OF PROJECT Developing and Sustaining Creative Workplace Teams: A User's Guide This project represents the initial work on a practical guide for managers and their employees on how to fashion and nurture creative teams in the workplace. I believe there is a palpable need for such a guide. Managers realize their success depends on their ability to harness the creativity and innovative talents of their employees, but many of them do not know how. For their part, employees naturally want to maximize their creative talents, but many feel that their creative urges are suppressed by the very managers who want to unleash them. This paper lays out my thinking on the need for such a guide and begins the work to create one. It provides the reader with a cross section of resources on the issue of creative workplace teams and includes the initial two draft sections of the guide. Those sections focus on the critical need for creative teams in organizations today and provide an overview of conditions necessary to develop and maintain a work environment that allows creative teams to flourish. _______________________ Thomas J. Andahl ________________________ Date


Using cloud services empowers organizations to achieve various financial and technical benefits. Nonetheless, customers are faced with a lack of control since they cede control over their IT resources to the cloud providers. Independent third party assessments have been recommended as good means to counteract this lack of control. However, current third party assessments fail to cope with an everchanging cloud computing environment. We argue that continuous auditing by third parties (CATP) is required to assure continuously reliable and secure cloud services. Yet, continuous auditing has been applied mostly for internal purposes, and adoption of CATP remains lagging behind. Therefore, we examine the adoption process of CATP by building on the lenses of diffusion of innovations theory as well as conducting a scientific database search and various interviews with cloud service experts. Our findings reveal that relative advantages, a high degree of compatibility and observability of CATP would strongly enhance adoption, while a high complexity and a limited trialability might hamper diffusion. We contribute to practice and research by advancing the understanding of the CATP adoption process by providing a synthesis of relevant attributes that influence adoption rate. More importantly, we provide recommendations on how to enhance the adoption process.


ABSTRACT There is substantial literature reporting the results of research into many aspects of college students' cheating behavior. Some of that literature looks specifically at how a student's choice of academic major is related to his or her cheating behavior. A review of some of that literature provides no theory and little direct empirical evidence to support the conclusion that students majoring in economics cheat at a rate different from other students. Also the literature to date does not consider factors which may outweigh those frequently addressed in the literature. Including those variables may add considerably to our understanding of cheating in college. INTRODUCTION Most college students cheat; at least they say they do. Bowers (1964) found about three-fourths of college students in his very large sample self reported having cheated in one way or another at least once. Thirty years later, McCabe and Bowers (1994) found students were still reporting themselves to be cheating at about that same rate. McCabe, Trevino, and Butterfield (2001) continued to find much that same rate of cheating, though the preferred modes of cheating may have changed some since Bowers' 1964 study. The present concern is with students who choose the economics major and whether the probability they will cheat is different from that of other students. If economics majors are more prone to cheat, that implies either studying economics actually teaches students to cheat or antecedent conditions that predispose students to choose economics also predispose them to cheat more. The conventional wisdom regarding cheating by economics and business students seems to be that they are going to learn (or had already learned) to be strict maximizers of a utility function whose major component is monetary return. Furthermore, the story seems to be, in so doing they are largely unconstrained by moral or ethical considerations. This suggests students of economics and business have their moral compasses reset (or set!) so as to deem morally acceptable a wider range of behaviors than do other people. At least anecdotally, the question is generally phrased in the prejudicial one-tailed form: Do economics majors cheat more than students who choose other majors? However, there is neither theoretical nor solid empirical evidence to support the conclusion that they do cheat more. In the absence of such evidence, there is no reason to believe economics students will be any more (or less) likely to cheat than will other students. Hence, the conventional wisdom may be conventional but not wise. Concerning cheating by economics majors, much of the work done to date condemns them through guilt by association with those highly suspect academic reprobates, business majors. In those studies considering academic major as one of the possible determinants of cheating, beginning with Bowers (1994), economics majors and business majors are usually tarred with the same brush. Bowers' choice to combine business and economics major apparently influenced many later researchers to do the same. For those who teach economics it is important to look at economics majors alone in order to know whether they are more likely to cheat than are other students. Either students who choose economics are already more prone to cheat or we are somehow teaching students to cheat, however unintendedly, once they enter the major. Regardless of which is the case, we who teach economics are doing something wrong. We are either accepting into our major students who are systematically more likely to cheat or we are teaching them to cheat once they become economics majors. It might be worth investigating the source of the general perception that economics and business majors can be expected to be less honest than average. That investigation will have to wait for another day, however. Mark Twain once said, "Supposing is good, but finding out is better. …


This paper examines two remarkable films from the Golden Age of South Korean cinema (1955-1972) against the larger sociocultural backdrop of postwar South Korea. The films Mabu (The Coachman, Kang Taejin, director 1961) and Obalt'an (The Stray Bullet, Yu Hyônmok, director 1961) came out at a crucial historical moment for South Korea's nation rebuilding and postwar industrialization efforts, and reveal much about Korea's nationhood, its masculine character, and its responses to post-war chaos and America's quasi-colonial presence. Through their reaffirmation of patriarchy, construction of a modern masculine national subject, and vilification of women, who are visually and otherwise associated with modernity and Westernization, the films offer insight into postwar Korean life and values—and betray Korea's deeply ambiguous feelings toward modernity. Hence this paper seeks to illustrate the connection between popular movies and the government ideology of this period, and more specifically, how the issues of family, masculinity, and modernity are connected to the nation rebuilding project that the South Korean state proposed during the early 1960s.


Like conservation-induced displacement, human-wildlife conflict (HWC) has potentially negative implications for communities in and around protected areas. While the ways in which displacement emerges from the creation of 'wilderness' conservation landscapes are well documented, how the production of 'wilderness' articulates with intensifications in HWC remains under examined both empirically and conceptually. Using a political-ecological approach, I analyse increases of HWC in Mozambique's Limpopo National Park (LNP) and the subsequent losses of fields and livestock, as well as forms of physical displacement suffered by resident communities. While intensifications of encounters between wildlife on the one hand and people and livestock on the other result in part from increases in wildlife populations, I argue that HWC and the ways in which it constitutes and contributes to various forms of displacement results more centrally from changing relations between wildlife and people and the power and authority to manage conflict between them. Both of these contributing factors, moreover, are the consequence of practices that aim to transform the LNP into a wilderness landscape of conservation and tourism. HWC and its negative impacts are thus not natural phenomena, but are the result of political decisions to create a particular type of conservation landscape.


A combination of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) techniques was used to characterise the morphology of Brazilian montmorillonites before and after intercalation of some organic compounds. AFM revealed that the layers are staked over above the others. The surface of the particles consisted of layers bounded with smooth flat basal planes and larger edges ending in some cascade-like steps 184 µm wide. Some micro and macro valleys (0.6 µm deep) are distributed throughout the whole area and irregularities on basal planes may be attributed to the crystallographic conditions of the genesis of these Brazilian montmorillonites. The mapping performed over 20 x 40 areas showed adhesion forces of 11 nN magnitude on bare clay mineral in the Na+ form and 40 nN for the calcium form. Forces between 10 and 6 nN were found after organic intercalation. In general, the intercalation caused significant changes in the surface properties of clay mineral. The combination of AFM and SEM studies provided evidence about the poorl crystallinity of the Brazilian montmorillonites.


The thesis argues for the necessity and value of a two-way interaction between highlevel abstractions and rich historical narratives mediated by middle-range theories. The basic assumptions of critical realism are used to derive a socio-technical metatheory which, in turn, structures the synthesis of specific substantive theories. The conceptual tools provided by the Multi-Level Perspective, Analytical Sociology and (Technological) Systems of Innovation frameworks guide the study of the cases. The empirical core of the thesis consists of detailed histories of the birth, development and decay of ten different personal computer production attempts in the Soviet Baltic states roughly between 1977 and 1992. In order to generalize from the historical narratives a novel analytical technique is developed and employed. The resulting middle-range theorization locates the mechanisms and patterns of the evolution of these cases on three different levels of aggregation: intra-case, inter-case and system-level. Finally, the study makes analytical contributions to the sociotechnical metatheory and provides philosophical justifications based on actual research practice for retaining the realist position.


"Cross-sectional studies show that in West Germany women with different levels of educational attainment participate differently in the labor market. In this paper, I examine one potential underlying mechanism: the re-entry of mothers in the labor market after a period of inactivity. I argue that besides societal changes the reforms of parental leave legislation could be responsible for the educational divide in mothers' employment. Hypotheses are derived from human capital theory and labor supply theory assuming a rational behavior of women. Using retrospective life-course data from the IAB study ALWA, I find evidence that women with different levels of educational attainment have different re-entry patterns also when taking the educational attainment of the partner into account. Furthermore, parental leave schemes play a crucial role for re-entries. Some evidence of an educational polarization of re-entry behavior is found after the year 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))


We introduce Natural Neural Networks, a novel family of algorithms that speed up convergence by adapting their internal representation during training to improve conditioning of the Fisher matrix. In particular, we show a specific example that employs a simple and efficient reparametrization of the neural network weights by implicitly whitening the representation obtained at each layer, while preserving the feed-forward computation of the network. Such networks can be trained efficiently via the proposed Projected Natural Gradient Descent algorithm (PRONG), which amortizes the cost of these reparametrizations over many parameter updates and is closely related to the Mirror Descent online learning algorithm. We highlight the benefits of our method on both unsupervised and supervised learning tasks, and showcase its scalability by training on the large-scale ImageNet Challenge dataset.


Tests for causality and rationality in the coffee futures market were carried out using data from the New York Market. Tests of causality indicated that futures prices strongly influence variations in spot price eight weeks or more to maturity. However, beginning seven weeks to maturity there seems to be a strong causal relationship going from futures to spot and from spot to futures. Risk constancy or neutrality, equality of risk premium and spot price, and efficiency were rejected for the period 18, 51, and 33 weeks or more to maturity. However, simultaneity of risk neutrality and efficiency was accepted for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. The general conclusion from this study is that coffee futures market can be used as an indicator of spot market prices for contracts with 55-77 weeks to maturity. While benefits can be obtained through short term adjustment of available stock and making use of quality storage facilities, planning longer term planting and marketing decisions (e.g., ≥ 77 weeks) on the basis of futures market price can result in misallocation of resources and welfare loss.


Studies of post-conflict settlement have shown that political decentralization rarely eliminates ethnopolitical violence. Yet, some form of decentralization often has to be used as a confidence building mechanism in the initial phases of rebuilding war-torn states. This challenge—balancing between central authority and group interests—is particularly acute in ethnically fragmented societies with a history of weak government. Under collapse of governance, ethnic identity becomes a powerful and sometimes the principal mobilizing force in pursuit of political and economic interests, increasing the likelihood of interethnic factionalism, rivalry, tensions, and violence. It is not surprising therefore that the United States and international organizations have pushed for power sharing and some form of federal or confederate institutions for a post-Taliban transitional government in Afghanistan following the military victories of the Northern Alliance and the U.S.-led international coalition in late 2001.


A molecular imaging application was developed to characterize the drug distribution on CYPHER® and NEVO™ Drug-eluting Stents using MALDI Qq-ToF analytical methodology. The coating matrix, laser energy, laser frequency, spatial resolution (related to rastering speed) and mass spectrometer parameters were optimized to analyze drug distribution in both durable and biodegradable polymer matrices. The developed method was extended to generate data from stents explanted from porcine coronary arteries. Due to the method's intrinsic specificity, it offers a significant advantage over other techniques in that it allows low-level detection of the target molecule without biological interferences from the blood or tissue. The method is also capable of detecting drug-related degradation products both from the finished stent product and from explanted stents.


Abstract:The People's Republic of China (PRC) has long suffered from a poor international image and weak "soft power." The country's negative image has hindered international acceptance of its rise as a global great power. Because the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) wants China to "gain face" (yao mianzi) in the international arena, it has in recent years invested heavily in boosting the country's international approval rating. Yet, to date, China's considerable efforts to modernize its foreign propaganda apparatus have only been partly successful in shifting international public opinion. On the one hand, CCP efforts to raise global awareness of the country's economic transformation have been very effective, as have its efforts to shape the discourse on Taiwan. On the other hand, as polls and other research show, CCP efforts to improve non-Chinese foreigners' perceptions of China's domestic politics and role on the international stage have so far largely failed to sway these audiences.


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Many limit theorems convergence theorems and characterization theorems in probability and statistics in particular those related to normal distribution are based on the assumption of independence of two or more random variables However the full power of independence is not used in the proofs of these theorems since it is the distribution of summation of the random variables which is needed and not the joint distribution of those variables A concept is re introduced which is quite weak in comparison to independence and can replace the concept of independence in most of the above mentioned theorems Another relatively new concept will also be mentioned and some related results are discussed c Statistical Research Center All rights reserved


DNA Extraction Specimens received from Royal Darwin Hospital Pathology consisted of remnant DNA extracts from the Siemens Versant CT/NG assay. These DNA extracts were directly applied to the methods used in this study. Specimens received from Western Diagnostic Pathology consisted of original samples suspended in Aptima specimen transport medium. These samples needed to undergo DNA extraction before testing. We extracted a 200 μL aliquot of each suspension by using the Roche High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid kit (Roche Diagnostics, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia) according to manufacturer's instructions.


The "phantasmagoria" is a term that originally referred to the ghost lantern shows first staged in France at the end of the 18th Century by the Belgian inventor and entertainer Étienne-Gaspard Robertson. The question to be addressed in this review concerns the link between the phantasmagoria (defined as a ghostly visual entertainment) and the multisensory sensorium (or sensory overload) of the fairground and even, in several other cases, the Gesamtkunstwerk (the German term for "the total work of art"). I would like to suggest that the missing link may involve the ghost attractions, such as Dr. Pepper's Ghost (first developed at the Royal Polytechnic Institute in London in the 1860s), and the Phantasmagoria, that were both promoted in fairgrounds across England in the closing decades of the 19th Century.


Summer arrives on June 21, but the below-normal rainfall and mostly above-normal temperatures have been with us since the finish of planting. The week of June 12 was slightly above long-term averages in degree day accumulations, marking the third consecutive warm week. Row crops are in generally good condition across Iowa, but questions about the growing deficit in topsoil moisture are common. We have lost little yield potential so far, even though corn has rolled in the afternoon in scattered areas. Ample subsoil moisture is working like a moisture bank now that crop roots are rapidly growing. As we near tasseling, moisture needs will become critical.


We previously reported that cimetidine but not ranitidine significantly enhances cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow toxic effects and the appearance of cyclophosphamide alkylating species in a murine leukemia mouse model, and we advised caution in the use of cimetidine with microsomally metabolized anticancer drugs. Both drugs have been used for the treatment of gastric complications of chemotherapy. Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover study design, we have now evaluated the potential interaction of ranitidine with cyclophosphamide in seven cancer patients, who received two courses of cyclophosphamide, one with ranitidine and one with placebo. Four patients received ranitidine in the first course, and three received placebo. Ranitidine or placebo was started 3 days before a single dose of cyclophosphamide and given for 17 consecutive days. Ranitidine or placebo was given orally (300 mg/d), and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) was given intravenously with [3H]cyclophosphamide (1000 muCi). Cyclophosphamide treatment was repeated at 4 weeks plus or minus 4 days. Blood samples were collected at intervals from 5 minutes to 24 hours after cyclophosphamide treatment and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and radioassay for the drug and its metabolites. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21 after cyclophosphamide administration, complete blood cell counts, white blood cell differential counts, platelet counts, and SMA-17 were determined. The differences in mean nadir white blood cell counts, granulocyte counts, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values during ranitidine versus placebo treatment were not statistically significant. In a statistical but not a clinical sense, mean nadir platelet counts were significantly lower with ranitidine. There was a statistically significant increase in area under the curve for drug concentration in plasma x time (AUC) with ranitidine as well as a statistically significant decrease in the total-body clearance rate of the cyclophosphamide molecule. However, the effect on AUC for the major oncolytic metabolites 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard was not statistically significant. The lack of toxicologic or metabolic interaction between ranitidine and cyclophosphamide suggests that ranitidine can be used safely with cyclophosphamide.


Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a non-toxic and non-mutagenic antitumor therapy. The photosensitizer's (PS) chemo-physical properties are essential for the therapy, being responsible for the biological effects induced in the targeted tissues. In this study, we present the synthesis and development of some glycoconjugated porphyrins based on lectin-type receptor interaction. They were tested in vitro for finally choosing the most effective chemical structure for an optimum antitumor outcome. The most effective photosensitizer is substituted by three diethylene glycol α-d-mannosyl groups. In vivo studies allow firstly the determination of some characteristics of the biological processes triggered by the initial photochemical activation. Secondly, they make it possible to improve the therapeutic protocol in the function of the structural architecture of the targeted tumor tissue.


A six-degree of freedom (DOF) two-radii Gough-Stewart Platform (GSP) can be designed to be dynamically isotropic and has been proposed for micro-vibration isolation. In many applications, the torsional mode can be ignored, and a 5-DOF dynamically isotropic, parallel manipulator capable of attenuating three translational (3T) and two rotational (2R) modes are sufficient. In this work, we present the designs of a novel 5-DOF dynamically isotropic parallel manipulator for vibration isolation where the torsion mode can be ignored. We present closed-form solutions in their explicit form, and these are obtained using a geometry-based approach. The first design is based on a modification to the two radii GSP and provides enhanced design flexibility and feasibility. The second design, with the first five decoupled modes, is based on superposing geometrical parameters of two 3-legged dynamically isotropic or decoupled parallel manipulators. It is shown that this design has two translational modes, namely the X, Y modes, which are decoupled from two rotational modes Rot(X), Rot(Y ) and are controlled by two different sets of three legs. This feature can lead to simpler control and less power requirements if active vibration control is chosen. The designs presented in this work include the effect of asymmetry and the payload center of mass variation. The dynamically isotropic and decoupled designs were successfully validated using the finite element software ANSYS®. Experimental results based on a two-radii GSP prototype further validate analytical and simulation results.


Non-locality is one of the hallmarks of quantum mechanics and is responsible for paradigmatic features such as entanglement[1] and the Aharonov-Bohm effect[2,3]. Non-locality comes in two "flavours": a \emph{kinematic non-locality}-- arising from the structure of the Hilbert space--[4-6] and a \emph{dynamical non-locality}-- arising from the quantum equations of motion--[2,3,5,6]. Despite of its main role in quantum information processing, kinematic non-locality is unable to induce any change in the probability distributions, so that the "action-at-a-distance" cannot manifest[5,6]. Conversely, dynamical non-locality does create explicit changes in probability, though in a "causality-preserving" manner[6,7]. Recently, the origin of the kinematic non-locality was related to the uncertainty principle[8], here we trace the origin of dynamical non-locality to the superposition principle. This relation adds to the more fundamental understanding of the nature of quantum dynamics and allows us to establish and identify how the uncertainty and the superposition principles determine the non-local character of the outcome of a quantum measurement. Thus, dynamical non-locality emerges as the responsible of the breakdown of the dynamical classical realism[9] and therefore, as key feature in the classical-quantum transition. Most importantly, being based on group theoretical and path integral formulations, our formulation admits immediate generalizations and extensions to, e.g., quantum field theory.


Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is perceived to accelerate healing in muscu loskeletal injuries. PRP is increasingly used in situations that require rapid return-to play, which, in the professional sports arena, translates to fame and money. It is astonishing but understandable that the most influential stimulus for PRP therapy in the USA, years after the method had been popularised in Europe, was a February 2009 article in the lay press.1

Human blood platelet counts are approx imately 200 000/ml. PRP is an autologous concentration of human platelets above this in a small volume of plasma.2 Reports vary regarding the platelet concentration and different growth factors present in the PRP concentrate. Also, there are many preparation protocols, kits, centrifuges and methods to trigger platelet activation before use. The same is true for application methods, including using injectable activated PRP liquid concentrate versus implanting a fibrin scaffold, optimal timing of injection and the specific volume to use. Almost every major manufacturer in the orthopaedic and sports medicine world markets a different commercial kit. Some claim to produce a better quantity and quality of PRP than their competitors from the same amount of blood from the same patient. Costs vary tremendously: a commercial kit yields a PRP concentrate at the cost of several hundred dollars, but inhouse non-automatised techniques produce a PRP concentrate for approximately US$10. Each method to concentrate platelets leads to a different product with different biology and potential uses,3 with a high variation (3 to 27-fold) in growth factor concentration and in the kinetics of release.3,–,5 Most techniques yield a PRP concentrate of approximately 10% of the blood volume taken (eg, 20 ml of whole blood would result in approximately 2 ml of PRP). These differences might be of relevance to clinical management, …


The fabella is a sesamoid bone located in the gastrocnemius behind the lateral femoral condyle. In humans, fabellae are 3.5 times more common today than they were 100 years ago, with prevalence rates varying between and within populations. In particular, fabellae have been assumed to be more common in Asians than non‐Asians, equally common in men and women, potentially more common in older individuals, and bilateral cases (one per knee) appear to be more common than unilateral ones. The roles of genetic and environmental factors in this phenotypic variation have been hypothesized, but not rigorously investigated. Given its clinical and evolutionary significance (i.e. being associated with several knee ailments, causing medical issues on its own, interfering with medical devices, and being less common in humans than in other mammals), it is important comprehensively to understand prevalence rate variation, and the roles of genetics and environmental factors in that variation. To address these questions, we performed a meta‐analysis on data from studies published from 1875 to 2018 to investigate possible variation in sexual dimorphic (n = 22 studies, 7911 knees), ontogenetic (n = 10 studies, 4391 knees), and global (n = 65 studies, 21 626 knees) fabella prevalence rates. In addition, we investigated what proportion of cases are bilateral (n = 37 studies, 900 individuals), and among unilateral cases (n = 20 studies, 204 individuals), if fabellae are more common in the left or right knee. Our results show that, today, fabellae are 2.47–2.60% more common in men than women, and prevalence rates increase ontogenetically in old age (i.e. 70 years old), implying that fabellae can ossify early (i.e. 12 years old) or late in life. Approximately 72.94% of cases are bilateral, and among unilateral ones, fabellae are equally common in right and left knees. There is marked regional variation in fabella prevalence rates, with rates being highest in Asia, followed by Oceania, South America, Europe, Middle East, and North America, and lowest in Africa. Worldwide, an average of 36.80% of knees has ossified fabellae detectable by dissection. These results imply that, while the ability to form a fabella may be genetically controlled, the mechanisms that trigger fabella ossification may be environmentally controlled. What these environmental factors are, can only be speculated.


By Drake Hardy Ewing's Sarcoma is a pediatric bone cancer with a five-year survival rate of only 30%. New treatment options for this highly aggressive disease are desperately needed. Ajulei:nic acid (AJA), a synthetic cannabinoid, has been the focus of our research, and has demonstrated the ability to decrease tumor cell viability and inhibit endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Based on these results, AJA is a potential therapeutic agent for Ewing's Sarcoma and other solid pediatric cancers. In order to -create a realistic environment in vitro in which to study these tumors, we created 3-dimensional spheroids with three cell types, each of which fluoresces a different color. These include: fibroblasts, which give the spheroids a connective tissue component, endothelial cells, which line and form blood vessels in the body, and cancer cells. These spheroids were then treated with different concentrations of AJA and compared to control groups in an effort to understand cellular proteins and pathways being modulated by the drug. Also, in order to test AJA in a more realistic model of human cancer, we developed a novel bioluminescent mouse model of Ewing's Sarcoma. We compared luminescent to physical measurements and assessed the ability of AJA to decrease tumor growth in vivo. Our findings show support for AJA as a potential new cancer treatment option.


Specialist footwear is an essential element of ulcer prevention for people with diabetes who have foot deformity, neuropathy, ischaemia or previous foot ulceration (DoH, 2001). Several studies have recommended the benefits of a multidisciplinary approach to improve patient satisfaction and concordance with wearing specialist footwear (Newson et al, 1992; Knowles and Boulton, 1996; Baker and Leatherdale, 1999). This article reports on the provision of and people's attitudes towards specialist footwear, and if satisfaction and adherence are improved through the use of a multidisciplinary footwear clinic in North Derbyshire.


Background In this study, we assessed the actively metabolizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of potato using two potato cultivars, i.e. the genetically-modified (GM) cultivar Modena (having tubers with altered starch content) and the near-isogenic non-GM cultivar Karnico. To achieve our aims, we pulse-labelled plants at EC90 stage with 13C-CO2 and analysed their rhizosphere microbial communities 24 h, 5 and 12 days following the pulse. In the analyses, phospholipid fatty acid/stable isotope probing (PLFA-SIP) as well as RNA-SIP followed by reverse transcription and PCR-DGGE and clone library analysis, were used to determine the bacterial groups that actively respond to the root-released 13C labelled carbonaceous compounds. Methodology/Principal findings The PLFA-SIP data revealed major roles of bacteria in the uptake of root-released 13C carbon, which grossly increased with time. Gram-negative bacteria, including members of the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, were strong accumulators of the 13C-labeled compounds at the two cultivars, whereas Gram-positive bacteria were lesser responders. PCR-DGGE analysis of cDNA produced from the two cultivar types showed that these had selected different bacterial, alpha- and betaproteobacterial communities at all time points. Moreover, an effect of time was observed, indicating dynamism in the structure of the active bacterial communities. PCR-DGGE as well as clone library analyses revealed that the main bacterial responders at cultivar Karnico were taxonomically affiliated with the genus Pseudomonas, next to Gluconacetobacter and Paracoccus. Cultivar Modena mainly attracted Burkholderia, next to Moraxella-like (Moraxellaceae family) and Sphingomonas types. Conclusions/Significance Based on the use of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia as proxies for differentially-selected bacterial genera, we conclude that the selective forces exerted by potato cultivar Modena on the active bacterial populations differed from those exerted by cultivar Karnico.


This paper marks the first attempt at examining the growth performance across Indian states for the 2000s, a period also marked by the global financial crisis. Four key findings are reported. First, consistent with the fact that the 2000s was the best ever decade for Indian macroeconomic performance, growth increased across almost all major states in 2001–09 compared to 1993–2001. Second, nevertheless, there is a continued phenomenon of divergence or rising inequality across states: On average the richer states in 2001 grew faster in 2001–09. Third, during the crisis years of 2008 and 2009, states with the highest growth in 2001–07 suffered the largest deceleration. Since states with the highest growth were also the most open, it seems that openness creates dynamism and vulnerability. Finally, although the demographic dividend—a young population boosting economic dynamism—was evident before 2000, there is little evidence that there was any dividend in the 2000s. Demography alone cannot be counted on for future economic growth.


We introduce and analyze a best arm identification problem in the rested bandit setting, wherein arms are themselves learning algorithms whose expected losses decrease with the number of times the arm has been played. The shape of the expected loss functions is similar across arms, and is assumed to be available up to unknown parameters that have to be learned on the fly. We define a novel notion of regret for this problem, where we compare to the policy that always plays the arm having the smallest expected loss at the end of the game. We analyze an arm elimination algorithm whose regret vanishes as the time horizon increases. The actual rate of convergence depends in a detailed way on the postulated functional form of the expected losses. We complement our analysis with lower bounds, indicating strengths and limitations of the proposed solution.


The emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms is a significant challenge where increasing numbers of bacterial species are now showing multidrug resistance. At government level, there is a global incentive to develop novel therapeutic options; however, the development of new antibiotic agents will undoubtedly be followed by the emergence of resistance to these compounds, implying that the use of antibiotics is unsustainable. Currently there is a lack of new antibiotic options available for use especially against Gram negative pathogens. Reduction in the use of antibiotics and the prevention of infection therefore, may prove the most useful method to combat the issue. The use of antibiotics for veterinary applications as therapeutic, prophylactic, metaphylactic and as animal growth promoters has greatly proliferated the problem. The presence of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in water ways from both agriculture and aquaculture encourages the expression of drug resistance. Furthermore, their high water solubility, extensive half-lives and constant use means that they persist in the environment, having repercussions for human and ecological health. The use of antibiotics from an early age may also have a negative impact on human morbidity with potential to contribute to obesity, dysbiosis and target organ toxicity of the liver and kidneys. This review aims to discuss three main concerns 1) the extensive use of antibiotics for veterinary and its impact on the emergence of resistance, 2) the occurrence of zoonotic disease particularly with resistant strains and 3) the relationship between both aquatic and food pollution and human morbidity.


The attenuation of starlight by dust in galactic environments is investigated through models of radiative transfer in a spherical, clumpy interstellar medium (ISM). We show that the attenuation curves are primarily determined by the wavelength dependence of absorption rather than by the underlying extinction (absorption+scattering) curve; the observationally derived attenuation curves cannot constrain a unique extinction curve unless the absorption or scattering efficiency is specified. Attenuation curves consistent with the "Calzetti curve" are found by assuming the silicate-carbonaceous dust model for the Milky Way (MW), but with the 2175 Å bump suppressed or absent. The discrepancy between our results and previous work that claimed the Small Magellanic Cloud dust to be the origin of the Calzetti curve is ascribed to the difference in adopted albedos; we use the theoretically calculated albedos, whereas the previous works adopted albedos derived empirically from observations of reflection nebulae. It is found that the attenuation curves calculated with the MW dust model are well represented by a modified Calzetti curve with a varying slope and UV bump strength. The strong correlation between the slope and UV bump strength, as found in star-forming galaxies at , is well reproduced when the abundance of the UV bump carriers is assumed to be 30%–40% of that of the MW dust; radiative transfer effects lead to shallower attenuation curves with weaker UV bumps as the ISM is more clumpy and dustier. We also argue that some local starburst galaxies have a UV bump in their attenuation curves, albeit very weak.


In the early fall of 1897, yellow fever shuttered businesses, paralyzed trade, and caused tens of thousand of people living in the southern United States to abandon their homes and flee for their lives. Originating in Cuba, the deadly plague inspired disease-control measures that not only protected U.S. trade interests but also justified the political and economic domination of the island nation from which the pestilence came. By focusing on yellow fever, "Epidemic Invasions" uncovers for the first time how the devastating power of this virus profoundly shaped the relationship between the two countries. Yellow fever in Cuba, Mariola Espinosa demonstrates, motivated the United States to declare war against Spain in 1898, and, after the war was won and the disease eradicated, the United States demanded that Cuba pledge in its new constitution to maintain the sanitation standards established during the occupation. By situating the history of the fight against yellow fever within its political, military, and economic context, Espinosa reveals that the U.S. program of sanitation and disease control in Cuba was not a charitable endeavor. Instead, she shows that it was an exercise in colonial public health that served to eliminate threats to the continued expansion of U.S. influence in the world.


We demonstrate that it is possible to reduce the focal spot size by inserting a uniform nonlinear thin film at the aperture of a focusing lens. The reduction of spot size is tunable by adjusting the incoming laser power. In comparison with the original diffraction spot, the transverse spot size can be reduced 0.65 times. The nonlinear thin film acts effectively as a Toraldo filter, and the phase and amplitude modulation stems from the laser-induced variances in the transmission of the thin film. The proposed technique removes the need of fabricating annular pupil filters.


Tobacco policy in the United States is being transformed from the laissez faire approach (accompanied by a stunning history of industry deception) that prevailed for most of the twentieth century to a uniquely aggressive scheme of regulation reflected in the federal Tobacco Control Act of 2009, FDA regulations, and state and local tobacco control restrictions. The widely acknowledged aim of current national policy is to suppress consumption as a means of reducing tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. The nation's aggressive regulatory policy, explicitly framed as an alternative to prohibition, has four subsidiary goals: reduce initiation among young people; help smokers quit; reduce harm among people who are unable to quit; and protect non-smokers from environmental tobacco smoke. Although many innovations mandated by the Tobacco Control Act and by the FDA's implementing regulations have survived industry challenge, others have not. Two federal circuit courts have opined, respectively, that the First Amendment entitles tobacco companies to use colorful images to promote smoking while it forecloses the government from trying to discourage smoking by requiring the companies to include graphic health messages on cigarette packs. This incoherent conception of the First Amendment narrows the available policy space and forces the government to choose between prohibition and a tepid form of regulation. If tobacco were an illegal product, no one would have a right to promote its use and government would be free to use all available media to discourage it. Under these two misguided precedents, however, by allowing tobacco to remain legal, the government is constitutionally foreclosed from using potentially effective tools of regulation to protect the public health. One naturally wonders whether the First Amendment also forecloses meaningful public health regulation of marijuana if prohibition is abandoned.


Knowledge on population parameters is a pre-requisite for the rational
management of holothurians. Infonnation on the various species is scarce despite
their abundance and size, which qualify them as a significant component of the benthic
macrofauna of lagoon and coral environments. The reproductive biology studies of
sea cucumbers are of great importance in understanding the annual breeding season,
recruitment panems and stock enhancement in the natural environment. Likewise, it
also helps in establishing a hatchery system to produce seeds. Induced spawning
could be achieved through thennal stimulation for seed production. This enhances
importance of a species for mariculture activities, where adequate seed supply
is an important criterion.
Seasonal reproduction is a mode associated with the storage of gametes.
followed by subsequent release in a mass spawn-Qut. It implies a non-random
allocation of resources to reproductive activities in relation to environmental
and biological inputs.
Holorhuria arra is one of the commonest sea cucumbers in the tropical
waters. It is well distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. Oriental and Australian regions.
In India, it is reported from the Gulf of Kutchh, Bombay (Mumbai), Ramagiri , Goa.
Karwar, Quilon, Vizhinjam , Kanyal.:urnari, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Madras
(Chennai) , Visakhapamam, the Lakshadweep islands and the Andaman and Nicobar
islands. This species occurs in shallow waters in good densities. In Tuticorin port
region, about 5-8 specimens could be found in 10 sq. m. area.
Many holothurians possess saponin-based toxin In their body. The degree
of toxicity varies with each species. This toxin is found to inhibit bacterial and fungal
action. When H. arra is handled in live condition. a red toxin known as
holothurin, stains hand. Rao er at. (l985a and b;1991) states that the toxins of
H. arra are of biomedical importance, since they exhibit anti-rumoural, anti-fertility
and anti-cancerous properties. The toxins proved lethal for unwanted organisms in
culture ponds during the experiments conducted by James (1986a). The significance
of the toxins of H. arra in biomedical research enhances the potential commercial
importance of the species. Many holothurian toxins are found to inhibit bacterial
and fungal action.


Transactional memory (TM) is perceived as an appealing alternative to critical sections for general purpose concurrent programming. Despite the large amount of recent work on TM implementations, however, very little effort has been devoted to precisely defining what guarantees these implementations should provide. A formal description of such guarantees is necessary in order to check the correctness of TM systems, as well as to establish TM optimality results and inherent trade-offs. This paper presents opacity, a candidate correctness criterion for TM implementations. We define opacity as a property of concurrent transaction histories and give its graph theoretical interpretation. Opacity captures precisely the correctness requirements that have been intuitively described by many TM designers. Most TM systems we know of do ensure opacity. At a very first approximation, opacity can be viewed as an extension of the classical database serializability property with the additional requirement that even non-committed transactions are prevented from accessing inconsistent states. Capturing this requirement precisely, in the context of general objects, and without precluding pragmatic strategies that are often used by modern TM implementations, such as versioning, invisible reads, lazy updates, and open nesting, is not trivial. As a use case of opacity, we prove the first lower bound on the complexity of TM implementations. Basically, we show that every single-version TM system that uses invisible reads and does not abort non-conflicting transactions requires, in the worst case, ?(k) steps for an operation to terminate, where k is the total number of objects shared by transactions. This (tight) bound precisely captures an inherent trade-off in the design of TM systems. The bound also highlights a fundamental gap between systems in which transactions can be fully isolated from the outside environment, e.g., databases or certain specialized transactional languages, and systems that lack such isolation capabilities, e.g., general TM frameworks.


"...the writer undertook in this studyan evaluation of the seven major art museums of Texas and their contribution to public-school education. Chapter I served as an introduction to the study. Chapter II traced the development of the art museum in American, dating back to the period of colonial settlements in New England. It also presented the history of the art museums in the five key cities of Texas: the Elisabet Ney Museum of Austin, the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Fine Arts of Houston, the Fort Worth Art Association, the Children's Museum of Forth Worth, the Witte Memorial Museum of San Antonio and the Contemporary Arts Association of Houston. In addition, the general policies and programs of the Texas museums were discussed. Chapter III evaluated the programs of the seven majoy art museums according to the standards set up by the Texas Art Education Association...Chapter IV will present the writer's conclusions and recommendations." -- leaves 35-36.


This note discusses some aspects of the international offer of machine learning, data mining and decision support education, based on investigations of the materials available on the world-wide web. The aim of this investigation was to provide starting points for an analysis that could be used to enhance the educational offer in this area in general, and knowledge transfer from academia to industry and business sector in particular. In addition to general findings concerning the collected materials such as contents, target audience, and teaching materials, we discuss issues such as connections with real-world problems. The work has been done as part of the activities of SolEuNet, a network of expert teams from academia and business sponsored by the European Commission, offering tools and expertise designed to meet customized data mining and decision support needs. For SolEuNet, the aim of the analysis of educational programs was to enhance its own educational offer by finding prospective market niches and by identifying useful guidelines for seminar and courses design. In this paper we report on these investigations with the aim of providing readers with insight into state of the art and trends of education in machine learning, data mining and decision support as reflected on the web, and to give useful links to materials that could help when designing and preparing courses.


Although inquiry is an essential component of science learning, we know little about students' experience with inquiry in regular science classrooms. Our goal is to describe realistically what middle school students do and where they have difficulties in their first encounters with inquiry learning. We report findings from case studies of 8 students as they designed and carried out their own investigations during 2 projects that spanned several months. We detail how students asked questions, planned and designed investigations and procedures, constructed apparatus, carried out their work, interpreted data and drew conclusions, and presented the findings. We discuss how collaboration among group members and support from the teacher influenced this process. The findings indicate that middle school students were thoughtful in designing investigations and in planning procedures; for instance, they thought about controls, about samples, and about how to organize data collection. However, the cases also reveal areas of weakness, such as failures to focus on the scientific merit of questions generated and to systematically collect and analyze data and draw conclusions. Teacher structuring and questioning were crucial in encouraging students to be thoughtful about the substantive aspects of inquiry. Overall, these findings can help curriculum developers and science educators in their attempts to design instruction to improve the inquiry process. (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10508406.1998.9672057)


The economics of using mixtures of  a vegetable cowpea, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L., known locally as 'Akidi' (A) in Eastern Nigeria, melon (M) and sweet potato (S) Ipomea batatas  for weed management in maize were evaluated  between 2007 and  2009 in Taraba State, College of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm, Jalingo, Treatments include 20,000(1), 30,000(2) and 40,000(3) stands/ha of AM (AM1, AM2, AM3), AS (AS1, AS2, AS3), MS (MS1, MS2, MS3) and AMS (AMS1, AMS2, AMS3). Weeded (3+6 WAP) (C1) and unweeded (C2) checks served as control replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Partial budget analysis was used to obtain the level of profitability. The cost of production in all the mixtures having sweet potato was slightly higher (₦61,740 .00-₦67,340.00) than the AM treated plots (₦51,460.00-₦52,880.00) in the three year production. The gross benefit of ₦205,490.00, ₦199,920.00, ₦164,940.00 and ₦130,270.00 was realized respectively from MS, AS, AMS and AM treated plots compared with ₦154,980 in the hand weeded plots. Over the three  years, the net benefit was in the order MS> AS> AMS > C1>AM , which resulted in 24.33, 23.22, 18.1, 17.57 and 13.67 times net profit when compared to the unweeded, respectively.

 Key words: Profitability,  biological weed management, maize,  cover crop mixtures.


This book starts with an introduction to process modeling and process paradigms, then explains how to query and analyze process models, and how to analyze the process execution data. In this way, readers receive a comprehensive overview of what is needed to identify, understand and improve business processes. The book chiefly focuses on concepts, techniques and methods. It covers a large body of knowledge on process analytics including process data querying, analysis, matching and correlating process data and models to help practitioners and researchers understand the underlying concepts, problems, methods, tools and techniques involved in modern process analytics. Following an introduction to basic business process and process analytics concepts, it describes the state of the art in this area before examining different analytics techniques in detail. In this regard, the book covers analytics over different levels of process abstractions, from process execution data and methods for linking and correlating process execution data, to inferring process models, querying process execution data and process models, and scalable process data analytics methods. In addition, it provides a review of commercial process analytics tools and their practical applications. The book is intended for a broad readership interested in business process management and process analytics. Itprovides researchers with an introduction to these fields by comprehensively classifying the current state of research, by describing in-depth techniques and methods, and by highlighting future research directions. Lecturers will find a wealth of material to choose from for a variety of courses, ranging from undergraduate courses in business process management to graduate courses in business process analytics. Lastly, it offers professionals a reference guide to the state of the art in commercial tools and techniques, complemented by many real-world use case scenarios.


Abstract The changing nature of human resource management fostered the development of entrepreneurial activities in human resource management. Some of these changes were forced on human resource management through activities such as downsizing, which affected human resource staff as well as other employees. Other changes were the consequence of human resource management's need to demonstrate its ability to add value to a firm. Entrepreneurial activity was demonstrated through an entrepreneurial philosophy, treating other departments within the firm as customers when they utilized the services of human resource departments, and the development of new firms who provided human resource services. Like all entrepreneurial endeavors, human resource entrepreneurs have varied in their success. The successful entrepreneurs have been able to identify better and more cost-effective ways to provide human resource services. They also have demonstrated the ability of human resource management to add value to a firm. The field of human resource management typically has not been associated with entrepreneurial activities. In fact, some observers might argue that "entrepreneurial human resource management" is an oxymoron. However, analysis of changes in human resource management reveal that entrepreneurial activities indeed have occurred. Some of these activities resulted from a changing business environment. Other changes were consequences of changes in the field human resource management. In this paper entrepreneurial activities in human resource management are examined by first analyzing changes occurring in the field of human resource management during the past few decades. Entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial activities in human resource management are then described. Finally, the resulting changes for the field of human resource management are discussed. ********** The Changing Nature of Human Resource Management Human resource management has changed in various ways during the past few decades. Some of these changes are technical ones in which activities such as selection and human resource planning have become more complex and quantitative. Some of these changes are due to external factors such as technology, the legal environment, customer demands, foreign competition, or the globalization of business. Still other changes are due to basic value changes that require greater accountability from all parts of the firm. The changing values are reflected in the expectation that all functions in a firm demonstrate their worth by demonstrating their ability to add value to the firm. Human resource management has been criticized for being too expensive and providing no added value since no measurable business value could be demonstrated (Csoka, 1995). Therefore, human resource departments had to transform themselves from cost centers to tools of corporate strategy (Carrig, 1997). Any part of a firm that does not add real value can be removed through downsizing, restructuring, or outsourcing. Human resources has always had a service role in the firm, but this role needed to change to a new role for human resources -- that is, business partner (Beatty & Schneir, 1997). Closer analysis of the various activities within human resource management reveals that some activities are cost centers (for example, benefits administration), but others do create value (Becker & Gerhart, 1996). For example, recruitment, selection, performance management, and training can add significant value to a firm. The changes in human resource management also require human resource professionals to scrutinize carefully their own value to the firm. They must adopt a new paradigm that requires identifying the cost of specific actions and/or decisions, relating these costs to specific outcomes, and deciding whether or not the cost is worth the outcome(s). The requirement for bringing value to the firm applies to human resource professionals as well as to all other people. …


Since the 1980s, entrepreneurship education in the United States has become increasingly popular. The system of entrepreneurship education in the United States is characterized by relatively scientific and systemic teaching and research. The concept of ecosystems, which comes from the natural sciences, is increasingly applied to regional development and focused on inter-organizational relationships. One way to assess the ecosystems of entrepreneurship education is to consider all components of the whole – the business model, teaching philosophy, curriculum, teaching content, teacher training, infrastructure, culture, network and practices of each country. A useful tool for understanding these interrelationships is the Triple Helix Model (university-government-industry). This approach is applied in here this research to compare and analyze the ecosystems of entrepreneurship education in the United States and China, the top two economic and entrepreneurial powers in the world. Government support and industry involvement have helped to make entrepreneurship education in the U.S. successful. Compared with the U.S., entrepreneurship education has started late in China, where a pilot entrepreneurship program was launched at nine universities in April 2002. Teacher training in both entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial consultant team-building was based on the entrepreneurship education project known as Know About Business (KAB), a model created during the 1990s by the International Labor Organization (ILO) for developing countries and adopted by the All China Youth Federation in 2005. At present, China is launching a "Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation" campaign and investing heavily in universities and government youth agencies. Using the Triple Helix Model, the ecosystems of the Chinese and U.S. entrepreneurship education will be compared and analyzed.


This paper investigates three cases—Malaysia, Costa Rica, and Morocco—in which host authorities were successful in using foreign direct investment to change the export profile of the domestic economy. Each case highlights the importance of first-mover firms, and clusters of follower firms, in oligopolistic industries, whose emergence changes the revealed comparative advantage of the domestic economy. The results from these three cases are shown to be consistent with a broader body of econometric analysis. An important implication is that small emerging markets may be better equipped to transform their production structures and stimulate exports with foreign direct investment than by promoting broad domestic entrepreneurship. The authors find that policy changes in the host country can have very large effects if they alter the entry of multinationals or the behavior of large firms.


Statistics are used in medicine for data description and inference. Inferential statistics are used to answer questions about the data, to test hypotheses (formulating the alternative or null hypotheses), to generate a measure of effect, typically a ratio of rates or risks, to describe associations (correlations) or to model relationships (regression) within the data and, in many other functions. Usually point estimates are the measures of associations or of the magnitude of effects. Confounding, measurement errors, selection bias and random errors make unlikely the point estimates to equal the true ones. In the estimation process, the random error is not avoidable. One way to account for is to compute p-values for a range of possible parameter values (including the null). The range of values, for which the p-value exceeds a specified alpha level (typically 0.05) is called confidence interval. An interval estimation procedure will, in 95% of repetitions (identical studies in all respects except for random error), produce limits that contain the true parameters. It is argued that the question if the pair of limits produced from a study contains the true parameter could not be answered by the ordinary (frequentist) theory of confidence intervals1. Frequentist approaches derive estimates by using probabilities of data (either p-values or likelihoods) as measures of compatibility between data and hypotheses, or as measures of the relative support that data provide hypotheses. Another approach, the Bayesian, uses data to improve existing (prior) estimates in light of new data. Proper use of any approach requires careful interpretation of statistics1,2.


Health promotion has traditionally focused on illness prevention, targeting the fit and well. But what about those who live with life-threatenting or terminal illness? Health-Promoting Palliative Care proposes a model of care that goes beyond simply providing care in the final stages of life and draws on critical and participatory principles from both palliative care and health promotion. Emphasizing early intervention and social approach to the problems and experiences of dying, it encourages service providers, family members, and the dying themselves to seek ways to promote emotional, social, and spiritual well-being, as well as physical health. The book begins by looking at the ways in which health promotion can be introduced to palliative care. It goes on to outline the goals and practice principles of health-promoting palliative care. Later chapters address practice strategies relevant to health and death education, social supports, interpersonal reorientation, and environmental and policy development. This book is a valuable, practical, and accessible resource for practitioners working alones or in health care institutions, for students in health sciences, social work, or pastoral care, and for those working in policy areas.


Hyaluronic acid (170 kDa)-based hydrogel was synthesized using acrylated hyaluronic acid. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) sensitive hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels were prepared by conjugation with two different peptides: cell adhesion peptides containing integrin binding domains (Arg-Gly-Asp: RGD) and a cross-linker with MMP degradable peptides to mimic the remodeling characteristics of natural extracellular matrices (ECMs) by cell-derived MMPs. Mechanical properties of these hydrogels were evaluated with different weight percent (2.5 %wt and 3.5 %wt) by measuring elastic modulus, viscous modulus and swelling ratio. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured in MMP-sensitive or insensitive hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and/or immobilized cell adhesive RGD peptides in vitro. Actin staining and image analysis proved that cells cultured in the MMP-sensitive hydrogel with RGD peptides showed dramatic cell spreading and sprouting. For in vivo calvarial defect regeneration, 3 different samples (MMP insensitive hydrogel, MMP sensitive hydrogel, MMP sensitive hydrogel with BMP-2 and hMSC) were prepared. After a 4-week implantation, the Masson-Trichrome (MT) staining and micro CT scan results demonstrated that the MMP sensitive hydrogels with BMP-2 and hMSCs had the highest mature bone formation. This MMP sensitive-hyaluronic acid based hydrogel could be useful in tissue engineering by improving tissue defect regeneration and tissue remodeling.


L ABOR law bulks large on the docket of the United States Supreme Court.' Yet never would I have included Charles D. Bonanno Linen Service, Inc. v. NLRB,2 dealing with the seemingly mundane issue of an employer's right to withdraw from multiemployer bargaining, in the select company of cases addressing such pulse-quickening subjects as affirmative action, picketing as free speech, and union antitrust liability. Professor Douglas Leslie's elegant and provocative article shows just how wrong I was-or at least just how far imaginative analysis can go toward seeing a world in a grain of sand. I lay no claim to expertise as a labor economist, and, therefore, I do not attempt a systematic critique of Leslie's article. Instead, my remarks will touch upon two rather discrete areas about which Leslie has stimulated my thinking. First, I shall make some "fly-specking" observations on a few of Leslie's specific points, with my purpose usually being to seek clarification or further explanation. Second, I will underscore the noneconomic aspects of a labor union's nature and purposes and suggest that there are inherent limitations to any strictly economic analysis of such an organization's behavior.


Development is meant to alleviate problems in the interests of the public good, yet the growing dominance of private donors problematizes this conceptualization. Working through a political-economic analysis of development, we see global communications as an industry that channels wealth from citizens into the hands of few corporate moguls, who then have the resources to assert their agendas in a global development context. We begin by conceptualizing development and social change within communication studies, paying attention to the privatization of aid within global capitalism. Next, we contextualize our case study, describing the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and ONE, promoted by Bono, as the funding and management settings of the Living Proof campaign. We analyze the initiative's construction of development problems, its articulation of how communication is expected to work toward social change, and its conceptualizations of success. The dominant theme of Living Proof program is that "real people" have achieved development success, which can be shared as "proof" with website consumers. We conclude by considering how such a framing serves the agenda of privatized development within a neoliberal project.


This paper asks whether lawyers respond to financial incentives in ways that are consistent with predictions from contract theory. It uses data collected from before/after the introduction of standard fees for legal aid lawyers in England and Wales. For some inputs (not all), these substituted fixed price contracts for retrospective fee-for-service remuneration. We consider the effects of these new contracts on case-level inputs and examine the extent of substitution across inputs remunerated by fixed prices and fee-for-service. We find that lawyers' responses were consistent with theory: (i) high-powered incentives for cost-reduction lowered inputs that may have been difficult to monitor, and (ii) substitution across inputs took place in line with multitask agency. Our results have implications for legal aid expenditure control, and current policies on personal injury litigation, as well as providing empirical evidence on the effects of remuneration contracts. Copyright 2007 , Oxford University Press.


This study took place on the Great Orme Country Park and Local Nature Reserve,
Llandudno, and set out to answer a number of questions concerning the understudied
small mammal populations located within the SSSI protected dwarf shrub heath
community. Two areas of dwarf shrub heath (NVC classification H8c) were studied
on opposite sides of the headland, in a comparative population investigation to
identify any significant differences between the faunal species present. These sites
were chosen as a result of the heavy tourist pressure on the site, which receives some
500,000 visitors annually, as it was thought that the thick heathland would provide
cover and security for the traps to mitigate any public interference. Following
research into the topic, it was decide to use Longworth Live Traps laid out in a 6x6
grid format, with ten metres between traps, with the aim of estimating population size
and density, and identifying individuals from which to construct observed home
ranges. The investigation was successful, in that distinct populations of small
mammals were identified across the two sites, with different species occupying the
two areas. The controlling factors for species distribution were not identified, but it
was surmised that the surrounding land use plays an important part in the presence of
certain species. A number of key questions were raised, providing potential for future
research into areas such as habitat composition in relation to faunal distribution;
predation of small mammals by raptors and owls through the analysis of pellets; and
species specific studies related to annual population dynamics.


During the October 2008 Term, the Supreme Court decided five cases that raised issues of environmental law and the environment was the loser in each case. While it may be difficult to characterize the decisions of the Roberts Court, generally, as "pro-environment" or "antienvironment," a couple themes consistently appear in the Court's decisions. First, in most of the environmental cases, the Court has adopted a position advocated or defended by a federal, state or local government when governmental interests are at issue. Second, in all of the cases that implicate federalism concerns, the Court has rendered decisions that favor States' rights, regardless of whether the decisions are beneficial to, or harmful to, the environment. Finally, while the Court continues to rely primarily on textualism to interpret statutes, the Court has not relied on textualism to support its decisions in most of the cases that have been harmful to the environment.


When the fresh fruit reaches the final markets from the suppliers, its quality is not always as good as it should, either because it has been mishandled during transportation or because it lacks an adequate quality control at the producer level, before being shipped. This is why it is necessary for the final markets to establish their own quality assessment system if they want to ensure to their customers the quality they want to sell. In this work, commissioned by a multinational hypermarket enterprise, a system to control fruit quality at the last level of the distribution channel has been designed, after gathering information about the movement of commodities inside company and its requirements. The system combines rapid control techniques with laboratory equipment and statistical sampling protocols, to obtain a dynamic, objective process, which can substitute advantageously the quality control inspections carried out visually by human experts at the reception platform of most trade centers as the one studied. Portable measuring equipment have been chosen (firmness tester, temperature and humidity sensors...) as well as easy-to-use laboratory equipment (texturometer, colorimeter, refractometer...) combining them to control the most important fruit quality parameters (firmness, color, sugars, acids). A complete computer network has been outlined to control all the processes and store the collected data in real time, and to perform the computations. The sampling methods have been also defined to guarantee the confidence of the results. Some of the advantages of a quality assessment system as the proposed one are: the minimization of human subjectivity, the ability to use modern measuring techniques, and the possibility of using Valero, C. and M. Ruiz-Altisent. August 2000. "Design Guidelines for a Quality Assessment System of Fresh Fruits in Fruit Centers and it also as a supplier's quality control system. It can be also a way to clarify the quality limits of fruits among members of the commercial channel, as well as the first step in the standardization of quality control procedures


Congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) is persistence of an anomalous embryological connection of the portal vein with a large vein of the vena cava system. Clinical presentations include neonatal cholestasis, liver tumors, and encephalopathy, but can be variable in timing and symptomatology. We report 2 girls who presented 10 years apart with the same complaint of early pubarche at age 7 years, with inappropriately low DHEAS levels. In addition to hyperandrogenemia (elevated testosterone and androstenedione) and advanced bone age, both had hyperinsulinemia, and hypothyroxinemia. The 2nd case also had symptomatic hypoglycemia. Presentation of CPSS with this combination of findings in prepubertal children has not been reported previously. With further investigations, we proposed novel mechanisms explaining these manifestations. Hyperandrogenemia is caused by decreased hepatic sulfation of DHEA to less active DHEAS due to shunting of DHEA to systemic circulation. Elevated DHEA is then used for synthesis of more potent androgens. Shunting of postabsorbtive glucose from portal to systemic circulation causes early hyperglycemia leading to exaggerated insulin secretion. Insulin bypasses the hepatic metabolism directly entering into the systemic circulation, which results in hyperinsulinemia, then in turn causes late hypoglycemia. Finally, hypothyroxinemia was linked to thyroxin-binding globulin deficiency, which has not been reported in CPSS.


The Dbi gene encodes both positive and negative endogenous allosteric regulators of ionotropic GABA receptors. GABAergic signaling mediated by ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors (GABAARs) is an important pharmacological target because reduction in inhibitory GABAergic signaling is associated with anxiety and seizures. GABAARs are composed of five subunits, and at the interface between two of these is an allosteric modulatory site, where benzodiazepines bind to enhance GABAAR activity in the presence of GABA (see Harward and McNamara). The presence of this allosteric site sparked the hypothesis that there are endogenously produced regulators that bind this site (endozepines) and peptides encoded by Diazepam binding inhibitor (Dbi) function as negative allosteric modulators. Christian et al. focused on the thalamic reticular nucleus (nRT) because abnormal oscillatory activity in this region is associated with absence seizures. Compared to wild-type mice, mice with a GABAAR with a mutation in the allosteric modulatory site or nm1054 mice with a genomic deletion encompassing Dbi exhibited reduced inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the nRT and IPSCs were not affected by application of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist. Viral transduction of DBI into the nRT increased IPSCs and conferred responsiveness to flumazenil in the nm1054 mice. Because GABAARs can be composed of different combinations of subunits, the authors placed "sniffer patches," which are outside-out membrane patches from the ventrobasal nucleus (VB) in the nRT or the VB, and measured their response to uncaging of GABA. When placed in the nRT from wild-type mice, the sniffer patches exhibited enhanced IPSCs compared with those placed in the VB; when placed in the nRT region of slices from nm1054 mice, there was no potentiation of IPSCs. Thus, Dbi produces positive allosteric modulators in the nRT, not in the VB. Mutant mice that could not respond to the endogenous positive allosteric modulators or could not produce these modulators exhibited higher incidence of spontaneous and pharmacologically induced brain activity associated with seizures, confirming the importance of this endogenous positive allosteric modulation. Thus, Dbi appears to encode both positive and negative allosteric modulators that bind the benzodiazepine site of GABAARs. C. A. Christian, A. G. Herbert, R. L. Holt, K. Peng, K. D. Sherwood, S. Pangratz-Fuehrer, U. Rudolph, J. R. Huguenard, Endogenous positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors by Diazepam binding inhibitor. Neuron 78, 1–12 (2013). [PubMed] S. C. Harward, J. O. McNamara, In search of the ever-elusive positive endozepine. Neuron 78, 951–952 (2013). [Online Journal] [PubMed]


We present an improved search for neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay of ^{136}Xe in the KamLAND-Zen experiment. Owing to purification of the xenon-loaded liquid scintillator, we achieved a significant reduction of the ^{110m}Ag contaminant identified in previous searches. Combining the results from the first and second phase, we obtain a lower limit for the 0νββ decay half-life of T_{1/2}^{0ν}>1.07×10^{26}  yr at 90% C.L., an almost sixfold improvement over previous limits. Using commonly adopted nuclear matrix element calculations, the corresponding upper limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass are in the range 61-165 meV. For the most optimistic nuclear matrix elements, this limit reaches the bottom of the quasidegenerate neutrino mass region.


This paper proposes the use of formal semantics as a basis for worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis. Specically, the semantics of a RISC assembly language is formally dened using recent advances in rewrite-based semantics, and then is used to discover and eliminate erroneous execution paths in the context of WCET analysis. This paper makes two novel contributions: (1) it shows that using a formal semantics of the employed language can be practically feasible in WCET analysis (not only theoretically desirable); and (2) it shows that the discovery and elimination of erroneous execution paths can not only improve the WCET estimation, but can also be achieved using o-the-shelf technology for rewrite-based semantics.


Characterisation of fractured rocks and evaluation of fracture connectivity are essential for the study of subsurface flow and transport in fractured rock aquifers. In this study, we use a new method to present fracture networks and analyse the connectivity of the fractures, based on the technique of randomly-generated realisations. The application of the method aims to provide more detailed insights into the flow path and dynamics for sustainable utilisation of groundwater in the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifers, South Africa. Focusing on a representative wellfield in the TMG, the interpretation and integration of fracture data derived from field measurements, existing geological maps and remotely-sensed imagery, and observed responses of hydraulic tests, led to the development of a conceptual model for fracture network characterisation, which forms the basis of fracture connectivity analysis. The result shows that the a dominant number of the interconnected fractures are in the form of separated fracture clusters (networks) which is considered to be a common connectivity pattern in the TMG rocks and alike. The result also suggests that the connectivity pattern is collectively dependent on such factors as orientation, length, and density of fractures and implies that in a study domain only a small part of the fractures are responsible for flow circulation.


This paper explores the normative and ideological significance of fantasy in the context of workplace practices. I situate my approach to fantasy against the background of a 'logics approach' to social analysis, which is grounded in the post-structuralist and post-marxist genres of political theorizing. In considering a number of existing analyses of workplace practices which appeal to the category of fantasy, I focus on some studies in which fantasy can be said to play a role in sustaining workplace practices. I use this literature to draw out and formalize some basic features of the logic of fantasy, before turning my attention to a study which opens up a theoretical space for thinking about a mode of subjectivity which appears to escape the constraining logic of fantasy. Finally, using the insights gleaned from these studies, I develop an analytical framework centred around the logic of fantasy. The benefit of this framework, I claim, is that it makes clear the analytical distinction between two aspects of critique and transformation: an aspect linked to the norms of a practice and an aspect linked to the way subjects engage with those norms. Making this distinction explicit, I argue, allows us to pose interesting theoretical, critical, and methodological questions, including how these two aspects intersect in different contexts. The aim is to pluralize understandings of social and political critique and transformation, in a way which is relevant (but not necessarily tied) to workplace practices.


With the vast development of various technologies, learning today is no longer confined to classrooms with lecture delivery as the only method of conveying knowledge, rather, an electronic means of learning has continued to evolve. Electronic learning (e-Learning), which facilitates education using communications networks, has made learning possible from anywhere at anytime using the Internet, wide area networks or local area networks. Notably, e-Learning applications which have now become central to the learning process may be developed using proprietary programming tools and the process of acquiring and using them to develop large software application is not only complex but require a huge sum of money. A viable alternative is to utilize the open source software platform that allows software engineers and institutions the right to reuse, study, distribute and localize to satisfy user's requirements. This paper provides an overview of e-Learning and the open source domain as well as discusses how open source can be used to speedily realizes the development of an eLearning application in a web environment using an adaptive process. Specifically, the authors described their preliminary experiment of implementing an open source eLearning platform by adapting free PHP source code and MySQL database to suit an electronic class bulletin board.


OBJECTIVE
To compare overground and treadmill-based gaits of dogs.

ANIMALS
5 clinically normal adult mixed-breed dogs.

PROCEDURES
To obtain dynamic gait data, 30 retroreflective markers were affixed bilaterally to specific regions of the hind limbs and pelvis of each dog. For each dog, 3-D joint motion data (sagittal [flexion and extension], transverse [internal and external rotation], and frontal [abduction and adduction] planes of motion) for the hip, femorotibial, and tarsal joints were acquired during walking and trotting through a calibrated testing space overground or on a treadmill. Comparison of data was performed via generalized indicator function analysis and Fourier analysis.

RESULTS
Both overground and treadmill-based gaits produced similar waveforms in all planes of motion. Fourier analysis revealed no difference between overground and treadmill-based gaits in the sagittal plane of motion; however, small differences were detected between overground and treadmill-based gaits in the other 2 planes of motion. Additionally, femorotibial joint motion during walking did not differ among planes of motion. Generalized indicator function analysis was able to detect differences between overground and treadmill-based gait waveforms in all planes of motion for all joints during walking and trotting.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In dogs, overground and treadmill-based gaits produced similar waveform shapes. Of the 3 planes of motion evaluated, only sagittal plane kinematic gait data were unaffected by mode of ambulation as determined via Fourier analysis. Sagittal kinematic gait data collected from dogs during overground or treadmill-based ambulation were comparable. However, analysis methods may affect data comparisons.


Contact planning is crucial to the locomotion performance of limbless robots. Typically, the pattern by which contact is made and broken between the mechanism and its environment determines the motion of the robot. The design of these patterns, often called contact patterns, is a difficult problem. In previous work, the prescription of contact patterns was derived from observations of biological systems or determined empirically from black-box optimization algorithms. However, such contact pattern prescription is only applicable to specific mechanisms, and is challenging to generalize. For example, the stable and effective contact pattern prescribed for a 12-link limbless robot can be neither stable nor effective for a 6-link limbless robot. In this paper, using a geometric motion planning scheme, we develop a framework to design, optimize, and analyze contact patterns to generate effective motion in the desired directions. Inspired by prior work in geometric mechanics, we separate the configuration space into a shape space (the internal joint angles), a contact state space, and a position space; then we optimize the function that couples the contact state space and the shape space. Our framework provides physical insights into the contact pattern design and reveals principles of empirically derived contact pattern prescriptions. Applying this framework, we can not only control the direction of motion of a 12-link limbless robot by modulating the contact patterns, but also design effective sidewinding gaits for robots with fewer motors (e.g., a 6-link robot). We test our designed gaits by robophysical experiments and obtain excellent agreement. We expect our scheme can be broadly applicable to robots which make/break contact.


"Where did I go wrong?"

When we fail it's tempting to forget it and move on. However, reflecting on poor performance and figuring out how to proceed is critical to being a successful student and lawyer. Unfortunately, when students receive a disappointing grade they often lack the ability to understand what went wrong and how to change.

Creating self-regulated learners who can identify what they don't know and make a plan to improve is key to helping students succeed. In order to do so – and in order to produce ethical, productive lawyers – law schools should place a greater emphasis on fostering the skill of self-assessment among students.

I propose exam wrappers as an effective and adaptable tool to strengthen law students' self-assessment skills. The exam wrapper is a one page post-exam exercise currently utilized in a wide variety of disciplines including physics, chemistry, and second language acquisition; it has not yet been studied in law schools. Wrappers improve students' study and exam taking techniques, while ingraining life-long self-assessment practices. In addition, when used properly, they constitute a formative assessment as required by American Bar Association (ABA) guidelines and best practices in legal education, without demanding an excessive amount of work on the part of professors.

In this Article I (1) briefly review metacognition and self-regulated learning; (2) argue for the importance of self-assessment as crucial a skill for law students and lawyers alike; (3) review recent scholarship on exam wrappers across higher education; and (4) offer a proposal for the development and implementation of exam wrappers in legal education. "What You Don't Know" provides readers with foundational knowledge around the importance of self-assessment in legal education, as well as concrete templates and guidance for using exam wrappers in the law school classroom.

Given a widespread weakness in accurate self-assessment, the desire to produce self-regulated learners, and a consensus about the need for more formative assessment of law students, there is a persuasive argument for combining these needs through student-involved assessment activities. Exam wrappers are a valuable tool in the effort to standardize and strengthen law school post-exam reflection.


International comparison of health system performance has become increasingly popular, made possible by the rapidly expanding availability of health data. It has become one of the most important levers for prompting health system reform. Yet, as the demand for transparency and accountability in healthcare increases, so too does the need to compare data from different health systems both accurately and meaningfully. This timely and authoritative book offers an important summary of the current developments in health system performance comparison. It summarises the current state of efforts to compare systems, and identifies and explores the practical and conceptual challenges that occur. It discusses data and methodological challenges, as well as broader issues such as the interface between evidence and practice. The book draws out the priorities for future work on performance comparison, in the development of data sources and measurement instruments, analytic methodology, and assessment of evidence on performance. It concludes by presenting the key lessons and future priorities, and in doing so offers a rich source of material for policy-makers, their analytic advisors, international agencies, academics and students of health systems.


Schneider's Dynamic Model (2007) predicts that it is the lexicon-syntax interface that exhibits first traces of the emergence of characteristic structural innovations during the phase of Nativization. In this paper, I will show how a Construction Grammar approach provides a cognitive explanation for this phenomenon. I will then illustrate the advantages of a Construction Grammar analysis by focussing on Comparative Correlative (CC) constructions (e.g. The higher the price is, the more interesting the product is.; cf. Fillmore et al. 1988; Sag 2010). As the statistical analysis of data from various corpora from the International Corpus of English project show, all varieties exhibit similar processing effects, but differ greatly with respect to their reliance on partly substantive, partly schematic meso-constructions.


A significant portion of Walzer's Just and Unjust Wars is an argument "against realism." While Hendrickson applauds Walzer for his examination of the just war tradition, he nevertheless asserts that Walzer has characterized the tradition of political realism in a misleading way. Not simply the moral atheism it is portrayed to be, realism recognizes the moral reality of war while emphasizing state security and independence as the most important factors for the protection of citizens and the continuity of the political community. Indeed, Hendrickson identifies many realist aspects of Walzer's own moral arguments. He takes issue, however, with Walzer's treatment of intervention, self-determination, and the legitimate aims of war, stating that Walzer's framework is exceedingly permissive and ambiguous in these areas. Hendrickson concludes that the use of such a just war theory may lead to significant problems in the post-Cold War world.


We propose a non-commutative extension of the Pauli stabilizer formalism. The aim is to describe a class of many-body quantum states which is richer than the standard Pauli stabilizer states. In our framework, stabilizer operators are tensor products of single-qubit operators drawn from the group 〈αI, X, S〉, where α = eiπ/4 and S = diag(1, i). We provide techniques to efficiently compute various properties related to bipartite entanglement, expectation values of local observables, preparation by means of quantum circuits, parent Hamiltonians, etc. We also highlight significant differences compared to the Pauli stabilizer formalism. In particular, we give examples of states in our formalism which cannot arise in the Pauli stabilizer formalism, such as topological models that support non-Abelian anyons.


This document describes a private Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
header (P-header) used by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) for Push to
talk over Cellular (PoC) along with its applicability, which is
limited to the OMA PoC application. The P-Answer-State header is used
for indicating the answering mode of the handset, which is particular
to the PoC application. This memo provides information for the
Internet community.


An abundance of scorpion cuticles from Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) coals of Yorkshire is described, and other records of arthropod cuticles in coals are reviewed. The absence of cuticles assignable to arthropod groups other than scorpions is thought to be due to preferential preservation of the unique exocuticle of scorpions; it alone is preserved and appears to retain an organic nature. The cuticle is recovered from all the lithotypes of humic bituminous coals although it is most common in coals rich in inertinite macerals. From the present study it is uncertain whether the scorpions were aquatic or terrestrial. The recognition of arthropod cuticle as a coal maceral could aid environmental interpretations. The abundance of arthropod cuticle in the coals studied indicates its potential use in correlation and in determining the thermal maturity of sediments.


This paper traces the origins of the oral deposition in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Federal Rules") with an emphasis on the role of the officer in charge of the deposition. In Parts II and III, I document the origins of the deposition, drawing on published sources. In Parts IV and V, I draw upon unpublished sources regarding the 1930s Advisory Committee's decision not to provide for a judicial officer who would have the authority to rule on the admissibility of evidence during the deposition. That decision was an important, yet overlooked, element in the shaping of modern American civil procedure, including the displacement of civil trial by pretrial discovery. A striking attribute of the modern American deposition is that opposing counsel conduct the questioning in the absence of a judicial officer. The Advisory Committee that drafted the 1938 Federal Rules considered a proposal to provide deponents (both party witnesses and non-party witnesses) with the option of requesting a master to rule on the admissibility of evidence at the pretrial examination. According to archival sources, members of the Advisory Committee concluded that the systemic disadvantages of that proposal outweighed the advantages. I describe the historical origins of three salient features of the deposition: the near-absence of the rules of evidence; the presence of an "officer in charge" who has no power the rule on the admissibility of evidence; and the breadth of the permitted scope of inquiry. I discuss why the term "officer" is misleading: the examination is conducted entirely by adverse parties in the absence of a judge or a judge-like figure. The officer in charge is simply a stenographer or notary public who swears in the deponent and records the testimony; he or she exercises no adjudicatory function.


Personal dilemmas are inspiring phenomena, which can stimulate design creativity and reflection on users' goals and values. This paper aims to provide an overview of the main challenges involved in Dilemma-Driven Design (DDD). We first introduce three main activities performed when designing with dilemmas: Identifying dilemmas (discovery), selecting a target dilemma (definition), and generating ideas to address the selected dilemma (application). Next, we present a design case in which thirty novice designers responded to a project briefing in three consecutive workshops. Their experiences were evaluated through a questionnaire and a group discussion, resulting in an overview of five challenges involved in designing with dilemmas and recommendations on how to tackle each challenge. Based on our findings, we discuss how DDD is positioned as an emerging, conflict-inspired design approach. Altogether, this paper acts as an 'introductory course' on DDD.


Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism proposes a new critical theory concerning the functioning of capitalism and how we consider knowledge and information. This ambitious book systematically and lucidly introduces contemporary phenomena into the framework of cognitive materialism to address some of the great themes of the social sciences: knowledge, exploitation and social class in an account of capitalism's totality in the present day. Author Mariano Zukerfeld reinvigorates materialist study of communications, presenting a typology of knowledge to explain the underlying material forms of information, intellectual property and cognitive work in contemporary societies. Using current examples the book also examines concerns such as free labour and the pivotal role of intellectual property. The book offers nothing less than an introduction to the theory of cognitive materialism and an account of the entirety of the digital (or knowledge) capitalism of our time.