Modern information technologies make it possible to store, analyze and trade unprecedented amounts of detailed information about individuals. This has led to public discussions on whether individuals' privacy should be better protected by restricting the amount or the precision of information that is collected by commercial institutions on its participants. We contribute to this discussion by proposing a Bayesian approach to measure loss of privacy and applying it to the design of optimal mechanisms. Specifically, we define the loss of privacy associated with a mechanism as the difference between the designer's prior and posterior beliefs about an agent's type, where this difference is calculated using Kullback-Leibler divergence, and where the change in beliefs is triggered by actions taken by the agent in the mechanism. We consider both ex-ante (the expected difference in beliefs over all type realizations cannot exceed some threshold k) and ex-post (for every realized type, the maximal difference in beliefs cannot exceed some threshold k) measures of privacy loss. Using these notions we study the properties of optimal privacy-constrained mechanisms and the relation between welfare/profits and privacy levels.


ABSTRACT Transformative learning theory is widely considered one of the pre-eminent theories of adult education, and has been adopted as a means of developing and understanding adult learning across a range of disciplines. While the representation and conceptualisation of transformative learning experiences has grown within Australian Indigenous studies curriculum contexts, significant differences are apparent in the means of engagement with Mezirow's theoretical framework. This article adopts Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology to establish what is known about non-Indigenous student transformative learning within the Australian Indigenous studies literature, and provide recommendations for future research that can inform the use of Mezirow's theory within Indigenous Australian studies curricular contexts. Four databases were systematically searched for papers focusing on transformative learning experiences of non-Indigenous students within Australian tertiary Indigenous Studies contexts, with 17 papers published between 1978 and 2019 included in the final analysis. While findings suggest the fundamental building blocks of Mezirow's theory are quite well understood, they also highlight gaps in the literature. First, questions remain around the enduring effects of transformative learning outcomes. Second, associations between transformative learning theory and cultural capability development appear to lack clarity. Third, associations between transformative learning and Indigenous health outcomes are unclear. Finally, there is a need for more diverse paradigms, methods and methodologies within transformative learning research.


The philosophy of perception is a microcosm of the metaphysics of mind. Its central problems -- What is perception? What is the nature of perceptual consciousness? How can one fit an account of perceptual experience into a broader account of the nature of the mind and the world? -- are at the heart of metaphysics. Rather than try to cover all of the many strands in the philosophy of perception, this book focuses on a particular orthodoxy about the nature of visual perception. The central problem for visual science has been to explain how the brain bridges the gap between what is given to the visual system and what is actually experienced by the perceiver. The orthodox view of perception is that it is a process whereby the brain, or a dedicated subsystem of the brain, builds up representations of relevant figures of the environment on the basis of information encoded by the sensory receptors. Most adherents of the orthodox view also believe that for every conscious perceptual state of the subject, there is a particular set of neurons whose activities are sufficient for the occurrence of that state. Some of the essays in this book defend the orthodoxy; most criticize it; and some propose alternatives to it. Many of the essays are classics. The contributors include, among others, G.E.M. Anscombe, Dana Ballard, Daniel Dennett, Fred Dretske, Jerry Fodor, H.P. Grice, David Marr, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Zenon Pylyshyn, Paul Snowdon, and P.F. Strawson.


An amylolytic Lactobacillus plantarum silage strain with the starch-degrading ability displayed by Lactobacillus amylovorus was developed. An active fragment of the gene coding for alpha-amylase production in L. amylovorus was cloned and integrated into the chromosome of the competitive inoculant strain L. plantarum Lp80 at the cbh locus. The alpha-amylase gene fragment was also introduced into L. plantarum Lp80 on an autoreplicative plasmid. Both constructions were also performed in the laboratory strain L. plantarum NCIB8826. All four recombinant strains secreted levels of amylase ranging from 23 to 69 U/liter, compared with 47 U/liter for L. amylovorus. Secretion levels were higher in L. plantarum NCIB8826 than in L. plantarum Lp80 derivatives and were higher in recombinant strains containing autoreplicative plasmids than in the corresponding integrants. The L. plantarum Lp80 derivative containing the L. amylovorus alpha-amylase gene fragment integrated into the host chromosome secreted alpha-amylase to a level comparable to that of L. amylovorus and was stable over 50 generations of growth under nonselective conditions. It grew to a higher cell density than either the parent strain or L. amylovorus in MRS medium containing a mixture of starch and glucose as the fermentable carbohydrate source. This recombinant alpha-amylolytic L. plantarum strain would therefore seem to have considerable potential as a silage inoculant for crops such as alfalfa, in which water-soluble carbohydrate levels are frequently low but starch is present as an alternative carbohydrate source.


Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been identified as one of the factors associated with the symptoms of the sick building syndrome (SBS). We investigated the role of ETS in an office building during the phased introduction of a smoking ban. Over a two-year period we measured symptoms using a validated questionnaire, environmental nicotine levels and salivary cotinine as a biological marker of nicotine absorption in a stratified systemic sample of 375 office employees (91% response rate). In addition, 26 persons from a non-smoking office were studied as a control group. This report describes the findings derived from a cross-sectional analysis of the initial baseline data. Amongst the validated nonsmokers, symptoms increased with increasing nicotine exposure from ETS (r= 0.165 p < 0. 01), supporting the role of ETS in the SBS. Smokers reported significantly fewer symptoms than non-smokers, as has been found before, but were exposed to higher levels of airborne nicotine as expected. We suggest that this factor, along with the misclassification of smoking status, may have obscured an association between ETS exposure and the SBS in previous studies. An analysis of the findings after implementation of the smoking ban should provide further information on how much of the SBS is attributable to ETS in this study population.


ABSTRACT Literature depicts children of the Global North withdrawing from public space to 'acceptable islands'. Driven by fears both of and for children, the public playground – one such island – provides clear-cut distinctions between childhood and adulthood. Extending this argument, this paper takes the original approach of theoretically framing the playground as a heterotopia of deviance, examining – for the first time – three Greek public playground sites in relation to adjacent public space. Drawing on an ethnographic study in Athens, findings show fear to underpin surveillance, control and playground boundary porosity. Normative classification as 'children's space' discourages adult engagement. However, in a novel and significant finding, a paradoxical phenomenon sees the playground's presence simultaneously legitimizing playful behaviour in adjacent public space for children and adults. Extended playground play creates alternate orderings and negotiates norms and hierarchies, suggesting significant wider potential to reconceptualise playground-urban design for an intergenerational public realm.


In the wake of the Supreme Court's 5-4 decision in Arizona Free Enterprise v. Bennett, this Article asserts the current predicament of public campaign financing is such that options that are still on the table under the Court's First Amendment jurisprudence are, with only rare and idiosyncratic exceptions, fiscal and political non-starters. Conversely, options that would be, and indeed previously had been, fiscally and politically viable, are now, even after years of their routine practice in varied jurisdictions, no longer constitutional. It is, in short, simultaneously a legal and practical dilemma. Short of highly unlikely swings of the Supreme Court pendulum, and absent an even more unlikely constitutional amendment, cities, states, and federal government actors, who might otherwise consider allowing candidates for office to opt for voluntary public financing, now find themselves between a legal rock and a fiscal hard place: unless a jurisdiction adopts, via extraordinarily high initial lump sum funding that grossly overspends the people's money to the point of fiscal ruin, any candidate opting in is effectively volunteering only to play the role of a sitting duck. On the more promising side, this Article asserts that systems that operate based on offering funding as a multiple for small-donor donations offer one potential solution to the dilemma. However, the Article ultimately contends that such systems are particularly vulnerable in jurisdictions with small populations insofar as moneyed interest groups from outside the jurisdiction can easily overwhelm, for example, even the multiplied donations of the citizens of largely rural states or jurisdictions.


Background. Platelet function analysis utilizing platelet-rich plasma and optical density based aggregometry fails to identify patients at risk for uremia associated complications. Methods. We employed whole blood platelet aggregation analysis based on impedance as well as determination of ATP release from platelet granules detected by a chemiluminescence method. Ten chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4 or 5 predialysis patients underwent platelet evaluation. Our study aims to evaluate this platform in this patient population to determine if abnormalities could be detected. Results. Analysis revealed normal aggregation and ATP release to collagen, ADP, and high-dose ristocetin. ATP release had a low response to arachidonic acid (0.37 ± 0.26 nmoles, reference range: 0.6–1.4 nmoles). Platelet aggregation to low-dose ristocetin revealed an exaggerated response (20.9 ± 18.7 ohms, reference range: 0–5 ohms). Conclusions. Whole blood platelet analysis detected platelet dysfunction which may be associated with bleeding and thrombotic risks in uremia. Diminished ATP release to arachidonic acid (an aspirin-like defect) in uremic patients may result in platelet associated bleeding. An increased aggregation response to low-dose ristocetin (a type IIb von Willebrand disease-like defect) is associated with thrombus formation. This platelet hyperreactivity may be associated with a thrombotic diathesis as seen in some uremic patients.


Join calculus, usually presented as a process calculus, is suitable as a foundation of both sequential and concurrent programming. We give a new operational semantics of join calculus, expressed as a reduction system with a single reduction rule similar to beta reduction in lambda calculus. We also introduce a new Hindley/Milner style type system for join calculus. Compared to previous work, the type system gives more accurate types of composite and mutually recursive definitions. The type system's soundness is established by showing that our reduction rule keeps typings invariant. We present an algorithm for type inference and show its soundness and completeness.


As the level of parallelism in manycore processors keeps increasing, providing efficient mechanisms for thread synchronization in concurrent programs is becoming a major concern. On cache-coherent shared-memory processors, synchronization efficiency is ultimately limited by the performance of the underlying cache coherence protocol. This paper studies how hardware support for message passing can improve synchronization performance. Considering the ubiquitous problem of mutual exclusion, we adapt two state-of-the-art solutions used on shared-memory processors, namely the server approach and the combining approach, to leverage the potential of hardware message passing. We propose HybComb, a novel combining algorithm that uses both message passing and shared memory features of emerging hybrid processors. We also introduce MP-Server, a straightforward adaptation of the server approach to hardware message passing. Evaluation on Tilera's TILE-Gx processor shows that MP-Server can execute contended critical sections with unprecedented throughput, as stalls related to cache coherence are removed from the critical path. HybComb can achieve comparable performance, while avoiding the need to dedicate server cores. Consequently, our queue and stack implementations, based on MP-Server and HybComb, largely outperform their most efficient pure-shared-memory counterparts.


In this paper, an attempt is made to define characteristic features of philosophical traditionalism and rationalism as well as to analyze some characteristic examples of their paradigmatic appearance in certain pieces of Jewish philosophical thought, in particular, Talmud, Philo of Alexandria, and Saadia Gaon. The paper shows that the structure of Jewish philosophical thought is built up not on the basis of a derivation concept or that of predication of meanings to the subjects different from those the meanings were abstracted from, but on that of implementation of double-sided articulation of names: on the side of the Creator, in the revealed Scripture and in the world of things which designate and penetrate human existence. On the side of humans, this appears in their appealing to the Creator in their ritual-articulation actions to which each human expression is in a way related. Via such an expression a human gives back to God that part of what she or he was able to take from Him and, therefore, is able to return, designating each time this very ability of him or her by an adequate personal attitude towards Him to Whom she or he thus appeals. This structure is based not on sensible entities which pure rationalists Traditionalism and Rationalism in Jewish Philosophy 69 would lay, as a priori elements, into the basis of a derivation system from which those entities afterwards, by applying methods of abstraction and generalization, can be reduced to the status of ontological entities, but on appealing to the higher source of all the creatures which can reach the source just by precise reconstruction of the structure of God's creation represented by different symbolic articulations-events which revealing is comprehended in works of Jewish philosophy.


In the context of increased international interest in teachers' literate habitus and identities, this paper discusses teachers' identities as writers within the classroom. In order to do so, relevant literature is reviewed and empirical data from a case study of two UK primary phase professionals are drawn upon (Cremin and Baker, 2010; 2014). The study which employed interviews, observation and video stimulated review, examined the practices employed by these teachers who sought to position themselves as writers in the classroom. The practices foregrounded were twofold: firstly 'demonstration writing', (when the teachers simultaneously thought out loud as they wrote in front of the class), voicing metacognitively the complexities of composing. Secondly, 'writing alongside', (when the teachers sat in the midst of the younger writers), following the same compositional remit as the children. The first analytic stage of this study focused on the teachers' identity positioning (Cremin and Baker, 2010). The second analytic stage explored this in more detail through examining the multimodal interactive discourses indexed in demonstration writing and writing alongside (Cremin and Baker, 2014). The data show that the writing classroom in which the teachers performed and enacted their identities as teacher-writers and writer-teachers was a site of struggle. Ongoing conflict between the teachers' intended discourse positions/identities and the recognition and acceptance of these attempts by the children was also evidenced.

The chapter thus foregrounds the challenge of teachers' positioning themselves as writers in school. A model for conceptualising teachers' writing identities on a teacher-writer-writer-teacher identity continuum is offered, and the potential of developing Writing Teachers: 'teachers who write and writers who teach' is explored.


The making of the official Qingshi (Qing History) during the turbulent years of early Republican China epitomizes the flux and complexities of modern Chinese historiography in an age of transition. It had long been routine practice in China for a newly-established regime, in assuming the mantle of legitimate rule, to authorize an official history of the previous, overthrown dynasty. With twenty-four "orthodox histories" as preceding models and a more or less standardized layout, composing the twenty-fifth one should have been a feasible task. However, the making of the history of the last dynasty was besieged with unprecedented changes and challenges: universal kingship and the mandate of Heaven had collapsed, the continuity of cultural tradition was put into doubt, and, most important of all, the past was no longer fixable in a static picture for the present to capture. In short, along with the fall of the last dynasty, the genre of "orthodox history" itself became history. The making of the Qingshi not only provided the final chapter of Chinese dynastic – orthodox – history but arguably the last chapter of traditional official historiography as well.This paper delves into the making of the Qing History by the Bureau of Qing Historiography established in 1914, its rushed publication in 1928 under the title Qingshi gao (Draft Qing History), and its banning by the Nationalist government in 1930. Special attention is paid to how the leading compilers, many of whom deemed themselves Qing royalists, attempted to preserve or recapitulate a collective memory of Qing China and thus how their narrative was intertwined with their concern for political and cultural identity. As the Qing court had long established the Bureau of State Historiography and precompiled its own dynastic history, the compilers of the Qingshi gao were overwhelmed by the weighty legacies left by their Qing counterparts and were able neither to digest all the archives thoroughly nor to reexamine their preprogrammed memories from different perspectives. The Republican memory of the Qing, as exemplified by the final version of the Qingshi gao, was conditioned by the imperial memories already established by the Qing.The making of the last dynastic history remains an unfinished enterprise. One issue is certain: the Qingshi gao published in 1928 will never be officially authorized as one of the "orthodox histories," if only because there is no longer any agency capable of this act. On the other hand, it is also irreplaceable, for its narratives, its arrangement of themes, and its choice of personalities represent to a certain extent a collective effort by a specific group of intellectuals in the dynasty-republic transition period. The Qingshi gao serves as an ideal lens through which we can examine the perspective of these compilers. Not only will the Qingshi gao live forever, but also Qing history as such will forever remain in draft. Perhaps efforts to compile an "ideal" complete Qing History will never cease, but they are unlikely to be enshrined as the conclusive interpretation of Qing History. Indeed, the earlier Twenty-four Histories also have become incomplete drafts open to further revision.Form the perspective of modern historiography, all of the previous Twenty-five orthodox histories should be redefined as the Twenty-five history Drafts, tentative accounts aiding but not defining our understanding of the past. The Twenty-five Histories can thus be treated as partial collections of historical resources, rather than cherished as (re-)presentation of historical facts. They are deemed either as "raw" or "cooked" materials, which need further digestion. Accordingly, the Qingshi gao belongs in their company and is a fitting orthodox history after all, with or without any arbitrary official authorization. Any history is but a draft to approach the past.


SUMMARY

In August 1985 the crustal structure underlying the southern part of the Kenya Rift Valley was investigated by long-range explosion seismology. the experiment (KRISP 85) consisted of two seismic lines in the central sector of the rift, one along the axis and the other across it. Interpretation of the data, including time-term analysis and ray tracing has shown that the thickness of rift infill varies from about 6km below Lake Naivasha to about 2 and 1.5km below Lake Magadi and Lake Bogoria respectively. the underlying material has a P-wave velocity of 6.05 ± 0.03 km s-1 which suggests that the rift is underlain by Precambrian metamorphic basement. A localized high-velocity zone identified to the east of Nakuru may be due to basic intrusive material. the P-wave velocity increases discontinuously to 6.45 ± 0.2 km s-1 at a depth of 12.5 ± 1.0 km below sea level. This depth is similar to that inferred for the brittle-ductile transition zone from a study of local seismicity in the Lake Bogoria region. A high P-wave velocity layer (7.1 ± 0.2 km s-1) occurs at 22 ± 2 km depth below sea level which might be associated with a sill-like basic intrusion in the lower crust. an upper mantle velocity of 7.5 ± 0.2 km s-1 (unreversed) is reached at a depth of 34.0 ± 2.0 km below sea level. This implies that only moderate crustal thinning has occurred beneath the central sector of the rift. No evidence was obtained for the existence of a continuous'axial intrusion'reaching to shallow levels below the rift and associated with crustal separation as suggested by previous studies.


Over the past few years there have been a number of cases of large scale urban translocation, city division, and new formations of contemporary settlements in various parts of the world. An increase in the ubiquity of civil unrest around the world and mass uprisings are typical causes of these processes. This poses a serious threat to the efficacy of classical urban and architectural design strategies, and their motive. Since this is a new development which urban and architecture hardly anticipated, it is imperative to seek new ways to curb, manage or mitigate the proliferation of extemporaneous city mutations. The effort here is to employ chiefly the idea of biomimetics in an analytical juxtaposition of natural processes like apoptosis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis with certain city processes and systems. The aim is to establish a new environmentally friendly motive for the disintegration and integration of settlements. Aided with streamlined programmatic principles, computational and algorithmic design, city systems are studied in an African context. The biomimetic approach to the study of city mutations is tailored to provide a design and management platform that attempts to predict and/or manage unanticipated shifts of settlements within city systems at various levels of urban and architectural schemes in West Africa, especially Nigeria.


An array of 40 surface drifters, drogued at 15-m depth, was deployed in February 2007 to the east of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula as part of the Antarctic Drifter Experiment: Links to Isobaths and Ecosystems (ADELIE) project. Data obtained from these drifters and from a select number of local historical drifters provide the most detailed observations to date of the surface circulation in the northwestern Weddell Sea. The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF), characterized by a ~20 cm s^(−1) current following the 1000-m isobath, is the dominant feature east of the peninsula. The slope front bifurcates when it encounters the South Scotia Ridge with the drifters following one of three paths. Drifters (i) are carried westward into Bransfield Strait; (ii) follow the 1000-m isobath to the east along the southern edge of the South Scotia Ridge; or (iii) become entrained in a large-standing eddy over the South Scotia Ridge. Drifters are strongly steered by contours of f /h (Coriolis frequency/depth) as shown by calculations of the first two moments of displacement in both geographic coordinates and coordinates locally aligned with contours of f /h. An eddy-mean decomposition of the drifter velocities indicates that shear in the mean flow makes the dominant contribution to dispersion in the along-f /h direction, but eddy processes are more important in dispersing particles across contours of f /h. The results of the ADELIE study suggest that the circulation near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula may influence ecosystem dynamics in the Southern Ocean through Antarctic krill transport and the export of nutrients.


In multiuser information theory, it is often assumed that every node in the network possesses all codebooks used in the network. This assumption may be impractical in distributed ad hoc, cognitive, or heterogeneous networks. This paper considers the two-user interference channel with one oblivious receiver (IC-OR), i.e., one receiver lacks knowledge of the interfering cookbook, whereas the other receiver knows both codebooks. This paper asks whether, and if so how much, the channel capacity of the IC-OR is reduced compared with that of the classical IC where both receivers know all codebooks. A novel outer bound is derived and shown to be achievable to within a gap for the class of injective semideterministic IC-ORs; the gap is shown to be zero for injective fully deterministic IC-ORs. An exact capacity result is shown for the general memoryless IC-OR when the nonoblivious receiver experiences very strong interference. For the linear deterministic IC-OR that models the Gaussian noise channel at high SNR, nonindependent identically distributed. Bernoulli(1/2) input bits are shown to achieve points not achievable by i.i.d. Bernoulli(1/2) input bits used in the same achievability scheme. For the real-valued Gaussian IC-OR, the gap is shown to be at most 1/2 bit per channel use, even though the set of optimal input distributions for the derived outer bound could not be determined. Toward understanding the Gaussian IC-OR, an achievability strategy is evaluated in which the input alphabets at the nonoblivious transmitter are a mixture of discrete and Gaussian random variables, where the cardinality of the discrete part is appropriately chosen as a function of the channel parameters. Surprisingly, as the oblivious receiver intuitively should not be able to jointly decode the intended and interfering messages (whose codebook is unavailable), it is shown that with this choice of input, the capacity region of the symmetric Gaussian IC-OR is to within 1/2 log (12πe)≈ 3.34 bits (per channel use per user) of an outer bound for the classical Gaussian IC with full codebook knowledge at both receivers.


In this study, we used a community-based participatory research (CBPR) method, 'photovoice', to engage eighteen residents living in public housing in an examination of person-in-environment factors perceived to facilitate or hinder health and well-being. Five socio-environmental constructs emerged as key factors that contribute to the health and well-being of public-housing community environments: (i) place attachment, (ii) collective efficacy, (iii) social capital, (iv) community development and (v) collective action. Our findings provide a grounded person-in-environment theory for developing community-level interventions for promoting healthy community environments. Implications are discussed in terms of pathways for researchers and social work practitioners to develop and evaluate efforts aimed at enhancing health and well-being through community-level change.


This thesis documents almost twenty years of the author's work on the development and implementation of a new approach to holistic community development in remote and disadvantaged villages in Nepal. It describes the theoretical basis of the work, the main research activities, and the practical outcomes of the implemented programs. One of the fundamental cornerstones of holistic community development is the provision of appropriate and sustainable solutions for the long-term development of local communities. This requires that people's own identified needs be recognized and addressed in partnership with them in holistic ways. The author explains the many synergies that result from this holistic approach to community development. Another cornerstone of his approach is to utilise the communities' locally available renewable resources for long-term sustainable development. One of the key findings of the thesis is that improved access to energy services, such as cooking with a smokeless metal stove in a clean indoor environment, basic indoor lighting, and increased food production and safe food storage (through a greenhouse and a solar drier respectively), need to be at the very heart of any long-term holistic community development project. The thesis demonstrates that tapping into locally available renewable energy resources and converting them, through contextualized and locally manufactured renewable energy technologies, has a central role in long-term holistic community development programs. Such programs are successful because they provide both appropriate technologies and life-changing experiences for the local users involved.


H.264/AVC is newest video coding standard of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group. The main goals of the H.264/AVC standardization effort have been enhanced compression performance and provision of a "network-friendly" video representation addressing "conversational" (video telephony) and "nonconversational" (storage, broadcast, or streaming) applications. H.264/AVC has achieved a significant improvement in rate-distortion efficiency relative to existing standards. This article provides an overview of the technical features of H.264/AVC, describes profiles and applications for the standard, and outlines the history of the standardization process.


We set out in this study to analyse the impact of institutional distance on the cross-border interorganizational system (IOS) adoption and assimilation. This study begins with an introduction of two crucial constructs, i.e. institutional distance and interdependence, and then distinguishes IOS adoption from IOS assimilations. These static portraits are the basis by which we explore the relationship between institutional distance and IOS adoption and assimilation. Subsequently we present a theoretical model of the three dimensions of institutional distance's impact on cross border IOS adoption and IOS assimilation and explore the interplay between organizational interdependence and institutional distances (i.e. regulatory distance, normative distance and cognitive distance) on the adoption and assimilation of cross-border IOS. Finally, we discuss the potential contributions and limitations of the study, as well as ideas about related future research. Throughout the study, we use the institutional theory as a means of integrating discussion and survey approach is chosen to collect data and empirically test the model in future research. The potential theoretical contributions are mainly made to institutional theory and international interorganizational system application. Meanwhile this study provides explanations of why the cross border IOS adoption and assimilation in certain countries outperform those of other countries.


The interests, responsibilities and opportunities of states to provide infrastructure and resource management are not limited to their land territory but extend to marine areas as well. So far, although the theoretical structure of a Marine Administration System (MAS) is based on the management needs of the various countries, the marine terms have not been clearly defined. In order to define an MAS that meets the spatial marine requirements, the specific characteristics of the marine environment have to be identified and integrated in a management system. Most publications that address the Marine Cadastre (MC) concept acknowledge the three-dimensional (3D) character of marine spaces and support the need for MC to function as a multipurpose instrument. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) conceptual standard ISO 19152 has been referenced in scholarly and professional works to have explicit relevance to 3D cadastres in exposed land and built environments. However, to date, very little has been done in any of those works to explicitly and comprehensively apply LADM to specific jurisdictional MAS or MC, although the standard purports to be applicable to those areas. Since so far the most comprehensive MC modeling approach is the S-121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries (MLB) Standard, which refers to LADM, this paper proposes several modifications including, among others, the introduction of class marine resources into the model, the integration of data on legal spaces and physical features through external classes, as well as the division of law and administrative sources. Within this context, this paper distinctly presents both appropriate modifications and applications of the IHO S-121 standard to the particular marine and maritime administrative needs of both Greece and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.


ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN TROPICAL FORESTS: THE ROLE OF EDAPHIC FACTORS, INITIAL CONDITIONS AND COMPETITION Sergio Estrada Villegas, B.Sc., M.Sc. Marquette University, 2019 Succession is a fundamental process in ecology in which ecosystems recover after disturbances. The goal of the study of ecological succession is to understand the mechanisms responsible for changes in species' density, diversity, and ecosystem processes. Understanding the mechanisms that determine how young tropical forests change during succession is crucial because approximately half of the world's tropical forests are regenerating after farmland abandonment, and successional forests are now expected to supply the vast majority of ecosystems services that were provided by old growth forests (e.g. carbon sequestration). Edaphic factors, initial conditions, and competition have been proposed to be key drivers that influence tropical forest succession; however, how these drivers alter succession remains poorly understood. For my doctoral dissertation research, I used census data from a young tropical dry forest, and a large-scale field experiment in a tropical moist forest to examine the combined effects of edaphic factors and initial conditions on forest succession, as well as the effect of lianas on trees, an intense form of plant competition, on forest succession. In the dry forest, edaphic factors and initial conditions were strong determinants of succession. Soil fertility accelerated tree biomass accretion. Topography made liana composition more similar over time. Initial conditions decreased sapling recruitment and biomass accretion, probably due to lower light levels when there is more basal area early in succession. The accumulation of tree species was slowed while tree composition similarity increased with more basal area early in succession. Competition for space may have delayed tree recruitment in the canopy and homogenized composition. In the moist forest, liana competition significantly influenced succession. Lianas contributed 20% of the foliage to the forest canopy, and thus significantly reduced light level and tree biomass accumulation. Lianas reduced tree biomass accumulation even when trees received full sunlight and their canopies were intact. Finally, using a comprehensive literature review on liana removal experiments, I report that lianas decrease tree establishment, growth, biomass accumulation and reproduction across the world's tropical forests. In summary, liana competition, edaphic factors, and initial conditions all influence the rate and direction of succession in young tropical forests.


Agile software development relies heavily on tight and continuous collaboration, which becomes a challenge when team members work at a distance. Despite significant focus on distributed Agile working, remote working, when only one or two individuals are not co-located with the rest of the team, remains largely unexplored. We focus on one organisation with several such teams and investigate one in detail using distributed cognition – a theoretical framework for studying collaborative work. We present the results of a group retrospective, and a comparative analysis of collaboration in the team, taking the contrasting perspectives of the remote worker and his co-located teammates. The analysis shows substantial differences in three aspects: virtual artefacts; information flow; and the primacy of structure and facilities provided by collaborative platforms. Platforms that support meaningful collaboration and engagement for the remote worker, and create parity between all members of the team are crucial to integrating capability.


Background and context
Care planning aims to realise the full potential health care practice and system redesign for partnership working with people with long-term conditions (LTCs). There is an urgent need to establish how to transfer the policy directive and underlying body of knowledge into everyday clinical practice in primary care for people with multiple LTCs.

Approach to knowledge exchange
Twelve GP practices have formed a learning collaborative, taking key lessons from the Diabetes Year of Care programme and exploring the practical implications of implementation with people with other or multiple LTCs. Clinical implementation and collaborative will happen concurrently, enabling a consistent and systematic harnessing of key experiential learning. Ultimately, the programme aims to establish key enablers to overcome the barriers and support wider implementation across the North East.

Assessing the impact
A formative evaluation is being undertaken, drawing on realist principles (Pawson and Tilley, 1997*), which pose that intervention mechanisms (M) are dependent on a number of contextual factors (C) to produce desirable outcomes (O). An increased understanding of the coupled C-M thus enables the manufacture of most successful interventions. In particular, practices and socio demographic contexts within which practitioners are implementing care planning are likely to differ drastically. Highlighting these contextual factors will generate understanding about why care planning may appear more successful, or easier to implement, in some practices. Outcomes will partly be assessed through a patient survey. Knowledge exchange will thus happen iteratively between practitioners, commissioners and evaluators.

Lessons and messages
The system redesign required for implementation of care planning in people with multiple LTCs poses a significant logistical and, particularly, cultural challenge. We anticipate our collaborative, iterative approach to be instrumental in addressing these. The formative evaluation will help highlighting the potentials and pitfalls of implementation processes, and will provide a platform for
wider implementation.


Rarely does scholarship anticipate the most dramatic events of the moment. In this timely work Gary Hart does just that, arguing for the restoration of republican virtues and for homeland security as an important first step. The American democratic republic has from its founding been a paradoxical success. Simultaneously attached to state and national power, citizens' rights and citizens' duties, American democracy has uniquely turned its reliance on consent from the governed into a powerful governing of the consenting. In a remarkable political feat, America's founders combined mixed government, the language of popular sovereignty and a self-conscious emphasis on checks and balances to forge a republic that has weathered the test of time. The complex realities of the twenty-first century, however, have fundamentally challenged the underpinnings of this enduring American experiment, repeatedly exposing the tensions at the heart of America's mixed system of government. What then is the nature of an American republic in an age of democracy? How can the democratic values of social justice and equality be balanced with republican values of civic duty and popular sovereignty? Bringing to light a long-neglected aspect of Thomas Jefferson's political philosophy-the "ward republic"-Gary Hart here offers a wholly original blueprint for republican restoration in which every citizen can participate democratically in the governing of his or her own life. Of crucial relevance for contemporary society, including its startlingly prescient plan for homeland security, Restoration of the Republic provides original insights into issues of national urgency as well as the timeless questions that bedevil the American democratic experiment.


Innovation research has been criticized for failure to carefully specify innovation attributes. This has led to inconsistent findings, problems in making cross-study comparisons and difficulty in generalizing findings. This paper addresses these issues in management accounting innovation research by focusing specifically on activity-based techniques (ABT). ABT are a multifaceted phenomenon, reflected, in this study, by a wide definition and a multi-stage model of ABT implementation. A survey-based instrument is developed to identify ABT adopters and non-adopters and to measure seven innovation attributes. Logistic regression is employed to identify which attributes are predictors of ABT adoption and three are shown to be significant: perceived compatibility; ease of use and, most importantly, result demonstrability. A sophisticated model of ABT implementation, the use of pre and post survey interviews and careful survey design reveal that: (1) a minority of business units have to adopt ABT because it is imposed on them and (2) variations in the definition of ABT can lead to a wide range of reported adoption rates. Almost 72% of the business units had some experience of ABT and the overall usage rate was 28%. However, only 11% claimed extensive usage of ABT. These results help to explain the wide disparity in previous research findings. They also have implications for the "ABC Paradox": If ABC has such benefits why is it not more widely adopted? If a wide definition of ABT is employed most businesses do claim experience of it and the paradox may result from a relatively narrow definition of ABT rather than limitations in the technique itself.


Maintaining crop production over time while using different cultural practices was studied in the Center North zone of Burkina Faso in two trials where the evolution of groundnut and sorghum yields in rotation was observed for 8 years. The trials compared 6 types of cultural practices (manual tillage, plowing, plowing + compost supply, associated or not with mineral fertilization). The plots in which these cultural practices were applied were split into 4 subplots which were sown successively for 4 years (Table 2) after fallow. Annual measurements were made of yield gap resulting from the differing numbers of years of cultivation. One of the trials was set up on a gravel soil with a shallow hardpan, the other on a deeper sandy loam soil. The effects of techniques and of cultivation were observed on some variables representative of the different stages which lead to final production of seeds (number of pods, percentage of two-seeded pods, average weight of one seed for groundnut - number of stems, number of ears per stem, number of seeds per ear and average weight of one seed for sorghum). Results show that cultivating reduces groundnut and sorghum yields (Tables 4, 7 and 8). Groundnut yield variations are caused mainly by variations in pod number (Figure 1), which is linked to the vegetative growth of the plant. Overall, the percentage of two-seeded pods and the weight of a hundred seeds are affected mainly by cultivation (Table 6). In addition, the number of years of cultivation affects the rate of damaged pods on gravel soils. Mineral fertilization partly offsets these effects, but it does not maintain the same ratio of pod weight to vegetative biomass as in the initial conditions. The contrast in the effect on this ratio of mineral fertilization and compost supplies during the last years of cultivation shows the essential function of these supplies. Generally, the number of years of cultivation affects the number of sorghum seeds and their average mean weight negatively (Table 9). The result is a decrease in the ratio of seed weight to straw weight. On gravel soils, lack of fertilization on soil disrupts ear setting (Figure 4). The decrease in production in plots without organic or mineral fertilizers is increasingly apparent in comparison to fertilized plots, with a main effect on seed filling and on the ratio of seed weight to straw weight (Table 9). On sandy loam soils, manual tillage also speeds up the decrease in seed yield. Plowing mainly affects crop installation and the number of stems and, thus, appears to be a limiting factor only for high yield (Figure 3). Cultivating alters the chemical characteristics of the soil (decrease in the level of organic matter, in pH, in total exchangeable bases - Table 10). Less intensive cultural practices, without organic and mineral restitution, produce the largest N and P deficits (Table 11) while inducing smaller K, Ca and Mg losses than mineral fertilization. Compost supplies correct the balance for Ca and Mg (Table 11) but cannot maintain the stock of organic matter in the soil. Mineral fertilization improves the phosphorus balance (Table 11) but has adverse effects on the calcium balance as it increases exports without compensation. Mineral fertilization reduces pH (Table 10). The response to cultural practices, hence their profitability, is comparable for both soils (Table 12). In conclusion, the lack of organic and mineral fertilization tends to increase the negative effect of the number of years of cultivation and appears to be environmentally destructive. Intensification is a necessity, nutritional concerns aside, to maintain soil fertility. Current farmer strategies take into account the specificity of the crops by cultivating sorghum during the first years after fallow, then continuing with groundnut which makes a better use of exhausted soil because of its favorable ratio of marketable weight to total biomass. This approach represents a mining strategy of soil use, aimed at total use followed by field abandonment. The production costs of intensification are high and should be supported by an efficient policy of fertilizer distribution.


Agriculture was the largest and most important sector of the medieval English economy. Yet although peasants comprised the majority of the population, and were responsible for the greater part of land use, surprisingly little is known about peasant cropping patterns and production strategies. Taking the Crowland Abbey manor of Oakington, Cambridgeshire as a case study, this article examines peasant land use and agricultural strategies. Using data collected from the Oakington tithe accounts and manor court rolls, this article demonstrates that peasants used their land more extensively than did the lord, raising their output per acre above that of the demesne. This was driven by peasant need for fodder crops, and the strain placed on agricultural systems that required peasants to use their land to produce grains and legumes for consumption, fodder, and sale.


The composition of capital is to be understood in a two-fold sense. On the side of value, it is determined by the proportion in which it is divided into constant capital or value of the means of production, and variable capital or value of labour-power, the sum total of wages. On the side of material, as it functions in the process of production, all capital is divided into means of production and living labour-power. This latter composition is determined by the relation between the mass of the means of production employed, on the one hand, and the mass of labour necessary for their employment on the other. I call the former the value-composition, the latter the technical composition of capital.


This paper presents F4F (Framework For Frameworks), a system for effective taint analysis of framework-based web applications. Most modern web applications utilize one or more web frameworks, which provide useful abstractions for common functionality. Due to extensive use of reflective language constructs in framework implementations, existing static taint analyses are often ineffective when applied to framework-based applications. While previous work has included ad hoc support for certain framework constructs, adding support for a large number of frameworks in this manner does not scale from an engineering standpoint.
 F4F employs an initial analysis pass in which both application code and configuration files are processed to generate a specification of framework-related behaviors. A taint analysis engine can leverage these specifications to perform a much deeper, more precise analysis of framework-based applications. Our specification language has only a small number of simple but powerful constructs, easing analysis engine integration. With this architecture, new frameworks can be handled with no changes to the core analysis engine, yielding significant engineering benefits.
 We implemented specification generators for several web frameworks and added F4F support to a state-of-the-art taint-analysis engine. In an experimental evaluation, the taint analysis enhanced with F4F discovered 525 new issues across nine benchmarks, a harmonic mean of 2.10X more issues per benchmark. Furthermore, manual inspection of a subset of the new issues showed that many were exploitable or reflected bad security practice.


This paper aims to review researches on financial businesses in Tokugawa Japan. Recently, it is made clear that economic institutions play an important role for economic growth. Moreover, some scholars insist that financial factors influences economic growth, though others criticize this view. In this paper, therefore, first I conduct a survey of laws and their enforcement, and in the next two sections I analyze monetary and credit systems in the Edo period. In the fourth section, remittance between Osaka and Edo (now Tokyo) or between distant places is examined in comparison with contemporary British foreign exchange businesses, because silver was a key currency in Osaka and gold was Edo's key currency. In the fifth I define ryogae-sho (bankers in Tokugawa Japan) in this period and in the next section I conduct a survey of bankers' activities. In the seventh section I shed some light on 'direct' finance between lenders and borrowers because wealthy merchants did financial businesses very actively and in the next section financial activities in the outside of three large cities (Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto) are briefly examined. In the last section I summarize above analysis and examine briefly institutional changes around the Meiji Restoration.


It is a common belief that children will thrive if educated amongst better class and schoolmates. It is a belief that guides many parents in their choice of school, and has important implications for policy on school choice and organisation. Many studies have tried to measure this 'peer-group' effect, but the enterprise is plagued by conceptual and empirical difficulties. In this study, we use the population of state Secondary school pupils in England to tease out how pupil attainments at age 14 respond to differences in the prior, age-11 attainments of their current school grade peer-group. Data on home addresses and school attendance allow us to compare outcomes of children who live in the same street, or who attended the same Primary school up to age 11, but then move on to different Secondary schools with different peer-group quality. These 'peer-group' effects seem to exist, but they are small in magnitude - a 1 s.d. increase in peer-group prior attainments allows a pupil to improve their own score by barely 0.08 of a standard deviation. We tackle various gnarly empirical problems arising in regression models of pupil attainments that incorporate individual and group prior attainments as explanatory variables. Estimates from such models are seriously biased by transient components in prior pupil attainments, correlation between current and prior peer-group characteristics and by ability sorting into Secondary schooling. We address these issues by using teachers predictions as instruments for prior attainments, defining a pupil's current peer-group in terms of those school mates with whom he or she has had no contact in the past, and by predicting current peer-group attainments with the productivity of their origin Primary schools, measured by the gain in attainments of different cohorts between ages 7 and 11.


A survey of both typeable and nontypeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae indicated that they contain glycine (Gly) in their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Significant amounts (30-250 pmol Gly/microg LPS) were determined by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography using pulsed amperometric detection after treatment of the LPS with mild alkali. Oligosaccharides obtained from LPS after mild acid hydrolysis and gel filtration chromatography were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) ESI-MS. In all cases, molecular ions corresponding to the major glycoforms were identified and were accompanied by ions differing by 57 Da, thus indicating the presence of glycine. The position of glycine in these glycoforms was determined by CE-ESI-MS/MS analyses. It was found that, depending on strain, glycine can substitute each of the heptoses of the inner-core element, L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1-->2)-[PEtn-->6]-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1-->3)-L-alpha-D-Hepp-(1-->5)-alpha-Kdo of H. influenzae LPS as well as Kdo. In some strains, mixtures of monosubstituted Gly-containing glycoforms having different substitution patterns were identified.


Deep generative models parametrized up to a normalizing constant (e.g. energy-based models) are difficult to train by maximizing the likelihood of the data because the likelihood and/or gradients thereof cannot be explicitly or efficiently written down. Score matching is a training method, whereby instead of fitting the likelihood $\log p(x)$ for the training data, we instead fit the score function $\nabla_x \log p(x)$ -- obviating the need to evaluate the partition function. Though this estimator is known to be consistent, its unclear whether (and when) its statistical efficiency is comparable to that of maximum likelihood -- which is known to be (asymptotically) optimal. We initiate this line of inquiry in this paper, and show a tight connection between statistical efficiency of score matching and the isoperimetric properties of the distribution being estimated -- i.e. the Poincar\'e, log-Sobolev and isoperimetric constant -- quantities which govern the mixing time of Markov processes like Langevin dynamics. Roughly, we show that the score matching estimator is statistically comparable to the maximum likelihood when the distribution has a small isoperimetric constant. Conversely, if the distribution has a large isoperimetric constant -- even for simple families of distributions like exponential families with rich enough sufficient statistics -- score matching will be substantially less efficient than maximum likelihood. We suitably formalize these results both in the finite sample regime, and in the asymptotic regime. Finally, we identify a direct parallel in the discrete setting, where we connect the statistical properties of pseudolikelihood estimation with approximate tensorization of entropy and the Glauber dynamics.


There has been a collective nervousness following the decline in the resources sector in Western Australia and its associated grim headlines. Agriculture has historically been an important industry for the state. With an expanding middle class in China and a rising population in South-East Asia, agribusiness has now emerged to be a much touted candidate for businesses, investors and the government looking for new sources of growth and prosperity. But among all the hubris and rhetoric there has not been any notable acceleration in the industry. Indeed by some measure it is an industry in decline. This clearly is not due to moderating demand as consumption has been high, particularly in the developing countries of Asia, and is expected to continue to rise. Might this be due to the industrial structure of the sector, technology, inefficiencies or bottlenecks? Or the response from domestic Asian economies in prioritising their own agri-food security for the future posing as a threat for WA? Or is it simply the case that the industry is looking or waiting for leadership, certainty, or policy shifts? This is the first Focus on Industry report by the Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre. Following the initial Focus on Western Australia and Focus on the States reports, our researchers believe that an in-depth look at the industries that may make or break WA is in order. This report asks if WA is positioned to take advantage of the unique opportunity presented by the increasing global demand for high quality, secure food produce. In doing so, we discuss the state of play in agribusiness and where WA sits in comparison with the dominant producers, analyse the contribution of agribusiness to the WA economy, and assess our natural endowments, and innovative and productivity capabilities to meet increased global demand. The report highlights the key challenges, risks and policy issues requiring attention to ensure that WA agribusiness secures its place at the global dinner table.


Abstract. It is well known that the storm tracks are a preferred region of stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE), but a systematic and climatological investigation of the connection between cyclones and STE has not yet been performed. We use two ERA-Interim climatologies of STE and cyclones for the years 1979–2011 to quantify the amount of STE that occurs during the life cycle of North Atlantic cyclones. A Lagrangian method serves to identify individual STE events, and a sophisticated cyclone identification tool detects cyclones, their shape and size from the sea-level pressure (SLP) field and from geopotential height anomalies at 300–700 hPa. Combining the two data sets reveals that roughly 50–60 % of the total STE in the North Atlantic occurs in the vicinity of cyclones and that both downward and upward fluxes of mass across the tropopause (STT and TST, respectively) are more intense in deeper cyclones (lower minimum SLP) compared to less intense cyclones. In summer, STT and TST in the vicinity of cyclones are almost equal; in the other seasons, STT is larger by 25–60 %. Compared to climatology, cross-tropopause mass fluxes are enhanced by a factor of about 1.29 and 1.06 for STT and TST, respectively, when a cyclone is present. On average, STE is strongest during the mature phase of cyclones, i.e., in a 24 h time window around the time of maximum intensity. Systematic patterns of exchange locations relative to the cyclone centre are identified via composite analysis and shed light on the different characteristics of STT and TST. During cyclone intensification and in the mature stage, TST is mainly confined to the cyclone centre, whereas STT occurs mainly in a region further southwest. During the decay of the cyclones, both STT and TST are most frequent close to the cyclone centre, in a region with a fairly low tropopause.


Neural architecture search (NAS) has a great impact by automatically designing effective neural network architectures. However, the prohibitive computational demand of conventional NAS algorithms (e.g. $10^4$ GPU hours) makes it difficult to \emph{directly} search the architectures on large-scale tasks (e.g. ImageNet). Differentiable NAS can reduce the cost of GPU hours via a continuous representation of network architecture but suffers from the high GPU memory consumption issue (grow linearly w.r.t. candidate set size). As a result, they need to utilize~\emph{proxy} tasks, such as training on a smaller dataset, or learning with only a few blocks, or training just for a few epochs. These architectures optimized on proxy tasks are not guaranteed to be optimal on the target task. In this paper, we present \emph{ProxylessNAS} that can \emph{directly} learn the architectures for large-scale target tasks and target hardware platforms. We address the high memory consumption issue of differentiable NAS and reduce the computational cost (GPU hours and GPU memory) to the same level of regular training while still allowing a large candidate set. Experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet demonstrate the effectiveness of directness and specialization. On CIFAR-10, our model achieves 2.08\% test error with only 5.7M parameters, better than the previous state-of-the-art architecture AmoebaNet-B, while using 6$\times$ fewer parameters. On ImageNet, our model achieves 3.1\% better top-1 accuracy than MobileNetV2, while being 1.2$\times$ faster with measured GPU latency. We also apply ProxylessNAS to specialize neural architectures for hardware with direct hardware metrics (e.g. latency) and provide insights for efficient CNN architecture design.


Background: The Slovenian music education curriculum for the first years of elementary school emphasises the following musical activities in the classroom: singing, playing instruments, listening to music, movement to music and musical creativity. In the field of musical creativity, there are two activities where students can be original and creative: making music and moving or drawing/painting activities stimulated by music. Purpose: This research investigated musical creativity in Slovenian elementary schools, its observable characteristics and some of the similarities among the statements made by students and teachers. Sample: The study involved 118 eight-and-a-half to nine-year-old students from five schools in Slovenia, and 51 elementary classroom teachers – 25 of them came from the same five elementary schools as the students and 26 of them came from another four schools located in different parts of the Republic of Slovenia. Students and teachers who took part in our study attended/or worked at the third grade level during the 2004 school year. Design and methods: For the study, two questionnaires were completed using closed and open questions. The teachers had more questions than the students. Some of the questions were the same for both. The data received from the questionnaire was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The chi-square test was used to check the relationship between the answers given by students and the answers given by the teachers. Results: We found that creativity in music does exist in the classrooms, but there is only an emphasis being put on activities stimulated by music, and not on creating music. The opinions of the students and classroom teachers overlapped in the following areas: in the types of creative activity preferred, in assessing the successfulness of creative activities, in the feedback following the creative activity, and concerning the amount and difficulty of the tasks performed. The only important difference between the answers found was in assessing the teachers' role in leading the musical activity during the lesson. The reasons for such similar reactions were: (1) that the teacher's expectations were effectively conveyed to the students, and/or (2) the children's self-perception was being formed through an awareness and interpretation of the environment around them. Conclusions: The investigation showed that the students and teachers are satisfied with creative musical activities in the classroom, however, they are not aware of all the aspects of creative musical thinking as well as the criteria for the evaluation of musical creativity. It seems that they are not fully acquainted with the strategies for teaching musical composition and improvisation. The role of university programmes that specialise in music pedagogy should be to produce teachers who will be able to provide creative musical activities in an appropriate manner, and to organise more seminars of similar content for student-teachers during their practical training.


Xylanimonas cellulosilytica Rivas et al. 2003 is the type species of the genus Xylanimonas of the actinobacterial family Promicromonosporaceae. The species X. cellulosilytica is of interest because of its ability to hydrolyze cellulose and xylan. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first complete genome sequence of a member of the large family Promicromonosporaceae, and the 3,831,380 bp long genome (one chromosome plus an 88,604 bp long plasmid) with its 3485 protein-coding and 61 RNA genes is part of the GenomicEncyclopedia ofBacteria andArchaea project.


Brunfelsia uniflora is a species that belongs to the family Solanaceae, popularly known as manaca. In popular medicine the leaves are used for arthritis, rheumatism, syphilis, snake bites, yellow fever, and even as a diuretic and anti-thermal. The main objective of this work was the anatomical study through optical and electronic scanning microscopy, chemical analysis and microbiological tests using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Brunfelsia uniflora leaves extracts. The plants were collected in the Atlantic Rainforest (Mata Atlântica), nearby the city of Sao Vicente, SP. Brunfelsia uniflora presented palisade parenchyma with two cellular layers and lacunary parenchyma with six cellular layers; large quantities of crystals in mesophyll and sclerenchyma were observed. The lower epidermis presented large quantities of stomata while they were almost absent in the adaxial epidermis. The electronic scanning microscopy showed the presence of paracitic stomata, a waxy layer ornamented in the adaxial epidermis as well as the presence of few trichomes in the central vein region in the abaxial surface. However, in the vein region the trichomes were absent. A chemical analysis showed evidence of some spectral peaks concerning the occurrence of caffeic acid derivatives. The microbiological tests presented negative results for the two species of bacteria.


Objective:Concussed athlete evaluations often include symptoms, balance, and neurocognitive assessments. We sought to identify the relationship between subjective symptom reports and objective clinical measures. Design:A retrospective assessment. Setting:A research laboratory. Patients:Concussed collegiate-level athletes (N = 32, 19.7 years) evaluated pre- and postinjury (less than 48 hours). Intervention:Each athlete completed an inventory of concussion-related symptoms, the NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT), and ImPACT neurocognitive assessment. Spearman correlations between balance symptoms and SOT scores and cognitive symptoms and ImPACT scores were completed. Main Outcome Measures:Symptoms related to balance and cognitive deficits, SOT composite balance and visual, vestibular, and somatosensory ratios, and ImPACT output scores. Results:Significant Spearman correlations were noted between reports of "dizziness" and the SOT composite balance (rs = -0.55) and vestibular ratio (rs = -0.50). Similarly, "balance problems" were significantly correlated with composite balance (rs = -0.52) and the somatosensory (rs = -0.41), visual (rs = -0.39), and vestibular ratios (rs = -0.57). The cognitive symptom of "feeling mentally foggy" and ImPACT variables of reaction time (rs = 0.36) and "difficulty concentrating" and verbal memory score (rs = -0.41) were significantly related. Finally, reports of "difficultly remembering" were significantly related to the verbal memory score (rs = -0.48) and reaction time (rs = 0.36). Conclusions:These findings indicate self-report symptoms are associated with athlete deficits in postural control and cognitive function. The moderate relationship between the symptom reports and the objective measures warrants the continued use of all measures. A reduction in the number of symptoms concussed athletes respond to may be justified to reduce redundancy.


Strawberry shelf life is limited, and little is known about the postharvest regulation of senescence in different fruit tissues. Strawberry is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, yet it is known that ethylene affects strawberry ripening. Here the effects of continuous exogenous ethylene (50 µl l−1) were investigated in cold stored strawberry (5°C). The physiological and biochemical responses of ripe strawberry were evaluated across 6 days, together with hormonal profiles of the whole fruit and individual tissues (achenes and receptacle). Continuous exposure to ethylene induced as a first response an accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) in the receptacle tissue, followed by an increase in CO2 production. Ethylene also elicited sucrose hydrolysis and malic acid catabolism, with the major effect seen after 4 days of ethylene exposure. Additionally, accumulation of phenolics (epicatechin and chlorogenic acid) were also observed in ethylene treated strawberry. Achenes did not exhibit a response to ethylene, yet catabolism of both ABA and auxins increased by two thirds during air storage. In contrast, ethylene induced ABA accumulation in the receptacle tissue without ABA catabolism being affected. This hormonal disequilibrium in response to ethylene between the two tissues was maintained during storage, and therefore might be the precursor for the following biochemical variations reported during storage.


Ewen's paintings of the Montreal period illustrate his constant exploration of formal means, using patterns of imagery and space derived from landscape. The text describes the influences of the activities of the "Automatistes" and "Plasticiens" on his work. Emphasis is placed on reconstructing a chronology of his production, interests and influences from the 1950's and 1960's, including the artist's comments. 48 bibl. ref.


Abstract. We present detailed observations of electromagnetic waves and particle distributions from the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) satellite which reveal many important properties of large-amplitude, spatially-coherent plasma structures known as "fast solitary structures" or "electron phase space holes". Similar structures have been observed in several regions of the magnetosphere including the auroral zone, plasma sheet boundary layer, and bow shock. There has been rapid theoretical progress in understanding these structures. Solitary structures can develop from bidirectional electron beams. Once developed, the one-dimensional properties parallel to the magnetic field can be adequately described by analytical treatment as BGK structures. There remains, however, several unanswered questions. The origin of the bidirectional electron beams, the development of two-or three-dimensional structures, and the observed association with the ion cyclotron frequency are not well understood.


Abstract : This report is intended to provide guidance on how to use the Software Process Framework (SPF) Olson 94 for reviewing, analyzing, and designing software process documents that are consistent with the Capability Maturity Model(sm) (CMM trade name) for Software, Version 1.1 Paulk 93a. This guidance is not "how to design" or "how to analyze" software process documents in general. Rather, the guidance is focused on how to use the Software Process Framework for those purposes. The purpose of this report is to clarify the intended usage of the SPF and describe usage scenarios that have evolved through the use of the SPF in the software development community over several years. This report is intended to be used as a supplement to the SPF and in conjunction with the SPF, not by itself. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the CMM, is experienced in software process improvement and definition, and has skill in designing or analyzing software process documents.


For development of human resources of a nation and to harness their full potential throughout their life, education of all human beings is of great importance. It is the process of teaching, learning and training skills which prepares them for successful life. Secondary Education though not "fundamental right" of people, yet government and society understand it important for prosperity and good health of its people. It is a link between secondary and higher education after which specialisation in the fields of education starts. It is a post-Secondary education.
To provide it, a number of schemes, policies, programs have been framed from time to time by the government. Action plan included gender sensitisation to minimise the gender gap in educational attainment spatial disparities and in sequence monitored at various levels from time to time with the help of public and private agencies.
Nonetheless, gender disparities are nearly universal in terms of educational attainment at each level. In the present study, Senior Secondary education has been selected as focus. It is a micro level study based on census 2011 data. Maps are prepared using GIS technology to analyse patterns of Senior Secondary education attained total population and in males and females separately at district level of Haryana.


The enzymatic degradation of tuber starch and the subsequent accumulation of reducing sugars upon cold storage, also known as cold sweetening, are complex traits that negatively affect potato processing quality, constituting a challenge for breeding programs. In an effort to decipher the molecular basis of cold sweetening, a previous association mapping study identified DNA polymorphisms in functional genes of the carbohydrate metabolism, which were associated with tuber starch content and chip quality before and after cold storage. Two of the associated alleles encoded the plastidial starch phosphorylases Pho1a and Pho1b located on chromosomes III and V, respectively. The main objective of this research was to functionally characterize allelic variants of starch phosphorylase that possibly contribute to the variation of quality traits.
Full length Pho1a cDNA's were cloned from four tetraploid potato cultivars. The Pho1a-HA allele was identified, which represented the molecular markers associated with tuber quality traits. The association of Pho1a-HA was further confirmed in two additional populations, in which genotypes bearing the allele accumulated fewer reducing sugars during cold storage and had higher contents of starch. The Pho1a-HA allele was negatively associated with resistance to tuber bruising. Despite the presence of polymorphisms in areas of positive and negative regulation of the Pho1a promoter, the expression in tubers of the Pho1a-HA allele was constant during cold storage and corresponded to the allele dosage, showing that the allele is not subjected to transcriptional regulation. The presence of the PHO1a-HA isoform in protein extracts was confirmed by 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. This isoform contains six amino acid substitutions from which one has no precedents in all known glucan phosphorylases. Activity assays demonstrated that genotypes bearing the PHO1a-HA isoform in a duplex allele dosage had no detectable starch phosphorylase activity, suggesting that Pho1a-HA is an allele which compromises functional starch phosphorylase enzyme complexes. The negative effect of the novel substitutions in key regions for protein dimerization, shown by in silico mutagenesis in the crystal structure of the rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase, supports this hypothesis. The association of Pho1a-HA with quality traits in different populations and the detrimental effect of the allele on enzyme activity support the hypothesis that natural variants of the Pho1a gene contribute to the phenotypic variation in tuber quality traits and provides further insights into the understanding of sugar accumulation at low temperatures.
Additionally, natural alleles of the Pho1b gene were identified. The large amount of SNPs limited the phasing and haplotype assembly. Non-synonymous SNPs however, allowed the clustering of the alleles which were assigned to the different SSCP polymorphisms associated with quality traits.
The broad genetic diversity of potato cultivars and wild relatives offers a wealth of natural resources, which genetic potential can be exploited to improve agronomic performance. The PCR-based molecular markers developed in this work can be integrated by breeders in their selection programs.


In this work, the authors introduce a new full-analog front-end for differential capacitance sensors which provides a DC output voltage, directly proportional to the measurand variations. The readout circuit architecture is based on a De Sauty bridge as core of the capacitive sensing whereas the feedback circuitry performs the bridge autobalancing operation by means of changes in a multiplier output. The circuit is designed in a standard CMOS technology (AMS 0.35 µm) so is suitable for portable systems. Simulated results have shown a good agreement with the theoretical model being the percentage relative error less than 2.5%. Interface sensitivity is constant and values around 0.055 V/mm for the considered application.


Orphan genes are characteristic genomic features that have no detectable homology to genes in any other species and represent an important attribute of genome evolution as sources of novel genetic functions. Here, we identified 445 genes specific to Populus trichocarpa. Of these, we performed deeper reconstruction of 13 orphan genes to provide evidence of de novo gene evolution. Populus and its sister genera Salix are particularly well suited for the study of orphan gene evolution because of the Salicoid whole-genome duplication event (WGD) which resulted in highly syntenic sister chromosomal segments across the Salicaceae. We leveraged this genomic feature to reconstruct de novo gene evolution from inter-genera, inter-species, and intra-genomic perspectives by comparing the syntenic regions within the P. trichocarpa reference, then P. deltoides, and finally Salix purpurea. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 86.5% of the putative orphan genes had evidence of transcription. Additionally, we also utilized the Populus genome-wide association mapping panel (GWAS), a collection of 1,084 undomesticated P. trichocarpa genotypes to further determine putative regulatory networks of orphan genes using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping. Functional enrichment of these eQTL subnetworks identified common biological themes associated with orphan genes such as response to stress and defense response. We also identify a putative cis-element for a de novo gene and leverage conserved synteny to describe evolution of a putative transcription factor binding site. Overall, 45% of orphan genes were captured in trans-eQTL networks.


The article raises the question of revision of Maxwell's electrodynamics and the refusal from of the Lorentz calibration. Relatively modest results of years of work of the collective of the National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute" in the creation of a fusion reactor based on the tokamak due to the fact that Maxwell's electrodynamics is very different from the real electrodynamics in a tokamak. The tunnel effect points the way for a truly controlled nuclear fusion. The article says that the relativistic equations for calculating the energy of the accelerator cannot be used and physicists have to ask the question: "What is the true energy of the charged particles in the accelerator?".


Urban quality has become a pervasive concern not only in China but also in most contemporary cities. Yet before considering how urban planning could be done in order to achieve quality, it is necessary to question how this concept is defined and measured. John Friedmann suggested that urbanization is not simply a matter of material growth but rather a dynamic and multidimensional socio-spatial process. Similarly, we could say that urban quality is defined by various agencies and constituted by overlapping dimensions. In such conditions, how do we account for the multiple meanings that urbanites give to it? In this research I explore this idea of urban quality by examining it under the perspective of Beijing residents. Because cities acquire their quality also by virtue of responding to their citizens' expectations, I investigate how Beijingers practice the city and help create – or, on the contrary, suffer from the lack of – urban quality. Mapping daily rhythms, the variety of activities that are being performed and the different spaces in which individuals are moving, gives us some useful insights into the city, as it is lived. It reveals urban patterns by informing us for example on the formation of new centralities, the lack of urban 'mixity' and its consequences or the expression of behaviours that "avoid" the city. Acknowledging such situations can help us make a step towards new solutions to develop urban quality.


The asopin bug, Cantheconidea furcellata Wolff., is a promising biological
control agent against leaf-eating caterpillars of oil palms. Therefore, the bugs
should be mass reared efficiently, effectively and economically. A major
challenge to the rearing of the predatory bugs is to overcome the difficulty of
keeping them fed with live prey. One approach to improve mass rearing is to
reduce the dependence on live caterpillars as a food source.
A food item that is readily available and accepted by C. furcellata is the
meal worms (larvae of Tenebrio molitor). In a series of experiments,
mealworms were compared with the larvae of Spodoptera litura as food sources. The larvae of 5. litura were evaluated live, frozen, reared on artificial
diet and natural diets. The results showed that larvae of 5. litura reared on
either fresh foliage or artificial diets were the best food sources and that
mealworms should be used as a supplementary source.
The second part of the study determined the stage of the nymph during
which it is critical to provide live larvae of S. litura. The results suggest that
developmental and survival rates of second instar nymphs fed live larvae of
S. litura was comparable to the control (bugs fed live larvae throughout the
nymphal stage). However, in terms of the weight of adult females, the
control was the best.
The third and final part of the study evaluated the effect of nymphal diet on
the reproductive performance of the female bugs. In terms of fecundity and
hatchability, feeding the second instar of C. furcellata with live larvae of 5.


This work studies the feasibility of optimal control of high-fidelity quantum gates in a model of interacting two-level particles. One particle (the qubit) serves as the quantum information processor, whose evolution is controlled by a time-dependent external field. The other particles are not directly controlled and serve as an effective environment, coupling to which is the source of decoherence. The control objective is to generate target one-qubit gates in the presence of strong environmentally-induced decoherence and under physically motivated restrictions on the control field. It is found that interactions among the environmental particles have a negligible effect on the gate fidelity and require no additional adjustment of the control field. Another interesting result is that optimally controlled quantum gates are remarkably robust to random variations in qubit-environment and inter-environment coupling strengths. These findings demonstrate the utility of optimal control for management of quantum-information systems in a very precise and specific manner, especially when the dynamics complexity is exacerbated by inherently uncertain environmental coupling.


A common report from anecdotal writing over many generations of educators is that it is the teacher who usually learns the most during the process of gathering content materials, designing, teaching and evaluating student performance. In this project we address this issue by developing an innovative instructional design in which collaborative groups of students working at distance create, share and assess learning content (in the form of learning objects) with their peers through online learning portals. The results of this process are assessed via surveys, discussions, reflective essays and peer evaluations. We conclude that instructional models based upon student construction of content and orchestration of learning activities can reduce instructor workload, provide opportunity for students to acquire new skills while increasing their subject content knowledge, and create a lasting legacy of reusable learning objects.


The authors develop a search model of venture capital in which the number of successful matches of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists (VCs) at any moment in time is a function of the number of entrepreneurs searching for funds, the number of VCs searching for entrepreneurs, and the number of vacancies posted by each VC. The authors extend the literature by incorporating search unemployment and they explicitly model the occupational choice of individuals to become workers or entrepreneurs. Their analysis shows that, in the market equilibrium, the level of advice VCs offer is inefficiently low compared with the social optimum. Furthermore, the number of vacancies, the level of employment, and the number of potential entrepreneurs are generally either too low or too high relative to their socially optimal level. Policy to achieve the social optimum consists of a capital gains subsidy, an employment tax or subsidy, and an investment tax or subsidy.


This article presents a new robust control framework for transportation problems in which the state is modeled by a first order scalar conservation law. Using an equivalent formulation based on a Hamilton-Jacobi equation, we pose the problem of controlling the state of the system on a network link, using initial density control and boundary flow control, as a Linear Program. We then show that this framework can be extended to arbitrary control problems involving the control of subsets of the initial and boundary conditions. Unlike many previously investigated transportation control schemes, this method yields a globally optimal solution and is capable of handling shocks (i.e. discontinuities in the state of the system). We also demonstrate that the same framework can handle robust control problems, in which the uncontrollable components of the initial and boundary conditions are encoded in intervals on the right hand side of inequalities in the linear program. The lower bound of the interval which defines the smallest feasible solution set is used to solve the robust LP/MILP. Since this framework leverages the intrinsic properties of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation used to model the state of the system, it is extremely fast. Several examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the robust control solution and the trade-off between the robustness and the optimality.


The effect of adsorption onto the TiO2 particle surface, on the photodegradation rate of a dye acid-blue 92, was investigated. Overall adsorption rate was estimated by using a differential bed reactor with TiO2 particles and without UV radiation, while photodegradation rate was determined in a TiO2 immobilised photoreactor with UV radiation. Overall adsorption rate of the dye acid-blue 92 was higher in a strong acidic region at pH 3 than in a weak acidic region at pH 6 and was the lowest at pH 7 and 8. The photodegradation rate of the dye acid-blue 92 with respect to initial concentration could be described as an apparent first order kinetics, where the rate constants (K) were estimated as 0.012, 0.010, and 0.008 min-1 at pH 3, 5, and 7, respectively. The change of pH affected both photodegradation and adsorption rates of the dye acid-blue 92 and the close relationship between overall adsorption and photodegradation rates could be observed dependently on the pH variation.


The broad aim of the paper that follows is to test the claim of critics such as Miriam Fraser and Steve Connor that the modernist deconstruction of the music/noise dichotomy has entered a distinctively postmodern phase. The article below therefore traces the history and poetics of this dichotomy from the modernist avant-garde to contemporary Australian postmodernist Sound Art, moving from a discussion of the ideas of Russolo, Cage, Boulez and Schaeffer, to a close reading of Ros Bandt's "Stack" (200001). These themes as expressed in contemporary Australian composition are then explored in Part Two


ix Initially, all the children who had received treatment and been discharged from the West End Crlche between 1962 and 1971 were selected for this study. These children were then subdivided into groups according to where they had gone after discharge. This study considered only two of these groups, 32 children who went into the normal school system and 20 children who entered institutions after being discharged. Both groups were then examined with reference to a list of forty-two variables which provided information on the children's background and the facilities of the treatment centre. An analysis of these variables demonstrated that seven were statistically significant. These seven variables were (1) IQ, (2) speech, (3) sex of the child, (4) the age the child began treatment, (5) the experience of a stressful situation prior to the onset of the disorder, (6) the degree of withdrawal and (7) the severity of the illness (age of the child when he began treatment was later found to be predictive but only for the non-schizophrenic children). An attempt was made to increase the predictive power of the variables by testing them in various combinations of two or more. These combinations consisted of a relationship between two variables in which one or both variables must be present for the child to be represented in the school group. The two sets of variables with the highest predictive value and the lowest error term were a combination of sex of the child and/or the ability to interact with others or the combination of the absence of schizophrenia in the child's diagnosis and/or the child's ability to interact with people. In conclusion, it was recommended that due to the high ratio of male clients at the Creche, the number of male therapists


Today, virtually everything, from natural phenomena to complex artificial and physical systems, can be measured and the resulting information collected, stored and analyzed in order to gain new insight. This thesis shows how complex systems often exhibit diverse behavior at different temporal scales, and that data mining methods should be able to cope with the multiple resolutions (scales) at the same time in order to fully understand the data at hand and extract useful information from it. Under these assumptions, we introduce novel data mining and visualization methods for large time series data collected from complex physical systems. In particular, we focus on three fundamental problems: the detection of multi-scale patterns, the recognition of recurrent events, and the interactive visualization of massive time series data. We evaluate our methods on a real-world scenario provided by InfraWatch, a Structural Health Monitoring project centered around the management and analysis of data collected by a large sensor network deployed on a Dutch highway bridge. The application of our methods resulted in the identification of the relevant scales of analysis in the InfraWatch data (and other datasets), the detection of the different recurring motifs and the visualization of terabytes of time series data interactively.


Key Themes of This Report 10% of Americans own a smartphone but do not have broadband at home, and 15% own a smartphone but say that they have a limited number of options for going online other than their cell phone. Those with relatively low income and educational attainment levels, younger adults, and non-whites are especially likely to be "smartphone-dependent." Smartphones are widely used for navigating numerous important life activities, from researching a health condition to accessing educational resources. Lower-income and "smartphone-dependent" users are especially likely to turn to their phones for navigating job and employment resources. A majority of smartphone owners use their phone to follow along with breaking news, and to share and be informed about happenings in their local community. Smartphones help users navigate the world around them, from turn-by-turn driving directions to assistance with public transit. This is especially true for younger users. An "experience sampling" of smartphone owners over the course of a week illustrates how young adults have deeply embedded mobile devices into the daily contours of their lives. The experience sampling survey illustrates that smartphone usage often produces feelings of productivity and  happiness, but that many users also feel distracted or frustrated after mobile screen encounters.


This revised edition provides a way of understanding the vast universe of genre fiction in an easy-to-use format. Expert readers' advisor Joyce Saricks offers groundbreaking reconsideration of the connections among genres, providing: key authors and themes within 15 genres; an explanation as to how the different genres overlap; and, the elements of fiction most likely to entice readers. Provocative and spirited, ""The Readers' Advisory Guide to Genre Fiction, 2nd Edition"" offers hands-on strategies for librarians who want to become experts at figuring out what their readers are seeking and how to match books with those interests.


Two anion exchange membrane systems (Plant Root Simulator probes and Dynambio nitrate selective anion exchange membranes) were evaluated as tools to estimate temporal changes in nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in the topsoils of four central Washington, USA apple orchards. Various management practices and different growing conditions were studied in the four orchards. Higher NO3-N was associated with increasing amounts of fertigated N, larger irrigation events, and surface application of alfalfa hay mulch and /or dairy compost. Nitrate nitrogen adsorbed by the membranes was lower when actively growing roots were present in the vicinity of the membranes, suggesting that uptake of NO3-N by apple tree and cover crop roots decreased the concentration of NO3-N in the soil solution. Thus, in the presence of plant roots, the estimate of the amount of phytoavailable NO3-N in the soil provided by the anion exchange membranes may be ambiguous. On the other hand, if roots can be excluded from the immediate vicinity of the membranes, the NO3-N adsorbed by the membranes may estimate the phytoavailability of NO3-N in the soil solution. Because anion exchange membranes provide information about the amount of NO3-N remaining in the soil after plant roots have met their demand, the membranes may be useful for estimating relative potential for NO3-N leaching. In summary, sequential use of anion exchange membranes appears to provide valuable information about temporal changes in the supply of soil NO3-N with various orchard management practices.


To determine the in vivo regulatory pattern of the clock gene period (per), the authors recently developed transgenic Drosophila carrying a luciferase cDNA fused to the promoter region of per. They have now carried out noninvasive, high time-resolution experiments allowing high-throughput monitoring of circadian bioluminescence rhythms in individual living adults for several days. This immediately solved several problems (resulting directly from individual asyn chrony within a population) that have accompanied previous biochemical ex periments in which groups of animals were sacrificed at each time point. Furthermore, the authors have developed numerical analysis methods for auto matically determining rhythmicity associated with bioluminescence records from single flies. This has revealed some features of per gene transcription that were previously unappreciated and provides a general strategy for the analysis of rhythmic time series in the study of molecular rhythms.


India has the world's second largest burden of HIV-infected persons. People with advanced stages of HIV infection are vulnerable to secondary infections and malignancies that are generally termed as opportunistic infections. A hospital based descriptive study was conducted at MNR Hospital in the department of microbiology, MNR rural medical college sangareddy dist AP. To know the prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection among the patients attending in MNR hospital. And to diagnosis opportunistic infection associated with HIV/AIDS patients. A total of 3103 patients were screened for HIV and 71 were found HIV positive and among HIV Positive patients 30 had opportunistic infections. Diagnosis was done by three rapid HIV test kits based on different principles as recommended by NACO. Out of 71 HIV positive screened, 44 (61.97%) were male. 84.5% (60) were belonging to 21-40 years of age which is the sexually active and economically productive age group . Clinically they presented with more then one symptom, like fever 97.18% (69), loss of weight 74.64% (53), loss of appetite 61.19% (44), fatigue and malaise 45.07% (32) and diarrhea 40.84% (29) cases.the most common opportunistic infections, was 43.33% (13) candida followed by 36.67% (11) cryptosporidium parvum, 13.33% (4) Entameoba histolytic, 3.33% (1) Strongylodes stercoralis and 3.33% (1) Isospora belli respectively. To conclude our study confirms the findings that HIV seropositive individuals are prone to infections with enteric protozoan parasites belonging to both opportunistic and non opportunistic pathogens. Hence it is necessary that HIV/AIDS patients diagnostic methods.