ABSTRACT Despite the complexity of tuberculosis (TB) serology, antibodies (Abs) remain attractive biomarkers for TB. Recent evidence of a mycobacterial capsule that consists mainly of the polysaccharides arabinomannan (AM) and glucan provides new options for serologic targets. For this study, Ab responses to AM and glucan for 47 U.S. TB patients (33 HIV negative [HIV−], 14 HIV positive [HIV+]), 42 healthy controls, and 38 asymptomatic HIV+ controls were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results were compared with Ab responses to the mycobacterial glycolipid cell wall antigen lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and to the proteins malate synthase (MS) and MPT51. We found that the main immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype response to polysaccharides was IgG, predominantly of subclass IgG2. IgG responses to AM were significantly higher for HIV− and HIV+ TB cases than for controls (P, <0.0001 and <0.01, respectively); significantly higher for HIV− than for HIV+ TB cases (P, <0.01); and significantly higher in sputum smear-positive than smear-negative patients in both HIV− and HIV+ cases (P, 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). In both TB groups, titers of Ab to glucan were significantly lower than titers of Ab to AM (P, <0.0001). IgG responses to AM and MS or to AM and MPT51 did not correlate with each other in HIV− TB patients, while they correlated significantly in HIV+ TB patients (P, 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). We conclude that Ab responses to AM could contribute to the serodiagnosis of TB, especially for HIV− TB patients. This study also provides new and important insights into the differences in the profiles of Abs to mycobacterial antigens between HIV− and HIV+ TB patients.


This paper seeks to inform an improved understanding of the energy tradeoff associated with on‐site manufacturing water reuse in the United States from a lifecycle perspective, in part by developing an analytical framework for understanding when this tradeoff for reuse is beneficial. We survey the literature to assess the current state of reuse and its motives and barriers in the United States, before synthesizing information from publicly available EPA data on contaminants in US manufacturing wastewaters and technologies for treating them. Using the available data, we derive a set of "ubiquitous contaminants" among the top ten in terms of mass discharged in more than half of US manufacturing subsectors (NAICS 31–33) according to EPA permit data. We also present information on proven treatment trains and their energy requirements. We then compare water quality requirements for specific contaminants in reclaimed water to those characteristic of wastewater streams currently being discharged from manufacturing plants into surface waters to highlight sectors with reuse opportunities that could require little cost to realize, such as primary metals and, to a lesser extent, petroleum and coal products. We conclude by highlighting data limitations that need to be rectified before applying the framework more broadly and discussing how these data gaps could be filled. Better understanding the relationship between energy and water in the context of on‐site manufacturing water reuse would allow manufacturers to improve resiliency by reducing regulatory, physical, and reputational risks while lessening their footprint on local watersheds.


In light of the increasingly complex socio-economic processes and changes, today's cities as complex systems will not be able to respond to numerous challenges unless they possess a governance model that can flexibly adjust to shifting external conditions. In this regard, there is growing demand for innovative management tools combining solutions from different fields. The 'smart city' concept is one of the most sought after. This article analyses the advantages of this concept, the conditions needed, as well as the obstacles for implementing it. We consider the challenges related to becoming a 'smart city', the different ways a smart city comes into being, evaluate the future for smart city solutions, as well as assess the current willingness of administrations of Russian cities to adopt this model. From our analysis, we conclude that 'smart city' strategies continue in many cases to rely on a narrow, 'technological' approach. Such an approach presupposes that the availability alone of smart infrastructure can solve many urban problems and improve the quality of urban life. However, in contrast to the extended, comprehensive approach, it does not address many socio-economic factors and the real needs of the population. Consequently, certain targets remain largely unfulfilled. The implementation of an integrated approach implies a number of conditions, such as the ability to integrate management decisions taken at various levels and predict how changes in one system affect other systems; a focus on interdisciplinary collaboration; and an ability to deal with resistance to changes. A survey conducted by the HSE's Research Institute for Regional and Urban Planning in 2015 aimed to evaluate the future prospects for establishing the concept of 'smart city' in Russian cities. The survey results show that city managers in Russia in general positively perceive the 'smart city' approach as a basis for urban development strategies. Yet, the possibilities for implementing it are mostly seen as medium or long-term options.


We present Forestcast which is a flexible and centralized solution to building a forest of trees, which are used to stream live media. A number of heuristic strategies are described to handle joins. Leaves are handled through rejoins. To enable fail-overs, we describe a scheme where the server gives each peer a backup parent such that it is guaranteed that the failure of any peer can be handled. We also describe how the scheme can be efficiently coupled with multiple stripes to allow for better bandwidth utilization. Finally, it is shown how the centralized solution can be decentralized. The provided scheme has three main advantages. i) It is difficult for peers to hack ForestCast as all decisions are taken by the central server. A peer just follows the server's orders about where it should download its stream. It is also possible to use a PKI scheme, where a peer can verify whether it should give its stream to another peer. ii) As the server has complete information about the state of all trees, it can optimize the number and shape of trees based on any metric, e.g. total latency, bandwidth utilization, robustness against failures etc. iii) The client software, running on the peers, contains little intelligence. Hence, it will be simple and can therefore be adapted for various OS and environments. Furthermore, most updates will be to the server infrastructure. A decentralized solution would need software updates to be applied to all peers.


The aim of this study was to assess the dose received by critical organs (eye, thyroid gland and the shoulder joint) in breast cancer irradiated patients using Day's method technique and thermo-luminescence dosimeter TLD in addition to involved age group and cancer histological types. The study designed as experimental and retrospective study implies the location of critical organs, back scattered factor, source surface distance, patient's ages and the histological cancer types. Excel data analysis revealed that: breast cancer has been observed among age groups of 18-23 and 24-29 years old and peaking at 30% among the age groups of 42-47 years old; the common histological types were ductal (57%), lobular (18%) and medullary (10%). The dose% received by critical organs decreased linearly and significantly (R2=0.6) by 5% cm-1, 1.3% cm-1 and 9.7% cm-1 (from supraclavicular) and 1.44% cm-1, 9.86% cm-1 and 1.83% cm-1 (from tangential field) respectively as the distance increase from the field boarder. Out of applied tumor dose (TD=4500 cGy); the critical organs received: 36, 319.5 and 382.5 cGy (Day's method-anterior supraclavicular) respectively and 58.5, 355.5 and 436.5 cGy (TLD method). And from tangential field they received 13.5, 58.5 and 103 cGy (Day's method) and 27, 99 and 135 cGy (TLD method). Day's method generally showed only 0.6% less differs compared to TLD measurement.


New specimens of two non-therian (non-tribosphenidan) mammals are described from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation in the upper part of the Tetori Group, Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Despite their poor preservation, these specimens represent undescribed species from Japan, suggesting additional mammalian diversity in the Tetori Group. Previously, four mammal taxa had been formally described from this rock unit: a spalacotheriid 'symmetrodont', two eobaatarid multituberculates and a eutriconodont mammal. One of the new specimens is a damaged left p4 of a 'plagiaulacidan' grade multituberculate assignable to the family Eobaataridae. The Kitadani eobaatarid is a large species distinguished from the two previously described eobaatarids, Tedoribaatar and Hakusanobaatar, which are known from the stratigraphically lower Kuwajima Formation of the Tetori Group, Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It also differs from Sinobaatar, Heishanobaatar and Liaobaatar described from the Early Cretaceous of China. Another specimen, a partial right dentary with a faint Meckelian groove, is assigned to a eutriconodontan that is larger than and morphologically distinguishable from the eutriconodont Hakusanodon from the Kuwajima Formation. The Kitadani eutriconodontan is potentially related to the family Triconodontidae. The additional specimens from the Kitadani Formation shed new light on Early Cretaceous mammalian faunal change and dispersal in East Asia.


Abstract Analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA have suggested the paraphyly of Syringa with respect to Ligustrum, a hypothesis requiring further testing from other sources of data. In addition, relationships among lineages of Syringa have not been resolved. In this study, we used DNA sequences of two nuclear and five plastid regions to better resolve phylogenetic relationships of Syringa and Ligustrum. Our results support the derivation of Ligustrum from within Syringa, thus the paraphyly of Syringa. Six series are recognized in Syringa and their relationships are: (Syringa, (Pinnatifoliae, (Ligustrae, (Ligustrina, (Pubescentes, Villosae))))). Subgenus Syringa as traditionally defined is paraphyletic, containing subgenus Ligustrina. The Syringa pubescens complex may be paraphyletic with S. pubescens more closely related to the Syringa pinetorum complex than to other species of its own complex. Our estimated times of divergence suggest that series of Syringa have diversified in the middle Miocene (9.65–17.67 mya), each with unique morphology.


The efforts to rethink the role of business in development, especially in developing countries, have facilitated the emergence of an array of concepts. Africapitalism – i.e. the private sector's commitment to the socio-economic development of Africa – proposed and championed by Mr. Tony O. Elumelu, is the most recent addition. While the idea of Africapitalism enables a creative space for rethinking business-society relationship from a development perspective in Africa, the failure to clarify what underpins the idea and how it differs from similar other western constructs potentially limits both its analytical and practical usefulness. This paper attempts to address this gap in the emerging literature by seeking to initiate a conversation around the set of values that might underpin the concept. It also explores the implications of Africapitalism for management in Africa.


During a survey cruise crossing the Subtropical Front over the Chatham Rise east of New Zealand, we made the first observation in High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll waters of massive sedimentation of picoplankton embedded in large (>0.5 mm diam.) organic aggregates (OAs) sensu Riley (1963). We estimate 9.3 mg C m‐2 yr‐1 of prokaryotic picoplankton biomass alone may be transported below the euphotic zone via this mechanism. Using confocal microscopy, we made direct observations of picoplankton within undisrupted individual OAs, collected in sediment traps fitted with acrylimide gels, which largely conserved particle structure. Prokaryotic picoplankton autofluoresc‐ence was well‐preserved and concentrations were extremely high within large rapidly sedimenting aggregates, ranging from 1.06 × 108 ml‐1 in the 120 m sediment traps in subantarctic waters to 7.5 × 106 ml‐1 at 550 m in subtropical waters, yielding Enrichment Factors of 103 — 105 relative to picoplankton concentrations in the water column. Aggregate picoplankton concentrations showed a well‐constrained exponential decline with depth, which we speculate may represent an estimate of protozoan grazing rate within the aggregates. Picoplankton were found within heterotrophic flagellates, within copepod fecal pellets, and within organic matrices, all of which were incorporated in OAs. The key event of picoplankton incorporation into initial particles occurs in the upper water column, very likely through grazing with low assimilation efficiency. Once OAs are formed, their changing porosity and reduction in picoplankton cell numbers via heterotrophy is likely to be a key factor mediating picoplankton carbon fluxes in moderately productive ecosystems, and in determining the overall particle structure of sedimenting OAs.


This paper studies the properties of two kinds of matroids: (a) algebraic matroids and (b) finite and infinite matroids whose ground set have some canonical symmetry, for example row and column symmetry and transposition symmetry.
For (a) algebraic matroids, we expose cryptomorphisms making them accessible to techniques from commutative algebra. This allows us to introduce for each circuit in an algebraic matroid an invariant called circuit polynomial, generalizing the minimal poly- nomial in classical Galois theory, and studying the matroid structure with multivariate methods.
For (b) matroids with symmetries we introduce combinatorial invariants capturing structural properties of the rank function and its limit behavior, and obtain proofs which are purely combinatorial and do not assume algebraicity of the matroid; these imply and generalize known results in some specific cases where the matroid is also algebraic. These results are motivated by, and readily applicable to framework rigidity, low-rank matrix completion and determinantal varieties, which lie in the intersection of (a) and (b) where additional results can be derived. We study the corresponding matroids and their associated invariants, and for selected cases, we characterize the matroidal structure and the circuit polynomials completely.


The draft of a national red list of vascular plants has been checked for the occurrence and status of the taxa in Nord-Trondelag. The report deals with 15 native taxa and agricultural archaeophytes, two introduced taxa with an interesting history in Norway, and one apomictic taxon. Fifteen of the municipalities in the county are involved. The highest numbers of red list taxa have been found in Steinkjer (5), Verdal (5) and Snasa (4). Several taxa are known from only one or a few sites, and a considerable part of the information derives from rather old herbarium specimens, many having inaccurate site information. The review states that field investigations are needed to check the exact localisation of sites, the status (for instance population size) of the taxa, and the status of sites as regards impacts, need for management, etc. It is recommended that the report is followed up with a sirnilar survey of "regional responsibility taxa".


This systematic study of residents in San Francisco's Chinatown - funded by the National Institute of Mental Health - takes an empirical and psychological approach. Examining the physical health, mental health and general welfare of Chinese Americans, the combination of in-depth surveys and interviews with residents results in a clear picture of the social and psychological problems of this ethnic minority community. The author also examines various stereotypes and myths about Chinese Americans, Asian Americans and immigrants found in academic literature, and her study dispells most of them.


Scheduling algorithms implemented in Internet switches have been
dominated by the best-effort and guaranteed service models. Each of these models
encompasses the extreme ends of the correlation spectrum between service
guarantees and resource utilisation. Recent advancements in adaptive applications
have motivated active research in predictive service models and dynamic resource
reservation algorithms. The OCcuPancy_Adjusting (OCP_A) is a scheduling
algorithm focused on the design of the above-mentioned research areas. Previously,
this algorithm has been analysed for a unified resource reservation and scheduling
algorithm while implementing a tail discarding strategy. However, the differentiated
services provided by the OCP _A algorithm can be further enhanced. In this
dissertation, four new algorithms are proposed. Three are extensions of the OCP _A.
The fourth algorithm is an enhanced version of the Virtual Clock (VC) algorithm,
denoted as ACcelErated (ACE) scheduler. The first algorithm is a priority
scheduling algorithm (i.e. known as the M-Tier algorithm) incorporated with a multitier
dynamic resource reservation algorithm. Periodical resource reallocations are
implemented. Thus. enabling each tier's resource utilisation to converge to its desired Quality of Service (QoS) operating point. In addition. the algorithm
integrates a cross-sharing concept of unused resources between the various
hierarchical levels to exemplify the respective QoS sensitivity. In the second
algorithm. a control parameter is integrated into the M-Tier algorithm to ensure
reduction of delay segregation effects towards packet loss sensitive traffic. The third
algorithm, introduces a delay approximation algorithm to justify packet admission.
The fourth algorithm enhances the VC scheduling algorithm. This is performed via
the incorporation of dynamic features in the computation of the VC scheduling tag.
Subsequently, the delay bound limitation of the parameter is eliminated.


In this paper, we study the effects of FDI on domestic employment by examining the data of Taiwan's manufacturing industry. Treating domestic production and overseas production as two distinctive outputs from a joint production function, we may estimate the effect of overseas production on the demand for domestic labor. We found that overseas production generally reduces the demand for domestic labor as overseas products serve as a substitute for primary inputs in domestic production (substitution effect). But overseas production also allows the investor to expand its domestic output through enhanced competitiveness. The expanded domestic output leads to more employment at home (output effect). The net effect of FDI on domestic employment is a combination of substitution and output effects. For Taiwan, the net effect is positive in most cases but it differs across the labor group. Technical workers tend to benefit most from FDI, followed by managerial workers, and blue-collar workers benefit the least; indeed they may even be adversely affected. This suggests that after FDI, a reconfiguration of division of labor within a firm tend to shift the domestic production toward technology and management intensive operations.


There is very little literature that discusses the work of Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes together. The two share, however, at least one aspect in their analysis of capitalist society that points to a common understanding of the potential for market failure. But because this shared aspect of their analytical systems lies far outside the contemporary modeling assumptions, it defines a form of "market failure" that does not exist in contemporary economics. It is, for both men, very definitely a failure of markets to work, but it might just as well be called a failure of market society.


While studies for objective and subjective evaluation of the visual quality of compressed 3D meshes has been discussed in the literature, those studies were covering the evaluation of 3D-meshes either created by 3D artists or generated by a computationally expensive reconstruction process applied on high quality 3D scans. With the advent of RGB-D sensors operating at high frame-rates and the utilization of fast 3D reconstruction algorithms, humans can be captured and reconstructed into a 3D representation in real-time, enabling new (tele)immersive experiences. The produced 3D mesh content is structurally different in the two cases. The first type of content is nearly perfect and clean while the second type is much more irregular and noisy. Evaluating compression artifacts on this new type of immersive 3D media, constitutes a yet unexplored scientific area. In this paper, we conduct a survey to subjectively assess the perceived fidelity of 3D meshes subjected to compression using three open-source static 3D mesh codecs compared to the original uncompressed models. The subjective evaluation of the content is conducted in a Virtual Reality setting, using the forced-choice pairwise comparison methodology with existing reference. The results of this study are two-fold; first, the design of an experimental setup that can be used for the subjective evaluation of 3D media, and second, a mapping of the compared conditions to a continuous ranking scale. The latter can be used when selecting codecs and optimizing their compression parameters to achieve optimum balance between bandwidth and perceived quality in tele-immersive platforms.


Considering the rapid development of experimental techniques for fabricating 2D materials in recent years, various monolayers are expected to be experimentally realized in the near future. Motivated by the recent research activities focused on the honeycomb arsenene monolayers, the stability and carrier mobility of non-honeycomb and porous allotropic arsenene are determined using first principles calculations. In addition to five honeycomb structures of arsenene, a total of eight other structures are considered in this study. An extensive analysis comprising energetics, phonon spectra and mechanical properties confirms that these structures are energetically and dynamically stable. All these structures are semiconductors with a broad range of band gaps varying from ∼1 eV to ∼2.5 eV. Significantly, these monolayer allotropes possess anisotropic carrier mobilities as high as several hundred cm2 V-1 s-1 which is comparable with well-known 2D materials such as black phosphorene and monolayer MoS2. Combining such broad band gaps and superior carrier mobilities, these monolayer allotropes can be promising candidates for the superior performance of the next generation nanoscale devices. We further explore these monolayer allotropes for photocatalytic water splitting and find that arsenene monolayers have potential for usage in visible light driven photocatalytic water splitting.


This study assessed the effects of implementing a puppet-centered curriculum into the dramatic play area of a university's child study and research preschool. The curriculum included a child-centered, instructional conversation based program in which 12 children discovered the puppets through their own creativity and experimentation. These children were observed three times, once each in October, November, and December. Between the observations, children viewed puppet shows performed by their classroom teachers and visited a theater on campus to view a puppet show performed by students from the School of Performing Arts. Observations were assessed using the Preschool through Third Grade Omnibus Guidelines, with a focus on the overall development and progression of the average language and literacy skills of the classroom. The analysis shows that children progressed from performing at Preschool-3 levels to performing at Preschool-4 levels and beyond in just three months. This result shows the importance of a dramatic play area as well as the benefits of using puppets to encourage a child's vocabulary and story-telling abilities.


To the Editor.— Psoriasiform eruptions of the skin are recognized as one of the adverse effects of practolol and other β-adrenergic blocking agents. 1-3 With practolol, the cutaneous syndromes have occurred in association with ocular lesions, 3 sclerosing peritonitis, 4 and systemic lupus erythematosus. 5 Voorhees recently suggested that psoriasis may be precipitated or exacerbated in a third of patients with psoriasis treated with oral propranolol hydrochloride. 6 Cetamolol hydrochloride is a cardioselective β-blocking drug with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that has been under clinical investigation in multicenter trials for hypertension and coronary artery disease since 1983. We describe herein a patient taking cetamolol who developed psoriasis that was resistant to phototherapy, but that cleared rapidly on discontinuing the drug. Rechallenge of this patient several months later with cetamolol resulted in a recurrence of the psoriatic lesions. Report of a Case.— A 60-year-old woman with a history of mild hypertension treated


IN Collaborative location-based information generation and sharing is considered, which become increasingly popular due to the explosive growth of Internet-capable and location-aware mobile devices. The system consists of a data collector, data contributors, location-based service providers (LBSPs), and system users. The data collector gathers reviews about points-of-interest (POIs) from data contributors, while LBSPs purchase POI data sets from the data collector and allow users to perform spatial top-k queries which ask for the POIs in a certain region and with the highest k ratings for an interested POI attribute. In practice, LBSPs are untrusted and may return fake query results for various bad motives, e.g., in favor of POIs willing to pay. Three novel schemes is used for users to detect fake spatial snapshot and moving top-k query results as an effort to foster the practical deployment and use of the proposed system.


In recent decades, a combination of market changes and failures of the professions to respond proactively to them has led to an ongoing renegotiation of the social contracts of the peer-review professions (e.g., medicine, law, the professoriate, and accounting). The social contract of each profession is the tacit agreement between society and members of the profession that regulates their relationship with each other, in particular the profession's control over professional work.Members of each peer-review profession and their professional organizations carry an ongoing burden to justify to the public why the profession deserves special rights of control over its work different from the control that society and employers exercise over other occupations. Carrying this burden of justification is particularly critical in times of rapid market change. For example, the current recession is a time of great market pressure on higher education when decreasing state budgets and endowments mean that expenditures must be cut. To maintain its control over professional work, the professoriate should be offering an aggressive defense of the public benefits derived from the academic profession's social contract. A robust defense is also necessary if ethical failures by individual professionals become widely known and undermine public trust in the profession's social contract.This essay's central argument is that members of a peer-review profession cannot aggressively justify and defend their control over professional work when they do not understand the social contract and their duties under it. The continuing failure of the academic profession adequately to socialize its members has resulted in a steady erosion of the profession's rights of academic freedom, peer review, and shared governance. The profession at each college and university must address this failure.


The aim of this thesis, included within the THESEUS project, is the development of a mathematical model 2DV two-phase, based on the existing code IH-2VOF developed by the University of Cantabria, able to represent together the overtopping phenomenon and the sediment transport.
Several numerical simulations were carried out in order to analyze the flow characteristics on a dike crest. The results show that the seaward/landward slope does not affect the evolution of the flow depth and velocity over the dike crest whereas the most important parameter is the relative submergence. Wave heights decrease and flow velocities increase while waves travel over the crest. In particular, by increasing the submergence, the wave height decay and the increase of the velocity are less marked. Besides, an appropriate curve able to fit the variation of the wave height/velocity over the dike crest were found. Both for the wave height and for the wave velocity different fitting coefficients were determined on the basis of the submergence and of the significant wave height. An equation describing the trend of the dimensionless coefficient c_h for the wave height was derived. These conclusions could be taken into consideration for the design criteria and the upgrade of the structures.
In the second part of the thesis, new equations for the representation of the sediment transport in the IH-2VOF model were introduced in order to represent beach erosion while waves run-up and overtop the sea banks during storms. The new model allows to calculate sediment fluxes in the water column together with the sediment concentration. Moreover it is possible to model the bed profile evolution. Different tests were performed under low-intensity regular waves with an homogeneous layer of sand on the bottom of a channel in order to analyze the erosion-deposition patterns and verify the model results.


The paper starts from the assumption that rhetoric is inherent to dialogue. Such a view is based on the Theory of Dialogic Action Games or the Mixed Game Model, which is a theory about human beings' complex ability to come to terms with dialogic issues in ever-changing surroundings. Human beings are not lost in the chaos of ever-varying empirical data but are competent-to-perform in their own interests, i.e. competent to effecttively achieve their purposes in dialogic action games. Models of dialogue usually proceed either by abstraction to rule-governed patterns of competence or by reducing the object-of-study to empirical elements. In contrast to such reductionist models of the simple, the theory of the dialogic action game represents an adventure in the complex of the mixed game of human action. Basic premises and methodological principles of the theory will be briefly introduced. A sample analysis of a political Round Table discussion demonstrates how the model works.


The geopolitical game of the twenty-first century will be multilateral and multidimensional, placing great emphasis on political and commercial interests such as resources, markets, ecology, and finance than on military interests. This essay argues that the eastern Mediterranean as an area of geostrategic importance will continue to be vital to global geopolitics and that consigning it to the back burner is shortsighted. The three continents that meet at this crossroads account for almost 90 percent of the global population as well as over 60 percent of global gross domestic product.


[1] Phycobiliproteins are a family of water-soluble pigment proteins that play an important role as accessory or antenna pigments and absorb in the green part of the light spectrum poorly used by chlorophyll a. The phycoerythrins (PEs) are one of four types of phycobiliproteins that are generally distinguished based on their absorption properties. As PEs are water soluble, they are generally not captured with conventional pigment analysis. Here we present a statistical model based on in situ measurements of three transatlantic cruises which allows us to derive relative PE concentration from standardized hyperspectral underwater radiance measurements (Lu). The model relies on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of Lu spectra and, subsequently, a Generalized Linear Model with measured PE concentrations as the response variable and EOF loadings as predictor variables. The method is used to predict relative PE concentrations throughout the water column and to calculate integrated PE estimates based on those profiles.


There are total eight degrees of freedom in designing a three-mirror system. If we correct four kinds of third order aberrations and the system should have the specified effective focal length, the remaining three degrees of freedom can be used for selecting a suitable configuration for a specific application. We suggest an analytic design procedure for a three-mirror telescope system which has a suitably sized secondary mirror and proper separations between mirrors, and is corrected for four kinds of third order aberrations, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and field curvature. Two design examples are shown. One has a compact configuration with off-axial field, the other has relatively long configuration with annular ring field.


Between 2002 and 2012, countries in Latina America and the Caribbean have made considerable progress in modernizing their Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs). Today, 70% of SAIs have adopted a modernized approach based on five pillars: harmonization, standardization, risk and results, transparency, and diversification. While challenges remain, these improvements have increased transparency and the confidence in public institutions of the region. This document presents the key conclusions of a study conducted by the Inter-American Development Bank, in collaboration with the Organization of Latin American and Caribbean Supreme Audit Institutions (OLACEFS in Spanish) and the Caribbean Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (CAROSAI), and analyzes the trends and principal achievements of Supreme Audit Institutions in the Region during the past ten years.


Since the middle of the XIX century, when dammar became popular in Occident, this natural resin is one of the most used in art painting techniques as final protective coating (varnish) as well as a component of pictorial media. The present work is the first approach to the study of the microbiological biodeterioration of this artistic material, which can seriously affect the appearance and integrity of works of art when bad conservation conditions -especially high humidity levelstake place. 12 microorganisms, fungi and bacteria, came from collection and from oil paintings affected by biodeterioration patterns, were inoculated on test specimens prepared with varnish dammar. These were incubated and analyzed by GC-MS to determine both the microbiological capacity of growth and chemical alteration on the resin. Some of the studied microorganisms have shown patterns of deterioration similar to those found in works dedicated to natural or accelerated photochemical ageing of triterpenoid varnishes


For lensing galaxies, we introduce a formal velocity dispersion σ lens, based on enclosed mass and the virial theorem. This is calculated from an ensemble of pixelated lens models, and found to be fairly model-independent. A sample of 18 well-known early-type lensing galaxies and two clusters is found to be consistent with σ lens = σ obs. Both the early-type lensing galaxies and the clusters can thus be determined as being virialized. In a second step, we calculate the I-band luminosity and the total mass content for the sample of lensing galaxies, which enables us to analyse the mass-to-light relation L ∝ M . We determine α = 0.70 ± 0.08, excluding constant M/L and consistent with previous studies of the Fundamental Plane. Additionally, we verify that this relation does not extrapolate to clusters, which have a much higher M/L. The sample used for this analysis comprises nine lensing galaxies from the Sloan Lens ACS (Advanced Camera for Surveys) Survey and another nine from the CfA-Arizona Space Telescope LEns Survey as well as the lensing clusters ACO 1689 and ACO 2667.


Safety-critical systems rely on redundancy schemes such as k-out-of-n structures which enable tolerance against multiple faults. These techniques are subject to Imperfect Fault Coverage (IFC) as error detection and recovery might be prone to errors or even impossible for certain fault models. As a result, these techniques may act as single points of failure in the system where uncovered faults might be overlooked and lead to wrong system outputs. Neglecting IFC in reliability analysis may lead to fatal overestimations in case of safety-critical applications. Yet, existing techniques that do consider IFC are overly pessimistic in assuming that the occurrence of an uncovered fault always results in a system failure. But often, in particular in complex systems with nested redundant structures, a fault that is not noticed by an inner redundancy scheme might be caught by an outer redundancy scheme. This paper proposes to automatically incorporate IFC into reliability models, i. e. Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs), to enable an accurate reliability analysis for complex system structures including nested redundancies and repeated components. It also shows that IFC does not equally affect different redundancy schemes. Experimental results presented for applications in multimedia and automotive confirm that the proposed approach can analyze system reliability more accurately at an acceptable execution time and memory overhead compared to the underlying IFC-unaware technique.


What ails people at the present time in Western and especially American society is an inexhaustible subject. Discussion of these discontents in the United States in the last decade of the twentieth century leads to an obvious question: How much and what kind of discontents are possible in a society that has experienced over a decade of economic growth, close to full employment, hardly any inflation, falling crime rates, declining teenage pregnancies, and other good things? Is there anything to worry about in a country that has become the undisputed superpower of the world and no longer faces another hostile superpower such as the Soviet Union used to be? Paul Hollander wrestles with these and other questions in seeking to understand conditions and developments within American culture and society in the context of their relationship to political systems, movements and ideas critical of the United States and Western values. Hollander examines disparate phenomena, such as the O.J. Simpson case, the banning of West Side Story in Amherst, Massachusetts, the popularity and expose of Rigoberta Menchu, and the appeal of sports utility vehicles, which shed light on the major themes of the volume. Topics include conflicts among American intellectuals (including disputes over the Kosovo intervention), the impact of postmodernism on higher education. the persisting appeal of victimhood in American society, the flaws of American sociology, academic specialists' failure to anticipate the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the new anti-Americanism in postcommunist societies. Among topics of historical interest are a survey of Western judgments and misjudgments of the communist systems: examination of the relative neglect of political violence in communist states. and analysis of officially enforced. secular-religious cult of communist rulers. Many of these writings are linked to the author's longstanding interest in why people accept or reject particular political systems and in the contradictory human needs and desires which condition and limit the pursuit of social and political ends. Sociologists, political scientists, and the general reader will find this book of great interest.


On 19 May 1635, a French herald formally declared war upon Spain at Brussels, the capital of the Spanish Netherlands. The ensuing war lasted 24 years and changed the balance of power in Europe, opening the way for France's bid for European hegemony under Louis XIV in the second half of the 17th century. In this article, the official justifications for war advanced by the two great belligerent powers are analyzed. The paper uses the analysis of this material to establish contemporary understandings of what the law of nations said about the ius ad bellum (here meaning the body of law that regulates the right to wage war). This sheds some light on the justice or legality of the two belligerents' positions in terms of the then existing ius ad bellum, although no attempt is made to reach a conclusion on this. In their official declarations and justifications of war, the two belligerents each distinguished between the legality (under the positive law of nations) and the justice (under natural law) of the war. Each party provided succinct arguments under positive law against the disputed the legality of their opponent's actions. But their main emphasis was the justice of their own causes and war goals. These arguments centered on their own interpretations of classical just war doctrine. Whereas jurists and scholars in general tended to concentrate on just cause, the authors of the declarations and justifications of 1635 focused on the justice of their goals and the necessity of the war to attain these goals. Thus they did not offer judgments on the offensive or defensive character of the war at the military-operational level, but rather at the political-strategic level. This allowed both parties to characterize their resort to war as defensive. Each justified the war as being necessary to defend its position as a great power and to uphold the ordering of Christian Europe. Each thus identified the common interest of all princes and republics with either its own hegemonic position (in the case of Spain) or its supposedly rightful ambitions (in the case of France).


Interpreting Statutes has been written for lawyers and judges who must interpret statutes on a daily basis, as well as for students and scholars who have their own responsibility for the future. This book takes a new approach to statutory interpretation. The authors consider the fundamental importance of context in statutory interpretation across various fields of regulation and explore the problems, which arise from the frequent disjunction between regulatory design and subsequent statutory interpretation. As a result, they bring to the fore fundamental theoretical questions underlying interpretive choice and expand our appreciation of how critical interpretive issues are to the proper functioning of our legal system. The book is divided into two parts. The first covers several areas dealing with fundamental theoretical issues. The second deals with particular areas of the law, such as criminal law or corporate law, addressing the utility and functionality of the general theories from different legal perspectives and illustrating the fact that different interpretive principles may take precedence in different areas of the law. It reveals the complexity of statutory interpretation when applied to actual practice in a particular area of law. Despite this complexity and the unique problems of statutory interpretation within each area of law, some major themes emerge including: the strong influence of constitutional interpretation; tension between common law rights and statutory innovation; questions about the interaction of domestic law with international law; tension between settled judicial principles of interpretation and principles embedded in legislation; issues concerning the interpretation of delegated legislation; and questions about gap filling and discretion in the interpretation of statutes and codes.


This study examines the relationship between capital structure and stock returns of firms in the following eight countries in the Asia Pacific regionfor a period of 22 years from 1990 to 2012. The methodology is Panel Regression. The results indicate that the effect of capital structure depends on the nature of industry as well as market. In Australia, China, and Korea, return of companies in the Basic Material industry have negative relationship with debt to common equity. Long term debt to common equity positively affects the return of firms in Australia and Korea in the Basic Material industry.


Beta-Cell function in human islets derived from a number of kidney donors was investigated by using various types of islet preparations. With fresh islets, both insulin release and biosynthesis were increased by raising glucose concentrations, although the response was a variable one. In fresh islets, the effects of 5 mmol of glucose/l on release were potentiated by 10 mmol of D-3-hydroxybutyrate/l. Insulin release at 20 mmol of glucose/l was inhibited by adrenaline (0.1 mmol/l), and potentiated by theophylline (10 mmol/l) in the presence of 5 mmol of glucose/l, in islets cultured for 4 days. After culture for 8 days, islets still showed an increase in insulin release and biosynthesis in response to glucose. Pancreas slices derived from fresh human tissue also responded to increasing concentrations of glucose with a sigmoidal curve for insulin release.


When the Green's function for a two-point boundary value problem can be found, the solution for any forcing term reduces to a quadrature. Here we investigate using this as the basis for numerical schemes for boundary value problems and parabolic initial-boundary value problems. Application of Gaussian quadrature is disappointing, only converging slowly due to the discontinuous derivative of the Green's functions; however, rapid convergence is recovered by the use of product integration; that is, the prior accurate evaluation of Green's integral for a set of basis functions and the subsequent evaluation for arbitrary forcing functions by a matrix-vector multiplication. The method requires more operations than finite differencing for the same number of nodes, but converges far more rapidly. For small numbers of nodes, the performance is similar to that for orthogonal collocation; however, at high resolution, collocation accuracy deteriorates due to ill-conditioning whereas the present method is stable.


The "Nnakenyaare" lingua franca dialect of Chamba-Daka, a geographically and linguistically peripheral language of the Adamawa branch of Niger-Congo spoken in northeastern Nigeria, has not only beneficiary/recipient verb arguments but also a "reflexive benefactive" or autobenefactive marked by a copy pronoun from the possessive paradigm. To enhance typological understanding, Chamba-Daka argument structure is briefly described with focus on the importance of the animacy feature and the ambiguities arising from the existence of three different directly construed objects. The range of nonpossessive uses of the possessive paradigm, including the reflexive benefactive, is then set out. Conclusions include a discussion of the relations among autobenefaction, middle voice, and applicative derivation.


Bayesian Optimisation (BO) is a technique used in optimising a $D$-dimensional function which is typically expensive to evaluate. While there have been many successes for BO in low dimensions, scaling it to high dimensions has been notoriously difficult. Existing literature on the topic are under very restrictive settings. In this paper, we identify two key challenges in this endeavour. We tackle these challenges by assuming an additive structure for the function. This setting is substantially more expressive and contains a richer class of functions than previous work. We prove that, for additive functions the regret has only linear dependence on $D$ even though the function depends on all $D$ dimensions. We also demonstrate several other statistical and computational benefits in our framework. Via synthetic examples, a scientific simulation and a face detection problem we demonstrate that our method outperforms naive BO on additive functions and on several examples where the function is not additive.


Ischemic diseases, caused by the occlusion of a supplying blood vessel, result in a severe lack of oxygen and nutrients within the tissue. The ischemic insult triggers an inflammatory response of the innate immune system. Myeloid cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are recruited to the tissue to clear up debris and necrotic cells. In ischemia, adaptation to low oxygen levels is essential to cell survival. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHD) 1, 2 and 3 regulate the protein-stability of the α-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which makes them the oxygen-sensors of the cells. In myeloid cells, PHD3 is a potent regulator of apoptosis in neutrophils and macrophages. PHD2 on the other hand affects macrophage metabolism and migration. The aim of this thesis was to further characterize the functions of PHD2 and 3 for macrophages in the context of ischemic diseases.
I studied the role of PHD3 in myeloid cells upon induction of hind limb ischemia in a myeloid-specific PHD3-/- mouse. After hind limb ischemia surgery, the infiltration of myeloid cells into the hind limb muscle as well as their clearance was analyzed via flow cytometry. The inflammatory response of PHD3-/- macrophages was blunted 4 and 5 days after surgery compared to wild type. Furthermore, the PHD3-/- macrophage population showed an increased surface expression of the anti-inflammatory marker CD206 4 and 5 days after surgery, indicating a faster initiation of wound healing compared to wild type. Despite the blunted macrophage response, perfusion recovery and angiogenesis were unaltered between PHD3-/- and wild type mice. However, the development of fibrosis was decreased in PHD3-/- mice 4 weeks after surgery, which could have been caused by the attenuated macrophage response. Neither a change in apoptosis nor in migratory behavior was observed in PHD3-/- macrophages which could serve as a possible explanation for the decreased inflammatory response of PHD3-/- macrophages. RNA sequencing of macrophages sorted from the hind limb 5 days after surgery revealed 10 differentially regulated genes. Cyp2s1, an epoxygenase which metabolizes Prostaglandin (PG) G2 and H2 to 12-hydroxyheptadecatrenoic acid (12-HHT), was significantly downregulated in PHD3-/- macrophages. This downregulation could be mimicked in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) when cultivated in starvation medium in hypoxia (1% O2). Under these conditions, BMDM also displayed a significantly higher secretion of PGE2, which might be explained by the downregulation of Cyp2s1. PGG2 and PGH2 are substrates for 12-HHT and PGE2 synthesis likewise. Lower Cyp2s1 expression could therefore leave more substrates for PGE2 synthesis. PGE2 can induce anti-inflammatory behavior in macrophages and therefore presents a putative explanation for the attenuated macrophage response in PHD3-/- mice.
To study the role of PHD2 in macrophages in an ischemia model, I analyzed the effect of myocardial infarction in myeloid-specific PHD2-/- mice. Macrophage but not neutrophil invasion and clearance in the ischemic heart muscle were altered between wild type and PHD2-/- mice. Macrophage infiltration into the ischemic heart was delayed in PHD2-/- macrophages, which was linked to a worse heart function measured by echocardiography. In line with this, previous in vitro studies, conducted by another member of the Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, found a migration defect in PHD2-/- BMDM as well as a lower phagocytotic capacity, which might account for the in vivo findings. These findings demonstrate non-redundant roles for PHD-isoforms PHD2 and PHD3 in myeloid cells. Myeloid-specific PHD2-deficiency presents a disadvantage in the resolution of ischemia-induced inflammation while myeloid PHD3-deficiency leads to a faster resolution of inflammation with positive effects on wound-healing.


There is an emerging consensus among global governance scholars that there is a global energy governance gap. The rapid transformation of global energy markets with a new cast of producers and consumers, which now accounts for two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions, has left the existing institutional architecture behind. While there has been some discussion in the emerging literature on the potential role of the Group of 20, there is almost no analysis of what conditions need to be met for the G-20 to act in a significant fashion. This article takes up this task. Drawing on recent scholarship in global governance, environmental politics, and international negotiations, as well as the observations of the author who is a past delegate to G-20 negotiations, it considers the role of the G-20 in global energy governance and identifies the principal conditions that will need to be met if the G-20 is to drive more than piecemeal change.


In these politically and culturally divisive times, the government has increasingly relied upon spatial restrictions or tactics to control protest and dissent. Those wishing to publicly dissent are now routinely confined to zones, cages, pens, and other designated areas. Architectures like the protest cage constructed at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, a structure likened by the courts to an internment camp, are being designed and built to contain public protests. In an increasing number of public contexts, including war protests, political campaigns, and university campuses, protesters are being separated from their intended audiences by spatial buffers. Dissent is being confined to free speech zones. Public officials are traveling in protective bubbles. These spatial tactics are fundamentally altering our expressive topography, and with it some of our most fundamental expressive and associative rights. Yet they are generally subject to minimal judicial scrutiny. This is so in large part because the traditional, indeed exclusive, conception of place in First Amendment jurisprudence is as property, thing, res. Under this conception, place is viewed as subject to simplistic categorization; secondary to expression; brute or given; and inert. This Article contends that place, properly understood, is in fact none of these things. The Article is the first in a series to re-examine the concept of place as it relates to First Amendment concerns. Borrowing ideas and concepts regarding place from scholarship in a number of disciplines, among them anthropology, sociology, philosophy, and cultural geography, the Article re-conceptualizes place as distinctly expressive. In contrast to place-as-res, expressive place views place as highly variable and complex; primary to expression; constructed; and dynamic. Spatial tactics are re-examined with reference to this distinct conception of place. Spatial tactics create tactical places. These places, not places like streets, sidewalks, and parks, ought to be the focus of First Amendment inquiry. Tactical places have unique origins, properties, and effects on associative and expressive rights. They are a means of subtly and without force rendering protests and social movements docile and immobile. These tactics and places express something - both to those within and those without their boundaries. Spatial tactics are thus far from mere run mine regulations of the place where expression may occur. Consequently, courts must reconsider the manner in which these, and other, spatial regulations are reviewed under the First Amendment.


Included among President Bush's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform's recommendations were three proposals related to the current home mortgage interest deduction. Instead of a deduction, the panel recommended a flat 15% credit. Instead of the current $1,100,000 mortgage caps, the panel recommended a mortgage cap based on the median regional price of housing. Finally, the panel recommended limiting the deduction to interest paid on only one home and eliminating the deduction for interest on home equity indebtedness.The Panel Report praises the Tax Reform Act of 1986, albeit with a caveat: "While the 1986 Act was a historic event, it did not produce a lasting transformation of the tax system. The 1986 Act left in place or added various complicated tax benefits, including such items as exclusions for employer-provided fringe benefits, state and local tax deductions, tax-deferred annuities, new mortgage interest deduction rules, and complicated rules for determining alternative minimum tax liability. Many point to the 1986 Act as the high point of contemporary tax reform – and they may well be right – but its limitations suggest that truly sweeping comprehensive reform faces formidable political obstacles.Both participants in the debate refer to the 1986 Act in discussing the Panel's proposals relating to the tax treatment of home mortgage interest. Professor Deborah Geier argues for limits, questions the linkage between current tax benefits and homeownership, and explains why the Panel's recommendations do not sufficiently encourage homeownership by low income taxpayers. Professor Stuart Lazar criticizes the Panel for undervaluing the effect on housing costs in many locales, using the 15% credit rate as a disguised means of raising taxes, and not explaining how it determined that the current mortgage deduction results in too little business investment.


Cocaine users display a wide range of cognitive impairments and dysfunction in brain regions important for cognition. Treatment outcome is dependent on cognitive ability. It is important to understand these deficits and the underlying neurobiology. The first aim was to determine whether cocaine is sufficient to cause cognitive deficits, and if so, to determine the specificity of these cognitive deficits. Secondly, we assessed cerebral metabolic function after a drug free period. We used rhesus monkeys in a longitudinal study in which 14 animals were characterized prior to assignment to matched control (n=6) and cocaine self-administration (n=8) groups. Self-administration took place daily over nine months during which, visual and auditory contextual cues were presented. Weekly cognitive assessments were conducted following a 72 hour drug free period. We employed a stimulus discrimination/reversal task to evaluate associative learning and cognitive flexibility and the delayed match-to-sample task to assess visual working memory. In the cocaine group, we observed significant impairments in reversal performance and visual working memory after self-administration compared to controls. We examined distractibility in both groups, using brief novel distractors. Subsequently, an identical approach was used for exposure to a distractor previously associated with cocaine (experimental group), or water in the control group. In the cocaine group, stimulus discrimination was unaffected by either distractor, whereas reversal performance was disrupted by both the novel and appetitive distractors relative to baseline. Visual working memory was impaired in the cocaine group in the presence of the novel distractor. The control group's performance was unaffected by the presentation of either distractor. Monkeys were drug free for 20 months prior to assessment of metabolic function using 18F-2-deoxyfluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography. The cocaine group showed greater cerebellar activity than the control group while performing a visual working memory task (relative to control task). This work confirms that cocaine self-administration is sufficient to cause long lasting cognitive impairments in cognitive control, visual working memory and attention. These data also suggest that cocaine exposure alters cerebellar function, but future studies will need to be conducted to confirm that cocaine exposure is the direct cause of the metabolic differences observed.


Ciliates are a type of unicellular eukaryotic organism that has two types of nuclei within each cell; one is called the macronucleus (MAC) and the other is known as the micronucleus (MIC). During mating, ciliates exchange their MIC, destroy their own MAC, and create a new MAC from the genetic material of their new MIC. The process of developing a new MAC from the exchanged new MIC is known as gene assembly in ciliates, and it consists of a massive amount of DNA excision from the micronucleus, and the rearrangement of the rest of the DNA sequences. During the gene assembly process, the DNA segments that get eliminated are known as internal eliminated segments (IESs), and the remaining DNA segments that are rearranged in an order that is correct for creating proteins, are called macronuclear destined segments (MDSs). A topic of interest is to predict the correct order to descramble a gene or chromosomal segment. A prediction can be made based on the principle of parsimony, whereby the smallest sequence of operations is likely close to the actual number of operations that occurred. Interestingly, the order of MDSs in the newly assembled 22,354 Oxytricha trifallax MIC chromosome fragments provides evidence that multiple parallel recombinations occur, where the structure of the chromosomes allows for interleaving between two sections of the developing macronuclear chromosome in a manner that can be captured with a common string operation called the shuffle operation (the shuffle operation on two strings results in a new string by weaving together the first two, while preserving the order within each string). Thus, we studied four similar systems involving applications of shuffle to see how the minimum number of operations needed to assemble differs between the types. Two algorithms for each of the first two systems have been implemented that are both shown to be optimal. And, for the third and fourth systems, four and two heuristic algorithms, respectively, have been implemented. The results from these algorithms revealed that, in most cases, the third system gives the minimum number of applications of shuffle to descramble, but whether the best implemented algorithm for the third system is optimal or not remains an open question. The best implemented algorithm for the third system showed that 96.63% of the scrambled micronuclear chromosome fragments of Oxytricha trifallax can be descrambled by only 1 or 2 applications of shuffle. This small number of steps lends theoretical evidence that some structural component is enforcing an alignment of segments in a shuffle-like fashion, and then parallel recombination is taking place to enable MDS rearrangement and IES elimination. Another problem of interest is to classify segments of the MIC into MDSs and IESs; this is the second topic of the thesis, and is a matter of determining the right "class label", i.e. MDS or IES, on each nucleotide. Thus, training data of labelled input sequences was used with hidden Markov models (HMMs), which is a well-known supervised machine learning classification algorithm. HMMs of first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-order have been implemented. The accuracy of the classification was verified through 10-fold cross validation. Results from this work show that an HMM is more likely to fail to accurately classify micronuclear chromosomes without having some additional knowledge.


This article reviews the scholarship on radical right movements in Europe. It focuses on three strands of this literature: first, the macro-level contextual opportunities-based explanations for the fortunes of these movements; second, internal supply-side approaches, referring to the internal organizational resources – leadership, communication and propaganda – that support the mobilization; and third, the individual (micro-level) factors of the emergence and the rise of radical right movements. The goal is to shed light on all these different approaches to explain the 'Who', 'When', 'How' and 'Why' of the emergence and (violent) mobilization of radical right groups, using empirical evidence drawn from various case studies in Western, Eastern and Central Europe. This is a topic often neglected in the academic literature on the radical right, which still focuses mainly on political parties and elections. The article concludes by discussing possible future directions for radical right movement research, including the transnationalization of the radical right, the usage of the Internet and radical right 'movement parties'.


: The corrosion study of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution at 298, 308 and 318 K using various concentrations of hexadecylamine as corrosion inhibitor for different immersion time were carried out by weight loss technique and other different techniques i.e . Potentiodynamic polarization, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at 298 K and SEM techniques. The adsorption of this molecule leads to the formation of a protective layer on mild steel. From the weight loss measurement the maximum percentage corrosion inhibition efficiency 96.26% was observed for 1000 ppm concentration of inhibitor at 298 K. By electrochemical impedance study it observed that charge transfer resistance (R ct ) value increases and double layer capacitance (C dl ) value decreases with increasing the inhibitior concentration hence inhibition efficiency increases which related to the charge transfer resistance. From potentiodynamic polarization study it was observed that hexadecylamine behave as mixed type corrosion inhibitor. Adsorption of inhibitor on the mild steel surface is in agreement with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From the surface study it can be seen that on increasing the inhibitor concentration there is formation of protective layer on the surface of mild steel to protect the surface against corrosion and surface become smooth and more clean and clear. All above techniques study shows that hexadecylamine is a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution.


As immersive virtual environment (VE) applications become more complex, it is clear that we need a firm understanding of the principles of VE interaction. In particular, designers need guidance in choosing three-dimensional interaction techniques. In this paper, we present a systematic approach, testbed evaluation, for the assessment of interaction techniques for VEs. Testbed evaluation uses formal frameworks and formal experiments with multiple independent and dependent variables to obtain a wide range of performance data for VE interaction techniques. We present two testbed experiments, covering techniques for the common VE tasks of travel and object selection/manipulation. The results of these experiments allow us to form general guidelines for VE interaction and to provide an empirical basis for choosing interaction techniques in VE applications. Evaluation of a real-world VE system based on the testbed results indicates that this approach can produce substantial improvements in usability.


This Article reports on a set of roughly thirty interviews with federal magistrate judges. The focus of the interviews was the impact of the Supreme Court case, United States v. Leon, on the behavior of magistrate judges. Leon, famously, put in place the "good faith" exception for faulty warrants that were obtained by the officers in good faith. The insertion of this exception diminished significantly the incentive for defendants to challenge problematic warrant grants. That effect, in turn, could have diminished the incentive for magistrate judge scrutiny of the warrants at the front end of the process. We do not find any indication of diminished scrutiny. What we do find, however, is a highly ritualized and formalistic process for the evaluation of warrants where calculations of probabilities are viewed through a legalistic rather than a pragmatic lens.


In quasi-brittle materials such as concrete, failure is preceded by highly localized deformation patterns. Localized failure is caused by strain softening, which cannot be described by classical local models, because they lack a length scale. Mathematically, the use of such models leads to ill-posed boundary value problems. If properly formulated, nonlocal models can provide a sound description of strain softening and model the complete failure process of quasi-brittle materials. A bifurcation analysis is performed for a number of nonlocal plasticity models of the gradient and integral type, and the load-displacement response up to complete failure is computed. The nonlocal models are constructed mainly as enhancements of the standard smallstrain, rate-independent, isotropic local plasticity model. Most nonlocal models respond in a physically appropriate manner at initial bifurcation, but for some models, the plastic zone widens at later stages of the loading process, and stresses remain at a spuriously high level. For the integral format of two nonlocal models selected for further development, the VermeerBrinkgreve model and the ductile damage model, the bifurcation analysis is extended to hardening and the two-dimensional, plane strain setting. For both models, the enhancement is based on a modified hardening law, which depends in a specific way on the local hardening variable and its nonlocal counterpart. The analysis determines the range of material parameters for which the solution is regular and provides an analytical expression for the initial distribution of the rate of plastic strain. The use of the Vermeer-Brinkgreve model is restricted to softening, while the ductile damage model can be used for hardening and softening. An efficient and robust iterative numerical algorithm for the stress return of integral-type nonlocal models that use the local and nonlocal hardening variable in the yield function is developed and implemented. Due to weighted averaging, the stress return is a coupled nonlinear complementarity problem. It is solved by a Jacobi-like iterative technique, derived in a rigorous manner for a special case and generalized based on a physical interpretation of the resulting equations. In view of the numerical modeling of concrete, the nonlocal enhancement is applied to plasticity models with pressure-dependent yield functions and non-associated flow rules. Simulations of laboratory tests demonstrate that the nonlocal model regularizes localization due to softening and non-associated plastic flow. Neither the load-displacement response nor the propagation of the process zone depend in a spurious manner on the computational grid. For eccentric compression of a prismatic column under plane strain conditions, the trend for the size effect on structural strength and post-peak response is correctly predicted.


Data analysis has transformed the legal academy, and is now poised to do the same to constitutional law. In the latest round of partisan gerrymandering litigation, courts have used quantitative tests to define rights violations and strike down legislative districtings across the country. Statistical thresholds have thus been enshrined as constitutional protections, and courts have recast themselves as agents of discretionary policy. This Article describes how this revolutionary change subverts the judicial role and undermines the rule of law. Constitutional law ensures that government conduct respects principles of neutrality. Government action is unconstitutional when it has intentionality that violates these principles. In other words, constitutional rights are 'input-monitoring', whereas data analysis can only produce informational outputs. Because quantitative methods cannot identify the inputs that violate principles, they are inadequate to define constitutional wrongs. The only appropriate role of metrical analysis is to provide evidence of any rights-violating intentionality. If quantitative outcomes are used to define rights, courts act as quasi-regulatory entities that compete with democratically elected branches. The law of partisan gerrymandering needs a new principle, not new metrics. The best principle to identify partisan gerrymandering is the right to fair representation, which is violated when legislatures seize partisan advantage in democratic process. Quantitative analysis should have the sole function of proving that alleged partisan gerrymanders seek such advantage. This Article thus identifies a novel and troubling trend in constitutional law and describes how it dominates a topic of immediate practical importance. It then offers a general framework for conceptualizing rights protection and applies it to this pressing doctrinal issue.


This paper uses a static computable general equilibrium model (CGE) linked to a microsimulation model to analyze how the global crisis and some adopted policy responses may have affected the Uruguayan economy. The focus is on the trade channel and foreign capital flows, since they are the most important mechanisms through which the global crisis affected the Uruguayan economy. The crisis had a strong impact on exports and fixed investment. Poorest households would be the most affected, as they face a stronger reduction in real wages and a rise in unemployment. We find a negative impact on extreme poverty, but not on moderate poverty, as households near the poverty line would benefit from the fall in some consumer prices. A policy based in increasing current public consumption does moderately counteract some negative impacts of the crisis, but benefits mainly skilled workers, and does not act directly towards the most affected.


Graph is an important data representation ubiquitously existing in the real world. However, analyzing the graph data is computationally difficult due to its non-Euclidean nature. Graph embedding is a powerful tool to solve the graph analytics problem by transforming the graph data into low-dimensional vectors. These vectors could also be shared with third parties to gain additional insights of what is behind the data. While sharing graph embedding is intriguing, the associated privacy risks are unexplored. In this paper, we systematically investigate the information leakage of the graph embedding by mounting three inference attacks. First, we can successfully infer basic graph properties, such as the number of nodes, the number of edges, and graph density, of the target graph with up to 0.89 accuracy. Second, given a subgraph of interest and the graph embedding, we can determine with high confidence that whether the subgraph is contained in the target graph. For instance, we achieve 0.98 attack AUC on the DD dataset. Third, we propose a novel graph reconstruction attack that can reconstruct a graph that has similar graph structural statistics to the target graph. We further propose an effective defense mechanism based on graph embedding perturbation to mitigate the inference attacks without noticeable performance degradation for graph classification tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/Zhangzhk0819/GNN-Embedding-Leaks.


HIV infection transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery and breastfeeding is known as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). HIV infection through this route has become a major killer of children globally. In Kenya, there were about 141,000 HIVexposed infants in 2007 with 22,000 of them getting HIV infected. Though the PMTCT services have been at the forefront of HIV prevention among HIV -exposed infants since 1998, outcomes of these infants in Kenya are rarely documented. This leaves an important PMTCT intervention aimed at eliminating peadiatric HIV largely unmeasured. The purpose of this study was to therefore establish the outcomes achieved among HIV -exposed infants enrolled in the PMTCT as a way of evaluating the efficacy of the program in Embu District. This was done through a descriptive retrospective study by reviewing HIV -exposed infants' registers in four health facilities in Embu District. The study population comprised HIV -exposed infants enrolled in PMTCT follow-up care in the district. Descriptive statistics used were proportions of HIV -exposed infants who received antiretroviral drugs for PMTCT, underwent early infant diagnosis of HIV, were HIV -positive, were lost-to-follow-up and were deceased. Analytic statistics calculated were the relative risk (RR) of HIV transmission and the RR of mortality associated with antiretroviral prophylaxis for PMTCT. The RR of loss-to-follow up among the infants associated with their HIV status was also calculated. The study found that the median infant age of enrolment into the follow-up care was 7 weeks. The uptake tale or infant ami maternal antiretroviral prophylaxis was 81.7% and 86.8% respectively. Some 87.7% of the HIV-exposed infants underwent the first early infant diagnosis test for HIV at a median age of 8 weeks. The percentage of HIV -exposed infants who had early infant diagnosis of HIV conducted within the recommended six weeks of age was only 32%, while those who had it conducted by 12 weeks of age was 56% . Only 11.5% of the HIV -positive infants were put on paediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during the period of follow-up. The HIV transmission rate, when the first early infant diagnosis test for HIV was conducted, was 7%. For those infants whose mothers received antiretroviral prophylaxis for PMTCT, HIV transmission was reduced by 92% compared to those who did not (RR [95% CI] 0.08[0.03-0.14]). The cumulative HIV transmission rate at the end of follow-up was 7.3%. For those HIV -exposed infants who received ARV prophylaxis at birth, HIV transmission reduced by 90% by the end of follow-up compared to those who did not receive (RR [95% 'CI] 0.096 [0.087-0.1 09]). Cumulative infant mortality rate by the end of the 18-month follow-up was 14.8%; the median time of death' was 4 months. Although not statistically significant, there was a 54% mortality reduction among HIVexposed who received ARV prophylaxis compared to those who did not (RR [95% CI] 0.46 [0.131.09]). HIV-exposed and infected infants had 53.8% mortality compared to a lower 13.1% mortality rate among the HIV -exposed but negative infants. Cumulative loss-to-follow-up rate among the HIV-exposed infants was 14.8%. HIV-exposed and infected infants were 14 times more likely to be lost to follow-up than those who were uninfected (RR [95% CI] 14.0 [2.4-18.9]). The 18-month HIV-free survival was 68%. These results show that the PMTCT program in Embu District reduced mother-to-child transmission of HIV and improved the HIV -free survival of the HIV -exposed infants. However, late enrolment of the infants, delay in conducting early infant diagnosis of HIV, poor uptake of peadiatric HAART and loss-to-follow-up posed a threat to successful program implementation. The study recommends measures to facilitate early conduction of infant HIV virologic diagnosis, eliminate missed opportunities in ARV prophylaxis for PMTCT, further reduce MTCT, improve peadiatric HAART uptake and reduce the high loss-to-follow-up.


Youth with complex communication needs (CCN) face increased barriers to their social participation due to limited communication abilities and opportunities. Youth today use the Internet as a social tool and youth with CCN may also benefit from Internet use to increase their social participation. Five youth between the ages of 10‐18 with CCN who are unable to use speech for everyday communication and require augmentative and alternative communication were provided with assistive technology and a tailored 1:1 intervention at home to learn to use the Internet for connecting with others. Pre and post assessments measured changes in performance on Internet use goals, social networks, loneliness and self‐concept. Multiple measures were used to examine the impact of Internet use for social networking on a range of outcomes and to gather emerging evidence in this area. Results showed that the intervention was effective in increasing performance and satisfaction with goals for increasing Internet use to connect with others and for increasing the number of online communication partners. There was no significant change in loneliness or self‐concept. This study shows that the Internet may be a viable tool in increasing the social participation of youth with CCN. However, some youth and their families required intensive support and technical assistance to gain confidence in Internet use and in use for social purposes.


Macro- and microhabitat preference of Testudo hermanni boettgeri, the eastern subspecies of Hermann's tortoise, was investigated utilizing modified methodology for the western subspecies which emphasized the importance of habitat heterogeneity preservation. The study objective was to explore the habitat preferences of the eastern subspecies of T. hermanni. Research was conducted within the same year at four localities in Eastern and Southeastern Serbia. Macrohabitat determination was conducted using a 0 to 5 land cover score system (coverage with herbaceous, bushy or tree vegetation) for 4 m2 tortoise encounter surroundings. Microhabitat analysis was carried out by determining the plant species in closest contact with the tortoise in the moment of recording. Plants were classified into six groups: 1) aromatic, 2) bramble, 3) herbaceous, 4) thorny shrub, 5) tree and 6) non-thorny shrubs. test was used for comparison between expected and empirical habitat preference. Results confirmed that the most attractive macrohabitats for Eastern Hermann's tortoises in this part of the Balkans are meadows and open shrublands, with the addition of dense forest (important in wormer months), what is concordant with earlier data from the Mediterranean part of former Yugoslavia. The most attractive microhabitats were "herbaceous plants", followed by "bramble".


Multiphase Niobium-Silicon alloys offer great potential as a new generation of refractory material system that could meet the high-temperature capability envisaged to exceed the application temperatures of Ni base superalloys. One of the serious concerns in the application of Nb based alloys is their poor oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. However, alloying of the Nb solid solution phase can be quite effective in obtaining remarkably improved high-temperature oxidation resistance without compromising other high-temperature mechanical properties. Several researchers have investigated microstructures and properties of Nb-Ti alloys containing Si as one of the main alloying additions, together with other elements such as Cr, Al, Mo and Hf. Alloy systems containing high volume fractions of high-melting intermetallic silicide phase together with the ductile refractory solid-solution phase have been studied in detail in the past. In this paper an overview of the high temperature oxidation resistance of these multiphase alloys will be provided. Calculated phase diagrams will be examined with a view to exploring a variety of possible invariant reactions in these systems and the effect of alloying elements on the stability and distribution of silicides, mainly Nb 3 Si and Nb 5 Si 3 will be illustrated. The effect of microstructural distribution on high temperature oxidation resistance of multiphase alloys will be discussed. In addition, the overall kinetics of the oxidation reaction, the nature of the reaction products and the development of the oxidation products as well as the mechanism of oxidation are discussed.


A substantial body of criticism has grown up around Charles Brockden Brown's 1798 metaphysical romance Wieland, or the Transformation: An American Tale. Yet absent in the abundant interpretations of Wieland is much discussion of Brown's religious influences, beyond a few obvious and overworked references. Perhaps the most satisfying interpretations of Wieland have recognized the eclectic influences on the text, stemming from Brown's struggles with the cultural and epistemological crises affecting the late eighteenth century (e.g., Kimbell, Hagenbuchle, O'Shaughnessy, Ringe, Watts). These might be simplistically described as a contest between the old worldview of man's depravity and utter dependence on God and the Enlightenment emphasis on reason and human capability. Oddly, though, even these readings have slighted many of the religious allusions in the text. As Ringe laments, religion is a subject seldom considered of much importance in discussions of Brown (113). A decade ago, Rosenthal analyzed Wieland as a warning against religious insularity and his essay suggested that religious sources might be useful to studies of Brown's novels. Recently Watts has studied Brown as an interpreter of social and political tensions, and in his book-length treatment Watts has chronicled Brown's criticism of both orthodox Christianity and extreme sectarianism.(1) However, Watts, a historian, works chiefly with Brown's letters (Watts 55-57, 83-84) and makes no important discoveries in the novels themselves. With the exception of Warfel's biography, treatments of Brown's life, too, have largely ignored the influence of religion on him.(2) For example, other than passing references to his Quaker past, religion gets little mention in Clark's biography. Even at that, Clark fails to appreciate Brown's Quaker past, preferring to put it only in a political perspective (see Moses 12-14). Clark believes that Brown's religious motivation was largely an effort to compensate for his Quaker family's pacifism, and brief banishment from Philadelphia, during the Revolutionary War. Religious allusions are evident from the beginning in Wieland. In the first pages the readers learn that as a young man the elder Wieland(3) had come under the influence of a book written by "one of the teachers of the Albigenses" (8:5),(4) a separatist Protestant sect. Instead of looking to others to check the validity of what he reads, the elder Wieland hastily develops his own creed. Foreshadowing the attention to elocutionary rhetoric later in Wieland, Brown writes that the elder Wieland also obsessively weighs each of his "looks, gestures, and phrases" (9:20). Eventually his religious strictness, along with a missionary zeal, causes him to emigrate to America where he will seek to evangelize the Indians in rural Pennsylvania (9:35-11:15). The Albigensian reference is one of two religious allusions in Wieland that have particularly stood out for critics. Axelrod, for example, consulted reference works contemporaneous to Brown to discover that the Albingenses, a heretical Protestant sect in southern France in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, were known to reject the resurrection of the body, baptism, and marriage rites, among other things. Axelrod joins others (e.g., Rosenthal) in seeing the Manichaean view of dualistic forces of good and evil as an undercurrent in Wieland. Regardless of the particulars, it seems obvious that Brown has chosen this religious allusion as a point of irony to raise an epistemological question: What can a person trust as a basis for his or her actions. Brown writes that for the elder Wieland the Albingensian book "was the fountain, beyond which it was unnecessary to trace the stream of religious truth" (8:38-9:1). Here, no doubt, Brown was criticizing religious groups that do not weigh what they are taught against history and reason. Brown also writes that the elder Wieland read the Albigensian book at night and Sundays. …


Chlorella vulgaris and Isochrysis galbana were grown under different growth
conditions both in indoor and outdoor cultures. Best culture conditions such
as light intensities, photoperiods, salinities and nutrient concentrations were
determined as well as the biochemical compositions. Indoor cultures of C.
vulgaris and I. galbana, when continuously illuminated, grew optimally at 100
μmolm-2s-1 and 40 μmolm-2s-1, respectively. However, under 12 hour light, C.
vulgaris grew optimally at 200 μmolm-2s-1. The chlorophylla concentrations
in both algae were lower at higher light intensity and higher at lower light
intensity. Total protein and total lipid contents of both species were also
significantly higher (p<0.05) at lower light intensity. I. galbana contained more
lipid than C. vulgaris in those conditions. In contrast to protein and lipid,
carbohydrate content increased with increasing light intensity. Similar to C.
vulgaris, the lowest carbohydrate content of I. galbana was obtained at l0
μmolm-2s-1 conditions for both photoperiods. Although the protein contents of
C. vulgaris varied under different light intensity and photoperiod, the relative proportions of constituent amino acids were found to be almost similar. Total
essential amino acids under continuous illumination was significantly higher
(p<0.05) at the lowest and the highest intensities while in I. galbana, it was
significantly higher (p<0.05) only at the lowest intensity. It was surprising that
C. vulgaris contained high proportions of ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids at
continuous illuminations although both eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω-3) and
docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω-3) were absent at 12 hours light. EPA in I.
galbana, was absent at 12 hours light, while the DHA was present in
relatively smaller quantities than in continuous light.
In indoor conditions, at full media concentration, the best salinity for C.
vulgaris was at 30 ppt and 25 ppt for I. galbana. C. vulgaris grown in full
media concentration contained more chlorophylla relative to that in half media
concentration. For I. galbana grown in full media concentration, chlorophylla
increased as salinity increased. Protein contents decreased as salinity
increase both at full and half strength media for C. vulgaris and I. galbana.
The cellular lipid contents of both algae were significantly higher (p<0.05) in
half media concentration. In full media concentration, total lipid contents in C.
vulgaris decreased at higher salinity but in I. galbana no clear trend in lipid
contents in relation to salinity observed. As salinity increased, higher
carbohydrate contents were found in C. vulgaris in full media concentration,
while in half media concentration an inverse trend was detected. I. galbana
also revealed higher proportions of total carbohydrates in half media
concentration compared to full media concentration. The amino acid profile of
both algae exhibited minor differences at different salinity and media concentrations. Most of the essential amino acid in C. vulgaris and I.
galbana were significantly higher (p<0.05) at lower salinity. In C. vulgaris, the
EPA was absent while only trace amount of DHA were detected in cells
grown under full media concentration. However in I. galbana the amount of
EPA was very high at higher salinity and in contrary the, DHA was higher at
lower salinity.
The growth performances of C. vulgaris outdoor cultures were relatively
better than I. galbana under all growth conditions studied. C. vulgaris grown
both in unsheltered and sheltered areas demonstrated rapid increased in cell
density after four days of culture with no lag phases observed. Unlike C.
vulgaris, cultures of I. galbana grown under unshaded conditions
demonstrated increase in cell numbers for 2 days but cells under sheltered
place demonstrated no increased at all. The highest specific growth rate in
C. vulgaris was in lower salinity at half media concentration while the
maximum cell density was achieved by cells in full media concentration of the
same salinity. For I. galbana cells density of half media concentration was
higher then in full media concentration. The highest total protein content of C.
vulgaris was obtained in culture under shaded conditions and generally total
lipid and carbohydrate were found to be higher in unshaded conditions.
However, it was unexplainable why less carbohydrate was found in older
cells at both conditions. I. galbana was a fast growing algae and the protein
as well as lipid contents were significantly higher (p<0.05) at sheltered
condition while no significant changes to carbohydrate content was recorded.
The carbohydrate content in C. vulgaris was higher in older cultures in full and half media concentration while at early culture age, the lipid content was
higher. In the early culture age of I. galbana, protein content was
insignificantly affected (p>0.05) by salinity and media concentration.
However, total lipid and carbohydrate were found higher at 15 ppt compared
to higher salinity in half media concentration.
In the bioeconomic study the production cost of C. vulgaris was found to be
directly influenced by labour cost. From the production forecast, it was
discovered that the high production cost was due to underutilized labour
force which can be reduced by having bigger scale production. In order to
break-even for one cycle of 100 L cultures, the minimum culture volume
should be 1,902 litres.


Researchers increasingly conduct quantitative studies of terrorist groups, which is an important advance in the literature. However, there has been little discussion of what constitutes a "terrorist group," regarding conceptualization or measurement. Many studies of terrorist groups do not define the term, and among those that do, definitions vary considerably. The lack of clarity leads to conceptual confusion as well as sample selection issues, which can affect inferences. To address these issues, this article offers an in-depth analysis of the term and its use. It explores definitions in the literature, and then discusses different samples used. Empirically, the article demonstrates how sample selection can affect variable values. It also shows that a non-representative sample, such as the U.S. Foreign Terrorist Organization list, can lead to inaccurate generalizations. Ultimately, I present a straightforward "inclusive" definition, and argue for its practicality. Other suggestions are made for a more effective and cohesive research program.


In her new book, From Widgets to Digits, Professor Katherine V.W. Stone reviews and analyzes the dramatic changes, both technological and demographic, that have transformed work in America during the last thirty years. The book broadly documents the shift from an economy that primarily relies on the production and consumption of goods to one in which learning and the transmittal of knowledge is central to the creation of wealth. Professor Stone describes how in the past, workers may have expected job security and long-term employment, but that recent economic, social, and technological change have led to a more temporary and transitory relationship between employers and workers. Today, workers face the challenges and risks of a "boundaryless career" in which they advance by moving laterally from employer to employer, acquiring skills and knowledge along the way. Meanwhile, Stone argues, the legal system remains mired in the industrial age, with serious consequences for post-employment restraints, anti-discrimination law, fringe benefits, and unionization, among other areas. The challenge, Stone contends, is for the legal system to respond to these changes creatively and effectively, advancing the needs of both employers and workers in a new age of flexible employment. From Widgets to Digits presents an insightful analysis of the modern "psychological contract" between employers and workers, their understandings about their mutual obligations. Perceptively, Stone concludes that the new goal of employment law should be to establish rules that assist workers with training opportunities, guarantee ownership of the intellectual capital that they develop at work, ensure benefits are easily transferred between jobs, and provide safety nets for those that are left behind by technological change. If there is any area where the analysis is incomplete, it is in its treatment of employment discrimination issues, especially those that women workers must face. Stone contends that employment discrimination was part of the old life-cycle model of employment, and states that with the new boundaryless career, "there is reason to believe that discrimination might subside in the future." For the more subtle forms of discrimination that remain, Stone advocates alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as the preferred solution. Perhaps I am more pessimistic about the persistence of gender discrimination in the modern workplace than is Professor Stone. I argue that it is an open question whether the structural changes in the workforce will benefit or harm women workers.


We report and interpret preferences of a sample of the Dutch adult population for different strategies to end the so-called 'intelligent lockdown' which their government had put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a discrete choice experiment, we invited participants to make a series of choices between policy scenarios aimed at relaxing the lockdown, which were specified not in terms of their nature (e.g. whether or not to allow schools to re-open) but in terms of their effects along seven dimensions. These included health-related effects, but also impacts on the economy, education, and personal income. From the observed choices, we were able to infer the implicit trade-offs made by the Dutch between these policy effects. For example, we find that the average citizen, in order to avoid one fatality directly or indirectly related to COVID-19, is willing to accept a lasting lag in the educational performance of 18 children, or a lasting (>3 years) and substantial (>15%) reduction in net income of 77 households. We explore heterogeneity across individuals in terms of these trade-offs by means of latent class analysis. Our results suggest that most citizens are willing to trade-off health-related and other effects of the lockdown, implying a consequentialist ethical perspective. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that the elderly, known to be at relatively high risk of being affected by the virus, are relatively reluctant to sacrifice economic pain and educational disadvantages for the younger generation, to avoid fatalities. We also identify a so-called taboo trade-off aversion amongst a substantial share of our sample, being an aversion to accept morally problematic policies that simultaneously imply higher fatality numbers and lower taxes. We explain various ways in which our results can be of value to policy makers in the context of the COVID-19 and future pandemics.