Abstract While measurements of ice-sheet surface elevation change are increasingly used to assess mass change, the processes that control the elevation fluctuations not related to ice-flow dynamics (e.g. firn compaction and accumulation) remain difficult to measure. Here we use radar data from the Thwaites Glacier (West Antarctica) catchment to measure the rate of thickness change between horizons of constant age over different time intervals: 2009–10, 2010–11 and 2009–11. The average compaction rate to ~25 m depth is 0.33 m a−1, with largest compaction rates near the surface. Our measurements indicate that the accumulation rate controls much of the spatio-temporal variations in the compaction rate while the role of temperature is unclear due to a lack of measurements. Based on a semi-empirical, steady-state densification model, we find that surveying older firn horizons minimizes the potential bias resulting from the variable depth of the constant age horizon. Our results suggest that the spatio-temporal variations in the firn compaction rate are an important consideration when converting surface elevation change to ice mass change. Compaction rates varied by up to 0.12 m a−1 over distances <6 km and were on average >20% larger during the 2010–11 interval than during 2009–10.


Although ultrafiltration membranes have been used for the separation of macromolecules and colloids from solutions, this process has a limited application in the removal of dyes present in coloured discharges of textile industry, as these typically have much lower molecular weight than the molecular cut-off of the membranes (MWCO). In the present work, we have evaluated the behaviour of a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane in the removal of different dyes from aqueous solutions (Congo red, methyl green and amaranth). Different variables (tangential flow rate, concentration of dye and pH of the feed) were studied to determine their influence on the separation processes (permeate flux and rejection coefficient). The results show that Congo red is easily removed with a GR60PP membrane (MWCO = 25 kDa), whereas methyl green and amaranth show rejection coefficient values of approximately 25.78% and 13.85%, respectively, at neutral pH. Also, an interesting effect is observed for the rejection coefficient for methyl green at different pH values. In addition, several treatments were performed to the membrane so as to modify its surface, trying to improve the values obtained for permeate flux and rejection rate.


'In Miniature' continues Fisher's ongoing practice-based enquiry into exploring innovative curatorial devices and strategies. He was invited by curator Abi Spinks to respond to the particular context of the Small Collections Room, (four antique cabinets conceived as an innovative exhibition venue by artist, Pablo Bronstein) at Nottingham Contemporary in relation to his recent curatorial project, Mrs Rick's Cupboard (2013-ongoing), which explores site and investigates the conventions of exhibition making and curating as a medium/methodology.
Fisher responded to the Small Collections Room by curating, 'In Miniature' an exhibition within an exhibition in the smallest cabinet in the space (the other cabinets were used by Fisher and artist Debra Swann to present their own work in an exhibition entitled 'Stand In', which explored their shared interests in notions of representation).
Under the curatorial umbrella of Mrs Rick's Cupboard, 'In Miniature' brought together the work of nine artists to consider the particular confines of the chosen cabinet (the smallest) by asking each artist to make and present a work that was in some way a model, copy, or similar representation of their practice but on a smaller scale.
Participating artists included Roy Brown, Louisa Chambers, Laura McCafferty, David Ersser, Lynn Fulton, Kit Poulson, Derek Sprawson, Emma Talbot and Paul Westcombe.
Fisher currently invites 4 artists each year (artists such as Sean Edwards and Emily Speed, both 2014) who are at all stages of their career to respond to, make work and exhibit within an unconventional exhibition space, Mrs Rick's Cupboard, a walk-in cupboard in the corner of his studio at Primary, Nottingham.


This paper considers the allocation of reliability and redundancy to parallel-series systems, while minimizing the cost of the system. It is proven that under usual conditions satisfied by cost functions, a necessary condition for optimal reliability allocation of parallel-series systems is that the reliability of the redundant components of a given subsystem are identical. An optimal algorithm is proposed to solve this optimization problem. This paper proves that the components in each stage of a parallel-series system must have identical reliability, under some nonrestrictive condition on the component's reliability cost functions. This demonstration provides a firm grounding for what many authors have hitherto taken as a working hypothesis. Using this result, an algorithm, ECAY, is proposed for the design of systems with parallel-series architecture, which allows the allocation of both reliability and redundancy to each subsystem for a target reliability for minimizing the system cost. ECAY has the added advantage of allowing the optimal reliability allocation in a very short time. A benchmark is used to compare the ECAY performance to LM-based algorithms. For a given reliability target, ECAY produced the lowest reliability costs and the optimum redundancy levels in the successive reliability allocation for all cases studied, viz, systems of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 stages or subsystems. Thus ECAY, as compared with LM-based algorithms, yields a less costly reliability allocation within a reasonable computing time on large systems, and optimizes the weight and space-obstruction in system design throughout an optimal redundancy allocation.


Losing the normal vision is the common problem facing by human beings in this present world. These problems occur when the image is not properly focused on retina. These problems are usually corrected by using spectacles or contact lens. To test the eye sight of the patient in the present system, we have manual testing and computerized or Tablet based eye testing. By using any of these techniques eye sight of the patient is determined. In these type of traditional methods users are just choosing the spectacles that is of stylish and suits them, even if wearing of such spectacles is of no use to them. So once as it is found that whether the patient is having the eye sight or not, even if there is no eye sight and patient is interested to wear the spectacles to protect his eyes while reading or watching the screen then there should be an approach using which we can suggest the person with customized progressive lens by monitoring their observations whether a person is moving his head or just eye to see object or screen. This project is done by Digital Image processing and Computer Vision based techniques and algorithms in a practical approach. The main objective of this project is to design algorithm for eye and head movement tracking device. Firstly that device is made learnt about what does eye looks like and where it is located on face by using some eye and head movement tracking algorithms. Then patient is made to sit comfortably in the chair in front of that device, such that the patient's eyes are visible from the camera and sensors view and he is made to wear some trial frame which emits radiation from LED's and then patient is allowed to observe the LED light that are mounted on the screen and they are designed to glow in some specific pattern. The motion of the patient's eye and head while observing the LED pattern is continuously monitored by camera and sensors that are present on the device and information is stored and processed. Based on this information Eye Movements Region map is generated. Once the eye and head movements region map is generated they are combined to form a generalized region map. This map is then used to suggest the patient with the customized progressive lens.


Many harmful microalgae, including dinoflagellates and raphidophytes, produce
long-lived, resistant, resting stages called resting cysts. Mapping the presence and
abundance of these stages in coastal sediments combined with germination studies
can provide valuable information on the distribution of potentially harmful species in
an area. The resting cyst flora of equatorial and tropical regions of the world is
poorly known, particularly in coastal waters. This thesis examines the dinoflagellate
resting cyst flora in coastal marine sediments collected along the southern coast of
Iran. The aim of the study was twofold. Firstly, to determine whether potentially
harmful dinoflagellates or raphidophytes are present in the area. Secondly, to
document the species diversity of dinoflagellate resting cysts in a little studied
tropical region.
Nine sediment samples were collected at three locations (i.e. the Bahoo-kalat estuary,
Pasabandar coast and Chabahar Bay) along the southeast coast of Iran.
Dinoflagellate cyst species abundance and diversity was examined by light and
scanning electron microscopy, and the resting cyst identity and affinity confirmed by
cyst germination, where possible. Established cultures were further characterised by
PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene
(LSU-rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) regions.
Over forty ( 40) distinct cysts morphotypes were identified in the samples examined.
The most common groups identified were: Scrippsiella species (79%),
Protoperidinium species (10%) and, at three sites (Pasabandar) an unusual angular,
trapeziform resting cyst was common (7% ). Potentially harmful species were also
found in some sites; for example, the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) causative
species, Alexandrium tamarense, yessotoxin producing species Lingulodinium
polyedrum.
Cyst incubation and germination studies established over 30 dinoflagellate cultures
that were further characterised by detailed morphological (LM and SEM) and
molecular approaches. The unusual trapeziform resting cysts were successfully
germinated and identified as a previously undescribed dinoflagellate. Morphological
studies of the resting cysts showed a microreticulate paratabulation, with the pattern
reflecting amphiesmal patterning of the motile cell, including the cingulum and
sulcus. Using cultures established from cyst germination the phylogenetic affinities
ofthe species was examined by comparison of partial LSU-rDNA sequences with a
range of other Gymnodinioids. The resulting analyses indicated a clear relationship
to the other three known microreticulate cyst-forming Gymnodinoid species,
Gymnodinium catenatum, G. nolleri and G. microreticulatum. Identical resting cysts
were also successfully produced in nutrient depleted laboratory cultures, and the
pattern of successful crosses indicated a homothallic mating system for this species.
This dinoflagellate is described as a new species G. trapeziforme Attaran-Fariman &
Bolch sp. nov.
The majority of the remaining cultures established from single cyst incubations were
found to be allied with the Calciodinelloidean genera Scrippsiella, Calciognellum,
Calciodinellum. Of these cultures, four distinct morphotypes were identified and
subjected to DNA sequencing ofthe rDNA-ITS regions. Three morphotypes were
allied with Scrippsiella trochoidea var. aciculifera, Scrippsiella sp., and Scrippsiella
trochoidea respectively. The fourth morphotype, possessing a small second anterior
intercalary plate, was allied with but distinct from the similarly tabulated Scrippsiella
precaria and S. ramonii. Morphological examination shows that its overall size and
shape is similar to S. precaria, but with a more equatorially placed cingulum, an
antapically placed nucleus and a larger, rounded 2nd anterior intercalary plate similar
to S. ramonii. This species is described here as Scrippsiella irregularis AttaranFariman
& Bolch sp. nov.
Mixed sediment incubations from site 6 (Pasabandar coast) also commonly released
a raphidophyte belonging to the genus Chattonella Biecheler. Uni-algal cultures
established from incubations were examined and determined to be allied with
Chattonella subsalsa Biecheler. Analysis ofthe LSU-rDNA and rDNA-ITS regions
sequences compared to other known Chattonella species showed that this species is
related to C. subsalsa, but is genetically distinct, and may represent a new species.


Species distribution models (SDMs) have been used to inform scientists and conservationists about the status and change in occurrence patterns in threatened species. Many mobile species use multiple functionally distinct habitats, and cannot occupy one habitat type without the other being within a reachable distance. For such species, classical applications of SDMs might lead to erroneous representations of habitat suitability, as the complex relationships between predictors are lost when merging occurrence information across multiple habitats. To better account for the spatial arrangement of complementary—yet mandatory—habitat types, it is important to implement modelling strategies that partition occurrence information according to habitat use in a spatial context. Here, we address this issue by introducing a multi‐state SDM framework. The multi‐state SDM framework stratifies occurrences according to the temporal or behavioural use of distinct habitat types, referred to as "states." Multiple SDMs are then run for each state and statistical thresholds of presence are used to combine these separate predictions. To identify suitable sites that account for distance between habitats, two optional modules are proposed where the thresholded output is aggregated and filtered by minimum area size, or through moving windows across maximum reachable distances. We illustrate the full use of this framework by modelling the dynamic terrestrial breeding habitat preferences of the New Zealand sea lion (NZSL) (Phocarctos hookeri), using Maxent and trialling both modules to identify suitable sites for possible recolonization. The Maxent predictions showed excellent performance, and the multi‐state SDM framework highlighted 36–77 potential suitable breeding sites in the study area. This framework can be applied to inform management when defining habitat suitability for species with complex changes in habitat use. It accounts for temporal and behavioural changes in distribution, maintains the individuality of each partitioned SDM, and considers distance between distinct habitat types. It also yields one final, easy‐to‐understand output for stakeholders and managers.


Traditionally, subsea systems have been designed to achieve a lifetime of 20 to 30 years without the need for maintenance. Still, experience has shown that failures may occur, leading to expensive interventions requiring partial or full production shutdown. This thesis evaluates which condition data that is necessary to collect when monitoring the condition of pipe components and pipe joints found in Statoil's future subsea production facility. An evaluation of commercial technologies used for such collection has been done. The pipe components are defined as bends, injection points, flow reducers and headers, while the pipe joints are assumed to be non-welded. The necessary condition data was found to be pipe wall thickness, pipe diameter and crack propagation. An evaluation if the data collection is able to provide a sufficient description of the pipe components and joints current condition is further on reviewed. Finally, to which extent there will be compliance between the measured condition and the current state of the components and joints have been evaluated. Three commercial technologies have been evaluated after recommendations from Statoil. These are ClampOn's Corrosion Erosion Monitor and Sensorlink's Ultramonit for material loss, and Mistras Physical Acoustic's monitoring system for crack propagation. The monitoring equipment manufactured by ClampOn and Sensorlink utilize ultrasonic technology. Both are designed for monitoring new and existing subsea pipelines, but have at present limited experience. Sensorlink's Ultramonit is applicable for all the defined subsea components, and is stated to have an accuracy in the range of ±0,1 mm and ±0,2 mm when used subsea. ClampOn's Corrosion Erosion Monitor can be used on pipe bends and flow reducers, and is considered to provide a sufficient description of the monitored components in general. However, no scientific research was found available on its accuracy when used subsea. Mistras Physical Acoustic's monitoring system utilizes acoustic emission and can be placed on all of the defined pipe components. A sufficient description of the components' state cannot be achieved with their monitoring system as it is not possible to obtain information of the size or geometry of the crack. Any scientific research of the compliance between the measured condition and the current state of the monitored pipe components was not found to be available.


The U.S. is well below the world average in terms of the number of mass public shootings, and the global increase over time has been much bigger than for the United States.

Over the 18 years from 1998 to 2015, our list contains 2,354 attacks and at least 4,880 shooters outside the United States and 53 attacks and 57 shooters within our country. By our count, the US makes up less than 1.15% of the mass public shooters, 1.49% of their murders, and 2.20% of their attacks. All these are much less than the US's 4.6% share of the world population. Attacks in the US are not only less frequent than other countries, but they are also much less deadly on average.

Out of the 97 countries where we have identified mass public shootings occurring, the United States ranks 64th in the per capita frequency of these attacks and 65th in the murder rate.
Not only have these attacks been much more common outside the US, the US's share of these attacks have declined over time. There has been a much bigger increase over time in the number and severity of mass shootings in the rest of the world compared to the US.


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by Adelitia "Dinkie" McGee to the Moore family and Alice McGee. In this letter, Dinkie details the goings-on in Gallatin, Tennessee and the news includes: weather updates, a discussion concerning Alice's Grandma McGee who has passed, a dialogue about making molasses from cane, news about the crops that survived and the crops that were ruined from frost, updates on family and friends, and the daily happenings since the Moore family and Alice have left. She closes the letter by Birdie want to see Alice and Linnet very badly but since Bessie has come to visit, she has not been as lonely. Dinkie notes that she would like for the Moore's and Alice to write soon. On the first page, Dinkie writes another letter dated October 17 to the Moore family and Alice. She details her daily schedule and mentions that Birdie will write next time. She writes a note for Alice to write Bettie Wilson and that Mother (Matilda Dodd) will write the Moore family on Sunday. The envelope is included with the letter.


Remote sensing applications in viticulture have been a research theme now for nearly two decades, becoming a valuable tool for vineyard management. Metrics produced using remotely sensed images of vineyards have yielded relationships with grape quality and yield that can help optimise vineyard performance. While valuable at the scale of precision viticulture, opportunities for spatial applications at the terroir scale are yet to be fully explored. The spatial scale of terroir analysis is different to precision viticulture and requires adaptation and new models of analysis. With the rising availability of high spatial and temporal resolution datasets, increasing computing power and advances in image processing software, the opportunities for vineyard interrogation through spatial analysis are increasing. Remote sensing and image analysis techniques that are becoming more accessible include: object based image analysis, spatiotemporal analysis, hyperspectral analysis and topoclimatology. Each of these techniques has potential for development within a viticulture and terroir context. This paper investigates the use of these techniques in a spatial science framework at various scales and identifies potential opportunities for their application in a terroir context, particularly in terms of terroir zoning.


We present an extension to the Tacotron speech synthesis architecture that learns a latent embedding space of prosody, derived from a reference acoustic representation containing the desired prosody. We show that conditioning Tacotron on this learned embedding space results in synthesized audio that matches the prosody of the reference signal with fine time detail even when the reference and synthesis speakers are different. Additionally, we show that a reference prosody embedding can be used to synthesize text that is different from that of the reference utterance. We define several quantitative and subjective metrics for evaluating prosody transfer, and report results with accompanying audio samples from single-speaker and 44-speaker Tacotron models on a prosody transfer task.


The main target of membrane technologies such as the Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse osmosis (RO) is to produce better filtration and separation of organic and inorganic substance from water as well as for longer life of the membrane. The phase inversion method is a well-known method to fabricate UF, NF and RO membranes for different application. The UF membrane is widely used in separation of macromolecules from solution as pretreatment stage with higher efficiency in hybrid process. The UF membrane made by pure polymer showed low flux, which affect on process performance of separation. The Polysulphone (PSF) is the most common polymer used in UF membrane which a hydrophobic material is making its surface prone to fouling due to adsorptive mechanism. This limitation of UF membranes have been solved by blended with nanoparticles incorporated membranes which showed significant enhancement on permeability, surface hydrophilicity, mechanical properties and other properties such as the selectivity. The main objective of this study to modify of UF membrane by blended with new composite nano-material for higher rejection of salt and organic substances. The graphene-zinc iron oxide composite as new nano-material was synthesized by sol gel method at low temperature of preparation. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to show the structure, morphology and particle size of nanoparticles. Thermal decomposition was determined using thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TGDSC). The results showed that cubic system of zinc iron oxide nanoparticles with 8 nm of crystal size was obtained using XRD. The morphology using TEM showed zinc iron oxide composite graphene as layer of nanoparticles with size lower than 10 nm which confirmed the XRD results. The novel synthesized of zinc iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in graphene incorporated into polysulfone (PSF) with 0.5 wt. % loading which significant impact on the UF membrane properties was investigated. The effect of composite additive on membrane properties was investigated in terms of permeability, hydrophilicity (contact angle), zeta potential, porosity and pore size. However, the membrane cross section, surface, EDX and mapping were also analyzed using FESEM include EDX analyzer. This composite incorporated PSF showed significant improvement in terms of surface hydrophilicity with reduction of about 25% (reduce contact angle from 82 to 62°). This improvement confirms by increasing the zeta potential values and surface negatively charge of blended PSF with composite compared to pure PSF membrane. The permeability results showed that significant increased more than two times compared to pure PSF membrane. The phenomenon of permeability increasing was attributed to increase of porosity of blended membrane which becomes lower resistance of water permeation. Generally, the rate of pore production has been reported directly affected by rate of solvent and non-solvent exchange in phase inversion process. However, higher rejections of organic substances such as the dyes and humic acid as well as the salt such as Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were maintained using UF at low pressure. This enhancement affects on time and load of process especially when hybrid with Nanofiltration (NF) which can increase of membrane life and reduce of overall process cost. The results of this study will have bigger impact in the future for different application including for water treatment and desalination.


The IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) provides both
IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity services simultaneously during the
IPv4/IPv6 coexistence period. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) 6rd option has been defined to configure the 6rd Customer Edge
(CE). However, in many networks, the configuration information may be
stored in the Authentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA)
servers, while user configuration is mainly acquired from a Broadband
Network Gateway (BNG) through the DHCP protocol. This document defines
a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) attribute that
carries 6rd configuration information from the AAA server to BNGs.


Sequential fractionation procedures that use an NaOH extraction for removal of P associated with iron and aluminum minerals, followed by an HCl extraction to dissolve P associated with calcium minerals, have been used extensively in investigating the chemical partitioning of phosphorus in soils. Due to the high pH conditions that occur during NaOH extraction, it is hypothesized that PO43− freed from association with Fe and Al minerals can resorb to, or precipitate as calcium minerals. This phosphate would subsequently be recovered in the acid extraction, resulting in overestimation of calcium bound P and underestimation of Fe and Al bound P. To test the hypothesis, Fe bound phosphate was subjected to sequential fractionation with and without CaCO3 present. Without CaCO3, 57% of the total recovered phosphorus was found in the 0.1N NaOH extraction, and 15% in the 0.5N HCl extraction. With CaCO3, 4% was found in the 0.1N NaOH extraction and 39% in the 0.5N HCl extraction. Fe-bound phosphate was added and then sequentially extracted from a typical Everglades Histosol soil. Mean recoveries of phosphate added as Fe-bound P (95% confidence intervals in parentheses) were estimated to be 33% (±2.4%) in HCl, 32% (±4.8%) as inorganic phosphate in NaOH, 24% (±13.6%) organic P in NaOH, 14% (±1.3%) in KCl, and 8% (±2.8%) in the residual fraction. These results show that the procedure underestimated the amount of iron- and aluminum-bound P and falsely attributed Fe-bound P to the Ca-bound P fraction.


SUMMARY The Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean is the slowest spreading portion of the global midocean ridge system. Total spreading rates vary from 12.8 mm yr −1 near Greenland to 6.5 mm yr −1 at the Siberian margin. Melting models predict a dramatic decrease in magma production and resulting crustal thickness at these low spreading rates. At slow spreading ridges, small volcanic seamounts are a dominant morphologic feature of the rift valley floor and an important mechanism in building the oceanic crust. This study quantitatively investigates the extent, nature and distribution of seamount volcanism at the ultraslow Gakkel Ridge, the manner in which it varies along the ridge axis and the relationship of the volcanoes to the larger scale rift morphology. A numerical algorithm is used to identify and characterize isolated volcanic edifices by searching gridded swath-bathymetry data for closed concentric contours protruding above the surrounding seafloor. A maximum likelihood model is used to estimate the total number of seamounts and the characteristic height within different seamount populations. Both the number and size of constructional volcanic features is greatly reduced at the Gakkel Ridge compared with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The density of seamounts (number/area) on the rift valley floor of the Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ) is ∼55% that of the MAR. The observed volcanoes are also much smaller, so, the amount of erupted material is greatly reduced compared with the MAR. However, the WVZ is still able to maintain a MAR-like morphology with axial volcanic ridges, volcanoes scattered on the valley floor and rift valley walls consisting of high-angle faults. Seamount density at the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) is ∼45% that of the WVZ (∼25% that of the MAR). Seamounts are clustered at the widely spaced magmatic centres characteristic of the EVZ, although some seamounts are found between magmatic centres. These seamounts tend to be located at the edge of the rift valley or on the valley walls rather than on the valley floor. Seamounts in the Sparsely Magmatic Zone (SMZ) are located almost entirely at the 19 ◦ E magmatic centre with none observed within a 185 km-long portion of the rift valley floor. The EVZ and SMZ appear to display a mode of crustal accretion, characterized by extreme focusing of melt to the magmatic centres. Magmas erupted between the magmatic centres appear to have ascended along faults. This is very different from what is observed at the WVZ (or the MAR), and there is a threshold transition between the two modes of crustal accretion. At the Gakkel Ridge, the location of the transition appears to be localized by a boundary in mantle composition.


INTRODUCTION
Case studies are widely used in medical education. They help students recognise and interpret important data coming from the patient's problem thereby enabling students to arrive at a correct diagnosis and best treatment course. We have used the case vignette method, a variant of the case study method, for teaching family medicine residents, and here we assess their perceptions of its advantages and limitations.

METHODS
In the case vignette method, residents studied a particular case of interest from the community. Before presenting it to peers, they prepared and circulated a brief case vignette outlining the salient features of the case, the preferred line of management and suggested discussion probes. Structured notes were taken by programme faculty during the presentations, and feedback was obtained from residents.

RESULTS
Major advantages perceived by residents were that the case vignette method demanded their active participation in the preparation and presentation of the case. The need to prepare a vignette helped them better organise their thinking and experience peer teaching. However, some felt that the exercise was time consuming and the discussion sometimes wandered from the intended course.

CONCLUSIONS
The case vignette method helps meet specific learning objectives in teaching sessions. Residents feel that it improves their skills as physicians and teachers. This study finds that case vignettes are a promising complement to existing methods of teaching medicine. Further research is required to more firmly establish this method's value.


The Anton terrane of the western Slave Province has been interpreted as a remnant of a meso-Archean (3500–2800 Ma) microcontinent. The largest coherent entity of the terrane is a previously unrecognized 50 by 250 km granulite complex, herein termed the Snare domain. The granulite facies mineral assemblages give the domain a characteristic magnetic signature that is distinct from areas of exposed meso-Archean basement in the Slave Province. The domain consists of interlayered 3100–2624 Ma orthogneisses and paragneisses and 2600–2585 Ma granitoid rocks; its structure was largely established during 2610–2590 Ma orogeny throughout the province that culminated in ca. 2590 Ma granulite facies metamorphism. Pressure-temperature ( P-T ) determinations yield peak conditions of 775–875 °C at 6–7 kbar. Shortly thereafter, 2–4 kbar of decompression occurred before the domain cooled below 450 °C. Decompression and retrogression textures are widespread but are most pervasive adjacent to late extensional detachment faults. U-Pb zircon age data suggest that the Snare domain was partially exhumed from mid-crustal levels ca. 2585–2580 Ma. We attribute exhumation to tectonic denudation of an overthickened crustal welt in the western Slave Province. Localization of the crustal welt in this part of the Slave Province may be related to the presence there of meso-Archean crust.


Four million holes are dug every year in the UK. Five billion pounds are lost through the economic effects of disruption and traffic hold ups, while hitting a utility pipe or cable can prove fatal for those working on the road. Adam Hart-Davis reports on a major research project which is trying to solve the problems. He takes us underground from his ancient ice house at the bottom of his Devon garden to report on Mapping the Underworld, the £3.5m programme involving universities throughout Britain. The aim is to improve how we locate the increasingly confusing and complex array of pipes, cables and sewers beneath our streets, and assess their condition - as well as ultimately providing a better map of what is beneath our cities to improve planning both above and below ground. At the moment it's often difficult to know where such utilities are - an estimated one in four of all holes are dug in the wrong place. Maps may not be accurate because original records of where the pipes and cables are located often use reference points on the surface which have long since gone. Existing sensors may have problems finding what is underground because of soil or weather conditions, while modern materials such as plastic or fibre optics pose a challenge to existing technologies. Adam Hart-Davis tries out the prototype of a multi-sensor cart where four different sensors operate together to produce an all-in-one solution, so if one technology doesn't work well in certain conditions and with particular materials, another one will. It is not an easy undertaking for the research teams or, as it turns out, for Adam testing the multi-sensor cart.


Irregular applications, which manipulate complex, pointer-based data structures, are a promising target for parallelization. Recent studies have shown that these programs exhibit a kind of parallelism called amorphous data-parallelism. Prior approaches to parallelizing these applications, such as thread-level speculation and transactional memory, often obscure parallelism because they do not distinguish between the concrete representation of a data structure and its semantic state; they conflate metadata and data. Exploiting the semantic commutativity of methods in complex data structures is a promising approach to exposing more parallelism. Prior work has shown that abstract locks can be used to capture a subset of commutativity properties, however, abstract locks cannot uncover the parallelism in some complex data structures, such as kd-trees and union-find structures. In this paper, we propose a more flexible implementation of commutativity properties, called gatekeepers, which capture more complex commutativity conditions and thus expose more parallelism. We provide a formal definition of semantic commutativity and define conditions under which abstract locking can be applied and those under which gatekeeping is necessary. We present a quantitative study demonstrating the benefits of abstract locking and gatekeeping in amorphous data-parallel programs. We also present an efficient implementation of gatekeeping, which we evaluate on a real-world application.


To efficiently activate T cell immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) must undergo a program of maturation steps to allow them to become proficient at taking up antigen and activating T cells. West et al. observe that DC maturation includes a previously unappreciated early acute response after activation via Toll-like receptors. A transient phase of endocytosis that involved redeployment of the actin cytoskeleton ultimately led to increased antigen presentation. Benvenuti et al. show that at a later stage of maturation, DCs use the guanosine triphosphatases Rac1 and Rac2 to extend the cytoskeleton to form critical membrane contacts with activating T cells. The two studies reveal a dynamic and highly regulated orchestration of actin cytoskeleton deployment at distinct stages of the DC activation program. M. A. West, R. P. A. Wallin, S. P. Matthews, H. G. Svensson, R. Zaru, H.-G. Ljunggren, A. R. Prescott, C. Watts, Enhanced dendritic cell antigen capture via Toll-like receptor-induced actin remodeling. Science 305, 1153-1157 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text] F. Benvenuti, S. Hugues, M. Walmsley, S. Ruf, L. Fetler, M. Popoff, V. L. J. Tybulewicz, S. Amigorena, Requirement of Rac1 and Rac2 expression by mature dendritic cells for T cell priming. Science 305, 1150-1153. [Abstract] [Full Text]


This study of the zacatonal alpino zone of the volcanoes Popocatepetl (5452 in) and Nevado de Toluca (4690 m) in the central region of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, is a follow-up of the study of ALMEIDA et al. (1994). This tropical alpine zacatonal represents the potential vegetation of the altitudinal belt between 3950 and 4500 in. These altitudinal limits constitute the uppermost limit of Pinus hartwegii forests and the lower limit of the periglacial areas that are almost without vegetation. On both volcanoes a total of 117 vegetation phytosociological relevees were made along the altitudinal gradient. They were clustered according to a classification analysis. The syntaxonomic scheme of the different units is presented and discussed. Special emphasis is given to the association level, aspects such as floristic composition, altitudinal zone, distribution and relation with environmental factors. Syntaxonomically new is the class Drabo jorullensis-Calama-grostietea tolucensis, which includes herbaceous formations dominated by tussock grasses, ground rosettes and cushions growing on Andosols and Lithosols. This class includes the orders Festucetalia lividae (ord. nov.) and Calamagrostietalia tolucensis. The first is located above 4150 m, and colonizes umbric Lithosols; the latter type of grassland, dense zacatonal formations, is present between about 3950 and 4150 m, and preferably on Andosols. The first order includes the alliance Plantagino tolucensis-Festucion lividae (all. nov.). The vegetation of this alliance is distributed on gentle slopes and almost level grounds with intense cryoturbation. This alliance comprises two associations, one of which is the new association Drabo nivicolae-Plantaginetum tolucensis. The pioneer vegetation consists of small tussocks and rosettes, and occurs in zones of colluvial accumulation and wind swept passes. It is restricted to Nevado de Toluca. The second order includes the new alliance Lupinomontani-calamagrostion tolucensis, which comprises the zacatonal associations above the pine transition zones of Pinus hartwegii. One out of four, the newly described association Lupino mexicani-Calamagrostietum tolucensis, is developed on slopes above the upper limit of these pine forests, only at Nevado de Toluca. A total of 22 families, 42 genera and 61 species of vascular plants are presented. The more representative families are Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae y Poaceae; among the genera are: Arenaria, Calamagrostis, Draba, Festuca, Senecio y Trisetum. Among the species with a wide range are: Arenaria bryoides, Calamagrostis tolucensis, Draba jorullensis, Senecio procumbens and Trisetum spicatum. More genera and species are documented from Nevado de Toluca than from Popocatepetl, due to historic-geological, edaphic, topographic and perturbation differences. The physiognomically dominant growth forms are the tussocks. The xerophytic aspect of the alpine vegetation on these volcanoes is determined by low temperatures during the largest part of the year, and by dryness which is reflected by the sheath of dry leaves of the tussocks. There is no arbustive fringe of transition among the sand paths limiting the high monotonous coniferous Pinus hartwegii forest and the "zacatonal alpino".


The 1980s vision of low-cost autonomous chem/bio-sensing devices that can function reliably for years as components of implanted artificial organs, or as building blocks of widely distributed environmental sensor networks remains unrealised, despite huge investments in research effort and resources. In the 1990s, it was expected that microfluidics would provide a solution, by enabling advanced functions like calibration and sample processing to be integrated into a small, potentially mass produced chip [1]. However, microfluidics essentially emerged from semiconductor fabrication technologies, and was based on principles largely borrowed from the hugely successful microelectronics industry. Today, the dominant use model for chem/bio-sensors is 'use once and discard', and while this can be relatively reliable, it normally involves manual sampling and is not a scalable model [2].

In recent years, the area of stimuli-responsive materials has grown rapidly, and many different modes of action have been demosntrated. In this paper, I will focus mainly, but not exclusively, on photo-responisve soft gels and micro-vehicles based on hydrophobic droplets and show how they could be incorporated into microfluidic systems to replicate (albeit in a primitive way) some functions of our own biological circulation systems [3]. Through such concpets, it may be possible to create futuristic analytical devices in which the fluidic system is much more than a means to transport samples and reagents to a detector. Rather, it becomes an active component in the device, capable of performing advanced functions like system status checking, leak/damage detection and self-repair/maintenance. In this manner, it may be possible to dramatically extend the functional lifetime of anaytical devices far beyond the current state of the art, and make progress towards relaising the 1980s vision for chem/bio-sensors.


This thesis presents an account of attribution in unjust enrichment. Attribution refers to how and when two parties – a claimant and a defendant – are relevantly connected to each other for unjust enrichment purposes. It is reflected in the familiar expression that a defendant be 'enriched at the claimant's expense'. This thesis presents a structured account of attribution, consisting of two requirements: first, the identification of an enrichment to the defendant and a loss to the claimant; and, secondly, the identification of a connection between that enrichment and that loss. These two requirements must be kept separate from other considerations often subsumed within the expression 'enrichment at the claimant's expense' which in truth have nothing to do with attribution, and which instead qualify unjust enrichment liability for reasons that should be analysed in their own terms. The structure of attribution so presented fits a normative account of unjust enrichment based upon each party's exchange capacities. A defendant is enriched when he receives something that he has not paid for under prevailing market conditions, while a claimant suffers a loss when he loses the opportunity to charge for something under the same conditions. A counterfactual test – asking whether enrichment and loss arise 'but for' each other – provides the best generalisation for testing whether enrichment and loss are connected, thereby satisfying the requirements of attribution in unjust enrichment.
The law is stated as at 15 March 2014.


Navigant Consulting, Inc. (NYSE: NCI) is a specialized, global professional services firm that helps clients take control of their future. Navigant's professionals apply deep industry knowledge, substantive technical expertise, and an enterprising approach to help clients build, manage and/or protect their business interests. With a focus on markets and clients facing transformational change and significant regulatory or legal pressures, the Firm primarily serves clients in the healthcare, energy and financial services industries. Across a range of advisory, consulting, outsourcing, and technology/analytics services, Navigant's practitioners bring sharp insight that pinpoints opportunities and delivers powerful results. More information about Navigant can be found at navigant.com.


Background: The value of defining goals of care (GoC) for geriatric patients is well known to the palliative care community but is a newer concept for many trauma surgeons. Palliative care specialists and trauma surgeons were surveyed to elicit the specialties' attitudes regarding (1) importance of GoC conversations for injured seniors; (2) confidence in their own specialty's ability to conduct these conversations; and (3) confidence in the ability of the other specialty to do so. Methods: A 13-item survey was developed by the steering committee of a multicenter, palliative care-focused consortium and beta-tested by trauma surgeons and palliative care specialists unaffiliated with the consortium. The finalized instrument was electronically circulated to active physician members of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma and American Academy for Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Results: Respondents included 118 trauma surgeons (8.8%) and 244 palliative care specialists (5.7%). Palliative physicians rated being more familiar with GoC, were more likely to report high-quality training in performing conversations, believed more palliative specialists were needed in intensive care units, and had more interest in conducting conversations relative to trauma surgeons. Both groups believed themselves to perform GoC discussions better than the other specialty perceived them to do so and favored their own specialty leading team discussions. Conclusions: Both groups believe themselves to conduct GoC discussions for injured seniors better than the other specialty perceived them to do so, which led to disparate views on the optimal leadership of these discussions.


This article describes the design and implementation of MidiVisualiser, a virtual environment which provides an interactive visualisation of MIDI music data. Section 1 explores music visualisation in general and examines the role of computers and virtual environments. Section 2 briefly surveys existing music visualisation research and places MidiVisualiser in context. Section 3 examines various techniques of visualisation and discusses composite dimensions and 'Benediktine cyberspace', including a description of how visualisation techniques derived from them were used in MidiVisualiser to overcome some of the difficulties associated with representing large numbers of data attributes simultaneously. Sections 4 and 5 contain an overview of the implementation and evaluation of MidiVisualiser, while section 6 discusses future work and conclusions.


Rhinoplastic surgeons continue to seek technical refinements that will result in a consistently reliable postoperative outcome. Over the past 25 years there has been a steady progression away from the simple Joseph reductive rhinoplasty technique toward the use of various grafts to improve both the functional outcomes and aesthetic end result of this procedure. The original reductive template continues to be a major component of a new conceptual paradigm, which has evolved to incorporate the understanding that structural components must be placed to allow a more precise outcome. Specifically, once the nose is reduced to proportions that correspond to the preoperative analysis, separate grafts and implants are placed to prevent a change in the shape of the nose by the constricting effects of the skin shrink-wrapping around the skeletal framework. This article focuses on the use of implants for structural architecture in the senior author's primary reduction-structured rhinoplasty cases.


I. INTRODUCTION Animal rights activists are often called nut jobs, wackos, and extremists--and that is by our friends and family members. Too often our cause is splintered by polarizing views. Instead of focusing on the positions that divide us, we must pursue matters on which we agree. Few would object to the fact that animals feel pain. It may not be to the same extent as we do, but they feel it. As each new year dawns, the promise of the next year suggests the time may have come to recognize that sentience and finally abolish the continued legal classification of animals as property. The law must change to recognize that companion animals and other animals are sentient creatures deserving of greater protection. In any discussion concerning animal rights, the question often arises as to the need to distinguish companion animals, like dogs and cats, from other animals. Clearly, it is an easier argument to limit animal rights to our companion animals who occupy our homes and are near and dear to us. However, such a distinction is too great a strain on science and compassion for us to promote without exploring the issue a bit deeper. Although it would be easy to give into the distinction between companion animals and other animals, to do so ignores the fact that noncompanion animals, like chimpanzees, have a genetic make-up very similar to ours. (1) They also have the capacity to experience great pain. (2) So to suggest that Rover or Kitty have rights and value beyond property, but a chimp does not, leads to an absurd conclusion: chimps can be seen as mere objects. Chimps can experience a broad array of emotions like joy, grief, and sadness. (3) They are extremely intelligent and often serve as helpers to the disabled. (4) Their genetic make-up is nearly identical to ours. (5) So why should this living, breathing, and thinking being--sometimes thinking even more than we do according to Japanese researchers (6)--be relegated to the equivalent of the chair we sit on? Cruelty and humane treatment of animals aside, tort law, contract law, wills and trusts law, and family law all deal with issues regarding companion animals (with the exception of actions for damages to livestock where the law actually grants more protection to the animals so long as it is part of one's livelihood). (7) While some environmental and constitutional laws (such as the Endangered Species Act (8) and the Marine Mammal Protection Act) (9) do address the rights of noncompanion animals, the continued property classification of animals affects--and hurts-companion animals more than it does our nondomesticated friends. Therefore, while some animal welfare groups have done a good job raising the awareness of the plight of the giant panda and the previously endangered bald eagle, the greatest strides yet to be made involve companion animals and their often horrid treatment in our United States. There are three issues in animal law of which there should be little debate: (1) banning animal fighting as a spectator sport by increasing the penalties for those that attend; (2) providing for bequests for the care of our pets after our death; and (3) prohibiting the hunting of domesticated animals on private game preserves or over the Internet. II. ANIMAL FIGHTING AS A SPECTATOR SPORT Michael Vick was indicted on some of the most egregious, wanton acts of inhumanity toward animals ever reported. (10) The evidence and his resulting plea left most with little doubt about the horrific nature of their offenses. All of us condemn issues that shock us, but actions must follow our words. More often those opposed to animal cruelty and who are in support of animal rights need to speak with a unified voice to reform this country's unacceptable treatment of animals. Dog fighting is illegal in every state in the United States and a felony in forty-eight of them. (11) Nevertheless, some people continue to engage in this cruel and reprehensible practice for gambling and depraved amusement. …


Bayesian nonparametric methods based on the Dirichlet process (DP), gamma process and beta process, have proven effective in capturing aspects of various datasets arising in machine learning. However, it is now recognized that such processes have their limitations in terms of the ability to capture power law behavior. As such there is now considerable interest in models based on the Stable Processs (SP), Generalized Gamma process (GGP) and Stable-beta process (SBP). These models present new challenges in terms of practical statistical implementation. In analogy to tractable processes such as the finite-dimensional Dirichlet process, we describe a class of random processes, we call iid finite-dimensional BFRY processes, that enables one to begin to develop efficient posterior inference algorithms such as variational Bayes that readily scale to massive datasets. For illustrative purposes, we describe a simple variational Bayes algorithm for normalized SP mixture models, and demonstrate its usefulness with experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets.


We propose a new particle filter that incorporates a model of costs when generating particles. The approach is motivated by the observation that the costs of accidentally not tracking hypotheses might be significant in some areas of state space, and next to irrelevant in others. By incorporating a cost model into particle filtering, states that are more critical to the system performance are more likely to be tracked. Automatic calculation of the cost model is implemented using an MDP value function calculation that estimates the value of tracking a particular state. Experiments in two mobile robot domains illustrate the appropriateness of the approach.


Interest among policymakers has recently focused on the role, efficiency and effectiveness of so-called 'green taxes'. This paper surveys recent developments in the context of waste management policy and the emergence of policy instruments such as recycling credits and the landfill tax. It is concluded that there is an important role that economic instruments can play in this policy area. The inherent efficiency gains that economic instruments may provide deserve to be highlighted. The application of such instruments in the current political economy settings will however serve to reduce such efficiency gains, as multiple and conflicting policy objectives are introduced by the political process. While there are instances where appropriately designed environmental taxes can provide an important element of environmental policy, there is a danger nevertheless that an ill-conceived comprehensive 'environmental tax reform' could be detrimental. Such reform could result in a deterioration of environmental quality; and/or an increase in economic costs; and/or undesirable social consequences.


Excerpt] Trauma-Informed Care for Women Veterans Experiencing Homelessness is designed to be used by community-based service agencies that work with homeless female veterans in a variety of settings (e.g., emergency shelters, domestic violence shelters, transitional and supportive housing programs, outpatient settings). Leaders within these organizations who are looking to improve their effectiveness in engaging the female veterans they serve can use this guide to begin the process of becoming trauma-informed. TraumaInformed Care for Women Veterans Experiencing Homelessness includes: 1. A user's guide that offers organizations: • Information on the experiences and needs of female veterans, what it means to provide traumainformed care to this population, and resources for staff training and education. • Background information on the Organizational SelfAssessment for Providers Serving Female Veterans (the Self-Assessment). • A step-by-step process for using the Self-Assessment to incorporate new practices and institute change. 2. The Organizational Self-Assessment for Providers Serving Female Veterans. The Self-Assessment consists of concrete trauma-informed practices that can be integrated into daily programming within organizations serving female veterans who are homeless. 3. Resource Lists consisting of printed materials, videos, and websites on the following topics: Female Veterans, General Trauma Information, Homelessness and Trauma, Cultural Competence, Trauma-Informed Services, Consumer Involvement, and Self-Care for Service Providers. Community-based organizations can achieve the goal of effectively delivering trauma-informed services if they combine the process and information contained in Trauma-Informed Care for Women Veterans Experiencing Homelessness with training and knowledge of the unique needs of the populations they serve.


Watch out, Final Cut Pro. For the first time in five years, Adobe Premiere Pro, Adobe's flagship digital video editing application, is once again available for both Macintosh and Windows users. This project-based book covers not just the basics of working with audio, creating transitions, and producing titles, but also all that's new in Premiere Pro: the ability to build Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and Flash projects with Adobe Encore CS3 (now included with Premiere Pro CS3); Adobe OnLocation CS3, which lets on-the-road users record footage directly to their computer disk--removing the need to capture video to tape later. Readers will enjoy learning to create slow-motion effects with Time Remapping, and will get up to speed on Premiere's new editing tools. What's more, users can compress their finished video for delivery to the latest handheld devices, such as mobile phones, iPods, PSPs, smartphones, and more. Best of all, the book's accompanying DVD includes real footage that you can practice on.


A novel approach to inset superimposition in a high-resolution head-mounted display (HMD) is presented. The approach is innovative in its use of optoelectronic, nonmechanical devices in place of scanning mechanical devices commonly adopted previously. A paraxial layout of the overall HMD system is presented, and the benefit of employing hybrid refractive-diffractive optics for the optical component that generates the inset is discussed. A potential overall HMD design is finally presented to show the integrated system. The practical limitations of the designed system are discussed and an alternative approach is presented to compare the advantages and the limitations of these systems.


Designed as one of the first true textbooks on how to use the UNIX operating system and suitable for a wide variety of UNIX-based courses, UNIX and Shell Programming goes beyond providing a reference of commands to offer a guide to basic commands and shell programming. Forouzan/Gilberg begin by introducing students to basic commands and tools of the powerful UNIX operating system. The authors then present simple scriptwriting concepts, and cover all material required for understanding shells (e.g., Regular Expressions, grep, sed, and awk) before introducing material on the Korn, C, and Bourne shells. Throughout, in-text learning aids encourage active learning and rich visuals support concept presentation. For example, sessions use color so students can easily distinguish user input from computer output. In addition, illustrative figures help student visualize what the command is doing. Each chapter concludes with problems, including lab sessions where students work on the computer and complete sessions step-by-step. This approach has proven to be successful when teaching this material in the classroom.


UNLABELLED
Herbs and spices have a traditional history of use, with strong roles in cultural heritage, and in the appreciation of food and its links to health. Demonstrating the benefits of foods by scientific means remains a challenge, particularly when compared with standards applied for assessing pharmaceutical agents. Pharmaceuticals are small-molecular-weight compounds consumed in a purified and concentrated form. Food is eaten in combinations, in relatively large, unmeasured quantities under highly socialised conditions. The real challenge lies not in proving whether foods, such as herbs and spices, have health benefits, but in defining what these benefits are and developing the methods to expose them by scientific means.

CULTURAL ASPECTS
The place of herbs and spices in the diet needs to be considered in reviewing health benefits. This includes definitions of the food category and the way in which benefits might be viewed, and therefore researched. Research may focus on identifying bioactive substances in herbs and spices, or on their properties as a whole food, and/or be set in the context of a dietary cuisine.

THE ROLE OF HERBS AND SPICES IN HEALTH
The antioxidant properties of herbs and spices are of particular interest in view of the impact of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis. There is level III-3 evidence (National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC] levels of evidence) that consuming a half to one clove of garlic (or equivalent) daily may have a cholesterol-lowering effect of up to 9%. There is level III-1 evidence that 7.2 g of aged garlic extract has been associated with anticlotting (in-vivo studies), as well as modest reductions in blood pressure (an approximate 5.5% decrease in systolic blood pressure). A range of bioactive compounds in herbs and spices have been studied for anticarcinogenic properties in animals, but the challenge lies in integrating this knowledge to ascertain whether any effects can be observed in humans, and within defined cuisines. Research on the effects of herbs and spices on mental health should distinguish between cognitive decline associated with ageing and the acute effects of psychological and cognitive function. There is level I and II evidence for the effect of some herbal supplements on psychological and cognitive function. There is very limited scientific evidence for the effects of herbs and spices on type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the best evidence being available for the effect of ginseng on glycaemia, albeit based on four studies. More research is required, particularly examining the effects of chronic consumption patterns. With increasing interest in alternatives to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the management of chronic inflammation, research is emerging on the use of food extracts. There is level II evidence for the use of ginger in ameliorating arthritic knee pain; however, the improvement is modest and the efficacy of ginger treatment is ranked below that of ibuprofen. More definitive research is required.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND DIETARY IMPLICATIONS
Recommendations for intakes of food in the Australian guide to healthy eating do not yet include suggested intakes of herbs and spices. Future consideration should be given to including more explicit recommendations about their place in a healthy diet. In addition to delivering antioxidant and other properties, herbs and spices can be used in recipes to partially or wholly replace less desirable ingredients such as salt, sugar and added saturated fat in, for example, marinades and dressings, stir-fry dishes, casseroles, soups, curries and Mediterranean-style cooking. Vegetable dishes and vegetarian options may be more appetising when prepared with herbs and spices.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
As several metabolic diseases and age-related degenerative disorders are closely associated with oxidative processes in the body, the use of herbs and spices as a source of antioxidants to combat oxidation warrants further attention. Immediate studies should focus on validating the antioxidant capacity of herbs and spices after harvest, as well as testing their effects on markers of oxidation. This will work in parallel with clinical trials that are aiming to establish antioxidants as mediators of disease prevention. From a dietary perspective, the functionality of herbs and spices will be exposed through consideration of their properties as foods. As with most foods, the real benefits of including them in the diet are likely to emerge with a better understanding of the attributes of health that are best supported by food, and in methodological developments addressing the evidence base for their effects. These developments are well underway through evidence-based frameworks for substantiating health claims related to foods. At present, recommendations are warranted to support the consumption of foods rich in bioactive components, such as herbs and spices. With time, we can expect to see a greater body of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of herbs and spices in the overall maintenance of health and protection from disease.


Implementing eCollaboration technologies implies specific organizational challenges surrounding roll-out and adoption. IT adoption literature has researched the concept of culture and the notion of fit between IT and culture. However, in the context of eCollaboration technologies, cultural fit as a possible influence factor has not been explored sufficiently. Thus, we aim at closing this gap by exploring the role of culture in the roll-out and adoption of eCollaboration technologies. We present two cases of eCollaboration technology roll-out that contrast in the extent to which the technology was adopted. The cases were analyzed from a culture perspective. Although our results confirmed the relevance of cultural fit, they also revealed additional dimensions of the concepts of culture and cultural fit that should be investigated further. Our paper contributes to a better understanding of the nature of cultural influence in the organizational roll-out and adoption of eCollaboration technologies.


In 2004, Memphis urban seismic‐hazard maps were completed for a six‐quadrangle area centered on Memphis and southern Shelby County (Cramer et al. , 2004, 2006, 2008). Both probabilistic and scenario seismic and liquefaction hazard maps were generated for the six‐quadrangle study area. These urban seismic‐hazard maps, particularly the liquefaction hazard maps, have been used by consultants and public agencies to address seismic‐hazard mitigation in the Memphis area. Memphis has the second highest annualized expected loss (AEL, expected losses to building inventory times frequency of occurrence) and the highest seismic hazard and AEL ratio (normalized by the building inventory exposed to loss) in the central and eastern United States (Petersen et al. , 2008; Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2008). Additionally, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) has been updated since the first Memphis urban seismic‐hazard maps were completed in 2004 with significant changes in the New Madrid source model (number and weighting on alternative fault‐rupture locations and distinctions in occurrence rates on the north, central, and south segments) and attenuation relations (updated and added relations showing on average lower ground motions; Petersen et al. , 2008) that influence Memphis hazard.

Urban seismic‐hazard maps consider the effect of local geology on the earthquake ground‐motion response for the analysis to have practical benefit. To do this, information on the local distribution and thicknesses of soils is needed. Specifically, two pieces of information that affect ground‐motion amplification are needed: the thicknesses at a site of each soil type (lithology) and each soil type's physical (geotechnical) properties. Site amplification is determined by taking a soil profile (soil type thicknesses and physical properties) and subjecting that soil profile to earthquake shaking (time history) originating in the solid rock at the bottom of the soil profile to calculate the expected shaking at …


Founded in 1904 by representatives of the sporting organisations of six European nations then expanding into the Americas, Asia and Africa FIFA has developed to become one of the most high profile and lucrative businesses in the global consumer and cultural industry. Recent years however have been characterised by a series of crises leaving the organisation open to critique and exposure, and creating a soap operatic narrative of increasing interest to the global media.In this critical new account of one of the world's most important sporting institutions, Professor Alan Tomlinson investigates the history of FIFA and the underlying political dynamics characterising its growth. The book explores the influence of the men who have led FIFA, the emergence of the World Cup as FIFA's exclusive product, FIFA's relationships with other federations and associations, the crises that have shaped its recent history, and the issues and challenges that are likely to shape its future. Particular focus is given to selected moments in the post- Havelange administration and the way in which FIFA, its current president Joseph Blatter and some key close colleagues have responded to and survived successive scandals. The book provides a foundation for understanding the growth and development of what is widely accepted as the world's most popular sport; sheds light on the shifting politics of nationalism in the post-colonial period; and reveals the opportunistic forms of personal aggrandizement shaping an increasingly media-influenced and globalizing world in which international sport was both a harbinger and an early reflection of these trends and forces. Fascinating and provocative, this is essential reading for anybody with an interest in soccer, sport and society, sports governance, or global organisations.


While the term "Artificial Intelligence" (AI) was coined in the 1950s, in recent years AI has become a focus of attention in mainstream media. Yet the forces behind AI's revival have been unclear. I argue here that the "AI" label has been rebranded to promote a contested vision of world governance through big data. Major tech companies have played a key role in the rebranding, partly by hiring academics that work on big data (which has been effectively relabeled "AI") and helping to create the sense that super-human AI is imminent. However, I argue that the latest AI systems are premised on an old behaviorist view of intelligence that's far from encompassing human thought. In practice, the confusion around AI's capacities serves as a pretext for imposing more metrics upon human endeavors and advancing traditional neoliberal policies. The revived AI, like its predecessors, seeks intelligence with a "view from nowhere" (disregarding race, gender and class)---which can also be used to mask institutional power in visions of AI-based governance. Ultimately, AI's rebranding showcases how corporate interests can rapidly reconfigure academic fields. It also brings to light how a nebulous technical term (AI) may be exploited for political gain.


Energy efficiency investments have become strategically important for the European Union. In particular, energy efficient renovation and investment in its existing building stock have become a major challenge. Creation of a high-performance building should be carried out according to a holistic and integrated design process, which considers all three aspects of sustainability. The aim of this work is to suggest a mathematical model that considers the weight of each sustainability aspect, to support housing owners in decisions regarding the optimal sustainable renovation alternative. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) concerns structuring and solving multiple-criteria decision problems. MCDM has become popular in energy planning as it enables the decision maker to give attention to all the criteria available and make the appropriate decision as per the priority of criteria. In this study, an example explains the suggested numerical system for comparing different renovation alternatives. The suggested method will facilitate the decision making process in renovation projects and allows housing owners to choose the best renovation method according to their companies policies and preferences .


An extensive research has been performed to investigate the mechanisms of action by which the application of subatmospheric pressure to wounds increases the rate of healing. Increased blood flow with vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) use is the most popular aspect. Fibronectin, which is an adhesion molecule, has several functional domains mediating chemotaxis, adhesion and migration. This is thereby involved in differentiation, proliferation, inflammation and thus in wound healing. In this study, plasma fibronectin levels were measured before and after VAC in patients with wounds. The results showed that there was an increase in pre‐ and post‐VAC levels of plasma fibronectin. This statistically significant increase could be another explanation of how VAC therapy promotes wound healing.


The Maa (Maasai) Impersonal construction occurs with intransitive, (di)transitive, active and stative verb stems. It implies either no agent or at most unspecified non- referential "people" as a possible agent. Likely because of the possible implication of "people", it has not been found with meteorological verbs. The Maa Impersonal may focus on an event or situation, and is sometimes functionally used where passive constructions are found in other languages. It can further combine with ata 'have' to render an existential function. Though structurally this existential is entirely the same as the Impersonal, the existential cannot so easily be said to always have an impersonal sense. Historically the key morphological element of the Impersonal derives from a plural affix, but it is not certain this was necessarily pronominal. Keywords: Maasai; Nilotic; impersonal; passive; historical development


Supposedly, matter falls inside the black hole whenever it reaches its event horizon. The Planck scale, however, imposes a limit on how much matter can occupy the center of a black hole. It is shown here that the density of matter exceeds Planck density in the singularity, and as a result, spacetime tears apart. After the black hole is formed, matter flows from its center to its border due to a topological force; namely, the increase on the tear of spacetime due to its limit, until it reaches back to the event horizon, generating the firewall phenomenon. We conclude that there is no spacetime inside black holes. We propose a solution to the black hole information paradox.


Fibrosarcoma is an aggressive and highly malignant cancer of connective tissue with the lung being the most common site of metastasis. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are the mainstay of treatments, yet the prognosis is very poor. A novel Nutrient Mixture (NM) containing green tea extract, ascorbic acid, lysine, and proline exhibited anti-cancer effects in various cancers. In our earlier studies, the NM considerably reduced the tumor weight and tumor burden in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma tumors induced in athymic mice. Based on the observation, we investigated whether this phenomenon and the anti-cancer effects were due to the induction of apoptosis. Human fibrosarcoma cells HT-1080 were cultured in complete DME media and the cells were treated with NM at 0-1000 µg/ml concentration. Cell cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay, morphology by H&E staining, and the apoptosis by Green Caspases. NM showed no cytotoxicity at 100µg/ml, slight toxicity at 500µg/ml and maximum at 1000µg/ml. H&E staining at the NM dose of 100µg/ml showed a few cellular changes characteristic to apoptosis, while significant changes pertaining to apoptosis morphology were observed at 500 and 1000µg/ml. Live Green Caspases analysis showed cells in early and late apoptosis with increasing doses of NM. Our results suggest that NM may be a new chemotherapeutic strategy for fibrosarcoma patients and deserves further investigation as a potential agent in the treatment of this malignancy.


Proper lumbar support is a necessary and fundamental requirement for any well-designed chair. Objective techniques to assess chair comfort necessitate the use of a sensing layer that may change the fundamental characteristics of the chair itself depending on its structure and materials. Other methods have attached equipment to subjects, which may influence their normal sitting behavior. In this study, I utilize new 3D body scanning technology to examine the personchair interaction in flexible, material back chairs without adding anything to either the chair or the subject. I attempt to develop a new objective measure, volumetric deformation, which assesses the reaction of a flexible, material chair back to a seated user. In addition, this study aims to understand the relationships between perceived chair back comfort, objective volumetric deformation, subject anthropometric attributes, and ratings of perceived chair attribute comfort. Total chair back deformation is found to be significantly related to some subject anthropometric attributes, which provides further evidence that deformation is a useful objective measure for assessment of the chair back. Perceived overall back comfort is significantly associated to the perceived comfort of the lumbar support but not to any of the anthropometric measurements taken. The relationship between chair back deformation and pressure distribution should be explored in future studies.


The water and solute transporting properties of the epidermis have been proposed to be important determinants of skin moisture content and barrier properties. The water/small solute-transporting protein aquaporin-3 (AQP3) was found by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy to be expressed at the plasma membrane of epidermal keratinocytes in mouse skin. We studied the role of AQP3 in stratum corneum (SC) hydration by comparative measurements in wild-type and AQP3 null mice generated in a hairless SKH1 genetic background. The hairless AQP3 null mice had normal perinatal survival, growth, and serum chemistries but were polyuric because of defective urinary concentrating ability. AQP3 deletion resulted in a >4-fold reduced osmotic water permeability and >2-fold reduced glycerol permeability in epidermis. Epidermal, dermal, and SC thickness and morphology were not grossly affected by AQP3 deletion. Surface conductance measurements showed remarkably reduced SC water content in AQP3 null mice in the hairless genetic background (165 ± 10 versus 269 ± 12 microsiemens (μS), p < 0.001), as well as in a CD1 genetic background (209 ± 21 versus 469 ± 11 μS). Reduced SC hydration was seen from 3 days after birth. SC hydration in hairless wild-type and AQP3 null mice was reduced to comparable levels (90–100 μS) after a 24-h exposure to a dry atmosphere, but the difference was increased when surface evaporation was prevented by occlusion or exposure to a humidified atmosphere (179 ± 13versus 441 ± 34 μS). Conductance measurements after serial tape stripping suggested reduced water content throughout the SC in AQP3 null mice. Water sorption-desorption experiments indicated reduced water holding capacity in the SC of AQP3 null mice. The impaired skin hydration in AQP3 null mice provides the first functional evidence for the involvement of AQP3 in skin physiology. Modulation of AQP3 expression or function may thus alter epidermal moisture content and water loss in skin diseases.


Social Media user is increasing along with the increasing of internet user. Mostly, the internet user in Indonesia is in Emerging Adulthood which is the period between the ages of 18 - 25. The aim of this study are to determine the relationship between Gratification Sought to Gratification Obtained in using Social Media and also to determine the pattern of Social Media use in Emerging Adulthood phase of Bina Nusantara University student. The theory used in this study is Uses and Gratification Theory and the concept used in this study are the concepts of social media, social media users, and Emerging Adulthood. The research method is surveyed techniques with 200 respondents who are Class of 2014 Bina Nusantara University. The technique for data analysis uses univariate analysis, a correlation analysis and a non-hierarchical cluster. The research result are that there is a high positive relationship between Gratification Sought to Gratification Obtained in the use of Social Media and formed three groups of the pattern of Social Media use, namely the Heavy users, Moderate users, and Light users of Bina Nusantara University student. The pattern of social media use of Bina Nusantara University student is dominated by the Heavy User. Keywords: Emerging Adulthood, Gratification Obtained , Gratification Sought, Social Media, Use of Social Media, Uses and Gratification Theory


After the enormous success of Le nozze di Figaro at Prague9s Nostitz Theater in 1786 and the world premiere of Don Giovanni there in 1787, Mozart9s operas became canonic works in the Bohemian capital, with numerous performances every season throughout the nineteenth century. These nineteenth-century Prague Mozart productions are particularly well documented in the previously overlooked collection of theater posters from the Czech National Museum and the mid-nineteenth-century manuscript scores of Le nozze di Figaro . Much sooner than elsewhere in Europe, Prague9s critics, audiences, and opera institutions aimed at historically informed, "authentic" productions of these operas. This article shows that the attempts to transform Mozart9s operas into autonomous artworks, artworks that would faithfully reflect the unique vision of their creator and not succumb to changing audience tastes, were closely linked to national politics in nineteenth-century Prague. As the city9s population became more and more divided into ethnic Czechs and Germans, both groups appropriated Mozart for their own narratives of cultural uniqueness and cultivation. The attempts at historic authenticity originated already in the 1820s, when Czech opera performers and critics wanted to perform Don Giovanni in a form that was as close as possible to that created by Mozart in 1787 but distorted in various German singspiel adaptations. Similar attempts at historical authenticity are also prominent in Bedřich Smetana9s approach to Le nozze di Figaro, during his tenure as the music director of the Czech Provisional Theater in the late 1860s. German-speaking performers and critics used claims of historical authenticity in the 1830s and 40s to stress Prague9s importance as a prominent center of German culture. During the celebrations of the 1887 Don Giovanni centennial, furthermore, both the Czech and German communities in Prague appropriated Mozart9s operas into their intensely nationalistic debates.


Is it possible to lie despite not saying anyhing false? While the spontaneous answer seems to be 'no', there is some evidence from ordinary language that a lie does not require what is said to be believed-false. In this paper, we will argue for a pragmatic extension of the standard definition of lying. More specifically, we will present three experiments which show that people's concept of lying is not about what is said, but about what is implied by saying it that way. We test three Gricean conversational maxims. For each one of them we demonstrate that if a speaker implies something misleading, even by saying something semantically true, it is still considered lying.


For centuries Bath has exercised an attraction as a centre of religion, healing and pilgrimage. As the name implies, Bath contains hot water--to be precise it has three geothermal springs which emerge from the ground at temperatures between 42 and 47 degrees centigrade, at a rate of around 1.2 million litres per day. The unique hot waters of Bath have attracted attention since prehistoric times as the hottest springs in Britain, and their powers have repeatedly been attributed to divine sources. The sacred symbolism of water is of course multivalent; purification, rebirth, healing, transition. It is often a vehicle of sacredness. The connections between water and religion, religion and healing have been both explicit and implicit in Bath's history. Sacred symbol and sacred substance are inextricably linked here. The hot springs, it has long been believed, come from, are in touch with, or have been touched by, the sacred. In legend, Bath owes its foundation to King Bladud.(1) To summarise the best known current form of the legend (see Clark 1994, 44-7), Bladud was a prince who was banished from court on account of his leprosy. He settled in Swainswick, on the outskirts of what is now Bath, and obtained employment as a swine herd. He used to take his pigs to a place where hot spring water combined with earth to form an area of warm mud, in which the pigs loved to wallow. However, Bladud observed that pigs who went into the mud with skin diseases came out cured, so he decided to try the mud as a remedy for his leprosy. The cure was so successful that he returned to court, and became king on his father's death. He then made Bath his capital, establishing a great city there. Naturally, the city included baths using the hot springs, so that others might benefit from the water's curative properties. The foundation legend of King Bladud's healing at Bath provides the stereotype of the city as a special, therapeutic location, a visit to which can heal and transform in both a medical and a metaphysical sense. Bath's status as a special or significant place is based on and legitimised by the hot springs. It is visited by over two million tourists each year. About 950,000 of them visit the Roman Baths, now administered as a heritage site, but many others come to Bath--as they have done for centuries--with the expectation of healing or some sort of spiritual experience. Background Before describing the present situation it will be helpful to give some brief background history of Bath and its springs. Prehistoric, Celtic Bath is much speculated upon, and the surrounding area is rich in ancient sites of religious and ritual interest. Stonehenge, Avebury, Stanton Drew and Glastonbury are all within easy travelling distance. Under the Romans, the waters were dedicated to the hybrid deity Sulis Minerva, a combination of the Roman Goddess of wisdom and healing, Minerva, and the Celtic deity Sul. The word "Sul" is usually translated as "gap, opening or orifice," the interface between this world and the otherworld, from whence the extraordinary hot waters emerge. The Roman name for Bath was Aquae Sulis.(2) In pre-Roman and Roman Bath the waters seem to have been a focus for contact with the sacred; many coins and other objects, including lead tablets on which blessings and curses were written, were found on the two occasions when the baths were drained for excavation. This blessing and cursing, as well as thanksgiving, show the association between the substance and the sacred; throwing gifts, blessings, or curses into the water, as it were, establishes a direct line to the deity. It is interesting to note that the earliest evidence of Christianity in Bath is generally taken to be a curse inscribed on lead calling down revenge on the perpetrator of a robbery, "whether pagan or Christian." In the great Roman complex of springs, temples and baths (which covered an area the size of two football pitches), religion, healing and recreation interacted. …


: Dental diseases if left unchecked can lead to major health problems. On the other side, periodontal diseases are recognized as a major public health problem throughout the world and are the most common cause of tooth loss in adults. Plant products are recently introduced herbal formulations that are more beneficial than the conventional therapies. There are number of traditional herbal remedies for the treatment and management of diseases related to teeth, gum and oral hygiene. The aim of the present article is to present overall view of the current strategies adopted for the formulation and application of traditional herbal remedies. The present article summarizes the current data on the effect of natural herbs on management of various periodontal diseases together with their biological activities.


The classical Kepler problem, as well as its quantum mechanical version, the Hydrogen atom, enjoy a well-known hidden symmetry, the conservation of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, which makes these problems superintegrable. Is there a relativistic quantum field theory extension that preserves this symmetry? In this Letter we show that the answer is positive: in the non-relativistic limit, we identify the dual conformal symmetry of planar N = 4 super Yang-Mills with the wellknown symmetries of the Hydrogen atom. We point out that the dual conformal symmetry offers a novel way to compute the spectrum of bound states of massive W bosons in the theory. We perform nontrivial tests of this setup at weak and strong coupling, and comment on the possible extension to arbitrary values of the coupling.


A search is performed for long-lived particles that decay into final states that include a pair of electrons or a pair of muons. The experimental signature is a distinctive topology consisting of a pair of charged leptons originating from a displaced secondary vertex. Events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 (20.5) inverse femtobarns in the electron (muon) channel were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV. No significant excess is observed above standard model expectations. Upper limits on the product of the cross section and branching fraction of such a signal are presented as a function of the long-lived particle's mean proper decay length. The limits are presented in an approximately model-independent way, allowing them to be applied to a wide class of models yielding the above topology. Over much of the investigated parameter space, the limits obtained are the most stringent to date. In the specific case of a model in which a Higgs boson in the mass range 125-1000 GeV decays into a pair of long-lived neutral bosons in the mass range 20-350 GeV, each of which can then decay to dileptons, the upper limits obtained are typically in the range 0.2-10 fb for mean proper decay lengths of the long-lived particles in the range 0.01-100 cm. In the case of the lowest Higgs mass considered (125 GeV), the limits are in the range 2-50 fb. These limits are sensitive to Higgs boson branching fractions as low as 1E-4.


The objective of this study was to determine the morbidity, mortality and diagnostic yield of video assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) and thoracotomy lung biopsy in interstitial lung disease (ILD). Clinical records of 71 patients were retrospectively analyzed. There was no difference in mean hospital stay, intensive care unit stay and duration of chest tube drainage in patients with VATS (n = 52) compared with those undergoing open thoracotomy (n = 17). Complications rate (22.2% vs. 21.0%, p = 1.0000) and operating mortality (9.2 vs. 15.7%, p = 0.2738) were also similar. Overall, complications occurred in 16 patients (22.5%). Thirty-day mortality rate was 11.2% (n = 8). Prevalence of immunosupression (4/8 vs. 9/63, p = 0.0325) was significantly higher in the group of patients who died. No surviving patients had higher values of plasmatic urea (50 +/- 20.1 mg/dl vs. 31.2 +/- 10.3 mg/dl, p = 0.0013) or lower values of preoperative oxygen saturation (SaO2): 82.7 +/- 14.8% vs. 92.8 +/- 3.4%, (p = 0.0009). Eleven patients had an acute illness. Those patients did not show a higher complication rate (4/11 vs. 10/45, p = 0.4390) but mortality was significantly higher (4/11, 36.3% vs. 3/45, 7.1%, p = 0.0223). Biopsy allowed a specific histologic diagnosis in 100% of patients and changed therapy in 66.7%. We conclude that surgical lung biopsy is a safe and useful procedure in patients with ILD. However the higher mortality rate in patients with acute symptoms, immunocompromise, or in respiratory failure must be balanced against potential benefits of altering treatment decisions.


The intent in putting this book together was to provide students with models of language, and ample opportunities to use them meaning fully, purposively, and creatively for self-expression, and thereby to gain practical experience, communicative skills, and confidence in using English.
The emphasis is on performance of language through developing ability to "think in English". The requirement is that students actively engage and participate in using language for communication and thereby develop their skills through interaction in English.
While emphasis is on fluency development, accuracy practice is also provided through the language modeled and subsequent exercises to help students enhance their communicative competence in using English.


Due to reduction of high quality oil resources and consequently increase of oil price around the world, new sources of energy should be find to relief the high demand of energy. Hence, countries like Venezuela, United States and particularly Canada came up with their unconventional reservoirs which contain bitumen, extra heavy oil and heavy oilas remarkable sources of energy. Exploitation of such kind of reservoirs was not beneficial in the past but in recent years due to the increase of oil price tendency to production from heavy oil reservoirs has incredibly increased. This paper introduces experimental measurement of Athabasca heavy crude oil properties and simulation study in a field conditions. The first-hand target of the performed study isto scrutinize and evaluate the performance and capability of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process which is the greatest applicable thermal processes in tar sand reservoirs. The results show great recovery of heavy oil and reasonable amount of cumulative steam-oil ratio (CSOR). Sensitivity analyses have been done to realize the influence of different parameters on proficiencyof SAGD in the field. The significance of parameters such as permeability both in horizontal and vertical direction, horizontal and vertical shale barriers, injection rate, porosity, injector location, viscosity, preheating period, horizontal well length and steam quality were studied. Higher vertical and horizontal permeability, injection rate and steam quality have positive effect on oil production while Lower porosity, absence of preheating period and higher injection rate have adverse effects on SOR. Preheating period has impact on SOR at the start of the process. In fact without preheating period the amount of SOR at the start of process is very high. Horizontal shale barrier has more negative effect on oil production than vertical shale barriers. Locating injector close to the horizontal production well has nugatory impact. The shorter the length of horizontal wells the lower the recovery of oil. This work explains the aforementioned effects in details.


In the context of public transport modeling and simulation, we address the problem of mismatch between simulated transit trips and observed ones. We point to the weakness of the current travel demand modeling process; the trips it generates are over-optimistic and do not reflect the real passenger choices. We introduce the notion of mini activities the travelers do during the trips; they can explain the deviation of simulated trips from the observed trips. We propose to mine the smart card data to extract the mini activities. We develop a technique to integrate them in the generated trips and learn such an integration from two available sources, the trip history and trip planner recommendations. For an input travel demand, we build a Markov chain over the trip collection and apply the Monte Carlo Markov Chain algorithm to integrate mini activities in such a way that the selected characteristics converge to the desired distributions. We test our method in different settings on the passenger trip collection of Nancy, France. We report experimental results demonstrating a very important mismatch reduction.