Purpose: We evaluated the association between functional visual acuity (FVA) and visual fields in glaucoma patients. Patients and Methods: Forty-seven patients with glaucoma were enrolled (28 men, 19 women; mean age: 65.2±7.3 y; range: 38 to 82 y), and their 94 eyes were studied. Inclusion criteria were having glaucomatous optic disc abnormalities, visual field loss with glaucoma, and a best-corrected visual acuity in each eye of 1.0 (equivalent to Snellen 20/20) or better. FVA and visual maintenance ratio evaluations were made with an AS-28 FVA measurement system. To assess FVA, Landolt optotypes were displayed sequentially for 2 seconds each, and the size was reduced when the patient gave the correct answer. Humphrey automated perimetry was performed to determine mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold, and these values were used to evaluate associations between FVA and visual field. Mean and SD was calculated for all parameters for statistical comparisons. Results: The MD values were −10.1±7.3 (range: −29.87 to 1.05) dB, and foveal thresholds were 34.8±2.8 (mean±SD, range: 25 to 41) dB. The logMAR FVA values were 0.14±0.17 (range: −0.14 to 0.73), and the visual maintenance ratios were 0.92±0.06 (range: 0.73 to 1.02). Linear regression analysis of the logMAR FVA values and visual field gave a MD of R=0.26 (P=0.01), and a foveal threshold of R=0.51 (P<0.001). The corresponding figures for the visual maintenance ratio and visual field were MD: R=0.25 (P=0.01) and foveal threshold: R=0.48 (P<0.001). Conclusions: The results of the current study showed that the logMAR FVA and visual maintenance ratio correlated moderately with foveal threshold.


Abstract This paper analyses endogenous formation of technology sharing coalitions with asymmetric firms. Coalition partners produce complementary technology advancements, although firms do not co-operate on R&D investment level or in the product market. The equilibrium coalition outcome is either between the two most efficient firms, or a coalition with all three firms. The two-firm coalition is the preferred outcome of a welfare maximising authority if ex ante marginal cost is sufficiently high, and the three-firm coalition is preferred otherwise. Furthermore, we show that the equilibrium outcomes result in the lowest total R&D investment of all possible outcomes. Aircraft engine manufacturing provides a case study, and indicates the importance of antitrust issues as an addition to the theory.


This paper is an empirical analysis of unemployment patterns in the OECD countries from the 1960s to the 1990s, looking at the Beveridge Curves, real wages as well as unemployment directly. Our results indicate the following. First, the Beveridge Curves of all the countries except Norway and Sweden shifted to the right from the 1960s to the early/mid 1980s. At this point, the countries divide into two distinct groups. Those whose Beveridge Curves continued to shift out and those where they started to shift back. Second, we find evidence that these movements in the Beveridge Curves may be partly explained by changes in labour market institutions, particularly those which are important for search and matching efficiency. Third, labour market institutions impact on real labour costs in a fashion which is broadly consistent with their impact on unemployment. Finally, broad movements in unemployment across the OECD can be explained by shifts in labour market institutions although this explanation relies on high levels of endogenous persistence as reflected in a lagged dependent variable coefficient of around 0.9.


Abstract. Non-refractory submicrometer particulate matter (NR-PM1) was measured in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea, using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) from 14 April to 15 June 2016, as a part of the Korea-US Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) campaign. This was the first highly time-resolved, real-time measurement study of springtime aerosol in SMA and the results reveal valuable insights into the sources and atmospheric processes that contribute to PM pollution in this region. The average concentration of submicrometer aerosol (PM1 =  NR-PM1 + black carbon (BC)) was 22.1 µg m−3, which was composed of 44 % organics, 20 % sulfate, 17 % nitrate, 12 % ammonium, and 7 % BC. Organics had an average atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O ∕ C) ratio of 0.49 and an average organic mass-to-carbon (OM/OC) ratio of 1.82. Four distinct sources of OA were identified via positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the HR-ToF-AMS data: vehicle emissions represented by a hydrocarbon-like OA factor (HOA; O ∕ C  =  0.15; 17 % of OA mass), food cooking activities represented by a cooking-influenced OA factor (COA; O ∕ C  =  0.19; 22 % of OA mass), and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) represented by a semi-volatile oxygenated OA factor (SV-OOA; O ∕ C  =  0.44; 27 % of OA mass) and a low-volatility oxygenated OA factor (LV-OOA; O ∕ C  =  0.91; 34 % of OA mass). Our results indicate that air quality in SMA during KORUS-AQ was influenced strongly by secondary aerosol formation, with sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, SV-OOA, and LV-OOA together accounting for 76 % of the PM1 mass. In particular, the formation of LV-OOA and sulfate was mainly promoted by elevated ozone concentrations and photochemical reactions during daytime, whereas SV-OOA and nitrate formation was contributed by both nocturnal processing of VOC and nitrogen oxides, respectively, and daytime photochemical reactions. In addition, lower nighttime temperature promoted gas-to-particle partitioning of semivolatile species and formation of SV-OOA and nitrate. During a period of 4 days (from 20 to 23 May ), LV-OOA increased dramatically and accounted for up to 41 % of the PM1 mass. This intense LV-OOA formation event was associated with large enhancements of both anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs (e.g., isoprene and toluene), high concentration of Ox ( =  O3 + NO2), strong solar radiation, and stagnant conditions, suggesting that it was mainly driven by local photochemical formation. We have also investigated the formation and evolution mechanisms of severe haze episodes. Unlike the winter haze events which were mainly caused by intense local emissions coupled with stagnant meteorological conditions, the spring haze events appeared to be influenced by both regional and local factors. For example, there were episodes of long-range transport of plumes followed by calm meteorology conditions, which promoted the formation and accumulation of local secondary species, leading to high concentrations of PM. Overall, our results indicate that PM pollutants in urban Korea originate from complex emission sources and atmospheric processes and that the concentrations and composition of PM are controlled by various factors, including meteorological conditions, local anthropogenic emissions, and upwind sources.


We introduce the public version of the BAyesian STellar Algorithm (BASTA), an open-source code written in Python to determine stellar properties based on a set of astrophysical observables. BASTA has been specifically designed to robustly combine large datasets that include asteroseismology, spectroscopy, photometry, and astrometry. We describe the large number of asteroseismic observations that can be fit by the code and how these can be combined with atmospheric properties (as well as parallaxes and apparent magnitudes), making it the most complete analysis pipeline available for oscillating main-sequence, subgiant, and red giant stars. BASTA relies on a set of pre-built stellar isochrones or a custom-designed library of stellar tracks which can be further refined using our interpolation method (both along and across stellar tracks/isochrones). We perform recovery tests with simulated data that reveal levels of accuracy at the few percent level for radii, masses, and ages when individual oscillation frequencies are considered, and show that asteroseismic ages with statistical uncertainties below 10% are within reach if our stellar models are reliable representations of stars. BASTA is extensively documented and includes a suite of examples to support easy adoption and further development by new users.


The word light (nur) has been applied in the religious texts to a variety of instances. These instances involve a wide spectrum of beings whose one extreme is the visible light, whilst the other extreme is the divine Essence. Entities situated between these two extremes such as intellect, knowledge, faith, divine messengers and their successors, guidance, and the like, have also been referred to as light. Nonetheless, the possession of light by all other beings is by virtue of the perpetual Essence of God.


Our overall purpose in writing this series of articles is to provide Federal energy managers some basic informational tools to assist their decision making process relative to energy management systems design, specification, procurement, and energy savings potential. Since Federal buildings rely on energy management systems more than their commercial counterparts, it is important for energy practitioners to have a high level of knowledge and understanding of these complex systems. This is the second article in a series and will focus on building control system (BCS) networking fundamentals and an assessment of current approaches to open communications protocols. This is important because networking is a complex subject and the networks form the basic infrastructure for energy management functions and for integrating a wide variety of OEM equipment into a complete EMCIS. The first article [1] covered enabling technologies for emerging energy management systems. Future topics will concentrate on more practical aspects including applications software, product offerings, networking strategies, and case studies of actual installations. Please refer to the first article for a more complete overview of the purpose and background for this series.


William Rowe and others argue that if ours is a possible world than which there is a better, it follows that God does not exist. If this is correct, then if there is no best possible world, it is not so much as possible that God exist. I reject the key premise of Rowe's argument. The key to seeing that it is false, I suggest, is seeing that God is subject to something fairly called moral luck. In this first part of the article, I set up Rowe's argument, indicate my strategy, introduce the notion of moral luck and show how it bears on Rowe's claims.


OBJECTIVES
To examine changes over time in the hospital staff's perceptions of how rapid organizational change, caused by fiscal constraints imposed by governments, affects them, their work environment, and the quality of care and services that they provide.

METHODS
A random sample of hospital employees (n = 900) of a large Ontario teaching hospital participated in a longitudinal study which involved surveys at 3 measurement periods over a 2-year period. The questionnaire used in this study included scales reflecting work environment, emotional distress, personal resources, spillover from work to home and vice versa, and perceptions regarding patient care and the hospital as an employer.

RESULTS
Significant increases in depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, and job insecurity were seen among employees, particularly during the first year of the change process. By the end of the second year, employees reported deterioration in team work, increased unclarity of role, and increased use of distraction to cope. Job demands increased throughout the period whereas little change occurred in the employee's job influence or decision latitude. Overall, the work environment was negatively affected. Although patient care was unaffected in the first year, a significant decline in perceptions of patient care, attention to quality improvement, and overall quality of care were later seen.

CONCLUSIONS
This study raises questions about whether hospital re-engineering and mergers will be able to achieve the cost reductions sought without sacrificing quality of work life. Along with the rapid change, there was increase in emotional distress among staff and a deterioration in their relationship with their employer.


Until recently - with the likes of Tina Fey and Amy Poehler achieving dazzling success with 30 Rock and Parks and Recreation - popular entertainment has rarely featured women comedians in leading roles. Can comedy on television harbour elements of gender transgression or subversion? And if a man is permitted to be 'funny peculiar' - playing the underdog or misfit - does a woman seem stranger in his place? Mapping examples from British and American comedy television over the past sixty years, from I Love Lucy to Roseanne and Absolutely Fabulous to Jam and Jerusalem, the book asks: are particular forms of television comedy gendered in specific ways? Paying attention to performances and series yet to receive critical attention as well as more established shows, the book offers fresh insights for the fields of television studies, gender and women's studies, cultural history and comedy.


On 8 October 2004, the Council Regulation (EC) No. 2157/2001 on the Statute for the European Company (SE) will enter into force. In order to make the SE a functional instrument for entrepreneurs and investors, as well as to ensure the effective application of European law, it is necessary to pass national implementation measures by then. National legislators have the opportunity as well as the challenge to shape, in some respect, a national model of the SE which would be attractive for investors and would influence their decision as to where the company be located. Thus, the coming into force of the SE-Regulation will also give "the starting shot" for the competition between national legislators with regard to the law of the European Company. The aim of the present book is to provide the first indications in those national regulations specifically concerning the SE. Although no national law has so far been finally adopted, the first legislative steps have already been taken in many Member States and first drafts have been published. These drafts are presented in the book by the national experts. Moreover, the authors from Member States where no official drafts so far exist, express their personal reflections on how the specific regulations of national law would and should look. Given the fact that in October 2004, when the SE-Regulation comes into force, the European Union will be enlarged by 10 new Member States, the reports cover also some of them, i.e. Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic.


This Essay critically examines the commonplace use by judicial politics scholars of principal-agent models to describe the federal judicial hierarchy. It argues that agency models are useful in highlighting certain aspects of the interaction between upper and lower courts - specifically, the existence of value conflicts and informational asymmetries - but that in other ways traditional principal-agent models fit poorly the relationship between the lower federal courts and the Supreme Court. As a consequence, these models tend to obscure important normative questions about the relationship between lower and upper courts, as well as to distort the role that law plays in judicial decision-making. This Essay proposes that instead of viewing the law as merely a signal or command to lower courts, the law should be understood as the joint product of the Supreme Court and lower courts. Producing a coherent body of law requires cooperation and coordination between the various levels of the judicial hierarchy at the same time that the law is the ground on which value conflicts between judges are played out. This revised understanding of the relationship between Supreme Court and lower federal courts as involving elements of both cooperation and conflict are likely to be more productive than traditional principal-agent models.


The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of biochemical contents viz., proximate and micronutrient analysis in the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. The biochemical contents were determined by different biochemical methods. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves confirmed the presence of all the essential nutrients, minerals and vitamins in good amounts and possess good nutritive value. The plant leaf powders can thus be looked forward as the probable sources of food supplementation in future, after further investigation of the anti-nutritive factors present in them and their enzymatic and molecular effect on human health.


The application of laser welding technology has been considered to shipbuilding structure. However, when this technology is applied to primer-coated steel, good quality weld beads are not easily obtained. Because the primer-coated layer caused the spatter, humping bead and porosity which are main part of the welding defect attributed to the powerful vaporizing pressure of zinc. So we performed experiment with objectives of understanding spatter and porosity formation mechanism and producing sound weld beads in 6 t primer coated steels by a CO2 CW laser. The effects of welding parameters; defocused distance, welding speed, coated thickness and coated position; were investigated in the bead shape and penetration depth on bead and lap welding. Alternative idea was suggested to suspend the welding defect by giving a reasonable gap clearance for primer coated thickness. The zinc of primer has a boiling point that is lower than melting point of steel. Zinc vapor builds up at the interface between the two sheets and this tends to deteriorate the quality of the weld by ejecting weld material from lap position or leaving porosity. Significant effects of primer coated position were lap side rather than surface. Therefore introducing a small gap clearance in the lap position, the zinc vapor could escape through it and sound weld beads can be acquired. In conclusion, formation and suspension mechanism of the welding defects was suggested by controlling the factors.


Communication is recognized as the foundation of developing partnerships in science. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of several communication processes, practices, and tools used by wildlife researchers in northern communities in Arctic Canada. A case study was conducted in the communities of Cape Dorset and Coral Harbour (Salliq), Nunavut, Canada, to assess the effectiveness of research communication approaches carried out by the northern marine bird research group of Environment and Climate Change Canada, which has a long-standing research relationship with these two communities. Our objectives were to 1) explore local experiences with research—marine bird research in particular, 2) examine what communication approaches and tools Nunavummiut viewed as most effective for learning about research activities and feeling engaged in the process, and 3) identify new and emerging communication needs in Nunavut communities to support more effective research partnerships. Our findings indicate that several communication methods used by wildlife researchers, such as community meetings, have become less effective because of changing information-sharing practices at the community level. Other communication practices, such as using social media, hold much promise, but as of yet are underutilized by researchers, though of interest to northern communities. Acknowledging that every northern community is unique, with context-specific priorities, capacities, and needs, effective research partnerships should be built upon communication approaches that foster cooperative inquiry and learning. In progress towards this goal, we explore two emerging and related themes: first, access to information and communication technologies in the two communities, and second, the engagement of youth in Arctic research communication and delivery.


Abstract: The free movement of services is a fundamental tenet of the European Union's Common Market. Gambling services' free movement, however, has long been obstructed by municipal gambling restrictions. One such restriction in place in Sweden authorized the prosecution of two newspaper editors for publishing advertisements of foreign-based online gambling operators. In the course of the editors' appeal from their conviction, the Swedish courts referred questions to the European Court of Justice regarding the compliance of Sweden's domestic restriction with European treaty provisions enshrining the free movement of services. The Court of Justice provided little guidance, however, when it addressed the dispositive question of proportionality; that is, whether Sweden's law went beyond the point needed to affect Sweden's legitimate underlying policy objectives. The court, in its deferent and cursory proportionality analysis, employed a standard ill-equipped to account for the effects national gambling restrictions have on the Common Market in the online age.IntroductionOn July 8, 2010, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) handed down a preliminary ruling on questions referred to it by Sweden's Court of Appeals (Svea hovratt) in Criminal Proceedings Against Sjoberg & Another.1 Both disputes stemmed from criminal charges brought against two newspaper editors who had published advertisements for foreign gambling enterprises.2 The ECJ had been asked to decide whether Sweden's ban on the promotion of foreign gambling violated Article 49 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (Article 49) ,3Article 49 prohibits European Union (EU) Member States from restricting the free movement of services across national borders within the EU.4 In its judgment, the ECJ reasoned that Article 49 did not pre- clude Sweden's ban on gambling promotion, because the ban reflects Sweden's legitimate objective of excluding profit-making interests from its domestic gambling sector, and is proportional to achieving that ob- jective.5This holding, however, was premised upon precedent derived in part from the notion that a gambling operator has to physically en- croach upon the territory of a Member State in order to promote itself there.6 Yet, online gambling is a large and growing part of the EU's market.7 In its Sjoberg judgment, the ECJ missed an opportunity to in- troduce a new standard for evaluating the proportionality of Member States' restrictions on the free movement of services.8 Such a standard is necessary to uphold Article 49's effect on the gambling industry by confining relevant domestic restrictions to their Member States.9Part I of this Comment provides the factual and procedural back- ground of the Sjoberg case. Part II presents the ECJ's relevant Sjoberg holdings, its gambling precedents, and brief overviews of the European gambling market and EU Member States' comparative gambling laws, framing the proportionality issue in Sjoberg within the larger scheme of EU movement-of-services doctrine. Part III explains why Sjoberg pre- sented an opportunity for the ECJ to introduce a new standard for as- sessing the proportionality of restrictions on cross-border gambling ser- vices, and why the court should have seized the opportunity.I. BackgroundIn 2003 and 2004, two Swedish newspapers, Expressen and Afton- bladet, published advertisements for gambling organized outside of Sweden.10 Four separate for-profit gambling operators-all lawfully or- ganized in other EU Member States-purchased the ads.11 At the time of publication, Otto Sjoberg and Anders Gerdin were the editors-in- chief and publishers of Expressen and Aftonbladet, respectively.12Swedish authorities prosecuted Sjoberg and Gerdin for violating section 54 of the Lotterilag, the Swedish lotteries act that governs all domestic gambling activities.13 Section 54 prescribes criminal sanctions for individuals who promote domestic participation in commercial gambling activities that have been organized abroad. …


Inclusivity is one form of educational integrity that is enshrined as an abiding principle in higher education irrespective of mode of delivery or educational program. In course provision, it might take the form of providing equal access to diverse groups of learners. In on-campus contexts, systems are in place to ensure (not unproblematically) that inclusivity is practised. Distance learners, because of their various commitments and the diverse competence and skills they bring to their studies, are a highly heterogeneous group. 'Inclusivity' in this context could have different meanings. In the present paper, we interpret the term 'inclusivity' to mean greater access and support to students, regardless of their learning contexts. In order to explore ways of enabling access to academic learning support we have explored the ODL literature to uncover how academic support services are envisioned in the literature (if at all), and to imagine how an academic learning support initiative within a program/subject might be conceived to contribute to better outcomes for online distance students.


In an article summarizing his career, one newspaper characterized him as the "great graying grizzly bear of California politics," an old-style moderate Democrat whose career was animated by his dedication to his local district and his tireless efforts in behalf of its economic welfare. GOP legislator Bill Campbell once described Mello as "the only Democrat in the Senate with any experience as an entrepreneur," and one of the last of a dying breed of citizen legislators. Mello claims his approach to politics was derived partly from his mother--an openhearted, socially liberal Democrat, and partly from his father--a fiscally conservative Republican.The volume is divided into four sections, including Mello's early family life; his experiences in local politics as a member of the Santa Cruz County Board of Supervisors; his election to the State Assembly; and his tenure as state senator from the 15th District.He begins the narration with anecdotes about the local Portuguese community in Watsonville, his high school years, and work in his family's apple-farming and cold-storage business. His initial foray into politics began in 1950 when he was a Democratic volunteer during the senate campaign between Richard M. Nixon and Helen Gahagan Douglas. His local public service career began when he served as a member of the California Agricultural Advisory Board and as a fire commissioner.His discussion of his early political career covers his tenure on the Santa Cruz County Board of Supervisors and the issues that faced that body, including the preservation of agricultural land and related environmental issues; the founding of the UC Santa Cruz campus; town-gown relations; and his relationship with UCSC's founding Chancellor Dean E. McHenry.Mello's progressive agenda has included such issues as land preservation, gay rights, an assault-weapons ban, senior citizens rights, and the environment. His reputation for "bringing home the bacon" to his district has engendered both praise and condemnation; notwithstanding the criticism, he discusses how he paid scrupulous attention to his constituents' needs, never took anything (or any election) for granted, and in a Republican district, never faced a serious election challenge.Mello served two terms in the State Assembly, where he began his long involvement in senior issues as chairman of the standing Committee on Aging and also became an influential member of the Ways and Means Committee. During his tenure as state senator, Mello had a distinctive legislative record, frequently having more bills signed into law than any other senator. His legislative legacy includes a remarkable record of initiating senior citizen programs. He authored over 120 bills dealing with seniors, including the establishment of the California Senior Legislature; the first programs focusing on Alzheimer's, including respite care, adult day health care, and multipurpose senior service programs; important changes in laws affecting conservatorship and elder abuse; funding for senior meals programs; and nursing-home reform. Seniors throughout the state hold him in high regard for his work in their behalf.He describes his role in obtaining assistance for his district after the l989 Loma Prieta earthquake, in creating a visionary plan for the conversion of Fort Ord, and his efforts in behalf of UCSC--all of which demonstrate his consensus-building skills and his great imagination in crafting bills. During his tenure, Mello carried 727 bills and resolutions, 456 of which the governor signed; many of the others were integrated into other bills.The volume also includes Mello's thoughts on the legislative process; the role of lobbyists; the use of media in campaigns; the culture of the State Senate; and his reflections on the governors with whom he worked, from Edmund G. Brown to Pete Wilson. Mello also discusses his relationship with United Farm Workers founder Cesar Chavez, Chavez's historical legacy, and his own views on relations between growers and migrant farmworkers.


INTRODUCTION This paper aims at sharing the information and insights gained from the international conference "Schizophrenia 1992: Poised for Change", with particular reference to social treatment for people with schizophrenia. A brief account of the conference will be depicted, followed by a discussion of social treatment for schizophrenic patients. This international conference was organized by the British Colombia Mental Health Society and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia. It was held in Vancouver Trade and Convention Centre, Canada from July 19-22, 1992. About 1500 delegates of various different professionals, viz, psychiatrists, social workers, nurses, occupational therapists, mental health administrators and academicians, came from 33 countries and districts to attend this four-day conference. The conference featured a faculty of internationally renowned scientists and mental health practitioners to present their views, experiences and research findings in the study of treatment and rehabilitation approaches to schizophrenia. In each plenary session, a set of three distinguished speakers presented papers from three different perspectives, i.e. biological, psychological and social. The presentations would then be supplemented with workshops and symposia. In addition, partnership activities and public addresses would be held in the evening sessions. On the other hand, exhibition and poster sessions were on display in the Exhibition Hall, together with video library and slide preview. SOCIAL REHABILITATION In this section, the focus would be placed on the papers and research findings presented from the social perspective in the treatment and rehabilitation of people with schizophrenia. DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION Any discussion on social rehabilitation for mentally ill persons should touch on the concept of deinstitutionalization. According to L.L. Bachrach from the University of Maryland, USA, the movement of deinstitutionalization in the United States could be traced back to 1955. The assumptions of deinstitutionalization are threefold 1) community care is more humane; 2) it is more therapeutic; and 3) it is less expensive and more effective. However, she emphasized that community care is not a benign treatment for all mentally ill patients, some still require hospital care. In the service planning for the mentally ill, she presented six principles for consideration. They are :- 1. services for persons suffering from schizophrenia must be individually tailored, mass planning" must be avoided; 2. for those individuals who require it, hospital care must be readily accessible; 3. services must be planned with the context of prevailing cultural norms; 4. outcome measures muss be relevant and realistic; 5. persons suffering from schizophrenia must be themselves involved in service planning to die fullest extent possible; 6. continuity of services is essential; time-limited service provision must be avoided. COMMUNITY TREATMENT The movement of deinstitutionalization has led to the emergence of community treatment for the mentally ill. Community treatment has indeed become both the dominating concept and approach in the treatment and rehabilitation of psychiatrically disabled persons in the United States and Canada. According to M.A. Test from the University of Wisconsin, USA, the adoption of community treatment could be traced back to 1972 in the United States. There are three service guidelines for community treatment. First, the primary focus of treatment is in the community, not hospital. Second, comprehensive services should be rendered, i.e. illness management and coping skills training, with a supportive environment. Third, services should be organized and delivered to reach clients. The Training in Community Living (TCL) [also known as the Program of Assertive Community Treatment, or PACT] has become a national model of community care in the United States. …


Law and the State provides a political economy analysis of the legal functioning of a democratic state, illustrating how it builds on informational and legal constraints. It explains, in an organised and thematic fashion, how competitive information enhances democracy while strategic information endangers it, and discusses how legal constraints stress the dilemma of independence versus discretion for judges as well as the elusive role of administrators and experts.


An attachment of inducer is a powerful method to improve the cavitation performance of a turbo-pump. Cavitation surge phenomena, occurring under the severe suction pressure at a partial flow rate, is focused in the present paper. Flow measurements were carried out at the inlet and outlet sections of a flat-plate helical inducer with the solidity of 2.0 and tip blade angle of 11° by using a total-head yaw-meter with a phase locked sampling method in one period of the shaft rotation or the cavitation oscillation. Time variation of the flow distributions during the oscillation is clarified with observed cavitation behaviors. After these results are compared with those in conditions just before and after the oscillations, the fluctuating blade forces are estimated from the blade to blade distributions of casing wall pressures measured in these conditions.


The low density matter end-station at the new seeded free electron laser FERMI@Elettra is a versatile instrument for the study of atoms, molecules and clusters by means of electron and ion spectroscopies. Beams of atoms, molecules and helium droplets as well as clusters of atoms, molecules and metals can be produced by three different pulsed valves. The atomic and molecular beams may be seeded, and the clusters and droplets may be pure, or doped with other atoms and molecules. The electrons and ions produced by the ionization and fragmentation of the samples by the intense light of FERMI can be analysed by the available spectrometers, to give mass spectra and energy as well as angular distributions of charged particles. The design of the detector allows simultaneous detection of electrons and ions using velocity map imaging and time-of-flight techniques respectively. The instruments have a high energy/mass resolution and large solid-angle collection efficiency. We describe the current status of the apparatus and illustrate the potential for future experiments.


This essay examines the waxing support for the ideology and practice of economic liberty in the founding era. It points out that Americans of the late 18th century increasingly challenged British trade restrictions as well as long-accepted governmental regulation of the economy, raising both practical and philosophical objections. The paper considers various aspects of the colonial economy, including wage controls, regulations governing the price of bread and meat, the establishment of public markets, changes in land and inheritance laws, land speculation, and the growth of contracting in a market economy. It also probes the impact of the Revolutionary War on the emerging commitment to a free market. The paper then links the growing acceptance of economic liberty to the framing of state and federal constitutions. Although recognizing that the United States Constitution does not embody a particular economic theory, the paper concludes that the framers envisioned a substantially free market economy based on private property with a large measure of economic liberty for individuals to pursue their own interests.


The rapid development of new electronic technologies and instruments, utilized to perform many current clinical operations in the biomedical field, is changing the way medical health care is delivered to patients. The majority of test results from laboratory analyses, performed with these analytical instruments often prior to clinical examinations, are frequently used for management decisions pertaining to patient care rather than as aids to diagnosis. The introduction of novel, improved electronic methods and portable tools for diagnosing diseases and for administering treatments has required continuous retraining of laboratory technicians for routine clinical operations and point-of-care testing. Continuous education and competency of clinical laboratory technicians in the proper use of these new healthcare tools, such as electronic-nose (e-nose) devices, is required to obtain the highest quality information possible for management decisions and to develop efficient treatments for patients. E-nose devices often provide more accurate and timely information than conventional chemical methods. Electronic-nose devices of various types and operational technologies are beginning to be used at increasing frequency in hospitals and clinical settings because of the capability of these instruments to provide rapid, accurate information of a patient " s physiological state and health in real-time, eliminating the need for time-consuming chemical tests. E-nose devices are ideal instruments for the detection and diagnosis of disease and for the rapid recognition (sensing) of chemical-bioindicator compounds as indicators of disease within human fluid and tissue samples sent to diagnostic clinical laboratories for analysis. The proper training of technicians in the effective use of e-nose instruments for healthcare applications requires thorough understanding of the theoretical workings of e-nose devices and practical knowledge of operational methodologies that must be followed in order to effectively use e-nose devices to obtain the essential patient information required by medical doctors to make accurate diagnoses and administer rapid effective treatments. This paper provides a review of the most important theoretical and practical considerations to include in the development of training courses to teach clinical laboratory technicians how to properly operate e-nose devices for effective clinical analyses.


As the industry prepares for sub-10nm high-volume manufacturing, defects introduced by process-critical original equipment manufacturer (OEM) components affect final wafer quality that results in lower yields and higher manufacturing costs. For such a major issue that affects the entire semiconductor manufacturing supply chain, there is an even greater urgency for pre-competitive collaboration among key industry stakeholders. To date, there is no industry alignment on how defects are measured on various components and sub-components and on how these results are reported. Furthermore, when yield excursions take place, they often take too long and often with a challenged view of the supply chain. With a growing appreciation on the need for atomic precision process controls, the industry is taking meaningful strides to address these critical issues. One such effort, is being driven under the SEMI SCIS (Semiconductor Components, Instruments, and Subsystems) Special Interest Group (SIG). This SEMI SIG is establishing a framework that will enable industry partners to define or update industrial standards on what to measure and how to measure for key parameters. SCIS focuses on establishing a baseline methodology for measuring defects introduced by process critical components.


This paper will focus on the process of developing the new Safer Drivers Course (the Course) for Young Learner Drivers implemented in NSW from July 2013. The Course, focusing on awareness of risk, low risk driving and building resilience among young learner drivers aged 16-24 years of age, is an optional component of the Graduated Licensing Scheme (GLS) in NSW. The Course aims to improve road safety for young drivers, especially in the first six months when they first commence driving independently as a provisional driver. The Course comprises a three-hour facilitated small group discussion session and a two hour on-road coaching session with two learners and a coach. A key Course requirement is that a learner driver must have completed a minimum of 50 hours on-road supervised driving experience to register for the Course. The curriculum framework for the Course was developed by a Board of Independent Road Safety Experts and supported by an Advisory Panel, adopting key adolescent learning principles, road safety research findings, and best practice driver education. This process involved extensive stakeholder consultation and collaboration among community organisations, the driver training industry, and road safety researchers. This paper will include a summary of the key principles of Course design, key delivery considerations and an overview of the process that contributed to the development of this new initiative that aims to improve road safety for young drivers in NSW.


When people are kept from moving—whether they're sitting through a presentation or stuck behind a desk—they become restless and their attention waivers. Yet most training ignores the innate human desire for motion, resulting in participants learning less.
 Based on the latest neuroscience research, Training in Motion explains how movement enhances learning and introduces a unique and highly effective way to energize an audience and increase retention through simple body-focused techniques. The book shows readers how to:
 Tie lessons to movement to reinforce concepts • Manage learners' physical and emotional states to increase engagement and bolster memory • Use posture, physical gestures, and other movements to command interest • Employ quick physical breaks to efficiently refocus students • Turn lackluster sessions into high-achieving learning environments
 Practical, accessible, and packed with activities, this one-of-a-kind book helps readers add a kinesthetic component to their training so that participants stay motivated, and apply what they've learned long after they've left the classroom.


Consider the problem of estimating a latent signal from a lossy compressed version of the data when the compressor is agnostic to the relation between the signal and the data. This situation arises in a host of modern applications when data is transmitted or stored prior to determining the downstream inference task. Given a bitrate constraint and a distortion measure between the data and its compressed version, let us consider the joint distribution achieving Shannon's rate-distortion (RD) function. Given an estimator and a loss function associated with the downstream inference task, define the RD risk as the expected loss under the RD-achieving distribution. We provide general conditions under which the operational risk in estimating from the compressed data is asymptotically equivalent to the RD risk. The main theoretical tools to prove this equivalence are transportation-cost inequalities in conjunction with properties of compression codes achieving Shannon's RD function. Whenever such equivalence holds, a recipe for designing estimators from datasets undergoing lossy compression without specifying the actual compression technique emerges: design the estimator to minimize the RD risk. Our conditions are simplified in the special cases of discrete memoryless or multivariate normal data. For these scenarios, we derive explicit expressions for the RD risk of several estimators and compare them to the optimal source coding performance associated with full knowledge of the relation between the latent signal and the data.


Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution: 1990-1999. By James Barber. Athens: Ohio University Press and Oxford: James Currey, 2004. Pp. ix, 214. $44.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. James Barber examines the relationship between domestic and foreign policy in the postapartheid and post-Soviet world in which the African National Congress came to electoral power. Barber tracks the transition from a South Africa politically disdained by, and yet socioeconomically entangled in, the white Western world to a South Africa that finally comes to identify with Africa and the Third World at the highest level of political authority. Central to this is Barber's notable and rare description of the other countries in Southern Africa as being part and parcel of the international climate and not simply satellite states of South Africa's apartheid regime. Thus, Barber offers a unique contribution simply by acknowledging the impact of other African states on South Africa instead of the other way around. Critical to telling this story is Barber's attention to what was popularly called "Madiba Magic," the charming and winning political posture of Mandela contrasted against De Klerk's vision for a negotiated government of national unity. The competition over which constituencies and which of these two strong personalities would set the South African foreign policy agenda, and whether that agenda would be focused on wealth redistribution or wealth consolidation, makes up the major thrust of the book. Ultimately, neo-liberal moderation prevailed and even Mandela's charm was not enough to make South Africa become the sort of champion for global economic redistribution that it initially hoped to be under the ANC's leadership. Although both leaders promoted a negotiated settlement, they were not equally successful at deploying the moral authority internationally that made the antiapartheid movement an international cause celebre. Skilled at drawing and wooing international support for this negotiated settlement, both men were not equally matched when it came to the day to day governance in the government of national unity. Indeed, De Klerk's eventual abdication of his position reflects how compromised he felt his shared leadership was, despite the success of having achieved the government of national unity that he had so deftly lobbied for. Though exiled ANC activists reported that South Africa had earned pariah status, their petitions to world opinion were increasingly leveraged against more moderate forces within the ANC. Concerned about building the necessary administrative capacity to cope with increasingly globalized financial institutions; militarized and displaced African people and political movements; and the seemingly perpetual lack of trade, aid, and financial investment in Africa, the ANC had to make different choices. Though Barber hints at a long history of international concern with apartheid (including the 1946 protests by India, the 1947 protests of the annexation of Namibia, and the vigorous protest by the newly independent African states and their intergovernmental organizations-the Organization of African Unity, the Non-Aligned Movement, and their Commonwealth representatives), this intervention into domestic policy was constantly destabilized by apartheid government detente and attempts to negotiate non-aggression agreements (e. …


Exceptionally well exposed normal faults within the Solite Quarry of the Dan River rift basin range in length from a few millimetres to a few metres and are possibly the smallest visible faults studied to date. Displacement is greatest at or near the center of isolated faults and decreases toward the fault tips. Relay structures form between closely overlapping faults. The distribution of fault sizes in the study area follows a power-law (fractal) relation, and the maximum observed displacement scales linearly with fault length. The new fault data extend the global data set to more than eight orders of magnitude of fault length and indicate that there is no significant change in displacement geometry and the linear length-displacement scaling relation between small and large faults.


The actual service loading histories of most engineering components are characterized by variable amplitudes and are sometimes rather complicated. The goal of this study was to estimate the fatigue life of nickel-chromium-molybdenum 30CrNiMo8HH steel alloy under axial and pure torsion variable amplitude loading (VAL) conditions. The investigation was directed at two primary factors that are believed to have an influence on fatigue life under such loading conditions: load sequence and mean stress. The experimental work for this research included two-step loading, non-zero mean strain loading, and VAL tests, the results of which were added to previously determined fully reversed strain-controlled fatigue data. The effect of load sequence on fatigue life was examined through the application of the commonly used linear damage accumulation rule along with the Manson and Marco–Starkey damage accumulation methods, the latter of which takes load sequence into account. Based on the two-step experimental results, both the Manson and Marco–Starkey methods were modified in order to eliminate the empirically determined constants normally required for these two methods. The effect of mean stress on fatigue life was investigated with the use of three life prediction models: Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT), Fatemi–Socie (FS), and Jahed–Varvani (JV). The cycles from the VAL histories were counted using a rainflow counting procedure that maintains the applied strain sequence, and a novel method was developed for the estimation of the total energy density required for the JV model. For two-step loading and for all three fatigue models employed, the modified damage accumulation methods provided superior fatigue life predictions. However, regardless of the damage accumulation method applied, the most satisfactory fatigue life correlation for VAL was obtained using the energy-based JV model.


Remains of mammalian prey were extracted from pellets cast by Asio capensis (marsh owl) and Tyto alba (barn owl) at a number of sites in the Skeleton Coast Park and neighbouring Damaraland. Analysis of these remains provided information on micromammalian distribution and community struclure. Evidence for population structure of Gerbillurus paeba and G. cf setzeri was aIso forthcoming.


A defining stylized fact associated with exchange-rate-based (ERB) stabilization programs is that their initial phase is characterized by several years of expansion in private consumption and a gradual appreciation of the real exchange rate. In this paper, I argue that standard optimizing models are unable to account for this empirical regularity, as they predict that, except for the date of announcement of the program, an appreciation of the real exchange rate must necessarily be accompanied by a decline in consumption. I show that this price-consumption problem can be resolved by relaxing the assumption of time separability in preferences. Specifically, under habit formation a permanent ERB program generates a smooth boom in consumption and gradual real exchange rate appreciation. A temporary program induces, in addition, a smooth boom-recession cycle with the recession beginning before the abandonment of the program.


Where has British feminism gone? Has it retreated into the academy, did it burn out at Greenham Common, has it emigrated to the United States? Natasha Walter discovers that there is a new feminism right here and now in Britain. It is alive and kicking and speaking in the voices of young British women. In defining this new feminism, Natasha Walter celebrates women's growing power, casts aside the dogma of previous generations, and argues that the old adage 'The Personal is Political' does more harm than good. Because above all, this new feminism is frankly materialist. Who cares about how women dress, how they talk, how they make love? First, feminism must deliver political power and economic equality. With tremendous wit, verve and intelligence, THE NEW FEMINISM marks out fresh ground in feminist debate.


This paper draws on research into what constitutes 'effective leadership' from the perspective of FE employees. It highlights FE staff's preference for what we term 'blended leadership', an approach that combines specific elements of both traditional hierarchical leadership with more contemporary aspects of distributed leadership. FE staff prefer leadership practices that provide structure, clarity and organization as well as team-working, communication and a shared sense of mission, responsibility and accomplishment. Within the literature on both education and on leadership, distributed and hierarchical models are typically seen as opposing polarities. Frequently, distributed leadership is highly valued whilst traditional approaches are criticised as outmoded. By contrast, this working paper suggests that FE employees continue to value important elements of a directive leadership approach combined and integrated with aspects of a distributed style. Our research finds that in the FE sector, such 'blended leadership' practices are routinely accomplished in the context of multiple, conflicting, shifting and contradictory demands on FE colleges.


Theories on cost of capital have been around for decades. Unfortunately for practice, the academic discussions typically stop at a high level of generality, leaving important questions for application unanswered. Recent upheavals in financial markets have only made the practitioner's task more difficult.This paper updates our earlier work on the state of the art in cost of capital estimation to identify current best practices that emerge. Unlike many broadly distributed multiple choice or fill-in-the-blank surveys, our findings are based on conversations with practitioners at highly regarded corporations and leading financial advisors. We also report on advice from best-selling textbooks and trade books. We find close alignment among all these groups on use of common theoretical frameworks to estimate the cost of capital and on many aspects of estimation. We find large variation, however, for the joint choices of the risk-free rate of return, beta and the equity market risk premium, as well as for the adjustment of capital costs for specific investment risk. When compared to our 1998 publication, we find that practice has changed some since the late 1990s but there is still no consensus on important practical issues. The paper ends with a synthesis of messages from best practice companies and financial advisors and our conclusions.


Surgical technologists are allied health professionals, who are an integral part of the team of medical practitioners providing surgical care to patients. Surgical technologists work under the supervision of a surgeon to facilitate the safe and effective conduct of invasive surgical procedures, ensuring that the operating room environment is safe, that equipment functions properly, and that the operative procedure is conducted under conditions that maximize patient safety. Surgical technologists possess expertise in the theory and application of sterile and aseptic technique and combine the knowledge of human anatomy, surgical procedures, and implementation tools and technologies to facilitate a physician's performance of invasive therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.


The roots of international voluntary work can be said to stem back to the 19:th century missionary work. It is thus nothing new with westerners wanting to spread their knowledge or help the poor in other countries. However, relatively recently the international voluntary work or, as termed in this thesis, volunteer tourism have become more like an industry. Both the older phenomenon of non-profit organizers of volunteer travels and the newer, nowadays more visible, alternative of commercial companies are to choose from. Within this relatively new landscape of volunteer travels, this study seeks to understand the volunteers' and the volunteer experience through a comparison of non-profit and profit organizers of volunteer travels. To do this, open-ended interviews were conducted with 14 former volunteers who had travelled with various organizers. The interviews took place in Stockholm, March-April 2015. The theoretical framework is based on critical theories, social movement theory and theories about (volunteer) tourism. The study showed that the experiences of and motivations for volunteering were quite similar between the groups. However, the volunteers' who had travelled with non-profit organizers were in retrospect less focused on the aim of "helping" and they had to a larger extend revalued the aim and concept of volunteering. The most common least satisfactory part of the travel was the working situation. For all, the in general most valuable outcome of the travel was a cultural insight (exchange) rather than making a difference or helping, which is the common image marketed by many volunteer travel organizers.


The objective of this study is to determine the improvement of students' learning achievement and their attitudes toward science by applying the scientific approach and interactive multimedia on human reproductive system material. This research was conducted at MAN Darussalam located at Jl. Tgk Glee Iniem, No 01, Darussalam, Great Aceh from 1st to 25th May 2015. The method used is an experiment study that refers to pretest-posttest control group design. The sample in this study consists of 30 students divided into two groups; the experimental class and the control class. The sample of this study was decided by using purposive sampling technique. The parameter was the result of students' cognitive and attitude toward science. The data were analyzed by using Gain and Normalization Gain (N-Gain), and T-Test to define the difference. The results showed that the influence of scientific and interactive multimedia approaches can improve students' learning achievement and attitude toward sciences. This can be seen from the students' learning results with an average score of 55.48 (experimental class) and 45.32 (control class). While, the students' attitude toward science in the experimental class improved about 0.39 from which 3.06 was in the initial attitude and 3.45 was in the final attitude. On the other hand, the control class increased about 0.2 from a score of 2.9 initial attitudes to 3.1 on Student's final attitude. It showed that the implementation of scientific approaches and interactive multimedia is better than conventional methods. Keywords: Scientific and Interactive Multimedia, Learning Achievement and Attitude toward science and Human Reproductive System Material.


608 pages Drug Delivery Systems, Third Edition CRC Press, 2011 Vasant V. Ranade, John B. Cannon 2011 1439806187, 9781439806180 Drug delivery technologies represent a vast, vital area of research and development in pharmaceuticals. The demand for innovative drug delivery systems continues to grow, driving a variety of new developments. Drug Delivery Systems, Third Edition provides a comprehensive review of the latest research and development on drug delivery systems. Coverage includes liposomal, transmucosal, transdermal, oral, polymeric, and monoclonal antibody directed delivery. Each chapter provides a table of marketed and investigational products with numerous practical examples. The book also provides readers with a multitude of possible drug delivery systems that can be used to improve therapeutics, along with global and regulatory perspectives. This third edition contains a chapter on nanoscience and technology for drug delivery along with cutting-edge business intelligence and strategies. Written in a straightforward manner, the authors provide a global perspective on current and future advances and market opportunities. Supplying a cogent overview of the field and extensive guidance on where to get more information, it is an essential resource for anyone venturing into this area of drug development. file download ceba.pdf


ABSTRACT Multilocus sequence typing with nine selected genes is shown to be a promising new tool for accurate identifications of Brevibacteriaceae at the species level. A developed microarray also allows intraspecific diversity investigations of Brevibacterium aurantiacum showing that 13% to 15% of the genes of strain ATCC 9174 were absent or divergent in strain BL2 or ATCC 9175.


Rare earth samarium doped zinc borate glass system based on 30 ZnF2 - 20 TeO2 - (50-x) B2O3 - x Sm2O3, (where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mol%) were prepared. The density of each glass was measured and the molar volume was calculated. Makishima and Mackenzie (M-M) models gave reasonable estimation for different constants of elasticity (Young's modulus (E), Bulk modulus (K), Shear modulus (S), Poisson's ratio (ϑ)). Vickers (Hv) indentation tests were performed on the series of glass samples. These connections were used to relate the conventional Hardness (H). Fracture toughness (KIC), Dissociation energy (Gi) and Packing density (Vt) were also investigated. The relationship between Machinability and Brittleness of glass materials were studied. Exposition of the M-M model proved to be good for the constants of elasticity of ZnF2- TeO2-B2O3-Sm2O3 glasses..


This paper theorizes a new discipline, comparative legal rhetoric, which can accomplish two important goals. First, in a society broken down by intractable polarization and win/lose dichotomies, comparative legal rhetoric identifies alternative, nontraditional and non-Western ways to communicate and persuade. How we talk is deeply connected to how we see the world. If we take a break from the win/lose argument structure that defines Western legal communication, we can uncover opportunities for understanding and healing. Second, a study of comparative legal rhetoric can generate cross-cultural understanding. This new discipline contains a trove of knowledge about how persuasion works in different cultures. Comparative legal rhetoric might also identify universal modes of persuasion, which would be useful knowledge for any law advocate.

In Part One of the paper, I briefly explain why the comparative study of legal rhetoric is important and how traditional legal rhetoric often fails to achieve justice and equality. In Part Two, I provide a foundational introduction to the feeder disciplines that inform the new discipline of comparative legal rhetoric––legal rhetoric, comparative law, comparative rhetoric, and comparative cognitive psychology. Part Three explores lessons that comparative legal rhetoric can teach, studying rhetorical practices located outside of mainstream U.S. culture, including Navajo legal rhetoric, Quaker rhetoric, restorative rhetoric, and citizen's rhetoric. Studying and applying these new communication processes can help solve disputes in a way that fosters more empathy, equity, and justice.


Abstract Laser ranging is extremely accurate and efficient. Terrestrial scanning lidar (light detection and ranging) applied to outcrop stratigraphic mapping enables researchers to capture laser range data at a rate of thousands of individual X, Y, Z and laser-intensity points per second. These data, in conjunction with complementary remotely and directly sampled data, are used to conduct high-precision facies characterization and to construct 3D geological computer models. Outcrop data are presented here to explain our workflow and to discuss the construction of rock-based 3D Digital Outcrop Models (DOMs). Reproducibility and quantification are the drivers of this methodology. High-resolution terrestrial lidar acquisition, processing, interpretation, and visualization are discussed and applied to mapping of geological surfaces in three dimensions. Laser-generated models offer scientists an unprecedented visualization medium in a quantitative 3D arena. Applications of this technology include constructing and visualizing complex 3D Earth models from outcrops for improved reservoir modeling, flow simulation in hydrocarbon and aquifer systems, and property modeling to constrain forward seismic modeling.


FOR THE FIRST TIME IN A HUNDRED YEARS, all the major powers in Northeast Asia, including the United States, are at peace with one another. With the end of the Cold War, the century of turmoil that began with a war between China and Japan in 1895 seems to have come to an end. But the peace in Northeast Asia today is not necessarily secure, nor is it clear that the region is free from the dynamics of power struggle which led to the conflicts and confrontations of the past hundred years. Geography may not drive events in international relations, but it certainly affects calculations in the relations among states. The Korean peninsula, interposed between the Chinese continent and the Japanese islands, cannot but affect the strategic calculations of China and Japan and, less directly, of Russia and the United States. Historically, the Chinese saw Korea as the corridor to Japan, while the Japanese saw the Korean peninsula as a dagger pointed at their nation's heart. Given Korea's geography, it is hardly surprising that most of the conflicts and confrontations in Northeast Asia for the last hundred years involved Korea. For the same reason, the future of security in East Asia is closely linked to the fate of Korea. Tensions remain high on the peninsula, as heavily armed forces face each other across the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. But the international environment surrounding Korea has undergone a profound change. The Soviet threat has completely disappeared as a factor in the region's security equation, and China is no longer considered a "card" to be played against its neighbor to the north. Both Moscow and Beijing have established full diplomatic relations with Seoul. However, for a complex set of reasons, neither the United States nor Japan has yet extended diplomatic recognition to Pyongyang. The North Korean regime, the last unreconstructed Stalinist regime in the world, is under severe strain. The sudden and dramatic collapse of communism around the world raises the question of whether North Korea can remain an exception to this worldwide trend. The problem of North Korea's uncertain future gains urgency because stability on the peninsula depends on what happens in North Korea, and stability in Northeast Asia depends on what happens on the Korean peninsula. Winston Churchill once confessed: "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma." Compared to North Korea, however, Russia under Stalin was a model of transparency. Isolated and paranoiac, North Korea turns even ordinary facts about itself into classified state secrets. The enigma surrounding North Korea has become deeper following the sudden death of "Great Leader" Kim Il Sung in July 1994. Circumstances of the death itself remain a mystery. Even more mysterious is the fate of "Dear Leader" Kim Jong Il, Kim Il Sung's son who was groomed for succession for more than 20 years, the only known case in which a Communist state tried to establish a hereditary dynasty. But so far Kim Jong Il has not taken over his father's titles of President of State and Secretary General of the Party. Understandably, questions are being asked about Kim Jong Il's grip on power. Is he in control, or is he being controlled by other, more powerful figures? Two opposite interpretations are offered by North Korea watchers. Some maintain that Kim Jong Il, who was already managing the daily business of the government before his father's death, is firmly in control. All potential sources of opposition to him had been eliminated long ago, and all the critical levers of power, both in the military and the party, are in the hands of those who are loyal to him. Furthermore, in the nuclear negotiations after Kim Il Sung's death, North Korea showed the government machinery was functioning without any indication of a breakdown. As for Kim Jong Il not assuming the titles of President or Secretary General, those who believe Kim Jong Il is in control argue that accession has not taken place because Kim does not need those formal titles to exercise power. …


CCD images of 42 elliptical and S0 galaxies are examined for low-contrast structures or subtle distortions of the isophotes from perfect ellipses. 75 percent of the galaxies have isophotes completely describable as concentric ellipses to within the photometry errors. 'Boxy' isophotes, stellar discs, and dust lanes are detected in the remaining 25 percent of the sample. The boxy elliptical galaxies appear dynamically indistinguishable from normal ellipticals and are therefore different from boxy bulges, which rotate rapidly. Most of the galaxies with faint discs, however, appear dynamically similar to S0 galaxies. Nearly edge-on dust lanes are found in four galaxies, which suggests that dust lanes may commonly occur in elliptical galaxies.


— The study investigated the factors militating the organization of intramural sports programs in secondary schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to identify the factors affecting the organization of sports in secondary schools and also to proffer possible solutions to these factors. The study employed the inferential statistics of chi-square (x2). Five research hypotheses were formulated. The population for the study was all the students in the government-owned secondary schools in Ekiti West Local Government of Ekiti State Nigeria. The sample for the study was 60 students in three schools within the local government selected through simple random sampling techniques. The instrument used for the study was a self-developed questionnaire by the researcher for data collection. The instrument was presented to experts and academicians in the field of Human Kinetics and Health Education for construct and content validation. A reliability test was conducted which involves 10 students who are not part of the study. The test-retest coefficient of 0.74 was obtained which attested to the fact that the instrument was reliable enough for the study. The validated questionnaire was administered to the students in their various schools by the researcher with the help of two research assistants; the questionnaires were filled and returned to the researcher immediately. The data collected were analyzed using the descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentage and mean to analyze demographic data in section A of the questionnaire, while inferential statistics of chi-square was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The results of the study revealed that personnel, fund, schedule (time) were significant factors that affect the organization of intramural sport programs among students in secondary schools in Ekiti West Local Government Area of the State. The study also revealed that organization of intramural sports programs among students of secondary schools will improve and motivate students' participation in sports beyond the local level. However, facilities and equipment is not a significant factor affecting the organization of intramural sports among secondary school students in Ekiti West Local Government Area.


We present an efficient grid structure that extends a uniform grid to create a significantly larger far-field grid by dynamically extending the cells surrounding a fine uniform grid while still maintaining fine resolution about the regions of interest. The far-field grid preserves almost every computational advantage of uniform grids including cache coherency, regular subdivisions for parallelization, simple data layout, the existence of efficient numerical discretizations and algorithms for solving partial differential equations, etc. This allows fluid simulations to cover large domains that are often infeasible to enclose with sufficient resolution using a uniform grid, while still effectively capturing fine scale details in regions of interest using dynamic adaptivity.


In the frame of a modern waste management, an important sector concerns the sewage sludge minimisation. In recent years a lot of techniques have been developed to reduce the sludge production such as biological, thermal, thermochemical, high temperature oxidation and mechanical treatments, ultrasonication and ozonation or by using chemical compounds. Some of these have been proven to be not energy saving technologies, while others could negatively affect the effluent quality of the process due to the formation of byproducts. Among those, the use of an anaerobic side-stream reactor (ASSR) in the conventional activated sludge line is considered a challenging biological technology to minimize the sludge production in wastewater treatment plants. The whole process is mainly based on the waste activated sludge recirculation between aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions. The ASSR can be easily realized in both new and existing plants as it consists of an anaerobic side-stream reactor for sludge treatment and reduction where a portion or, in some cases, all the excess sludge of the activated sludge process is recycled. Studies show that combining a conventional activated process with an ASSR could reduce the sludge yield by up to 40–60% without any negative effects, neither on the effluent quality nor on the settling characteristics of the activated sludge. The process has been applied by using various configurations. Further, different explanations about the reduction mechanism behind the process have been provided. This paper is a review of the existing application of the ASSR, in order to describe the configurations implemented, the mechanisms of sludge reduction observed and the main parameters involved.


RECENT YEARS HAVE WITNESSED sharply divergent accounts of the history of the relationship between science and religion. On one extreme there is the "warfare hypothesis" set forth in early works such as John William Draper's History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (first published in 1874), Andrew Dickson White's A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (published in 1896), and Bertrand Russell's Religion and Science (1935). A radically different position is encountered in the claim by David Lindberg, a highly respected scholar in the history of science, that "there was never anything approaching intellectual warfare between theologians and scientists" (45). Rodney Stark, in his book, For the Glory of God, makes the claim that "there is no inherent conflict between religion and science [and makes the further claim] that Christian theology was essential for the rise of science" (123). Conflicting accounts of the history of the relations between science and religion are important because they constitute unavoidable intellectual and pedagogical challenges for instructors who cover topics such as religious history, evolution, the historical development of scientific thought, the history of mental disorders, or the history of philosophy or of psychology. Those who cover history in any depth are inevitably called upon to adjudicate among conflicting claims that are increasingly prevalent in the literature. How credible is the warfare hypothesis and how credible are the claims of those who now question that hypothesis? Samuel Butler, in his critique of progress theories of history, noted that "God cannot alter the past; [but] historians can; it is perhaps because [historians] can be useful to [God] in this respect that [God] tolerates their existence" (151). But who is it that is altering history and what do we mean by intellectual warfare? Unfortunately, those who have written about intellectual warfare seldom define it. The definition employed throughout this paper is that warfare, whether it is of a physical, economic, or intellectual nature, involves activities undertaken by adversaries designed to weaken, destroy, or control another. If it is the control of territory that is the goal in physical combat, it is the control of ideas or beliefs that is the goal in intellectual warfare. Warfare, whether physical or intellectual, includes organizational activities, plans, and strategies for engaging the enemy. It includes legal actions, legislative activities, lobbying efforts to influence legislation, and attempts to influence the flow of information through propaganda, demonstrations, surveys, petitions, control of the media, or outright censorship. Most of these activities cost money so economic considerations play prominently in the equation. The historical tools of intellectual warfare, according to those who embrace this hypothesis, also included censure, excommunication, forbidden books, torture or the threat of torture, withholding promotions, restrictions on the right to publish, and capital punishment. In order to assess the conflicting claims of historians it is necessary to examine the arguments and the counterarguments. In the process we are likely to feel intimidated by specialists who have impressive acquaintance with details of specific historical periods. Nevertheless, some comfort can be found in the fact that experts disagree with each other and those on both sides seem to offer persuasive arguments in defense of their viewpoints. Further, the rest of us are not entirely unfamiliar with the terrain because the relations between science and religion are not just historical curiosities; such relations are contemporary. Intense debates over issues such as embryonic stem cell research, the teaching of evolution in public schools, population control, or the age of the earth are currently very topical. It is not irrelevant to our historical confusions to ask whether present conflicts between science and religion rise to the level of intellectual warfare. …


One of society's greatest challenges is sequestering vast amounts of carbon to avoid dangerous climate change without driving competition for land and resources. Here we assess the potential of an integrated approach based on enhancement of natural biogeochemical cycles in agro-ecosystems that stimulate carbon capture and storage while increasing resilience and long-term productivity. The method integrates plant photosynthesis in the form of (cover) crops and agroforestry, which drives carbon capture. Belowground plant-carbon is efficiently stored as stable soil organic carbon. Aboveground crop and tree residues are pyrolyzed into biochar, which is applied to the soil reducing carbon release through decomposition. Enhanced weathering of basalt powder worked into the soil further captures and stores carbon, while releasing nutrients and alkalinity. The integrated system is regenerative, through enhanced virtuous cycles that lead to improved plant capture, biomass storage and crop yield, the prerequisites for large-scale carbon sequestration along with food security.


Protists are a group of highly diverse unicellular eukaryotic organisms. They are globally distributed and inhabit all types of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Protists represent an enormous functional diversity and occupy various ecological niches as bacterivores, fungivores, algivores, predators, primary producers, saprotrophs or parasites of plants and animals. Among protists, the Cercozoa are one of the most diverse, speciose and ecologically important of all protist phyla. Protists in terrestrial systems often show an association to plants and they are well known predators on plant surfaces. However, a comprehensive understanding about the distribution and functions of plant-associated protists in the rhizosphere (i.e. belowground compartments of plants) and the phyllosphere (i.e. aboveground compartments of plants, mainly leaves) is lacking. Therefore this thesis aims to increase the knowledge on the diversity and functional roles of plant-associated Cercozoa.
In the first chapter several cercomonad Cercozoa strains were isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of plants from three functional groups. Their potential phyllosphere and rhizosphere as well as plant specificity was investigated and revealed that cercomonad communities show a deterministic assembly in the above- and belowground compartments of plants. During the course of this study, three novel cercomonad species were described and ten new cercomonad genotypes reported. This indicates that cercozoan taxa preferentially associated with the phyllosphere exist and that Cercozoa diversity is far from being completely revealed. The second chapter aims at deciphering the feeding preferences of leaf-associated cercomonads and their predation effects on the composition, function and interaction of phyllosphere bacterial communities. Predation-induced shifts in bacterial community composition could be linked to phenotypic protist traits and we showed that leaf associated cercomonads significantly structured bacterial community composition which led to an altered interaction pattern among bacterial taxa. This study further demonstrated that cercomonad predation can have significant impact on the physiological function of bacterial communities. The third chapter of this thesis aimed to reveal the spatial and temporal dynamics between leaf-associated cercomonad Cercozoa and phyllosphere bacteria on leaves. We could prove that leaf-associated cercomonads are active and feeding on bacterial cells on the leaf surface and confirm the activity of protists on plant surfaces is closely connected to moisture on leaves. The last chapter aimed to increase the knowledge on the ecology and function of plant-associated cercozoan testate amoebae. Four different strains of Rhogostoma spp. were isolated from Arabidopsis leaves, agricultural soil and rhizosphere soil of Ocimum basilicum and Nicotiana sp. Detailed morphological description for two novel Rhogostoma species isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere is provided. The potential ingestion of bacteria, algae and fungi was investigated, providing indications on how the Rhogostomidae also prey on other (co isolated) members of the phyllosphere microbiome.


As keystone predators, sea stars serve to maintain biodiversity and distribution through trophic level interactions in intertidal ecosystems. Sea Star Wasting Disease (SSWD) has caused widespread mass mortality of Asterias forbesi in locations along the Northeast Coast of the US in recent years. A similar disease has been described in several sea star species from the West Coast of the US. Recently, a densovirus has been associated with wasting disease in West Coast sea stars and a few limited samples of A. forbesi. The goal of this research is to describe the pathogenesis of SSWD in A. forbesi and other echinoderms in the Northeast Coast of the US and to determine if the densovirus isolated from West Coast sea stars (SSaDV) is associated with the SSWD of A. forbesi on the eastern US coast. Histological examination of A. forbesi tissues affected with SSWD showed cuticle loss, edema, and vacuolation of cells in the epidermis but little to no evidence of pathology caused by bacterial or parasitic agents. Inclusion bodies were noted in two of the stars sampled. Challenge experiments by cohabitation and immersion in infected water suggest that the cause of SSWD is viral in nature, since filtration (0.22 μm) of water from tanks with SSWD does not diminish the transmission and progression of the disease. Death of challenged sea stars occurred 7-10 days after exposure to infected water or sea stars. Of the 48 stars tested by qPCR, 29 (60 %) have tested positive for the SSaDV VP1 gene. These stars represent wild-collected sea stars from all geographical regions (South Carolina to Maine), as well as stars exposed to infected stars or water from affected tanks. However, a clear association SSaDV with SSWD in A. forbesi from the East Coast of the US was not found in this study. Understanding the potential cause of this disease is a first step towards management and prevention of wide spread outbreaks.


The non-linear elastic response of arteries implies that their mechanical properties depend strongly on blood pressure. Thus, dynamic measurements of both the diameter and pressure curves over the whole cardiac cycle are necessary to characterise properly the elastic behaviour of an artery. We propose a novel method of estimating these mechanical properties based on the analysis of the arterial diameter against pressure curves derived from ultrasonic and photoplethysmographic measurements. An ultrasonic echo tracking device has been developed that allows continuous recording of the internal diameter of peripheral arteries. It measures the diameter 300 times per second with a resolution of 2.5 microns. This system is linked to a commercially available light-plethysmograph which continuously records the finger arterial pressure (0.25 kPa accuracy). Because of the finite pulse wave velocity, the separation between the diameter and the pressure measurement sites causes a hysteresis to appear in the recorded diameter-pressure curve. Using a model based on haemodynamic considerations, the delay between the diameter variations and the finger arterial pressure is first eliminated. As the pulse wave velocity depends on the pressure, the delay is determined for each pressure value. The relationship between pressure and diameter is then described by a non-linear mathematical expression with three parameters, which best fits the recorded data. The dynamic local behaviour of the vessel is fully characterised by these parameters. Compliance, distensibility and pulse wave velocity can then be calculated at each pressure level. Thus, the mechanical behaviour of peripheral human arteries can now be characterised non-invasively over the pressure range of the whole cardiac cycle. The results obtained in vivo on human radial and brachial arteries show that a thorough analysis of the compliance-pressure curves and their modifications (curving, shift) is needed in order to compare two different vessels in a meaningful way.


Background: When the brain has suffered damage, the learning process can be considerably disturbed. Brain damage can influence what is learned, but also how learning takes place. What patients can learn can be viewed in terms of 'learning ability' and how patients learn in terms of 'learning style'.
Aims: To examine methods of measuring learning ability (what) and learning style (how) in patients with brain injury, and to determine the role of learning and other neuropsychological factors in predicting inpatient rehabilitation outcomes.
Methods: Current clinical practice and expert opinion were explored, a systematic review was executed and retrospective and prospective cohort studies were performed. An online survey and interviews were used to examine Dutch clinicians' views on learning ability and learning style. An aspect of learning ability is patients' potential to learn and benefit from training or guidance, their so-called 'cognitive learning potential'. A one-session dynamic cognitive testing procedure can be used to explore patients' cognitive learning potential. A systematic review was performed to explore the concept and methodology of dynamic cognitive testing and to evaluate its added and predictive value in adult patients with cognitive impairments. In a prospective cohort study, the validity of the most frequently used dynamic cognitive test, the dynamic Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (dWCST) was examined in inpatients with ABI. Further, the validity and cognitive correlates of a learning style instrument, the Adapted Learning Style Inventory (A-LSI), was examined. Finally, in a longitudinal study, neuropsychological predictors of participation and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) three months after inpatient ABI rehabilitation were examined.
Results: The survey revealed that the vast majority of clinicians take learning ability into account when making a prognosis. Commonly used methods for the assessment of learning ability were cognitive tests and observations during therapy. The systematic review provided preliminary support that dynamic cognitive tests can provide a valuable addition to conventional cognitive tests to assess patients' cognitive abilities. Although promising, there was a large variability in methods used for dynamic cognitive testing. The most frequently used dynamic cognitive test, the dWCST, showed adequate psychometric properties in a cohort of patients with ABI. Regarding learning style, interviews revealed that Dutch rehabilitation professionals were generally positive about using learning style in ABI rehabilitation. However, no support was found for an association between learning style on the A-LSI and cognitive impairment, and doubts were raised about the validity and feasibility of the A-LSI for patients with ABI. Hence the role of learning in predicting inpatient ABI rehabilitation outcomes was only examined for cognitive learning potential and not for learning style. The results showed that neuropsychological factors, and in particular passive coping, significantly contributed to predicting HRQoL and participation after inpatient rehabilitation when controlling for demographic and injury-related factors. Cognitive learning potential on the dWCST was not significantly associated with HRQoL and participation.
Conclusion: The findings in this thesis contribute to our understanding of learning after ABI and can act as a starting point for further research into learning after ABI.


The effects of structural enrichment in the hatchery rearing environment of brown trout Salmo trutta was linked to post-release performance. Enrichment resulted in reduced swimming activity scored in an open field test and reduced movement in a natural river after release. Also, enrichment increased resting metabolic rates, which correlated positively with overwinter growth.


Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification that is catalysed by either bacterial pathogenic toxins or endogenous cellular ADP- ribosyltransferases (ARTs), and that can modulate the functions of target proteins. This latter aspect has only recently emerged as an important mechanism in mammalian cells for the control of a vast array of cellular processes. Some of the members of the poly-ADP-ribosyl-polymerase (PARP) family are among the mammalian enzymes that can catalyse mono-ADP-ribosylation. Here, based on biochemical data, I provide evidence that the PARP family member PARP12 is a mono-ART (mART) that can modify acidic amino acid residues. Using an affinity purification method based on a protein module that recognises ADP-ribosylated proteins (the macro domain), together with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, I have identified 25 putative PARP12 substrates that are involved in different cellular processes. The identification of this range of substrates suggests that PARP12 is involved in multiple cellular functions, ranging from regulation of small-GTPases to the control of newly synthesized RNA. To determine its biological role, I analysed its intracellular localisation. Data reported here show that PARP12 is a mART that is localised to the Golgi complex, where it can use the NAD + pool present on this organelle to modify Golgi-localised proteins. In line with these findings, among the PARP12 substrates, I identified Rab1A, a small GTPase that controls both . transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi- complex, and the structure of the Golgi itself My data suggest a role for PARP12 in maintenance of Golgi structure, potentially through ADP-ribosylation of Rab1A. A further aspect I have analysed is the ADP-ribosylation of the dual function protein C-terminal binding protein 1/BFA- dependent ADP-ribosylated substrate (CtBP1/BARS) as a mechanism of action of the toxin brefeldin A (BFA). BFA-induced ADP-ribosylation of CtBP1/BARS occurs through a novel mechanism that comprises two steps: (i) synthesis of a BF A-ADP- ribose conjugate (BAC); and (ii) covalent binding of the BAC into the NAD+ -binding pocket of CtBP1/BARS. Here, I demonstrate that this reaction requires the involvement of ADP-ribosyl-cyclases, such as CD38. Importantly, this modification abolishes CtBPIIBARS fissioning activity, while it increases CtBP1/BARS co- repressor activity, in a promoter-dependent context. As with sumoylation and phosphorylation, ADP-ribosylation thus represents a new mechanism for the regulation of the functions of CtBP1/BARS.


OBJECTIVES
To develop a computerised database for monitoring actual drug consumption by a group of patients on chronic drug therapy and pilot the database to assess its effectiveness.

SETTING
Community based in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe.

SUBJECTS
434 patients with asthma, hypertension, epilepsy, Diabetes mellitus or multiple conditions whose medical information was entered into the database.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Accessibility of information on the exact amount of drugs being utilised by patients.

RESULTS
It was possible to determine the amount of drugs being consumed by the patients on chronic drug therapy from the database. Additional information on patient demographic data as well as adverse drug reactions could be compiled from that basic data. The database could also be used to follow up patients and record any changes in their treatment regimens and other relevant clinical information.

CONCLUSION
It is feasible to create a database for monitoring actual drug consumption by patients on chronic drug therapy as a way of forecasting drug requirements accurately. Such a database has more advantages over the current methods used to estimate drug requirements. It could also be very useful as an information resource centre for nation-wide use.


Drawing on many years of African experience, John Reader has written a book of startling grandeur and scope that recreates the great panorama of African history, from the primeval cataclysms that formed the continent to the political upheavals facing much of the continent today. Reader tells the extraordinary story of humankind's adaptation to the ferocious obstacles of forest, river and desert, and to the threat of debilitating parasites, bacteria and viruses unmatched elsewhere in the world. He also shows how the world's richest assortment of animals and plants has helped - or hindered - human progress in Africa.


Over the past two decades, social responsibility (SR) has become a key principle of many private sector entities that aim for business excellence. Similarly, in the public sector, the latest public governance models (PGMs) are based on the selected public governance principles (e.g. consensus orientation, participation, equity and inclusiveness) directed at connecting and including all types of stakeholders in decision-making and carrying out the activities of public sector organisations. Yet, there is insufficient reliable empirical evidence with respect to the relationship between social responsibility and the underlying principles of PGMs. The principal goal of the article is thus to identify the relationship between the concept of social responsibility and consensus orientation, which is one of the main theoretically and practically grounded principles of PGMs. This goal is addressed by applying the QDA Miner software package and analysing the contents of the 100 most relevant scientific papers from the Web of Science database. Specifically, the relationship between occurrence of the 'consensus orientation' principle and SR is identified and quantified, revealing the importance of the latter. Moreover, different PGMs are analysed in terms of consensus orientation and SR enforcement, providing tangible guidelines to help advance theory and practice in the domain of public governance.


# 1.

Nascent translation products on mitochondrial ribosomes were selectively labeled in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide with radioactive leucine. They were isolated together with the ribosomes.
# 2.

The labeled polypeptides show a high tendency to aggregate and can only be kept in solution in the presence of detergents such as dodecylsulfate. Also, mitochondrial ribosomes carrying nascent peptide chains easily form aggregates.
# 3.

The polypeptides adhering to mitochondrial monomeric ribosomes differ from those adhering to polymeric ribosomes. Gel electrophoresis in the presence if dodecylsulfate shows for the peptidyl transfer RNA products at the monomer, an apparent molecular weight of 27000. After removing the transfer RNA, an apparent molecular weight of less than 10000 is registered. The peptides adhering to mitochondrial polymeric ribosomes display a broad range of apparent molecular weights. In contrast, translation products associated with cytoplasmic monomeric and polymeric ribosomes all show quite disperse molecular weights.
# 4.

Using gel-chromatographic analysis no difference in the elution characteristics between translation products associated with mitochondrial monomeric and polymeric ribosomes was found. In both cases apparent molecular weights of about 11000 were obtained.
# 5.

A kinetic study of the appearance of mitochondrial translation products in the mitochondrial membrane was carried out. A conversion process of products with lower apparent molecular weights to those with higher apparent molecular weights is observed. This suggests that mitochondrial ribosomes form polypeptides which are modified during or after integration into the membrane.
# 6.

The hypothesis is discussed that mitochondria possess their own system of transcription and translation, because the hydrophobic nature of the translation products makes it necessary that they are formed inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, into which they are integrated.