Introduction. Post-resuscitation care is regulated by international guidelines. A milestone of these is the application of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). The aims of our study were: to determine the 30-day-mortality for our patients, to monitor the efficacy and effects of TH, and to investigate serum protein S100B – as an early prognostic marker.Materials and Methods. In our study, 57 patients, treated after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a multidisciplinary intensive care unit, were included. Patients were divided into groups who received and who didn't receive TH. 30-day-mortality was determined as an end-point. Effects of TH were monitored using statistical analysis according to clinical parameters and laboratory tests. Serum protein S100B levels were measured with ELISA technique on 20 randomised patients atadmission and the 1st, 3rd and 5th day after CPR. Results. Total 30-day-mortality was 74%. TH did not reduced the 30-day-mortality (73% vs. 74%, p>0.05). We found a significant correlation between TH and serum lactate concentration after admission (0h,p=0.006) and at 12 (p=0.045) and 36 (p=0.049) hours after CPR. On the3rd (p=0.005) and 4th (p=0.043) day after CPR, as a result of TH, platelet count was significantly higher compared to normothermic samples. There was no significant difference in protein S100B levels between the normothermic and TH group and protein S100B levels did not correlate with 30-day-mortality.Conclusion. Despite recommendations of international guidelines, we cannot prove the beneficial effect of TH, or a correlation of protein S100B levels with a positive outcome.


Assessment of the neural correlates of auditory scene analysis, using an index of sound change detection that does not require the listener to attend to the sounds [a component of event-related brain potentials called the mismatch negativity (MMN)], has previously demonstrated that segregation processes can occur without attention focused on the sounds and that within-stream contextual factors influence how sound elements are integrated and represented in auditory memory. The current study investigated the relationship between the segregation and integration processes when they were called upon to function together. The pattern of MMN results showed that the integration of sound elements within a sound stream occurred after the segregation of sounds into independent streams and, further, that the individual streams were subject to contextual effects. These results are consistent with a view of auditory processing that suggests that the auditory scene is rapidly organized into distinct streams and the integration of sequential elements to perceptual units takes place on the already formed streams. This would allow for the flexibility required to identify changing within-stream sound patterns, needed to appreciate music or comprehend speech.


Abstract This study analyzes the differences between the category structure of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) system (which is one of the widely used library classification systems in Europe) and Wikipedia. In particular, the authors compare the emerging structure of category-links to the structure of classes in the UDC. The authors scrutinize the question of how knowledge maps of the same domain differ when they are created socially (i.e. Wikipedia) as opposed to when they are created formally (UDC) using classification theory. As a case study, we focus on the category of "Arts".


Climate change, limited energy resources and population growth raise questions about sustainability and decisions for future generations. There is a need to contribute to a more sustainable world. This can be achieved with the use of creativity in, for example, product lifecycle management. Built on the literature about creativity and sustainability, a conceptual framework of sustainable creativity is proposed on the integration of the fields. The proposed framework is an attempt to the creation of sustainable concepts and includes the domains of "decomposition" and "integration" where the problem-, idea-, and concept-space are built on. Feedback loops are analysed and discussed as an important part of any radical/incremental product/service development within lifecycle management activities. Keywords: sustainability, creativity, product lifecycle management (PLM)


Fifty years after the 'Two Cultures' controversy, what continuing value is there in the kinds of critical arguments F. R. Leavis (1895-1978) was urging upon us then, notably about how to 'read' human creativity? One positive answer to this question lies in our seeing Leavis in a radically different contemporaneous context, in relation to the work of the film director Stanley Kubrick (1928-99). Leavis's and Kubrick's oeuvres, while conceived independently in different media, can be seen to share characteristic 60s' socio-artistic and philosophic concerns: about how to affirm the complex nature of human creativity, with its fragile sense of hope, in the face of technologically enhanced destructiveness. In particular, Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) provides an illuminating foil to some of Leavis's ideas of this period, and vice versa: about social learning and the dynamics of creativity, the nature of human and artificial intelligence, and the omnipresent threat of hubris arising from what Leavis dubbed the technologico-Benthamite mindset. If, as Leavis and Kubrick similarly contend, creativity is a capacity over which humanity cannot exert complete transmuting control, then this is an idea that surmounts period anxieties and continues to challenge. A major part of that challenge, then as now, at least for those of us concerned with critical thinking, is to advance this claim responsibly as thought, to acknowledge the element of mystery in creativity while remaining firmly this side of the mystical.


In the last decade, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have been the most important technology adopted by organisations around the world. Successful implementation of these systems depends on many stakeholders, all of whom make a substantial contribution to the project. ERP success also depends on organisational, technological and environmental factors. However, to date, most of the ERP success studies have been focused on improvements and success factors from the consumers? perspective. Since the vendors play a very important role in ERP implementation success, and are required to abide by stringent contract agreements and SLAs, this paper presents an exploratory study on ERP success factors from the vendors? perspectives. It includes a review of literature on ERP systems success factors, findings of research accomplished via interviews with people involved in ERP implementations from a consulting organisation, analysis of findings, success factors identified from this research and issues for further research


This paper addresses the relationships between leadership theory, practice and development, drawing on both the higher education and wider leadership literature. It explores why challenges and problems exist within the contested field of leadership theory and why gaps remain between theory and practice after more than a century of research – and indeed, with increasing levels of research, scholarship and development in the last 25 years. After highlighting the importance of context for theory, practice and development, the first section of the paper examines a range of factors that contribute to theoretical 'contests' including different starting assumptions made by researchers, the different focus of studies, examination of different causal links to explain leadership, differences in values and cultural lenses and different constructs, terminology and perspectives. The second section examines the challenges faced by leadership practitioners, as individuals, and through exercising leadership as a collective responsibility in the context of changing operating environments within higher education institutions and across sectors and countries. The author highlights three areas where some re-thinking of the links between theory and practice are necessary – at the input stage, linking research findings and recruitment practices; in terms of outcomes, by researching links between leaders, leadership and performance; and in process terms, to examine more deeply complex and relational dynamic of leadership in action. The third section offers a number of specific suggestions as to how closer alignment between theory, practice and development can be achieved. The paper concludes by arguing for greater maturity (in research, practice and development) that acknowledges that leadership is played out in complex, dynamic and changing social systems. A stronger emphasis on 'leadership learning' should deliver both better science and better outcomes for leaders and led in higher education.


We introduce a new event database for rotational seismology. The rotational seismology website (see Data and Resources) grants access to 17,000+ processed global earthquakes starting from 2007. For each event, it offers waveform and processed plots for the seismometer station at Wettzell and its vertical-component ring laser (G-Ring), as well as extensive metrics (e.g., peak amplitudes, signal-to-noise ratios). Tutorials and illustrated processing guidelines are available and ready to be applied to other data sets. The database strives to promote the use of joint rotational and translational ground-motion data demonstrating their potential for characterizing seismic wavefields.


Aims Two markers show a constant positive association with infant birth weight: maternal pre-pregnancy weight for height and weight gain during pregnancy. Both are dependent on a positive energy balance in pregnancy where nutritional calorific intake is greater than energy expended. Our pilot study used the Actiheart accelerometer device that measures continuous ambulatory activity and heart rate to calculate 'free-living' energy expenditure in third trimester pregnant women in rural Nepal. Methods Three-week time limited study. Sixteen third trimester rural women from Jumla district Nepal were selected to wear the Actiheart device for 24 h. Participants were recruited by moving house to house in small village communities. All participants were agricultural labourers responsible for small marginal farms and household chores. A Nepali nurse gathered informed verbal consent from the women, measured BMI and assessed their trimester by questioning. The Actiheart device has been validated against the doubly labelled water method as the gold standard of energy expenditure measurement. Participants were excluded from the study if the Actiheart device was worn for <20 h or if heart rate trace was <80% complete. Data was analysed using Actiheart software. Results 16 participants were measured during the three-week period and five were excluded from the sample due to insufficient heart rate trace or time wearing the Actiheart. Physical activity level (PAL) category boundaries stated by the WHO, showed 4/11 women had a 'light' PAL (1.40–1.69), 3/11 'moderate' PAL (1.70–1.99) and 4/11 'vigorous' activity level (>2). The sample average PAL was 1.85, significantly higher than that reported in studies of pregnant women in developed countries such as the UK (1.62) and Sweden (1.65). 8/11 participants were estimated to be in negative energy balance when using the total daily energy intake of 2140kcal reported in pregnant women in the nearby area of Tamang. Conclusion Pregnant women in rural Nepal have heavy workloads and high physical activity levels in the third trimester. High maternal energy expenditure and poor nutrition may result in a negative energy balance leading to weight loss, low birth weight and poor maternal and neonatal outcomes.


Using post-electoral surveys from France, Britain and the US, this paper documents a striking long-run evolution in the structure of political cleavages. In the 1950s-1960s, the vote for left-wing (socialist-labour-democratic) parties was associated with lower education and lower income voters. It has gradually become associated with higher education voters, giving rise to a "multiple-elite" party system in the 2000s-2010s: high-education elites now vote for the "left", while high-income/high-wealth elites still vote for the "right" (though less and less so). I argue that this can contribute to explain rising inequality and the lack of democratic response to it, as well as the rise of "populism". I also discuss the origins of this evolution (rise of globalization/migration cleavage, and/or educational expansion per se) as well as future prospects: "multiple-elite" stabilization; complete realignment of the party system along a "globalists" (high-education, high-income) vs "nativists" (low-education, low-income) cleavage; return to class-based redistributive conflict (either from an internationalist or nativist perspective). Two main lessons emerge. First, with multi-dimensional inequality, multiple political equilibria and bifurcations can occur. Next, without a strong egalitarian-internationalist platform, it is difficult to unite low-education, low-income voters from all origins within the same party.


Prevention of microbial contamination of surfaces is one of the biggest challenges for biomedical applications. Establishing a stable, easily produced, highly antibacterial surface coating offers an efficient solution but remains a technical difficulty. Here, we report on a new approach to create an in situ hydrogel film-coating on glass surfaces made by enzymatic cross-linking under physiological conditions. The cross-linking is catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/glucose oxidase (GOD)-coupled cascade reactions in the presence of glucose and results in 3D dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) scaffolds bound to the surface of glass. These scaffolds continuously release H2O2 as long as glucose is present in the system. The resultant polymeric coating is highly stable, bacterial-repellent, and functions under physiological conditions. Challenged with high loads of bacteria (OD540 = 1.0), this novel hydrogel and glucose-amended coating reduced the cell viability of Pseudomonas putida (Gram-negative) by 100% and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) by ≥40%, respectively. Moreover, glucose-stimulated production of H2O2 by the coating system was sufficient to kill both test bacteria (at low titers) with >99.99% efficiency within 24 h. In the presence of glucose, this platform produces a coating with high effectiveness against bacterial adhesion and survival that can be envisioned for the applications in the glucose-associated medical/oral devices.


Slow weight gain in infancy is the core sign of failure to thrive. However, it is far from clear what the cause of the slow weight gain in infancy is. Failure to thrive is mostly identified late in the first year at which time it becomes problematic to ascertain its causes retrospectively. The current study was designed to investigate weight gain and behaviour in the early weeks of infancy in a prospective study. Seventy-five eight-week old infants were recruited according to their weight gain from birth to eight weeks, and classified as having slow, average or fast weight gain. Infants and their mothers were observed during two feeds. Mother-infant interaction and sucking behaviour were assessed. In addition, mothers completed questionnaires on the infant's temperament and behaviour (such as sleeping and crying), and on their own eating behaviour and adaptation to motherhood. All infants were followed up at six months and weighed again. The follow-up weight at six months allowed the identification of infants with failure to thrive as traditionally clinically defined. Six infants were identified as failing to thrive at six months, all of which had slow weight gain from birth to eight weeks. The behaviours measured through observation and the questionnaires were investigated in relation to weight gain from birth to eight weeks and six months. No significant relationship was found between weight gain and maternal adaptation, the mother's eating behaviour or infant behaviour. One sucking behaviour parameter estimate, pause length, end, was found to be significantly related to weight gain to eight weeks. This result however, was entirely attributable to the estimates of one infant. This infant had particularly poor sucking behaviour and very slow weight gain from birth to eight weeks. Infant temperament, and in particular the infant's level of fear was related to weight gain from birth to eight weeks. Infants with higher levels of fear were more likely to have slow weight gain. The length of the feed, from which the sucking behaviour was observed, was related to weight gain, with infants with long feeds being more likely to have slow weight gain.


A novel local structural approach, which is a sequel to our previous work, is proposed in this paper for object retrieval in a cluttered and occluded environment without identifying the outlines of an object. It works by first extracting consistent and structurally unique local neighborhood from inputs or models and then voting on the optimal matches employing dynamic programming and a novel hypercube-based indexing structure. The proposed concepts have been tested on a database with thousands of images and compared with the six nearest-neighbors shape description with superior results


Insurance of surface quality and dimensional tolerances in finish turning necessitates the development of accurate predictive models. This study aimed at modeling flank wear of multilayer-coated carbide inserts in finish dry hard turning of AISI 4340 and AISI 52100 hardened steels based on 28 artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the best-fit multiple non-linear regression (MNLR) model. Online-monitored flank wear of multilayer-coated carbide inserts was modeled as a function of the three cutting speeds of 70, 98 and 142 m min-1, and the two workpieces under the constant feed rate and cutting depth of 0.027 mm min-1 and 0.2 mm, respectively. Out of the 28 ANNs, 18 ANNs appeared to be capable of better predictions for tool flank wear than the best-fit MNLR model. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) outperformed all the remaining models based on all the training, cross-validation and testing dataset-related metrics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.21.6.12199


Eventual consistency aims to ensure that replicas of some mutable shared object converge without foreground synchronisation. Previous approaches to eventual consistency are ad-hoc and error-prone. We study a principled approach: to base the design of shared data types on some simple formal conditions that are sufficient to guarantee eventual consistency. We call these types Convergent or Commutative Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). This paper formalises asynchronous object replication, either state based or oper- ation based, and provides a sufficient condition appropriate for each case. It describes several useful CRDTs, including container data types supporting both add and remove operations with clean semantics, and more complex types such as graphs and monotonic DAGs. It discusses some properties needed to implement non-trivial CRDTs.


Anoa (Bubalus sp) is a member of bovidae family and classified to the endemic species of Sulawesi island, Indonesia. This species is categorized as endangered species by IUCN and Appendix II by CITIES. The decreasing of Anoa's territory has reduced the feed availability in natural habitat. This study was aimed to analyze vegetation of Anoa (Bubalus sp) habitats. Research was performed as field research at protection forest areas, Pandayora village, Pamona Selatan District, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi. This research was conducted from April through June 2014. Eight sample plots were made by the size of 20x20 m. Ploting was done by purposive sampling method. Hence vegetation date were analysed to determine the density, frequency, dominant, Importance Value Index and the Diversity Index of Shannon-Wienner. The results showed that there were 15 plant species belongs to 13 families at tree level, 15 plant species belongs to 11 families at pole level, 13 plant species belongs to 11 families at sapling level and 8 plant species belongs to 7 families, respectively. Furthermore, the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) at tree level of vegetation wasbejau(Mangifera sp) with value71,18%. At pole level, the highest IVI was Lithocarpus sp.(35,74%). Hence, the highest IVI at sapling level was Erithrina subumbrans (10,14%) while at seedling level was Diplasium sp. (40,27%). In addition, recorded that there were 51 plants species used as food source by anoa.
Key words: Vegetation, Habitat, Bubalus sp, Endemic species, Protection Forest


Democracy and its promotion are embedded in the United States (US) and in Europe, defining their distinct roles in International Relations (IR) but also maintaining a common basis for transatlantic relations. With the end of the Cold War, democracy promotion became an increasingly important phenomenon, while transatlantic relations seemed to evolve in an ambiguous "drift and rift". This raised the question of whether American and European democracy promotion differed, and whether this mattered both regarding their roles in IR and the challenges arising on the ground. This thesis documents and compares the democracy promotion strategies adopted in the US and the European Union (EU), and argues that they contributed to the development of "rival universalisms", i.e. international narratives grounded on their own identity, external objectives and policy capacities. It tests this argument with three case studies that illustrate and nuance democracy promotion as an eminently political process, opposed to conventional emphasis on technical expertise. The first part of the thesis depicts the origins, characteristics, and policy-making processes of American and European democracy promotion: turf wars and conflicting ideologies offer inconclusive pictures. In the US, the "new" post-Cold War mission still tied democracy to national security and Modernization; in the EU, "normative power" and utopian arguments in the definition of Europe did not substitute for the core tension between supranationalism and Member States' influence regarding external affairs. In the second part, the thesis checks the "rival universalisms" against US and EU policies actually undertaken on the ground, with case studies of a country (Democratic Republic of Congo), a region (Middle East and North Africa), and the world (Community of Democracies). In all, democracy promotion seemed elusive, and raised wide-ranging conceptual and pragmatic challenges. The cases demonstrated the limits of the US and EU "rival universalisms" as policy projections, and gave evidence of the political (and not technical) choices and trade-offs involved in democracy promotion.


A study of the energy levels of isoelectronic sequences has led to a simple empirical relation to describe these levels. This relation is based on the idea that one can always linearize the ratio E/Zs for some value of s which is nonintegral. Application of this relation to various sequences leads to energy levels which deviate by less than 1% from the experimental values. As a result of the application of this method to the ground term of various sequences, certain coronal lines can be identified as forbidden transitions in highly ionized species. Edlen's identification of the coronal line at 4086.3 A as the forbidden 3P1 − 3P2 transitions of Ca xiii is confirmed. The coronal line at 3454.3 A can be identified as the forbidden transition 2P3/2 − 2P1/2 of Cu xiii.


ABSTRACT: 'Our students today are all 'native speakers' of the digital language of computers, video games and the Internet' (Prensky, 2001).

Despite its position as a dominant social networking platform globally, research reveals that faculty lag behind students in their inclination to engage Facebook for learning (Junco, 2012). A creative college should be at the forefront of pedagogy and practice and the millennial student cohorts who inhabit our classrooms live connected lives through social media with peer interaction a strong predictor of student persistence and completion (Junco, 2012). As industries are increasingly globalised, our students' future workplaces require facility with cross-cultural collaboration, yet curricula often remain situated within the home culture. With creativity a key attribute for young professionals; learning how to learn and harnessing opportunities for independent, intrinsically motivated engagements are vital for students and teachers alike (Collins & Amabile, 1999; Csikszentmihalyi, 1999).

This presentation focuses on exploring key themes raised by an exploratory collaborative project using Facebook as a platform to connect London College of Fashion Marketing & Design students with students at City University Hong Kong studying courses in Advertising and Popular Culture. The collaboration took the form of a shared private Facebook group - an International Fashion Panel - where staff and students shared learning resources and current critiques around brand identity, cross-cultural marketing and city branding. The Facebook platform was used both separately and collaboratively to support students' co-creation of their educational experience e.g. carrying out primary research on the Hong Kong fashion industry. The digitally mediated collaboration allowed for flexibility in when and how education took place, providing a third space for co-creation of learning.

Student evaluations, Personal and Professional Development statements and focus group contributions supplement the tutors' reflections on the process. Benefits of the collaboration included enhanced digital literacies, the facilitation of research in remote markets and the raising of awareness of cross-cultural issues in product design and fashion marketing. In addition students conceived of the experience as a virtual exchange program.

An overview of the process, both the opportunities and anxieties, is given drawing on the experiences of the teachers and students involved informing a discussion around the issues inherent in the opening up of the classroom and the relinquishing of teacher control.


In 2010 Milja Kurki explained that although scholars recognize
that democracy is described in a variety of ways, they do not typically engage
with its many and diverse descriptions. My aim in this agenda-setting research
note is to tackle this quandary by first providing a minimum empirical account
of democracy's descriptions (i.e., a catalogue of 2,234 adjectives that have
been used to describe democracy) and secondly by suggesting what democracy
studies may gain by compiling this information. I argue that the catalogue
of descriptors be applied in four ways: (1) drilling down into the meaning of
each description, (2) making taxonomies, (3) rethinking the phenomenology
of democracy, and (4) visualizing democracy's big data. Each of the four applications
and their significance is explained in turn. This research note ends by
looking back on the catalogue and its four applications.


LIFE+ project "Strategies to improve and protect soil quality from the disposal of olive oil mills' wastes (OOMW) in the Mediterranean region-PROSODOL" aims towards the development and application of technologies for the protection, improvement and remediation of soils which are threatened by the degradation, coming from the disposal of olive oil mill's wastes. In this effort and among others, several geospatial application tools were presented and implemented aiming at the effective monitoring of soil quality and wastes disposal areas management. The project was based on the collection of more than 1000 soil samples throughout the course of the project which were chemically analysed in order to indicate the most significant soil parameters that could most suitably describe soil degradation due to OOMW disposal. Based on the above results, a geospatial monitoring system application tool was implemented, where users (individuals or services) can enter measurements (spatial points) of these indicative soil physico-chemical parameters at various time intervals and soil depths and monitor the fluctuation of the values through time. Results are indicated through predefined diagrams that have predefined zones (orange and red) depending on the degree of alert that needs to be signaled to the users. In addition, the soil parameters were mapped with respect to the depth, date and temporal variations of their spatial distribution (spatial surfaces). Furthermore, the diffusion of these parameters in the subsurface was also studied. Interpolated surfaces were created and integrated within another geospatial web based map application tool. Interpolated surface maps can be viewed simultaneously with the above topographic and satellite maps, providing a possible overview of the diffusion of the parameters in the subsurface and thus the risk-level in the vicinity of the waste disposal areas to the users. A further verification of the diffusion of the underground pollution was also monitored through the application of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques. The geospatial monitoring tool application is available for free download from the Web site of the project (www.prosodol.gr). The soil parameters and organic compounds content as well as other geological, hydrological and land use features, for all disposal sites of the three main areas of interest (former municipality of Nikiforos Fokas in Rethymno, Crete (Greece), Albenga region and Loano commune-municipality (Italy), form the spatial background information provided by the PROSODOL project. A prototype (ArcGIS for INSPIRE) Geoportal, integrating a Geodatabase with a Schema compliant with the INSPIRE Directive was employed for carrying out the whole mapping and the transforming process of PROSODOL's spatial data information to compatible INSPIRE Map (View) Services.


Research Summary: We combine the absorptive capacity and social network theory approaches to predict how intrafirm "whole" network characteristics affect the firm's speed of absorption of external knowledge to produce inventions. We start from the widely accepted view that distant, externally‐developed knowledge is difficult to absorb into the focal firm's own knowledge production. We suggest that high levels of intrafirm inventor task network diversity and task network density are essential for a diversity of knowledge inputs and coordinated actions regarding knowledge transfer, which in turn, reduces problems related to the absorption of knowledge—especially in the case of knowledge that is distant from the focal firm. The results of an event history study of 113 pharmaceutical firms that engaged in technology in‐licensing from 1986 to 2003 provide general support for our hypotheses. Managerial Summary: Firms keen to keep up with an uncertain and ever‐changing industry environment, can benefit from the speedy introduction of inventions. We examine how firms absorb licensed‐in technologies to nurture the rapid development of own related inventions. We show that a firm's absorption speed depends on the characteristics of the internal collaboration networks among the firm's inventor employees. More specifically, technologically diverse and well‐connected inventor networks improve the firm's ability to absorb external technologies quickly. This applies especially to externally acquired technologies that are unfamiliar to the firm. Depending on the distance of the acquired technology from the focal firm combined with speed‐inducing inventor network characteristics, our estimates suggest that firms can reduce the time needed for absorption by several months.


We report on the design and characterization of a highly coherent mid-IR source at 3.57mum based on a single-frequency optical parametric oscillator. Detailed frequency and amplitude noise spectra have been measured. The rms intensity noise from 1.2 to 1000 Hz was 0.03%, and a rms frequency drift of 8 kHz in 1 ms was observed. We have also demonstrated the utility of this source for coherent laser radar applications by measuring micro-Doppler spectra from vibrating targets.


Optical Fiber Telecommunications V (A&B) is the fifth in a series that has chronicled the progress in the research and development of lightwave communications since the early 1970s. Written by active authorities from academia and industry, this edition not only brings a fresh look to many essential topics but also focuses on network management and services. Using high bandwidth in a cost-effective manner for the development of customer applications is a central theme. This book is ideal for R&D engineers and managers, optical systems implementers, university researchers and students, network operators, and the investment community.Volume (A) is devoted to components and subsystems, including: semiconductor lasers, modulators, photodetectors, integrated photonic circuits, photonic crystals, specialty fibers, polarization-mode dispersion, electronic signal processing, MEMS, nonlinear optical signal processing, and quantum information technologies. Volume (B) is devoted to systems and networks, including: advanced modulation formats, coherent systems, time-multiplexed systems, performance monitoring, reconfigurable add-drop multiplexers, Ethernet technologies, broadband access and services, metro networks, long-haul transmission, optical switching, microwave photonics, computer interconnections, and simulation tools.Biographical SketchesIvan Kaminow retired from Bell Labs in 1996 after a 42-year career. He conducted seminal studies on electrooptic modulators and materials, Raman scattering in ferroelectrics, integrated optics, semiconductor lasers (DBR , ridge-waveguide InGaAsP and multi-frequency), birefringent optical fibers, and WDM networks. Later, he led research on WDM components (EDFAs, AWGs and fiber Fabry-Perot Filters), and on WDM local and wide area networks. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a recipient of the IEEE/OSA John Tyndall, OSA Charles Townes and IEEE/LEOS Quantum Electronics Awards. Since 2004, he has been Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Tingye Li retired from AT&T in 1998 after a 41-year career at Bell Labs and AT&T Labs. His seminal work on laser resonator modes is considered a classic. Since the late 1960s, He and his groups have conducted pioneering studies on lightwave technologies and systems. He led the work on amplified WDM transmission systems and championed their deployment for upgrading network capacity. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is a recipient of the IEEE David Sarnoff Award, IEEE/OSA John Tyndall Award, OSA Ives Medal/Quinn Endowment, AT&T Science and Technology Medal, and IEEE Photonics Award. Alan Willner has worked at AT&T Bell Labs and Bellcore, and he is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California. He received the NSF Presidential Faculty Fellows Award from the White House, Packard Foundation Fellowship, NSF National Young Investigator Award, Fulbright Foundation Senior Scholar, IEEE LEOS Distinguished Lecturer, and USC University-Wide Award for Excellence in Teaching. He is a Fellow of IEEE and OSA, and he has been President of the IEEE LEOS, Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE/OSA J. of Lightwave Technology, Editor-in-Chief of Optics Letters, Co-Chair of the OSA Science & Engineering Council, and General Co-Chair of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. For nearly three decades, the OFT series has served as the comprehensive primary resource covering progress in the science and technology of optical fiber telecom. It has been essential for the bookshelves of scientists and engineers active in the field. OFT V provides updates on considerable progress in established disciplines, as well as introductions to new topics. [OFT V]... generates a value that is even higher than that of the sum of its chapters.Herwig Kogelnik, Vice President Adjunct, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent ... is a comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the latest research advances and development trends in the field, while upholding the highest standards of scholarly exposition and practical perspective. The wealth of material on innovative technologies and advanced applications will serve as an important and timely information resource ... for the advancement of telecommunications world-wide.Leping Wei, CTO, China Telecom Lightwave systems constitute the nervous system of the industrial world and continue to evolve as innovations are introduced with enormous economic impact. The editors have very skillfully brought together authoritative chapters written by well known experts, encompassing new technologies that are enabling the rapid advances to their commercial deployment. This is a "must-have" book ...Henry Kressel, Managing Director, Warburg Pincus Anyone ... will want to have a copy of this latest edition ... which carries on the tradition of bringing together a wonderful collection of authors, world-renowned experts all, to discuss the most important areas of this rapidly changing technology. ... this volume has evolved to include, not only updates of previous topics, but also considerably more discussion of networks and network services.Donald B. Keck, Corning, Inc. (retired) Much has happened since the last edition. ROADM-based metro networks are being widely deployed, optical monitoring is becoming essential, new modulation formats are enabling efficient bandwidth utilization, and deployed FTTH has 1 Gbit/s shared rates. All these ... are expertly reviewed by an impressive set of authors, each highly active, well-known and respected. In all ... a timely, highly valuable, well-written and comprehensive view presented by the world's experts.Rod C. Alferness, Chief Scientist, Bell Labs Research, Alcatel-Lucent * All the latest technologies and techniques for developing future components and systems* Edited by two winners of the highly prestigious OSA/IEEE John Tyndal award and a President of IEEE's Lasers & Electro-Optics Society (7,000 members)* Written by leading experts in the field, it is the most authoritative and comprehensive reference on optical engineering the market


Student loan debt in the United States is now estimated to exceed one trillion dollars. However, in obtaining financial assistance, many postsecondary students do not contemplate the long-term implications of the legal obligations that they accept as conditions to obtain student loan funds. This mass failure to realize the requirements attached to signing promissory notes and entering into binding loan contracts has recently led to several rounds of reform by the federal government. Unfortunately, these reforms have done little to stem the tide of rising student loan debt, most of which is not dischargeable in bankruptcy. This Article examines how the student debt crisis showcases the newest front in the battle for access to higher education. It outlines the rapid escalation of university and college costs over the last thirty years and the potential harms that accompany those costs. These harms extend beyond the direct, financial impact on students to the civic community and economic growth of the country. To help to ameliorate these harms, amendments are needed to the statutory provisions of the Higher Education Act, and their implementing regulations, regarding the counseling that is attached to the disbursement of student loans for all institutions whose students receive Title IV aid. If adopted, these statutory and regulatory amendments would promote informed access without diminishing the quality of higher education or turning students' investments in their futures into unsustainable burdens.


Partially Premixed Combustion has shown the potential of high efficiency, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot below future emissions regulations, and acceptable acoustic noise. Low-octane-number gasoline fuels were shown to be most suitable for this concept, with the reactivity determining the possible load range. Other researchers have used several refinery streams, which might be produced by a refinery if they were required to do so without additional investment. Some of refinery streams are, however, not expected to be commercially available on the short term. For the present investigation, n-butanol (BuOH) has been selected as a blend component in diesel, and is used from 50 – 100%. The blends then have a reactivity range similar to the refinery streams, so single-cylinder engine tests for their emission and efficiency performance can also be used to determine their applicable load range. The current paper presents a summary of the performance of such BuOH-diesel blends with respect to emissions and efficiency in the Partially Premixed Combustion regime. Besides a presentation of the sensitivity to injection strategies, dilution levels and fuel pressure, emission performance is compared to upcoming legislated emission levels. The effect of the blend ratio on load ranges is shown and conventional diesel combustion benchmarks are used to show improvements in indicated efficiency. Butanol-diesel blends are shown to be a viable approach to partially premixed combustion, with its high soot reduction potential and stable operation. EURO VI emission levels can therefore be achieved, with moderate or slightly increased fuel pressure. Combustion efficiency is shown to be very reasonable over the whole load range, similar to that of conventional diesel combustion. Combined with an improved thermal efficiency a moderate butanol-diesel blend is shown to have an average gross indicated efficiency of 50% over the whole load range.


"Watching A Raisin in the Sun and Seeing Red" argues that, while anti-Communism has often been discussed by historiographers of African American theatre, Communism itself and the influence of the Communist Party U.S.A. as a positive force in black theatre history have largely been ignored. As a way of exploring the Communist influence on black theatre, the article describes specific ways in which Lorraine Hansberry's 1959 play is indebted to Communist political critiques. Following the FBI's own surveillance of the play before it came to Broadway, "Watching A Raisin in the Sun and Seeing Red" also uses the FBI's own internal memos about the play's Communist content to reassess the play's political critique of American individualism, racism, sexism, and capitalism.


Differential cross-sections are measured for top-quark pair production in the all-hadronic decay mode, using proton-proton collision events collected by the ATLAS experiment in which all six decay jets are separately resolved. Absolute and normalised singleand double-differential cross-sections are measured at particle and parton level as a function of various kinematic variables. Emphasis is placed on well-measured observables in fully reconstructed final states, as well as on the study of correlations between the top-quark pair system and additional jet radiation identified in the event. The study is performed using data from proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1. The rapidities of the individual top quarks and of the top-quark pair are well modelled by several independent event generators. Significant mismodelling is observed in the transverse momenta of the leading three jet emissions, while the leading top-quark transverse momentum and top-quark pair transverse momentum are both found to be incompatible with several theoretical predictions.


type="main" xml:id="dpr12142-abs-0001"> The article uses a conceptual framework to review empirical evidence and some 180 articles related to the opportunities and threats of Big Data Analytics for international development. The advent of Big Data delivers a cost-effective prospect for improved decision-making in critical development areas such as healthcare, economic productivity and security. At the same time, the well-known caveats of the Big Data debate, such as privacy concerns and human resource scarcity, are aggravated in developing countries by long-standing structural shortages in the areas of infrastructure, economic resources and institutions. The result is a new kind of digital divide: a divide in the use of data-based knowledge to inform intelligent decision-making. The article systematically reviews several available policy options in terms of fostering opportunities and minimising risks.


Background: Rheumatic fever (RF) is the commonest cause of pediatric heart disease globally. Penicillin for streptococcal pharyngitis prevents RF. Inequitable access to health care persists. Purpose: To investigate RF prevention by treating streptococcal pharyngitis in school- and/or community-based programs. Data Sources: Medline, Old Medline, the Cochrane Library, DARE, Central, NHS, EED, NICE, NRMC, Clinical Evidence, CDC website, PubMed, and reference lists of retrieved articles. Known researchers in the field were contacted where possible. Methods: Randomized, controlled trials or trials of before/after design examining treatment of sore throats in schools or communities with RF as an outcome where data were able to be pooled for analysis. Two authors examined titles, abstracts, selected articles, and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Quantitative Analysis Tool: Review Manager version 4.2 to assess pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Data Synthesis: Six studies (of 677 screened) which met the criteria and could be pooled were included. Meta-analysis of these trials for RF control produced a relative risk of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.23–0.70). There was statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 70.5%). Hence a random effects analysis was conducted. Limitations: Many studies were poor quality. Title and available abstracts of non-English studies were checked. There may be publication bias. This is the best available evidence in an area with imperfect information. Discussion: It is expected acute RF cases would diminish by about 60% using a school or community clinic to treat streptococcal pharyngitis. This should be considered in high-risk populations.


Combined therapies targeting the unfolded protein stress response might be a way to treat glioblastomas. Gloss Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor. Standard care combines surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but patient median survival does not exceed 15 months. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular signaling pathway that promotes restoration of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis. The UPR plays instrumental roles in various cancers, particularly growth, invasion, therapeutic resistance, and angiogenesis in GBM. In this Review, which contains four figures, two tables, and 219 references, we discuss how adjuvant or neoadjuvant UPR-targeted compounds could impede GBM growth and increase the efficacy of current treatments. Cellular stress induced by the accumulation of misfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central feature of secretory cells and is observed in many tissues in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is achieved by the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an integrated signal transduction pathway that transmits information about the protein folding status at the ER to the cytosol and nucleus to restore proteostasis. In the past decade, ER stress has emerged as a major pathway in remodeling gene expression programs that either prevent transformation or provide selective advantage in cancer cells. Controlled by the formation of a dynamic scaffold onto which many regulatory components assemble, UPR signaling is a highly regulated process that leads to an integrated reprogramming of the cell. In this Review, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms underlying UPR signaling and how this pathway modulates cancer progression, particularly the aggressiveness and chemotherapeutic resistance exhibited by glioblastoma, a form of brain cancer. We also discuss the emerging cross-talk between the UPR and related metabolic processes to ensure maintenance of proteostasis, and we highlight possible therapeutic opportunities for targeting the pathway with small molecules.


A comprehensive and illustrated guide to the historic places of America. There are descriptions of historic towns, cities, buildings and natural wonders. Also included are details of how common people lived, how fortunes were made, significant characters and America's art and literature. The books in the series are organized for easy reference, with entries arranged geographically and maps provided.


Statistical significance tests can provide evidence that the observed difference in performance between 2 methods is not due to chance. In information retrieval (IR), some studies have examined the validity and suitability of such tests for comparing search systems. We argue here that current methods for assessing the reliability of statistical tests suffer from some methodological weaknesses, and we propose a novel way to study significance tests for retrieval evaluation. Using Score Distributions, we model the output of multiple search systems, produce simulated search results from such models, and compare them using various significance tests. A key strength of this approach is that we assess statistical tests under perfect knowledge about the truth or falseness of the null hypothesis. This new method for studying the power of significance tests in IR evaluation is formal and innovative. Following this type of analysis, we found that both the sign test and Wilcoxon signed test have more power than the permutation test and the t‐test. The sign test and Wilcoxon signed test also have good behavior in terms of type I errors. The bootstrap test shows few type I errors, but it has less power than the other methods tested.


it is a fact and needs to be pointed out, that only one third of our identified IAR (80 of 205) participated in the recommended screening programme. A pilot study on 32 of these IAR using standard questionnaires and interviews (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)) around counselling (days 7, 0, +30) conducted by a psychiatrist revealed, that these IAR were critically biased by cognitive coping strategies (unpublished data). Pancreatic cancer (PC) screening is clearly different from other cancer screening programmes, given the disastrous prognosis of PC, the unknown true penetrance in the different settings of hereditary PC, the lack of a major gene defect, the lack of reliable imaging or biomarkers, the lack of evidence to improve prognosis or to save lives by any screening, and the high risk of morbidity and mortality of potential preventive surgery. Some authors even advocate that at present 'doing nothing' provides the greatest remaining quality of life-adjusted years and the lowest costs. We fully agree that we need to gain much more knowledge about hereditary PC to draw a definite conclusion about the true value of PC screening in IAR. However, based on our data, we strongly believe, in accordance with the recommendations of the Fourth International Symposium of Inherited Diseases of the Pancreas, that all screening procedures should be performed as part of peer-reviewed protocols combined with a scientific appraisal of the screening methods and human subject protection. At present there is no data, that would justify a general PC screening even of high risk individuals outside of such protocols as suggested by Harinck et al. In contrast, it has to be feared that uncritical use and interpretation of screening results obtained with the presently available tools on a healthcare basis may cause unnecessary physical harm and psychological distress. On the other hand over-estimation of the power of our present screening tools may lead to a deceptive, unjustified and potentially dangerous level of safety, if done uncritically and uncontrolled. The message of our paper thus is not 'to do nothing', but to carefully evaluate screening methods for IAR from familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) families in the setting of board approved clinical trials, to continuously improve our knowledge and strategies.


: The creation of a EUropean demos is often debated by referring to forms of ethnic or civic identities. The present article aims to expose the theoretical shortcomings of this dichotomous approach, which confines the complexity of EUrope within a simplifying methodological nationalism. By relying on empirical data collected in four different EUropean regions, the article points to the relevance of a functional or utilitarian rationale which EUropean interviewees use to justify the existence of EUrope. Although this rationale does not obliterate cultural and civic narrations of EUrope, I would argue that it invites to reconsider the traditional role played by identities in the construction of political institutions. Accordingly, I believe that scholars should take more seriously the metaphor 'EUrope as a laboratory' - a convenient, but often empty metaphor.


Ahn Chang Ho (also known by his pen name, Dosan) moved to Riverside, California, in March 1904 and soon established the first Koreatown on the U.S. mainland, known as Dosan9s Republic or Pachappa Camp. Dosan helped found a local employment agency and negotiated relations with citrus farmers to find work for Koreans who lived in the community. With steady work available, Riverside became a popular destination for Korean immigrants and was thus an ideal location for the Gongnip Hyeophoe, or Cooperative Association, which Dosan created to foster a sense of community. The Gongnip Hyeophoe later expanded to Korean settlements throughout California and eventually developed into the Korean National Association, which proved especially significant in organizing immigrants to fight for Korea9s independence in the wake of Japanese colonization in 1910. Pachappa Camp helped anchor its residents' identity and supported Koreans' struggles to support themselves and to fight for Korean sovereignty. The experiences of the Koreans in Pachappa Camp reflected not only exceptional moments in Korean American history, as the first Koreatown in the United States and one of the seats of the independence movement, but also the ubiquitous experiences that typified immigrant lives in the United States. The City of Riverside erected a statue of Ahn Chang Ho in 2001, and designated the original site of the camp as a "Point of Cultural Interest" in 2017, to honor Dosan and to teach about his legacy and connection to Riverside. Because the historic Koreatown no longer exists, the designation and statue stand as the only remembrances of this pioneering community.


This article explores the challenges and opportunities presented by advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of information operations. The article first examines the ways in which AI can be used to counter disinformation online. It then dives into some of the limitations of AI solutions and threats associated with AI techniques, namely user profiling, micro-targeting, and deep fakes. Finally, the paper reviews a number of solutions that could help address the spread of AI-powered disinformation and improve the online environment. The article recognises that in the fight against disinformation, there is no single fix. The next wave of disinformation calls first and foremost for societal resilience.


We build a rigorous bridge between deep networks (DNs) and approximation theory via spline functions and operators. Our key result is that a large class of DNs can be written as a composition of max-affine spline operators (MASOs) that provide a powerful portal through which we view and analyze their inner workings. For instance, conditioned on the spline partition region containing the input signal, the output of an MASO DN can be written as a simple affine transformation of the input. This implies that a DN constructs a set of signal-dependent, class-specific templates against which the signal is compared via a simple inner product; we explore the links to the classical theory of optimal classification via matched filters and the effects of data memorization. Going further, we propose a simple penalty term that can be added to the cost function of any DN learning algorithm to force the templates to be orthogonal with each other; this leads to significantly improved classification performance and reduced overfitting with no change to the DN architecture. The spline partition of the input signal space that is implicitly induced by an MASO directly links DNs to the theory of vector quantization (VQ) and K-means clustering, which opens up new geometric avenues to study how DNs organize signals in a hierarchical fashion. To validate the utility of the VQ interpretation, we develop and validate a new distance metric for signals and images that quantify the difference between their VQ encodings.


This article examines use of mobile phones by trishaw (rickshaw) operators in the newly emerging techno-landscape of Myanmar. Trishaw operators transport people and goods in a physically demanding job that often earns them as little as US$2 per day. Spanning the period before and after the widespread commercialization of mobile phones in the country, this research draws from interviews with trishaw operators in several locations. With commercialization, the price of a mobile subscription fell from over US$1,500 to US$1.50, making it affordable to groups that heretofore have not had access. We find that the trishaw sector is changing because of this. The mobile phone strengthens ties with important clients, meaning a more stable income, but also an enhanced importance/power for these customers. Operators who have not adopted mobile phones, usually because of poverty, age, or a lack of interest, will likely have fewer business opportunities.


THE HISTORIC ARKANSAS MUSEUM (HAM) and the Central Arkansas Library in downtown Little Rock hosted the seventieth annual conference of the Arkansas Historical Association, April 14-16, 2011. Dana Simmons and Jamie Brandon co-chaired the conference committee and coordinated local events. Blake Wintory served as program chair for a second year. With its theme, "A Gathering Storm: Arkansas Goes to War," the conference continued the AHA's gaze back at the Civil War. On Thursday evening, early arrivals gathered at the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History for a reception hosted by the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies. Friday morning, the trip downtown was slowed for many by the previous night's storms, which had left downed trees and flashing streetlights. At the HAM, the Department of History at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) hosted a reception with coffee and pastries. In HAM's Ottenheimer Theater, Bill Worthen, the museum's director, and Bobby Roberts, director of the Central Arkansas Library System (CALS), welcomed everyone to the conference. Roberts remained in the Ottenheimer Theater to moderate the conference's first session: "Soldiers & a Community." Carl Moneyhon of UALR opened the session with an analysis of Arkansas's 1861 volunteer soldiers, while Ronnie Nichols examined Arkansas African Americans who enlisted in the Union army. Josh Williams of Historic Washington State Park discussed the politics of secession in Washington. The University of Arkansas Press hosted the break in CALS' Darragh Center after the session. Concurrent sessions in the Ottenheimer Theater and Darragh Center followed the break. John Kirk, chair of the history department at UALR, moderated the session "Two Urban Centers & Plantations" in the Ottenheimer Theater. C. Fred Williams of UALR began the session with an examination of how the Civil War transformed Little Rock. Thomas DeBlack of Arkansas Tech University looked at the coming of the Civil War in the plantation country of Chicot County through the journal of a Wisconsin teacher. Judy Byrd Brittenum, a landscape architect at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, concluded the session by telling the story of Samuel Fordyce and his impact on Hot Springs after the Civil War. Meanwhile in the Darragh Center, Bryan McDade of the Mosaic Templars Cultural Center moderated the session "Health & Geography." John Svendsen of Little Rock spoke on the role Arkansas's water resources played during the war, while David Sesser of Henderson State University examined disease and health in wartime Helena. AHA Vice President Tim Nutt, filling in for Laura Miller, who had to attend Bill Clinton's dedication of the Clinton Birthplace National Historic Site in Hope, welcomed everyone to the luncheon and business meeting at the Mosaic Templars Cultural Center. Nutt delivered Miller's annual report to the members, followed by Secretary-Treasurer Patrick Williams' financial report. The membership elected two new trustees to the AHA board: Johanna Miller Lewis of Little Rock and Jajuan Johnson of Little Rock. Trustees Jamie Brandon, Vince Chadick, Mark Christ, Cherisse JonesBranch, and Peggy Lloyd were re-elected to second terms. To conclude the lunch, Paul Shackel, an anthropologist at the University of Maryland, delivered the keynote: "Is it Deja vu All Over Again?: Commemoration and the Civil War." Following lunch, attendees had several options for filling their afternoon. Russell Baker presented a genealogical workshop on research methods in Civil War era records. Guided tours of Mount Holly Cemetery and Oakland-Fraternal Cemeteries in downtown Little Rock were also available. A bus tour of central Arkansas Civil War sites led by Mark Christ proved to be popular. It traced the Union army's advance on Little Rock in 1863, including the Brownsville skirmish site, Bayou Meto (Reed's Bridge) battlefield, the point where the Federals crossed the Arkansas River, the Fourche Bayou battlefield, and the old U. …


We propose that humans spontaneously organize environments into clusters of states that support hierarchical planning, enabling them to tackle challenging problems by breaking them down into sub-problems at various levels of abstraction. People constantly rely on such hierarchical presentations to accomplish tasks big and small – from planning one's day, to organizing a wedding, to getting a PhD – often succeeding on the very first attempt. We formalize a Bayesian model of hierarchy discovery that explains how humans discover such useful abstractions. Building on principles developed in the robotics literature, the model predicts that hierarchy discovery should be sensitive to the topological structure, reward distribution, and distribution of tasks in the environment. In five simulations, we show that the model accounts for previously reported effects of environment structure on planning behavior, such as detection of bottleneck states and transitions. We then test the novel predictions of the model in seven behavioral experiments, demonstrating how the distribution of tasks and rewards can additionally influence planning behavior via the discovered hierarchy, sometimes facilitating and sometimes hindering performance. We also show that people use uncertainty to guide their learning in a way that is informative for hierarchy discovery. Finally, we propose how hierarchy discovery and hierarchical planning might be implemented in the brain. Together, these findings present an important advance in our understanding of how the brain might use Bayesian inference to uncover and exploit the hidden hierarchical structure of the world.


We reformulate the problem of encoding a multi-scale representation of a sequence in a language model by casting it in a continuous learning framework. We propose a hierarchical multi-scale language model in which short time-scale dependencies are encoded in the hidden state of a lower-level recurrent neural network while longer time-scale dependencies are encoded in the dynamic of the lower-level network by having a meta-learner update the weights of the lower-level neural network in an online meta-learning fashion. We use elastic weights consolidation as a higher-level to prevent catastrophic forgetting in our continuous learning framework.


We apply 8-band k.p model to study InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs). The strain was calculated using the valence force field (VFF) model which includes the four nearest-neighbour interactions. For the optical properties, we take into account both homogeneous and non-homogeneous broadening for the optical spectrum. Our simulation result is in good agreement with the experimental micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) result which is from InAs/GaAs QD vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) structure wafer at room temperature. Accordingly, our simulation model is used to predict the QD emission from this QD-VCSELs structure wafer at different temperature ranging from 200–400 K. The simulation results show a decrease of 41 meV of QD ground state (GS) transition energy from 250–350 K. The changes of QDGS transition energy with different temperature indicate the possible detuning range for 1.3-μm wave band QD-VCSELs applications without temperature control. Furthermore, QD differential gain at 300 K is computed based on this model, which will be useful for predicting the intrinsic modulation characteristics of QD-VCSELs.


Anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons has been reported to proceed predominantly via fumarate addition to yield substituted succinate metabolites. These metabolites, commonly regarded as signature biomarkers, are specific indicators of anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation by microbial activity. To the best of our knowledge, mass spectrometry information for 2-(1-methylalkyl) succinic acids, 2-arylsuccinic acids, 2-cycloalkylsuccinic acids and/or their derivatives is still incomplete, especially for the analysis of environmental samples. Here, a novel approach is proposed for the successful synthesis of five hydrocarbon-derived succinic acids. The characteristic fragments of 2-(1-methylalkyl)succinic acid diesters were investigated by four derivatization processes (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and trimethylsilyl esterification), some of which are not available in official libraries. Under electron ionization mass spectrometry conditions, informative fragments of various molecular masses have been obtained. Results confirmed characteristic differences among the derivatization processes of the chemically synthesized compounds. In the case of 2-(cyclo)alkylsuccinate esters, four intermediate fragments were observed at m/z 114 + 14n, 118 + 28n, [M – (17 + 14n)]+ and [M – (59 + 14n)]+ (n = 1, 2 and 4 for methyl, ethyl and n-butyl ester). However, for silylation the abundant fragment ions are at m/z 262, 217, 172, 147, 73 and [M − 15]+. These data provide information for the identification of hydrocarbon-derived succinic acids as anaerobic biodegradation intermediates in hydrocarbons-rich environments.


The photonic sensors have shown very effectively for measuring the toxic contents in the liquid and air environments. In principle, the photonic sensors based on measurement of wavelength shift between reference condition and testing environments that we need use the spectrometer with high cost. In this paper, we present new configurations of photonic devices for measuring wavelength shift without use of spectrometer, which has a large potential for application in sensing technique with low cost. There are two configurations of photonic sensors are presented: i) first of them is based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) combined with DFB laser diode with controlling wavelength emission by laser temperature and ii) second one is used  the fiber ring laser from Erbium-doped fiber and two FBG operated as  reference and sensing probe. The etched-fiber Bragg grating (e-FBG) as sensing probe is suitable for bio- and/ or chemical sensors. A novel photonic sensor can increase sensitivity and measuring accuracy of device by the narrow line-width of reflection spectra from laser and the sensor can determine a refractive index variation of 2x10-4, which is similarly for high resolution spectrometer. The experimental results show that this sensing method could determine different mixing ratios of organic solvents in liquid environment with good repeatability, high accuracy and rapid response.Keywords:


Much is uncertain about the total effects of a broad voucher program on education. The United States has relatively limited experience with choice in general and vouchers in particular, and that experience has occurred in rather narrowly prescribed experiments. It is therefore difficult to project the results of a broader voucher program by simply expanding on past experience with such a program. On the other hand, considerable experience relates to various aspects of schools that have been highlighted as potentially important. This chapter concentrates on one such area—the role of school peers—and describes what related research has to say about this potential avenue of voucher effects.


In studies of compliance with international law, the focus is usually on the "demand side "-that is, how to increase the pressure on the state to comply. Less attention has been paid, however, to the consequences of the "supply side "-who within the state is responsible for the compliance. This Article is one of the first studies to systematically address the issue of how different actors within the US. government alter national policy in response to the violations of international law. The Article does so by examining cases initiated under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). This Article presents empirical evidence that who within the government must supply compliance is the most important factor in explaining both whether and when the U.S. government complies with WTO rulings, even after controlling for important characteristics of the state filing the request and the political importance of the affected industry. These results demonstrate that understanding the domestic supply of compliance is a critical, if neglected, aspect of international law theory. The results also highlight how the dominant "unitary actor" model (adopted by international law scholars to explain compliance) obscures important causal pathways in the compliance process. This Article opens up a new and rich field of study into what makes international law effective or ineffective.


We demonstrate the validity of the Arrhenatherion elatioris Koch 1926 based on the indirect reference Scherrer (1925), and we choose it as the preferential name to its homonym Arrhenatherion elatioris Luquet 1926 nom. illeg. (art. 31). Our choice is because the nomenclatural type of the Arrhenatherion Koch, Arrhenatheretum elatioris Scherrer 1925, is a association of the Arrhenatherion alliance; while that of Arrhenatherion Luquet, Agrostidetum Luquet 1926, corresponds to an association of the Triseto-Polygonion Br.-Bl. & Tx. ex Marschall 1947 alliance. Therefore, the prioritisation of Luquet's authorship would include replacing Triseto-Polygonion with Arrhenatherion Luquet, because then that name would become the priority, and a new name would have to be found for the traditional concept of the Arrhenatherion. Ultimately, and if necessary, to avoid unnecessary nomenclatural changes and creating erroneous interpretations, article 52 (nomina conservanda) could also be applied to protect Arrhenatherion and Triseto-Polygonion.


Significant investment has been made to develop the practice of health care professionals in order that service users are offered evidence-based care. This investigation is a 'Realistic Evaluation' (Pawson and Tilley 1997) undertaken to form an illuminative case study of a particular change initiative for a specific professional group (occupational therapists) in one organisational structure. A practice development programme was available to all members of this group and sought to enable participants to use contemporary theory and standardised assessments routinely in their work.

The aim of this research was to gain an in-depth conceptualisation of the mechanisms which when activated within particular environmental contexts supported individual practitioners to embed their learning into their daily practice. The latter was considered the desired outcome. Mixed methods of data collection were used to gain understanding of how engagement in a practice development programme concluded for different individuals who were employed within the same NHS Trust.

The results suggested that mechanisms supporting practice development can be identified and when activated act as catalysts for practice change. It was also evident that the immediate environmental context and the person's attributes had an influence upon an individual's capacity to activate mechanisms. Furthermore, the level of engagement in the same baseline practice development opportunity varied for different individual practitioners. The conclusion of this thesis is that differentiated PD needs to occur in order to maximise practice change across people and places. The Individual Practice Development Theory (IPD) presented in this thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge. Using the IPD theory in practice could enable best use of learning opportunities, ensure the judicious use of resources and raise the quality of service for service users.


We analyzed the infestation levels of Excorallana berbicensis on Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, Ageneiosus ucayalensis, Geophagus proximus, Hemiodus unimaculatus, Psectrogaster falcata and Serrasalmus gibbus in a reservoir in the Araguari River basin, northern Brazil, during the dry and rainy seasons. For P. falcata, the infestation levels due to E. berbicensis were greater during the rainy season. For all the species studied, the peak parasite prevalence was in the month of highest rainfall levels and there were two peaks of parasite abundance: one in the month with highest rainfall level and the other in the month of transition from the rainy season to the dry season. In these hosts, around 70% of the E. berbicensis specimens were collected during the rainy season. The body conditions of the hosts also did not suffer any seasonal influence. Despite the differences in seasonal rainfall levels, there was no fluctuation in transparency, turbidity, pH, electric conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in the water, due to the stability of these parameters during the seasonal cycle investigated in this artificial Amazon ecosystem. This was the first report on the seasonality of infestation by E. berbicensis associated with fish.


'Time' and 'temporality' are increasingly addressed in human-computer interaction (HCI) research. From issues related to mapping and visualizing data along timelines via explorations of temporality as a design material to studies of lag and the rhythms of work, time is a recurring perspective in HCI research. In fact, time has been a recurring aspect in HCI research for the past 30 years. Based on this continuous and growing interest in HCI research, we find it to be a good time to explore if 'time' can be used as a way to structure and organize HCI research. In this paper, we make one such attempt based on a literature study in which we have focused on how time and temporality has been addressed in HCI research during the past 30 years. In our overview of the field, we explore how time and temporality has played out in HCI along the two dimensions of what and how it has been studied. Based on these two dimensions, we created a 4 × 4 matrix that allowed us to filter the material and categorize HCI research in relation to time and temporality. As a result of our explorations, we have identified a turn to temporality as a design material in HCI, an interest in methods for temporality studies in HCI and in temporality as a theoretical lens . We end with a discussion of some implications of our findings around the notions of (i) waves of time and temporality studies in HCI research, (ii) the potential use of the 4 × 4 matrix and (iii) the consequences of a more fundamental shift from things to events.


Electronic medical records (EMRs) have tremendous potential to lower consumer medical costs and improve quality, yet their use in the United States remains extremely low. We explain the reasons for this market failure and then document the strikingly parallel problems in the lending market one hundred years ago. We investigate how the evolution of credit bureaus helped address market limitations in lending, and ask whether similar entities--what we call health information bureaus--might overcome similar problems in EMR adoption and interconnection. ********** There are numerous clinical, academic, research and administrative uses for a patient-based electronic medical record (EMR), which stores a person's complete medical history in a digitized form. Patients can take better charge of monitoring their health; doctors and hospitals can simultaneously view and share information and research labs have new sources of medical information. Hillestad et al. (2005) estimated that EMR implementation in the United States at a 90% adoption rate could eventually save over $77 billion annually in medical costs. Costs of adoption would average $6.5 billion per year for inpatient systems and $1.1 billion per year for outpatient systems (Hillestad et al. 2005), so the annual net savings to society could eventually reach over $68 billion a year. Despite these advantages, fewer than 5% of US physicians and hospitals use full-scale EMRs (Cutler, Feldman, and Horwitz 2005; DesRoches et al. 2008; Jha et al. 2006, 2009). There are four significant reasons. First, one person's savings is another person's loss of income. Taylor et al. (2005) points out that EMR adoption would save an estimated 404,000 lives through improvements in disease management and prevention, but providers would bear "annual revenue decreases of $51.7 billion for hospitals, $11.6 billion for physician services, and $13.5 billion for pharmacies" (p. 1237). (1) Second, as a network good with high fixed costs, EMRs' unit value rises exponentially as the number of units or users in the market increases. Thus, there is little benefit to be an early adopter (Taylor et al. 2005). Third, when one provider shares electronic patient information with another health care provider, the record transforms from the doctor's private property to a quasi-public good. Ironically, doctors and hospitals do better financially if their information sources are more inefficient (Grossman, Kushner, and November 2008; Kleinke 2005). Fourth, providers adopting EMR technology capture only 3.1% of the total social benefits (calculated using data from Exhibit 2 in Hillestad et al. (2005). Private insurance companies, Medicare, Medicaid and eventually consumers of medical care are the primary beneficiaries, yet these groups do not directly pay for the maintenance of the EMRs (Hillestad et al. 2005). Given these roadblocks to an efficient market outcome, the question is: Which combination of government regulation and private incentives would steer the market in the right direction? Rosenfeld, Zietler, and Ferguson (2004) suggested that the best way to solve this market failure is for public and private insurers, who are among the primary beneficiaries from EMR technology, to play a larger role in footing the bill. Insurers could pay for EMRs through financial incentives that reward or penalize providers and patients, based on their use of EMRs. Even if insurers provided financial incentives, two inherent problems would remain. First, there are high transaction costs related to gathering large numbers of buyers and sellers of EMRs to the negotiating table to agree on a uniform standard. Financial support by insurers does not solve the problem of different insurers adopting incompatible systems, or their unwillingness to provide information to others when their subscribers switch to competing insurers. Second, health care providers have an array of preferences regarding EMRs, depending on factors such as the size of the practice and age of the physician (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2005). …


ABSTRACT Objective: We examined the association between care recipient's physical, mental, and cognitive health conditions and caregivers' psychological distress in Vietnamese older care recipients and their caregivers. Methods: The Vietnamese Aging and Care Survey was developed for care recipients, and adult-child and spousal caregivers, and inquired about their sociodemographics and health-related variables. Results: Data were collected on 58 caregiver-care recipient dyads. Adult-child and spousal caregivers were on average 43 and 70 years-old respectively. The vast majority were female (76%) and born in Vietnam (97%). Adult-child caregivers reported more caregiver burden than spousal caregivers. Care recipients were on average 75 years-old. Care recipients of adult-child caregivers reported more depressive symptoms than care recipients of spousal caregivers and were more likely to have mild dementia. Care recipients' health had no effect on caregiver depressive symptoms but their educational attainment was associated with caregiver burden and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: This study showed care recipients and caregivers' years of education were positively associated with caregivers' psychological distress. Vietnamese families lived in ethnic enclaves and shared caregiving responsibilities within the family. However, using available outside resources may alleviate psychological distress of not only caregivers but also families as a whole. Clinical Implications: Healthcare professionals should encourage educated caregivers and educated care recipients to use outside resources to ease caregiving duties.


Abstract. Low flows are often poorly reproduced by commonly used hydrological models, which are traditionally designed to meet peak flow situations. Hence, there is a need to improve hydrological models for low flow prediction. This study assessed the impact of model structure on low flow simulations and recession behaviour using the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE). FUSE identifies the set of subjective decisions made when building a hydrological model and provides multiple options for each modeling decision. Altogether 79 models were created and applied to simulate stream flows in the snow dominated headwater catchment Narsjo in Norway (119 km2). All models were calibrated using an automatic optimisation method. The results showed that simulations of summer low flows were poorer than simulations of winter low flows, reflecting the importance of different hydrological processes. The model structure influencing winter low flow simulations is the lower layer architecture, whereas various model structures were identified to influence model performance during summer.


How should we manage a sensor network to optimally guard security-critical infrastructure? How should we coordinate search and rescue helicopters to best locate survivors after a major disaster? In both applications, we would like to control sensing resources in uncertain, adversarial environments. In this paper, we introduce RSENSE, an efficient algorithm which guarantees near-optimal randomized sensing strategies whenever the detection performance satisfies submodularity, a natural diminishing returns property, for any fixed adversarial scenario. Our approach combines techniques from game theory with submodular optimization. The RSENSE algorithm applies to settings where the goal is to manage a deployed sensor network or to coordinate mobile sensing resources (such as unmanned aerial vehicles). We evaluate our algorithms on two real-world sensing problems.


The proper test to be applied to the grant of an interlocutory injunction to restrain the publication of defamatory matter is rarely litigated at the highest appellate level. The High Court of Australia's decision in Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O'Neill (2006) 227 CLR 57 provided an opportunity to clarify the applicable principles and potentially to end the division of judicial and academic opinion between what has been characterised as the 'rigid' and the 'flexible' approaches to such relief. This article analyses the reasoning in A.B.C. v O'Neill. It questions whether it can be properly claimed that general equitable principles apply to the grant of injunctions in defamation cases when, in substance, the approach of the majority in A.B.C. v O'Neill appears to treat defamation as a special case. Beyond an engagement with the principles governing injunctive relief in defamation cases, this article argues that A.B.C. v O'Neill raises further, difficult issues of principle, such as the value to be ascribed to freedom of speech; the meaning of 'trial by media'; the role of reputation in defamation law; and the emerging tension between injunctions to restrain the publication of defamatory matter and invasions of privacy.


Perhaps the oddest and most influential collaboration in the history of American modernism was hatched in 1926, when a young Virgil Thomson knocked on Gertrude Stein's door in Paris. Eight years later, their opera "Four Saints in Three Acts" became a sensation - the longest-running opera in Broadway history to date and the most widely reported cultural event of its time. "Prepare for Saints" is Steven Watson's brilliant and absorbing account of how that revolutionary opera was born.


Most of the bag of visual words models are used to resorting to clustering techniques such as the K-means algorithm, to construct visual dictionaries. In order to improve their efficiency in the context of multi-class image classification tasks, we present in this paper a new incremental weighted average and gradient descent-based clustering algorithm which optimizes the visual word detection by the use of the class label of training examples. We show that this new supervised vector quantization allows us to better reveal concept or category-specific local feature distributions over the feature space. A large comparison with the standard K-means algorithm on the PASCAL VOC-2007 dataset is carried out. The results show that our visual word construction technique is much more suitable for learning efficient classifiers with Support Vector Machine and Random Forest algorithms.


Immature rabbits have greater maximal airway narrowing with bronchoconstriction in vivo compared with mature animals. As isolated immature lungs have a lower shear modulus, it is unclear whether the greater airway narrowing in the immature lung is secondary to less tethering between the airways and the lung parenchyma or to differences in the mechanical properties of the mature and immature airways. In the present study, we compared the mechanical properties of fluid-filled, isolated, intraparenchymal airway segments of the same generation from mature and immature rabbits. Stimulation with ACh resulted in greater airway narrowing in immature than mature bronchi. The immature bronchi were more compliant, had a lower resting airway volume, and were more collapsible compared with the mature bronchi. When the airways were contracted with ACh under isovolume conditions, the immature bronchi generated greater active pressure, and they were more sensitive to ACh than were mature bronchi. Our results suggest that maturational differences in the structure and function of the airways in the absence of the lung parenchyma can account for the greater maximal narrowing of immature than mature airways in vivo.


Introduction and objectives During the course of a hypothetical severe Pressurized Water Reactor accident, pressurization of the containment occurs and hydrogen can be produced by the reactor core oxidation and distributed in the containment according to convection flows and wall condensation [1]. The TOSQAN project has been created to simulate these accidental thermal-hydraulic flow conditions and to study phenomena such as wall condensation in the presence of non-condensable gases. This phenomenon is a subject of many interests and extensive studies have been performed in the past [2,3,4,5]. Some empirical correlations have demonstrated their limit for extrapolation under different thermal-hydraulic conditions and at different geometries/scales [7]. However, the previous studies have generally been performed for condensation on horizontal/vertical plates, at smaller scale, for controlled flows or at saturation. Other tests have been performed at very large scale with less instrumentation density than the one proposed in TOSQAN. The objective of this paper is to present the experimental results on wall condensation under more representative conditions of the real case, using a high density of gas flow instrumentation in order to set the limit of the validity of the condensation modelling used. Evaluation of the influence of different parameters on condensation variables is performed and results are compared to the Uchida empirical correlation and to a Chilton-Colburn analogy modelling.


Background: To date malaria prevention mainly focuses on reduction of human and mosquito contact through insecticide treated bed net. In spite of 100% bed net coverage and marked reduction in malaria mortality in southern region of Ethiopia, malaria is still the leading cause of under-five morbidity. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of malaria among under-five children living in households having insecticide treated bed net. Methods: A community based case control study was conducted in Shashego district, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia. Cases were under five children diagnosed with malaria, and controls were healthy under five children. A total of 310 under-five children paired with their mothers/care taker were selected from the community. Malaria status was determined using rapid diagnostic test. Structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were employed to collect data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software. P-value<0.05 and 95% CI was used to declare significant association. Results: Nearly seven among ten 44 (69.8%) cases had Plasmodium vivax malaria. Three in five (60%) cases and controls used insecticide treated nets regularly. Having rectangular bed net (AOR=11.89, 95% CI: 5.57, 25.37), low wealth index quintile (AOR=3.21, 95% CI: 1.31, 7.86), household surrounded with maize/enset plant (AOR 5.89, 95% CI: 2.16, 13.98), moderate (AOR=13.23, 95% CI: 2.41, 72.54) and severe stunting (AOR=8.29, 95% CI: 1.80, 38.19) were independent predictors of malaria. Conclusion: Prior to bed net distribution, the local community bed net shape preference should be considered for effective utilization and to reduce malaria cases. The finding also indicates poverty alleviation and reduction of chronic malnutrition plays significant role to avert malaria morbidity. Presence of enset plant around households and malaria risk needs further investigation.


Introduction: In this study, the effect of botulinum toxin A and clopidogrel and concomitant administration of them in the survival of random skin flap in rat model were studied. Methods: First in all rats, flaps of 3×10 cm was created, the first group was the control group, in the second group immediately after surgery, botulinum toxin with dose of (international unit) 1.5 IU for was injected as intradermal. In the third group, immediately after surgery, clopidogrel powder that was previously dissolved in the solution of sodium chloride, orally using OGT (Orogastric Tube) and with a dose of 25 mg/Kg was fed to animal. In the fourth group, after surgery, botulinum toxin like the second group and Plavix combination like the third group with the same dose was prescribed. After 7 days, level and flap cutting was measured and calculated by morphology and pathology. Results: The mean of necrosis in control group was 21±2, in botulinum toxin A was 9.3±0.8, in clopidogrel group was 14±1.7 and in clopidogrel+botulinum toxin A was 12.6±1.5 percent. The difference was statistically significant between groups (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The finding of our study showed that injection of botulinum toxin A compared to control group and compared to clopidogrel group and combination of clopidogrel with botulinum toxin A show greater effect in the survival of flap and reducing distal necrosis.


This thesis explores the clause structure and word order of Malagasy within the framework of Chomsky's (1995) Minimalist Program and Kayne's (1994) Antisymmetry Theory. In particular, I focus on the status of the clause-final external argument (EA), conventionally analyzed as a nominative case-marked subject. I consider two major questions about this constituent: What hierarchical position does the EA occupy in the clause structure, and why does it surface in a right-peripheral linear position, following the predicate? With regard to its syntactic status, I argue that the EA is not a subject, but a topic, similar in its distribution to clause-initial topics in verb-second languages like Icelandic. I propose that EAs undergo A′-movement to the specifier of a TopP (topic phrase) projection, located above tense and below the position of the complementizer. Concerning word order, I show that the right-peripheral position of the EA can be derived via leftward movement of the predicate phrase over the EA in SpecTopP, in a manner consistent with Kayne's Linear Correspondence Axiom. I suggest that predicate-fronting is triggered by the same lexical requirements responsible for T-toC raising in Icelandic and other languages. The difference is that in Malagasy, unlike in Icelandic, T does not constitute an independent morphological word, and so it cannot be moved without causing the derivation to crash at PF. Since T-movement is unavailable, TP-movement is employed instead. Malagasy may thus be regarded as the phrasal-movement analogue of a verb-second language. The manuscript is divided into four chapters. In chapter 1 I summarize my analysis and discuss my theoretical assumptions. In chapter 2 I give an overview of Malagasy word order, clause structure, and morphology. I also offer a tentative treatment of the Malagasy voicing system, which I equate with wh-agreement in Chamorro and other languages. In chapter 3 I present evidence from reconstruction and locality effects to show that the EA position behaves as an A′position rather than a case position, strongly suggesting that the EA is a topic-like element rather than a subject. I also provide an alternative analysis of the well-known wh-extraction restriction in Malagasy. Finally in chapter 4 I discuss my XP-movement analysis of EA-final word order. I cite evidence in favor of this analysis from two domains, speech-act particle placement and word order in embedded clauses.


The market value of U.S. corporations was nearly halved following the oil crisis of October 1973. Real energy prices more than doubled by the end of the decade, increasing energy costs and spurring innovation in energy-saving technologies by corporations. This paper uses a neo-classical growth model to quantify the impact of the increase in energy prices on the market value of U.S. corporations. In the model, corporations adopt energy-saving technologies as a response to the energy price shock and the price of installed capital falls due to investment irreversibility. The model calibrated to match the subsequent decline in energy consumption in the U.S. generates a 24% decline in market valuation - accounting for nearly half of what is observed in the data.


From late 1942, Australians knew that the Japanese had shipped women to Rabaul, where they worked in brothels catering for Japanese troops. Japanese captured on the Kokoda Track and elsewhere described the brothels, and New Guineans and who had been in Rabaul talked about them. Australian military and civilian prisoners saw the brothels, and a few of those Australians observed them over a long period. Japanese who served in Rabaul have left reminiscences about the brothels, and one Korean woman has testified that she worked in Rabaul. As result, there is scattered material on perhaps 3,000 comfort women in an Australian Territory, but when Australian reporters and commentators need to give the comfort women an Australian relevance, these women are never mentioned. Their experiences are not used to provide evidence on the recurring debates about whether the comfort women were coerced or free and whether they were recruited, shipped and employed by private contractors rather than the Japanese military or government.