In this interdisciplinary research I set out to develop an understanding of the stages in which human participants experience the application Radiomap, an interactive telematic application mapping live radio stations upon a photorealistic live map of the world, developed as part of this practice-based research program. It was applied in two iterative studies, first in a study using a screen-based version of the application, followed by a study using an immersive, telematic environment. Both studies capture and analyse participants experience via interviews in an adapted Grounded Theory approach, resulting in different models of the stages of experience. This includes diagrams of experiential stages as well as telematic set-ups. A contextual review looks at media theory, media design practice, and relevant dimensions of Human-Computer Interaction research and how this discipline understands and
describes telematic experiences. Parts of these dimensions are adapted to inform the methods and methodologies necessary for this research and also to discuss a selection of case studies of interactive art. These case studies, as part of the contextual review, are used to elucidate, establish and analyse the areas of interest Telematic Art, Transformation Art and Global Awareness Art and point to their intrinsic capabilities of not only extending our limited human senses to sense the natural world via remote sensors, but also to create a global awareness, in the sense of an awareness of the planet Earth, in this process. Relevant literature from art theory, philosophy and history of arts complements these examples to form a comprehensive and interdisciplinary system of research methods aided by diagrams and other visual aids depicting crucial experiential characteristics, such as spatiality and medium, which again inform the analysis of data. The conclusions present a critical theory of the different stages of experience that individuals using the application go through. It suggests that a combination of immersive telematics together with the transformation of data into another sensorial modality can create a platform for technological art that questions our relationship with technology and that this critical distance, as opposed to an overwhelming immersion, may aid this process in leaving space to reflect and contemplate this relationship.


The term 'supramolecular chemistry' was defined by Lehn as 'chemistry beyond the
molecule', the aggregation of molecular or ionic entities to yield extensive arrays. Supramolecular chemistry is essentially the designed chemistry of the intermolecular
bond, encircling the traditionally distinct disciplines of organic, inorganic and
physical chemistry. Metal-organic frameworks have been shown to facilitate selective gas sorption and
selective binding of guest solvent molecules, with notable examples from the work of
Yaghi et al. created from the coordination of benzenepolycarboxylates to metal
centres. Authors including Herbstein have investigated the inclusion of solvent
molecules in the solid-state structure of trimesic acid, preventing the interpenetration
of this compound. Here, novel solvent inclusion compounds of hemimellitic acid,
the 1,2,3-trisubstituted relative of trimesic acid, are presented in which the hydrogen
bonded host network forms cavities in which solvent molecules reside. [Continues.]


Links between truancy and academic performance have been well established in research. As such, different measures have been employed to combat truancy across the world. Despite these struggles, current data accessed from different parts of the world show this problem to continue at different degrees. The objectives of the present research were twofold: First, to explore whether the number of students whose truancy is limited to part of the school day is less than those who miss the whole day. Secondly, the study aimed to study the practices of school-administrators in monitoring students' school-attendance and their impact on combating truancy. The results showed that: (i) there are truants of different types: those who miss whole school-day, those who miss some sessions and those who practice both types, (ii) school administrators rely on the same strategy of monitoring students' school-attendance regardless of the truancy-style that is predominant, (iii) in average, whole-day truants perform lower that those who missed part of the day; and, (iv) the prolonged use of the same strategies in monitoring truancy, especially if it is well-known by students has; and, (iv) the use of general and one strategy of monitoring truancy has little impact on schools' struggles to combat truancy. The study recommended educational experts and other stakeholders to categorize truants in their records, and use unique strategies to control different categories of truants.


Using newly digitized data from the Federal Trade Commission, I examine the evolution of executive compensation during the Great Depression, before and after mandated pay disclosure in 1934. I find that disclosure did not achieve the intended effect of broadly lowering CEO compensation. If anything, and in spite of popular outrage against compensation practices, average CEO compensation increased following disclosure relative to the upper quantiles of the non-CEO labor income distribution. Pay disclosure coincided with compression of the CEO earnings distribution. Following disclosure there was a pronounced drop in the residual variance of earnings—computed with size and industry controls—that accounts for almost the entire drop in the unconditional variance. The evidence suggests an upward "ratcheting†effect whereby lower paid CEOs given the size and industry of their firm experienced relative gains while well paid CEOs conditional on these characteristics were not penalized. The exception is at the extreme right tail of the CEO distribution, which fell precipitously, suggesting that disclosure may only have restrained only the most salient and visible wages.


Medical institutions are increasingly concerned about ensuring the safety of patients under their care. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is a qualitative approach based on a proactive process. Strongly promoted by the Joint Commission Accredited of Health Organization (JCAHO) since 2002, FMEA has since been adopted and widely practiced in healthcare organizations to assess and analyze clinical error events. FMEA has proven to be an effective method of minimizing errors in both manufacturing and healthcare industries. It predicts failure points in systems and allows an organization to address proactively the causes of problems and prioritize improvement strategies. The application of FMEA in chemotherapy at our department identified three main failure points: (1) inappropriate chemotherapy standard operating procedures (SOPs), (2) communication barriers, and (3) insufficient training of nurses. The application of FMEA in chemotherapy is expected to enhance the sensitivity and proactive abilities of healthcare practitioners during potentially risky situations as well as to improve levels of patient care safety.


Electron transfer over long distances is important for many future applications in molecular electronics and solar energy harvesting. In these contexts, it is of great interest to find molecular systems that are able to efficiently mediate electrons in a controlled manner over nanometer distances, that is, structures that function as molecular wires. Here we investigate a series of butadiyne-linked porphyrin oligomers with ferrocene and fullerene (C60) terminals separated by one, two, or four porphyrin units (Pn, n = 1, 2, or 4). When the porphyrin oligomer bridges are photoexcited, long-range charge separated states are formed through a series of electron-transfer steps and the rates of photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination in these systems were elucidated using time-resolved absorption and emission measurements. The rates of long-range charge recombination, through these conjugated porphyrin oligomers, are remarkably fast (kCR2 = 15 - 1.3 x 108 s-1) and exhibit very weak distance dependence, particularly comparing the systems with n = 2 and n = 4. The observation that the porphyrin tetramer mediates fast long-range charge transfer, over 65 A, is significant for the application of these structures as molecular wires.


Tectonic coal is a kind of soft coal that is generated during tectonic movement. Gas outbursts usually occur in seams containing both virgin coal and tectonic coal. To reveal the adsorption characteristics of this type of coal seam (containing both virgin coal and tectonic coal), both tectonic coal and virgin coal were collected from the same longwall face and a series of laboratory tests were conducted, including coal sorption tests and pore specific surface measurements. Both the tectonic coal and virgin coal were crushed into coal powder (0.18–0.25 mm) for the coal sorption tests. In these laboratory tests, different mass ratios between tectonic coal and virgin coal were tested. We found that with the increase of the percentage of tectonic coal, the adsorption volume showed a rising trend, reached its maximum value, and then decreased. The specific surface areas of the mixed coal samples had the same evolution trends as those of the adsorption volume. From the laboratory tests, we found that when the mass ratio of virgin coal to tectonic coal was 1:1, both the adsorption volume and the specific surface areas reached their maximum values. Due to the percentage variation of the tectonic coal in the panel with the advancement of the longwall face, when the tectonic coal accounted for 50% of the total coal, the gas content would rise. Thus, proper measures should be adopted for outburst hazards control. The mathematical model between the change of specific surface area and the stress and strain of pore expansion before and after gas adsorption was established, and the relationship between the change of pore structure and gas emission before and after gas adsorption was obtained. It provides a theoretical basis for further research on coal and gas outburst mechanisms.


This article considers the institutional response to the Iconoclastic Fury and the iconoclasm of the early 1580s in the southern provinces of the Netherlands. Although the restoration of Catholicism is more often associated with the early seventeenth century, this article demonstrates that the reconstruction of churches and reestablishment of worship took place a generation earlier in the immediate aftermath of the religious violence. Furthermore this restoration was a priority for the government in the Netherlands, in particular for Margaret of Parma and her son Alexander Farnese, as they sought to regain control of the region and assert the authority of the crown. In particular, they encouraged the use of the ecclesiastical rites of consecration and reconciliation to symbolize the cleansing and purification of the religious landscape after the profane actions of the iconoclasts and adherents of the Reformed faith.


Objective To evaluate the role of cognitive frailty and its components as risk factors of mortality in older adults of the Centro Médico Naval (CEMENA) in Callao, Peru during 2010-2015. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort that included older adults (60 years and older) treated at the CEMENA Geriatrics service between 2010–2015. Frailty was defined as the presence of three or more criteria of the modified Fried Phenotype. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Peruvian version of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), considering a score <21 as cognitive impairment. Cognitive frailty was defined as the coexistence of both. In addition, we included sociodemographic characteristics, medical and personal history, as well as the functional evaluation of each participant. Results We included 1,390 older adults (mean follow-up: 2.2 years), with a mean age of 78.5 ± 8.6 years and 59.6% (n = 828) were male. Cognitive frailty was identified in 11.3% (n = 157) and 9.9% (n = 138) died during follow-up. We found that cognitive frailty in older adults (aHR = 3.57; 95%CI: 2.33–5.49), as well as its components, such as sedentary behavior and cognitive impairment (aHR = 7.05; 95%CI: 4.46–11.13), weakness and cognitive impairment (aHR = 6.99; 95%CI: 4.41–11.06), and exhaustion and cognitive impairment (aHR = 4.51; 95%CI: 3.11–6.54) were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Conclusion Cognitive frailty and its components were associated with a higher risk of mortality in older adults. It is necessary to develop longitudinal studies with a longer follow-up and that allow evaluating the effect of interventions in this vulnerable group of patients to limit adverse health outcomes, including increased mortality.


Many wastewater treatment plants generate more sludge than can be disposed of by conventional means. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has encouraged communities to dispose of sludge by land application. Sludge may contain enteric viruses that are known to survive for long periods of time in sludge-amended soil and can travel great distances, potentially contaminating surface and ground water. Standard cell culture methods for the detection of enteric viruses are costly and results are not obtained for 30 or more days. The development of methods that provide results more quickly and with lower cost are needed. A 32P labeled RNA probe was developed for the detection of poliovirus in sludge. The probe detected 10 fg of poliovirus RNA transcripts and 90 pfu of poliovirus type 1 (LSc). RNA probe and plaque assays were used to evaluate beef extract elution methods for the isolation of poliovirus from sludge. Homogenization of sludge after the addition of beef extract powder at a pH of 7.0 resulted in the highest recovery of seeded poliovirus. Additionally, proteinase k digestion was found to result in a greater detection sensitivity than organic extractions. Small reaction volumes and the presence of inhibitors in environmental samples have limited the use of the highly sensitive and rapid technique of RT-PCR. A magnetic separation procedure using oligo dT paramagnetic beads was developed to capture enterovirus RNA from 900 mul of sample. This method resulted in a 90-fold sample concentration, removal of RT-PCR inhibitors from lime stabilized sludges, and a detection sensitivity of 5 pfu of poliovirus type 1 (LSc). Eight lime stabilized sludge concentrates were evaluated by RT-PCR with magnetic bead capture and by plaque assay. Enteroviruses were not detected by either method. Results may be obtained from RT-PCR within hours and at a cost much lower than the plaque assay. This method could be useful as a rapid screening technique. The direct monitoring of pathogens, such as enteric viruses, instead of the reliance upon indicator organisms, may reduce the risks from land application of sludge and make this practice more acceptable to a greater number of communities.


International migration has increased severely in the last decade in Europe, particularly between Lithuania and Spain. This research addressed trends of earnings and unemployment and their impact on both emigration and immigration in Spain and Lithuania, relying on the data coming from the period of 2000 till 2012. An empirical analysis of both countries using data from Eurostat and national statistics departments has shown evidence that emigration and immigration were continually growing, showing, however, different behavior in terms of imbalances on earnings and unemployment. Thus, in Spain, the main factor that affects emigration is unemployment, and earnings significantly affect immigration. In turn, the results for Lithuania have shown that the main factor that affects emigration is the level of earnings, and unemployment significantly affects immigration.


The contrast of remote sensing images captured in haze condition is poor, which influences their interpretation. In this letter, a novel dehazing algorithm based on the deformed haze imaging model is proposed. First, the model is deformed by introducing a translation term. Second, the atmospheric light and transmission are estimated according to the new model combined with dark channel prior. Lastly, the haze is successfully removed from remote sensing images using the proposed estimation algorithm. The estimated transmission is insensitive to the texture of ground objects, and the dehazing effect for nonuniform haze is more satisfactory than the compared method. Moreover, our approach can be used for general haze removal through adjusting the translation term. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can recover the real scene clearly from haze remote sensing images along with the advantage of good color consistency.


In addition to being a very expressive media, 2D sketches representing the contour of a shape are commonly used as a basis for 3D sketch-based modeling. This paper investigates an alternative to the standard way of creating such sketches: instead of carefully following the contour with a pen and erasing or over-sketching, the user progressively shapes the contour from a simple input curve, only through intuitive deformation gestures. No menus or sliders are used. This is achieved by providing an automatic selection mechanism between a minimal set of deformation operators, inspired from Michael Leyton's perceptual theory of shapes. The shape representation and the active operator parameters are kept transparent to the user. This enables user to focus on the design and makes the system immediately usable by anybody. We validate this new paradigm through a user study that includes a comparison with standard sketching.


Ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride are the white crystalline solid inorganic compounds having wide application in synthesis and analytical chemistry. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of inorganic salt like ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride. The study was performed in two groups of each compound i.e., control and treatment. Treatment groups were received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Subsequently, control and treated groups were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectrum of treated ammonium acetate showed the shifting in wavenumber of vibrational peaks with respect to control. Like, the N-H stretching was shifted from 3024-3586 cm-1 to 3033-3606 cm-1, C-H stretching from 2826-2893 cm-1 to 2817-2881 cm-1, C=O asymmetrical stretching from 1660-1702 cm-1 to 1680-1714 cm-1, N-H bending from 1533-1563 cm-1 to 1506-1556 cm-1 etc. Treated ammonium chloride showed the shifting in IR frequency of three distinct oscillation modes in NH4 ion i.e., at ν1, 3010 cm-1 to 3029 cm-1; ν2, 1724 cm-1 to 1741 cm-1; and ν3, 3156 cm-1 to 3124 cm-1. The N-Cl stretching was also shifted to downstream region i.e., from 710 cm-1 to 665 cm-1 in treated ammonium chloride. UV spectrum of treated ammonium acetate showed the absorbance maxima (λmax) at 258.0 nm that was shifted to 221.4 nm in treated sample. UV spectrum of control ammonium chloride exhibited two absorbance maxima (λmax) i.e., at 234.6 and 292.6 nm, which were shifted to 224.1 and 302.8 nm, respectively in treated sample. Overall, FT-IR and UV data of both compounds suggest an impact of biofield treatment on atomic level i.e., at force constant, bond strength, dipole moments and electron transition energy between two orbitals of treated compounds as compared to respective control.


This research focused on the use of lighting control systems in an office environment by studying the role of smart lighting strategies and their effects on the office. By sequentially testing these strategies for twelve consecutive weeks, this study worked to determine the ability of each approach to reduce the overall energy consumption, while incurring minimal consequences on productivity and comfort. Using two energy management systems installed in the office – Encelium Lighting Control and Pulse Energy Data – three methods were chosen for this study: task tuning, variable load shedding, and daylight harvesting. The test revealed successes and limitations for each of the strategies. Task tuning suggested an appropriate relationship between reducing lighting loads and maintaining comfortable light levels in the work environment; load shedding revealed the difficulty to shed "secondary" lights with minimal impact in an open office environment; and daylight harvesting challenged the depth at which natural light may be effective as a primary means of illumination. While this article was developed as a means to analyze and better understand the potential for smart lighting strategies in a work environment, the results derived from this testing were specific to the physical conditions – including solar orientation and lighting design – of the Perkins+Will Washington DC office and may only be used as suggestive reasoning for energy efficient design strategies.


A 86 MHz-12 GHz digital-intensive reconfigurable PLL frequency synthesizer is presented with 100 kHz to 2 MHz bandwidth. It leverages a 6 fJ/step 5.5 ps, 14b coarse-fine TDC and a 6-12 GHz dual-VCO set. Several simple calibration schemes are proposed that enable the proper performance of the highly efficient TDC in the PLL. The 0.28 mm2 synthesizer, which is appropriate for use in a Software-Defined Radio, features noise cancellation and digital phase modulation and consumes less than 30 mW.


Probabilistic matching of records is widely used to create linked data sets for use in health science, epidemiological, economic, demographic and sociological research. Clearly, this type of matching can lead to linkage errors, which in turn can lead to bias and increased variability when standard statistical estimation techniques are used with the linked data. In this paper we develop unbiased regression parameter estimates to be used when fitting a linear model with nested errors to probabilistically linked data. Since estimation of variance components is typically an important objective when fitting such a model, we also develop appropriate modifications to standard methods of variance components estimation in order to account for linkage error. In particular, we focus on three widely used methods of variance components estimation: analysis of variance, maximum likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood. Simulation results show that our estimators perform reasonably well when compared to standard estimation methods that ignore linkage errors.


In any research program we begin with a hypothesis and when our expected results do not concur with the observed results we must try and understand the dynamics behind the changed process. In this study we were trying to understand the flux between regional groundwater systems, surface waters and sedimentation processes in order to predict the fate of contaminants entering one of the larger bodies of water in the worldLake Ontario. This lake has increased levels of tritium due to anthropogenic inputs. Our first approach to the problem was to look at tritium fluxes within the system . Hydrological balances were constructed and a series of sediment cores were taken longitudinally and laterally across the lake. The second approach was to quantify the sediment accumulation rate (SAR) within the depositional basins an d zones of erosion in order to improve the linkage between erosion control (sedimentation) and the water quality program. In the last chapter the movement of tritium, by molecular diffusion, through the clayeysilts of Lake Ontario is quantified in terms of an effective diffusion coefficient. In these sediments effective diffusion equals molecular diffusion. In a laboratory experiment four cores of lake sediment were spiked with tritium . The resulting concentration gradient changes in the sediment porewaters after six weeks could be modeled by an analytical onedimensional diffusive transport equation. Results calculated the average lab diffusion coefficient to be 2.7 x 10 cmsec which is twice that determined by Wang et al, 1952 but still reasonable. Short cores (50 cm) from lake Ontario had observed tritium concentrations with depth that reflected a variable diffusive profile. The increases and decreases in tritium with depth could be correlated between cores. Monthly tritium emission data was obtained and correlations between peaks in the tritium profile and emissions were observed. Monthly variations in release emissions corresponded to approximately a one centimeter slice of core. An average calculated diffusion coefficient of theses cores was 1.0 x 10 cmsec which compares to Wang's coefficient of 1.39 x 10 cmsec . This implies that tritium is moving through the sediment column at a rate equal to diffusion. The results were obtained for smoothed values. It was not possible to model the perturbations of the data with a one dimensional model. The dynamics of the system imply that tritium could be used as a biomonitor for reactor emissions, mixing time and current direction scenarios and that a better understanding of this process could be gained by future coring studies and a new hypothesis.


How to effectively transfer and exert a pressure on drills in lateral drilling, and to raise the efficiency of rock-breaking and rate of penetration in a bid, is the key technology to improve the quality, speed and economic benefits of lateral drilling. Therefore, based on high pressure jet of 16-hole and 7-hole nozzles, which are suitable for lateral drilling in oilfield at the present stage, we carry out a research on the hydraulic calculation of high pressure water jet flow and the mechanism of rock-breaking. We use threedimensional modeling software to establish models, and analyze the high pressure water jet velocity field combined with numerical simulation software. According to different injection, we calculate the local head of the two nozzles when the working fluid is pure water and the liquid-solid two phases of 4% solid content respectively, through the simulated relational expression between the local head and the injection rate to calculate the maximum speed of each hole and to ensure rock-breaking critical injection of 16-hole and 7-hole nozzles, then compare and analyze the rock-breaking effect of these two kinds of drill bits, at the same time to analyze the influence of nozzles angle on the effect of rock-breaking, so as to optimize the perfect angle of the nozzle and to provide theoretical basis for the popularization and application of lateral drilling high pressure jet rock-breaking..


Purpose: To consider changing roles of academic librarians in particular the role of subject liaison librarians in the 21 st century education. The aim is to stimulate debate on changing roles of librarians, to suggest possibilities and encourage others to envisage librarians and the change process in multiple ways. Design/methodology/approach: Self-review to the researcher is a process through which library roles and services evaluate the effectiveness of what they do, with the aim of improving the quality of their library practice. "Self-review as a form of 'practical philosophy' whereby the philosophical values that underpin the practice of both the individuals and the teaching team as a collective, are examined through a process of reflection and dialogue" (Grey, 2010). Findings: The researcher does not wish to form any fixed generalisations about librarians' roles, instead seek to problematize and discuss an approach that was completed in a context to make visible the understandings and interpretations of those immediately involved in the process. Practical Implications: It is presumed to be significant as the article is a form of self-review; based on the philosophical and values of those directly involved in the service, and so reviews the implementation of philosophy, rather than measuring behaviour against a set of externally defined criteria. Originality/value: This approach contends that evaluation of self- review should consist of a process of meaning making, rather than just the assessment of practice, whereby external behaviour is modified by first examining the underlying values on which it is based.


Amphiphysin 1 (amph 1) is an endocytic protein enriched in the nerve terminals that functions in the clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. It acts as membrane curvature sensor, a linker of clathrin coat proteins, and an enhancer of dynamin Guanosine Triphosphatase (GTPase) activity. Amph 1 undergoes phosphorylation by cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), at five phosphorylation sites, serine 262, 272, 276, 285, and threonine 310, as determined by mass spectrometry (MS). We show here that Cdk5‐dependent phosphorylation of amph 1 is enhanced in the presence of lipid membranes. Analysis by tandem liquid chromatograph MS revealed that the phosphorylation occurs at two phosphorylation sites. The phosphorylation was markedly decreased by mutation either Ser276 or Ser285 of amph 1 to alanine (S276A and S285A). Furthermore, mutation of both sites (S276, 285A) completely eliminated the phosphorylation. Functional studies indicated that binding of amph 1 to lipid membrane was attenuated by Cdk5‐dependent phosphorylation of wild type amph 1, but not of the S276, 285A form. Interestingly, endocytosis was increased in rat pheochromocytoma cells expressing amph 1 S276, 285A in comparison with wild type. These results suggest that Ser276 and Ser285 are regulatory Cdk5 phosphorylation sites of amph 1 in the lipid‐bound state. Phosphorylation at these sites alters binding of amph 1 to lipid membranes, and may be an important regulatory aspect in the regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.


The work deals with public figures as role models of Serbian adolescents. We had three major goals: 1) to classify adolescents' idols and compare data to previous studies; 2) to classify reasons for idols' admiration and to relate them to specific role model types; 3) to test the relationship between idols' preference and adolescents' socio-demographic features. The sample was convenient and consisted of 1404 students from primary and secondary schools in 5 Serbian towns. The question regarding public role models and associated reasons was raised and pupils were asked to name a public figure they look up to and provide explanation why. The results show that: 1) Public figures from show business are the most popular; one new category (entrepreneurs) as a subcategory (you-tubers and bloggers within show business category) has been added to the earlier classification of role models, and there are changes in role model types preference indicating a value shift in Serbian adolescents; 2) Professional success of public figures is the most valued characteristic and sensible connection between types of idols and associated reasons is established by GLM ANOVA and logistic regressions; 3) the connection between idols' preference and adolescents' socio-demographic features is partly confirmed showing that those features are important for understanding adolescents' role model choices. The results have been discussed in the light of previous research and the future directions of this topic investigation.


Phase separation has a significant impact on many chemical engineering applications, and since the phase transition of asymmetric one-component fluid or mixture interfaces can be gradual, or smooth, further analysis is warranted for fluid separation on the mesoscale. Complete scaling is applied to account for fluctuations in the critical region and to model the interfacial profiles of one-component and dilute binary mixtures, as well as calculate the curvature correction to the surface of tension (or Tolman length). Well-established symmetric profiles were selected for the order parameter and thermal scaling densities for use in complete scaling to model these asymmetric fluids. Real fluid asymmetry was applied to these profiles though the scaling coefficients of one-component fluids. Scaling coefficients for mixtures were introduced through the experimental critical parameters of the specific mixture; characteristics accounted for included consideration of the difference in molar volume between solvent and solute, changes in critical temperature and pressure with concentration as well as the Krichevskii parameter. Flory theory was used to approximate the scaling coefficients in dilute polymer solutions to determine the Tolman length. These results indicated that Tolman's length diverges near the critical point of separation and with an increasing degree of polymerization. As an infinite degree of polymerization is approached, the Tolman length becomes half of the width of the interface. Since fluid behavior near the critical point of separation is universal, many of the theoretical expressions shown in this work can be applied to other asymmetric systems. The results of this analysis showed that a large difference in molecular volume led to a higher degree of fluid asymmetry in polymer solutions. The concentration of added solute, specifically in dilute n-heptane-ethane solutions resulted in increased fluid asymmetry in density profiles, as well as a shift toward the density of the added solute. When considering dilute mixtures of aqueous n-hexane and n-heptane-ethane solutions, a slight increase in concentration of solute, coupled with an increasing temperature distance to the critical point of separation, yielded the greatest increase in fluid asymmetry in concentration profiles.


The quality of patterns printed on wafer may be attributed to factors such as process window control, pattern fidelity, overlay performance, and metrology. Each of these factors play an important role in making the process more effective by ensuring that certain design- and process-specific parameters are kept within acceptable variation. Since chip size and pattern density are increasing accordingly, in-line real time catching the in-chip weak patterns/defects per million opportunities (WP-DPMO) plays more and more significant role for product yield with high density memory. However, the current in-line inspection tools focus on single layer defect inspection, not effectively and efficiently to catch multi-layer weak patterns/defects even through voltage contrast and/or special test structure design [1]-[2]. In general, the multi-layer weak patterns/defects are escaped easily by using in-line inspection and cause ignorance of product dysfunction until off-line time-consuming final PFA/EFA will be used. To effectively and efficiently in-line real time monitor the potential multi-layer weak patterns, we quantify the bridge electrical metric between contact and gate electrodes into CD physical metric via big data from the larger field of view (FOV: 8k x 16k with 3 nm pixel equalizes to image main field size 34 um x 34 um @ 3 nm pixel) e-beam quality image contour compared to layout GDS database (D2DB) as shown in Fig. 1. Hadoop-based distributed parallel computing is implemented to improve the performance of big data architectures, Fig. 2. Therefore, the state of art in-line real time catching in-chip potential multi-layer weak patterns can be proven and achieved by following some studying cases [3]. Therefore, manufacturing sources of variations can be partitioned to systematic and random variations by applying statistical techniques based on the big data fundamental infrastructures. After big data handling, the in-chip CD and AA variations are distinguished by their spatial correlation distance. For local variations (LV) there is no correlation, whereas for global variations (GV) the correlation distance is very large [7]-[9]. This is the first time to certificate the validation of spatial distribution from the affordable bias contour big data fundamental infrastructures. And then apply statistical techniques to dig out the variation sources. The GV come from systematic issue, which could be compensated by adaptive LT condition or OPC correction. But LV comes from random issue, which being considered as intrinsic problem such as structure, material, tool capability… etc. In this paper studying, we can find out the advanced technology node SRAM contact CD local variation (LV) dominates in total variation, about 70%. It often plays significant in-line real time catching WP-DPMO role of the product yield loss, especially for wafer edge is the worst loss within wafer distribution and causes serious reliability concern. The major root cause of variations comes from the PR material induced burr defect (LV), the second one comes from GV enhanced wafer edge short opportunity, which being attributed to three factors, first one factor is wafer edge CD deliberated enlargement for yield improvement as shown in Fig. 10. Second factor is overlaps/AA shifts due to tool capability dealing with incoming wafer's war page issue and optical periphery layout dependent working pitch issue as shown in Fig. 9 (1)., the last factor comes from wafer edge burr enhanced by wafer edge larger Photo Resistance (PR) spin centrifugal force. After implementing KPIs such as GV related AA/CD indexes as shown in Fig. 9 (1) and 10, respectively, and LV related burr index as shown in Fig. 11., we can construct the parts per million (PPM) level short probability model via multi-variables regression, canonical correlation analysis and logistic transformation. The model provides prediction of PPM level electrical failure by using in-line real time physical variation analysis. However in order to achieve Total Quality Management (TQM), the adaptive Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts can be implemented to in-line real time catch PPM level product malfunction at manufacturing stage. Applying for early stage monitor likes incoming raw material, Photo Resistance (PR) … etc., the LV related burr KPI SPC charts could be a powerful quality inspection vehicle. To sum up the paper's contributions, the state of art in-line real time catching in-chip potential multi-layer physical weak patterns can be proven and achieved effectively and efficiently to associate with PPM level product dysfunction.


TextMate is a powerful tool for programmers, web designers, and anyone else who regularly needs to work with text files on Mac OS X. TextMate focuses on pragmatic automation, which means it will save you time time that's always in short supply. See how your lowly text editor can become a hard working member of your staff. TextMate is a full-featured text editor available for Mac OS X that can greatly enhance your text manipulation skills. TextMate is actually a thin shell over a personalized team of robot ninjas ready to do your bidding. Let's face it, who doesn't want their very own team of robot ninjas? With TextMate you can do your normal work, but signal the ever-watchful ninjas as you go. At your command, they will launch into action, slicing through text, building repetitive structures of data in the blink of an eye, and much more. They will even post to your blog, handle your IRC conversations, and read your email. Inside this book, you will learn how to teleport instantly to the exact line of the file you need to be on, edit the data with the briefest incantations of power, and banish the end result to the land of your choosing. It's magic, as you can plainly see. Leave the days of dull work behind. Learn your spells, gain access to your team of robot ninjas, and you too will be able to edit text so effortlessly that everyone watching over your shoulder will be forced to ask, "Wait, how did you do that?"


With so
many potentially interconnected electronic devices in today's homes,
manufacturers have to think of theirs as only one of the components involved in
a general user experience, and not as an isolated device. Users are likely to
be using several devices at the same time, either actively through immediate
interaction, or passively by expecting devices to give them notifications when
necessary, for example. Thus, having cross-devices functionalities is often
necessary for a product to be really adapted to its usage situation. Moreover,
just as we install software on computers, smartphones and tablets for
additional functionalities to use their own hardware, it would be logical to
install cross-devices software to use the combined hardware of several home
devices for a better user experience. However, even though a number of
technologies can be used to transmit data or commands between devices, UPnP
being a widespread example, it is not possible to access the behavior of remote
devices and add functionalities to them this way. Thus, when manufacturers
design their products, there is no way for them to make full use of the other
appliances at the user's home without developing and deploying specific
software on each of them. In order to address this issue, this paper discusses
a platform for generic development and on-the-fly deployment of applications on
home devices. This system aims at letting device vendors deploy innovative
features across devices in a home network, without requiring prior knowledge or
control over devices already present in the user's environment. For this
platform to be fit for consumer devices, it is designed to be cost-effective,
use recent and widespread technologies, and be fast to implement and work with.


Railway tracks are conventionally built on compacted ballast and structural fill layers placed above the natural (subgrade) foundation. However, during train operations, track deteriorations occur progressively due to ballast degradation. The associated track deformation is usually accompanied by a reduction in both load bearing capacity and drainage, apart from imposing frequent track maintenance. Suitable ground improvement techniques involving plastic inclusions (e.g., geogrids) and energy absorbing materials (e.g., rubber products) to enhance the stability and longevity of tracks have become increasingly popular. This paper presents the outcomes from innovative research and development measures into the use of plastic and rubber elements in rail tracks undertaken at the University of Wollongong, Australia, over the past twenty years. The results obtained from laboratory tests, mathematical modelling and numerical modelling reveal that track performance can be improved significantly by using geogrid and energy absorbing rubber products (e.g., rubber crumbs, waste tire-cell and rubber mats). Test results show that the addition of rubber materials can efficiently improve the energy absorption of the structural layer and also reduce ballast breakage. Furthermore, by incorporating the work input parameters, the energy absorbing property of the newly developed synthetic capping layer is captured by correct modelling of dilatancy. In addition, the laboratory behavior of tire cells and geogrids has been validated by numerical modelling (i.e., Finite Element Modelling-FEM, Discrete Element—DEM), and a coupled DEM-FEM modelling approach is also introduced to simulate ballast deformation.


The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide mechanistically links the circadian clock to control of energy production by mitochondria. Biological clocks allow organisms to anticipate cycles of feeding, activity, and rest so that metabolic enzymes in mitochondria are ready when needed. Peek et al. (see the Perspective by Rey and Reddy) describe a mechanism by which the biochemical elements of the circadian clock are linked to such control of mitochondrial metabolism. The clock controls rhythmic transcription of the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme required for synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The concentration of NAD+ in mitochondria determines the activity of the deacetylase SIRT3, which then controls acetylation and activity of key metabolic enzymes. NAD+ also influences clock function and thus appears to be a versatile point at which regulation of oxidative metabolism is coordinated with the daily cycles of energy consumption. C. B. Peek, A. H. Affinati, K. M. Ramsey, H.-Y. Kuo, W. Yu, L. A. Sena, O. Ilkayeva, B. Marcheva, Y. Kobayashi, C. Omura, D. C. Levine, D. J. Bacsik, D. Gius, C. B. Newgard, E. Goetzman, N. S. Chandel, J. M. Denu, M. Mrksich, J. Bass, Circadian clock NAD+ cycle drives mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in mice. Science 342, 1243417 (2013). [Abstract] [Full Text] G. Rey, A. B. Reddy, Rhythmic respiration. Science 342, 570–571 (2013). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Vision-based tracking is used in nearly all robotic laboratories for monitoring and extracting of agent positions, orientations, and trajectories. However, there is currently no accepted standard software solution available, so many research groups resort to developing and using their own custom software. In this paper, we present version 4 of SwisTrack, an open source project for simultaneous tracking of multiple agents. While its broad range of pre-implemented algorithmic components allows it to be used in a variety of experimental applications, its novelty stands in its highly modular architecture. Advanced users can therefore also implement additional customized modules which extend the functionality of the existing components within the provided interface. This paper introduces SwisTrack and shows experiments with both marked and marker-less agents.


More than fifty years after the definitive end of the national socialist regime, there still exists not a single comprehensive survey of the fate of German social democracy under Hitler. This 'white spot' in German historiography stands in stark contrast to local and regional studies of the general resistance movement. One of the consequences of this lacuna is the belief in the relative continuity of social democratic politics and practice from Weimar through the Nazi years, with the SPD exile leadership in unchallenged control, so that in 1945 German social democracy could literally pick up its pieces and continue where it had left off before. And, indeed, by and large, the SPD of the immediate post-Second World War era did present a picture of harmonious continuity with the pre-Nazi era SPD. Yet what this image overlooks is the fact that for at least
three important years, from 1933 to 1936, a crucial break occurred in SPD theory and practice, a break, however, which was barely discernible at the leadership level. A close look at the daily practice of the rank and file under- ground circles and the deliberations of exile groupings of the SPD strongly suggests that, instead of a steady slide towards moderation from the 1920s to the 1950s, from 1933 to 1936 a seemingly inexplicable-and thus far largely overlooked-wave of radicalization affected the surviving structures of the SPD.


The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), especially that of adult humans, is a representative example of organs that do not regenerate. However, increasing interest has focused on the development of innovative therapeutic methods that aim to regenerate damaged CNS tissue by taking advantage of recent advances in stem cell and neuroscience research. In fact, the recapitulation of normal neural development has become a vital strategy for CNS regeneration. Normal CNS development is initiated by the induction of stem cells in the CNS, i.e., neural stem cells (NSCs). Thus, the introduction or mobilization of NSCs could be expected to lead to CNS regeneration by recapitulating normal CNS development, in terms of the activation of the endogenous regenerative capacity and cell transplantation therapy. Here, the recent progress in basic stem cell biology, including the author's own studies, on the prospective identification of NSCs, the elucidation of the mechanisms of ontogenic changes in the differentiation potential of NSCs, the induction of neural fate and NSCs from pluripotent stem cells, and their therapeutic applications are summarized. These lines of research will, hopefully, contribute to a basic understanding of the nature of NSCs, which should in turn lead to feasible strategies for the development of ideal "stem cell therapies" for the treatment of damaged brain and spinal cord tissue.


Abstract The objective of this study is to identify the determinants of a firm's foreign entry mode choice and the relationship between mode selection and firm performance for the specific case of R&D—a topic not yet investigated in entry mode research. Separate estimates of a Heckman selection model for Austria and Switzerland based on comparable firm-level data and variable specification show for both countries that the OLI model is well-suited to explain not only the propensity to invest in R&D abroad but also the related choice between an equity-based and a non-equity governance mode. Moreover, the research reveals that foreign R&D activity is positively related to firm performance and that this relationship is stronger in the case of an equity-based mode of governance, however only in the Swiss case. The differences between the two countries primarily reflect the much higher degree of internationalisation of the Swiss economy. Data available upon request (see the following link): http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/journalarticles/2015-34/dataavailability-2015-34/view


To date, the economic analysis of water use, especially in a regional context, is unthinkable without the coordination of water demand and supply issues. The point is that water supply costs and water demand are closely interrelated. The paper presents one of the possible approaches to water supply-demand balancing. Specifically, it is concerned with the coordination of the two regional models -- agricultural water demand and water supply models for the Silistra region of Bulgaria. Both these models were developed at IIASA separately in 1977 and 1979 respectively. The approach is based on the search for the equilibrium state for water demands and marginal costs of water. The procedure of the search for the equilibrium point developed is the iterative process of interacting the two models mentioned above. The paper does not attempt to find theoretical proofs for the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium state for the two models, or the convergence of the iterative process. The main working tool in the water demand and supply coordination chosen was computer experiments. The interactive runs of these models were done on the IIASA PDP 11/45 and Pisa (Italy) IBM 365/170 computers. Convergence of the iterative process above occurred in the five iterations. One of the interesting results of the modeling effort is the economic inexpedience of irrigation for some agricultural areas with high enough marginal costs of water. In the paper, the Silistra agricultural water demand and supply models, the principles of their coordination, and results of runs are presented.


Informed by Rushdie's non-fiction, the social history of photography in India, and the work of Debord and Sontag, in this reading of Midnight's Children, I contend that Rushdie uses fictional photographs to stage a realist satire of colonial and nationalist ideologies, thus countering various attempts to label Midnight's Children as magic realism or exoticism. ********** A media campaign for Macintosh computers that featured a photograph of Mahatma Gandhi and the caption "think different" elicited a vehement condemnation from Salman Rushdie. Dismayed that such a complex and enigmatic figure, one who opposed the technological modernization of India, should be reduced to visual shorthand for an imperialist narrative of progress, Rushdie offered the following lament: "[Gandhi] has become abstract, ahistorical, postmodern, no longer a man in and of his time but a free-floating concept, a part of the available stock of cultural symbols, an image that can be borrowed, used, distorted, reinvented, to fit many different purposes, and to the devil with historicity or truth" (Step 166). This induction of Gandhi's image into the catalogue of corporate clip art is a vivid symptom of the "society of the spectacle" featured in the title of Guy Debord's 1967 Situationist work. Debord astutely observes the manner in which the proliferation of images in industrialized society has evolved into the production of false realities. For Debord, a veil of images has been drawn between the individual and an authentic experience of time and history, thus concealing capitalist transformation beneath an emerging cultural amnesia and subjecting society to accelerating cycles of consumption. The manipulation of photographs as part of the spectacle's validation of ideology and commodification of culture is a recurring motif in both the political history of India and Rushdie's non-fiction. Thus the photograph plays a substantial role in framing Rushdie's critique of spectacle, and it is through Situationist critiques of photography articulated by Susan Sontag and John Berger that Rushdie has been most influenced by Debord's discourse. Sontag and Berger both echo the vocabulary of Debord's concept of detournement, the process whereby the "despotism of a fragment imposing itself as the pseudo-knowledge of a frozen whole" is restored to "its context, its own movement and ultimately the overall frame of reference of its period" (Debord 145-46). In On Photography, Susan Sontag describes the photograph similarly as a "fragment," a "quotation [...] open to any kind of reading," falsely regarded as a "piece of reality" (71, 74). Just as Debord accuses the spectacle of naturalizing a socially conditioned way of seeing, Sontag writes that "photographs have become the norm for the way things appear to us, thereby changing the very idea of reality and of realism" (87). It is through photography, Sontag concludes, that "history is converted into spectacle," "people become customers of reality," and "every subject is depreciated into an article of consumption [and] promoted into an item for aesthetic appreciation" (110). Applying the concept of detournement to photography, Berger argues that photography must be represented in a "radial system" of words and other images to ensure that it serves as a contextual aid to social and political memory and is not used to construct a linear narrative that substitutes in a fascist manner for memory (292-3). What has not been so clearly understood is that this discourse on photography and spectacle informs Rushdie's fiction as well. In spite of the context provided by Rushdie's essays, the critical response to Midnight's Children has struggled to discern the novel's relationship to imperialist ideology and often suggests that the novel contributes, even if unwittingly, to the spectacle of India as an exotic "other." Certain postcolonial theorists regard the European geographical location and educational tradition from which Rushdie writes as grounds to disqualify his portrayal of Indian society as participating in the imperialist gaze, while others have indicted Rushdie's participation in a capitalist publishing scheme that markets Anglo-Indian writers within the discourse of the exotic (see Barnett and Huggan). …


BRANDON WAGNER: Peer Characteristic Moderation of Peer Influence in the Adolescent Initiation of Drinking (Under the Direction of Kathleen Mullan Harris) While it is understood that peers influence the behaviors of individuals, very little work has examined how the characteristics of peers factor into the influence process. Examining the adolescent transition to alcohol usage, this paper focuses on how peer characteristics, in particular age, change the influence a peer exerts. With data from the in-school and Wave 1 collection of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I use two different approaches in order to minimize the issue of endogeneity that plagues peer research: an instrumental variable approach that uses school grade configuration to instrument having older friends and a dyad approach that measures changing similarity between friends as a function of individual and peer characteristics. While there are no significant findings from the instrumental variable approach, the results from the dyad analysis reveal evidence that adolescent are more likely to change their drinking behavior to match that of older friends.


One of the most developed theories of phospholipid homeostasis is the intrinsic curvature hypothesis, which, in broad terms, postulates that cells regulate their lipid composition so as to keep constant the membrane stored curvature elastic energy. The implication of this hypothesis is that lipid composition is determined by a ratio control function consisting of the weighted sum of concentrations of type II lipids in the numerator and the weighted sum of concentrations of Type 0 lipids in the denominator. In previous work we used a data-driven approach, based on lipidomic data from asynchronous cell cultures, to determine a criterion that allows the different lipid species to be assigned to the set of type 0 or of type II lipids, and hence construct a ratio control function that serves as a proxy for the lipid contribution to total membrane stored curvature elastic energy in vivo. Here we apply the curvature elastic energy proxy to the analysis of lipid composition data from synchronous HeLa cells as they traverse the cell cycle. Our analysis suggests HeLa cells modify their membrane stored elastic energy through the cell cycle. In S-phase type 0 lipids are the most abundant, whilst in G2 type II lipids are most abundant. Changes in our proxy for membrane stored elastic energy correlate with membrane curvature dependent processes in the HeLa cell around division, providing some insights into the interplay between the individual lipid and protein contributions to membrane free energy.


The tax compliance literature indicates that many factors, including economic, social, psychological and demographic factors, have an impact on the compliance behaviour of taxpayers. Of the two main compliance theories, the economic deterrence theory model and social/fiscal psychology theory model, this study has adopted the latter. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not a relationship exists between selected tax compliance variables (both economic and non-economic) and the attitudes and behaviour of Australian individual taxpayers, with an emphasis on which variables also act as an effective deterrent to non-compliance. This study adopted a mixed method research approach. First, a quantitative component comprising a mail survey was distributed to a sample of known tax evaders (i.e., those who had been audited and penalised) via the databases of the ATO. This was followed by an electronic version of the survey which was distributed to a sample of the general population (non-evaders) via the databases of a market research company. Second, a qualitative component comprising six tax evader and seven non-evader semi-structured interviews were conducted over the phone and in person to support and cross-validate the previous survey findings. The variables of interest in this study were the moral values of taxpayers, their perceptions of fairness and specific deterrent measures. Eight demographic variables were also examined in conjunction with the compliance variables. The survey data was statistically analysed using Chi-Square and Logistic Regression and, for a comparative analysis between the two different samples, Mann-Whitney U Tests were employed. For the interview data, thematic framework analysis was utilised along with the pattern-matching technique. Based on both components of the research method, there was evidence of a significant relationship between tax morals, tax fairness and tax law enforcement and compliance behaviour in the evader sample. With respect to the non-evader sample, there was a significant relationship reported between tax penalties, tax morals and tax awareness and compliance behaviour. No significant results were reported for the probability of detection and compliance behaviour in either sample. However, there was some evidence of a relationship between the selected compliance variables themselves, for example, tax fairness and tax morals. Other major findings included the influence of the gender variable on selected compliance variables for both the evader and non-evader samples, while both the income and education variables significantly impacted upon compliance behaviour but mainly in the evader sample. The results of all other demographic variables were not significant. In distinguishing between the two taxpayer samples, all compliance variables except tax morals and tax penalties produced statistically significant differences. Likewise, amongst the eight demographic variables, statistically significant differences were reported for six, with only location and return lodgement being similar amongst the samples. Consequently, the findings of the study suggest that tax morals and, to a lesser degree, tax fairness, tax law enforcement, tax awareness, gender, education and income level, directly and indirectly influence compliance behaviour. It is envisaged that the results of this study provide useful information for the Australian revenue authority and have implications for tax policy development.


The overall aim of this thesis was to identify whether oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics are a determining factor in the performance of soccer-specific high-intensity exercise. To achievethis aim there were five objectives: 1) to design a protocol for the assessment of VO2 kinetics at the onset and cessation of moderate- and heavy-intensity treadmill running; 2) to assess thereproducibility of VO2 kinetics measured during such a protocol; 3) to quantify thecharacteristics of VO2 kinetics during the onset and cessation of moderate- and heavy-intensity running; 4) to identify if VO2 kinetics discriminate between elite and non-elitesoccer players and 5) to identify the physiological processes (VO2 kinetics, VO2 max, GET, anaerobic capacity) that determine soccer-specific high-intensity running capacity. To establish the day-to-day variability in aerobic markers of moderate- (80%GET) and heavy-(50%Delta) intensity exercise domains, the pulmonary gas exchange of nine participants was measured during an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion on two occasions. Narrow 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and low coefficients of variation (CV) indicated that such markers of intensity were reproducible. Based on these findings, eight participants performed a repeated exercise transition treadmill protocol (six moderate (80%GET) and two heavy (50%A) transitions) on two occasions. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (ANOVA) revealed the phase II time constant (tau[1]) to be invariant across intensity domains for both exercise transients (tau[1]on, moderate 23.2 +/- 2.9 s vs. heavy 23.7 +/-3.1 s; tau[1off] moderate 27.4 +/- 3.5 s vs. heavy 27.1 +/- 2.4 s), while both phase II and III tau were quicker during the onset than cessation of exercise (phase III, tau[2on] 177.5 +/- 43.9 s vs. tau[2off] 396.1 +/- 52.3). The 95% LOA and CV for phase II parameters were small for both intensities and transients of exercise. Conversely, broad 95% LOA were identified for all the phase III parameters. To address this problem, the treadmill protocol was modified to include four very heavy-intensity exercise transients (80%?) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the phase III response. Analysis of test-retest data obtained from ten participants revealed that although the CV and 95% LOA for the phase III parameters were improved, they were still larger than for phase II parameters.Using the very-heavy intensity treadmill protocol, a relationship (bivariate correlation) was found between r1on and soccer-specific high-intensity running capacity, both for professional (Pro, n = 18) (r = -0.71; P =0.013) and amateur (Am, n = 18) (r = -0.69; P = 0.014) soccer players. However, the role VO2 kinetics plays in such exercise appears to be limited, as a mixed design two-way ANOVA revealed that the Pro players ran further in a test of soccer-specific fitness (Pro 966 +/- 153 m vs. Am 840 +/- 156 m) despite the VO2 kinetic profiles of the two groups being indistinguishable (tau[1on], Pro 24.5 +/- 3.2 s vs. Am 24.7 +/- 1.8 s; tau[1off], Pro 28.7 +/- 2.8 s vs. Am 29.3 +/-3.5 s). To identify which physiological processes did determine soccer-specific high-intensity running capacity among elite players, a longitudinal study was conducted with 16 Pro soccer players (8 = controls, 8 = training), whose soccer specific fitness, aerobic (VO[2] max, VO[2] kinetics) and anaerobic profiles (anaerobic capacity) were assessed before and after a six week high-intensity training intervention. A two-way ANOVA mixed design revealed soccer-specific fitness (P=0.015) and anaerobic capacity (P = 0.021) were the only measures that increased among the training group following the intervention. The change between the two measures was also correlated (r = 0.89; P = 0.012). It is plausible that due to the sporadic nature and high-intensity of the running performed in soccer, VO2kinetics are not a determinant of performance, and above a certain threshold of aerobic fitness, it is the capacity for anaerobic energy production that is crucial for the performance of soccer-specific high-intensity running.


Ten foxtail millet accessions were collected from different parts of Nepal and were characterized for different agro morphological traits at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan. Ten accessions were experimented in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Observations were taken for quantitative traits i.e. days to heading, days to anthesis, days to maturity, peduncle length, plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth, flag leaf length breadth ratio and stay green period and yield attributing traits i.e. panicle length, panicle exertion, number of panicle per square meter, hundred grain weight, five panicle weight and yield per plant. The mean performance was obtained and correlation analysis was performed between grain yield and other traits. Observations were also taken for qualitative traits i.e. tip of first leaf, anthocyanin at leaf base, lobe compactness, length of bristles, anthocyanin presence, leaf blade altitude, flag leaf color, lobe in panicles, panicle lodging, inflorescence compactness, overall color, panicle anthocyanin, panicle shape and growth habit. Significant differences were observed among the accessions for many characters. Based on quantitative and yield attributing traits, Humla-149 was considered the best performing accession. The UPGMA clustering and PCA analysis revealed three distinct clusters of the studied accessions. Most closely related accessions were Co-1896 and Co-5645 and most distantly related accessions were Co-1896 and Humla-522. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 298-307


This paper highlights the folk perception of impoliteness among Ghanaians in view of Watts' (2003) notion of first order impoliteness. The study showed that impoliteness is not just an opposite of politeness, but the manifestation of non-cooperation, disapproval, and mutual antipathy through certain communicative behaviours that signal disrespect. These communicative behaviours include 'interrupting others', the use of 'invectives' and the use of 'offensive non-verbal forms of communication (NVCs)'. The use of these impolite communicative behaviours destabilizes interpersonal relationships and shows that a speaker is communicatively incompetent. The study also proposed the 'pardonability scale of impoliteness'. This scale showed that among Ghanaians, the use of invectives is the most offensive and least pardonable impolite communicative behaviour while the use of offensive NVCs is the least offensive and most pardonable impolite communicative behaviour. It was also noted that the degree of offensiveness or pardonability in the order of the arrangement displayed on the scale, is not strictly tied to all speech events.


Entanglement in multipartite systems is a key resource for quantum information and communication protocols, making its verification in complex systems a necessity. Because an exact calculation of arbitrary entanglement probes is impossible, we derive and implement a numerical method to construct multipartite witnesses to uncover entanglement in arbitrary systems. Our technique is based on a substantial generalization of the power iteration, an essential tool for computing eigenvalues, and it is a solver for the separability eigenvalue equations, enabling the general formulation of optimal entanglement witnesses. Beyond our rigorous derivation and direct implementation of this method, we also apply our approach to several examples of complexly quantum-correlated states and benchmark its general performance. Consequently, we provide an generally applicable numerical tool for the identification of multipartite entanglement.


Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a process influenced by various microorganisms especially by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) which affects the kinetics of corrosion procedure under anaerobic conditions. About 20% of the annual corrosion damages of metals may be produced by microbial activities especially due to anaerobic corrosion influenced by SRB. MIC is the main contributor of corrosion problems and a leading cause of pipeline failure in oil and gas industries. SRBs are main microorganisms that can anaerobically generate sulfide species causing biocorrosion in the injection networks. Moreover, the produced H2S gas is toxic, corrosive, and responsible for a variety of environmental problems. Additionally, the presence of SRB can result in health and safety risks to workers due to sulfide production. In order to prevent this, oil-producing companies use high concentrations of biocides to disinfect the water and inhibit excessive biofilm formation caused mainly by (SRB). However, traditional biocides may be harmful to environment by forming harmful disinfection byproducts. Also the biocide treatment having other disadvantages like low efficiency against biofilms, release of disinfection byproducts and its high cost. Theses disadvantages can be solved by the use of green biocides including nanomaterials which has very low toxicity, environmental acceptability, safety and ease of use etc. Several nanomaterials have been utilized to inhibit the growth of different microorganisms and can be a possible alternative for controlling SRB biofilm and its corrosion. Here, we introduced an environmentally benign approach to use a green biocide; chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite against SRB induced MIC towards carbon steel. The nanoparticles of chitosan and ZnO were prepared independently and treated together to form the chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was synthesized with different percentage of ZnO initial content and characterized by SEM, TEM, FTIR, TGA etc. The average size of chitosan nanoparticles were in between 40-60 nm and it clearly shows the distribution of ZnO NPs in the chitosan nanoparticles matrix. The particles in chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite were found with almost spherical morphology. The electrodes were made of carbon steel S150 was used for all the experiments. S150 carbon steel electrode of exposed area of 8 mm diameter used for the corrosion experiments after hot mounting process followed by polishing and grinding process. The electrodes were incubated with SRB containing media with and without nanocomposites and kept in a shaking incubator at 37° under inert atmosphere. The effect of the chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite on corrosion inhibition was studied by varying the concentrations of nanocomposites under optimized bacterial concentration and experimental conditions. The surface features and the elemental analysis of the biofilm and corrosion product were evaluated by SEM as well as XPS in different time intervals and compared with the control samples. The surface features of the corroded electrodes was investigated by SEM and profilometry after removing the corrosion product by using a simple chemical treatment procedure. The effect of chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite on corrosion behavior of carbon steel against SRB was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion potential, polarization resistance and polarization curve measurements at different time intervals. It was found that the chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite inhibits the SRB biofilm formation and corrosion. The results of the electrochemical analysis showed that the chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite (10% ZnO content) at 250 ppm concentration having highest corrosion inhibition and can be used an effective corrosion inhibition agent against SRB induced MIC. References Wang, H. F., et al. Materials Chemistry and Physics 124, 791-794, (2010).Vanaei, H. R., et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 149, 43-54, (2017). Xu, D. et al. Engineering Failure Analysis 28, 149-159, (2013).


Much effort is devoted to proving that a particular subject field or activity is a discipline and indeed, a scientific discipline. These efforts result from stereotypical prejudices about the significance of science and its social impact. Terminology has suffered from these misconceptions, as can be seen from the repeated references to "terminology science " in recent publications. This paper is intended to clarify the position of terminology as a theoretical and practical field of study; and to propose a general approach to the description of terms within a general framework for the description of language. Taking linguistics as a starting point, it attempts to present an alternative paradigm which serves for the description of the multidisciplinary and multidimensional nature of terms and their use in discourse.


Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork during the times of economic crisis, this article addresses protest graffiti created by young people, often living in precarious conditions. The text explores the uncertain living conditions of Greek youth in the era of austerity and investigates the graffiti act as a cultural tool through which a young graffitists seeks alternative modes to express its dissatisfaction, protest and, often, readiness for social change. It employs a socio-semiotic analysis combining a biographical approach of graffiti writers' lived experiences and the semiotic analysis of graffiti creation within the specific social and cultural context in which the very act of graffiti is performed. Exploring the social world of politically themed or existentialism-oriented graffiti in various Greek cities, the analysis shed light on the structures of feeling of young people living under adverse conditions, revealing social and aesthetic trends, expressive forms of social protest, and existential quests within Greek youth. The research findings show that the scene of political-existential graffiti is an encounter between the subversive aesthetic aura of graffiti with the counter-austerity movement's repertory of collective action in the ongoing struggle against austerity policies.


Knowing where animals are located throughout the day can be important in some studies. While scan sampling methods can be imprecise, continuous video observation is precise but time-consuming. Commercial automated tracking systems (ATS) quantify animal behavior by assigning an X, Y coordinate for an animal's location at a given time. The objective of this study was to validate an ATS, Ethovision, using the 'color' tracking method compared with a human observer using the Observer 5.0 (HOB). Nursery pigs (n = 44, 1 pig was removed from the study due to technical problems with the HOB) were group housed (n = 4/pen). Each pig in the pen had a different color tape around its shoulders (11 replications/color). Pigs were video recorded continuously for 1 h with color cameras at 30 frames/s. Videos were scored for a 1 h period for the time spent on the right half of the pen. Data obtained with the ATS were compared to data collected by HOB by ANOVA and regression analyses. The following results were obtained using 10 pixels as a parameter of detection in ATS. No difference (P = 0.597) was observed between HOB and ATS for the time spent on the right. A linear regression comparing the methods of observation for ′time spent on the right′ yielded an r2 of 0.9102 (or r = 0.954, P < 0.01) which indicated ATS as an assay was a precise predictor of HOB measurements (using 100 pixels, there was no difference in the means but the r2 was 0.78). The simple linear regression model was HOB = 0.962 ATS + 3.6929 (SEb = 0.047). The number of pixels used in the ATS must be optimized to accurately interpret animal movement. Additionally, the surface area covered by the tape, the color and elasticity of the tape, and the lighting system in the room can also affect the efciency of the ATS. In conclusion, the ATS generated mean values similar to behavioral data collected by HOB. The r2 demonstrates that the ATS closely predicted data obtained by HOB. The ATS is recommended for collection of this type of behavioral information.


The disclosure of open government data is a complex activity that may create public value yet might also encounter risks, such as the misinterpretation and misuse of data. While politicians support data release and assume that the positive value of open data will dominate, many governmental organizations are reluctant to open their data, as they are afraid of the dark side. The objective of this paper is to provide a decision-making model that assists in trade-offs between the pros and cons of open data. Data disclosure is dependent on the type of data (e.g. its sensitivity, structure and quality) and the context (e.g. organizational policies, legislation and the political influences). Based on the literature and fifteen in-depth interviews with public sector officials and data archivists, this paper identifies contextual and dataset-related variables which influence a trade- off. A decision-making model is presented capturing trade-offs, and in this way providing guidance for weighing the creation of public value and the risks. The model can be used for decision-making to open or not to open data. It is likely that the decision regarding which data should be opened or closed will shift over time.


Seven examples of a syndrome described originally by Asher and associated with the name of Baron Munchausen are reported. These patients spent much of their lives in hospitals with fictitious symptoms that were usually dramatic, indulged in pathological lying (pseudologia phantastica) and submitted to repeated unnecessary operations and protracted investigations. The term Munchausen Syndrome is considered inappropriate in that it implies that these cases form a distinct clinical entity, refers only to their pseudologia and confers ridicule upon them, so "The Syndrome of Hospital Addiction" has been proposed as an alternative title to this paper since it is not open to these objections.

The principal features of the syndrome have been described and tabulated. The observation that three of these patients may have sustained brain damage prior to the commencement of their hospital addiction is of particular interest, since this may have provided an organic basis for their aberrant behaviour.

Motivation is largely unknown, but recognition that these patients are mentally rather than physically ill is required, so that they may be given treatment to prevent them from destroying themselves. Further research is necessary, directed to ascertaining the natural history of the disease, providing a better understanding of the personality disorder and improving methods of psychiatric treatment for this condition.

Following conviction before a criminal court, legal machinery now exists to detain a patient suffering from this syndrome for a prolonged period in a specified mental hospital (27). Under these circumstances it is suggested that the provisions of the Mental Health Act should be applied wherever possible to future cases, so that they may be admitted to psychiatric hospitals for investigation and treatment. In view of their tendency to abscond from "open door" mental hospitals, admission to a special security hospital (28) may enable therapy to be more effectively administered.


Peer mentoring is a learning process wherein a more experienced student provides advice and support to a less experienced student during their academic career. At the graduate level, peer mentoring has been shown to increase social support, career readiness, retention, and graduation rates among first-year students. In spring 2021, the Exercise Science graduate program at Texas State University initiated a peer mentoring program. The participants reported that they felt more integrated in the graduate program. Meeting and socializing with mentor/mentee have enhanced their sense of belonging and relatedness, especially during COVID, when students felt more isolated. The professional relationship made them more prone to return and strive for academic success. This article describes a peer mentoring program that has been successfully implemented in a kinesiology graduate program and makes recommendations for universities to study the impact of peer mentoring on marginalized student well-being, retention, career readiness, and academic success in future research.


Controlled Smith degradation of ukonan C, a phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., was performed. The reticuloendothelial system-potentiating, anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of ukonan C and its degradation products were investigated. Methylation analyses of the primary and secondary Smith degradation products and of a de-arabinosylated product indicated that structural features of the arabinogalactan core of ukonan C include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose and beta-1,4-linked D-xylose. All of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues with or without terminal alpha-L-arabinose units at position 3. Ukonan C showed remarkable effects on both reticuloendothelial system-potentiating and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities. Periodate oxidation caused a decrease in or disappearance of the immunological activities, but the controlled Smith degradation product having the arabinogalactan core structure of polysaccharide showed a pronounced effect on anti-complementary activity.


Food and health industries are taking advantage of the phenolics in elderberries (Sambucus L.) to relieve symptoms of ailments like the flu. A rise in demand has induced an increase in the production of elderberry products. Although the pharmacological attributes of these fruits have been investigated, the toxicology has not been well addressed. While inedible species such as S. glauca have been found to contain cyanogenic glycosides, there is not a clear understanding of the toxicity of these plants. These cyanogenic glycosides hydrolyze to form the toxin hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when consumed, causing the clinical symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, cyanosis, liver damage, hypotension, fever, mental confusion, and even death. For this reason, the consumption of these fruits in the raw state may pose a hazard to humans. Before consumption it is recommended that berries be de-stemmed, seeded, and cooked to avoid toxic effects. The purpose of this study was to quantify the cyanogenic glycosides prunasin and sambunigrin in elderberries native to Maine. This research observed that prunasin standard chemically changes over time while in a methanol solution. This change may be from degradation or from reactions with unknown impurities in the standard. This study also found that standard can be removed from methanol and later re-dissolved to prevent this chemical change, which may save time and money in future studies. Another finding in this study is that the best HPLC-UV chromatographic separation occurs in an acid-free mobile phase. Finally this study found that an ELSD should be used to quantify prunasin.


As part of a fiscal stimulus package, some members of Congress have recently proposed a temporary investment subsidy. This paper uses the neoclassical growth model to evaluate the likely macroeconomic effects of such a subsidy. The model predicts a 0.8 percentage point increase in output growth in the quarter that the policy is implemented. In subsequent quarters, the output growth effects are negligible. As the subsidy ends, output growth falls 1 percentage point before returning to its trend growth rate. While a permanent subsidy will lead to more capital deepening in the long term, it also represents a permanent fall in government revenues. Under a temporary subsidy, there is less capital deepening, but the decline in government revenues is likewise more modest.


The surgical planning of MR-guided laser induced thermal therapy (MRgLITT) stands to benefit from predictive computational modeling. The dearth of physical model parameter data leads to modeling uncertainty. This work implements a well-accepted framework with three key steps for model-building: model-parameter sensitivity analysis, model calibration, and model validation. The sensitivity study is via generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) paired with a transient finite element (FEM) model. Uniform probability distribution functions (PDFs) capture the plausible range of values suggested by the literature for five model parameters. The five PDFs are input separately into the FEM model to gain a probabilistic sensitivity response of the model to the input PDFs. The result demonstrates the model output variance is dominated by the three optical parameters and the two remaining parameters contribute less. The second aim is model calibration, given the need to acquire model parameter data of greater precision sans physical measurement. The availability of a relatively large cohort of N = 22 clinical laser ablations of metastases gradient-based inverse problems provides inference of the optical parameter values, the most sensitive parameter as indicated by gPC, from patient MR temperature imaging (MRTI). In order to accelerate the bioheat model for iteration during parameter optimization, two simplified models are conceived: (1) a homogeneous, transient FEM model implemented on GPU and (2) a homogeneous, steadystate, analytic model implemented on GPU. After model optimization — i.e., calibration — the model validation immediately follows via leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). LOOCV compares the two trained models' predictive performances. During LOOCV, the FEM model correctly predicts 15 of 22; the steady state model correctly predicts 17 of 22. A steady state model using näıve literature values correctly predicts only 10 of 22. When training on an N = 20 cohort tailored to only include ablations near steady state, the trained steady state model correctly predicts 19 of 20 patient datasets versus the 8 of 20 predicted by an untrained steady state model. The conclusion is model training is an effective means of improving model performance when there is lack of accurate and precise parameter data in the literature, especially when there is little prospect of improving data quality. A key to success in this modeltraining paradigm is to have a training/calibration cohort that has adequate similarity to the predicted/validation cohort.


The authors surveyed 315 patent practitioners with respect to both the engineering education coursework and engineering work experience that they seek in the transcripts and resumes of interview candidates entering their organizations. This set of technology professionals uses engineering education in support of innovation in early stages of technology development and therefore possesses an unexplored view of the research that will influence the needs of the engineering workforce for product development roles by 2020. An understanding of the educational needs of patent practitioners is useful to engineering education because patent practitioners tend to address global opportunities by handling cases in front of the patent offices of multiple countries. Specifically, it is common for a patent practitioner to represent and supervise the representation of applicants on a single family of patent cases in front of multiple patent offices in Europe, Asia and the Americas, thereby receiving uncommon global exposure to the opportunities and challenges represented by differing market conditions and differences in cultural norms with respect to both technology and communication.


We describe the design and performance of the near-infrared (1.51–1.70 μm), fiber-fed, multi-object (300 fibers), high resolution (R = λ/Δλ ∼ 22,500) spectrograph built for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). APOGEE is a survey of ∼105 red giant stars that systematically sampled all Milky Way populations (bulge, disk, and halo) to study the Galaxy's chemical and kinematical history. It was part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) from 2011 to 2014 using the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico. The APOGEE-2 survey is now using the spectrograph as part of SDSS-IV, as well as a second spectrograph, a close copy of the first, operating at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Although several fiber-fed, multi-object, high resolution spectrographs have been built for visual wavelength spectroscopy, the APOGEE spectrograph is one of the first such instruments built for observations in the near-infrared. The instrument's successful development was enabled by several key innovations, including a "gang connector" to allow simultaneous connections of 300 fibers; hermetically sealed feedthroughs to allow fibers to pass through the cryostat wall continuously; the first cryogenically deployed mosaic volume phase holographic grating; and a large refractive camera that includes mono-crystalline silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as ∼400 mm. This paper contains a comprehensive description of all aspects of the instrument including the fiber system, optics and opto-mechanics, detector arrays, mechanics and cryogenics, instrument control, calibration system, optical performance and stability, lessons learned, and design changes for the second instrument.


The Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami that caused a loss of power at the Fukushima nuclear power plants (FNPP) resulted in emission of radioactive isotopes into the atmosphere and the ocean. In June of 2011, an international survey measuring a variety of radionuclide isotopes, including 137 Cs, was conducted in surface and subsurface waters off Japan. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations specifically aimed at interpreting these observations and investigating the spread of Fukushima-derived radionuclides off the coast of Japan and into the greater Pacific Ocean. Together, the simulations and observations allow us to study the dominant mechanisms governing this process, and to estimate the total amount of radionuclides in discharged coolant waters and atmospheric airborne radionuclide fallout. The numerical simulations are based on two different ocean circulation models, one inferred from AVISO altimetry and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind stress, and the second generated numerically by the NCOM model. Our simulations determine that > 95% of 137 Cs remaining in the water within ~600 km of Fukushima, Japan in mid-June 2011 was due to the direct oceanic discharge. The estimated strength of the oceanic source is 16.2 ± 1.6 PBq, based on minimizing the model-data mismatch. We cannot make an accurate estimate for the atmospheric source strength since most of the fallout cesium had left the survey area by mid-June. The model explained several key features of the observed 137 Cs distribution. First, the absence of 137 Cs at the southernmost stations is attributed to the Kuroshio Current acting as a transport barrier against the southward progression of 137 Cs. Second, the largest 137 Cs concentrations were associated with a semi-permanent eddy that entrained 137 Cs-rich waters, collecting and stirring them around the eddy perimeter. Finally, the intermediate 137 Cs concentrations at the westernmost stations are attributed to younger, and therefore less Cs-rich, coolant waters that continued to leak from the reactor in June of that year.


As behavioural sciences are unearthing the complex cognitive framework in which people make decisions, policymakers seem increasingly ready to design behaviourally-informed regulations to induce behaviour change in the interests of the individual and society. After discussing what behavioural sciences have to offer to administrative law, this paper explores the extent to which administrative law may accommodate their findings into the regulatory process. After presenting the main regulatory tools capable of operationalizing behavioural insights, it builds a case for integrating them into public policymaking. In particular, this paper examines the challenges and frictions of behavioural regulation with regard both to established features of administrative law, such as the principle of legality, impartiality and judicial oversight and more innovative control mechanisms such as the use of randomized control trials to test new public policies. This analysis suggests the need to develop a legal framework capable of ensuring that behavioural considerations may inform the regulatory process while at the same time guaranteeing citizens' constitutional rights and freedoms vis-a-vis the Regulatory State.


We develop a novel method for human body parts labeling, given a set of body parts that could be represented by bars in the image. First, we assume that in addition to the head and torso, the human body has 8 major body parts namely, the upper and lower arms (left and right) and the upper and lower legs (left and right) and all these parts can be approximated by cylinders that appear as rectangular bars in the image. One of the orginal contributions of this paper is the novel use of the spatial distributions of the location and orientation of the torso employed to find a correct role assignment for each bar by maximizing a joint probability function. Thus, we formulate the problem of labeling human body parts as an optimal hypothesis selection problem where each hypothesis corresponds to a particular role assignment. Next, we develop an algorithm which identifies the optimal hypothesis. The performance of our proposed approach is evaluated by testing it with 90 images depicting complex human poses and we obtain robust results (correct labeling in 98.7 % of the tested cases). We also test our method in cases of bar detection errors, occlusion and noisy images and obtain quite good results.


The article aims to explore hidden advertising phenomenon in the era of local election in East Java. Based on the Indonesia constitution ( UUD ) 1945 article 28 which is implemented in the Act No 40/1999 about the principles of press and the Act No 32/2002 about broa dcasting, it is stated that society has the right to obtain information. In implementing its function to fulfil the society's right of information, media should be professional. Hidden advertising is a phenomenon in which news mixed with advertising . News is not objective anymore but only telling sponsorship interest. The research conducts deep interviews with some senior journalists in Malang Regency to understand the pattern of news production in order to reveal hidden advertising phenomenon. The results portray that some of newspapers producing news which are mixed by other interests. It can be concluded tha t the economic aspect of media affect the quality of the news. The research also proves that hidden advertising news between media and political elites will lead to degradation of good governance quality.


Connected devices in the home represent a potentially grave new privacy threat due to their unfettered access to the most personal spaces in people's lives. Prior work has shown that despite concerns about such devices, people often lack sufficient awareness, understanding, or means of taking effective action. To explore the potential for new tools that support such needs directly we developed Aretha, a privacy assistant technology probe that combines a network disaggregator, personal tutor, and firewall, to empower end-users with both the knowledge and mechanisms to control disclosures from their homes. We deployed Aretha in three households over six weeks, with the aim of understanding how this combination of capabilities might enable users to gain awareness of data disclosures by their devices, form educated privacy preferences, and to block unwanted data flows. The probe, with its novel affordances-and its limitations-prompted users to co-adapt, finding new control mechanisms and suggesting new approaches to address the challenge of regaining privacy in the connected home.


Abstract Riboflavin (80%) is a feed additive produced by fermentation of a genetically modified Bacillus subtilis strain. In 2014, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of riboflavin (80%) based on a dossier supplied by the applicant. The Panel concluded that neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA was detected in the final product, and therefore, the additive does not give rise to any safety concern with regard to the genetic modification of the production strain. The Community Reference Laboratory on Feed additives, in the context of an official control, reported on the presence of recombinant DNA in samples of the additive. The European Commission asked EFSA to deliver a new opinion on the safety of Vitamin B2 (80%) based on the new data, complementing the former one. The analysed samples contained DNA belonging to the production strain, including the genetic modification. Moreover, one of the samples contained viable cells from the production strain. Because the production strain carries antimicrobial resistance genes introduced by the genetic modification, the FEEDAP Panel considers that Riboflavin (80%) poses a risk for the spread of viable cells and DNA of a genetically modified strain‐harbouring genes coding for resistance to antimicrobials.