finder, including code and slide design, feature extraction, feature interpretation, calibration and 3D reconstruction, and performance evaluation. A modification on the Blackman and Tukey classical power density spectrum (PDS) estimator was used for feature extraction which was shown to perform better than other techniques evaluated. The accuracy of detected features and the probability that they were not spurious was determined, based on the feature confidence output by the PDS estimator. Detected features were tracked to produce segments, and encoded as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) which was then matched with the original code sequence using a fast but sub-optimal technique. An existing camera calibration technique was used which was extended to include a second step for projector calibration. The projector model used was linear, had the correct number of degrees of freedom, and was particular to our stripe system.


Extracted from text ... Letters to the Editor
SA Fam Pract 2004;46(1) 4
Bleaching of tampons
To the Editor: Cottons and rayons used in
tampon-manufacture are washed in a very clean
environment, the tampon itself remaining
hygienically sealed until use. The Tampon Advisory
Association has come across circulars on the
web, recently, that seem to deliberately confuse
hygienic cleaning of cotton and rayons with the
word 'bleaching' - suggesting that a 'bleaching'
process is used which somehow leaves traces
of dioxins in the tampon fabric.
Some tampons, depending upon where they are
produced, may be a blend of cotton and rayon.
The type of ..


The genus Alstroemeria encompasses approximately 80 species endemic to South America, with 2 centers of diversity (Chile and Brazil). In Chile, Alstroemeria represents one of the most diverse genera of vascular monocotyledons, comprising more than 50 recognized or accepted taxa (36 species, 11 subspecies and 10 varieties) from which ca. 82% are endemic to the Mediterranean zone of central Chile, one of the world's diversity hotspots. The tax- onomy of the genus is very difficult due to the great variability of the vegetative and floral traits. Moreover, a number of taxa have been recently described and several nomenclatural changes have been proposed. In order to elucidate the taxonomy of some Chilean complexes of Alstroemeria , an integrative approach including morphology, colorimetry, cyto- genetic, multivariate statistical analyses of morphological variation and DNA-molecular studies have been conducted. In this chapter, we review the literature concerning these approaches; a checklist of the species growing in Chile is provided including all published names, references to the original protologues, accepted names, synonyms and the biogeo- graphic status (endemic or native) of the accepted taxa; maps illustrating the diversity of the genus in South America and its distribution in Chile were constructed.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), usually along with other medical care. This study aimed to determine associations of ASD diagnostic category, co-existing conditions, and use of medications with use of CAM. METHODS We used the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network patient registry, which collects information on CAM use, medical conditions, and psychotropic medication at enrollment. CAM was categorized as special diets versus "other" CAM; ASD was defined as autism, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), or Asperger's. Gastrointestinal symptoms, seizure disorders, sleep problems, and medication use were determined from parent report. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores were used to measure behavioral symptoms. Logistic regression was used to determine associations of diagnostic category, other medical conditions, and medication use with CAM treatments, controlling for demographic characteristics. RESULTS Of 3413 subjects in the registry as of April 2011, 3173 had complete data on CAM use: 896 (28%) reported any use; 548 (17%), special diets; and 643 (20%), other CAM. Higher rates of CAM use were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88), seizures (OR = 1.58), and CBCL total score >70 (OR = 1.29). Children with PDD (OR = 0.62), Asperger's (OR = 0.66), or using medications (0.69) had lower rates. CONCLUSIONS Children with ASD use more CAM when they have co-existing gastrointestinal symptoms, seizure disorders, and behavior problems. This study suggests the importance of asking about CAM use in children with ASD, especially those with complex symptoms.


Long-term records (about 100 years) of meteorological parameters of Taiwan have been analyzed to study causes and implications of decreasing trends in sunshine duration observed during Taiwan's rapid economic developing period that started in the 1960's. Although the largest decreasing trends in sunshine duration are found in major urban centers, in-depth analysis shows that the reductions are surprisingly uniform and well correlated among stations throughout Taiwan and her surrounding islands, implying that direct scattering by aerosols is not the major cause of the reductions. Similar reductions occur at two high altitude stations, namely Alishan (2.4 km) and Yushan (3.85 km), suggesting that the cause of the reductions is at altitude above 3.85 km. After eliminating other potential causes, we hypothesize that the trends are most likely caused by an increase in regional clouds and/or cloud albedo as a result of increased anthropogenic aerosols. The extent of the region depends on the season. Strong westerlies above 3.85 km in winter and spring imply that southern China, Southeast Asia, India and regions further upwind may suffer similar reductions and could be the major source of anthropogenic and fall, the wind pattern indicates Taiwan's own emissions of aero sols can play a significant role in the reduction. Potential ramifications of the increase in clouds/cloud albedo to regional climate change are serious. The increase in clouds/cloud albedo obviously has lead to a decrease in the diurnal temperature range. These changes may also be linked to an in﹒ crease in precipitation intensity and other observed changes in some key climate parameters in Taiwan.


I. INTRODUCTION Two recent decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have held that a jury trial is not required to resolve particular issues in patent infringement litigation.1 First, the Federal Circuit held in Agfa Corp. v. Creo Products, Inc. that a jury trial is not required to determine whether "inequitable conduct" defeats the enforceability of an issued patent.2 Second, the court held in Paice LLC v. Toyota Motor Corp. that a jury trial is not required to determine the royalty rate for post-verdict patent infringement.3 On the surface, each of these holdings seems highly debatable. Although the defense based on a patent applicant's conduct before the Patent Office is labeled "inequitable conduct," the factual issues raised by the defense involve deceptive conduct and the deceptive intent of a patent applicant.4 At least at first glance, the issues involving deceit would appear to be appropriate for jury resolution under the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution.5 Similarly, the assessment of monetary damages in the form of a royalty would appear to be a quintessential jury issue.6 Prompted by these two decisions, this Article reassesses the extent to which jury trials are required, if properly demanded,7 for the issues that commonly arise in patent infringement lawsuits. As the analytical premise for this assessment, the Article will briefly review fundamental principles established by the Supreme Court for determining whether a jury trial is required to resolve particular claims or issues. Then, the Article will analyze the jury trial question with respect to selected issues routinely confronted in patent infringement litigation. For each subject of this issue-by-issue analysis, this Article examines the legislative history of the pertinent provisions of the current Patent Act and Supreme Court precedent on point before reviewing the applicable Federal Circuit authority. For each issue addressed, the Article will conclude by closely analyzing all sources of authority in order to assess whether a jury trial should be required for that issue. II. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES CONCERNING THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY The federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over patent infringement cases.8 In federal court, the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution provides that "[i]n Suits at common law, ... the right of trial by jury shall be preserved."9 Therefore, the use of juries in patent infringement cases is governed by the Seventh Amendment. Of course, the Constitution itself affirmatively empowers the U.S. Congress to enact patent laws.10 It should be beyond serious dispute that Congress may independently require jury trials for issues in patent infringement cases, even if the Seventh Amendment would not.11 The settled nature of this proposition is confirmed by the text of Rule 38(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which requires that federal judges preserve "inviolate" any "right of trial by jury as declared by the Seventh Amendment" or "as provided by a federal statute."12 A. General Seventh Amendment Principles As the early Supreme Court held, and as the Supreme Court has repeatedly reaffirmed in recent decisions, the phrase "Suits at common law" in the Seventh Amendment refers to "suits in which legal rights [are] to be ascertained and determined, in contradistinction to those where equitable rights alone [are] recognized, and equitable remedies [are] administered."13 The Seventh Amendment is therefore "construed to embrace all suits which are not of equity and admiralty jurisdiction, whatever may be the peculiar form which they may assume to settle legal rights."14 On the other hand, the Seventh Amendment does not preserve every detail about jury trials in common law cases predating its passage.15 "The Amendment was designed to preserve the basic institution of jury trial in only its most fundamental elements."16 The jury is required, therefore, only "as necessary to preserve the 'substance of the common-law right of trial by jury. …


Particles were sampled in air and snow near a Cu smelter in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, as part of a study of airborne metal emissions. An analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to measure the size and elemental composition of >38 000 individual particles. Metal-bearing (Me-) particles account for c. 58% of all particles in the smelter plume, but only c. 15% in ambient air or snow. The dominant Me-particle type in snow is Fe–S–Cu but Zn–S, Fe–S, and Cu–S are also common. Pb is dominant in air-filtered particles, even those collected far (>60 km) from the smelter. Me-particles in snow are compositionally more variable and complex than in the smelter plume or ambient air, suggesting that Me-particles settling from the plume in snow are chemically transformed in the process, possibly by heterogeneous reaction(s) with other aerosols (e.g. salt particles) and/or gases (e.g. SO2). The size distribution of Me-particles in the smelter plume is broader than in snow or ambient air, owing to a larger proportion of sub-micrometre particles in the plume and/or the loss of fine water-soluble Me-particles in snow meltwater. However, the size distribution of different Me-particle groupings (e.g. As-bearing compared to Cd-bearing particles) is not significantly different within the size range measured.


Background: Seminal oxidative stress (OS) is known as one of the important factors of male infertility through pathogenesis of sperm dysfunction and DNA damage. OS results from variation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS scavenging by seminal antioxidants. Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the ROS level by Enzyme-Linked Sorbent Assay (ELISA) in seminal plasma of infertile men before and after activation using the Density Gradient Centrifugation (DGC) and glutathione combined with DGC method. Patients and Methods: This study involved 60 males; the recruited individuals were divided into 3 groups, (20 asthenozoospermic, 20 oligozoospermic and 20 normozoospermic subjects) during the period of attendance to the infertility clinic at High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University. The collected semen samples were obtained, and seminal fluid analysis was assessed. Semen samples were divided into 3 parts. The first part prepared was in vitro sperm characterization before activation, the second part using Density Gradient Centrifugation (DGC) technique, while the last part was prepared using DGC combined with glutathione. Results: Reactive oxygen species concentration showed a significant decrease in the 3 groups of normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia when using the DGC technique with glutathione, compared to both before sperm activation and DGC technique. It is important to refer that for the oligozoospermia the level of ROS significantly decreased only between the DGC and DGC with glutathione. Conclusion: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in semen plasma of infertile men was significantly decreased after activation using DGC with glutathione.


In this ethnographic study of the teaching of writing, Karen Surman Paley reveals the social significance of first-person writing and the limitations of a popular taxonomy of composition studies. Paley looks critically at the way social constructionists have created an "Other" in the field of composition studies and named it "expressivist." Paley demonstrates the complexity of approaches to teaching writing through an ethnographic study of two composition faculty at Boston College, a program that some would say is "expressivist." She prompts her colleagues to consider how family experiences shape the way students feel about and treat people of races, religions, genders, and sexual preferences other than their own. Finally, she suggests to the field of composition that practitioners spend less time shoring up taxonomies of the field and more time sharing pedagogies.


This study aimed to explore the leading behaviors of kindergarten principals from a local perspective by conducting a case study, so as to get a better understanding of the role played by the concepts and conduct of the leader during the process of improving education quality. The study was based on data collected between March 2004 and March 2005. Research methods included participant observation, formal and informal interviews. Besides, parent handbooks, teaching plan designs, and parent-teacher meeting communication documents have also been collected for documentation anal- ysis. The results finds that the leadership concepts and behaviors of a kindergarten principal are present in four aspects, which are "Demonstration of austerity and au- thority", "Showing Care and Kindness", "Appreciation of professional ethics and moral" and "Emphasis on personal image". The essence of the first three aspects cor- responds to the elements in "Paternalistic Leadership", which are indicated in studies on Chinese organizations done in recent years. As to the last aspect, it echoes the issue of "face-saving" emphasized by the Chinese people.


Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales. It is one of the easier diseases to spot, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powder-like spots on the leaves and stems. The lower leaves are the most affected, but the mildew can appear on any part of the plant that shows above the ground. As the disease progresses, the spots get larger and thicker as massive numbers of spores form, and the mildew spreads up and down the length of the plant.


Today, there are few empirical studies assessing the effectiveness of aid for trade on trade pe rformance. Furthermore, existing works do not test channels by which this impact is transiting. We address this question using an empirical analysis constructed in two steps. Following a model of export performance, we first test if institutions and infrastructure, our two potential channels of transmission, are indeed determinants of export performance. Secondly, we test the impact of aid for trade sectoral flows on the determinants that were highlighted in the first part. We show that the infrastructure channel appears to be highly significant in the first step whereas the institutional one turns out to have limited impact on developing countries' exports. Furthermore, in our second step, aid for infrastructure seems, once instrumented, to have a strong and positive impact on the infrastructure level. Our results indicate that a 10% increase in aid to infrastructure commitments per capita leads to an average increase of the exports over GDP ratio for a developing country of 2.34%. It is also equivalent to a 2.71% reduction of the tariff and non-tariff barriers. This highlights the very high economic impact of aid for trade throughout the channel of infrastructures.


Abstract This study examines how American academic library directors evaluate change in the information age and the factors influencing the approaches used. Bolman and Deal's reframing change model provided the foundation for this research (Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership. 1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass, 1991). An online survey was sent to 1,010 academic library directors in the United States. The response rate was 59%. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The collected quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations) and inferential (chisquare tests and correlations) statistics. Many directors used single and dual approaches to evaluate change. The human resource approach was the most frequently used single approach. Chi-square test and correlation analysis confirms that demographics, human capital and library variables play significant roles in evaluating change. Correlation results show that directors who are males, or work for a higher academic degree institution, or are at universities with higher enrolment, are more likely to use multiple approaches to evaluate change than their counterparts. Directors who hold more different professional positions, or oversee more subordinates, or work for a higher academic degree institution, are more likely than their counterparts to use dual and multiple approaches to evaluate change. Directors may use the results to reflect on different options of strategies for evaluating change and to balance the weight of the factors' influences. The results may also help librarians better understand various approaches to evaluating change in the information age.


The Laser-Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) and damage morphologies of a Ta(2)O(5)/SiO(2) double cavity filter irradiated by 1064-nm, 10-ns pulses were investigated. The depths of flat bottom pits were examined by an optical profiler and then calibrated according to the Electric-Field Intensity (EFI) distributions and the cross-sectional micrographs obtained using the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) technology. The statistics for depths of 60 damage sites suggested that the Ta(2)O(5) over SiO(2) interface was more vulnerable to Laser-Induced Damage (LID) than the SiO(2) over Ta(2)O(5) interface. After examining the morphologies of interfacial delaminations carefully, we found that the Ta(2)O(5) over SiO(2) interface instead had stronger mechanical strength. So, the higher density of susceptible defects at the Ta(2)O(5) over SiO(2) interface was considered to be the reason that LID was preferentially initiated at this type of interface. Based on the above findings, a phenomenological model was proposed to describe the formation of flat bottom pits.


This edited collection explores the future options for the UK regarding its relationship with the European Union (EU). Since Britain applied for membership in 1961, the nature of the relationship between the UK and the EU has been central to economic and political debate, being widely perceived as inevitable , because withdrawal from the process would leave Britain isolated and largely powerless. However, this book challenges this presumption by illustrating that it could be in Britain s long-term interest to seek positive and plausible global policy options if it were to be released from the rigidities and constraints imposed by aspects of EU membership (e.g. economic policy, agriculture and fisheries, trade relations, taxation policy, labour relations, social policy, human rights and civil liberties, foreign policy, sovereignty and national identity) Britain might benefit from a looser relationship. Hence, the effective choice Britain possesses is between an essentially European future or a comprehensive global strategy.


A 0.05 km 2 patterned bog and a 0.29 km 2 ribbed fen were compared to determine the influence of their morphometry on runoff and evapotranspiration. The bog hydrology was dominated by irregularly located and poorly linked pools ≤1.0 m deep, separated by prominent ridges containing local water-table maxima. This small basin had an appreciable lag-to-peak time ( e.g . 6 h), and a low runoff ratio (0.1 to 0.2), because of the large depression storage of the pools, and a long detention storage caused by the weak pool-to-pool linkage. The ribbed fen was dominated by a 1.3 km water track, which consisted of shallow pools (≤0.25 m deep), separated by low ridges that did not produce local water table maxima. The pools were well linked, but their sequential arrangement resulted in a very large detention storage which trimmed the runoff ratio to only 0.003 to 0.07. The lag-to-peak time was relatively short (approx. 3 h), because of sheet flow in the lower water track, just above the weir. The large depression and detention storage of both systems enhanced evapotranspiration losses. Between July 5 and August 14, 1990, evapotranspiration from the bog was 97 mm, compared to 126 mm from the fen, while runoff was only 12 and 28 mm for the bog and fen, respectively. Evapotranspiration from ridges was 67 and 84% of pool evaporation, in the bog and fen respectively.


Cellular networks are increasingly densified to deal with the fast growing wireless traffic. Interference mitigation plays a key role for the dense cellular networks. Successive interference cancellation (SIC) and fractional frequency reuse (FFR) are two representative inter-cell interference (ICI) mitigation techniques. In this paper, we study the application of both SIC and FFR for LTE uplink networks, and develop an analytical model to investigate their interactions and impact on network performance. The performance gains with FFR and SIC are related to key system functionalities and variables, such as SIC parameters, FFR bandwidth partition, uplink power control and sector antennas. The ICIs from individual cell sectors are approximated by log-normal random variables, which enables low complexity computation of the aggregate ICI with FFR and SIC. Then, network performance of site throughput and outage probability is computed. The model is fast and has small modeling deviation, which is validated by simulations. Numerical results show that both SIC and FFR can largely improve network performance, but SIC has a stronger impact than FFR. In addition, most of the network performance gains with SIC could be obtained with a small number of SIC stages applied to a few sectors.


Workplace bullying continues to be a prominent issue in both New Zealand and Australian workplaces. Victims of workplace bullying suffer a multitude of grievances on a personal and working level, reducing their job satisfaction and job performance, whilst increasing levels of absenteeism and likelihood of quitting the organisation. An organisation which enables workplace bullying to remain unresolved is breaching legal statutes in Australasia, which require that employers provide a safe environment for their workers. This paper reports on an analysis of some 200 media articles from Australasia regarding the issue of workplace bullying, with a view to understanding how bullying is represented in the media. From a work-environment hypothesis view, the analysis sought to determine whether bullying was portrayed as predominantly a product of the work environment, or as a largely interpersonal concern. The findings of this paper suggest that although reports of the words "culture" and "environment" are present, particularly in New Zealand articles, there is little evidence from media accounts to indicate that Australasian sources perceive the issue of workplace bullying as one that is derivative from an organisation's workplace environment. The implications of this finding indicate that Australasian media sources are placing the blame of bullying behaviours on the actions of employees, rather than holding organisations responsible for creating an environment that enables workplace bullying behaviours to occur.


UCLA has launched a first-of-its-kind, patient-centered institute dedicated to developing leading-edge therapies for the treatment of kidney, bladder, testicular and prostate cancers. The Institute of Urologic Oncology at UCLA challenges the traditional model of academic departments operating independently of each other, bringing a multi-disciplinary team of scientists and physicians together as part of one cohesive organization. Their goal is to expedite the development of new therapies for patients with genitourinary cancers. The disciplines represented in the institute include urologic oncology, medical oncology, diagnostic and interventional radiology, pathology, nursing, basic sciences and clinical trials. The new institute will allow experts from these areas to collaborate more efficiently and effectively, bringing to patients the most promising advances in medical and surgical treatments, including targeted therapies, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and minimally invasive and ablative surgery. "This is a one-stop shop for patients. All the experts will be involved in their care, all working together," said Dr. Arie Belldegrun, a professor of urology, a researcher at UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and director of the new Institute of Urologic Oncology at UCLA. "Our goal is to bring all our resources to the patient, rather than the patient going from office to office to see everyone they need to see." That multi-disciplinary, translational approach to care and targeted therapies was pioneered at UCLA. The molecularly targeted drugs Herceptin for breast cancer and Gleevec for chronic myeloid leukemia, among others, were developed based on research conducted in Jonsson Cancer Center laboratories. Such leading-edge work will be done within the institute to develop new, more effective, less toxic therapies for urologic cancers. Dr. Dennis Slamon, director of Clinical/Translational Research at UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, called the Institute's research and clinical model "outstanding." "It's an excellent idea to bring people together from different disciplines that overlap around a disease," said Slamon, whose laboratory and clinical research led to the development of Herceptin. "It creates a synergy that allows us to do things more quickly and efficiently." Dr. Jean DeKernion, chairman of the UCLA Department of Urology, agrees. "With this approach, we'll be able to get leading-edge therapies to the patient faster, taking them out of the lab and into practice in much less time," he said. Patients also will benefit from the institute's top diagnostic tools, expertise in robotic and minimally-invasive surgery and the combined experience of the experts, who often treat the most complicated urologic cancer cases. In addition, a joint, multi-disciplinary board across all genitourinary specialties will meet at the institute to discuss complicated and challenging tumor cases referred to UCLA. "This unique institute, blending both academic and clinical pursuits, will offer the patient the latest treatments as well as allow researchers and clinicians the opportunity to collaborate in moving cancer therapies forward," said Dr. Gerald Levey, vice chancellor of UCLA Medical Sciences and dean of the David Geffen School of Medicine. An educational symposium will be held at UCLA on March 3, 2009 to celebrate the launch of the institute. The symposium will feature top oncologists and researchers discussing translational research, advances in personalized medicine for prostate cancer, targeted treatments for kidney cancer and the latest in therapies for bladder cancer. Slamon will discuss the lessons learned from the development of Herceptin and how they may apply to prostate cancers. Keynote speakers include Michael Milken, chairman of the Milken Institute, and Dr. Andrew C. von Eschenbach, former director of the National Cancer Institute and a former commissioner for the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. The Institute will be housed in temporary space until a permanent, state-of-the-art facility can be built. About 390,000 Americans were diagnosed with kidney, bladder, testicular and prostate cancer last year, resulting in about 56,000 deaths. The Institute's goal is to dramatically lower the death rates for urologic cancers. "Our mission is to offer patients outstanding, individualized surgical and medical care and access to leading-edge experimental therapies with the overall goal to cure urologic cancers," Belldegrun said. UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center has more than 350 researchers and clinicians engaged in disease research, prevention, detection, control, treatment and education. One of the nation's largest comprehensive cancer centers, the Jonsson center is dedicated to promoting research and translating basic science into leading-edge clinical studies. In July 2008, the Jonsson Cancer Center was named among the top 10 cancer centers nationwide by U.S. News & World Report, a ranking it has held for nine consecutive years. For more information on the Jonsson Cancer Center, visit our website at http://www.cancer.ucla.edu.


The notion of generational differences has been around since society has been documented. The bible documents conflict between generations. In the 1950's, Elvis Presley's unashamed hip swivelling was surely going to be the end of society. Our parents did not understand us, and we struggle to understand why our children would prefer to spend hours on interactive video games instead of kicking a football in the park. Our world is very different today from the world of our parents, grandparents and their parents, so it stands to reason that generations will adapt to a different world as well as influence the progress of the world. Born between 1980 and 1994 (McRindle, 2006), these people are often characterised as being fickle, technology savvy, disrespectful of authority and over confident. In the workplace, tension often mounts as managers and co-workers are confronted by alien views of the world of work from a generation raised on technology and excesses. At university, lecturers are often taken aback by attitudes so foreign to their way of developing knowledge, they cannot reconcile the two. This paper explores some of the myths and ambiguities about Generation Y (Gen Y) to help understand their style and some strategies to help academics cope with Gen Y students in their classroom.


Direct mapping of protein disulfide patterns using top-down mass spectrometry (MS) is often hampered by inadequate fragmentation at the disulfide-enclosing region, and insufficient structural information provided by the fragments. Here we used electron-transfer/high energy collision dissociation (EThcD) to improve the fragmentation efficiency, and developed strategies that minimize the false positive identification of fragments and deconvolute the signals representing specific modifications made to the disulfide-cleavage-induced fragments. We observed clear correlations between unique modification (attachment or removal of H or SH) patterns and the number of disulfide bonds that enclose the corresponding region. Using the characteristic signature fragments, we in part localized the Cys-bridging sites in disulfide-scrambled lysozymes, and reduced the number of putative disulfide patterns from 104 to 6. The results demonstrated the feasibility of direct analysis of complex disulfide patterns using top-down MS.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


The central claim of this paper is that neurologists in mid-to-late nineteenth-century America generally denied the possibility that pain could exist in the absence of material lesion. There is ongoing debate over the medical status of pain sufferers in mid-to-late nineteenth-century America, with some arguing that what we might now term "chronic pain" became invisible during the period; others assert that physicians of the time were acutely aware of and sensitive to the suffering of their patients from a variety of pain experiences. Drawing on prior work related to the social and cultural efficacy produced in fin-de-siecle American culture by imaging the visible lesion, I argue that these apparently divergent views are both correct. On the one hand, there is little support in the primary sources for the idea that mid-to-late nineteenth-century American physicians ignored or trivialized the pain experiences of their patients. Indeed, given the Victorian emphasis on suffering and sympathy, such behaviour would have been especially taboo, at least with regards to socially privileged patients. On the other hand, the fact that American physicians of the time were aware of and sensitive to their patients' pain does not imply that the physicians allowed that such pain could exist in the absence of a material (morbid) lesion. I contend that American neurologists followed their European counterparts in repeatedly insisting that if the patient experiences pain, then such a lesion must perforce exist, even if imaging techniques of the time simply did not permit discernment of the lesion itself. This finding has several implications. First, it fills a gap in the relevant literature inasmuch as there is little sustained historical analysis of the attitudes, practices, and beliefs of mid-to-late nineteenth-century American physicians regarding pain without lesion. Second, it contributes to the historiography demonstrating the power and significance that the increasing emphasis on discrete objects of disease had in mid-to-late nineteenth-century America. Third, it suggests some possible lessons for thinking about the continuing importance of the visible lesion in the widespread undertreatment of pain in the contemporary USA.


The student teaching practicum experience is designed to give preservice teachers practical experience with teaching and is an important step in their development. While literature in agricultural education exists about preservice teacher professional development, little is known about the developmental process of agriculture teachers during the student teaching experience. Utilizing the theory of teacher concerns (Fuller & Brown, 1975) as a theoretical lens, the purpose of this qualitative document analysis was to determine how preservice teachers develop over the first half of the student teaching practicum by examining the way they talk about concerns. Written reflections of five different cohorts from 2010 through 2014 were analyzed at two different points in time (week two and week seven). During the first two weeks of student teaching, three themes emerged, including: 1) teacher/student identity crisis, 2) teaching competence: "I do not know how, what, or who...," and 3) adjusting to change. During week seven, the concerns changed, which indicated the student teachers were developing into the professional role of a teacher. The three themes that emerged from the data for week seven were: 1) building professional relationships, 2) engaging students, and 3) it is about time: work-life balance. Implications exist for teacher educators to place more emphasis on teaching strategies to engage and motivate students in the learning process, rather than just the task itself. Recommendations are suggested for teacher educators to discuss with preservice teachers before student teaching the realities and challenges of balancing work and life roles.


Mahmoud O El Wadee An Islanding Detection Scheme Based On Fast Angle Estimation Technique for Inverter Based Distribute?d Generation this paper introduces a new passive islanding detection technique for inverter based grid connected distributed generation (DG) systems. This method is based on fast estimation of voltage angle and it was compared with another passive islanding detection method based on power factor angle estimation. The two methods are simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK program. Furthermore, an experimental system is implemented to facilitate the comparison between the two methods. Simulation results as well as experimental results explore the successfulness of the proposed method. The main advantages of the proposed voltage angle detection method based on ADALINE algorithm are its independency on the load power factor and its quick response as it detects islanding condition in less than 0.1 second.


This study offers an analysis of print news media coverage of the 2016 New Zealand Local Body elections, focusing on reportage around issues of diversity. This study builds upon a prior project by the Media Observatory group at Auckland University of Technology of the 2014 New Zealand General election that also examined issues of diversity. The function of news media in democratic societies is crucial.  For a nation-state that is as cosmopolitan and diverse as New Zealand, issues of inclusivity and representation are critical considerations for news media. This study employs content analysis and examined news coverage of local body elections and analysed 198 Local Elections newspaper articles from the eight weeks prior to 8 October 2016 in one nationwide newspaper and four Auckland community newspapers. It focuses on The New Zealand Herald, East & Bays Courier, Manukau Courier, North Shore Times, Central Leader and the Western Leader . The analysis of the 2016 Local Election news coverage demonstrates a predominant focus on the mayoral candidates to the detriment of other aspects of local election voting, and a focus on campaign strategy over social issues impacting the electorate. The Local Election coverage placed particularly strong focus on "youth" as a social group in contrast to other classified groups such as Māori, Asians, Pacific Islanders, the elderly, and dependents. The Local Election coverage also represented a diversity of social issues, from housing, transport, to business and economy, environment, and law and order. The coverage provided ample space for words and perspectives from the electoral front-runners, local government representatives, and for public voices but it also paid minimal attention to non-mayoral voting categories, non-front runner candidates, and non-Auckland geographical locations, although this latter point was perhaps unsurprising, given the newspapers sampled in the study.


In this paper, we challenge the conventional idea that an increase in the progressivity of old-age pensions unanimously distorts the labor supply decision of households. So far, the literature has argued that higher pension progressivity leads to more redistribution and insurance provision on the one hand, but increases implicit taxes and therefore distorts labor supply choices on the other. In contrast, we show that a well-designed reform of the pension system has the potential to encourage labor force participation. We propose a progressive pension component linked to the employment decision of households, which implicitly subsidizes employment of the productivity poor. A simulation analysis in a quantitative stochastic overlapping generations model with productivity and longevity risk indicates that this positive employment effect can be sizable and welfare enhancing. JEL Classification: D15, H31, H55, J21, J22


Do different types of megaprojects have different cost overruns? This apparently simple question is at the heart of research at the University of Oxford aimed at understanding the characteristics of megaprojects, particularly in terms of how they are established, run and concluded.

In this study, we set out to investigate cost overruns in the Olympic Games. To do so, we examined the costs of the Games over half a century, including both summer and winter Olympics. We looked at the evolution of final reported costs and compared these to the costs established in the Games bids, submitted to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) up to seven years before the Games occurred. In so doing we established the largest dataset of its kind, and documented for the first time in a consistent fashion the costs and cost overruns for the Olympic Games, from 1960 to 2012. We discovered that the Games stand out in two distinct ways compared to other megaprojects: (1) The Games overrun with 100 per cent consistency. No other type of megaproject is this consistent regarding cost overrun. Other project types are typically on budget from time to time, but not the Olympics. (2) With an average cost overrun in real terms of 179 per cent – and 324 per cent in nominal terms – overruns in the Games have historically been significantly larger than for other types of megaprojects, including infrastructure, construction, ICT, and dams. The data thus show that for a city and nation to decide to host the Olympic Games is to take on one of the most financially risky type of megaproject that exists, something that many cities and nations have learned to their peril.

For the London 2012 Games, we find that: (1) With sports-related real costs currently estimated at USD14.8 billion, London is on track to become the most costly Olympics ever. (2) With a projected cost overrun of 101 per cent in real terms, overrun for London is below the historical average for the Games, but not significantly so. (3) The London cost overrun is, however, significantly higher than overruns for recent Games since 1999. London therefore is reversing a positive trend of falling cost overruns for the Games.


This thesis describes the development of an operational river basin water resources information management system. The river or drainage basin is the fundamental unit of the system; in both the modelling and prediction of hydrological processes, and in the monitoring of the effect of catchment management policies. A primary concern of the study is the collection of sufficient and sufficiently accurate information to model hydrological processes. Remote sensing, in combination with conventional point source measurement, can be a valuable source of information, but is often overlooked by hydrologists, due to the cost of acquisition and processing. This thesis describes a number of cost effective methods of acquiring remotely sensed imagery, from airborne video survey to real time ingestion of meteorological satellite data. Inexpensive micro-computer systems and peripherals are used throughout to process and manipulate the data. Spatial information systems provide a means of integrating these data with topographic and thematic cartographic data, and historical records. For the system to have any real potential the data must be stored in a readily accessible format and be easily manipulated within the database. The design of efficient man-machine interfaces and the use of software enginering methodologies are therefore included in this thesis as a major part of the design of the system. The use of low cost technologies, from micro-computers to video cameras, enables the introduction of water resources information management systems into developing countries where the potential benefits are greatest.


Disclosing a mental illness can be difficult, especially for those affected by eating disorders. Individuals impacted by eating disorders often worry that disclosing their situation may lead to fear, judgment, and stigmatization. Online eating disorder communities have become increasingly popular, hosting thousands of users worldwide, and may be safe places for individuals with eating disorders to communicate and connect. In this postmodern study, we utilized situational analysis to examine online accounts on publically accessible websites where individuals discussed disclosing eating disorders. Situational Analysis utilizes illustrative mapping techniques to demonstrate the complexity of the situation of inquiry, allowing researchers to highlight heterogeneities. Our findings demonstrated (a) the fight that frequently occurs after an eating disorder disclosure, (b) the notion that eating disorders are a monstrous issue, and (c) stigmatization one experiences after disclosing and when considering to disclose. This study has potential to inform educational recommendations given to the public about disclosures and stigma in regard to eating disorders, as well as earlier identification and treatment outcomes for individuals with eating disorders.


A compact selection of statistics on the social security programmes administered by the Kela. Including both tables and charts, the Pocket statistics presents key data on the benefits provided by the Kela, supplemented by selected data about programmes administered by other organizations. Most of the data is updated to the end of 2012, with some of the presentations extending into 2011


This paper presents Prio, a privacy-preserving system for the collection of aggregate statistics. Each Prio client holds a private data value (e.g., its current location), and a small set of servers compute statistical functions over the values of all clients (e.g., the most popular location). As long as at least one server is honest, the Prio servers learn nearly nothing about the clients' private data, except what they can infer from the aggregate statistics that the system computes. To protect functionality in the face of faulty or malicious clients, Prio uses secret-shared non-interactive proofs (SNIPs), a new cryptographic technique that yields a hundred-fold performance improvement over conventional zero-knowledge approaches. Prio extends classic private aggregation techniques to enable the collection of a large class of useful statistics. For example, Prio can perform a least-squares regression on high-dimensional client-provided data without ever seeing the data in the clear.


The results of an investigation of the chemical and thermal characteristics of glass-ceramic enamels, derived from the Li2O-Na2O-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 system, obtained by employing the methods of mathematical experiment planning, are presented in this paper. Adequate mathematical models, showing the dependence of the chemical and thermal stability on the chemical composition of enamel system, after different thermal treatment procedures, were obtained. Based on the testing carried out, it was concluded that in the obtained g1ass-ceramic enamels the chemical resistance is decreased, but at the same time, the thermal stability is increased, relative to reference coatings.


Abstract. Automatic extraction of building changes is important for many applications like disaster monitoring and city planning. Although a lot of research work is available based on 2D as well as 3D data, an improvement in accuracy and efficiency is still needed. The introducing of digital surface models (DSMs) to building change detection has strongly improved the resulting accuracy. In this paper, a post-classification approach is proposed for building change detection using satellite stereo imagery. Firstly, DSMs are generated from satellite stereo imagery and further refined by using a segmentation result obtained from the Sobel gradients of the panchromatic image. Besides the refined DSMs, the panchromatic image and the pansharpened multispectral image are used as input features for mean-shift segmentation. The DSM is used to calculate the nDSM, out of which the initial building candidate regions are extracted. The candidate mask is further refined by morphological filtering and by excluding shadow regions. Following this, all segments that overlap with a building candidate region are determined. A building oriented segments merging procedure is introduced to generate a final building rooftop mask. As the last step, object based change detection is performed by directly comparing the building rooftops extracted from the pre- and after-event imagery and by fusing the change indicators with the roof-top region map. A quantitative and qualitative assessment of the proposed approach is provided by using WorldView-2 satellite data from Istanbul, Turkey.


Life events are full of stressors is one cause of the increased mental disorders. One that occurs in the patient experiences violent behavior. The family is the most influential person, knowing and feeling the suffering to be lived with the mentally ill. The purpose of this study is to know the family experience of living with family members who have mental disorders of violent behavior.The design of this research is descriptive qualitative, using data analysis method Colaizzi according to Creswell (2014). Data processing techniques preparing data, coding data, describing data that has been in the coding, presenting data in the form of narration, and identify the data. Based on the results of data analysis, there are fourteen core themes as follows: 1) feeling worried 2) accepting the situation 3) feeling desperate 4) feeling ostracized 5) feeling worthless 6) doing inhumane actions. Of the theme ditemukantersebut caused because people with mental disorders is a long disease condition to be cured so that families mersakan psychological, social and economic burden. In addition, people with mental disorders still do not get good support for life in the community, with the lack of support is one of the causes of difficult to cure patients. Families with mental disorders have not been fully accepted in the community, even many still provide a negative stigma. For that support from family and society is very instrumental and influential in healing for people with mental disorders.


Disasters are a major challenge for countries across the globe. Current debates on climate change focus both on extreme weather events that trigger disasters and their long-term variability. Effective disaster prevention requires detailed understanding of and learning from past disasters and the implementation of adaptation strategies in order to mitigate or control disasters resulting from climatic changes already under way. Among them, flood-, hurricane-, heavy rain- and drought-related disasters take a prominent place. Disaster prevention and preventive adaptation strategies present a complex challenge. Predicting climatic changes is not enough: we need scenarios that describe the probable effects of these changes on local climates and sea levels. Just as important is the implementation of technical and organizational changes in order to prevent, or at least mitigate, the impact of disasters. These changes, obviously, must take into account complex aspects of urbanization and socio-technical development. モRisk and Planet Earthヤ addresses the complexity and the multidisciplinarity of this challenge. The authors of this collection deal with a wide range of aspects. The contributions by James K. Mitchell, Ed de Mulder, Irmgard Schwaetzer and Nico Stehr stress the role of politics in coordinating integrated adaptation strategies, focussing on different aspects each. Ed de Mulder states the need to raise awareness of present climate change dynamics and foster adaptation efforts. He sees a current window of opportunity to establish regenerative energy production and take measures to enhance a balanced human impact on earth while adapting to climatic changes already under way. Nico Stehr criticizes solely focussing on モclimate protectionヤ as prime political strategy in Germany. He argues that adaptation measures are necessary as a second, parallel strategy. James K. Mitchells contribution advocates a holistic approach to disaster prevention and calls for political programs reflecting such preventions. In this context, he explores the multidimensional nature of both disasters and adaptation/resilience and the resulting exigencies for cross-sectional cooperation across different functional systems on all operational levels. Irmgard Schwaetzer's paper deals with the complexity of the causes of disasters triggered by hydro-meteorological hazards, which occur in increasing numbers and intensities. She stresses the importance of interdisciplinary research, arguing, that tertiary education, currently still poorly developed, is likely to play an important role in this field. This latter aspect is developed further by Ria Hidajat who presents an account of several educational programs in Pakistan and in the Andes region to this end. Other contributions present models to quantify flood risks and their use in disaster prevention (Christian Dobler; Saqhib Ehsan et al.), as well as in multidimensional vulnerability assessments, integrating socio-economic and demographic aspects and levels of risk exposure (Alexander Fekete); highlight the effects of legal/regulatory frameworks on the practice of flood mitigation measures (Wolfgang K�ck); and analyze the interaction of complex socio-ecological systems of developing countries in the context of disaster recovery and adaptive strategies (Mathias Garschagen, J�rn Birkmann). Richard Campanella demonstrates how New Orleans increased geographic exposure to risk is a result of economic considerations and technical modernization, illustrating how disasters are often the result of tightly coupled social-ecological systems which have evolved over a long time period of time. The volume thus presents an exemplary overview of the breadth of long-term adaptation strategies and applied field research, taking available climate predictions as prominent examples. Being multidisciplinary in its approach, the book addresses researchers concerned with disaster prevention, interested in transcending their own disciplinary boundaries as well as practitioners in the field and the general public. Disasters are a major challenge for countries across the globe. Current debates on climate change focus both on extreme weather events that trigger disasters and their long-term variability. Effective disaster prevention requires detailed understanding of and learning from past disasters and the implementation of adaptation strategies in order to mitigate or control disasters resulting from climatic changes already under way. Among them, flood-, hurricane-, heavy rain- and drought-related disasters take a prominent place. Disaster prevention and preventive adaptation strategies present a complex challenge. Predicting climatic changes is not enough: we need scenarios that describe the probable effects of these changes on local climates and sea levels. Just as important is the implementation of technical and organizational changes in order to prevent, or at least mitigate, the impact of disasters. These changes, obviously, must take into account complex aspects of urbanization and socio-technical development. モRisk and Planet Earthヤ addresses the complexity and the multidisciplinarity of this challenge. The authors of this collection deal with a wide range of aspects. The contributions by James K. Mitchell, Ed de Mulder, Irmgard Schwaetzer and Nico Stehr stress the role of politics in coordinating integrated adaptation strategies, focussing on different aspects each. Ed de Mulder states the need to raise awareness of present climate change dynamics and foster adaptation efforts. He sees a current window of opportunity to establish regenerative energy production and take measures to enhance a balanced human impact on earth while adapting to climatic changes already under way. Nico Stehr criticizes solely focussing on モclimate protectionヤ as prime political strategy in Germany. He argues that adaptation measures are necessary as a second, parallel strategy. James K. Mitchells contribution advocates a holistic approach to disaster prevention and calls for political programs reflecting such preventions. In this context, he explores the multidimensional nature of both disasters and adaptation/resilience and the resulting exigencies for cross-sectional cooperation across different functional systems on all operational levels. Irmgard Schwaetzer's paper deals with the complexity of the causes of disasters triggered by hydro-meteorological hazards, which occur in increasing numbers and intensities. She stresses the importance of interdisciplinary research, arguing, that tertiary education, currently still poorly developed, is likely to play an important role in this field. This latter aspect is developed further by Ria Hidajat who presents an account of several educational programs in Pakistan and in the Andes region to this end. Other contributions present models to quantify flood risks and their use in disaster prevention (Christian Dobler; Saqhib Ehsan et al.), as well as in multidimensional vulnerability assessments, integrating socio-economic and demographic aspects and levels of risk exposure (Alexander Fekete); highlight the effects of legal/regulatory frameworks on the practice of flood mitigation measures (Wolfgang K�ck); and analyze the interaction of complex socio-ecological systems of developing countries in the context of disaster recovery and adaptive strategies (Mathias Garschagen, J�rn Birkmann). Richard Campanella demonstrates how New Orleans increased geographic exposure to risk is a result of economic considerations and technical modernization, illustrating how disasters are often the result of tightly coupled social-ecological systems which have evolved over a long time period of time. The volume thus presents an exemplary overview of the breadth of long-term adaptation strategies and applied field research, taking available climate predictions as prominent examples. Being multidisciplinary in its approach, the book addresses researchers concerned with disaster prevention, interested in transcending their own disciplinary boundaries as well as practitioners in the field and the general public.


In Europe and the United States, regulatory agencies responsible for monitoring drug safety have struggled to address the health concerns raised by the burgeoning market for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures utilizing botulinum toxins, the active ingredients in Botox. A 2005 study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology drew attention to these shortcomings after an analysis of adverse event reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) linked twenty-eight patient deaths to Botox-induced respiratory arrest and myocardial infarction. After an independent review of adverse effects reports submitted to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) revealed similar findings in Europe, the FDA and EMEA implemented bolstered product warnings aimed at increasing patient awareness of the drug's health risks. This Note compares the FDA and EMEA's heightened warning protocols and argues that the agencies' recent efforts are unlikely to reduce the number of serious adverse events linked to botulinum toxins.


Four years before his passing, the Cuban singer Ibrahim Ferrer pointed out in an interview "You can see from my face I have a little Chinese blood."1 Of Chinese, African, Spanish, and French ancestry, Ferrer was earning change by shining shoes until a combination of happenstances led to his rediscovery and fame at age 69. His signature balladic voice, with the Buena Vista Social Club and the Afro-Cuban All Stars, launched a renewed global romance with Cuban music. Ferrer's story is one of art and redemption, but also, a story of cultural heritage. The debate continues over the merits of traditional versus newer forms of Cuban music. But we can ask another question on cultural heritage. Why did Ferrer mention his Chinese ancestry, and what does it mean that he had "a little Chinese blood?" Should it mean anything? Perhaps a more interesting question is: What could it mean? To us? This is really a question to the reader, the listener, the audience. The story of Ferrer joins a fabled tapestry of Afro-Asian culture, arts, and politics. As Alicia Castro neatly put it, regarding her own multicultural family, "Our family is an especially rich recipe."2 In her memoir, Queens of Havana, Castro recounts the storied lives of a family brood. Upon the impoverishment of her father, a half-Chinese grocer, Castro and her ten sisters formed the all-girl jazz band, Anacaona. The band goes down in Cuban music history as one of the most wildly popular jazz bands of the 1920s and 30s. Castro points out, "We Cubans are not merely the descendants of white Spaniards and black Africans. We're made up of just as many ingredients as a good ajiaco." She begins her story by describing her father, his Chinese background, and early family life. "His heart belonged to music," she says, and he believed that "art should not be treated as a luxury; it should be treated as the focal point of life."3 Perhaps music, and jazz especially, is the apt metaphor for entering into a conversation about multicultural lives and the tensions between creativity, history, memory, and storytelling. Here, we have conversation with four contemporary writers, artists, and scholars, who recount the twists and turns of their cultural histories that span the Americas. William Luis, for example, reveals the play with cultural identity and the dialogic nature of representation. Eminent professor and literary scholar, he shares a colorful biography of family life that spans Cuba and New York. Albert Chong, the photographer and artist of international renown, gives a revealing account of his Jamaican roots and now diasporic life, peppered with sharp observations of social politics and color. Karen Tei Yamashita, the acclaimed novelist and fiction writer, recounts her creative and familial journey that crisscrosses Brazil, California, and Japan. And Alejandro Campos Garcia, doctoral student of sociology, embarks on a nascent investigation into the Chinese side of his family. All four accounts, surprising and fresh, reveal the complexity of how histories are intimately lived and remembered, or in some cases, forgotten and hidden. These participants were chosen because they had already demonstrated the keen eye of critique in their own works on coloniality and power, art and cultural identification. Consider William Luis's work on Latino Caribbean literatures, Cuban narratives, and most recently, his book on the slave Juan Francisco Manzano, Autobiografia del esclavo poeta y otros escritos. Or, Albert Chong's deeply evocative series of installations and images, such as Color Stiil Lives. Take also Karen Tei Yamashita's four novels from The Arc of the Rainforest to Circle K Cycles, animated with satire, parody, and cultural conflict. Alejandro Campos Garcia's examinations of racism in socialist Cuba are another example of the same. Why not ask them to turn their creative talents and critical eyes to the biographies of their own lives? Fortunately, they agreed to this preliminary effort, and perhaps, might agree to reconvene and continue the conversation down the road. …


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit physical, mechanical and electrical properties that makes them ideal for use in multifunctional composites. They are highly electrically and thermally conductive, mechanically strong, have low density, and come from a readily available carbon source. The miniature dimensions of CNTs makes them very interesting for micro-and nano-scale applications. They also exhibit piezoimpedance properties that have drawn attention to the significant possibilities of utilizing them in sensing applications. Upon the application of mechanical strain, their electrical resistance changes. This behavior is known as piezoresistivity and can be tapped for strain measurement and damage monitoring when the CNT yarns are integrated into polymeric and composite materials. When the nanotubes are assembled into axially aligned yarns, its use can be extended into macroscopic applications. It is thus imperative to fully explore the electromechanical properties of the CNT yarns if they are to be utilized in large scale applications or deployed commercially. This paper provides the complete piezoresistive response of the free or unconstrained CNT yarns subjected to quasi-static and cyclic loading under uniaxial tension. By taking resistance measurements simultaneously with load and displacement histories, any relationship between the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the CNT yarn are determined including the effect of hysteresis, strain rate, and strain level. The coupled mechanical and electrical response of the CNT yarns for a relatively high strain rate were studied. The gauge factor is the most important parameter that allows the calculation of the strain from the resistance measurements. The values of the gauge factors are determined for the different strain levels and its variation with cycle. The phenomena occurring at the nanoscale level in the carbon nanotubes and at the microscale level in the carbon nanotube bundles, are hypothesized and used to explain the macroscopic response of the CNT yarns.


In the past, humans regarded their resources as rare, knowing that their demands outweighed supply. Everything available had to be used, and almost nothing went to waste. However, the Industrial Revolution embraced development and the seemingly unlimited use of renewable and nonrenewable resources. Little by little, though, wastes were seen as pollutants that had to be discreetly collected, hidden, or buried in the most environmentally friendly way possible. Each year the world produces as much waste as it does grain and steel. The world survey detailed in this book offers the most complete picture to date of the global waste economy, from collection through to recovery and recycling. It analyzes in depth three different methods of waste treatment: recycling, composting, and waste treatment. The authors deem it critical that changes in and the future of the waste management economy need to be viewed as part of the general issue of resource scarcity. Through effective and efficient resource recovery, global waste production offers the potential for equivalent amounts of energy and organic and secondary raw material resources.


Trustees and other investment fiduciaries of pensions, charities, and personal trusts, and those who advise them, face increasing pressure to rely on ESG factors in the investment management of tens of trillions of dollars of other people's money. At the same time, however, confusion abounds about the intersection of fiduciary principles and ESG investing. This article cuts through that confusion to provide guidance about when and how ESG investing by trustees and investment fiduciaries is permissible. We make four interrelated points: (1) we provide a clarifying taxonomy on the meaning of ESG investing, differentiating between risk-return ESG (i.e., using ESG factors to improve risk-adjusted returns) and collateral benefits ESG (i.e., using ESG factors for third-party effects); (2) we discuss the subjectivity inherent to identifying and applying ESG factors, which complicates assessment of ESG investing strategies; (3) we summarize the current theory and evidence on whether ESG investing can improve risk-adjusted returns, finding the results to be mixed and contextual; and (4) we show that American trust fiduciary law generally prohibits collateral benefits ESG, but risk-return ESG can be permissible if supported by a reasoned and documented analysis that is updated periodically.


Breaktime in the school is a period when pupils learn social skills they will need in the world outside. But it can also be an occasion for aggression, harassment and bullying. Breaktime and the School gives an accessible account of the latest research into children's play and behaviour. The contributors show how an understanding of the area can inform practical action in designing an environment which encourages positive behaviour, in effective management and supervision, and in involving the children themselves in decision-making and conflict resolution. Staff in primary and secondary schools, school governors deciding on budget allocations, as well as local education authority advisers will find the book essential reading.


OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether parental deployment affected the rates at which children of military parents accessed health care within the military health system. METHODS: We linked outpatient health care claims data for military service members' children <2 years of age from fiscal year 2007 to the parental deployment history during the same period. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for all visits and well-child visits were determined according to parental deployment status. RESULTS: A total of 169 986 children were identified, with 1 772 703 outpatient visits. Of those children, 32% had a parent deployed during the study period. Well-child visits constituted 27% of all outpatient visits. The unadjusted visit rates for all visits and well-child visits were 10.4 and 2.8 visits per year, respectively. Children of single parents had decreased rates of outpatient visits (IRR: 0.84 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–0.89]; P < .001) and well-child visits (IRR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.84–0.93]; P < .001) during deployment. Children of married parents, however, had increased rates of both outpatient visits (IRR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.03–1.09]; P < .001) and well-child visits (IRR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.07–1.09]; P < .001) during deployment. There was interaction between parental marital status and deployment, which was most significant among parents <24 years of age and consistently decreased with increasing parental age. CONCLUSIONS: Children of young, single, military parents are seen less frequently for acute and well-child care when their parent is deployed, whereas children of married parents are seen more frequently in the military health system.


Abstract Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in North America traditionally wintered in South America. In the 1980s a small breeding population was found in coastal Argentina and since then the breeding range of Barn Swallows in the country has expanded. Our aims here were to examine the north-western limits of the breeding range of Barn Swallows in Argentina, and to analyse the factors that may determine selection of nesting site by the species. We surveyed and characterised culverts and bridges below roads, which are the most frequently used breeding sites of Barn Swallows in Argentina, in an area of 15 000 km2 in northern La Pampa Province, central Argentina. We found 51 nests in 39 culverts and bridges sparsely distributed through most of the surveyed area. We also found 16 nests outside that area, in central Buenos Aires and La Pampa Provinces. Occupied culverts were higher and were more often associated with wetlands than unoccupied culverts. Most nests were in agricultural landscapes, with just a few in Caldén (Prosopis caldenia) forests. Our results confirm that the breeding range of the species in South America has expanded by about a third in relation to previous studies, but there is still a large area of suitable habitat for the species in Argentina, mostly to the north of La Pampa Province, suggesting that further expansion of the range of the species can be expected. Our study describes the expansion of this common species within South America and speculates on the underlying reasons.


Displacement of human populations from the natural habitats results in a host of socio-economic impacts. This study will focus on mainly farmers and tribal communities in India and how the modernisation process has affected these communities especially since the adoption of neoliberal economic reforms. For the rural people the displacement is a traumatic both in terms livelihoods and cultural point of view. The paper will analyse the issues of displacement of the villages that have been relatively isolated from the outside world. The development induced displacement becomes important due to its impact on the rural communities through land alienation in the form of protests by the affected communities. I find that not even a single study shows the socio-economic and environmental effects of these policies on the rural poor. Analysis of the reasons for these changes point in many directions. Displacement, the loss of traditional livelihoods of the rural communities and environmental destruction are the most prominent among them.


Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that is an important human and animal pathogen. Experimental information on T. gondii membrane proteins is limited, and the majority of gene predictions with predicted transmembrane motifs are of unknown function. A systematic analysis of the membrane proteome of T. gondii is important not only for understanding this parasite's invasion mechanism(s), but also for the discovery of potential drug targets and new preventative and therapeutic strategies. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of the membrane proteome of T. gondii, employing three proteomics strategies: one-dimensional gel liquid chromatography-tandem MS analysis (one-dimensional gel electrophoresis LC-MS/MS), biotin labeling in conjunction with one-dimensional gel LC-MS/MS analysis, and a novel strategy that combines three-layer "sandwich" gel electrophoresis with multidimensional protein identification technology. A total of 2241 T. gondii proteins with at least one predicted transmembrane segment were identified and grouped into 841 sequentially nonredundant protein clusters, which account for 21.8% of the predicted transmembrane protein clusters in the T. gondii genome. A large portion (42%) of the identified T. gondii membrane proteins are hypothetical proteins. Furthermore, many of the membrane proteins validated by mass spectrometry are unique to T. gondii or to the Apicomplexa, providing a set of gene predictions ripe for experimental investigation, and potentially suitable targets for the development of therapeutic strategies.


Background: The recording and reporting of peripheral intravenous (PIV) line failures is not commonly carried out in South Africa. Statistics are collected on pressure ulcers, catheter-related bloodstream infections or phlebitis, but not on PIV catheter infiltration. Currently, there are no data on the rate of unscheduled restarts due to PIV catheter failures in South Africa. Method: A small, two-phased study was conducted in one ward. The rate of PIV catheter line complications, and current practices with regard to PIV catheter insertion and maintenance, were investigated in Phase 1. PIV catheter failure rates with regard to a new PIV catheter securement dressing were investigated in the second phase. The results of the two phases were compared to try and establish whether or not the implementation of an advanced securement dressing versus the standard flat transparent film dressing minimised complication rates and unscheduled restarts.

 Results: Data collected in phase 1, using current practices and a standard flat transparent film dressing, showed that 21% of the PIV catheters failed due to infiltration and had to be restarted. After the implementation of a new PIV catheter securement dressing, the infiltration rate decreased to 1.7%, resulting in significant cost savings. This small study showed that better securement minimised unscheduled restarts and could reduce costs. Further studies are required to raise awareness of PIV catheter failure rates and the unnecessary cost that accompanies unscheduled restarts.

 Conclusion: Limited reporting of PIV catheter infiltration results in scant statistics regarding these incidences. It will be of value to record and report incidences of PIV catheter line infiltration and seek solutions to minimise complications. Catheter stabilisation devices help secure and preserve the integrity of devices, minimise movement, prevent catheter dislodgment, and help to reduce the risk of complications caused by intravascular devices.


Cyanobacterial blooms deteriorate the water quality and impair the use of lakes and reservoirs. They also threaten human health through toxin production. Therefore, regular monitoring of cyanobacterial biomass is critical for bloom detection. In Karaoun Reservoir, the largest freshwater body in Lebanon, cyanobacteria have been strongly dominating phytoplankton since 2009. In their seasonal trend, Microcystis aeruginosa dominates in summer while Aphanizomenon (Chrysosporum) ovalisporum occurs in spring and autumn.
The presence of these blooms hampers Karaoun reservoir services including fisheries, recreational uses and irrigation. Understanding how cyanobacteria respond to water level fluctuations and to the thermal structure of the reservoir is important for adequate management. In this study, we aim to use modelling in order to complement field monitoring and determine factors governing cyanobacteria distribution.
In order to calibrate and validate the adopted model, field campaigns were conducted in 2017 and consisted of measuring cyanobacteria distribution with phycocyanin fluorescence profiles, water temperature profiles and water transparency at three locations in the reservoir. These campaigns allowed us to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of cyanobacteria distribution. We used a coupled three dimensional hydrodynamic-ecological model, the Delft 3D suite, to simulate water level fluctuations, water temperature and cyanobacterial biomass. Eventually we compared the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria from field measurements and simulation results. Model simulations helped explain the influence of hydrodynamic processes that led to observed vertical and horizontal heterogeneities of cyanobacteria. We provide a thorough discussion about the contribution of modelling techniques to this study.


According to the theory of capital as power, capitalism, like any other mode of power, is born through sabotage and lives in chains – and yet everywhere we look we see it grow and expand. What explains this apparent puzzle of 'growth in the midst of sabotage'? The answer, we argue, begins with the very meaning of 'growth'. Whereas conventional political economy equates the growth with a rising standard of living, we posit that much of this growth has nothing to do with livelihood as such: it represents not the improvement of wellbeing, but the expansion of sabotage itself. Building on this premise, the article historicizes, theorizes and models the relationship between changes in hierarchical power and sabotage on the one hand and the growth of energy capture on the other. It claims that hierarchical power is sought for its own sake; that building and sustaining this power demands strategic sabotage; and that sabotage absorbs a significant proportion of the energy captured by society. From this standpoint, capitalism grows, at least in part, not despite or because of sabotage, but through sabotage.


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature death and disability in Europe and worldwide. Effective Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) can significantly improve mortality and morbidity rates, leading to longer independent living and a reduced use of health care resources. However, adherence to such an exercise programme is generally low for a variety of reasons such as lack of time and how enjoyable the CR programme is. In this work, we proposed a method for automatic enjoyment estimation during an exercise which could be used by a clinician to identify when a patient is not enjoying the exercise and therefore at risk of early dropout. In order to evaluate the proposed method, a database was captured where participants perform various of CR exercises. Three set of facial features were extracted and were evaluated using seven different classifiers. The proposed method achieved 49% average accuracy in predicting five different enjoyment level on the newly collected database.


Gas bubbles in liquids are important in biomedical applications such as ultrasound imaging, drug release, or photothermal therapy. We create vapor nanobubbles in liquids around laser-heated gold nanoparticles and investigate their time-dependent properties using optical techniques. Vapor nanobubbles can show explosive behavior on the (sub-)nanosecond (10^-9s) time scale, even under continuous heating. They are highly sensitivity to acoustic pressures. From our study, we conclude that vapor nanobubbles are very interesting systems for fast all-optical light modulation and for nanoscale acoustic-wave sensing.
Conjugated polymers are important organic materials in organic light emitting diodes, thin-film transistors, solar cells, or as chemical sensors. We use photothermal microscopy to study the optical absorption of single conjugated polymer molecules (MEH-PPV). Immersing the molecules in supercritical xenon as the photothermal transducing medium, we detect single conjugated polymer molecules via their absorption, and correlate this signal with photoluminescence. We measure the number of monomers in individual polymer chains and the apparent quantum yield of single conjugated molecules. The information provided by our technique will generate a better understanding of trapping and non-radiative deactivation channels of optically-induced excitations in conjugated polymers and thus facilitate the design and optimization of devices based on this important class of materials.


Immense interest has been generated in organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their favourable attributes. PSCs show promise to overcome the trade-off between high efficiency and low-cost device fabrication. Perovskites, being ambipolar in nature, can conduct both electrons and holes. But since holes are present in low concentration, a hole transport material/layer (HTM/HTL) becomes essential for enhanced device performance, resilience and reproducibility.
This thesis explores different hole transport materials, namely spiro-OMeTAD, SFX-OMeTAD, SFX-TAD and graphene oxide. In this thesis chemical and plasma doping of HTMs have been studied. Doping with Li-TFSI is commonly undertaken to improve the hole conductivity and mobility in spiro-OMeTAD. Atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) based functionalization techniques have been proposed as inexpensive and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical p-type doping for improving the hole conductivity of spiro-OMeTAD and graphene oxide hole conductors. X-ray spectroscopic techniques have been extensively used for understanding the chemical structure and electronic properties of the HTMs.
The understanding of structural variation and its correlation with electronic properties is limited in Li-TFSI doped spiro-OMeTAD. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been demonstrated as effective techniques for probing the surface chemistry and electronic properties of spiro-OMeTAD. The findings provide insight into the electronic properties as a result of oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD and provide guidelines for the optimised doping levels suitable for enhanced device performance. The understanding gained from spiro-OMeTAD using NEXAFS has been extended to probe the electronic properties of two novel HTMs, SFX-OMeTAD and SFX-TAD.
P-type dopant, Li-TFSI being hygroscopic in nature, affects the stability of PSCs. A novel alternative in the form of functionalization with low-power (10 W) APPJ has been proposed. The conductivity after 5 minutes of plasma treatment was comparable to spiro-OMeTAD doped with 10-25% Li-TFSI. XPS shows the variation in chemical structure and electronic properties. KPFM measurements demonstrate an increase in work function which is indicative of p-type doping using helium and oxygen plasma jet.
Graphene oxide (GO) has found applications as charge transport layer and electrode due to the fact that it's work function can be tailored to device specification. A low power (3 W) APPJ was used to functionalize GO sheets with nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen with helium as carrier gas. The variation in surface chemistry and electronic properties was probed using XPS. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was used to determine the tuning of work function of the plasma-functionalized GO films for targeted applications as HTL in PSCs.
A novel aerosol-based APPJ deposition technique has been developed for dopant-free spiro-OMeTAD with in situ modification of electronic properties. XPS gave insight into the variation in structural chemistry and electronic properties. Plasma-deposited spiro-OMeTAD showed x4.5 higher conductivity compared to aerosolized films. UPS reported increase in density of states at the top of the valence band, indicating the change in conductivity and the tuning of work function of the functionalized spiro-OMeTAD films.


This paper uses Labour Force and other national survey data to examine stock levels and changes in the stock of skills (educational and vocational qualifications) of the population over the period 1985-1996 for six European countries with particular reference to the low-skilled. National qualifications are classified using the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels 0-7. The low-skilled are defined as those who left education and training/gained no qualifications beyond the period of compulsory schooling. All countries have reduced the proportion in the low-skilled group over the period 1985-1996; however, countries which already had the lowest levels of low skills (Sweden, Germany) made the fastest progress. Younger (25-28) populations are better qualified than the working-age populations. Considerable differences still remain between countries in stocks of skills in both the young (25-28) and working-age population. These differences are greater at the lower end of the ISCED scale (0/1/2) than at the higher end (ISCED 5/6/7). In a number of countries (France, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal) higher level educational and vocational qualifications (ISCED 3 and above) were gained at a relatively late age (22-25). In Sweden and the UK only small proportions of the low-skilled gained further qualifications after the age of 21. Proportions of low-skilled men and women in the working-age population have declined at similar rates in all countries but in Germany and the UK the proportion of women with low skills remains substantially higher. In France, Portugal and Sweden more women have a higher education (ISCED 5/6/7) than men. In Germany, the UK and the Netherlands the situation is reversed and the gap between men and women has remained largely unchanged over the period 1985-1996. On the basis of the growth rates of the past ten years, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and Germany appear to be converging on similar skill profiles for the young (25-28) population in 2010 when 10 per cent or less will be in the low skills group. On present trends it will take considerably longer for the UK and Portugal to reduce the low-skilled group to the 10 per cent level.


Large language models have been proven quite beneficial for a variety of automatic speech recognition tasks in Google. We summarize results on Voice Search and a few YouTube speech transcription tasks to highlight the impact that one can expect from increasing both the amount of training data, and the size of the language model estimated from such data. Depending on the task, availability and amount of training data used, language model size and amount of work and care put into integrating them in the lattice rescoring step we observe reductions in word error rate between 6% and 10% relative, for systems on a wide range of operating points between 17% and 52% word error rate.


Rugby union requires high levels of strength and power in order to support the physical requirements of the game. The competitive structure of rugby union in the English premiership places limitations on the time available for players' physical development. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the scope and magnitude of strength and power adaptation potential, whilst identifying effective training strategies to support physical development in professional rugby union players. Chapter 3 monitored lower limb strength and power during the different phases of a professional season. This study demonstrated moderate beneficial increases in all physical capacities over a full season whilst pre and mid-season training cycles represent the greatest opportunity for strength and power enhancement. Chapter 4 assessed the efficacy of complex training performed during a mid-season performance phase and found meaningful increases in selected measures of power whilst maximum strength was maintained. Chapter 5 assessed the impact of pre-conditioning exercise mode selection (cycling or weightlifting) when designing complex training interventions and reported highly individualised response patterns in measures of lower and upper body performance. Chapter 5 also demonstrated no clear support for the short-term effects of elevated free-testosterone on local and systemic muscle performance. Chapter 6 investigated the effects that manipulating work interval duration has on fast muscle activity and power during high intensity interval training (HIT). This study reported greater accumulative power responses and fast muscle activation in selected muscles when shorter work interval durations were prescribed. In summary, scope for physical development exists in professional rugby union players. Complex training may be an efficient in-season training method for power development. Hormonal response patterns represent unpredictable markers of acute and chronic improvements in local and systemic muscle performance. Finally, the endurance potential of fast muscle groups may benefit from HIT protocols designed with shorter work interval durations.


The contemporary architectural production in the Alps of Piedmont has to be studied taking into consideration the contrasting phenomena of depopulation and tourism that have involved the mountain areas of the region during last century. In the fifties and sixties the percentage of abandonment of the high valleys reaches even 80-90%. Entire communities move to industrial urban centers in the cities on the plain. On the other side we witness to a strong polarization of the winter stations that become real "banlieues blanches" for the free time of the citizens and where the architecture of alpine modernism, with various forms, shapes. The paradox nowadays is that the rarefaction of abandoned and depopulated territories is necessary to force to start and choose new innovative paths. We witness a contemporary situation with different shades: on one side the well-established touristic territories that need projects to promote the redevelopment and diversification, on the other side the marginal places where are rising new visions are practices of reactivation of the territory in which architecture is fundamental. The topic of quality of the construction of the physical space intersects with the regeneration of places on a cultural basis, new agriculture and green economy, innovative development of the patrimony, sustainable tourism, with inclusive and participative paths of nature, by giving new meanings to places and building new economies and identities.


This paper goes beyond the well-established debate over how urban sustainability indicator sets should be constructed, and what purposes such indicators might serve, to examine what has actually happened as theory has turned into widespread practice. This involves two levels of analysis. First, there is consideration of how impacts on the ground involve negotiation between shifting networks of heterogeneous actors in particular local settings. Specific examples are given of how the outcomes of adopting sustainable indicator sets are indeterminate until these detailed local circumstances are considered. Second, there is a survey of the available urban sustainability frameworks at the global level, emphasising their sheer variety. Such frameworks are shaped by the proposer's particular agendas and by expectations of their adopter's needs. The field of frameworks is therefore constituted by emergent co-production both at the level of concrete results and of the frameworks themselves. At both levels, real-world innovation is enabled and constrained by divergent systems of motivations; it does not flow in a linear fashion from abstract principles of urban sustainability, however these may be defined. This emphasises the need for ongoing critical evaluation of the practices surrounding the adoption and mobilisation of these frameworks.


In this work, the staining efficacy of Bougainvillea crude extract was evaluated by comparing with the Wright stain as alternative in blood smear preparation. This was studied on the blood collected from 15 non-anemic participants of Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite. Hematocrit determination was made to confirm if the participants are surely non anemic. Staining pattern of the prepared smear were limited to the effects of Bougainvillea crude extract and Bougainvillea crude extract combine with methylene blue as compared to the standard staining technique, the Wright stain. In addition, the efficacy of Bougainvillea crude extract was further graded by two external and two internal registered medical technologies. Results showed that the staining efficacy of Bougainvillea crude extract is not comparable to the result of Wright stain as all the p-values are less than 0.05. Statistically, the staining capacity of Bougainvillea as alternative to Wright stain showed a significant difference implying that this is not effective in staining the blood smear for morphology evaluation of the blood cells in manual CBC.


This publication collects papers presented at one of the activities organized in the context of the AIVC-project 'improving the quality of residential ventilation systems', primarily at the international workshop.
First an introductory chapter presents a synthesis of experiences and quality approaches related to residential ventilation in various countries. Then the first part of this publication deals with the context and challenges in ventilation systems' quality, such as the observed ventilation system dysfunctions in the field, the development of health-based ventilation standards, and the role of standards and certification schemes to improve and secure the quality of ventilation systems. The second and main part of this publication contains an overview of the quality assurance approaches in each of the following countries: Belgium, Canada, Estonia, Germany, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States. Each contribution discusses the development of quality labels and performance display for ventilation products, design and installation guidelines, training and qualification schemes for installers, as well as the implementation of commissioning protocols, maintenance protocols, regular inspections and real performance of residential ventilation systems.


In the postwar period velocity has risen so sharply in the U.S. that the ratio of money to nominal output has fallen by a factor of three. We analyze the implications of shrinking money for the real effects of a monetary shock in two classes of equilibrium monetary business cycle models: limited participation (liquidity) models and predetermined (sticky) price models. We show that the liquidity model predicts that a rise in velocity leads to a substantial reduction in the real effects of a monetary shock. In sharp contrast, we show that the real effects of a monetary shock in the sticky price model are largely invariant to changes in velocity. We provide evidence that suggests that the real effects of monetary shocks have fallen over the postwar period.