AIMS To investigate the ultrastructural localisation of proteoglycans (PG), βig-h3 (keratoepithelin), tenascin-C (TN-C)), fibrillin, and fibronectin in bullous keratopathy (BK) corneas. METHODS Five corneas from cases of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (BK) were examined by electron microscopy. PG were demonstrated using cuprolinic blue, and the proteins βig-h3, TN-C, fibrillin, and fibronectin were immunolocalised with rabbit anti-βig-h3, mouse anti–TN-C (BC10 and TN2), mouse anti-fibrillin-1 (MAB2502), mouse anti-fibrillin (MAB1919), and rabbit anti-fibronectin by using a standard immunogold technique. RESULTS Epithelial cells contained numerous vacuoles. Epithelial folds and large, electron lucent subepithelial bullae were present. Basal lamina was thickened and traversed by disrupted anchoring filaments. In the stroma, interfibrillar collagen spacing was increased and abnormally large PG were present. Descemet's membrane (DM) contained lucent spaces in which there were small filaments. Keratocyte and endothelial cells contained melanin granules. A posterior collagenous layer (PCL) contained numerous microfilaments and wide spacing collagen fibres with a periodicity of 100 nm. Large quantities of abnormal PG were observed at the endothelial face of the PCL. Very strong labelling with βig-h3 antibody was observed in the basement membrane, Bowman's layer, stroma, DM, and PCL, but not in keratocytes and endothelial cells. Strong labelling with BC10 and TN2 was seen below the epithelium, in electron lucent spaces where the hemidesmosomes were absent, in the fibrotic pannus, in parts of Bowman's layer, the stroma, and Descemet's membrane. Labelling with BC10 was stronger and more evenly distributed than with TN2. Fibrillin-1 (MAB2502) and fibrillin (MAB1919) labelling was similar to TN-C labelling. Fibrillin (MAB1919) labelling was stronger than fibrillin-1 (MAB2502) labelling. CONCLUSIONS Immunoelectron microscopy showed precise labelling of proteins at both the cellular and the subcellular level. Expression of proteins βig-h3, TN-C, fibrillin, and fibronectin was highly increased compared with normal cornea. In the oedematous stroma, increased collagen fibril separation may facilitate a wider distribution of some soluble proteins, such as βig-h3, throughout stroma. The modified expression of the proteins studied in these cases of BK may be regarded as part of an injury response.


The use of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) across nations, cultures, and languages has been criticized. The key criticisms point to the linguistic and cultural biases potentially underlying the design of reading comprehension tests, raising doubts about the legitimacy of comparisons across economies. Our research focused on the type and magnitude of invariance or non-invariance in the PISA Reading Comprehension test by language, culture, and economic development relative to performance of the Australian English-speaking reference group used to develop the tests. Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis based on means and covariance structure (MACS) modeling was used to establish a dMACS effect size index for each economy for the degree of non-invariance. Only three wealthy, English-speaking countries had scalar invariance with Australia. Moderate or large effects were observed in just 31% of the comparisons. PISA index of economic, social and cultural status had a moderate inverse correlation with dMACS suggesting that socioeconomic resourcing of education played a significant role in measurement invariance, while educational practice and language factors seemed to play a further small role in non-invariance. Alternative approaches to reporting PISA results consistent with non-invariance are suggested.


Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is theoretically investigated in weakly guiding organic crystal-cored fibers (OCCF's), where the crystal axes are parallel to the corresponding waveguiding ones. The analysis made for all acentric point groups clearly singled out core orientations favorable for efficient SHG (under appropriate phase-matching conditions). The analysis of molecular orientations maximizing the relevant nonlinear (NL) coefficients shows that NL organic materials optimized for efficient SHG in the bulk are also optimized for efficient SHG in OCCF's. We discuss the growth methods of OCCF's and present the results obtained when two organic materials, N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(L)-prolinol (NPP) and N-(4-nitrophenyl)-N-methylamino-aceto-nitrile (NPAN), are used. The crystal structure of the new material NPAN as well as related NL properties are presented for the first time to the authors' knowledge. The nonlinear properties of NPAN are comparable with those of the best phase-matchable organic material, NPP.


Abstract Low-grade metamorphic rocks from the Meliata unit (Western Carpathians) are characterized by the presence of typical blueschist-facies minerals. In metabasalt, an early low-pressure assemblage (<0.5 GPa at 350°C), characterized by muscovite and zoisite, is followed by high-pressure glaucophane, phengite, Na-pyroxene, chlorite, clinozoisite and Al-poor titanite, indicating pressures of >1.2 GPa at 450°C. Na-pyroxene shows strong compositional variations between the end-members Jd4-70, Aeg10-49 and Q17-49, respectively. Phengite has high Si content of 3.5 a.p.f.u. The zoisite with Al2Fe (100[Fetot/(-2+Altot+Fetot)]) = 3-5%, is rimmed by clinozoisite, with a maximum of 75% Al2Fe, as well as being enclosed by glaucophane. The occurrence of clinozoisite, rimming zoisite, suggests that the transformation of orthorhombic to monoclinic epidote depends not only on the temperature but also on the pressure. In the studied metabasalt, retrograde phases reflecting greenschist-facies conditions are albite and chlorite. Some neighbouring metabasites may additionally contain actinolite and biotite.


Protein structure predictions, and experimentally derived protein structures, very often require certain structure improvement (refinement), which means bringing it closer to real, usually in vivo working conformations. In respect to the variety of protein models to be refined, computational optimization procedures could be divided into localized (applied to a small part of a structure) and global (whole structure). Generally speaking, the first problem is usually tractable, and the latter remains to be extremely challenging for systems larger then peptides or small proteins: optimization complexity and difficulty dramatically increase with the size of structures to be optimized. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Within southern Africa, there is an observable increase in dominant party systems, in which one political party dominates over a prolonged period of time, within a democratic system with regular elections. This party system has replaced the one-party system that dominated Africa's political landscape after the first wave of liberations in the 1950s and 1960s. This book seeks to understand this trend and its implications for southern Africa's democracies by comparing such systems in southern Africa with others in the developing world (such as India, South Korea and Taiwan). In particular, the case of Zimbabwe stands out as a concerning example of the direction a dominant party can take: regression into authoritarianism. India, South Korea and Taiwan present alternative routes for the dominant party system. The salient question posed by this book is: Which route are Botswana, Namibia and South Africa taking? It answers by drawing conclusions to determine whether these countries are moving towards liberal democracy, authoritarianism or a road in between.


The north frontal fault system of the San Bernardino Mountains is made up of a number of disparate structural elements, each of which accommodates range-front deformation in a manner dictated by its geometry. A two-stage history of late Cenozoic structural development is proposed for the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains: the range was first uplifted on low-angle structures and later modified by high-angle faulting. Evidence for Pliocene onset of deformation and uplift in the westernmost San Bernardino Mountains is found in the provenance and character of the associated sediments. Thrusting uplifted the northern range front during a pulse of deformation spanning late Pliocene through middle Pleistocene time. Uplift in the westernmost San Bernardino Mountains was accomplished contemporaneously by tilting, warping, and arching. Nature and timing of deformation are consistent with the hypothesized formation of a transpressional welt across the San Andreas fault, which may have affected both the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains. High-angle faulting replaced thrusting and warping as the dominant style of deformation in the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains beginning in middle to late Pleistocene time. Pleistocene left-lateral faulting in the westernmost San Bernardino Mountains has accomplished north-south crustal shortening by squeezing the San Bernardino Mountains block eastward. Northwest-trending right-lateral faults, characteristic of the Mojave block prior to range-front uplift, have reasserted and incorporated themselves in the complex zone of range-front deformation. Local extension resulting in minor graben formation, appears to have been associated with lateral motion on the north frontal fault zone in Fifteenmile Valley (Sky Hi Ranch fault zone) and the Cleghorn fault zone. Arcuate patterns of faulting in the western San Bernardino Mountains can be explained in terms of the pattern of faulting predicted for secondary faults near the end of a strike-slip fault. In this case the "end effect" would be produced by a change in slip rate on the San Andreas fault in Cajon Pass, possibly related to motion on the San Jacinto fault. All faulting in the study area is interpreted as the product of compression across the San Andreas fault. A weathered erosion surface was developed on the crystalline terrane over most of the area in response to humid conditions during the late Miocene(?), at which time the region was characterized by an upland surface of subdued relief. This weathered erosion surface is a useful index to structural deformation in the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains. Late Cenozoic stratigraphy constrains the timing of deformation and uplift in the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains. The late Miocene to Pliocene(?) Crowder Formation was deposited by drainages carrying distinctive volcanic and metamorphic clasts from the Victorville area southward, across the site of the western San Bernardino Mountains. The late Miocene beds of the Punchbowl Formation are faulted against the lower Crowder Formation, but are overlain by the upper Crowder Formation. The Punchbowl and Crowder Formations share the same age and paleocurrent direction, yet differ markedly in sediment character and provenance. The relationship between these two units remains an unsolved stratigraphic problem, which seemingly requires substantial lateral structural translation. The middle to late Pliocene onset of deformation and uplift is recorded in the stratigraphic sequence by the appearance of fine-grained sediments, new clast lithologies, and northerly paleocurrent directions. The volcanogenic eastern facies of the Crowder(?) Formation is believed to be a syntectonic deposit indicative of ponding that accompanied the reversal in drainage direction brought on by incipient uplift of the western San Bernardino Mountains. The fine grained, lacustrine character of the Harold Formation can be interpreted in the same way; the base of the Harold Formation is The Quaternary stratigraphy of the western San Bernardino is dominated by the Harold Formation, Shoemaker Gravel and Older Alluvium, which underlie the Victorville Fan. These units were shed northeast off the San Gabriel and western San Bernardino Mountains, and record their uplift. The Harold Formation contains the earliest appearance of San Gabriel Mountains crystalline basement lithology within the stratigraphy of the Mojave block. The Victorville Fan sequence is believed to be time-transgressive, reflecting the northwestward movement of the San Gabriel Mountains crystalline terrane along the San Andreas fault. The Older Alluvium capping the Shoemaker Gravel in Cajon Pass records the Brunhes/Matuyama polarity reversal of 730,000 y B.P. The Older Alluvium can be divided into dissected and undissected facies believed to predate and postdate the polarity transition respectively. This crude chronology can be extended to sediments on the flanks of the Ord Mountains that define a late Pleistocene drainage system tributary to the ancestral Mojave River. The Pleistocene units contain evidence of progressive growth and integration of drainage in the Western San Bernardino Mountains in response to uplift during Pleistocene time. Detailed geologic mapping of the northwestern San Bernardino Mountains permits slip rates and offsets to be calculated for important range-front faults. The Cleghorn fault has a cumulative left-lateral offset of 3.5 to 4.0 kilometers, and a slip rate of about 3.0 mm/yr. The Sky Hi Ranch fault zone has a late Pleistocene right-lateral offset of approximately 0.5 kilometers, with a slip-rate on the order of 1 mm/yr. The faults along the west flank of the Ord Mountains have a vertical slip-rate of less than 1 mm/yr. The Cleghorn fault is classified as "active", under the criteria set forth by the State of California in the Alquist-Priolo Act of 1972, and is considered capable of a Ms 6.8 earthquake. Parts of the north frontal fault system on the west flank of the Ord Mountains and the Sky Hi Ranch fault zone are classified as "potentially active", in the terminology of the Alquist-Priolo Act, and are thought to be capable of a Ms 6.6 to 6.8 event. The Tunnel Ridge lineament and Arrastre Canyon Narrows fault zones are considered tentatively active, and should be examined in detail prior to development of adjoining areas. Clearly, the San Andreas fault poses the greatest seismic hazard to the communities in the study area.


The Büyük Menderes and Gediz graben of western Turkey developed during Miocene to Recent extension in the Aegean region. New mapping of structures and sedimentary lithofacies in exhumed basin-fill strata is used to reconstruct the evolution of the graben. Field evidence shows that extension was primarily accommodated by tilted fault-blocks 0.2–0.8 km wide, bounded by planar faults, with some modification by antithetic faulting. The basins are faulted on both margins, although they are highly asymmetric, with dominant 'footwall' margins characterized by steeper topography and greater thicknesses of exhumed strata. Within exhumed graben-fill sequences, lacustrine, axial fluvial, and laterally-derived sedimentary facies can be identified. Palaeocurrent orientations, divergent wedge geometries and intra-basin unconformities all indicate that exposed sediments are syn-tectonic. The present day map patterns demonstrate that the position of graben-bounding faults has migrated basinward with time. As a result, large-scale erosion and recycling of the uplifted basin fill have created extensive footwall-derived alluvial fans. These displace the axial drainage towards the hanging-wall margins, away from the locus of greatest subsidence.


Complexity analysis of planning is problematic. Even very simple planning languages are PSPACE-complete, yet cannot model many simple problems naturally. Many languages with much more powerful features are also PSPACE-complete. It is thus difficult to separate planning languages in a useful way and to get complexity figures that better reflect reality. This paper introduces new methods for complexity analysis of planning and similar combinatorial search problems, in order to achieve more precision and complexity separations than standard methods allow. Padding instances with the solution size yields a complexity measure that is immune to this factor and reveals other causes of hardness, that are otherwise hidden. Further combining this method with limited non-determinism improves the precision, making even finer separations possible. We demonstrate with examples how these methods can narrow the gap between theory and practice.


Since the I 960s, trade opportunities based on complementary economies have driven the Australia-Korea economic relationship. Australia exported raw materials, principally minerals and energy, which Korea processed and subsequently sold on domestic and international markets. In return Australia purchased increasing volumes of Korean manufactures, initially textiles, clothing and footwear and later automobiles. With the onset ofthe financial and economic crisis in Korea during 1997-98 trade and investment opportunities were severely constrained. However, in the wake of the crisis, and the rapid recovery of the Korean economy underpinned by corporate and financial sector reforms, trade and investment opportunities in traditional areas have re-emerged as well as in new areas. Australia's rapid economic growth has also increased demand for the sorts of consumer products produced by Korea.


In current architectural practice, architects, due to time and budget constraints do not analyze their designs and evaluate alternatives from the building physics perspective. They expect this analysis to be carried out by engineers. Unfortunately, engineers mostly get involved late in the design process, after many key decisions are already finalized, leaving them powerless to solve problems employing efficient strategies. However, the rapid advances both in computing and engineering have produced various simulation based tools for evaluating building performance that architects themselves can employ in the early design stages. The proliferation of the utilization of these tools throughout the architectural practice and education is necessary for achieving higher performance levels in the built environment. In this study, the main Lecture Hall at Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics is diagnosed and documented through measurements and the possibility of predicting this existing level of performance through simulations during the design stage is explored. The brand new Lecture Hall is in urgent need of renovations, with additional costs, in order to improve acoustic, visual and thermal comfort in the space. Architects need to follow a performance based design approach where they consider performance criteria and utilize building simulation tools for design support in order to avoid problems that introduce costs later in the construction and operation of buildings.


A novel approach based on applying a modern meta-heuristic Gene Expression Programming (GEP) to detecting Web application attacks is presented in the paper. This class of attacks relates to malicious activity of an intruder against applications, which use a database for storing data. The application uses SQL to retrieve data from the database and Web server mechanisms to put them in a Web browser. A poor implementation allows an attacker to modify SQL statements originally developed by a programmer, which leads to stealing or modifying data to which the attacker has not privileges. While the attack consists in modification of SQL queries sent to the database, they are the only one source of information used for detecting attacks. Intrusion detection problem is transformed into classification problem, which the objective is to classify SQL queries between either normal or malicious queries. GEP is used to find a function used for classification of SQL queries. Experimental results are presented on the basis of SQL queries of different length. The findings show that the efficiency of detecting SQL statements representing attacks depends on the length of SQL statements. Additionally we studied the impact of classification threshold on the obtained results.


Earthquakes can significantly disrupt societal functioning, cause ecological damage, and lead to loss of human lives and property, warranting a coordinated and efficient response to mitigate their negative impacts. Preparedness against earthquakes entails a pre-disaster planning aspect and a post disaster operational aspect. In the JTRP study "Emergency Earthquake Routes for the State of Indiana; Part I: Criteria for Selection of Primary Routes: Transportation Aspects", a multicommodity maximal covering network design formulation based optimization methodology was proposed to identify a critical routes sub-network for the Indiana component of the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone in the INDOT Vincennes District. Addressed from a planning perspective, the primary objective was to strengthen the bridges on this sub-network through an effective seismic retrofit scheme so as to increase the likelihood of the critical routes being available to first responders following an earthquake to maximize response effectiveness. The critical routes of a transportation network are the set of routes whose functionality is critical to the effectiveness of earthquake response, or equivalently, the routes that provide the quickest response (least travel time) to most of the population (maximal coverage). The above study considered all Interstates, US Roads and State Roads in identifying the critical routes sub-network that should be seismically strengthened. However, Part II of that study "Route Seismic Vulnerability Aspects", which addressed the bridge seismic retrofit aspects, considered only the sub-network corresponding to the National Highway System and the National Truck Network in identifying the bridges for retrofit. Hence, the first objective of the current study is to analyze whether the sub-network corresponding to the National Highway System and the National Truck Network compares well, from a costs-benefits perspective, to that suggested by the previous study. The second objective, which arises in the operational context, aims to determine a methodological framework for dynamically rerouting first responders when part of a route is unavailable after an earthquake. It provides back-up operational response plans when specific road segments of the recommended critical routes sub-network fail during an actual earthquake.


Why do we know so much about wound healing– and yet so little about Keloids?
Wound healing after an injury or a bruise is something our skin deals with everyday by wound closure and subsequent scar formation. After some time a scar may even disappear or flatten out. What appears to be a simple reaction of the body to a dermal assault is a complex series of orchestrated events that involves changes in the extracellular matrix environment of the skin, skin cell migration and immune response. The quality of wound healing depends on many factors such as health status, age, environmental factors (e.g., medications, nutrition and life style) and differences in gene regulation to control the succession of wound healing events. There are a number of inherited connective tissue disorders that affect wound healing such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa  or acute or chronic diseases such as diabetes. Patients with reduced immune response or chronic inflammatory disorders can also have delayed wound healing.


According to postpurchase behaviour theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours (dissonance) occurs, some change must be made in order to eliminate this behaviour. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behaviour. The objective of this study is to determine the extent of post purchase behaviour amongst tertiary students, with specific reference to the Durban University of Technology.


A review of construction consultants' selection identified weaknesses in the process that focused on cost and technical abilities alone. This paper presents a construction consultant pre-selection factor model based on attributes of trust, which attempts to improve consultant selection processes. A review of related literature shows that trust was found to enhance the decision making process. However, there is a knowledge gap in construction management literature as regards what constitute the attributes of trust which can be of benefit to the construction client or its agent in selecting appropriate consultants. In total 37 consultant selection trust attributes thought to potentially influence consultant pre-selection were identified from literature. Based on these attributes, a structured questionnaire survey was designed using a Likert-type scale and administered online to 189 willing construction clients. Survey responses were analysed using principal component analysis. This led to the development of an 8-factor model of consultant pre selection, namely, (1) service quality,(2) collaborative relationships, (3) qualification, (4) organisational trust, (5) personal qualities, (6) ability, (7) experience and (8) respect. The research provides the construction industry clients with a practical 8-factor pre selection model that can be effectively used by the construction clients to improve the consultant selection process.


ABSTRACT Broiler chickens from eight commercial farms in Southern Finland were analyzed for the structure of their gastrointestinal microbial community by a nonselective DNA-based method, percent G+C-based profiling. The bacteriological impact of the feed source and in-farm whole-wheat amendment of the diet was assessed by percent G+C profiling. Also, a phylogenetic 16S rRNA gene (rDNA)-based study was carried out to aid in interpretation of the percent G+C profiles. This survey showed that most of the 16S rDNA sequences found could not be assigned to any previously known bacterial genus or they represented an unknown species of one of the taxonomically heterogeneous genera, such as Ruminococcus or Clostridium. The data from bacterial community profiling were analyzed byt-test, multiple linear regression, and principal-component statistical approaches. The percent G+C profiling method with appropriate statistical analyses detected microbial community differences smaller than 10% within each 5% increment of the percent G+C profiles. Diet turned out to be the strongest determinant of the cecal bacterial community structure. Both the source of feed and local feed amendment changed the bacteriological profile significantly, whereas profiles of individual farms with identical feed regimens hardly differed from each other. This suggests that the management of typical Finnish farms is relatively uniform or that hygiene on the farm, in fact, has little impact on the structure of the cecal bacterial community. Therefore, feed compounders should have a significant role in the modulation of gut microflora and consequently in prevention of gastrointestinal disorders in farm animals.


BACKGROUND
Colorado potato beetle (CPB) has become the biggest enemy of cultivated potato worldwide. One of the most effective sources of resistance to CPB is Solanum chacoense, an accession with a high leptine glycoalkaloid content. The aim of our study was to assay the repellence and toxicity of S. chacoense, its somatic hybrids (SHs) and their backcross progenies (BC1 ) with potato for CPB adults and larvae. Transgenic S. chacoense, deficient in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), was also used to produce SHs, in order to increase homeologous recombination and hence introgression of wild-species DNA into the potato gene pool.

RESULTS
Wild-type SH was highly resistant to CPB. Resistance to CPB of BC1 progenies showed a 1:3 inheritance pattern. MMR-deficient SHs performed better in the resistance analysis. Most MMR-deficient SHs had a similar toxicity as S. chacoense and an intensely repellent effect on CPB adults. Resistance of SHs and BC1 clones may be attributed to leptine biosynthesis, which was confirmed using a RAPD marker.

CONCLUSION
This is the first report of SHs and their progenies exhibiting both antibiosis and antixenosis against CPB. Resistant SHs are an important step forward in combating this voracious pest of potato. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.


Health disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged population groups. Reducing health disparities has been identified as an ethical imperative by the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health and numerous other national and international bodies. Significant progress has been made over the past years in identifying vulnerable groups, and 'distal' factors including political, economic, social, and community characteristics are now considered pivotal. It is thus unsurprising that the remarkable advances in the science and practice of dentistry have not led to notable reductions in oral health disparities. In this review, we summarize recent work and emphasize the need for a solid theoretical framing to guide oral health disparities research. We provide a theoretical framework outlining pathways that operate across the continuum of oral health determinants during the lifecourse and highlight potential areas for intervention. Because oral health disparities emanate from the unequal distribution of social, political, economic, and environmental resources, tangible progress is likely to be realized only by a global movement and concerted efforts by all stakeholders, including policymakers, the civil society, and academic, professional, and scientific bodies.


Given the ongoing efforts to close the gender pay gap across different sectors in the UK, this paper investigates the impact of a pay transparency initiative on the gender pay gap in the university sector, focusing on the Russell Group of top-tier universities. The initiative, introduced in 2007, enabled public access to mean salaries of men and women in UK universities. Using a rich individual-level administrative dataset and a difference-in-differences approach comparing men and women, we document several key findings. First, following the pay transparency intervention, the log of salaries of female academics increased by around 0.62 percentage points compared to male counterparts, reducing the gender pay gap by 4.37%. The effect is more pronounced considering a balanced sample (1.27 percentage points increase in female wages or an 11.59% fall in the gender pay gap). This fall in the pay gap is mostly driven by senior female academics negotiating higher wages and female academics moving to universities with equal opportunity. We do not find any evidence of pre-existing wage gap or the gender composition associated with the fall in the gender pay gap.


This article reviews the relationship between cognitive functions of memory and learning with chewing, a function little known by health professionals and that integrates medical work with dental work relationship. The concepts of memory and learning will be reviewed;it will be also developed its major functional and structural characteristics. These cognitive functions and structures of the central nervous system regulating the chewing function will be linked, where it will explain the neural basis of mastication and the likely routes of connection between the oral cavity and the hippocampal formation, one of the main nerve centers involved in will be linked memory functions and learning. It is concluded at the end of the article that exposed evidence suggests that proper maintenance of mastication influences on cognitive functions of memory and learning.


This study reports on the utilisation of an adapted Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) to examine the self-reported driving experiences of a group of Australian fleet drivers (N = 443). Surveys were posted to participants who agreed to participate in the study. While exploratory and oblimin factor analysis did not produce clear factor loadings, a three factor solution, using parallel analysis, was obtained that supports previous research demonstrating the distinction between different driving conduct (e.g., errors, highway code violations and aggressive driving violations). The questionnaire appeared to remain psychometrically robust despite minor word modifications to reflect the Australian driving environment. However, a larger number of items traditionally related with highway code violations were found to be associated with aggressive driving acts among the current sample. Further analysis exploring factors associated with self-reported traffic violations revealed that DBQ factors were negatively related with aberrant driving behaviours, although at a multivariate level only the number of kilometres driven each year (e.g., exposure) proved to be predictive of incurring fines/demerit points. Taken together, the results indicate that the DBQ can be successfully implemented within an Australian fleet setting to examine professional drivers' behaviour(s).


The use of integrally blisk is becoming popular because of the advantages in aerodynamic efficiency and mass reduction. However, in an integrally blisk, the lack of the contact interface leads to a low structural damping compared to an assembled bladed disk. One emerging damping technique for the integrally blisk is based on the use of friction ring damper, which exploits the contact interfaces at the underneath of the disk. In this paper, three different geometries of the ring dampers are investigated for damping enhancement of a blisk. A full-scale compressor blisk is considered as a case study where a node-to-node contact model is used to compute the contact forces. The dynamic behavior of the blisk with the ring damper is investigated by using nonlinear modal analysis, which allows a direct estimation of the damping generated by the friction interface. The damping performance for the different ring dampers is evaluated and compared. It appears that the damping efficiency as well as the shift in the resonant frequency for the different geometries is highly related to the nodal diameter and contact pressure/gap distributed within contact interface. The geometry of the ring damper has significant impact on the damping performance.


Visual analytics is often based on the intuition that highly interactive and dynamic depictions of complex and multivariate databases amplify human capabilities for inference and decision-making, as they facilitate cognitive tasks such as pattern recognition, association, and analytical reasoning (Thomas and Cook 2005). But how do we know whether visual analytics really works? This article offers a generic evaluation approach combining theory- and data-driven methods based on sequence similarity analysis. The approach systematically studies users' visual interaction strategies when using highly interactive interfaces. We specifically ask whether the efficiency (i.e., speed) of users can be characterized by specific display interaction event sequences, and whether studying user strategies could be employed to improve the (interaction) design of the dynamic displays. We showcase our approach using a very large, fine-grained spatiotemporal dataset of eye movement recordings collected during a controlled human subject experiment with dynamic visual analytics displays. With this methodological approach based on empirical evidence, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how people make inferences and decisions with highly interactive visualization tools and complex displays.


A fully revised edition of the #1 CISSP training resourceThoroughly updated for the latest release of the Certified Information Systems Security Professional exam, this comprehensive resource covers all exam domains, as well as the new 2015 CISSP Common Body of Knowledge developed by the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC)2. CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition features learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, exam tips, practice questions, and in-depth explanations. Written by leading experts in IT security certification and training, this completely up-to-date self-study system helps you pass the exam with ease and also serves as an essential on-the-job reference.Covers all 8 CISSP domains:Security and risk managementAsset securitySecurity engineeringCommunication and network securityIdentity and access managementSecurity assessment and testingSecurity operationsSoftware development securityCD ICONElectronic content includes:1400+ practice questions, including new hot spot and drag-and-drop questionsComplete PDF copy of the bookABOUT THE AUTHORS:Shon Harris, CISSP, was the founder and CEO of Logical Security LLC, an information security consultant, a former engineer in the Air Forces Information Warfare unit, an instructor, and an author. She authored several international bestselling books on information security which have sold over a million copies and have been translated into six languages.Fernando Maym, Ph.D., CISSP, is a security practitioner with over 25 years experience in the field. He is the author of over a dozen publications and holds three patents. His awards include the U.S. Department of the Army Research and Development Achivement Award and he was recognized as a HENAAC Luminary.


BACKGROUND AND AIM
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a potentially disabling chronic disease that negatively affects many aspects of the patients' life. This study aimed to assess the IBD-associated disability in the outpatient setting and analyze how optimism and disability are related.

METHODS
a cross-sectional study was performed via the application of the Portuguese version of the IBD-Disability Index (PT-IBD-DI) and the Revised Life Orientation Test (PT-LOT-R) for the assessment of disability and optimism, respectively.

RESULTS
a total of 143 patients were analyzed, the mean age was 38 ± 13 years, 50% were females and 51% had UC. The mean PT-IBD-DI score was 22 ± 17, which was classified as follows: 0-20: no disability; 20-35: mild disability; 35-50: moderate disability; and 50-100: severe disability. There were no significant differences between Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (p = 0.944). Female gender (p = 0.001), low level of education (p = 0.018), the number of days out of work (p = 0.020), rheumatologic manifestations (p = 0.005), the number of comorbidities (p = 0.002), the use psychotropic drugs (p = 0.043) and low PT-LOT-R scores (p < 0.001) were associated with higher IBD-DI scores according to the univariate analysis. According to the linear regression analysis, only female sex (p = 0.001), the number of comorbidities (p = 0.034) and low PT-LOT-R scores (p < 0.001) were associated with higher PT-IBD-DI scores. Optimism correlated inversely with PT-IBD-DI scores (ρ = -0.345, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
IBD outpatients reported low levels of IBD-disability (mild disability: PT-IBD-DI score 20-35). Comorbidities and psychological factors (optimism) emerged as the main predictive factors of increased disability, reinforcing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for these patients.


The paper explores the development of an optimization of method and apparatus for retrieving extended high dynamic range from digital negative image. Architectural photo imaging can benefit from high dynamic range imaging (HDRI) technique for preserving and presenting sufficient luminance in the shadow and highlight clipping image areas. The HDRI technique that requires multiple exposure images as the source of HDRI rendering may not be effective in terms of time efficiency during the acquisition process and post-processing stage, considering it has numerous potential imaging variables and technical limitations during the multiple exposure process. This paper explores an experimental method and apparatus that aims to expand the dynamic range from digital negative image in HDRI environment. The method and apparatus explored is based on a single source of RAW image acquisition for the use of HDRI post-processing. It will cater the optimization in order to avoid and minimize the conventional HDRI photographic errors caused by different physical conditions during the photographing process and the misalignment of multiple exposed image sequences. The study observes the characteristics and capabilities of RAW image format as digital negative used for the retrieval of extended high dynamic range process in HDRI environment. Keywords—High Dynamic Range Image, Photography Workflow Optimization, Digital Negative Image, Architectural Image.


A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the educational outcomes for, and experiences of, siblings of children on the autism spectrum (autism siblings). Whilst there is a growing body of research on the psychological outcomes for autism siblings, few studies have considered how this might influence the school context. Findings were linked to the Siblings Embedded Systems Framework; school factors, psychological internal challenges and resources, peers and other formal and informal social systems, and personal interpretation of events. Overall, school outcomes and experiences showed large variation, suggesting that some autism siblings are at increased risk of difficulties in the school context, but that autism siblings do not automatically experience challenges in school. Nevertheless, the review highlighted a number of methodological limitations of the evidence-base in this area, including the small body of literature, particularly in the UK, studies of low methodological rigour, such as those employing small sample sizes, and reliance on solely parent-reported outcomes. This limits the conclusions that can be drawn. The empirical study extended the current literature to explore two school-related outcomes; sense of school belonging and academic self-concept. Using online questionnaires, autism siblings and siblings of typically developing children without autism (typical siblings) aged 11 to 16 years in secondary schools across the UK took part. Data on sibling wellbeing were also triangulated via self-, parent/carer- and teacher reports. Relative to typical siblings, autism siblings self-reported significantly lower school belonging and academic self-concept, in addition to significantly lower self, parent- and teacher-reported wellbeing outcomes. Regression models established that sibling-reported internalising and externalising behaviours significantly predicted both school-related outcomes. Sibling group was also a significant predictor in all models, demonstrating that even once demographic variables and sibling wellbeing were controlled, robust sibling group differences were still present. Despite these findings, there was a greater variation in autism siblings' school outcomes compared to typical siblings. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of taking an individualised and person-centred approach to understanding the varying needs of, and providing support to, siblings of children on the autism spectrum.


The Internet of Things paradigm envisions the pervasive interconnection and cooperation of smart things over the current and future Internet infrastructure. The Internet of Things is, thus, the evolution of the Internet to cover the real world, enabling many new services that will improve people's everyday lives, spawn new businesses, and make buildings, cities, and transport smarter. Smart things allow indeed for ubiquitous data collection or tracking, but these useful features are also examples of privacy threats that are already now limiting the success of the Internet of Things vision when not implemented correctly. These threats involve new challenges such as the pervasive privacy-aware management of personal data or methods to control or avoid ubiquitous tracking and profiling. This paper analyzes the privacy issues in the Internet of Things in detail. To this end, we first discuss the evolving features and trends in the Internet of Things with the goal of scrutinizing their privacy implications. Second, we classify and examine privacy threats in this new setting, pointing out the challenges that need to be overcome to ensure that the Internet of Things becomes a reality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Diversity is an acknowledged characteristic of the South African society. Traditional standardised methods of assessment for cognitive functioning have been discouraged or abandoned, as they have been found to be discriminatory. Arguing for a systematic assessment process, a previous researcher has stated that standardised methods are the best ways of achieving understanding of the reasons for the breakdown in learning and ensuring effective intervention. An alternative mod el of intelligence and cognitive functioning developed in previous work is explored for possible application within the South African context. This model, referred to as the PASS model, refers to the cognitive processes of Planning, Attention, Simultaneous and Successive processing. The exploration of the PASS model is extended to the assessment tool used to quantify these four cognitive processes. The assessment tool is called the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). The question posed in the study was whether results obtained with this PASS model of intelligence could provide insight into the cognitive functioning of South African children. To establish the validity of the CAS (the assessment tool), the scores were correlated with related achievement scores obtained. The sources for achievement were obtained from the normed standardised Woodcock Diagnostic Reading Battery (WDRB) as well as the pupil's school year marks for the previous year. The data obtained from the CAS, Woodcock Diagnostic Reading Battery (WDRB), and the scholastic marks obtained from school subjects for December 2000 were therefore examined for correlations. The findings of this first probe indicated that the PASS model of intelligence correlates with reading and scholastic achievement in the South African context. The consequence of these findings impacts on the strategies employed for assessment of and intervention with reference to children having difficulties in learning within the South African context. The need for additional research to exp lore the diagnostic value of the CAS in the wider community is on e of the challenges emanating from this probe.
(South African Journal of Education: 2003 22(3): 246-252)


Eight 1 cm2 samples of self-organising zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopillar arrays with preferential vertical orientation were grown by pulsed laser deposition and then coated with 30 nm of Au using either thermal or electron-beam evaporation. Each sample had a different set of ZnO and Au growth conditions. The Au/ZnO nanoarrays were then tested for use in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of thiophenol molecules. The ratio of ISERS/IRaman was adopted as a measure of the SERS sensitivity and was found to vary from 1.7 to 23.7 within the 8 samples. The impact of the density, width, filling factor, orientation, homogeneity and shape of the nanostructures on the average SERS intensity and the within-wafer reproducibility of the SERS response were considered for 9 paired comparisons based on fixing all but one of the growth parameters for each pairing. Overall, smaller nanopillar width was found to correlate with stronger average SERS signal while more vertically aligned arrays with higher filling factors showed better within-wafer reproducibility.


This keynote conference contribution, selected for the 5th International Conference on Typography and Visual Communication (University of Nicosia, 3-15 June 2013), and published in expanded form on the website http://www.ictvc.org/en/, examines current definitions of, and attitudes towards, the Digital Public Space. The research is innovative in setting out a holistic visualisation of key social, economic and technological models underpinning the Digital Public Space, and examining potential ways in which future human interactions and behaviours might be construed within such a framework.

The article builds on research undertaken through the Creative Exchange, a £4m Arts and Humanities Research Council Creative Knowledge Exchange Hub for the Creative Economy. This research focuses on two areas, 'designing the digital public space' and 'dynamic structures for growth', led by Brody with researchers based at the RCA, Lancaster and Newcastle Universities. The text was co-written with John Fass, who contributed research insights in areas of constructionism, narrativity, physical and digital interfaces, and computational thinking, working with Brody to frame key issues raised in the article. The underpinning research was also disseminated through keynote presentations focusing on the modelling of the Digital Public Space and related ethical issues at AHRC 'Creative Exchange' events in Manchester and London (2012 - 2013).

Drawing on debates associated with ownership, protection, privacy, social applications and governance, the article presents key questions for interrogating contemporary attitudes to the creation and dissemination of human knowledge mediated by digital technologies. Through this approach, the article examines specific issues such as inclusion, learning, community cohesion, memory and social identity, and grounds these in relation to contemporary and historical thought. By expanding current applications of physical, biological and computational models to broadcasting, publishing, exchanging and cataloguing data, the article explores the potential for new approaches to dynamic information, self-organising knowledge spaces, and narrative forms of communication.


In the introductory article to a special issue on multinational corporations (MNCs) and employment practices, the authors highlight the key features of an international survey research project. Research teams carried out parallel surveys in four countries: Canada, Ireland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. These surveys are the most comprehensive investigations of the employment practices in MNCs in their respective countries. In framing the comparative analysis of these data, the teams had four objectives: (1) to explore the processes of integration and differentiation in MNCs, including the interactions among MNCs and nation states and their impact on employment practices; (2) to chart the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and systems of industrial relations; (3) to outline the key elements of the research design and chart the process of collecting data; and (4) to provide a summary of the patterns of integration and differentiation found among MNCs.


The search for alternatives to driving alone leads transportation specialists to ask questions about how urban form influences travel behavior and how urban forms that promote other modes of travel, fewer trips, and shorter trips can be implemented. Coordinated research projects are needed to answer these questions. Both physical and process elements of urban form are relevant to this investigation. Although researchers have attained general knowledge in this subject area, the relationships are not well enough understood to develop effective public policies that implement urban forms to reduce dependence on driving alone. Research needs to be conducted in these general areas: (1) physical relationships between urban forms and travel behavior, (2) public policies that can implement new urban forms, and (3) market factors that promote and inhibit the development of new urban forms. Within each of these areas, specific projects, which are identified in this report, should be conducted. Public and private sources at the regional, state, and national level should fund these projects.


A two layer undertow model is developed which consists of surface and inner layer. The surface layer defines breaking wave dynamics and the inner layer defines the mean fiow(circulation) and turbulence fields. The interface between two layers is determined by time and depth averaging of the mean water level and wave height in the surf zone (interface model), in which Reynolds stresses are taken into consideration as well as radiation stresses. The system of equations in the inner layer is derived by time averaging the mass and momentum equations over one wave period. Time and space averaging of these equations in the surface layer defines the surface boundary conditions of the mean flow field in the inner layer. Turbulence in the inner layer is discribed by the standard k — e model. The numerical calculation method is also discussed and model calibration is performed by comparing with the experiments by Stive and Wind (1985).


This thesis investigates Visual planning, a method used in teams for planning and controlling product development projects. Cross-functional teams have shown to be effective at accelerating product development, but also make it difficult to coordinate the work and puts high demands on communication and knowledge exchange. Literature indicates that Visual planning might be a useful method to facilitate communication and knowledge exchange in product development teams. However, the research is still in its infancy and description of benefits, limitations and a clear definition of the method is lacking. Due to these early stages of research on the method, the purpose of this thesis is to define visual planning in product development. This purpose is adressed through examining current literature on Visual planning and product development through the lens of the resource-based view of the firm. The empirical data is based on a case study approach where data has been collected throughout three different studies.
Visual planning consists of two components, where a board visualizing the team's tasks is combined with short and frequent meetings. At the board, detailed planning and control of product development projects is done through color-coded artifacts such as sticky notes, representing task-related information. The method facilitates knowledge transfer through that it becomes a "forum" for task-related communication. Moreover, Visual planning seems to facilitate frequent, task related cross-functional team communication through these meetings and decentralization of decision-making trough the autonomy of workflow planning. There are also limitations with Visual planning the method related to amount of management complexity, co-location, size of the team using it and the physical limitations of the board itself compared to software tools.
The method is defined as "Visual planning is a method used by a team to plan and control the team's progress through the use of physical representations of tasks in combination with frequent and interactive meetings"
Earlier literature on the method lacks consensus, and does not address the limitations of Visual planning. I have attempted to contribute to the emerging literature on Visual planning through both defining the content and limitations of the method itself and finding the benefits facilitated by the method that are important to product development.


By Zheng Caixiong (China Daily) Original available here GUANGZHOU Liao Fangping was looking tired when she arrived in Guangzhou Railway Station on Wednesday afternoon. "The train was very crowded and the journey took about a dozen of hours," she said. Liao, 28, carried her red knapsack out of the railway station and headed for a bus to continue toward her journey's end. The migrant worker, who comes from Southwest China's Sichuan province, arrived at the shoe factory where she works in Guangzhou's Baiyun district an hour later. She was part of a flood of migrant workers returning to Guangzhou from their hometowns after spending Chinese New Year with their families. Guangzhou Railway Group Co reported that more than 700,000 passengers returned to Guangdong province by rail on Wednesday. Some 500,000 passengers arrived at railway stations in Guangzhou on Tuesday. The huge numbers are not likely to fall for at least a week. Zhang Baoying, director of the service department at Guangzhou job center, said more than 91 percent of the city's migrant workers will return in the month following Spring Festival. "Only a very small number of migrant workers will not return to Guangzhou after Spring Festival this year," Zhang predicted. He estimates that about 57 percent, or 1.61 million people, left the city to go home for the holidays centered around Chinese New Year on Feb 3. The 57 percent who were on the move was slightly down from the more than 60 percent who made the trip last year. "Guangzhou had registered more than 2.87 million migrant workers by the end of last year, a record high. It was 500,000 more than the number recorded at the beginning of last year," Zhang said. Zhang said so many workers head for the city because of its improving environment. The Asian Games that took place in Guangzhou in November greatly improved the city's image and people's feeling of belonging, he added. Ou Zhenzhi, director of Guangdong's department of human resources and social security, estimates that the entire province will have a labor shortage of about 1 million people in labor-intensive industries. But the number, which accounts for only 3 to 4 percent of the province's total workforce, is normal, Ou said. Nationwide, however, the shortage of such workers is becoming more severe. According to an article in the semimonthly magazine Xinhua Wenzhai, the reserve of potential migrant workers has fallen by 20 million people during the past three years. Experts say the reasons why some potential migrant workers are choosing to stay at home and not make the journey as Liao Fangping did include increasing employment opportunities in the central and western regions and a narrowing of the wage gap between developed cities on the coast and less-developed ones inland.


Over the last decade wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations have shown that steady spanwise mean velocity gradients are able to attenuate the growth of different types of boundary layer disturbances if introduced in a controlled way. In this paper different techniques to setup the spanwise mean velocity variations are reviewed and their stabilizing effect leading to transition delay are quantified. This control strategy has potential to lead to an unforeseen positive impact on the broad spectrum of industrial applications where reducing drag is a daily challenge.


Regulatory capitalism is a capitalist order in which actors, both state and non-state, use a wide array of techniques to influence market behaviour. Many actors find themselves in regulatory relationships, relationships in which they are sometimes the regulator and in other contexts the regulatee. Regulatory capitalism is characterized by webs of relationships and interactions that produce what scholars within the University of Hokkaido Global COE program term 'multi-agential governance'. The globalization of regulation has seen many more regulatory states become 'regulatees' in various domains, meaning they have taken on standards set elsewhere. Comparatively few states can claim to have been standard-setters as opposed to standard-takers in the process of regulatory globalization. Using as point of departure the study of regulatory globalization that I conducted with my colleague John Braithwaite, which was published in 2000 under the title of Global Business Regulation (GBR), I want to focus on the rise of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as agents of regulatory globalization rather than as emerging markets.


A 15-year-old adolescent Caucasian male with no significant past medical history presented to the clinic with gradually worsening left ankle pain over the past 2 weeks, ever since he started his football practice. He complained of dull aching pain at the lower end of his left leg for the past 4 months, which was slightly relieved by over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). He twisted his left ankle and noticed further worsening pain, which prompted this doctor visit.


In Part I, the most useful methods for the estimation of the time of death are reviewed, with special emphasis being placed on the post-mortem rate of cooling because this method is commonly used for estimating the interval after death. Theories and models of the post-mortem loss of heat from the human body are summarised and discussed. The Microwave Thermography System, a new device which is applied to this field for the first time, is described and its mode of operation is discussed. Using this device, it is possible to measure temperatures of internal organs of the body by placing the sensory elements on the skin. The reliability of the system and factors affecting the accuracy of temperature measurements made with the device are assessed and discussed. Results of a study of the cooling rate of 117 fatalities are given. All cases were studied under controlled conditions and two groups were collected in which the bodies were monitored either naked or covered with blankets. In each case, the environmental temperature as well as the temperatures at three body sites were continuously monitored over a period beginning shortly after death and ending up to 60 hours post-mortem or more. Rectal and environmental temperatures were measured with thermocouples while the temperature of the brain and liver were measured using microwave probes, therefore by non-invasive and ethically acceptable methods. The data were recorded on tape following Analogue to Digital (AD) conversion using a BBC Microcomputer. These data were processed and temperatures at the moment of death for the three body sites were estimated by extrapolation backwards. Processed data were transferred to a mainframe computer where sophisticated curve-fitting procedures were performed. These indicated that the cooling curves were adequately represented by three-term exponential equations containing six empirically derived parameters. Statistical analysis of the parameters yielded average formulae and the use of these formulae to improve the ease and accuracy of the estimation of the time of death is discussed. Lastly, suggestions for future work are given. In Part II, biochemical methods of estimating the time of death are reviewed and limitations of their use are duscussed. Steroids were selected as potential indicators of the post-morem interval by virtue of their metabolism and degradation after death. Aspects of steroid biochemistry are summarised. Various methods of steroid analysis were assessed using radioassays and thin layer chromatography. Three reversed phase chromatography systems were evaluated for separation and recovery of steroids extracted from blood, tissues and faeces. The use of different numbers of Sep-Pak C18 cartridges for the purification of steroid extracts was examined and steroid recoveries were measured and compared. The results indicated that recoveries were best when 4-6 cartridges were used. Rapid and slow procedures of enzymatic hydrolysis and acidic solvolysis of steroid conjugates were compared. A new and relatively rapid method for analysis of steroid profiles in biological samples was developed. Assessment of this method showed that steroid recoveries were improved compared to existing methods. A pilot study of the post-mortem changes in the steroid profiles of blood, tissues and faeces was carried out using the rat as a suitable and convenient animal model. Liver and adrenal tissues, faeces and blood samples collected from 30 rats either at the moment of death or 24 hours after death were analysed and their steroids were studied qualitatively and quantitatively using selctive ion monitoring GC-MS techniques. Thus chromatographic peaks were identified by comparison of their retention times and mass spectrometric characteristics with those of standards and quantitative analysis was performed. The occurrence of significant steroid changes was difficult to ascertain but some changes in the steroid profiles of the biological samples were shown to have occurred. Lastly, the practicability of this method for the estimation of time of death is discussed.


Medicinal plants have biologically compounds which are used for treating various human diseases and also play an important role in curing. Phytochemicals have two categories i.e., primary and secondary constituents. Primary constituents involve chlorophyll, proteins sugar and amino acids whereas secondary constituents contain terpenoids and alkaloids. Due to the presence of these secondary constituents medicinal plants show antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation activities. The present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia hirta extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, steroid and sterols in the extracts of aerial part of Euphorbia hirta. Methanol, chloroform and hexane extract of leaf and fruit were tested against Proteus mirabilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium absonum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates, Arthrographis cuboidea by the agar disc diffusion method.


In metalexicography the term "enriched item" refers to a dictionary item of which the centre has been expanded, i.e. enriched, by other item parts so that a new complex item is established as topic. This paper provides a brief discussion of the prevailing notion of enrichment. It is then indicated that the lexicographic practice has already increased the scope of this procedure, albeit that these innovations have not yet sufficiently been described in metalexicographic work. The lack of a theoretical discussion often leads to a haphazard application of enrichment where this procedure is not optimally employed. A classification is given of different procedures of enrichment, allowing a distinction between data-homogeneous and data-heterogeneous enrichment. These procedures can present examples of either single or double enrichment. It is shown that enrichment does not only target a single item but also an article zone where the procedure of enrichment can add another item, representing either the same or a different data type, to complement the original item. A typological distinction is made between enrichment aimed at expanding the data transfer in a dictionary article, enrichment aimed at enhancing the access in a dictionary and enrichment aimed at adding to the lexicographic functions. This last type is discussed with reference to the addition of the cognitive function in a dictionary with communication as primary function. The paper argues in favour of an even closer relation between lexicographic theory and practice, which will lead to a better description of enrichment but also a better application of this lexicographic procedure.


This chapter focuses upon the issues and associated opportunities and constraints faced by academic management researchers undertaking research that is immediately useful and relevant to practitioners. It takes as its starting point the emphasis given to the academic-practitioner interface by the relevance debates of the past decade and government policy initiatives to support knowledge transfer from academia to practice. As previous chapters have revealed, a substantial body of literature arguing the need for relevance in management research now exists (for example Huff and Huff, 2001; Starkey and Maddon, 2001; Rousseau, 2006; Van Aken, 2005). Although this highlights possible reasons for management academics deciding whether or not to undertake research at the interface and issues associated with such working (for example Bartunek, et al. 2006; Pollit, 2006; Macbeth, 2002), the actual realities have been discussed less widely. When discussions occur, they highlight differences between management researchers and practitioners in their orientations. Here the focus tends to be on potential tensions and constraints management researchers may face (for example, Buchanan et al., 1988; Learmonth, 2008; Macbeth, 2002), rather than also considering potential opportunities such interface research may offer along with issues that might need to be addressed (for example, Cornelissen, 2002; Maclean and Macintosh, 2002). This chapter is written with the belief that, while not all management research can or should be of direct relevance to practitioners or have commercial value, management researchers can address the needs of practitioners, delivering practical, relevant and useful research grounded in practice. This adoption of a practitioner orientation in research I refer to as 'management researcher as practitioner'. I begin the chapter with a consideration of differences between management researchers and practitioners derived from the literature, which highlights possible tensions and the potential issues these create. This is followed by two case studies based on my own and colleagues' experiences, offered as inside accounts of such research. These are used to explore and discuss the tensions and issues, highlighting associated opportunities and constraints. I conclude with a discussion of how the differences outlined can offer the management researcher as practitioner additional research opportunities at the interface, albeit constrained by practitioners' requirements.


Book description: One of the key geographical developments over the last two centuries has been that of urbanisation. In recent years this has exploded globally, particularly in developing countries. It is essential for governments, planners and researchers in geography and allied fields to understand this process and the main way of being able to do this is to accurately map these changes. The main method of this mapping is Remote Sensing.
This up-to-date analysis of the area looks at a wide range of methodologies currently being used to produce and analyse remotely sensed data of urban areas. The authors examine the various techniques used to extract information from digital, multispectral images of urban areas. Donnay and Barnsley then go on to look at the identification of urban forms, the delineation of agglomerations and the development of urban morphology, considering the analysis of integrated data sets and surface models and going on to look at the estimation of human population levels.


Abstract: This paper presents SylvaDB, a graph database management system designed to be used by people with no technical knowledge. SylvaDB is based on flexible schema definitions and has been developed taking into account the need to deal with semantic information. It relies on the mathematical notion of property graph. SylvaDB is an open source project and aims at lowering the barrier of adoption for anyone using graph databases. At the same time, it is robust and scalable enough to support collaborative large projects related to knowledge management, document archiving, and research.


Abstract The automatic classification of music fragments into style classes is one challenging problem within the music information retrieval (MIR) domain and also for the understanding of music style perception. This has a number of applications, including the indexation and exploration of musical databases. Some technologies employed in text classification can be applied to this problem. The key point here is to establish the music equivalent to the words in texts. A number of works use the combination of intervals and duration ratios for this purpose. In this paper, different statistical text recognition algorithms are applied to style recognition using this kind of melody representation, exploring their performance for different word sizes.


An examination of various practices of abstract art practices in Canada in the 1950s. Leclerc presents movements or groups of artists from seven large Canadian cities, discussed in relation to European and American models, while Barclay outlines the results of her research on the paints and materials used by artists of this period. As well, a short text summarizes the technical development of each of the 62 artists. Also included are a chronology of scientific advances in synthetic painting from 1832 to 1979, a glossary of primary materials, and appendices describing techniques used by Canadian painters, and listing the manufacturers and suppliers of acrylic paint in Canada between 1949 and 1991. Brief biographical notes. Circa 390 bibl. ref.


Objectives:The three-axis accelerometer used to reflect the Motion Artifact (MA) implemented in the Adaptive Noise Cancellation (ANC) technique has failed to provide the required MA for accurate processing. This study investigates the validity of using a Covered Photodetector (CPD) for MA detection to unify the sources of generated desired and MA signals to avoid electronic noise differences. Methods/Statistical Analysis:The two devices were fastened together and exposed to various kinds of motions. The Amplitude Fluctuations (AFs) responding in the time domain and the Linear Correlation Coefficient (r) were observed. Findings:Confirmed the proposed approach validity by pointing a rapprochement in AFs. The calculated r was0.999 in asteady state while in motion states rangesfrom 0.998 to 0.794 according to movement changes. Application/Improvements: Implementing such concept for Photoplethysmography signal processing within ANC leads to a curate critical medical diagnosis at a lower cost.


We introduce a general framework for the construction of variational integrators of arbitrarily high-order that incorporate Lie group techniques to automatically remain on a Lie group, while retaining the geometric structure-preserving properties characteristic of variational integrators, including symplecticity, momentum-preservation, and good long-time energy behavior. This is achieved by constructing G-invariant discrete Lagrangians in the context of Lie group methods through the use of natural charts and interpolation at the level of the Lie algebra. In the presence of symmetry, the reduction of these G-invariant Lagrangians yield a higher-order analogue of discrete Euler–Poincaré reduction. As an illustrative example, we consider the full body problem from orbital mechanics, which is concerned with the dynamics of rigid bodies in space interacting under their mutual gravitational potential. The importance of simultaneously preserving the symplectic and Lie group properties of the full body dynamics is demonstrated in numerical simulations comparing Lie group variational integrators with integrators that are not symplectic or do not preserve the Lie group structure. Lastly, we demonstrate the application of Lie group variational integrators to the construction of optimal control algorithms on Lie groups, and describe a modified scheme that improves the numerical efficiency of the computation, while maintaining the accuracy of the computed solutions.


Stochastic differential equations for solute transport arc constructed from corresponding deterministic transport equations by re-interpreting their physical parameters as random functions of space and time. A partial differential equation for the ensemble-average solute concentration then can be derived from the stochastic transport equation by a cumulant expansion method used in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Examples of this approach are given for both conservative and reactive solutes moving through inhomogeneous porous media. The resulting ensemble- average: transport equations are shown to be similar formally to their local-scale, deterministic analogues; but they exhibit additional, field-scale physical parameters arising from correlations among fluctuating, local-scale convective or reactive properties of the solute. Some unresolved conceptual issues attending the interpretation of the ensemble-average solute concentration and the field-scale parameters are discussed briefly.


Angiogenesis inhibition and immunomodulation are successful stories of cancer therapy. However, primary and acquired resistances are common. Will combination of the two improve response rate and duration of response through synergy? In addition to blocking neovascular formation, angiogenesis inhibitors (AI) help deliver more effective cytotoxic T lymphocytes to the tumor by improving vascular perfusion. Recent studies also showed that AI not only increased the efficacy of effector immune element but also decreased the number and function of suppressor immune cells such as T-regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells or tumor-associated macrophages. In this review, we focus on AI and their effects on antitumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment and their potentials in boosting the efficacy of immunotherapy. In the clinical arena, trials are at the early stage to gauge the feasibility and preliminary signs of synergy. Journal of Nature and Science (JNSCI), 3(10):e460, 2017


Background: Chronic diseases, diabetes in particular, are globally epidemic, and are regarded as a major public health problem for reproductive health. Diabetes may influence maternal health, pregnancy outcomes, and also mental health. The aim of the current study was to identify the prevalence of mental health disorders in type 2 diabetic women and to evaluate the possible correlation of the subscales of mental disorders with coexisting diabetic complications. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total number of 400 women with type 2 diabetes were selected from the outpatient clinic of diabetic care center in Amol, Iran. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28) was used as a screening tool for the detection of mental disorders. The questionnaire, which contained 28 items, comprised four domains: somatic symptoms, anxiety /insomnia, social dysfunction, and severe depression. The diabetic complications were obtained from their documents. Results: The mean age of the participants, with a mean diagnosed 8.9±0.3 years, was 48.8±0.5 years. The prevalence of mental disorder among Type 2 diabetic women was found to be 73.7%. The most prevalent mental health disorder was social dysfunction (78.8), somatic symptoms (51.7%), anxiety/ insomnia (33.3%), and severe depression (11.3%) among type 2 diabetic women. The prevalence of mental health disorder was higher in women with coexisting diabetic complications≥3 than those <3 complications (p <0.05). Significant differences was found between somatic symptoms, anxiety/ insomnia with coexisting diabetic complications (p <0.05). There were no significant differences between social dysfunction, severe depression with coexisting diabetic complications. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the importance and the effect of diabetes on mental health disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to put emphasis on the benefits of psychological screening at outpatient clinic of diabetic care center in Iran, particularly for those with co-morbid medical


This paper presents a design method for minimizing the sound transmitted through panels. This unique method is based on minimizing the volume velocity of individual segments of a vibrating panel using control loudspeakers. In this manner, each of the control segments of the panel can be controlled separately. The basic acoustic equations governing volume velocity control are presented, and it is shown that, at low frequencies, this method will achieve global sound power reductions in the far field. Further analysis shows that this method will achieve significant sound power reductions (10 dB or more) for values of kL of 3.0 or less, where L is the characteristic dimension of each control segment. Tests conducted in a transmission loss chamber verify the efficacy of volume velocity control using a controller based on the filtered‐x control algorithm. This controller allows for control over a frequency band, and results show sound power reductions of 9 dB over a 60‐Hz bandwidth. These tests are among the first attempts to use the volume velocity control method over a band of frequencies. The experimental results are verified with numerical simulations. The results show promise that this methodology is an effective way to control broadband, low‐frequency sound.


Internet-delivered, automatically-graded, online homework systems are becoming ever easier for college science teaching faculty to adopt and integrate into existing learning management systems. In this sense, online homework systems have great potential to extend the amount of time on task students allocate to learning astronomy without overburdening already overextended, busy professors. At the same time, the systematic education research surrounding the use of online homework systems is less conclusive, with both benefits and disadvantages being reported in the literature. Moreover, some student advocates lament the financial burden to students and the negative optics about instructors' commitments to teaching. In the end, an ASTRO101 professor's decisions about whether or not to adopt online homework systems are complex and insufficiently supported by compelling education research data and by and large depend heavily on both a professor's teaching philosophy and the academic context in which the students are learning.


This paper describes an integrated prism-scanning interferometer that consists of a sliding triangular prism with two mirror surfaces attached to a fixed triangular prism beamsplitter. This design eliminates the effect of ambient air and simplifies the alignment. It also halves the stage moving distance because the optical path difference is doubled as a result of both mirrors moving while the sliding prism is scanning. The volume of the interferometer is 2 cm3. We tested the basic operation. The resolution of 0.14 nm and the accuracy of 0.012 nm are obtained at the wavelength of 1525 nm. This interferometer is a significant step towards the realization of a field-use spectrometer based on Fourier transform spectroscopy.


Intercropping can be an alternative to maximize yields of castor bean and sugarcane. This work aimed to investigate the yields and agronomic indices of castor bean and sugarcane in intercropping system. The experiment was carried out in the field, at the Ponta da Serra Farm, in the municipality of Queimadas-PB, Brazil. Treatments resulted from a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, with twelve replicates. The irrigation depths (drip system) tested were: 50, 75, 100 and 125% crop evapotranspiration, and the spacings used for castor bean were: (1 x 0.5 m), (1 x 1 m), (1 x 1.5 m) and (1 x 2 m), that is, 20,000, 10,000, 6,666 and 5,000 plants per hectare, respectively, with total area of 2,880 m², each one with twelve plots of castor bean spacing. The following variables were evaluated: land equivalent ratio and relative crowding coefficient. For all irrigation depths tested, sugarcane yield increased linearly with the increment in castor bean spacing. The highest value of land equivalent ratio was found at 1 x 0.5 m spacing, and the lowest values of relative crowding coefficient for sugarcane occurred at 1x 0.5 m spacing for all irrigation depths.


Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest public health crisis of the last 100 years. Countries have responded with various levels of lockdown to save lives and stop health systems from being overwhelmed. At the same time, lockdowns entail large socio-economic costs. One exit strategy under consideration is a mobile phone app that traces close contacts of those infected with COVID- 19. Recent research has demonstrated the theoretical effectiveness of this solution in different disease settings. However, concerns have been raised about such apps because of the potential privacy implications. This could limit the acceptability of app-based contact tracing among the general population. As the effectiveness of this approach increases strongly with app take-up, it is crucial to understand public support for this intervention. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate user acceptability of a contact-tracing app in five countries hit by the pandemic. Methods We conducted a multi-country, large-scale (N = 5995) study to measure public support for digital contact tracing of COVID-19 infections. We ran anonymous online surveys in France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the US. We measured intentions to use a contact-tracing app across different installation regimes (voluntary installation vs. automatic installation by mobile phone providers), and studied how these intentions vary across individuals and countries. Results: We found strong support for the app under both regimes, in all countries, across all sub-groups of the population, and irrespective of regional-level COVID-19 mortality rates. We inves- tigated the main factors that may hinder or facilitate take-up and found that concerns about cyber security and privacy, together with lack of trust in government, are the main barriers to adoption. Conclusions: Epidemiological evidence shows that app-based contact-tracing can suppress the spread of COVID-19 if a high enough proportion of the population uses the app and that it can still reduce the number of infections if take-up is moderate. Our findings show that the willingness to install the app is very high. The available evidence suggests that app-based contact tracing may be a viable approach to control the diffusion of COVID-19.


Abstract Contemporary humans are living very different lives from those of their ancestors, and some of the changes have had serious consequences for health. Multiple chronic "diseases of civilization," such as cardiovascular problems, cancers, ADHD, and dementias are prevalent, increasing morbidity rates. Stress, including the disruption of traditional sleep patterns by modern lifestyles, plays a prominent role in the etiology of these diseases, including obstructive sleep apnea. Surprisingly, jaw shrinkage since the agricultural revolution, leading to an epidemic of crooked teeth, a lack of adequate space for the last molars (wisdom teeth), and constricted airways, is a major cause of sleep-related stress. Despite claims that the cause of this jaw epidemic is somehow genetic, the speed with which human jaws have changed, especially in the last few centuries, is much too fast to be evolutionary. Correlation in time and space strongly suggests the symptoms are phenotypic responses to a vast natural experiment—rapid and dramatic modifications of human physical and cultural environments. The agricultural and industrial revolutions have produced smaller jaws and less-toned muscles of the face and oropharynx, which contribute to the serious health problems mentioned above. The mechanism of change, research and clinical trials suggest, lies in orofacial posture, the way people now hold their jaws when not voluntarily moving them in speaking or eating and especially when sleeping. The critical resting oral posture has been disrupted in societies no longer hunting and gathering. Virtually all aspects of how modern people function and rest are radically different from those of our ancestors. We also briefly discuss treatment of jaw symptoms and possible clinical cures for individuals, as well as changes in society that might lead to better care and, ultimately, prevention.


Minimum Spanning Trees of weighted graphs are fundamental objects in numerous applications. In particular in distributed networks, the minimum spanning tree of the network is often used to route messages between network nodes. Unfortunately, while being most efficient in the total cost of connecting all nodes, minimum spanning trees fail miserably in the desired property of approximately preserving distances between pairs. While known lower bounds exclude the possibility of the worst case distortion of a tree being small, it was shown in [4] that there exists a spanning tree with constant average distortion. Yet, the weight of such a tree may be significantly larger than that of the MST. In this paper, we show that any weighted undirected graph admits a spanning tree whose weight is at most (1 + ρ) times that of the MST, providing constant average distortion O(1/ρ2).1 The constant average distortion bound is implied by a stronger property of scaling distortion, i.e., improved distortion for smaller fractions of the pairs. The result is achieved by first showing the existence of a low weight spanner with small prioritized distortion, a property allowing to prioritize the nodes whose associated distortions will be improved. We show that prioritized distortion is essentially equivalent to coarse scaling distortion via a general transformation, which has further implications and may be of independent interest. In particular, we obtain an embedding for arbitrary metrics into Euclidean space with optimal prioritized distortion.


On July 5, 2003, less than 4 months after the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were recognized, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the global epidemic had been contained. Although the United States was not as severely affected by the SARS epidemic as parts of Asia and Canada, the outbreak response demonstrated both known and unexpected strengths and weaknesses in U.S. national, state, and local public health and healthcare capacities to address major infectious disease challenges. Although whether SARS will reappear is unknown, the public health and healthcare communities must be prepared for the possibility. As part of the preparedness and response planning process, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a meeting August 12–13, 2003, in Atlanta.

The meeting had approximately 100 participants, including 30 external partners from international, national, state, and local agencies. The purpose of the meeting was to share experiences and lessons learned from the response to the SARS outbreak, describe anticipated needs in preparation for the possible reemergence of SARS, discuss SARS preparedness and response plans currently under development, and outline priority areas and roles of various partners in ensuring adequate preparedness at the national, state, and local level.

Two plenary sessions and a breakout session were held. The speakers in the first plenary outlined several key lessons learned during the outbreak response: 1) although some clinical features are suggestive of SARS, its symptoms overlap too much with those of other respiratory pathogens to make a clinical diagnosis; 2) risk of exposure is key to considering the likelihood of a diagnosis of SARS; 3) prompt use of isolation and infection control procedures was a key and effective part of SARS control; 4) quarantine was an integral part of SARS control in some settings with extensive transmission; and 5) testing multiple specimens (e.g., respiratory secretions, stool, and serum or plasma) may improve our ability to detect SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection.

The speakers also described U.S. national, state, and local perspectives on SARS preparedness planning. They emphasized the need to integrate SARS preparedness planning with other preparedness efforts, such as those for pandemic influenza and bioterrorism, and to address legal, policy, and authority issues in responding to public health emergencies like SARS. The importance of international collaboration and cooperation in responding to an outbreak such as SARS and preparing for its possible return was also emphasized.

The speakers in the second plenary session highlighted the following lessons learned at the federal, provincial, and local levels during the SARS outbreak in Toronto, Canada: 1) public health units need flexible and robust surveillance and information technology systems to handle data-collection needs and facilitate rapid reporting of disease activity across and within multiple jurisdictions; 2) isolation and quarantine measures are acceptable if appropriately explained, but it is important to address issues of identification and tracking of contacts, to monitor potential contacts for noncompliance, and to provide them with social and economic support; 3) public health programs and hospitals require extensive expertise, resources, and good training to strengthen infection control practices; 4) laboratories should develop standard protocols and agreements regarding specimen and data sharing and ownership; and 5) accurate and timely dissemination of information are critical and should be tailored to the needs of specific groups, be easily accessible, and be culturally and linguistically appropriate.

Following the first plenary session, participants were divided into five workgroups to cover the following components of the SARS preparedness and response plans: 1) surveillance and information technology; 2) community preparedness and response (including isolation and quarantine); 3) healthcare preparedness; 4) laboratory; and 5) communications and education. Each workgroup was asked to define the key issues or needs for an effective response to SARS, preparedness activities that should be begun immediately, and the roles of federal, state, and local agencies and hospitals in these efforts. During the second plenary, each workgroup presented a summary of their discussions to the larger group of participants.

For surveillance, a flexible and functional response plan is needed that could be adapted to the various stages of a SARS epidemic and that integrates infection control activities both within hospitals and in the community. Key preparedness activities include educating healthcare workers about the diagnosis of SARS and developing guidelines for identification, reporting, and laboratory evaluation of potential SARS case-patients. Establishing an efficient data management system that links clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory data and allows rapid sharing of critical and pertinent information was identified as a high priority.

For community response, guidelines should address issues of isolation and quarantine of SARS patients and their contacts, including consideration of facilities for isolation (hospital, residential, other) and mechanisms of enforcement. The guidelines should be flexible and allow state or local officials to use their knowledge of local circumstances and judgment to determine which measures are most applicable. Successful implementation of containment measures will depend on public trust and require a consistent and clear communications plan. Groups that will be instrumental in implementing an effective response, such as the transportation industry, law enforcement, emergency services, and federal, state, and local legal experts, should be engaged early in the planning process. Training modules and drills that utilize realistic scenarios to evaluate the decision-making process and assess the feasibility of implementing containment measures should be developed, tested, and disseminated.

For healthcare preparedness, key considerations include defining infection control precautions for evaluating and handling patients with respiratory illness in the outpatient and inpatient setting, educating and training clinicians on clinical features of SARS and appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and building strong partnerships and collaborations between the clinical and public health communities, including cross-training staff in the areas of infection control and public health. Furthermore, issues of resource allocation and surge capacity in the event of a major SARS epidemic should be addressed.

For laboratory preparedness, guidelines should be updated for specimen collection, transport, and storage and the appropriate use of diagnostic tests and interpretation of test results. Surge capacity for testing at the federal, state, and local levels should be identified, and an adequate supply of reagents that have been properly validated and checked for quality should be ensured. While research to develop second-generation assays for improved diagnosis of SARS-CoV infection should continue, efforts should also focus on improving the performance of existing assays. Biosafety recommendations for specimen collection and laboratory processing must be updated. Guidelines for environmental testing for SARS-CoV must be developed and should include information on the role and utility of testing.

For communications and education, messages and curricula should be developed that target three audiences: public (including policy makers), physicians, and public health workers. Materials that were developed in response to the SARS outbreak must be reviewed and updated. Education and training efforts should focus on key areas, such as recognizing the clinical manifestations of SARS, appropriate use of infection control practices and personal protective equipment, rationale and practical guidance for implementing isolation and quarantine, and appropriate use and interpretation of laboratory diagnostic tests.

The information and ideas shared in this meeting are helping the public health and healthcare communities define priority SARS preparedness activities at the national, state, and local levels.


BACKGROUND
The present study systematically reviewed the literature aiming to determine the relationships between food addiction, as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and mental health symptoms.

METHODS
Nine databases were searched using keywords. Studies were included if they reported: (i) YFAS diagnosis or symptom score and (ii) a mental health outcome, as well as the association between (i) and (ii). In total, 51 studies were included.

RESULTS
Through meta-analysis, the mean prevalence of food addiction diagnosis was 16.2%, with an average of 3.3 (range 2.85-3.92) food addiction symptoms being reported. Subanalyses revealed that the mean number of food addiction symptoms in populations seeking treatment for weight loss was 3.01 (range 2.65-3.37) and this was higher in groups with disordered eating (mean 5.2 3.6-6.7). Significant positive correlations were found between food addiction and binge eating [mean r = 0.602 (0.557-0.643), P < 0.05], depression, anxiety and food addiction [mean r = 0.459 (0.358-0.550), r = 0.483 (0.228-0.676), P < 0.05, respectively].

CONCLUSIONS
A significant, positive relationship exists between food addiction and mental health symptoms, although the results of the present study highlight the complexity of this relationship.