Author(s): Sandra Arreguin | Abstract: This study compares children of Latino immigrants whose parents have experienced upward mobility to those whose parents have not experienced upward mobility, with a focus on three stages of these students' educational experiences: their pre-college experience, their adaptation to the university, and their future prospects. Analyzing data from multiple in-depth interviews with twelve incoming freshmen at UCLA and at least one of each of their parents, this study demonstrates that even when the economic differences are narrow, there are visible differences in the way these children experience their education and adapt to mainstream institutions. First, material resources available to youth, such as safe environments, better resourced secondary programs, school supplies, and other resources significantly affected how these youths experienced their education. Second, parental optimism rooted in experiences with upward mobility lent credence to the American system of opportunities, making these parents optimistic about their own endeavors and their aspirations for their children.


1. Implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management requires an effective ecosystem monitoring programme, the utility of which depends upon its ability (measured by the statistical power) to detect effects that trigger management action.

2. Using data from a long-term ecosystem monitoring programme of the predators of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia together with a krill population model to simulate natural and fisheries induced variability in krill abundance, the power to detect the effects of different levels of fishing was examined.

3. The power to detect the effects of fishing using either the krill population or a combined predator response index was low (20-40% power after 20 years with the probability of a type I error (alpha) = 0.05). The power increased to > 50% when a was increased to 0.2 when the ability to detect change was greater with the predator response index than using the krill population itself.

4. The results indicate that although this monitoring programme has a proven ability to detect the effects of natural variability in krill abundance, its ability to detect the effects of fishing may be limited if there is a requirement for statistical significance at the 95% level. A situation where changing a produces a marked increase in statistical power, and the difference in the relative ecological costs of making type I and type II errors is likely to be high, may require a more flexible approach to choosing significance levels required to trigger management action.

5. Although long-term monitoring provides a wealth of basic ecological information it is essential to evaluate, the ability to detect specific changes in order that management action is not delayed because of an inability to detect an effect rather than the lack of an effect of the fishery.


Abstract Arid systems are characterized by spatiotemporal variability in resources and, as such, make ideal systems for examining the role of resource limitation in the long-term dynamics of populations. Using 28 years of data, we examine the long-term relationships of 3 guilds of desert rodent consumers with precipitation and primary productivity in a changing environment. Lags in rodent response to precipitation increased with increasing trophic level over the entire time series, consistent with resource limitation. However, we found that consumer–resource dynamics are complex and variable through time. Precipitation exhibited increasing influence on both primary producers and consumers in this system over time. Experimental evidence suggests that reorganization of community composition, coincident with environmental change, likely explains some of the increasing influence of precipitation. Additional, indirect evidence suggests some role for increasing shrub density and changing precipitation regimes. Results from our long-term study demonstrate that the global phenomena of changing precipitation regimes, increasing frequency of extreme climatic events, and shrub encroachment are likely to have strong, interactive impacts in reorganizing ecological communities, with significant consequences for ecosystem dynamics.


The matter of boat migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea, seeking to reach Europe, is interchangeably defined as a 'security issue', requiring stricter border controls, and as a humanitarian issue with corresponding rescue and protection requirements. This paper seeks to understand what role various surveillance technologies, such as radar, satellites, and unmanned aerial vehicles, can play in this respect (legally and technically), in comparison to the role that they are assigned (that is, political expectations). To unravel what surveillance technologies can and cannot do vis-à-vis the aims of control and rescue, there is a need to comprehend what information can be collected and what information is needed to fulfil these objectives. The paper contends that there is a mismatch between the information sought to 'control' borders, but which cannot be gathered effectively by or processed using surveillance technologies, and the valuable information needed to perform rescue operations, which these surveillance technologies can supply.


Background: Heavy metals, even at low concentrations, are harmful to human health and environment. Cadmium as a heavy metal is highly toxic and can cause serious threat to living organisms. This research was designed to evaluate the adsorption potential of modified magnetic iron nanoparticles by 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol ligand for the removal of cadmium ions from water solutions. Methods: This study was conducted in Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, in 2014. Modified magnetic iron nanoparticle was used as adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solution. In batch extraction, the effects of parameters like pH of sample solution (3.011.0), initial metal concentrations (50-300) mgL), contact time (1.0-10 min) and adsorbent dose (10.0-60.0 mg) were studied on the adsorption process. Modified magnetite nanoparticle was presented as the adsorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous samples and later was confirmed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The adsorption of cadmium ions on modified magnetite nanoparticles strongly depends on pH. The experimental isothermal data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The removal process followed the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum adsorption capacity for the adsorption of cadmium ions by the sorbent was 24.09 mgg. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied to adsorption of cadmium in water samples with satisfactory results. Other advantages include high capacity, good stability and fast adsorption kinetics. High pre-concentration factor was obtained easily by this method (120) and low analysis cost.


The reality of environmental education in Australian universities has not always lived up to the expectations of the theoretical literature. Ideally environmental education should develop environmentally responsible citizens who have: (i) an awareness and sensitivity to the environment; (ii) a sound knowledge about environmental issues, problems and solutions; (iii) feelings of concern for the environment; (iv) skills for solving environmental problems; (v) the ability to critically evaluate environmental issues; and (vi) the motivation to take action to implement environmental solutions. This requires education about, in and for the environment. Through changing people's behaviour, environmental education also has an important role in achieving sustainability. Despite a recent explosion in tertiary level environmental education in Australia, there is little evidence that the ideals of environmental education are being upheld in many universities. This paper presents the experience of the University of Notre Dame Australia with environmental education within the Bachelor of Arts (Environmental Studies) degree. Here a multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted which fosters student empowerment and active participation in the resolution of environmental problems. Education about the environment incorporates a broad range of specific subject areas and contemporary environmental issues. Experiential learning in the environment is promoted through field trips, interaction with practicing environmental professionals and work-force internship programmes. Education for the environment is undertaken through innovative 'real-life' assignments. The concept of education for sustainability underlies the entire environmental studies programme and is explicitly promoted through values education and the reinforcement of appropriate behaviour. A major future challenge concerns balancing the increasing demands for more specialised and vocationally based education coming from employers and students alike with the holistic and socially critical aspects of ideal environmental education.


Objective:This study aimed to create a risk model of mortality associated with esophagectomy using a Japanese nationwide database. Methods:A total of 5354 patients who underwent esophagectomy in 713 hospitals in 2011 were evaluated. Variables and definitions were virtually identical to those adopted by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Results:The mean patient age was 65.9 years, and 84.3% patients were male. The overall morbidity rate was 41.9%. Thirty-day and operative mortality rates after esophagectomy were 1.2% and 3.4%, respectively. Overall morbidity was significantly higher in the minimally invasive esophagectomy group than in the open esophagectomy group (44.3% vs 40.8%, P = 0.016). The odds ratios for 30-day mortality in patients who required preoperative assistance in activities of daily living (ADL), those with a history of smoking within 1 year before surgery, and those with weight loss more than 10% within 6 months before surgery were 4.2, 2.6, and 2.4, respectively. The odds ratios for operative mortality in patients who required preoperative assistance in ADL, those with metastasis/relapse, male patients, and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 4.7, 4.5, 2.3, and 2.1, respectively. Conclusions:This study was the first, as per our knowledge, to perform risk stratification for esophagectomy using a Japanese nationwide database. The 30-day and operative mortality rates were relatively lower than those in previous reports. The risk models developed in this study may contribute toward improvements in quality control of procedures and creation of a novel scoring system.


In The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context Merz and Tieleman present an interdisciplinary collection of studies examining an intriguing yet neglected Syriac letter and its historical context.


Understanding of the development and causes of the disasters provides a tool for
organizational and institutional diagnosis of vulnerability and risks. The hindsight
gained from these negative events could be utilized by government and enterprises to
design organizational structures that will help reduce the likelihood of disaster as the
nation progresses. A multi strategy research was designed utilizing qualitative and
quantitative approach to develop a socio-technical disaster model and a learning
system for Malaysia. Using a grounded theory approach, six inquiry reports were
used to identify the phases associated with the development of the socio-technical
disasters and their underlying causes. Management of the inquiry into these disasters
and the recommendations made by the tribunal of inquiry were also analyzed. Nvivo software program was utilized to model the latent errors attributed to the disasters. A
survey was conducted among Malaysian Disaster experts who were selected using
judgmental sampling in order to determine their views on disaster and disaster
inquiry management. Data obtained from both qualitative and quantitative study was
then transferred into a Visual Basic 6.0 computer program to form a learning and
advice model.
Despite the differences of disasters involved and their
technologies, the disasters were found to exhibit common
features and characteristics. The findings demonstrated that
socio-technical disasters are not sudden cataclysmic events but
they evolved in phases with long developmental period.
Underlying causes of the disasters are found to be due to latent
errors that are accumulated and get embedded in the system
during the incubation period. Inside the organization, a
complex set of managerial, procedural, training, safety and
failure to learn factors interact with external factors of
regulatory and human failures to produce the disasters.
The experts were found to have only fair perception towards the management of
Public and Royal inquiries into disasters in the country. They were least satisfied
with recommendations and learning aspect of the inquiry. This commensurate with the overall perception of the experts that the management of the disaster inquiry
should be improved in order to increase learning from them. It was suggested that a
flexible guideline should be developed so that it is not entirely left to the personal
style of the chairman as currently practiced.
The data obtained from the study was further utilized to develop an advice and
learning model for public access through an application of an expert system. This is a
useful tool for teaching at higher institutions; media of instructions for training
institutions and industries; and e- learning for professional development


Fed up with the dreary round of life in Ballybeg, with his uncommunicative father and the humiliating job in his father's grocery shop, with his frustrated love for Kathy Doogan who married a richer, more successful young man and with the total absence of prospect and opportunity in his life at home, Gareth O'Donnell has accepted his aunt's invitation to come to Philadelphia. Now, on the eve of his departure, he is not happy to be leaving Ballybeg. With this play Brian Friel made his reputation and it is now an acknowledged classic of modern drama.


What does it mean to be "an excellent teacher?" To Dorothy Heathcote, one of this century's most respected educational innovators, it means seeing one's pupils as they really are, shunning labels and stereotypes. It means taking risks: putting aside one's comfortable, doctrinaire role and participating fully in the learning process. Above all, it means pushing oneself and one's students to the outer limits of capability - often, with miraculous results. In this lively collection of essays and talks from 1967-80, Heathcote shares the findings of her groundbreaking work in the application of theatre techniques and play to classroom teaching. She provides a time-tested philosophy on the value of dramatic activity in breaking down barriers and overcoming inertia. Her insistence that teachers must step down from their pedestals and immerse themselves in the possibility of the moment makes for magical and challenging reading.


Beccaria's treatise "On Crimes and Punishments" (1764) has become a placeholder for the classical school of thought in criminology, for deterrence-based public policy, for death penalty abolitionism, and for liberal ideals of legality and the rule of law. A source of inspiration for Bentham and Blackstone, an object of praise for Voltaire and the Philosophies, a target of pointed critiques by Kant and Hegel, the subject of a genealogy by Foucault, the object of derision by the Physiocrats, rehabilitated and appropriated by the Chicago School of law and economics — these ricochets and reflections on Beccaria's treatise reveal multiple dimensions of Beccaria's work and provide an outline of a history of the foundations of modern criminal law. In becoming a classic text that has been so widely and varyingly cited, though perhaps little read today, "On Crimes and Punishments" may be used as a mirror on the key projects over the past two centuries and a half in the domain of penal law and punishment theory — and this essay hopes to contribute, in a small way, to such an endeavor. In the end, we may learn as much about those who have appropriated and used Beccaria than we would about Beccaria himself — perhaps more.


Coastal aquifers play important roles for sources of water. With growing concern on groundwater resources both in term of quantity and quality, proper assessments and computation tools are becoming more important. Groundwater regional scale phenomena usually cannot be studied accurately using laboratory scale physical models; therefore mathematical tools of analysis must be applied. The advance of the computer technology should be used to solve the complicated
mathematical task in solving arithmetic operations. The purpose of this study was to develop a user-friendly steady state model for simulation of saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers. The model made use of the mathematical formulation developed by Ganfoud (1997). Two equations were
derived, one for water flow, and the other for solute transport that were coupled through Darcy's velocity and concentration. In the numerical model formulation, two-dimensional Galerkin finite element approach was applied for deriving the elemental matrix equation through quadrilateral elements. The system of linear equations was
solved using successive substitution employing the Gaussian elimination techniques. The whole formulation was set up by using the Visual Basic programming and Surfer graphic program (developed by Golden Software) to analyze the results. The results of intrusion were shown graphically under steady state conditions. The program has been proven to be user- friendly than other programming languages. For
model verification, a hypothetical unconfined model and a physical model were used to compare the model's results with previous studies. These models applied the constant and velocity-dependent dispersion coefficient. The comparison showed a good agreement in numerical term between the proposed model and the previous ones. However, the Visual Basic program is not as powerful as the FORTRAN
engineering programming and caused minor discrepancies when compared to the previous study.


Critics have long viewed Mahler9s Sixth Symphony in A Minor (1904) as the composer9s consummate essay in musical tragedy or negativity, one with deeply personal implications. Its enormous finale draws together materials from all the preceding movements and enacts a terrible conflict ending in failure. Yet few studies have looked beneath the work9s bombastic rhetorical-expressive surface to explore how its negativity might be reflected in its tonal, formal, and thematic processes. This study sets out to link that negative expressivity to a breakdown of what Adorno called the "novelistic" character of Mahler9s symphonies. For Adorno, Mahler pioneered a new, emancipatory symphonic idiom, one that liberated its musical materials from the dictates of preconceived formal totalities. Unlike the Classical symphony, where the parts exist for the sake of a symmetrical, tightly knit whole, the "novel-symphony" follows no predetermined path. Instead, it unfolds according to the dictates of its constituent elements, realizing its unique form from the "bottom up" rather than the "top down."
Yet (as Adorno suggests) in the finale of the Sixth this integrating totality returns with a vengeance. We can read the movement as a clash between Adorno9s novelistic and Classical paradigms, a showdown between the impulsive freedom of certain recalcitrant thematic elements on the one hand, and the increasingly punitive demands of rigid minor-mode sonata on the other. This drama--one that caricaturizes "classicism" itself as a repressive or stifling force--plays out on both formal and thematic levels. Several writers have noted the claustrophobic effect created by Mahler9s incessant recycling of certain key motives, an "inescapable" coherence in which the organicist imperatives of the grand tradition themselves become corrupt and, ultimately, corrosive. As these generic, subthematic particles proliferate, the movement9s "novelistic" themes--those seeking to subvert the strict sonata--are systematically denuded of the differentiating features and dissolved beyond recognition. In the end, the movement9s infamously brutal minor-mode conclusion reveals itself to be the culmination of a musical plot spanning the entire movement, one that gathers its many details into an inexorably tragic narrative whole.


UX design isn't a new field. But sometimes new approaches lead to new perspectives. In this book, you'll learn how lean UX has made the whole discipline more approachable and attractive to startups, and you'll see that UX issues aren't just a quick fix, but should also address big-picture issues. Sometimes, the solution to a problem is just to fix a broken UX. At other times, you need to constantly fine-tune in order to keep up with changing demands. You'll also explore wireframing techniques, research planning and design bias.


The subject of this thesis is the marine aggregate dredging industry, and specifically the approach
taken to the monitoring of environmental effects on the seabed. The thesis forms the evidence
required to allow the author to be examined for a PhD by Publication, and comprises of a list of the
author's publications, a confirmation of the author's contribution to the multi-authored papers, and
a critical analysis of the published work. The critical analysis takes the form of an essay, in which a
case for switching to a new system of environmental monitoring is outlined. The essay presents a
logical development of ideas, starting with a description of the aggregates dredging industry. This is
followed by a critical analysis of the author's past research, with a particular emphasis on how the
findings from this work are relevant to the issue of monitoring. This earlier work has addressed
themes of: Impact (Cumulative Effects), The Relationship between Sediments and Benthos,
Recovery, Restoration, Habitat Mapping and Natural Variability. The essay then describes the
current approach to monitoring, together with its limitations. This is followed by a description of the
new monitoring approach, with an explanation of why it is considered more suitable for meeting the
needs of both the industry and the industry regulators. The essay considers what steps would need
to be taken to implement the approach in the major dredging regions of the UK.


Group 2018 also welcomes Internet and technology entrepreneur Jimmy Wales, founder of the online non-profit encyclopaedia Wikipedia and co-founder of the privately owned Wikia, Inc. including its entertainment media brand, Fandom powered by Wikia. Wales serves on the board of trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit charitable organisation he established to operate Wikipedia. In April 2017, Jimmy launched WikiTribune - a news website involving professional journalists working alongside volunteers to curate fact checked and reliable articles. In 2006 Jimmy was named in Time magazine's '100 Most Influential People in the World' for his role in creating Wikipedia.


The Fontan operation was introduced in 1971 and represented a milestone in the management of congenital heart disease with univentricular heart physiology. Even today it remains the main palliation and a life-saving procedure for children born with a functionally univentricular cardiac anatomy that is not amenable to biventricular repair. The surgical palliation consists of the separation of the systemic and pulmonary venous returns without the use of a subpulmonary ventricle. Since its original description with an atriopulmonary anastomosis, multiple modifications of the procedure have been applied.1

Today, more than 40 years after the initial procedure, we are witnessing a substantial number of adult patients living with Fontan circulation. All Fontan variants share similar physiology in which one effective ventricle delivers oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation and gradient between central venous pressure and left atrial pressure drives passively deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries and the lungs. The Fontan physiology is —in part—paradoxical in that it imposes systemic venous hypertension with concomitant pulmonary …


The present work describes fatty acid profile, proximate composition and nutritional quality of selected nuts (Almond, Pistachio, Walnut, Pine nut and Peanut). Differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in the crude protein (17.85-31.17%), total lipids (49.81-66.96%), carbohydrate (1.46- 14.14%), moisture (2.50-4.50%) and ash (1.50-3.60%) contents of the nuts. The palmitic acid and stearic acid were the main saturated fatty acids (SFA), oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while the linoleic and linolenic acid were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The percentage of linoleic acid exceeded that of linolenic acid in all analyzed nut samples. A major finding of LC-PUFA (Long Chain PUFA) among walnut was found higher (72.14 g/100g), due to higher linoleic and linolenic acid (57.26 and 14.88 g/100g). In addition the calculated essential PUFA/SFA ratio was ranged as 3.10-11.49. However ratio of n-6/n-3 FA ranged 3.83-11.05, lower n-6/n-3 for walnut is beneficial for nutrition purpose by providing more n-3 essential FAs in comparison of other analyzed nuts. The results showed that all selected nuts have good nutritional quality and could be used in fighting malnutrition and can serve as valuable source of oil for industrial purposes.


In this paper I argue that the relation of flesh and writing in the paradoxical time and space of research performance can be productive of difference. I draw examples from a series of my original research performance works The Bride Stripped Bare (2003-5), Event Horizon (2009) and Instability Strip (2010). Based on a common core text, each focused on different dilemmas of the representation, perception and reception of pain through a series of non-identical iterations. In each new presentation, the performer's flesh - my flesh - was brought into a differently paradoxical relation with text, with other elements of performance composition and with co-present others. The results were sometimes painful, sometimes pleasurable, but always surprising.
Writing about performance labours to recreate the moment of engagement. Writing within performance sustains unstable relationships with other compositional elements, including other kinds of writing. Writing stands either side of a space that cannot now be filled: it is not my intention to force it to stand in for what is absent. Rather, I want to draw attention to the potential of unstable performance encounters for fleshing out imagined change, staying in excess of processes of textualisation that attempt its capture through syntactical iteration.


Objectives: To find out prescription patterns and seizure freedom with different mono-, duo- and poly-therapies used in various seizure disorders in Indian setting. Material and Methods: Subjects with seizures, not responding to first antiepileptic drug, were evaluated prospectively for a period of 6 months. Patients on various dual antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) prescriptions were prospectively analyzed for 1) the pattern and frequency of different duo-therapies; 2) etiological profile of patients in duo-therapy prescription; and 3) frequency of seizure freedom on various duo-therapy groups. Results: Among 2542 patients, 293 (11.5%) lost in follow-up and thus, 2249 (88.5%) were followed. 1324 (58.9%) had seizure freedom on mono-therapy, 532 (23.7%) required duo-therapy and only 45 (2%) were better controlled on poly-therapy. Among the subjects, who were on mono-therapy, Carbamazepine/Oxcarbazepine was the most commonly prescribed in 1285 (50.55%) patients as first drug followed by Valproate compound and Phenytoin. The most common duo-therapy used was combination of Valproate with Lamotregine, followed by Phenytoin and Phenobarbitone. Other mono-therapy and combinations are given in this paper. Conclusions: Duo-therapy was required and found to be effective in 23.7% of Indian patients with epilepsy. Selection of appropriate two drug combination is based on individual approach and overall clinical profile of patient.


Nifedipine is a calcium-channel blocker that produces vasodilatation and decreased peripheral resistance in humans. Several clinical reports document blood-pressure-lowering effects of nifedipine with either acute or chronic administration. Little data are available to evaluate sustained-release nifedipine as a step-2 agent. We performed a multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of twice-daily nifedipine in the treatment of mild essential hypertension not controlled by diuretic alone. Seventy-one subjects completed 8 weeks of treatment with nifedipine or placebo in combination with a stable dose of diuretic. Treatment groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, race, duration of hypertension, and pretreatment weight. Baseline supine blood pressure was no different in the two treatment groups (144 +/- 15/98 +/- 6 mmHg in the nifedipine/diuretic-treated group and 145 +/- 16/98 +/- 6 mmHg in the placebo/diuretic-treated group). After 8 weeks of treatment, supine blood pressure was 132 +/- 11/88 +/- 6 mmHg in the nifedipine/diuretic-treated group and 140 +/- 16/92 +/- 8 mmHg in the placebo/diuretic-treated subjects (p less than 0.01 for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared to placebo/diuretic). Nifedipine with diuretic had similar effects on standing blood pressure. Nifedipine/diuretic decreased blood pressure from baseline values within 1 week of treatment, and the effect persisted for 8 weeks. Heart rate increased in nifedipine/diuretic-treated subjects during the first 2 weeks of treatment but returned to baseline by 4 weeks. No laboratory abnormalities could be attributed to nifedipine/diuretic treatment. Side effects were mild and infrequent. In summary, nifedipine/diuretic is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uncomplicated essential hypertension inadequately controlled with diuretic therapy alone.


A prerequisite for a healthy, sustainable democracy is an informed atizenry that partakes in the democratic process. This line of thought can be drawn back to the work of Habermas (Habermas, 1989:49). Accordingly, such active engagement necessitates communication to transpire between a citizenry and its chosen representatives as to sustain the democratic process. This also suggests that citizens should be able to participate in the communication process. Consequently, in recent years much discourse on the media and democracy correlation has focused on the potential role that the internet could play in the furtherance of democratic values. Optimistically, a virtual political public forum in which matters of general political concern are discussed could enhance political participation and the consolidation of political rights. The Habermasian publiosphere model incorporates three key elements, which could be applied in this context persons should have universal access to the sphere, the freedom to express diverse opinions, the freedom to receive diverse opinions and information, in addition to the freedom of participating in the public sphere without interference from state or mercantile imperatives (d. Habermas, 1989). A qualitative content analysis of the web site of Elections Canada showed that the supposedly non-operational public-sphere model could be recovered within a new media context such as the internet despite the fact that the inherent interactive nature of the internet was not fully exploited by Elections Canada. Against this background, the assumption was made that the publicsphere's concepts could also be applied in the context of a developing democracy and accordingly that the sustainability of the democratic system could be further consolidated. The Electoral Commission (IEC) was chosen as a case study, since it is constitutionally mandated to establish a democratic South African society. The creation of an internet public sphere could therefore be one of the ways in which the IEC could contribute to this consolidation process. Through extensive content analysis, it was established that the organisational web site of the IEC was mainly expended as an information dissemination and organisational image-profiling tool. As a result the web site was did not focus on participatory communication. Universal access to the web site was also rather restricted, resulting in limited web site participation to voters from specific socio-economic, cultural, and language backgrounds. It was discovered, nevertheless, that some of the contents available on the web site could at least facilitate 'oftline" participatory democracy and public opinion formation. Therefore, although the web site did not implement all of the normative prescriptions of the public-sphere ideal, voters were able to retrieve valuable electoral information that would assist them in capably participating in electoral democracy.


Background & Aim : Solution- focused brief therapy is among modern approaches in individual, couple and family therapies which focus on finding solutions rather than on problems. The present study was conducted by the aim of investigating the effectiveness of solution focused brief therapy in reducing depression and uplifting marital satisfaction in married women. Material & Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design with control group. The research population consisted of all married women with depression and unsatisfied with marital life who visited Hamyaran-e-Salamat mental center of Ravanshahr, Bojnourd city in the second half of 2014. Among the applicants to participate in the research, 30 women were selected by available sampling method and they were randomly assigned into control and experiment groups. The research tools were the Depression Inventory of Beck and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire which were completed by participants in pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Afterwards, the solution-focused intervention was offered to the experimental group for 6 sessions, but the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed via multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and repeated measures method by SPSS (v.16) Software. Results: After the posttest and follow-up stages, results suggested a significant reduction in depression and increase in marital satisfaction scores in the experimental group compared to the control group. The findings indicate that the solution-focused brief therapy reduced the rate of depression and increased marital satisfaction among women in the intervention group. The results were persistent in the follow-up stage, as well. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy in decreasing depression and increasing marital satisfaction. Therefore, conducting interventions based on this therapeutic approach can be effective in reducing psychological problems, such as depression and will improve the marital relationships of clients .


A blow-by-blow unearthing of the places where the Beat writers first came to full bloom: the flat where Ginsberg wrote "Howl;" Gary Snyder's zen cottage in Berkeley; the ghostly railroad yards where Kerouac and -Cassady toiled; the pads where Jack & Neal & Carolyn lived; Ferlinghetti's favorite haunts. This meticulous guide also brings to light never-before-heard stories about Corso, Bob Kaufman, DiPrima, Kyger, Lamantia and other West Coast Beats. A entertaining read as well as a practical walking (and driving) tour that covers the entire Bay Area. With an introduction by Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Bill Morgan is a painter and archival consultant working in New York City. He is the author of The Beat Generation in New York: A Walking Tour of Jack Kerouac's City.


This reported study was designed to examine the beliefs and perceptions of adolescents on whether or not viewing violence on television contributes to an increase in adolescents' abilities to learn aggressive attitudes and behaviors. It also explored the effects humor and satire used in the animated television series The Simpsons has on adolescents' abilities to learn aggressive attitudes and behaviors. Finally, it examined to what extent the violence portrayed in The Simpsons was believed to be realistic and justified by adolescents viewing the show. Results indicate that adolescents were not affected by the violence they observed in The Simpsons animation: Further, they did not feel that it was acceptable for their favorite characters to use violence to solve problems. Youth did not have reactions to viewing the series that were violent, nor did they report becoming aggressive in response to viewing the violence on the The Simpsons. While the majority of the youth also reported that they did not use violence to solve a problem, 3.3% reported that they did. Overall, the study concluded that adolescents' exposure to violent content by viewing it in animation in The Simpsons did not affect adolescents' perceptions of their abilities to learn aggressive attitudes and behaviors. Youth did not perceive that the violence portrayed was realistic.


It has long been recognized that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is potentially sensitive to greenhouse–gas and other climate forcing, and that changes in the MOC have the potential to cause abrupt climate change. However, the mechanisms remain poorly understood and our ability to detect these changes remains incomplete. Four main (interrelated) types of ocean change in particular are associated in the literature with greenhouse–gas forcing. These are: a slowing of MOC overturning rate; changes in northern seas which might effect a change in Atlantic overturning, including changes in the freshwater flux from the Arctic, and changes in the transport and/or hydrographic character of the northern overflows which ventilate the deep Atlantic; a change in the trans–ocean gradients of steric height (both zonal and meridional) which might accompany a change in the MOC; and an intensification of the global water cycle. Though as yet we have no direct measure of the freshwater flux passing from the Arctic to the Atlantic either via the Canadian Arctic Archipelago or along the East Greenland Shelf, and no direct measure yet of the Atlantic overturning rate, we examine a wide range of time–series from the existing hydrographic record for oceanic evidence of the other anticipated responses. Large amplitude and sustained changes are found (or indicated by proxy) over the past three to four decades in the southward transport of fresh waters along the Labrador shelf and slope, in the hydrography of the deep dense overflows from Nordic seas, in the transport of the eastern overflow through Faroe Bank Channel, and in the global hydrologic cycle. Though the type and scale of changes in ocean salinity are consistent with an amplification of the water cycle, we find no convincing evidence of any significant, concerted slowdown in the Atlantic overturning circulation.


Mounting concerns over variability, defects, and noise motivate a new approach for digital circuitry: stochastic logic, that is to say, logic that operates on probabilistic signals and so can cope with errors and uncertainty. Techniques for probabilistic analysis of circuits and systems are well established. We advocate a strategy for synthesis. In prior work, we described a methodology for synthesizing stochastic logic, that is to say logic that operates on probabilistic bit streams. In this paper, we apply the concept of stochastic logic to a reconfigurable architecture that implements processing operations on a datapath. We analyze cost as well as the sources of error: approximation, quantization, and random fluctuations. We study the effectiveness of the architecture on a collection of benchmarks for image processing. The stochastic architecture requires less area than conventional hardware implementations. Moreover, it is much more tolerant of soft errors (bit flips) than these deterministic implementations. This fault tolerance scales gracefully to very large numbers of errors.


In the Northwest German Basin of Central Europe, Late Triassic interaction of normal faulting and salt diapirism during regional extension in subsalt basement locally initiated lateral fl ow of surface-piercing salt in namakiers (salt glaciers). Using seismic sections and variance attribute maps derived from high-resolution three-dimensional seismic data, we show that when a syndepositional fault cuts a near-emergent diapir crest, the caprock carapace was breached, opening a pathway for salt extrusion. The fault escarpment and the adjacent fault-induced depression allowed focused gravity-driven downward fl ow of salt across the land surface (a namakier) and its subsequent preservation and encasement in continental (arid redbed) sediments. Geodynamically there is an apparent distinction between the compressional setting of modern namakiers in the arid deserts of Iran and the fault-intersected extensional setting of stacked Keuper namakiers. Stacked namakiers preserved in thicknesses that are seismically resolvable are interpreted to indicate hyperarid conditions in Keuper time. The climate was typical of the highly continental Late Triassic Pangaean supercontinent as it rifted and sagged to form the incipient Atlantic Ocean.


The beauty of the trees, the softness of the air, the fragrance of the grass, speaks to me. The summit of the mountain, the thunder of the sky, the rhythm of the sea, speaks to me. The faintness of the stars, the freshness of the morning, the dew drop on the flower, speaks to me. The strength of fire, the taste of salmon, the trail of the sun, And the life that never goes away, They speak to me. And my heart soars.


It should be emphasised at the outset that Patrick White, so far, Australia's only native-born Nobel Prize winning novelist should not be too narrowly categorised as a "religious" writer .His works have a magisterial breadth and range of theme that have invited a range of varied approaches to his work. Yet White has himself unequivocally asserted the central concern of his novels: "Religion--that's behind all my novels ... the relationship between the blundering human being and God." (Mc Gregor, 1969,216) . As the "blundering human beings" of his novels succeed in working out their relationship to "an unseen order"--to God, their lives appear to open to the possibility of a harmonious resolution of all the vicissitudes of experience. His own faith cannot admit of narrow categorisation: "I belong to no church but I have a religious faith ... I have lifted various bits from various religions in trying to come to a better understanding."(McGregor,1969, 218). Religion, in White's work does not imply constraints within a narrow orthodoxy; it conforms rather to the broad definition proffered by William James as "a belief that there is an unseen order and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves thereto." (1928, 271) Notwithstanding the obvious secularisation of the modern world which made White realise his preoccupation with religious themes ensured his work "sticks in the guts of the rigidly rational;" he also believed that 'most people have a religious factor, but are afraid that by admitting it they will forfeit their right to be considered intellectuals. (Wilkes & Herring, 1973,138)' This Paper will highlight some of the writerly strategies through which White negotiates the challenges which appear to confront the writer who attempts to explore a religious vision of the world The most significant and wide-ranging debates regarding the interface between religion and literature seem to have been mostly located in the period between the 1940's and 1970's and occupied the attention of some of the best critical and creative talents of the time. The time was also synonymous with White's own emergence as a writer of repute on the national and world stage and obviously engaged his own intellectual probing and provoked his own imaginative and creative experimentation. Paul van Buren, commenting on the excessively secularised nature of the culture of the mid-twentieth century stated: 'Today we cannot even understand the Nietszchean cry that God is dead, for if it were s how would we know?' (1963,103.) White was acutely aware of the difficulties inherent in the exploration of religious themes in the context of the time but was convinced of the possibilities of negotiating the challenge: ' Now as the world grows more pagan, one has to lead people in the same direction in a different way." (McGregor,218). In the context of a world which continues to be obsessed with scientific and technological advancement and material progress it is precisely the religious experience which lacks this sense of human relevance. The question of belief and literature--of how far it is possible for readers to respond to a work which embodies a view of life and experience diametrically opposed to their own was extensively debated in the 1950's and 60's by such eminent figures as T.S.Eliot, Cleanth Brooks, W.K. Wimsatt, David Daiches and others (It cannot be followed in detail here, but the Note appended at the end of this Paper details some of the most significant contributions to that debate.) As one contributor to the debate has remarked, 'We are empiricists , and in so far as God is an incorrigibly non-empirical word, we find it puzzling, or more likely simply uninteresting.' (Ferre, 1968.13) While the details of the debate of the problems of belief in literature cannot be followed here, the degree of consensus that does emerge can be noted, that is, the acceptance of the idea that the acceptability of the work must depend finally on its potential to convince as the representation of a fundamentally human experience. …


In this paper, the recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are applied to compensate for hidden Markov model (HMM) recognition algorithm, which is commonly used as a main recognizer. Among these RNNs, the multilayer recurrent neural prediction model (MRNPM), which allows operating in real-time, is used to implement learning and recognition, and HMM and MRNPM are used to design a hybrid-type main recognizer. After testing the designed speech recognition algorithm with Korean number pronunciations (13 words), which are hardly distinct, for its speech-independent recognition ratio, about a 5% improvement is obtained comparing results with existing HMM recognizers.

Based on this result, only optimal (recognition) codes were extracted in the actual DSP (TMS320C6711) environment and the embedded speech recognition system was implemented. Similarly, the implementation result of the embedded system showed an improved recognition system implementation than existing solid HMM recognition systems.


A procedure for H/sub /spl infin// optimization of low order controllers for discrete-time and sampled-data systems is presented in this paper. Generally, low order H/sub /spl infin// controllers may be achieved by solving bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). In this paper an iterative alternation between two LMIs gives a suboptimal solution. To avoid local minima in this search the initial controller is obtained by a frequency weighted controller reduction scheme, where the closed loop properties of a full order controller is taken into account. A minimal number of parameters in the state space realization of the controller also reduces the complexity and improves numerical robustness. The complete presentation is based on delta operator models, which shows a close relationship between the continuous- and discrete-time solutions. The sensitivity of the ordinary discrete-time shift operator LMI formulation to small sampling periods is also analyzed.


Concern over the potential effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) has resulted in recommendations for the development of specific endocrine and reproductive tests for assessment and regulation of industrial chemicals and effluents. This document consolidates and summarizes the current approaches taken by international agencies and scientific organizations for testing and screening EDS in mammals and wildlife. The material has been gathered from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development meeting reports, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee and Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program reports, and summaries of various meetings prepared by Canadian and U.S. representatives. There are commonalties between programs of individual countries and the international scientific groups in which they participate. In general, these international scientific organizations have envisioned tiered groups of tests. The first tier is composed of less complex tests and short-term assays (acute exposures) that are very responsive to EDS (and have a low 'false-negative' rate). Higher tiers contain longer tests encompassing partial and full lifecycles of organisms with assessment of functional reproductive and developmental endpoints. Compounds are less expensively screened in the first tier, and move on to more complex and expensive higher-tier tests only if necessary. We document the proposed EDS tests in mammals and wildlife (birds, fish, amphibians and invertebrates) and overview the European Union's approach to EDS research, monitoring and risk assessment. We conclude with a summary of the main recommendations from Canada's interagency workshop to develop priorities and proposed actions for EDS.


A range of influences, both technical and organizational, has encouraged the widespread adoption of Enterprise Systems (ES). The integrated and process-oriented nature of Enterprise Systems has led organizations to use process modelling as a means of managing the complexity of these systems, and to aid in achieving business goals. Past research illustrates how process modelling is applied across different Enterprise Systems lifecycle phases. However, no empirical evidence exists to evaluate what factors are essential for a successful process modelling initiative, in general or in an ES context. This research-in-progress paper reports on an empirical investigation of the factors that influence process modelling success. It presents an a-priori process modelling critical-success-factors-model, describes its derivation, and concludes with an outlook to the next stages of the research.


Gaps often form in forest canopies due to windthrow and have important management and ecological implications. Remote sensing has considerable potential for the provision of information on gap properties but this has not been fully realized. This is largely due to the use of conventional (hard, one-pixel one-class) image analysis techniques and imagery with a relatively coarse spatial resolution. This article investigates the potential to extract information on gap properties from fine spatial resolution airborne thematic mapper imagery using soft classification techniques that allow image pixels to have multiple and partial class membership. It is shown that a standard hard maximum likelihood classification may be used to derive an accurate map of the land cover of a forested site (95.1%) from which gaps in a canopy of Sitka spruce were accurately identified (94.5%). The maximum likelihood classification was also softened by outputting probabilities of class membership for each pixel. Softening the classification increased the information on gap properties that could be extracted from the data. In particular, the accuracy with which key gap properties, such as gap area, perimeter length and shape, were estimated was higher in the outputs of the softened than hard classification. Thus, while strong correlations between the remotely sensed and ground data estimates of gap area (r 0.96) and perimeter (r 0.87), based on a sample of 36 gaps, were derived from all classifications, the accuracy with which gap properties were estimated was generally highest when a soft classification was used. For example, the use of a soft rather than hard classification resulted in the root mean square error in estimating gap area declining from 144.90 to 132.87 m2. Furthermore, the soft classification allowed the sharpness of the gap boundary to be estimated, enabling further gap properties to be inferred. In particular, the soft classification output enabled the direction of the wind event causing the initial damage to be estimated, and it may aid the definition of sites with a future risk of windthrow.


Phenomenal improvements in the computational performance of multiprocessors have not been matched by comparable gains in I/O system performance. This imbalance has resulted in I/O becoming a significant bottleneck for many scientific applications. One key to overcoming this bottleneck is improving the performance of multiprocessor file systems. The design of a high-performance multiprocessor file system requires a comprehensive understanding of the expected workload. Unfortunately, until recently, no general workload studies of multiprocessor file systems have been conducted. The goal of the CHARISMA project was to remedy this problem by characterizing the behavior of several production workloads, on different machines, at the level of individual reads and writes. The first set of results from the CHARISMA project describe the workloads observed on an Intel iPSC/860 and a Thinking Machines CM-5. This paper is intended to compare and contrast these two workloads for an understanding of their essential similarities and differences, isolating common trends and platform-dependent variances. Using this comparison, we are able to gain more insight into the general principles that should guide multiprocessor file-system design.


The Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) is a cyprinid fish endemic to the Central Valley of California with a range that centers on the San Francisco Estuary. It is a state Species of Special Concern and was only recently (2003) delisted as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Splittail live 7-9 years, tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, and have high fecundity. Typically, adults migrate upstream in January and February and spawn on seasonally inundated floodplains in March and April. In May the juveniles migrate back downstream to shallow, brackish water rearing grounds, where they feed on detritus and invertebrates for 1-2 years before migrating back upstream to spawn. Seven long-term sampling programs in the estuary indicate that the splittail population is maintained by strong year classes resulting from successful spawning in wet years, although some spawning occurs in all years. Modeling shows them to be resilient, but managing floodplains to promote frequent successful spawning is needed to keep them abundant. Additionally, it is important to provide safe migration corridors between spawning and rearing grounds as well as abundant high-quality brackish water rearing habitat. Key research needs are (1) to examine how the timing, magnitude, and duration of high flows contribute to the generation of strong year classes, (2) to describe differences in YOY survival on the floodplain and in river margins from hatching to down-river migration, (3) explore the possible trophic effects of new invaders such as the overbite clam and Siberian prawn, and (4) determine the response of splittail populations to climate change and sea level rise.


In current era, thermal energy storage is a standout amongst the most proficient approaches to store the solar oriented renewable energy for warming and drying the air by energy gathered from sun. The paper exhibits a test examination of a stuffed rock bed solar thermal storage system. A 30 mm crevice is loaded with Polyester insulation in an air sealed dark painted plywood compartment from where heat can be extricated by constrained air convection. This system is able to constantly provide the required heat input into the setup. The heat decay characteristic of the bed is additionally contemplated. The most elevated introductory temperature of the rocks was recorded to 65.5 C. Experimental result is likewise dissected by utilizing 3 thermocouples with data logger EasySense software. After preparatory thought of specialized, environmental and economic aspects consideration, the effective thermal efficiency of the system is measured to 63.16% with 8.814 MJ integrated energy simply following 5 hour charging period.


Book synopsis: With the rise of cognitive science and the revolution in neuroscience, it is now commonplace to assume that the study of a human person—a thinking, feeling, acting subject—is ultimately the study of the human brain. In both Europe and the United States, massive state-funded research is focused on mapping the brain in all its remarkable complexity. The metaphors employed are largely technological: A wiring diagram of synaptic connectivity will lead to a better understanding of human behavior and perhaps insights into the breakdown of human personhood with diseases of the brain such as Alzheimer's. Alongside this technologized discourse of the brain as locus of human subjectivity we find another perspective, one that emphasizes its essential plasticity—in both the developmental sense and as a response to traumas such as strokes, tumors, or gunshot wounds.

This collection of essays brings together a diverse range of scholars to investigate how the "neural subject" of the twenty-first century came to be. Taking approaches both historical and theoretical, they probe the possibilities and limits of neuroscientific understandings of human experience. Topics include landmark studies in the history of neuroscience, the relationship between neural and technological "pathologies," and analyses of contemporary concepts of plasticity and pathology in cognitive neuroscience. Central to the volume is a critical examination of the relationship between pathology and plasticity. Because pathology is often the occasion for neural reorganization and adaptation, it exists not in opposition to the brain's "normal" operation but instead as something intimately connected to our ways of being and understanding.


Dry Run Creek, a tributary to the Cedar River in northeast Iowa, is a watershed under high pressure from the surrounding region. With its headwaters located in farm fields and urban drainage ditches, it is subject to flash flooding and erosion and is on the DNR's list of impaired waters. Dry Run Creek is similar to other small watersheds across eastern Iowa. As tributaries to the larger rivers that eventually flow into the Mississippi River and then to the Gulf of Mexico, they are significant contributors to the nutrient loading causing the hypoxia in the Gulf. The purpose of this study is to look at methods to examine low cost, simple, and effective ways to assess nutrient loading in a small stream. Rating curves can be developed and employed with water samples to assess nutrients. A rating curve is the relationship between stage (stream depth) and discharge at that location. From May 11, 2011 to August 9, 2011 rating curves were developed for 11 sites in the Dry Run Creek watershed, comparing discharge in m3/s and gauge height in cm. Various low cost methods that could be duplicated in other small watersheds were employed to develop the rating curves. The average velocity at most sites ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 m/s with an average discharge of 0.1 m3/s (3.5 cfs). Many methods face challenges, varying from unstable stream banks causing fluctuations in sediment deposits to bent gauges caused by debris during flash flooding. In some sites depths are measured by painting gauges on existing structures. Other difficulties occur where the stream is too wide and deep during high flows. Creating gauges on existing structures eliminates some of the difficulties encountered in various methods and also eliminates changes in the shape of the streambed. Methods demonstrated in this study could be utilized by other researchers to perform additional studies on small watersheds in an effort to understand their role in the nutrients being loaded into the Cedar River. This can potentially lead to the identification of areas that are high nutrient contributors and allow us to begin to assess ways to remediate the causes. DEVELOPING RATING CURVES IN A SMALL IOWA WATERSHED TO EVALUATE NUTRIENT LOADING IN STREAMS A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Jennifer Mary Shepeck University of Northern Iowa August 2014


MILLER, RUTH RATNER (1 Dec. 1925 - 26 November 1996) was a civic leader, businesswoman, and philanthropist who was responsible for the rebuilding and renovation of TOWER CITY CENTER in the mid-1980s. Born in Cleveland to Lillian (Bernstein) and LEONARD RATNER†, she earned a B.S. from Western Reserve University in 1969, and a Ph.D. from CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY in 1972.During the 1970s, Mrs. Miller was Director of Public Health and Welfare and Community Development for Mayor RALPH J. PERK, and of the RAPID RECOVERY PROGRAM aimed at cleaning up RTA right-of-ways. She was a Republican candidate for the 22nd Congressional District of Ohio in 1980, and was also a news analyst for WBBG-AM radio. In 1981, she was responsible for relighting TERMINAL TOWER, Cleveland's symbol of rebirth. Mrs. Miller was instrumental in converting the former HALLE BROTHERS CO. downtown department store into an office building, and in renovating the Terminal Tower's lower levels into a glamorous shopping center, Tower City Center, of which she was president from 1982 until her death. Her numerous community activities included chairing the CONVENTION AND VISITORS BUREAU OF GREATER CLEVELAND, INC. and the Public Square Preservation and Maintenance Committee; serving as Trustee for UNIVERSITY CIRCLE, INC. (UCI), the WESTERN RESERVE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, the ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME AND MUSEUM, the NEW CLEVELAND CAMPAIGN, and CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY; and acting on the board of directors of the GREATER CLEVELAND GROWTH ASSN., the CLEVELAND BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION, and the Ohio Capital Corporation for Housing. Mrs. Miller also lectured at both Cleveland State and Case Western Reserve universities, and was appointed by Gov. George Voinovich as a member of the Managing for the Future Task Force of Higher Education.Carrying on her family's tradition of strong support for Israel and Jewish affairs, Mrs. Miller was on the executive committee of the National Jewish Coalition and of the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., and was twice-appointed to the Holocaust Memorial Council, by Presidents Reagan and Bush. Also an advocate for women, Mrs. Miller was on the advisory board of Women Equity Affiliate Limited, was a member of The Women's International Forum, and in 1985 was appointed to the U. S. Delegation to the United Nations World Conference on the Decade of Women, held in Nairobi, Kenya. Honored both locally and internationally for her many achievements and contributions, Mrs. Miller receivednumerous awards, including the Human Relations Award of the American Jewish Committee, the Woman-of-the-Year Award from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the David Ben Gurion Award from the State of Israel Bonds, and the Distinguished Community Service Award from Brandeis University. She was inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame and was selected by CLEVELAND MAGAZINE as one of Cleveland's 100 Most Influential Women.At the age of twenty she married Samuel H. Miller and they had four children: Aaron, Richard, Gabrielle, and Abraham. The couple divorced in 1982, but Mrs. Miller retained her former husband's name. In 1985, she married Rabbi Phillip Horowitz, father of three children and rabbi of the former Temple B'rith Emeth. Mrs. Miller died at Cleveland Clinic Hospital.SSH


Absolute optical (VUV) absorption cross sections for cyclopropane have been measured from 5.0 to 11.2 and 20-40 eV using synchrotron radiation. Also, electron energy-loss (EEL) spectra have been obtained using incident electrons of (a) 150 eV energy scattered through small angles (energy loss 5.0-15 eV) and (b) near-threshold energies scattered through large angles (energy loss 0-10.5 eV). Taken together these confirm that the low-lying excited electronic states of cyclopropane are of Rydberg type and, although spectral bands are diffuse, a known Rydberg series has been extended. Recent computations (Galasso V 1996 Chem. Phys. 206 289) appear to give a good account of the experimental spectrum from threshold to about 11 eV, but these must be extended if valence-excited states are to be characterized. Particular attention has been directed at the evaluation of absolute optical cross sections. These are now believed to be established over the energy ranges 5-15 and 20-40 eV. In the gap region (15-20 eV) second-order radiation may affect the optical measurements. From consideration of second-order effects, and comparison of the present studies with earlier measurements, we propose a best-estimate cross section in this energy region also.


Researchers in Africa have typically been regarded as consumers, not producers, of academic information. More recently, open access publishing has been advanced as a way of getting research from Africa more easily and widely available, but there needs to be more than just changes to the dissemination outlet. This article discusses how researchers in Africa can join global academic conversations through a rethinking of their research work flows, and how they can strategically position themselves and their research in knowledge streams for rippling impact.


The Listening Experience Database (http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/LED) is the first project to collate and interrogate a mass of historical personal experiences of listening to music. Such accounts have previously received only isolated attention because they are challenging to locate and gather en masse. An extensive body of data about the responses of "ordinary listeners" (as opposed to professional critics) thus offers new ways of approaching music-related research. The underlying information system relies on linked data, including a knowledge base that is itself a linked dataset. The data management workflow supports both systematic contributions from the project team and crowdsourced input where knowledgeability and completeness of information can be expected to vary widely. The database demonstrates the potential of a mass of data as a robust evidential base for our understanding of how music functions in society. It also contributes a large body of structured data to the global machine-readable portion of the Web that is the Linked Data Cloud. Through crowdsourcing, it taps into knowledge that exists beyond the academic world. The project not only contributes directly to the global linked data knowledge base, but also prompts new directions for anyone investigating the reception of music, including performers, teachers, social historians, musicologists, psychologists and those working in the creative industries.


Masonry built in lime mortar is one of the principle building materials used in traditional construction. This form of construction can convey the appearance of strength and stability and could be argued to epitomise built homogeneity. This may however not reflect reality due to deterioration of the wall core resulting in an alteration in the effective thickness. Predicted future climate change models for northern regions, indicate more instances of heavy rainfall. This will undoubtedly result in materials used in mass masonry structures becoming saturated for extended periods, increasing instances of binder migration (binder leaching). The leaching process involves the deterioration of binder structure via dissolution and removal of calcium into the pore fluid. This can, in many cases, result in reprecipitation of calcium on the external skin of the structure. The effect of this phenomenon on the physical properties and performance of lime mortar has not yet been fully investigated but early stage results indicate a reduction in mechanical strength and an alteration of the materials moisture handling characteristics. The current EPSRC funded research project (EP/G064865/1) aims to ascertain the extent of binder leaching by inducing an artificially accelerated leaching environment. Leaching trials have been carried out on a variety of natural hydraulic limes (NHL), both carbonated and uncarbonated, representing those potentially found on mass masonry structures. The present work aids our collective understanding of this fundamental deterioration process enabling prediction of mortar condition and performance to be achieved. Determining traditional building resilience has never been as important, especially given the broader context of climate change.


Background Pain is one of the most common and problematic symptoms encountered by patients with cancer. Due to the multifactorial aetiology, pain management of these patients frequently requires multidisciplinary interventions including conventional support and specialty palliative care. Acupuncture has been identified as a possible adjunctive therapy for symptom management in cancer pain, and there is currently no systematic review focused solely on the evidence of acupuncture on cancer pain in palliative care. Objective To critically analyse currently available publications regarding the use of acupuncture for pain management among patients with cancer in palliative care settings. Methods Multiple academic databases were searched from inception to 29 October 2020. Randomised controlled trials involving acupuncture in palliative care for treatment of cancer-related pain were synthesised. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and methodological quality of each included study was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence. Results Five studies (n=189) were included in this systematic review. Results indicated a favourable effect of acupuncture on pain relief in palliative care for patients with cancer. According to OCEBM 2011 Levels of Evidence, they were level 2 in one case (20%), level 3 in two cases (40%) and level 4 in the remaining (40%). Low-level evidence adversely affects the reliability of findings. Conclusions Acupuncture may be an effective and safe treatment associated with pain reduction in the palliative care of patients with cancer. Further high-quality, adequately powered studies are needed in the future.


Taxes on tobacco products generated income of around US$ 2.2 billion for the Brazilian government in 2008, but that doesn't mean the Brazilian government is going easy on the tobacco industry. For the past two decades, Brazil has been at the forefront of global tobacco control initiatives. Vera da Costa e Silva, a public health specialist who advises the government on tobacco control, is proud to note that Brazil was the first country to ban the use of misleading adjectives such as "light" and "mild" from cigarette packages back in 2001. That move was in line with a law passed a year earlier requiring cigarette manufacturers to include pictorial health warnings covering at least 100% of one of the two main sides of a pack. These warnings often depict people in advanced stages of tobacco-related illness. As a result of such initiatives, smoking prevalence has come down in the past two decades from 34% of the adult population in 1989 to 15% last year, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health. But the declining trend has tailed off over the past few years as tobacco companies target new consumers, notably women. Meanwhile, 200 000 Brazilians die every year from tobacco-related diseases, according to the National Cancer Institute (INCA). One area in which Brazilian tobacco control has faltered is in the enforcement of other key tobacco control measures, such as smoking bans in enclosed public places. Although Brazil ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, requiring the country to pass laws to restrict tobacco, it has not done this. For that reason, many states and municipalities have taken matters into their own hands by passing their own laws banning smoking from public places with no separate places designated for smokers. However, these by-laws have been challenged as "unconstitutional" by the hospitality industry and could be overturned by the supreme court. So far four states and eight municipalities have introduced smoking bans in a process that Costa e Silva characterizes as "a domino effect". In August, a big "domino" went down when the state of Sao Paulo passed its own law banning smoking in enclosed public places. Previous attempts to ban smoking in Sao Paulo have failed as a result of weak enforcement and public apathy, but this time things may be different. Sao Paulo state health secretary, Luiz Roberto Barradas Barata, says that 99.5% of the state's pubs, restaurants and hotels are committed to upholding the law. "In the last month, we monitored 37 000 places and applied only 198 fines," he says. Establishments in breach of the ban are fined up to US$ 750 for a first offence, with the fine doubling for a repeat offence. A third breach entails closure of the business for 48 hours and a fourth shuts it down for 30 days. Not everyone is happy about the bans. Alexandre Sampaio, president of the Pubs, Restaurants and Hotels Syndicate in the state of Rio de Janeiro claims that such initiatives are unconstitutional. He says that Riffs hospitality industry has suffered a 20% decline in visits to restaurants and bars as a result of the ban, which the state legislature passed into law but that has yet to come into force. He also argues that the government should be committing resources to informing the public, teenagers in particular, about the dangers of smoking, rather than restricting the spaces in which people can smoke. "In a few years we would have fewer smokers," he says. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Of course, while banning smoking in public places protects the health of non-smokers, many smokers need more than bans to help them quit. On the cessation front, Brazil is throwing its weight behind nicotine replacement therapies--a move strongly endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which in May of this year put nicotine replacement therapy on the Essential Medicines List (EML). "This is a public health victory," according to Costa e Silva, who believes that this recent decision by WHO will encourage Brazil and other countries to see nicotine replacement therapy as equally important as any other drug used for prevention purposes and promote cheaper commercial forms of nicotine replacement therapies. …


This article argues that the Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change was doomed to face difficulties ab initio. Moving the climate change agenda forward multilaterally among the 195 parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is proving to be a serious challenge. The lack of progress in UNFCCC negotiations in recent years, especially the failure to obtain an international agreement on emissions limitations targets and timetables by all major developed and developing country emitters, has led many to question whether the UNFCCC is, in fact, the best and most effective forum for mobilizing a global response to climate change. The current approach to negotiating a comprehensive, universal, and legally binding global agreement on climate change is unlikely to succeed. The article concludes that no breakthroughs will take place regarding a global climate change agreement until there is more political maturity on the side of the U.S., and until rapidly emerging economies such as China and India indicate that they are ready to play their part in tackling the climate change challenge, since they are part of the solution. Large emitters of GHG need to be involved for negotiations to come to a conclusion. Much progress is still needed until we reach an international agreement that covers all the world's countries and that is strong enough to tackle climate change effectively and is equitable enough to gain the sympathy of all countries.


Background: After the Islamic revolution in Iran, university admission multiplied greatly in a short time. In addition to considering the policy that guides the action plan to expand higher education (HE), we need to design strategic planning in this area for sustainable development.The main objective of this study was to create a model for how to develop HE in different geographic places in our country.
Methods: According to the policy of HE development, we designed this study in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) to find out how to foster the development of HE in different geographic places in our country. For developing a HE geographic expansion model (HEGEM) appropriate to our country, Hugh McKenna's qualitative concept analysis was designed and performed over 2 years. First, the problems were detected, and then conceptually clarified and analyzed. After that, we compared our primary model components, which were obtained at the end of the analysis, with the experiences of different countries, and then revised our model. Then, in order for the extracted preliminary policy draft of HEGEM to be applicable in the country, an expert panels' group discussions and policy survey were implemented by 8 experts in policy making and HE program administrations. Lincoln and Guba eligibility criteria were considered.
Results: Eight themes were extracted that greatly affected HEGEM in health systems and medical education in Iran including massification of HE, capacity for self-actualization in HE,types of division in HE, the appropriate number of HE institutions, size of HE centers, access to elite universities and avoidance of migration within the country, decentralization of HE and development of spatial planning for the public health network. The policy operational model of HEGEM was finalized and presented as a practical package for implementation in the whole country.
Conclusion: For promotion of community health and improvement of the national and international position of Iran's medical universities and HE centers, policymakers should consider the diverse factors that influence HE expansion in our developed model.


Old age is now the commonest time to develop epilepsy, often as a consequence of underlying cerebrovascular or neurodegenerative disease. Age-related physiological changes can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs. Only three double-blind, head-to-head, randomised, controlled trials have been undertaken in this patient population and so pharmacological treatment tends to be empirical, often based on what antiepileptic drug not to chose for an individual patient. The available evidence has tended to favour lamotrigine, and perhaps gabapentin, over carbamazepine, based on better tolerability rather than superior efficacy for newly diagnosed epilepsy in this population. Preliminary data with levetiracetam suggest that this drug will also be useful in older people as a consequence of its favourable side-effect profile and lack of idiosyncratic reactions and drug interactions. Despite the dearth of high quality trial evidence, published outcome data hint at a good prognosis with a single antiepileptic drug for the majority of elderly people with epilepsy. A few patients will require low dose combination therapy. Epilepsy surgery is also an occasional option in this population. As life expectancy rises, so will the likelihood of presenting with seizures in later life placing an increasing burden on healthcare resources.


The Army train their personnel using a system called 'The Systems Approach to Training' (SAT). The system develops the results of a job analysis into course training objectives that are used to define Army training courses. The outcome expected from the Army training system is individuals who are competent to perform the job they are trained for. The focus of this study is the electrical and mechanical military engineers trained by the Army to carry out engineering tasks throughout the world. They are trained in accordance with SAT but at the end of the courses they are also awarded a BTEC HND. The outcome of the courses is therefore to produce an HND qualified, competent military engineer. This study is concerned with how the students on the courses are assessed as competent and in what way this assessment is valid. There are different forms the validity could take, e.g. content, construct, and criterion-related, however the theory has moved away from individual forms to a unitary concept, with construct validity as the integrating force that binds it together. This study sets out to evaluate the nature of the validity of the course assessments in terms of this unitary concept. An evaluation of the validity of assessment requires more than an exploration of conceptions of validity, assessment content and assessment methods. As the assessment is used to assess military engineering competence this study is concerned with issues of competencebased assessment. Defining engineering competence as the construct presents two problem areas that threaten the validity of the assessment, domain specification and the use of the assessors' judgement. Specific theoretical criteria against which to assess the validity of the assessment must be defined. The criteria will focus on how the construct is represented in the assessment and the claims made for the assessment in terms of predicting occupational performance. This study will be an exploration into the nature of the validity of the assessment of military engineering competence. The results of this study will support the view that the assessment of competence and the validity of that assessment are complex issues, and my study will make a contribution towards the understanding of these issues for those concerned with the theory and practice of education.


We present the use of a commercially available fixed-angle multi-wavelength ellipsometer for quickly measuring the thickness of NbN thin films for the fabrication and performance improvement of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. The process can determine the optical constants of absorbing thin films, removing the need for inaccurate approximations. The tool can be used to observe oxidation growth and allows thickness measurements to be integrated into the characterization of various fabrication processes.


Many of the decisions made by policy makers today may affect not only the people belonging to the present generation, but can have long-term effects that reach far into the future and thus significantly affect the life of future generations. The social rate of discount, which is the way that future consequences often are evaluated in present-day decision-making, unavoidably raises difficult issues of intergenerational justice. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by the use of non-renewable energy sources like oil and natural gas is an obvious example involving both economical and ethical concerns. The discussion in this paper is further motivated by the increasing demand for energy and the fact that more and more of the energy sources needed to fulfill this demand seem to be located in environmentally vulnerable areas. Norwegian authorities are faced with such a dilemma when considering whether to increase the petroleum activity in the Barents Sea. The concern is that such activity may cause irreversible environmental damages to the Barents Sea area. Furthermore, the petroleum resources are non-renewable meaning that for each unit of oil and gas produced today there will be one unit less left in the ground for future generations, leading to a debate about income distribution between generations. This paper focuses on some of the economic and philosophical arguments surrounding the debate about how social decision makers of the present generations should value the consequences their decisions may have on future generations.


Background: Multiple Sclerosis disease is a chronic disease of nervous system which causes different symptoms. Although headache is not a major symptom of this disease, but a lot of patients suffer from it. To specify the prevalence of headache and its' types has an important role in diagnose, treatment and improvement the quality of patients' life.
Objective: Our goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of headache in multiple sclerosis patients, before and after the diagnosis of this disease.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive epidemiologic study was performed on 150 multiple sclerosis patients referred to the neurology clinic of Qazvin in 2015. Data were recorded by history taking & physical examination the existence of headache before the MS diagnosis and at the time of study was evaluated by the patients' data.
Findings: Among participants, prevalence of headache before the MS diagnosis was 40%, which increased to 64% after that (P<0.001). The most common type of headache, before and after the affection was tension headache, which formed 58.3% and 70.8% of all headaches, respectively. The average rate of headache in the group with headache, before and after the diagnosis of MS was 5.8 and 5.76 days in month, which calculated 2.32 and 3.68 days in month in all patients, respectively.
Conclusion: Prevalence of headache increases in multiple sclerosis patients. Patients suffer from headache almost 13% of their life days


Recent years have witnessed an active research on the stochastic network utility maximization (NUM) problem, where the optimal network resource allocation policy, such as congestion control, routing, and scheduling, is formulated as a constrained maximization of some utility function under the stochastic dynamics in users' traffic and time-varying wireless channels. So far, the stochastic NUM problem and its associated solutions are investigated under light-tailed (LT) traffic assumption, which is largely departing from the recent large-scale empirical studies, which verify the emergence of heavy-tailed (HT) traffic in a variety of networked systems. The unique stochastic features of HT traffic fundamentally challenges the feasibility of the classic algorithms developed for the stochastic NUM problem. This paper aims to develop effective algorithms to maximize network utility in the presence of heavy tailed traffic. First, it is proven that without considering the inherent bursty nature of HT traffic, the classic stochastic subgradient algorithm, which is utility optimal, fail to achieve queue stability. Our theoretical analysis reveals that such queue instability phenomenon is due to the fact that the stochastic subgradient algorithm inherently exploits queue length to update Lagrange dual variables. To counter this challenge, a time-average stochastic gradient algorithm is proposed, which decouples the queue-length update process and the dual variable update process in such a way that utility-optimality and queue-stability can be simultaneously achieved. Our convergence and stability analysis shows that the proposed algorithm can avoid the LT queues from competing with the HT queues, thus completely shielding those LT queues from the destructive impact of HT traffic.


A recent estimate suggests that the Scottish wildcat may be critically endangered. Nevertheless, there is still no uncontroversial method for diagnosing the Scottish wildcat. We analysed morphological differences between wild‐living cats in Scotland on the basis of 20pelage characters, scoring from 1 (domestic cat) to 3 (wildcat), in combination with 40skull parameters and intestinal length. A cluster analysis, based on Principal Components derived from the scores for pelage characters, showed that the wild‐living cats fell into three main groups without any a priori classification. Each group corresponds well to the traditional characteristics of wildcats, hybrids and domestic cats, respectively, and the former two each show higher levels of morphological homogeneity compared with the third group. The three groups are most significantly differentiated by seven pelage characters: (1) extent of dorsal stripe, (2) shape of tail tip, (3) distinctness of tail bands, (4) presence/absence of broken stripes and (5) spots, on flanks and hindquarters, (6) shape and number of stripes on nape and (7) on the shoulders. Most Group‐1 cats (75.6%, n=74), but none of the other two groups, score more than 2 for all seven characters. All Group‐3 cats (n=35) and some Group‐2 cats (19.2%, n=26), but no Group‐1 cats, scored 1 for one or more of the seven characters. We propose that Group‐1, which is the furthest from the domestic cat in all criteria, should be used to define the Scottish wildcat. However, in practice, if a wild‐living cat does not score 1 for any of the seven characters it should be treated as a wildcat in the field. These definitions provide a simple way of diagnosing a Scottish wildcat scientifically, as well as practically, which will effectively facilitate conservation action and the enforcement of protective legislation.


The Group of 20 (G20) nations increasingly recognize the importance of green growth, and many countries are demonstrating strong leadership through effective and progressive policies. However, governments do not act alone, the private sector is an important partner, providing new technologies, business models and investment opportunities across a variety of sectors to help scale up transformation. In 2012 the G20 Development Working Group commissioned the International Finance Corporation, as the largest development finance institution dedicated to private sector development with a strong emphasis on sustainability, to take stock of mechanisms to mobilize private capital, including from institutional investors, for inclusive green growth investments in developing countries. This work is intended to inform the creation of a public-private G20 Dialogue Platform on Inclusive Green Investment. Insurers can materially engage in green growth in several ways: by helping spread the costs of everyday as well as catastrophic losses (their core business) that so often represent a setback to development efforts; accurately evaluating and communicating risks to inform public and private decision making; offering innovative risk management products and services; providing influential input to the public policy processes; and directly investing some of their substantial assets (more than $20 trillion under management) in inclusive green growth projects and providing risk management tools for other investors.


Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of pathology. There is significant potential to reduce the cost and complexity of instrumentation to measure tissue spectra; however, careful analysis is required to maximize performance and minimize cost. One measure of performance is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the resulting data. This paper describes a method to predict the SNR of a given optical design for a particular tissue application. In order to calculate the expected SNR, two pieces of information are required: (1) the throughput and inherent noise of the system and (2) a quantitative relationship between the illumination energy and the resulting tissue fluorescence available for collection, which we define as the tissue fluorescence efficiency (FE). We present a method to calculate the fluorescence efficiency of tissue from in vivo measurements of tissue fluorescence. We report FE measurements of the normal and precancerous human cervix in vivo at 337, 380, and 460 nm excitation. We also present and evaluate a method to estimate the throughput and noise of various spectrometers and predict the expected SNR for tissue spectra by using the measured tissue FE. For squamous cervical tissue, as the degree of the disease increases, FE decreases, and as the excitation wavelength increases, FE decreases. Cervical tissue FE varies more than two orders of magnitude, depending on the tissue type and on the excitation wavelength used. Our SNR calculations, based on measured values of tissue FE, demonstrate agreement within a factor of 1.3 of the measured SNR on average. This method can be used to estimate the performance of different spectrometer designs for clinical use.


Finding the right reviewers to assess the quality of conference submissions is a time consuming process for conference organizers. Given the importance of this step, various automated reviewer-paper matching solutions have been proposed to alleviate the burden. Prior approaches including bag-of-words model and probabilistic topic model are less effective to deal with the vocabulary mismatch and partial topic overlap between the submission and reviewer. Our approach, the common topic model, jointly models the topics common to the submission and the reviewer's profile while relying on abstract topic vectors. Experiments and insightful evaluations on two datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves consistent improvements compared to the state-of-the-art.


Abstract We describe a comprehensive optimisation study culminating in a standardised and validated approach for the preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle dispersions in relevant biological media. This study utilises a TiO2 reference nanomaterial based on a commercially available powder that has been widely examined in both acute and chronic toxicity studies. The dispersion approach as presented here satisfies four key harmonisation requirements not previously addressed: (1) method transferability, based in part on the use of a sonication energy calibration method that allows for power measurement and reporting in a device-independent manner; (2) optimisation of sonication parameters and thorough method validation in terms of particle size distribution, pH, isoelectric point, concentration range and batch variability; (3) minimisation of sonolysis side effects by elimination of organics during sonication and (4) characterisation of nanoparticle agglomeration under various dispersion conditions by use of laser diffraction spectrometry, an in situ size characterisation technique that provides advantages over other techniques more commonly employed within the context of nanotoxicology (e.g. dynamic light scattering). The described procedure yields monomodal, nanoscale, protein-stabilised nanoparticle dispersions in biological media that remain stable for at least 48 h (acute testing timeframe) under typical incubation conditions.


AbstractThe objectives of this study were to examine the students' perception on the use of picture in writing descriptive paragraph and to investigate whether the students were interested in the use of picture in writing descriptive paragraph. This study was a survey using the qualitative and survey design. It involved 34 students of English Teaching Study Program, Christian University of Indonesia. To achieve the objectives, qualitative and quantitative data concerning the students' perceptions and interest were collected through a questionnaire and interview. The survey was administered to the eight semester students of 2012/2013 academic year. To support this research the data obtained through the open ended questionnaire, interview was conducted toward four students. The quantitative data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2007, while the qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The result of this study indicated that almost all of the students agreed to use the picture in developing their descriptive paragraph writing. The use of picture in writing also helped them understand the descriptive paragraphs even though they knew there was another media, i.g. realia, which could help them write a descriptive paragraph. Thus it is sugested that the English teachers should use this technique to improve students' descriptive paragraph writing.

Keywords: perception, picture, writing, descriptive paragraph


Mating in Drosophila involves a stereotyped series of courtship behaviors in which the male fly successively orients toward the female, taps her with his foreleg, "sings," licks her, and finally attempts to copulate; courtship efficiency determines mating success. Courtship behavior is triggered by specific sensory cues, but the molecular mechanisms by which sensory stimuli are translated into behavioral responses remain unclear (see Giarratani and Vosshall). Bray and Amrein have now identified a male-specific receptor expressed in chemosensory foreleg neurons that appears to be required for efficient courtship. The authors used flies expressing the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 under the control of the promoters of various members of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (Gr genes) that are expressed in subsets of gustatory receptor neurons to drive expression of reporters. One gene, Gr68a, was selectively expressed in chemosensory neurons of male-specific foreleg taste bristles. Inactivation of synaptic transmission from these neurons by selective expression of the tetanus toxin light-chain protein led to reduced courtship intensity, decreased mating efficiency, and lack of success in mating when competing with wild-type males. Knockdown of the GR68a receptor through RNA interference had similar effects. By quantifying performance of the steps involved in Drosophila courtship, the authors determined that the behavioral deficit occurred after orienting but before singing. Thus, G68a appears to be required for the recognition of the nonvolatile pheromones found on the abdomen of female Drosophila, and input from these pheromones during tapping appears to be required for successful completion of courtship behavior. S. Bray, H. Amrein, A putative Drosophila pheromone receptor expressed in male-specific taste neurons is required for efficient courtship. Neuron 39, 1019-1029 (2003). [Online Journal] L. Giarratani, L. B. Vosshall, Toward a molecular description of pheromone perception. Neuron 39, 881-883 (2003). [Online Journal]