The promotion of public mental health is a challenging endeavour for policy actors and stakeholders. In particular, the implementation of public mental health initiatives highlighted in Standard One of the National Service Framework for Mental Health has been poor and patchy (Department of Health, 2004a). This paper attempts to illuminate the complex process of public mental health policy implementation at local level through the exploration of stakeholders' actions.An exploratory case study design was selected, focusing on one local health and social care community within inner London. A conceptual framework about policy implementation and the concept of partnership working are used to shape the analysis of the empirical findings.This paper addresses the challenges associated with the promotion of public mental health initiatives within one local NHS health and social care community. It attempts to increase the understanding and insights into public mental health policy and practice at local level from a policy implementation standpoint. Using an empirical case study of public mental health in an English locality, some of the key issues explored in this paper are about perceptions of public mental health concepts among key policy actors and also stakeholders' behaviour in Local Implementation team (LIT) partnerships. Furthermore, the authors address the issue of how local policy actors engage the local community in supporting the needs of vulnerable groups such as service users and black and minority ethnic (BME) groups.Although functional partnership are essential for the promotion of public mental health initiatives, the interdependencies of the stakeholders, competition for resources, power dynamics and the difficulty of engaging a diverse range of voices have a significant limiting effect on achieving successful policy implementation on the ground.


Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) is a relatively recently recognized disease of commercial layer and meat breeder chickens resulting from colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by anaerobic spirochaetal bacteria of the genus Brachyspira. AIS is characterised by delayed and/or reduced egg production and chronic diarrhoea. This thesis describes an investigation into the prevalence, pathogenicity and control of species of avian intestinal spirochaete in Australia. Faeces samples from chickens in 22 flocks of laying hens, 19 broiler flocks and 28 breeder flocks in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia were subjected to selective anaerobic culture for Brachyspira species. Spirochaete isolates then were speciated using phenotypic characteristics and specific polymerase chain reaction amplifications. A highly significant association was found between colonisation with Brachyspira species and the occurrence of wet litter and/or reduced production in both broiler breeder and layer flocks in eastern Australia. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) then was used to help confirm the identity of the spirochaetes, and to examine their genetic relationships and disease associations. MLEE divided the isolates into five known Brachyspira species groups: Brachyspira murdochii, B. intermedia, B. pilosicoli, B. innocens, and "B. pulli". Three new MLEE groups each containing single isolates were also identified. All farms with production problems or wet litter were colonised with the pathogenic species, B. intermedia and/or B. pilosicoli. The pathogenic potential of single isolates of B. pilosicoli and B. innocens then were experimentally evaluated in adult broiler breeders, confirming that infection with B. pilosicoli can result in serious egg production losses, whilst B. innocens is non-pathogenic. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the pathogenic spirochaetes B. pilosicoli and B. intermedia were both susceptible to tiamulin, lincomycin, metronidazole and tetracycline, while a lack of susceptibility to tylosin was found in some isolates of B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Some isolates of B. pilosicoli were not susceptible to ampicillin. Additional studies showed that zinc bacitracin, a common feed additive, can increase susceptibility to colonisation with B. pilosicoli. Both tiamulin and lincomycin were shown to be effective in treating infection with B. pilosicoli in adult birds.


The intersection of mobile and photographic technologies with social networks has produced platforms such as Instagram. The way libraries are using these platforms has not been investigated in depth. This research aims to discover trends in the use of Instagram by libraries, reporting on selected libraries' experiences and intentions behind capturing and sharing images on Instagram. Recommendations will be made on how librarians can transform relationships and engagement with their communities through mobile photo sharing, taking advantage of 'the perfect storm' of technological convergence.


This paper analyses the effect of resource inimitability on sustainable competitiveness of universities. The analysis is embedded on the Resource Based View model (RBV and the balanced scorecard model of performance). According to RBV of strategic Management, competitive advantage is closely related to companies' internal characteristics (value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability). The constructs of sustainable competitiveness were derived from the balanced scorecard (Financial; Teaching/Learning; Service/outreach; Scholarship/ Research and Workplace satisfaction). Although RBV is considered one of the most influential theories of strategic management, this paper unveils the empirical evidence of resource rarity on sustainable competitiveness in the service industry (universities). A sample of 262 was selected from 2 universities in Kenya (one private and one public). Using the regression analysis, findings revealed that the public university was superior in resource inimitability than the private university and also that resource inimitability contributes to sustainable competitiveness in universities.


We create a GaN photocathode based on graded AlxGa1?xN buffer layers to
 overcome the influence of buffer-emission layer interface on the photoemission of
 transmission-mode GaN photocathodes. A gate-shaped spectral response with a 260-nm
 starting wavelength and a 375-nm cut-off wavelength is obtained. Average quantum
 efficiency is 15% and short wavelength responses are almost equivalent to long
 wavelength ones. The fitted interface recombination velocity is 5?04 cm/s, with
 negligible magnitude, proving that the design of the graded buffer layers is
 efficient in obtaining good interface quality between the buffer and the emission
 layer.


It is noted that while analyzing the tribosystems evolution it is potentially productive to use the methods of modern thermodynamics, nonlinear mechanics and quantum theory. Using the understandings of nonlinear dynamics and quantum-exchange interaction of solids surfaces an analytical expression is obtained for calculating the magnitude change of the tribosystems entropy. The expression for estimating the change in the tribosystems entropy is explicitly contained the tribotechnical parameter that is reciprocal to the wear. The case of relation between the tribosystems entropy change (decrease) and its wear resistance is analytically confirmed. The analytical expression for estimating the entropy change contains only those mechanical and physical parameters that can be measured by using modern physical methods. This allows to do not only an experimental verification of the obtained analytical dependence but also numerically evaluate the influence of the parameters of the tribosystems basic elements and its operating modes on the entropy values. In addition, it is possible to evaluate the tribosystems evolution itself and its constituent elements in the direction of their development or degradation. The obtained in this case data will allow proposing corrective structural and technological measures aimed to extend operational life of degrading elements and the tribosystem as a whole. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2017.33


More people write for the Associated Press than for any other news service, and more writers take their style and word-usage cues from this world-famous institution than from any other journalism source. In the no-nonsense, authoritative tradition of the best-selling AP Stylebook, the top editors at the AP have now written the definitive guide to punctuation. From the when and how of the ampersand to the rules for dashes, slashes, and brackets; from the correct moment for the overused exclamation point to the rules of engagement for the semicolon, The AP Guide to Punctuation is an invaluable and easy-to-use guide to the most important aspect of clear and persuasive writing.


Events: The Force of International Law presents an analysis of international law, centred upon those historical and recent events in which international law has exerted, or acquired, its force. From Spanish colonization and the Peace of Westphalia, through the release of Nelson Mandela and the Rwandan genocide, and to recent international trade negotiations and the 'torture memos', each chapter in this book focuses on a specific international legal event. Short and accessible to the non-specialist reader, these chapters consider what forces are put into play when international law is invoked, as it is so frequently today, by lawyers, laypeople, or leaders. At the same time, they also reflect on what is entailed in naming these 'events' of international law and how international law grapples with their disruptive potential. Engaging economic, military, cultural, political, philosophical and technical fields, Events: The Force of International Law will be of interest to international lawyers and scholars of international relations, legal history, diplomatic history, war and/or peace studies, and legal theory. It is also intended to be read and appreciated by anyone familiar with appeals to international law from the general media, and curious about the limits and possibilities occasioned, or the forces mobilised, by that appeal.


This article is a close‐reading of James Stirling's canonical building, Andrew Melville Hall (1968) in St Andrews, Scotland. The aim is to expose the influences on Stirling and the challenges of the period, articulating the intellectual ambition of late Modernist work in Scotland and to theorise Stirling's formal and conceptual approach through the notion of an "archaeology of fragments." A text situates and reads Andrew Melville Hall and is placed in dialogue with a suite of drawings (plans, sections, elevations, axonometric) and images (scale model, photographs). On one hand an archaeology of fragments refers to a conceptual framework for the selection and extraction of a fragment – an abstract or representational form – from the history of architecture and the city, but more broadly the history of forms in general. On the other hand the notion refers to a formal principle for the composition, manipulation and transformation of buildings as distinct parts through operations such as duplication, repetition, rotation, oppositions of scale, form, space, interior and exterior. It is important to recognise in both cases an archaeology of fragments is linked with the historical evolution of formal knowledge in architecture. Furthermore it is worth pointing out that the category of fragment discussed here does not refer to a romantic vision of architecture as a ruin, nor of material phenomena. Rather the fragment is understood from a conceptual and formal point of view. In the text that follows I will first rehearse Stirling's formative influences and put forward a close reading of his Andrew Melville Hall as a transitional work in Stirling's oeuvre that points toward the spatial complexity of his museum and gallery projects of later years. My discussion will be situated by recalling a selection of significant moments in architectural debate during the 1950s and 1960s from Banham to Eisenman and Ungers then to Rossi and Tafuri.

This article was published as part of the AE Foundation contribution to the Scotland+Venice Project "Building Scotland" curated by Neil Gillespie, Director of Reiach and Hall Architects, for the 2014 Venice Architecture Biennale by Rem Koolhaas.


We present results of Monte Carlo simulations for the conceptual design of the high-resolution DESPEC Germanium Array Spectrometer (DEGAS) proposed for the Facility for Ion and Antiproton Research (FAIR) under construction at Darmstadt, Germany. The project is carried out in three phases, although only results for the two first phases will be addressed in this work. The first phase will consist of a re-arrangement of the EUROBALL cluster detectors previously used in the RISING campaign at GSI. The second phase is based on coupling AGATA-type triple-cluster detectors with EUROBALL cluster detectors in a compact geometry around the active ion implantation target of DESPEC.


Understanding the mechanisms underlying ecological specialization is central to our understanding of community ecology and evolution. Although theoretical work has investigated how variable environments may affect specialization in single species, little is known about how such variation impacts bipartite network structure in antagonistically coevolving systems. Here, we develop and analyse a general model of victim–enemy coevolution that explicitly includes resource and population dynamics. We investigate how temporal environmental heterogeneity affects the evolution of specialization and associated community structure. Environmental productivity influences victim investment in resistance, which will shape patterns of specialization through its regulating effect on enemy investment in infectivity. We also investigate the epidemiological consequences of environmental variability and show that enemy population density is maximized for intermediate lengths of productive seasons, which corresponds to situations where enemies can evolve higher infectivity than victims can evolve defence. We discuss our results in the light of empirical studies, and further highlight ways in which our model applies to a range of natural systems.


While there has been considerable research into HE teachers' development and their conceptions of teaching more generally (see, for instance, Trigwell et al., 1994, Trigwell et al., 1999, Kane et al., 2002, Eley, 2006), the way in which HE staff become assessors and learn about assessment has not been widely researched. Researchers such as Knight et al. (2006) have highlighted the importance of non-/informal learning in the academic workplace, and there is conflicting evidence for the impact of more formal academic development. Research on workplace learning stresses that formal and informal dimensions of learning are intertwined, but also that formal learning opportunities have a role to play in the development of expertise (Tynjala, 2008).
This paper explores the ways in which academics learn to assess in HE. It draws on empirical data from two research projects undertaken at one UK university. The 'assessment cultures' project explores interrelationships between socio-cultural context and academic assessment practices. 37 interviews were conducted; 24 initial and 13 follow-up interviews. In the initial interviews lecturers described how they assess in specific modules they teach. In the follow-up interviews themes such as disciplinary and occupational background and the ways lecturers learned to assess were explored. The 'staff learning' project examines learning about assessment through different types of academic development: a compulsory course on assessment for new academics, a module on assessment for learning for experienced staff and a university assessment for learning network providing support and activities to its members. 31 semi-structured interviews were conducted: 17 with network members, 8 with participants of the course for new academics and 6 with participants of the course on assessment for learning. Interviewees were asked about the benefits or otherwise of the type of academic development experienced, changes in their understanding of assessment and changes in their assessment practices.
Taken together, the data generated by the two projects provide insight into the complex process whereby formal and informal interact. Using data from the two projects has enabled us to extend the scope of each individual project in order to address questions which could otherwise not have been answered. It has also provided an opportunity to examine the data through the lenses of different theoretical frameworks, thus heightening our awareness for the 'the theoretical frames of reference and methodological approaches which shape (…) [our] knowledge claims' (Shay, p.1). The collaboration has increased our awareness for our own approaches and backgrounds and has required us to engage with each others' theoretical and professional perspectives: that of Foucauldian post-structuralism and a focus on the discursive construction of identity with that of academic development and a focus on scholarship of teaching and learning and evaluation of academic development initiatives. It has also meant drawing on each others' respective research backgrounds in student and teacher learning in higher education research on the one hand and workplace learning research on the other. In the critical review of student learning research which Shay refers to in her 'think piece', Haggis (2009) explicitly highlights the potential of the workplace learning literatures and debates for 'thinking differently' about higher education research. By challenging ways of knowing through collaboration, the paper intends to make a contribution to the 'region' (Shay, p.2).
Our focus in the analysis is on the interrelationships between theoretical concepts and assessment practices. In some interviews encounters with a concept such as 'assessment for learning' were described as a lens which sheds light onto existing assessment practices as well as a tool which enables the development of practice. This draws attention to the importance of the discursive resources that are available to academics for talking about their practice. In addition, certain ways of learning appear to be significant both in everyday workplace practice and in academic development activities, for instance learning from and through others. Interaction with other members of staff, particularly from other disciplines, enables staff to question the taken for granted and re-think their assessment practices.
The data suggest that the simple distinction between formal and informal learning in the academic workplace may be too crude and that it may therefore be difficult to evaluate or 'prove' the impact of formal learning opportunities. However, the findings have implications for academic development since they draws attention to the potential of specific types of ideas and learning activities to transform understandings of assessment and assessment practices.
The paper will discuss the main findings as well as the benefits and challenges of working with data across two research projects with different theoretical underpinnings.


Background Regarding padded headgear worn in contact football (excluding American football), little has changed in terms of game laws, technical specifications or market supplied models over the last 15 years. Objective Assess the impact performance and potential for padded headgear to protect the head. Design Biomechanical. Impact energy attenuation drop tests with ISO "M" headform onto a rigid flat anvil and linear impactor tests on a Hybrid III head and neck. Setting Australian rules football, rugby union and rugby league. Patients None. Interventions Laboratory testing of eight padded headgear models – six commercial and two prototypes. Main Outcome Measurements The primary study outcome measures include peak headform linear (PLA) and peak angular (PAA) accelerations and the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). Results In centre-front 0.2 m drop tests, PLA values ranged from 367 to 592 g and HIC ranged from 780 to 2064 in commercial models. In contrast a prototype "Hexlid" model produced PLA of 53 g in the same tests and 172 in 0.3 m drop tests. In 4 m/s lateral linear impacts the bare headform PLA was 107 g and PAA 7.1 krad/s2. Commercial headgear PLA's ranged from 91 to 100 g and PAA 6.0 to 6.8 krad/s2 for the same tests. In contrast the "Hexlid" model produced PLA of 65 g and PAA of 4.8 krad/s2. PLA in 0.2 m drop tests on commercially available headgear ranged from 251 to 538 g compared to 64 to 483 g in eight models tested under equivalent conditions and available in the late 1990s. Conclusions There is no indication that the commercially available headgear would be effective in reducing concussion risk. The performance of commercially available headgear has not improved since the 1990s. Prototype headgear show how impact performance can be improved. The test methods provide the basis for technical specifications.


Abstract The moss Hylocomium splendens has both sympodial and monopodial forms of growth. One aim of this study was to document the growth-form of shoots from different populations. A further aim was to discover the extent to which genetic or environmental factors determine whether monopodial or sympodial growth-form is predominant in a population. Switching between growth-forms within shoots occurs in most populations. Populations in forest habitats in temperate to mid-Arctic environments have predominantly sympodial shoots whereas shoots of populations from tundra habitats, in high-Arctic environments or at high altitudes, are predominantly monopodial. Transplant experiments showed that sympodial and monopodial shoots can respond plastically, by changing growth-form to some extent in different environments, and that high nutrient availability is an important environmental factor in promoting sympodial growth-form. However, even after 14 years, transplants did not show the same variation in growth-form as shoots in natural populations at the transplant sites. This suggests that populations are also genetically differentiated with respect to growth-form.


Background Pitavastatin is a statin with strong pleiotropic effects, but the effects of pitavastatin on endothelial cell function (ECF) and both inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have not been fully investigated. Material and methods We simultaneously measured brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (NMD), as well as plasma biomarkers of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and other atherosclerotic risk factors who were treated with pitavastatin. Sixty-five hypercholesterolaemic patients (age, 66±11 years) with conventional coronary risk factors were enrolled. BA FMD, BA NMD and serum biomarkers (tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-8, P-selectin, E-selectin, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM1)) were measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment with pitavastatin (2 mg/day). Results Pitavastatin treatment resulted in an increase from baseline to post-treatment in FMD (3.22±1.72 vs 3.97±2.18%, p<0.05) but not in NMD. Furthermore, pitavastatin treatment led to a decrease from baseline to post-treatment in E-selectin (51±27 vs 46±29 pg/mL, p<0.05) and s-ICAM1 (276±86 vs 258±91 pg/mL, p<0.05). Changes in FMD in response to pitavastatin treatment did not correlate with those of E-selectin or s-ICAM1. Conclusions Pitavastatin treatment resulted in a subacute improvement in ECF and a decrease in chemokine levels. These results suggest that pitavastatin might improve long-term outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic disorders.


We characterize a three-factor model of commodity spot prices, convenience yields, and interest rates, which nests many existing specifications. The model allows convenience yields to depend on spot prices and interest rates. It also allows for time-varying risk premia. Both may induce mean reversion in spot prices, albeit with very different economic implications. Empirical results show strong evidence for spot-price level dependence in convenience yields for crude oil and copper, which implies mean reversion in prices under the risk-neutral measure. Silver, gold, and copper exhibit time variation in risk premia that implies mean reversion of prices under the physical measure.


Sustainability and transparency issues have been evolving the nature of corporate reporting. On these issues stakeholders are very keen to get access financial and nonfinancial information on companies' business activities and sustainable value creation. Despite availability of information, yet many stakeholders cannot use pertinently the disclosed information due to separation of reports. Thus, 'Integrated Report' brings together financial and nonfinancial measure in one-piece of the report. It also shows the links among financial and nonfinancial performance metrics. This paper highlights integrated reporting as the holistic reporting approach for company and discusses the potentiality of a single report. Specifically, what integrated report can do for companies and stakeholder, for instance, integrated report for sustainability and CSR reporting, improvement in stakeholder engagement process and integrated thinking lead to changes in corporate behaviour as well as for enchancing reputation and performance. Hence, the paper justifies reasons why companies should adopt integrated reporting as reporting tools. Keywords: Integrated reporting; integrated thinking; stakeholder engagement; sustainability reporting JEL Classifications: G3, G380, M480


Recent studies have investigated the relationship between psychological symptoms and personality traits and error monitoring measured by error‐related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) event‐related potential (ERP) components, yet there remains a paucity of studies examining the collective simultaneous effects of psychological symptoms and personality traits on error monitoring. This present study, therefore, examined whether measures of hyperactivity–impulsivity, depression, anxiety and antisocial personality characteristics could collectively account for significant interindividual variability of both ERN and Pe amplitudes, in 29 healthy adults with no known disorders, ages 18–30 years. The bivariate zero‐order correlation analyses found that only the anxiety measure was significantly related to both ERN and Pe amplitudes. However, multiple regression analyses that included all four characteristic measures while controlling for number of segments in the ERP average revealed that both depression and antisocial personality characteristics were significant predictors for the ERN amplitudes whereas antisocial personality was the only significant predictor for the Pe amplitude. These findings suggest that psychological symptoms and personality traits are associated with individual variations in error monitoring in healthy adults, and future studies should consider these variables when comparing group difference in error monitoring between adults with and without disabilities.


We address the problem of sequential prediction with expert advice in a non-stationary environment with long-term memory guarantees in the sense of Bousquet and Warmuth [4]. We give a linear-time algorithm that improves on the best known regret bounds [26]. This algorithm incorporates a relative entropy projection step. This projection is advantageous over previous weight-sharing approaches in that weight updates may come with implicit costs as in for example portfolio optimization. We give an algorithm to compute this projection step in linear time, which may be of independent interest.


Recent advances in the precision and accuracy of the optical techniques required to measure luminescence permit the nondestructive analysis of solid geologic samples such as speleothems (secondary carbonate deposits in caves). In this paper we show that measurement of speleothem luminescence demonstrates a strong relationship between the excitation and emission wavelengths and both the extent of soil humification and mean annual rainfall. Raw peat with blanket bog vegetation has the highest humification and highest luminescence excitation and emission matrix wavelengths, because of the higher proportion of high-molecular-weight organic acids in these soils. Brown ranker and rendzina soils with dry grassland and woodland cover have the lowest wavelengths. Detailed analysis of one site where an annually laminated stalagmite has been deposited over the past 70 yr during a period with instrumental climate records and no vegetation change suggests that more subtle variations in luminescence emission wavelength correlate best with mean annual rainfall, although there is a lag of ∼10 yr. These results are used to interpret soil humification and climate change from a 130 ka speleothem at an upland site in Yorkshire, England. These data provide a new continuous terrestrial record of climate and environmental change for northwestern Europe and suggest the presence of significant variations in wetness and vegetation within interglacial and interstadial periods.


In this paper we consider how corpora may be of use in the teaching of grammar of the pre-tertiary level. Corpora are becoming well established in teaching in Universities. Corpora also have a role to play in secondary education, in that they can help decide how and what to teach, as well as changing the way in which puplis learn and providing the possibility of open-ended machine-aided tuition. Corpora also seem to provide what UK goverment sponsored reports on teaching grammar have called for – a data-driven approach to the subject.


In Grutter v. Bollinger, the Court recognized student body diversity as a compelling state interest that justified the use of racial preferences in selecting applicants for admission to public university law schools. Normally, any state action reviewed under a strict scrutiny approach is destined for invalidation. But in Grutter, the Court bucked the trend and upheld the race-based admissions policy against a racial discrimination challenge brought under the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.Given the rarity of a state action surviving strict scrutiny review, it is instructive to examine the nature of the diversity interest recognized by the Court in Grutter, especially since it is a diversity that seems to completely transform the way strict scrutiny is applied. Instead of rigorously examining the stated purposes and aims of the racial discrimination at issue, the Court appeared to give great deference to whatever goals and justifications the government offered. The Court did not, as it so often does in other applications of strict scrutiny, conduct an independent, skeptical inquiry into the stated rationales for the government's action; nor did the Court seriously consider whether the government failed to pursue other less discriminating alternatives that would have produced the same desired racial diversity among its students; nor did the Court engage in any real effort to determine whether the government had even established a sufficient trustworthiness in matters of diversity so as to be rewarded with such deference.This Article will examine the nature of the diversity interest recognized in Grutter. It will ask the questions that courts normally ask during a strict scrutiny review, but which Grutter failed to ask. And in doing so, this Article will question whether higher education, in connection with the issue of diversity, should be given the deference that the Court granted it.


An architecture is described for performing addition and subtraction of numbers in the logarithmic number system using small lookup tables. Previous implementations require approximately 4*2/sup F/ words for F bits of precision in the fraction. The author shows how to reduce the size of the lookup table to fewer than (18+F)*2/sup F/2/ words. The key to this is the use of a linear approximation of the nonlinear functions stored in the lookup tables. The functions involved are highly nonlinear in some regions, so variable size regions are used for the approximation. The replacement of the F exponential dependence on the number of words by F/2 allows roughly 50% more bits of fractional precision to be obtained for a given amount of ROM. The architecture is mathematically analyzed, yielding explicit expressions for all design parameters. The approach is illustrated with an example logarithmic addition and subtraction unit using 32-b words with 30-b exponents containing 22 fractional bits. A factor of 118 reduction in table size compared to previous techniques is achieved for this example. >


© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.This book integrates findings from across domains in performance psychology to focus on core research on what influences peak and non-peak performance. The book explores basic and applied research identifying cognition-action interactions, perception-cognition interactions, emotion-cognition interactions, and perception-action interactions. The book explores performance in sports, music, and the arts both for individuals and teams/groups, looking at the influence of cognition, perception, personality, motivation and drive, attention, stress, coaching, and age. This comprehensive work includes contributions from the US, UK, Canada, Germany, and Australia. Integrates research findings found across domains in performance psychology. Includes research from sports, music, the arts, and other applied settings. Identifies conflicts between cognition, action, perception, and emotion. Explores influences on both individual and group/team performance. Investigates what impacts peak performance and error production.


Science, over recent years, has confirmed what chocolate lovers have always known: the stuff is actually good for you. It's the Valentine's Day drug of choice, has more antioxidants than red wine, and triggers the same brain responses as falling in love. Nothing, in the end, can stand up to chocolate as a basic fundament to human life. In this scintillating narrative, acclaimed foodie Mort Rosenblum delves into the complex world of chocolate. From the mole pobiano - chile-laced chicken with chocolate - of ancient Mexico to the contemporary French chocolatiers who produce the palets d'or - bite-sized, gold-flecked bricks of dark chocolate - to the vast empires of Hershey, Godiva, and Valrhona, Rosenblum follows the chocolate trail the world over. He visits cacao plantations, meets with growers, buyers, makers, and tasters, and investigates the dark side of the chocolate trade as well as the enduring appeal of its product. Engaging, entertaining, and revealing, "Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light" is a fascinating foray into this "food of the gods."


Aligning carbon nanotubes in any way desired is very important for many fundamental and applied research projects. In this talk, I will first discuss how to grow them with controlled diameter, length, spacing, and periodicity using catalyst prepared by magnetron sputtering, electron beam (e-beam) lithography, electrochemical deposition, and nanosphere self-assembly. Then I will present our results of field emission property of both the aligned carbon nanotubes grown on flat substrates and random carbon nanotubes grown on carbon cloth. For the aligned carbon nanotubes arrays, I will present the preliminary results of using them as photonic band gap crystals and nanoantennae. As an alternative material of carbon nanotubes, ZnO nanowires have been grown in both aligned fashion on flat substrates and random fashion on carbon cloth. Using these ZnO nanowires, good field emission properties were observed. Furthermore, I will present our recent studies on the electrical breakdown and transport properties of a single suspended nanotube grown on carbon cloth by a scanning electron microscope probe incorporated into a high resolution transmission electron microscope. As part of the potential applications, I will also discuss our recent success on molecules delivery into cells using carbon nanotubes. Finally I will talk about our most recent endeavor on achieving thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) higher than 2 using our unique nanocomposite approach. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was discovered by my group in 1998 to be able to grow aligned carbon nanotubes [1]. Catalyst film was first deposited by magnetron sputtering. According to the thickness of the catalytic film, aligned carbon nanotubes were grown with different diameters and spacing, and different length depending the growth time. However, the two major drawbacks are 1) that the location of where the nantoube grows can not be controlled, 2) that the spacing between the nanotubes can not be varied too much. Therefore, we immediately explored to grow aligned carbon nanotubes with the location and spacing controls using e-beam lithography [2]. Unfortunately the cost is so high that the e-beam is not suited for large scale commercialization that requires only an average site density control not the exactly location, for example, electron source. It is the cost issue that made us to develop electrochemical deposition to make catalyst dots that can be separated more than 10 micormeters between dots [3]. With such arrays, we tested many samples for field emission properties and found the optimal site density [4]. However, for applications that require the location controls, for example, photonic band gap crystals, electrochemical deposition can not be satisfactory. It is this kind of application that led us to develop the nanosphere self-assembly technique in large scale [5]. For field emission, we found that ZnO nanowires are good field emitters comparable to carbon nanotubes if they are grown with the right diameter and spacing. Here I will discuss the field emission properties of ZnO nanowires as an alternative material to carbon nanotubes [6]. Us a special kind of carbon nanotubes made by PECVD, we discovered a highly efficient molecular delivery technique, named nanotube spearing, based on the penetration of Ni-particle embedded nanotubes into cell membranes by magnetic field driving. DNA plasmids encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) sequence were immobilized onto the nanotubes, and subsequently speared into targeted cells. We have achieved the unprecedented high transduction efficiency in Bal17 B-lymphoma, ex vivo B cells, and primary neurons with high viability. This technique may provide a powerful tool for high efficient gene transfer in a variety of cells, especially, the hard-to-transfect cells [7]. Conventional transport studies of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with only the outmost wall contacted to the electrodes via side-contact shows that a MWNT is a ballistic conductor with only the outmost wall carrying current. Here we show, by using end-contact in which every wall is contacted to the electrodes, that every wall is conducting, as evidenced by a significant amount of current drop when an innermost wall is broken at high-bias. Remarkably, the breakdown of each wall was initiated in the middle of the nanotube, not at the contacts, indicating diffusive electron transport. Using end-contact, we were able to probe the conductivity wall-by-wall and found that each wall is indeed either metallic, or semiconducting, or pseudogap-like. These findings not only reveal the intrinsic physical properties of MWNTs but also provide important guidance to MWNT-based electronic devices [8]. At the end of the talk, if time permits, I will talk about our ongoing effort on improving the figure-of-merit (ZT) of thermoelectric materials using a nanocomposite strategy to mimic the structure of the superlattice of PbTe/PbSe and Bi2 Te3 /Sb2 Te3 hoping to reduce the thermal conductivity by a factor of 2–4 while maintaining the electrical conductivity. To make a close to 100% dense nanocomposite, we started with nanoparticles synthesis, then consolidation using both the traditional hot press and the direct current fast-heat, named plasma pressure compact, to preserve the nano size of the component particles. So far, we have seen thermal conductivity decrease by a factor of 2 in the systems of Si/Ge, PbeTe/PbSe, Bi2 Te3 /Sb2 Te3 , indicating the potential of improving ZT by a factor of 2.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


The purpose of the work was to study the features of reparative osteogenesis for filling the defect of tubular bone under implantation of mesh titanium nickelide constructs. Tibial fenestrated defect was modeled experimentally in 30 Wistar pubertal rats, followed by implant intramedullary insertion. The techniques of radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray electron probe microanalysis were used. The mesh implant of titanium nickelide has been established to possess biocompatibility, osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties, the zone of osteogenesis and angiogenesis is created around it, bone cover is formed. Osteointegration of the implant occurs early, by 7 days after surgery, and by 30 days after surgery organotypical re-modelling of the regenerated bone takes place, as well as the defect is filled with lamellar bone tissue by the type of bone wound primary adhesion. By 30 days after surgery mineral content of the regenerated bone tissue approximates to the composition of intact cortex mineral phase.


Despite its everyday use in the higher education discourse, there is still ubiquity around the concept of employability where it continues to be used in a number of contexts and with reference to a range of meanings that include skills, knowledge and attributes in varying degrees of importance (Knight & Yorke, 2002; Moreland, 2006) to a multi-dimensional psycho-social construct based upon career identity, personal adaptability and social and human capital (Fugate, Kinicki & Ashworth, 2004). Although HEIs have placed a greater emphasis on developing employability support for students (Rae, 2007), employers are still finding graduates lack appropriate skills, aptitude and behaviours for the workplace (Tymon, 2013). Despite this extensive discussion, there is little that considers how well students understand the concept of employability and how this affects their job seeking behaviour. To investigate this understanding a sample of 35 undergraduate business students from a range of levels and programmes took part in an online survey asking them to reflect on their employability. These written accounts were then analysed phenomenographically to investigate the qualitatively different ways that business students conceive of employability. To maximise variation in the sample, participants were first to final year students, including some on placement, and were following a mixture of generalist business and specialist programmes, including accounting, marketing and IT. The responses were analysed in three phases (Marton & Saljo, 2005); sorting quotes into groups oriented around the meaning of employability, examining each group further as a decontextualized set of responses and then determining categories of description to represent the outcome space. This methodology was selected to fully appreciate the variety and breadth of conceptions students held, and identified a hierarchy of five distinct ways of understanding employability. The results of this study should be of value to educators and career support professionals in facilitating interventions that move students' conceptions of employability from that of a possession, to one they must participate in, encouraging students to be more self-aware when entering the employment arena.


City governments can contribute more to implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as the 2010 target to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss set by governments during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 is not being achieved. The necessity for city governance to tackle the challenges of biodiversity loss has increased as urban populations have grown enormously in the last decades, particularly in developing countries. The way cities are designed, planned, and governed influence the amount of their direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity.

However, the process of interaction between cities and biodiversity is still not well understood, both in theory and in practice. This gap needs to be closed if we want to make progress on the implementation of CBD since more than half of the world's population lives in cities today. As cities are the consumption centres of world resources, and this proportion will grow in the future, there is no time to lose.

This report analyses the general relationships among cities, local governance, and biodiversity. Initially, it will examine the relationships between cities and biodiversity by looking at the major influences cities can have on biodiversity loss or on conservation within and outside the city boundaries, as well as the benefits of biodiversity conservation for cities, such as the provision of ecosystem services. The report then moves to understand the main instruments and governance mechanisms that exist, allowing cities to effectively implement the directives of CBD.

Cities are some of the biggest beneficiaries of biodiversity and ecosystem services, as citizens and economic activities depend on those services. However, their involvement in the CBD process is still limited as compared to their potential contribution and amount of benefits they could gain from biodiversity. There are many conceptual underpinnings and governance obstacles to overcome, and we need to create new and adapt existing conservation strategies, as well as city planning and management instruments to deal with biodiversity properly.

Nevertheless, the interest of cities in the biodiversity agenda is moving fast, and there are a lot of opportunities to bring cities to be effective actors in the implementation of CBD. This requires a large effort for collective action to create better governance mechanisms. Good governance at the city level, which indeed can deliver an effective implementation of CBD, depends on governmental and non-governmental actors, not only from one city but from other levels of governments, including international organisations, and of course the cities themselves. The key point in the governance structure is not only the capacity of individual organisations but the strength of coordination among them.

Urbanisation creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. As a large part of the world's population gradually moves from rural to urban areas, there are changes in the link between human activities and biodiversity, and consequently in the way we should think about biodiversity conservation policies. Scarce attention has been given to understanding how to make cities more biodiversity-friendly, not only within, but particularly in the faraway places.

Understanding how cities can create better governance mechanisms to effectively support the preservation of biodiversity within and beyond city boundaries is the key to implement the directives of the CBD. The actors, instruments, and processes that should be in place are still not completely understood enough to move the city and biodiversity agenda forward. This report argues the need to study the conceptual underpinnings of the relationships among city, governance, and biodiversity to create the basis for policies at the global, national, and local level, as well as provide some practical insights on the way to move the biodiversity agenda in cities forward.


The Southwest Australian region has large homogeneous tracts of differing vegetation types separated by a sharp transition called the vermin or bunny fence which runs for almost 750 km. Seasonal winter agriculture is found to the west of the fence, whereas to the east native perennial vegetation grows. Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-5 imagery are used to construct monthly cumulus cloud frequency of occurrence maps for the region 0800 to 1500 LT in hourly increments for 1999 and 2000. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery are used to retrieve regional values of surface temperature, albedo, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, fractional soil moisture availability, sensible and latent heat fluxes. High spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery are used to retrieve detailed values along the fence. MODIS imagery also is utilized to retrieve cloud optical thickness, droplet sizes, and liquid water paths. This study shows that higher soil moisture availability is found over agricultural areas during winter (September) and over native vegetation areas during summer (December). Latent heat fluxes are higher over native vegetation than over agricultural areas during summer, while sensible heat fluxes are lower. Cumulus clouds occur with higher frequency and have higher optical thicknesses, cloud liquid water contents, and effective radii over agricultural areas during the winter and over native perennial vegetation during the dry summer. This is due to higher latent heat fluxes and available energy over agriculture during winter and over native vegetation during summer. We conclude that land use differences result in differences in available soil moisture and surface energy fluxes, which in turn lead to the observed preferential enhancement of cumulus cloudiness and cumulus cloud properties.


All of us face moments in our lives when our perspective of the world changes. One of the most drastic ways to experience this change is through the death of someone you have known and loved for your whole life. On September 6, 2014, I experienced that change when my little sister Emily passed away suddenly. Ever since that day, I have been trying to restructure my life so that I can function and contribute to society. My thesis is about this struggle. Through 80 poems that I have written, my creative thesis tells the story of my grief. I am not demonstrating how to grieve, though I am demonstrating how varied and uneven and unending the process is. Using psychoanalytic theory, I ask myself whether or not I am grieving correctly. Inspired by literature in which form communicates as keenly as content, I have created a looping structure in which the reader of my work can choose, after each poem they read, up to three options to continue on with. This structure might suggest an element of free will in the grieving process, but in reality the choice is an illusion because the options are limited and follow disorienting, unpredictable paths. One consequence of this looping structure is the reader's inevitable re-encountering, therefore the repetition, of some poems. My intention is to practice insistence, a method of writing that Gertrude Stein pursued to change the meaning of a word or phrase (or in my thesis, a poem) by repeating it until the reader saw past traditional or clichéd meanings. This insistence helps generate multiple layers within my work as a whole, and reflects my pursuit of expressing my relationship with Emily and my grief over her death as unique, but still accessible to readers. With my personal grieving experience comes constant ruminating, and with each reader's different choices, they experience different objects of obsession, with changing views of a single poem every time they return to it after venturing further into some of the others. My hope for this thesis is to show how isolating and overwhelming grief can be, its non-linear, recursive nature, and how varied each individual experience is. Although Emily was little in size, the effect both her life and death have had on me is reflected in the complicated looping structure and emotional content of my thesis, A Little Miss. I dedicate my thesis and all of the time and research that has gone into it, to my little sister Emily Bernauer.


Lightweight cryptography features a small footprint and/or low computational complexity. Low-cost implementations of linear layers usually play an important role in lightweight cryptography. Although it has been shown by Boyar et al. that finding the optimal implementation of a linear layer is a Shortest Linear Program (SLP) problem and NP-hard, there exist a variety of heuristic methods to search for near-optimal solutions. This paper considers the low-latency criteria and focuses on the heuristic search of lightweight implementation for linear layers. Most of the prior approach iteratively combines the inputs (of linear layers) to reach the output, which can be regarded as the forward search. To better adapt the low-latency criteria, we propose a new framework of backward search that attempts to iteratively split every output (into an XORing of two bits) until all inputs appear. By bounding the time of splitting, the new framework can find a sub-optimal solution with a minimized depth of circuits.We apply our new search algorithm to linear layers of block ciphers and find many low-latency candidates for implementations. Notably, for AES Mixcolumns, we provide an implementation with 103 XOR gates with a depth of 3, which is among the best hardware implementations of the AES linear layer. Besides, we obtain better implementations in XOR gates for 54.3% of 4256 Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) matrices proposed by Li et al. at FSE 2019. We also achieve an involutory MDS matrix (in M4(GL(8, F2))) whose implementation uses the lowest number (i.e., 86, saving 2 from the state-of-the-art result) of XORs with the minimum depth.


Critical Rayleigh numbers, roll configurations, and growth-rate derivative are calculated at onset of convection for a rigid box with conducting upper and lower plates and insulating sidewalls. When the sidewalls form a square or a near square, the linearized Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations favour crossed rolls, a superposition of three-dimensional rolls in the x- and y-directions, over unidirectional rolls. These crossed rolls preserve the four-fold rotation symmetry about the vertical axis of a square box only when the aspect ratio (ratio of width to depth of the box) demands an even number of rolls in each direction. The analysis explains patterns observed by Stork & Müller.


One of the most pressing 'wicked problems' facing humankind is climate change together with its many interrelated environmental concerns. The complexity of this set of problems can be overwhelming as there is such diversity among both the interpretations of the scientific evidence and the viability of possible solutions. Among the social technologies associated with the second generation of the Internet known as Web 2.0, there are tools that allow people to communicate, coordinate and collaborate in ways that reduce their carbon footprint and a potential to become part of the climate change solution. However the way forward is not obvious or easy as Web 2.0, while readily accepted in the chaotic social world, is often treated with suspicion in the more ordered world of business and government. This paper applies a holistic theoretical sense-making framework to research and practice on potential Web 2.0 solutions to climate change problems. The suite of issues, activities and tools involved are viewed as an ecosystem where all elements are dynamic and inter-related. Through such innovative thinking the Information Systems community can make a valuable contribution to a critical global problem and hence find a new relevance as part of the solution.


An unsupervised developmental algorithm for linear maps is derived which reduces the pixel-entropy (using the measure introduced in previous work) at every update and thus removes pairwise correlations between pixels. Since the measure of pixel-entropy has only a global minimum the algorithm is guaranteed to converge to the minimum entropy map. Such optimal maps have recently been shown to possess cognitively desirable properties and are likely to be used by the nervous system to organize sensory information. The algorithm derived here turns out to be one proposed by Goodall for pairwise decorrelation. It is biologically plausible since in a neural network implementation it requires only data available locally to a neuron. In training over ensembles of two-dimensional input signals with the same spatial power spectrum as natural scenes, networks develop output neurons with center-surround receptive fields similar to those of ganglion cells in the retina. Some technical issues pertinent to developmental algorithms of this sort, such as symmetry fixing, are also discussed.


During the first year of research, work was completed to identify Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) needs for web-based project management system (WPMS) and evaluate how commercially available solutions could meet these needs. Researchers also worked to pilot test custom developed WPMS solutions on Iowa DOT bridge projects. At the end of the first year of research, a Request for Proposals (RFP) was developed and issued by the Iowa DOT for the selection of a commercial WPMS to pilot test on multiple bridge projects. During the second year of research, the responses to the RFP issued during the first year of research were evaluated and a solution was selected. The selected solution, Attolist, was customized, tested, and implemented during the fall of 2009. Beginning in the winter of 2010, the solution was implemented on Iowa DOT projects. Researchers worked to assist in the training, implementation, and performance evaluation of the solution. Work will continue beyond the second year of research to implement Attolist on an additional pilot project. During this time, work will be completed to evaluate the impact of WPMS on Iowa DOT bridge projects.


In this paper I have constructed an overview of mathematical proof, which involves several factors. A large part of understanding our current methods of teaching proof is knowing the history of proof. I also take a look at several different methods of proving and why proof is important. The focal point of the paper is the difficulties students have with mathematical proof and the difficulties the students that I did a field study with had. This stems from many different factors, the biggest being definitions. Another problem is lack of emphasis so I have also included an overview of national standards of proof and international comparison for proof. Possible solutions to the difficulties that students have with proof are changing teacher conception of proof, a transitional course, and the modified-Moore method.


Catalogs are an essential part of online commercial transactions. It is estimated that over 50% of the start-up cost of an average Internet shop is spent in building the digital catalogs that describe the products and services it offers. The manufacturers of the products must send their product information to each and every shop that carries their products. We present the architecture and technical issues of our DCL system. The primary objective of the system is to provide a shared repository of digital product catalogs for Internet shops to reduce the cost of catalog management. The manufacturer will upload the core catalogs that include the basic information about her products. The shop can download these core catalogs and build its own customized catalogs on top of them. The database is designed to accommodate evolving schemas for various product groups. The system also has a flexible categorization hierarchy which is used to define product classification.


Abstract. Accessibility, as an important theme in geospatial science, measures the potential of interaction between geographic entities. Originated in Hansen's (1959) empirical model for land use planning, place-based accessibility becomes an integrated assessment of urban settlements in relation to social services and opportunities, such as employment, education, and entertainment. Traditional place-based accessibility models, such as the integral measure or the cumulative-opportunity measure (Kwan, 1998), are primarily dependent on the assessment of the supply (e.g., stores, restaurants), evaluating if goods or services could be delivered or reached at an acceptable cost (e.g., distance, time). This assessment overlooks the complex spatial interactions between the supply and demand, referred to as the "complementarity" (Haynes & Fotheringham, 1984). Recent development of the place-based accessibility theory revolves around the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method (Luo & Wang, 2003). The model evaluates if the capacity of service facilities can cater to nearby demand in a two-step search process. Initially serving for the assessment of health care facilities, the model has been further modified to accommodate various urban planning scenarios (Chen, 2017). One compartment of the model in need of further evaluation is the distance decay. Although the 2SFCA model and its extensions have involved different distance decay functions, such as the Gaussian form and the kernel density form, there is a limited scope of work systematically comparing the performance and limitations of different 2SFCA models. In this study, we have proposed an analytic framework that includes six distance decay functions: the rectangular cumulative-opportunity (CUMR), negative-linear cumulative-opportunity (CUML), inverse-power gravity-type (POW), exponential gravity-type (EXP), and Gaussian gravity-type (GAUSS), and kernel density (KD) models. Examples of these distance decay functions are shown in Figure 1. Each model further consists of four variable scenarios, generating a total of twenty-four 2SFCA measures for comparison in a systematic manner. Using the datasets of point-based food stores (i.e., the supply) and population (i.e., the demand) in the state of Arkansas, the United States, three sets of sensitivity analyses have been conducted to compare the results derived from these twenty-four models. These analyses include (1) Pearson's correlation between models, (2) assessment by urban-rural status, and (3) variability analysis of the catchment size. Observations about the sensitivity of the 2SFCA models to the distance decay function and the catchment size are drawn from the analyses, providing valuable information for better understanding the intricacy of the model compartments. For example, we have employed the coefficient of variation (CV), defined as the division of the standard deviation to the mean, to examine the spatial inequity of different 2SFCA models as a function of the catchment size (d0, in miles). As shown in Figure 2, all models have a large degree of variability with a small d0; when d0 increases to a certain threshold, CV becomes relatively convergent (d0 ≥ 9.5). It is also observed that POW20 has a higher level of variability than other models. In this respect, POW20 should be avoided in future model implementation as it derives a different spatial inequity pattern than other models. In addition to revealing the applicability of the models, the paper further draws two important conclusions. First, on a small analysis scale (e.g., community), the catchment size is the most important modeling variable. In this scenario, variation in the catchment size can cause a high degree of measurement uncertainties. Thus, it is a necessity to examine and justify the choice of the catchment size when applying the 2SFCA model to a small-scale analysis. Second, on a large analysis scale (e.g., state, province), the distance decay function is of critical importance. In this scenario, using the 2SFCA model without the distance decay will likely overestimate the supply-demand interaction and thus obfuscate the inequity pattern. In sum, the comparison and the sensitivity analysis outline the potential applicability and limitations of different 2SFCA models. It provides the theoretical rapport necessary to future applications of the model for various urban planning, service delivery, and spatial equity problems.


This study presents results at a local scale of the impact of pesticide aerial applications containing a mixture of endosulphan and cypermethrin on anurans assessed by means of field evaluations. Additionally, effects were compared with laboratory toxicity tests in standardised conditions. Field assessment with native population allowed the detection of dead anuran larvae of the species present in the stream of water after fumigation, in coincidence with the decrease in the frequency of live larvae (p < 0.01) from sampling nets. Cage experiments showed significant differences (p < 0.01) in anuran larvae survival before and after fumigations. Laboratory acute toxicity tests with endosulphan formulation demonstrated sublethal symptoms in Hypsiboas pulchellus larvae 24 h after initial exposure time. The 96 h LC-50 was 0.13 µg endosulphan/litre, which is over 1000 times lower than the cypermethrin LC-50 value. Endosulphan seems to be the insecticide responsible for the drastic effects on anuran larvae detected in the field during studied events.


This is a first-hand account of student activism in Egypt, by one of its leaders. The Nasserist revolution of 1952 had a massive impact on the Egyptian educational system. For the first time, the doors of university education were opened to masses of people in a Third World country, and hundreds of thousands of the sons and daughters of peasants, workers, and lower-middle-class employees seized the opportunity. But quantitative growth was not matched by qualitative advance, and the gap between expectations and reality has rarely been so wide.The result was one of the world's most turbulent student movements. This history of that movement's most critical years, first published in 1985, was written by a young Egyptian who was a participant in many of the events and was intimately acquainted with them. Ahmed Abdalla describes the sociological composition of the student body, the physical and social conditions in the universities, the shifts in government education policy, and the attempts of the students to influence the direction of national development in both domestic and foreign policy." The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt" is an important contribution to our understanding of Egypt's modern history, and will also be of interest to anyone concerned with the more universal issues of higher education, social change, and state politics in the Third World.


Damp-heat testing of PV modules is a time-consuming process, taking months. We present an alternative test method: electrochemical noise (EcN) measurements. Data acquisition times vary between minutes for direct exposure to several tens of hours for encapsulated samples. EcN measurements are presented for several solar cell concepts and different environments. We have found that the degradation in damp-heat testing is proportional to the electrochemical noise signal. In conclusion, the electrochemical noise measurements are a fast, versatile tool to test the corrosion resistance of solar cells, which can be tested for different environments including encapsulation.


In order for mobile robots to coexist with humans, both safety and efficiency should be satisfied. We propose a method to predict pedestrian movement for collision avoidance of mobile robots and pedestrians. In the proposed method, the pedestrian trajectories are measured and a database of human movement tendencies is generated. The database is applied to the prediction of future pedestrian movement. To decrease the initial time cost for database generation, environmental geometric configuration is considered in the form of virtual forces. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, we generated the database based on five-hour observation and conducted three types of experiments based on the generated database. The first experiment showed the prediction performance of the proposed method and proved the method guaranteed the safety. The second experiment showed that the proposed method satisfied both the safety and efficiency through the comparative simulations. The third experiment showed the method could apply to the real mobile robot.


The book contains 30 descriptive chapters dealing with a specific language contact situation. The chapters follow a uniform organisation format, being the narrative version of a standard comprehensive questionnaire previously distributed to all authors. The questionnaire targets systematically the possibility of contact influence / grammatical borrowing in a full range of categories. The uniform structure facilitates a comparison among the chapters and the languages covered. The introduction describes the setup of the questionnaire and the methodology of the approach, along with a survey of the difficulties of sampling in contact linguistics. Two evaluative chapters, each authored by one of the co-editors, draws general conclusions from the volume as a whole (one in relation to borrowed grammatical categories and meaningful hierarchies, the other in relation to the distribution of Matter and Pattern replication).


Online travel communities are an increasing phenomenon that is motivating deep changes in the travel industry. The purpose of this work is to explain consumer intention to participate in these communities and loyalty to the firm that hosts the community. To do that, we propose a model that integrates Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Social Identity Theory in order to explain the intention to participate in online travel communities. In addition, we analyze the link between the intention to participate in the community and two behavioral intentions that may benefit the host firm: intention to use the firm products/services and the intention to recommend the host firm. Results reveal that TPB, TAM and Social Identity Theory form an appropriate framework to explain the intention to participate in the community. In addition, we find a positive effect of intention to participate in an online travel community on the two behavioral intentions considered. Based on these results, some conclusions and implications are proposed.


The generation of a magnetic field in numerical simulations of the geodynamo is an intrinsically 3-D and time-dependent phenomenon. The concept of magnetic field lines and the frozen-flux approximation can provide insight into such systems, but a suitable visualization method is required. This paper presents results obtained using the Dynamical Magnetic Field line Imaging (DMFI) technique, which is a representation of magnetic field lines accounting for their local magnetic energy, together with an algorithm for the time evolution of their anchor points. The DMFI illustrations are consistent with previously published dynamo mechanisms, and allow further investigation of spatially and temporally complex systems. We highlight three types of magnetic structures: (i) magnetic cyclones and (ii) magnetic anticyclones are expelled by, but corotate with axial flow vortices; (iii) magnetic upwellings are amplified by stretching and advection within flow upwellings, and show structural similarity with helical plumes found in rotating hydrodynamic experiments. While magnetic anticyclones are responsible for the regeneration of a stable axial dipole, herewe showthat excursions and reversals of the dipole axis are caused by the emergence of magnetic upwellings, which amplify and transport a generally multipolar magnetic field from the inner to the outer boundary of the models. Geomagnetic observations suggest the presence of magnetic structures similar to those found in our models; thus,we discuss howour results may pertain to Earth's core dynamo processes. In order to make DMFI a standard tool for numerical dynamo studies, a public software package is available upon request to the authors (supplementary material is available at: http://www.ipgp.jussieu. fr/∼aubert/DMFI.html).


This study attempts to assess the effects of motivation on employee performance using field data collected at Vice President's Office in Dar es Salaam. Correlation technique was employed to find out the relationship between two variables. Regression technique also was used to find out to which extent one variable affect the other using coefficient results. Correlation results for salary is 0.589, Transport benefits 0.421, medical benefits 0.395, extra duty allowance 0.421, carrier achievement 0.562, promotion benefits 0.672 and correlation for recognition is 0.407 which reveal existence of positive relationship between motivation and employees' performance and therefore implying that the increase in motivation will lead to increase in employees' performance. This situation insists on increasing attention to employee motivation practice in order to improve employee performance. The findings suggest enhancement of current motivation package by incorporating both intrinsic such as promotion, recognition, support for carrier achievement and extrinsic motivation factors such as salary, extra duty allowance, transport allowance, medical benefits will help optimum utilization of human resources as well as increasing employees' performance. Furthermore there is pressing need to develop organisation motivation policy that will help the VPO management properly handling motivation function.


The Green Mist is a floating international blues entity which evolved in the deep south of Tasmania. Featuring former members of the Violent Femmes and Beasts of Bourbon, the Mist's first album Next Stop Antarctica represents a vivid evocation of the peculiar strangeness of the island's atmosphere, history and environment. Musician Julien Poulson's father Bruce was a historian who lived in a derelict organic garlic farm in the small town of Southport; an area that is often bitterly cold, perpetually gloomy, bleak yet strangely beautiful. Bruce was one of the people who discovered the remains of a garden built in 1792 by French explorers in Recherche Bay, and this discovery was later used to help protect the site from logging. While his dad was dying of cancer, Julien helped him put together his final book about Recherche Bay's history and later many of these old stories formed the basis of album tracks. Using The Green Mist as a case study, this paper will explore the links between physical place of production and creation; the use of both individual memory and historical narratives in song writing; and the extent to which these factors form part of a conscious or deliberate strategy.


We propose a new task and dataset for a common problem in social science research:"upsampling"coarse document labels to fine-grained labels or spans. We pose the problem in a question answering format, with the answers providing the fine-grained labels. We provide a benchmark dataset and baselines on a socially impactful task: identifying the exact crowd size at protests and demonstrations in the United States given only order-of-magnitude information about protest attendance, a very small sample of fine-grained examples, and English-language news text. We evaluate several baseline models, including zero-shot results from rule-based and question-answering models, few-shot models fine-tuned on a small set of documents, and weakly supervised models using a larger set of coarsely-labeled documents. We find that our rule-based model initially outperforms a zero-shot pre-trained transformer language model but that further fine-tuning on a very small subset of 25 examples substantially improves out-of-sample performance. We also demonstrate a method for fine-tuning the transformer span on only the coarse labels that performs similarly to our rule-based approach. This work will contribute to social scientists' ability to generate data to understand the causes and successes of collective action.


More and more teachers are facing the decision whether they should allow or promote students the use of technology in the classroom. The decision is difficult as there are apparently both advantages and disadvantages in doing either way. In terms of positive impacts, research revealed that the use of digital devices in the classroom setting was capable of facilitating faculty-student interactions and in-class participation, which in turn enhanced engagement and active learning (Fitch, 2004; Partee, 1996; Stephens, 2005). On the contrary, evidence was also identified to show a relationship between notebook use and distraction in class. The pilot study investigated the desirability of allowing digital devices in class in our local context, and to explore the factors that influence the success of the practice. Two studies were conducted with students in teacher-training programmes at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. In the first study, students were allowed to use computers in the lessons (free use) in the whole semester and then they were asked to reflect upon the learning benefits, if any. In the second study, the future teachers were asked to comment openly on the use of digital devices for more guided purposes such as student response system and e- textbook. Results in general revealed that it is indeed a very controversial and complicated issue. On the one hand, many positive learning benefits relating to using digital devices in class are acknowledged. On the other hand, distraction is a major concern as students may use the technology for irrelevant purposes in class. Participants thus were also very conservative about channeling the use of computers in classroom to other academic contexts. The answer to the question whether computers be allowed in class thus is not a simple yes or no but is a series of suggestions concerning when and how to do it more appropriate.


More than 5,200 engineers, researchers and students came together in Long Beach, Calif., in May for the 2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science (CLEO/QELS). This year's gathering highlighted important new work on optical materials, high-intensity lasers, ultrafast optoelectronics, quantum communication and biomedical applications.


Several studies suggest that cognitive impairment is a risk factor for mortality among older adults. However, the mechanisms that generate the association between cognitive function and survival are not well understood. Proposals attempting to explain why the association is observed focus on the role of health and diseases and on terminal decline. Poor health may affect both cognitive function and survival, and the association between cognitive impairment and mortality could be spurious. The terminal decline hypothesis suggests that factors related to the death of the individual cause a decline in intellectual performance, and that the onset of this decline may be detected in some instances several years prior to the death of the persons. We investigated these issues in a sample of 2,401 Danish twins aged 75 years and older. At baseline in 1995 the Mini-Mental State Exam was administered to assess participants' cognitive functioning, and subjective and objective health measures were also collected. We related cognitive function to 6-year survival. As expected, cognitive impairment was associated with an increased risk of death. Interestingly, this effect was attenuated but not eliminated after statistical controls for a number of health measures, suggesting that the association between cognitive function and survival is robust and can only in part be attributed to health factors. A second set of analyses addressed the terminal decline hypothesis. Surviving participants were re-contacted and re-interviewed in 1997 and 1999. A total of 984 individuals participated in all three waves. Consistent with the terminal decline hypothesis, there was evidence that decline in cognitive function was more pronounced among the deceased when compared to the survivors. However, a history of cognitive decline did not predict mortality above and beyond the current level of cognitive


A new procedure for the calculation of solubility parameter evolution during polymerisation has been developed for amine-cured epoxy systems, which allows quantitative thermodynamic modelling of chemically induced phase separation (CIPS). Solubility parameters calculation, chemical analysis based on near infrared spectroscopy and curing kinetics results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry will allow to model the evolution of the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter in amine-cured epoxy blends. The resin system investigated was based on a diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin cured with isophorone diamine (IPD) blended with various reactive epoxydised dendritic hyperbranched polymer modifiers (HBP), yielding a CIPS-controlled morphology. The analysis showed the evolution of the different contributions to the solubility parameters to follow the polymerisation kinetics. The dispersive contribution had the highest value at all stages of polymerisation, but the hydrogen and polar contributions showed the largest variation. By evaluating the dynamic evolution of the solubility parameter components, the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter in the epoxy resin-hyperbranched polymer blends has been modelled as a function of time. This procedure, combined with thermodynamic modelling, will enable to predict phase diagrams in CIPS thermosetting blends quantitatively.


Having been involved in the Campaign for Fiscal Equity, Inc. v New York case over the course of ten years, Denise C. Morgan has an intimate view of the victories and losses resulting in the Court of Appeals decision. In the article, the wins and losses of the case are discussed as she sees it, and how the victory on the state level came with a loss on the federal one. The article describes the CFE case and its two claims: the victory that the promised to make the distribution of state aid for public education to New York City more equitable and the CFE plaintiff's losing federal claim. The plaintiff sued under the regulations for Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the article opines that the Court of Appeals rejected the claim because of the Rehnquist Court's rollback of civil rights. The article ends by explaining that the loss of the claim CAMPAIGN FOR FISCAL EQUITY, INC. v. NEW YORK: NO SLAM DUNK VICTORY FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL CHILDREN


Indigenous microorganisms effectively accelerate the decomposition of agricultural waste and agricultural waste that has been decomposed properly can be an organic fertilizer containing macro and microelements. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of indigenous cellulolytic fungi in the palm oil stems after replanting. The research was conducted at the Cikabayan Experimental Field Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga, West Java. The experiment was conducted in October 2018 until January 2019, using a randomized complete block design consisting of four decomposition methods treatment: control, added with decomposer, chopping, and chopping+decomposer. The results showed that four isolates and isolate A were chosen to calculate the number of fungi at a dilution rate of 10-6 because they had the largest diameter. The identification results of isolate A were Trichoderma harzianum fungi and it was concluded that Trichoderma sp. in the palm oil stem after replanting, it has the potential as an indigenous cellulolytic fungus of oil palm trunks. The chopping+decomposer treatment can accelerate the weathering of the oil palm stem with a significant influence between the treatments that have met the requirements of compost maturity as specified in SNI 19-7030-2004 with ratio C/N 16.11 at 3 months after treatment.
Keywords: decomposer, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., isolate, Trichoderma sp.


The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of donors in the establishment, implementation and sustainability of donor-funded telecentres in Africa. This was achieved by looking at success factors and reasons of failure at three donor-funded telecentres across three countries on the continent. The projects in question were Nakaseke Telecentre in Uganda, Bhamshela Telecentre in South Africa and the Malawi Rural Telecentre Project (MRTP) which, in the end, was never implemented in Malawi. To achieve the objectives of the study, both secondary and primary sources of data were used. The population of the study consisted of senior officers within the organisations that pledged financial and technical support for the MRTP and those that funded the Bhamshela and Nakaseke Telecentres. However, since there was no response from the donors of the Nakaseke Telecentre, all the data relating to the case was solely sourced from the literature (both print and on-line). Data collected dealt with various aspects of telecentre establishment, implementation and sustainability. The study found that Africa depends heavily on external finance and expertise to establish and implement telecentres due to financial incapacity, lack of expertise and poor infrastructure. The various experiences from the three cases have also demonstrated that donors cannot apply a single model of implementation uniformly across the region due to various political and socio-economic factors existing in different areas of the continent. Finally, the study highlighted the fact that if project sustainability is to be achieved, donors need to constantly improve the training and management component of telecentres. Therefore, rather than trying to draw a standard blueprint for project success, donors need to be ingenious and learn from shared experiences in the field, creatively adapting the solutions that work in one context to others. In conclusion, the findings identified in the present study potentially open up a window for the possibility of future research in terms of the success of donor-funded telecentres in Africa.


The main goal of this letter is to obtain models for path loss exponents and shadowing for the radio channel between airborne unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and cellular networks. In this pursuit, field measurements were conducted in live LTE networks at the 800 MHz frequency band, using a commercial UAV. Our results show that path loss exponent decreases as the UAV moves up, approximating freespace propagation for horizontal ranges up to tens of kilometers at UAV heights around 100 m. Our findings support the need of height-dependent parameters for describing the propagation channel for UAVs at different heights.


Robins et al. (2008, 2016b) applied the theory of higher order influence functions (HOIFs) to derive an estimator of the mean of an outcome Y in a missing data model with Y missing at random conditional on a vector X of continuous covariates; their estimator, in contrast to previous estimators, is semiparametric efficient under minimal conditions. However the Robins et al. (2008, 2016b) estimator depends on a non-parametric estimate of the density of X. In this paper, we introduce a new HOIF estimator that has the same asymptotic properties as their estimator but does not require nonparametric estimation of a multivariate density, which is important because accurate estimation of a high dimensional density is not feasible at the moderate sample sizes often encountered in applications. We also show that our estimator can be generalized to the entire class of functionals considered by Robins et al. (2008) which include the average effect of a treatment on a response Y when a vector X suffices to control confounding and the expected conditional variance of a response Y given a vector X.


THE AUSTRALIAN EARLY CHILDHOOD Reform Agenda, initiated in 2008 by the then Labor government, heralded a commitment to a focus on child outcomes in early childhood education and care policy in order to give Australia's children the 'best start in life'. A number of workforce policy initiatives aimed at achieving this ambition were announced, prioritising improvements in child-to-staff ratios and the qualifications of educators working with young children. More recently, the draft report of the Australian Productivity Commission Inquiry into child care and early learning has challenged these workforce reforms by reviving historic divisions between education and care and differentiating the learning needs of children over three from those under three. Claiming evidence that infants' participation in early childhood education contributes to any long-term benefit is inconclusive, the Productivity Commission called for a substantial lowering of qualifications requirements for educators working with children under three years. A juxtaposition of the reform agenda and the Commission's recommendations reveals a disjuncture in understandings of infants and consequently the type of workforce needed to support their wellbeing and learning. While contemporary Australian early childhood policy promotes images of infants as learners from birth, the Productivity Commission draft report portrays them as waiting to learn. In examining the pendulum of shifting ideas about infants, we highlight the vulnerability of infants in early childhood policy, especially in relation to the shaping of the workforce responsible for them.


Scores of federal criminal and civil statutes are "geoambiguous" - they do not say whether they apply to conduct that takes place in foreign countries. This is a vital concern in an age of exploding globalization. The Supreme Court regularly recites a "presumption against extraterritoriality" but just as often overlooks it and opts to apply geoambiguous law abroad. The Court's inconsistency bespeaks a deep divide among scholars. Judicial unilateralists favor liberally imposing U.S. law abroad to respond to unwanted effects from foreign conduct. Judicial territorialists favor restraint and a return to traditional territoriality to avoid international conflict. And judicial interests-balancers favor multi-factored, case-by-case consideration of whether it is "reasonable" to apply geoambiguous law abroad. This Article advances a new approach - a proposed rule of "dual illegality" to govern how courts apply geoambiguous laws. Under a dual illegality rule, U.S. courts should decline to apply geoambiguous laws to penalize or regulate conduct that occurs in the territory of a foreign state unless the same conduct is also illegal or similarly regulated by the law of the foreign territorial state. A similar rule of dual illegality has worked for many decades as a limitation in countless criminal extradition treaties. A dual illegality rule would revitalize traditional territoriality values as a limiting principle on U.S. assertion of its law abroad, while also allowing extraterritoriality when there is the least likelihood of provoking political dispute. The response to greater globalization should be less jurisdictional contestability and more reliance on rules that do not invite judges - as the rules wrongly do now - to engage in policy-like assessments of the needs or interests of the United States in having its law applied to activity abroad. Courts should apply a dual illegality rule to decide the scope of geoambiguous law.


In this book, Candace Waid presents an innovative reading of the work of Edith Wharton. Waid examines Wharton's lifelong preoccupation with the place of the American woman writer, which she locates in the context of Wharton's ambivalent reaction to America and American literature. She argues that Wharton used the myth of Persephone to represent both the woman artist and her identification with the daughter who leaves the world of mother to dwell in the "underworld" of experience.Waid offers detailed interpretations of such works such as "The House of Mirth," "Ethan Frome," "Artemis to Actaeon," "Summer," "The Custom of the Country," and "Ghosts" -- all of which are read as complex meditations about women and writing. According to Waid, Wharton is obsessed by the potential failure of the American woman artist who risks succumbing to to the false muse of a "feminine aesthetic." Tracing Wharton's literary dialogues with sources ranging from Mary Wilkins to Goethe, from Andrew Marvel to Sir Joshua Reynolds, Waid reveals Wharton's haunting allegories about women, art, and letters.Originally published in 1991.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.


Encouraging outcome employee innovations has not been given much attention by many organizations. Similarly, few studies in sub Sahara countries have been conducted in this area and incorporated customers and employees satisfaction.
This study contributes that public organizations have a role to play in encouraging outcome employee innovative ideas to add value to existing knowledge. The overall
study objective examined the role of public institutions in encouraging outcome employee innovations and its consequences on customer and employee satisfaction.
The researcher's understanding was guided by two crucial theories motivation and leadership in generating techniques and styles used by organizations. A cross
sectional quantitative strategy was employed; data were systematically collected from (44) respondents using a structured and self administered questionnaire. Data
were analyzed using descriptive statistics technique basing on study objectives and
the research questions. Finding revealed that (n= 44, 100%) respondent agreed that
motivation encouraged customer satisfaction. On motivation tools used, (n= 32,
72.8%) respondents agreed that technological change was a crucial tool. About
leadership techniques used; (n=36, 81.8%) respondents accepted that influence
technique was most useful while on outcomes of encouraging innovative ideas
(n=40, 90.9%) had a view that employee morale as well as productivity were
applicable.The study proved that public institutions encouraged outcome employee
innovations. However, further studies on the same topic are crucial because of the
continuing changing global environment and drastic changes in public institutions.


We explore unsupervised pre-training for speech recognition by learning representations of raw audio. wav2vec is trained on large amounts of unlabeled audio data and the resulting representations are then used to improve acoustic model training. We pre-train a simple multi-layer convolutional neural network optimized via a noise contrastive binary classification task. Our experiments on WSJ reduce WER of a strong character-based log-mel filterbank baseline by up to 36% when only a few hours of transcribed data is available. Our approach achieves 2.43% WER on the nov92 test set. This outperforms Deep Speech 2, the best reported character-based system in the literature while using two orders of magnitude less labeled training data.


Activation of the p75NTR and the TrkA neurotrophin receptors by nerve growth factor promotes the dissociation of the transcription factor Sall2 from the p75NTR, cell cycle arrest, and neurite outgrowth. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is a multifunctional molecule that interacts with various other receptors to control neuronal differentiation, migration, and survival. Pincheira et al. found with a two-hybrid screen with the death domain of p75NTR as bait that the transcription factor Sall2 interacted with the receptor. Sall2 was detected in most regions of the mouse brain and appeared to be present in neurons, not glial cells, where it colocalized with cells expressing p75NTR. Sall2 and p75NTR coimmunoprecipitated from mouse brain lysates, which suggests that the two proteins interacted in vivo. Studies in PC12 cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line that responds to nerve growth factor (NGF) and in which both p75NTR and the TrkA neurotrophin receptor are present, showed that under nonstimulated conditions Sall2 and p75NTR interacted and that stimulation with NGF promoted the dissociation of Sall2 from the receptor and its translocation into the nucleus (detected both biochemically and microscopically). When TrkA activity was absent or inhibited or when activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1 and 2 was inhibited, Sall2 failed to translocate to the nucleus in response to NGF treatment of PC12 cells. However, NGF also stimulated the increase in expression of the gene encoding Sall2, as well as the abundance of the protein, and this induction in Sall2 persisted even when the cells were deficient in TrkA activity. Knockdown experiments in PC12 cells and in primary hippocampal cells showed that Sall2 was necessary for full stimulation of neurite extension in response to NGF. Further knockdown experiments in the PC12 cells showed that Sall2 was necessary for full induction of the gene encoding p21WAF1/CIP1, a mediator of cell cycle arrest, in response to NGF and that overexpression of Sall2 was sufficient to inhibit cell division, as well as promote neurite extension. The authors propose that NGF stimulates the activity of TrkA, which activates the MAPKs ERK1 and 2, triggering the phosphorylation and dissociation of Sall2 from the p75NTR to mediate neuronal differentiation through regulation of gene expression. R. Pincheira, M. Baerwald, J. D. Dunbar, D. B. Donner, Sall2 is a novel p75NTR-interacting protein that links NGF signalling to cell cycle progression and neurite outgrowth. EMBO J. 28, 261–273 (2009). [PubMed]