Purpose. Patients with severe limbal deficiencies are unable to maintain a stable corneal surface. If sheets of cultured allogeneic corneal epithelium could be prepared from eye banked corneal limbal rings, which are normally discarded after keratoplasty, the sheets may be beneficial for grafting onto patients with limbal stem cell deficiencies. Method. Biopsies of limbal tissue (2–3 mm2) removed from organ-cultured corneal limbal rings or from fresh whole globes were either trypsinized or set up as explants to assess their potential for corneal epithelial cell production. Results. Several biopsies were taken from each of 21 organ-cultured limbal rings and 10 fresh cadaveric globes. Cultures were generated from every cadaveric eye (10/10), although not all biopsies from the same eye gave rise to cultures. Confluent sheets of cultured cells were also produced successfully from limbal rings that had been in organ culture for up to 25 days, but the success rate from limbal ring material was variable (14/21). An analysis of parameters associated with each limbal ring was carried out in an attempt to identify the reasons for the different efficiencies of epithelial production. No obvious single parameter correlation was detected, although there was a trend to poorer efficiency with increased donor age. Conclusions. Confluent sheets of cultured corneal epithelial cells, suitable for grafting, can be produced from limbal tissue taken from eye bank organ-cultured corneas, although it takes longer, on average, to reach confluence (17–21 days) than an equivalent sample from a fresh eye (9–12 days).


Value bundles are compositions of physical goods and related value-added services that are put together to solve customer problems. Pricing value bundles constitutes a complex decision problem, since it requires the consideration of three perspectives: From the point of view of the provider, the available price corridor is limited downward by the costs for engineering, marketing and delivering a value bundle. From the customer's point of view, the upper limit of the price corridor is imposed by the expected customer value and corresponding willingness to pay. From a competitive perspective, the upper limit of the price corridor is marked by the price of a comparable competitor's offer. To provide companies with sound decision support, an integrated multi-perspective modelling language that accounts for all three perspectives simultaneously is presented. Based on the developed modelling language, an integrated decision support tool, i.e., the pricing workbench, has been designed.


Abstract Ferribushmakinite (IMA2014-055), Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(VO4)(OH), the Fe3+ analogue of bushmakinite, is a new mineral from the Silver Coin mine, Valmy, Iron Point district, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA, where it occurs as a low-temperature secondary mineral in association with plumbogummite, mottramite, Br-rich chlorargyrite and baryte on massive quartz. Ferribushmakinite forms yellow slightly flattened prisms up to 0.2 mm long growing in X and sixling twins. The streak is pale yellow. Crystals are translucent and have adamantine lustre. The Mohs hardness is ~2, the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is irregular to splintery and crystals exhibit one or two fair cleavages in the [010] zone. The calculated density is 6.154 g/cm3. Electron microprobe analyses provided: PbO 63.69, CaO 0.07, CuO 1.11, Fe2O3 7.63, Al2O3 1.63, V2O5 12.65, As2O5 3.09, P2O5 8.63, H2O 1.50 (structure), total 100.00 wt.% (normalized). The empirical formula (based on nine O a.p.f.u.) is: (Pb1.99Ca0.01)∑2.00 (Fe0.66Al0.22Cu0.10)∑0.98(V0.97P0.85As0.19)∑2.01O7.84(OH)1.16. Ferribushmakinite is monoclinic, P21/m, a = 7.7719(10), b = 5.9060(7), c = 8.7929(12) Å , β = 111.604(8)º, V = 375.24(9) Å3 and Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å (I)(hkl)]: 4.794(46)(011); 3.245(84)(2̅11); 2.947(100)(020,2̅12,1̅03); 2.743(49)(112); 2.288(30)(220); 1.8532(27)(3̅14,4̅03); 1.8084(27)(multiple); and 1.7204(28)(312,114,321). Ferribushmakinite is a member of the brackebuschite supergroup. Its structure (R1 = 3.83% for 577 Fo > 4σF) differs from that of bushmakinite only in the dominance of Fe3+ over Al in the octahedral site.


High rates of principal turnover nationally mean that school districts constantly are called on to recruit and select new principals. The importance of a school's principal makes choosing candidates who will be effective paramount, yet we have little evidence linking information known to school districts at time of selection to principal's future job performance. Using data from Tennessee, we test the degree to which observable information about novice principals from prior to entry, including qualifications, work history information, and effectiveness in prior roles, predicts practice ratings assigned to them in their initial years in the principalship. We find that educational attainment and years of experience in other jobs hold little predictive power. Performance ratings received as an assistant principal (AP) or teacher, however, do predict principal effectiveness. Moreover, APs who previously worked in schools with highly rated principals are more likely to be effective upon transitioning into the principalship.


Leaders in Cyprus face a daunting challenge in their quest to create positive
change in schools: how to lead across difference. As schools face the challenges
of demographic shifts thereby contributing to new patterns of diverse schools this
thesis fills a growing need for empirical research of this recent history and its
effects on leadership. Leadership for equity and excellence examines how
principals pursue equity and excellence in the schools of Cyprus. It is argued that
illuminating the relationship between diversity and leadership can advance
understanding of how leadership for equity and excellence happens in practice.
Given the importance of investigating further this relationship, preparing leaders
for a changing world is needed. Without such preparation, these leaders stand to
enter schools ill equipped for participation in diverse environments. Using a case
study research design, the study draws upon interview, observation and survey
data from four schools to develop four richly detailed case studies. From withincase
and cross-case analysis of the four cases, elements integral to leading these
schools are highlighted. The study found a number of practices that constitute
core leadership principles: using values and principles as a guidance system for
self and others, fighting complacency, mobilising and inspiring followers in
collective action, and engaging in social identity issues to eliminate conflict.
They are concerned with bringing all groups together without eliminating their
differences. The study highlights the main limitations of Cyprus's current
leadership programme and proposes new ways of creating and implementing
effective programmes for developing expert school leaders. Finally, the study
calls for studies that employ different research methods and factors influencing
leadership experience in diverse schools thereby equipping researchers with the
tools to better explain how diversity influences leadership practices.


It reports the research-training process through collaborative critical action research, carried out in 2011 by the team of research Special Education: professional training, pedagogical practice and school inclusion policy , which results from a partnership between the Federal University of Espirito Santo and Espirito Santo Secretariat of Education, Brazil along with public special education administrators. This venture aimed at integrating the continuing education process from the school inclusion perspective. Based on recent research results, it discusses question about the education of special education target students, who, according to Brazilian laws, are individuals with disabilities, pervasive developmental disorders or high-potential/gifted learners. It concludes that the reflection- action-critic process instituted by the study research-training allowed a) administrators of actions aiming special education to visualize their knowledge-action and, based on group actions, institute, organize and/or reorganize managing methods that became central to local policies integrated with state and national policies; b) team work between the university and local groups as a means to overcome conflicts, stress and challenges posed to emancipation of education of individuals; c) production of contributions to epistemological changes in local policies and in the modus operandi of the public special education administrator.


For the highly chemoselective separations of lactate (LA) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) enantiomers in mammalian urine, an online three-dimensional HPLC system (3D-HPLC) composed of reversed-phase (KSAARP, 1.0 mm i.d. x 250 mm), mixed-mode (KSAAMX, 1.5 mm i.d. x 250 mm) and enantioselective (Chiralpak AD-H, 2.0 mm i.d. x 250 mm) columns has been developed. Following the pre-column derivatization with 4-nitro-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ), NBD-LA and 3HB were separated in the first and second dimensions as their scalmic D plus L mixtures and the enantiomer separations were performed in the third dimension with high separation factors (α = 1.70 for LA; α = 1.43 for 3HB). The present system was applied to the urine of mice and humans. For the mice urine, the D and L -forms of NBD-LA and 3HB were well separated without visible interfering compounds, and trace levels of D -LA (less than 5% of total LA) and non-negligible amounts of L -3HB (34.4% of the total 3HB) were clearly observed. Trace levels of the LA and 3HB enantiomers were detected for the human urine samples, although the existence of a few interfering peaks were observed.


With all due deference to the emerging e-society and its needs, the acquisition and exchange of knowledge in a plain human-to-human way, remains highly relevant. In these Google times, when you can wash out a plenitude of information with just a few clicks, many still prefer to ask a professional terminologist for help with their terminological problems; at least in Sweden, where a terminological query service operated by TNC, the Swedish national centre for terminology, has been providing users with terminological information on demand since the 1940s. This paper gives an overview of TNC's terminological query service and discusses the sine qua nons for its effective functioning. It also describes query processing procedures and challenges that terminologists face in their aspiration to meet users' terminological needs.


Although the neutron moisture meter (NMM) has served the need for accurate soil water content determinations well, increasing regulatory burdens, including the requirement that the NMM not be left unattended, limit the usefulness of the method. Newer methods, which respond to soil electromagnetic (EM) properties, typically allow data logging and unattended operation, but with uncertain precision, accuracy, and volume of sensitivity. In laboratory columns of three soils, we compared the Sentek EnviroSCAN and Diviner 2000 capacitance devices, the Delta‐T PR1/6 Profiler capacitance probe, the Trime T3 tube‐probe, all EM methods, with the NMM and conventional time domain reflectometry (TDR, also an EM method). All but conventional TDR can be used in access tubes. Measurements were made before, during, and after wetting to saturation in triplicate repacked columns of three soils ranging in total clay content from 17 to 48%. Each column was weighed continuously, and thermocouple determinations of temperature were made every 30 min throughout. All of the devices were sensitive to temperature except for the NMM, with conventional TDR being the least sensitive of the EM devices (sensitivity <∣0.0006∣ m3 m−3 C−1). The Trime T3 and Delta‐T PR1/6 devices were so sensitive to temperature (0.015 and 0.009 m3 m−3 °C−1, respectively, in saturated soil using soil‐specific calibration) as to be inappropriate for routine field determinations of soil profile water content. Temperature sensitivity was up to 12 times larger in saturated soils compared with values in air‐dry soils, corresponding to the much larger bulk electrical conductivities of these soils when saturated. All devices exhibited estimation precision better than 0.01 m3 m−3 under isothermal conditions. However, under nonisothermal conditions, estimation precision for the EM sensors worsened as the number of measurements (and time involved in taking readings) increased, and as the soils became wetter, resulting in precision values >0.01 m3 m−3 for the Trime and Delta‐T devices. Accuracy of the devices was judged by the root mean squared difference (RMSD) between column mean water contents determined by mass balance and those determined by the devices using factory calibrations. Smaller values of the RMSD metric indicated more accurate factory calibration. The Delta‐T system was least accurate, with an RMSD of 1.299 m3 m−3 at saturation. At saturation, the Diviner, EnviroSCAN, NMM, and Trime devices all exhibited RMSD values >0.05 m3 m−3, while TDR exhibited RMSD <0.03 m3 m−3 Soil‐specific calibrations determined in this study resulted in RMSE of regression values (an indicator of calibration accuracy) ranging from 0.010 to 0.058 m3 m−3 All of the devices would require separate calibrations for different soil horizons. Of the EM devices, only the Delta‐T PR1/6 exhibited axial sensitivity appreciably larger than the axial height of the sensor, indicating small measurement volumes generally, and suggesting that these systems may be susceptible to small‐scale variations in soil water content (at scales smaller than the representative elemental volume for water content) and to soil disturbance close to the access tube caused during installation.


Endocytic recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins is essential for many important physiological processes. Recent studies have revealed that retromer-related Sorting Nexin family (SNX)–Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) proteins can directly recognize cargoes like cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R); however, it remains poorly understood how SNX-BARs select specific cargo proteins and whether they recognize additional ligands. Here, we discovered that the binding between SNX-BARs and CI-MPR or IGF1R is mediated by the phox-homology (PX) domain of SNX5 or SNX6 and a bipartite motif, termed SNX-BAR-binding motif (SBM), in the cargoes. Using this motif, we identified over 70 putative SNX-BAR ligands, many of which play critical roles in apoptosis, cell adhesion, signal transduction, or metabolite homeostasis. Remarkably, SNX-BARs could cooperate with both SNX27 and retromer in the recycling of ligands encompassing the SBM, PDZ-binding motif, or both motifs. Overall, our studies establish that SNX-BARs function as a direct cargo-selecting module for a large set of transmembrane proteins transiting the endosome, in addition to their roles in phospholipid recognition and biogenesis of tubular structures.


At the beginning of 1950 I was the editor of the pelican, the student newspaper for the University of Western Australia. At one time I had Rolf Harris for my cartoonist and John Stone for my business manager. I used to boast of this, until someone remarked that it would have been better for Australia if I had used John Stone as my cartoonist and Rolf Harris as the business manager. At the time it occurred to me that a national conference of student editors would be a good idea, and an approach was made through the National Union of Australian University Students to host such a conference in Perth. The response was uneqivocal. Yes, it was a good idea to hold a conference of editors, but I must be crazy if I thought the others would come all the way to Perth. Instead the conference would take place in Melbourne. As I had never been to Melbourne, and had secretly hoped that some such outcome would eventuate, I readily agreed. So it was that in May 1950 I met Geoffrey Blainey for the first time, then co-editor of the University of Melbourne's Farrago. He said that he couldn't quite see the necessity for the conference; I replied that he would if he lived in perth. This was our first, rather unlikely, exchance on the subject of 'the tyranny of distance'.


The United States is in the midst of two crises: an overwhelming number of refugees seeking asylum in the United States and an interpretive impasse. Who is a "refugee"? As the Board of Immigration Appeals tightens its interpretation of "refugee" amidst the United States' latest refugee crisis, practitioners must utilize every available tool at their disposal to advance their client's asylum claims. This Article guides practitioners on when and how to use international human rights law arguments in emerging types of asylum claims, particularly those of child applicants and those based on domestic violence. To create a holistic picture, this Article considers the following: (1) current interpretations of the definition of "refugee" under United States law, (2) the incorporation of international human rights law in United States domestic law, (3) sources of international human rights law that may aid in advancing interpretative arguments, and (4) how practitioners can effectively use these sources in legal arguments.


In mountain streams, bedload transport rates are prone to strong variability. Indeed an increasing number of laboratory and field studies in steep-slope conditions show fluctuations of bedload transport rate over several temporal and spatial scales. This behavior is even more pronounced for intermediate flow rates (i.e., small but frequent floods). Today, the characteristics and origins of these fluctuations are still poorly understood. One possible explanation of these fluctuations is that the formation and migration of bedforms greatly influence bedload transport.To accurately investigate bedload transport rates simultaneously with channel bed evolution, we designed an idealized laboratory experiment. A 3-m long, 8-cm wide, transparent flume was used with well-sorted natural gravel (d50=6.5 mm). A technique using accelerometers has been developed to record the arrival time of every particle at the outlet of the flume. An analysis of bedload transport rates on a wide range of time scales is thus possible. In addition, bed elevation is monitored using cameras from the side of the channel. First, we discuss the presence and the evolution of bedforms (antidunes in this study) for different sediment input rates, flume angles and flow rates. Particularly, in the stationary state, the larger the sediment input rate, the higher the mean migration velocity. Secondly, keeping steady flow rate and constant sediment input discharge, we observe various migration velocities and fluctuations of global channel slope. This celerity is faster when the channel slope is close to a critical angle. When channel slope is slightly above the angle of no-erosion, the local morphologies evolve slower. This shows that the channel bed behaves like a metastable system and bedform migration seems to be the key mechanism of erosion at the channel scale (like avalanches on a sandpile).


The purposefulness of the Indian foreign policy is already questionable due to its lack of clarity and direction, which afflicts the neighbouring countries through its affirmative and hegemonic regional policies. Smaller nations of the South Asia region feel threatened and bigger countries remain wary of India's dubious demeanour. Even with such designs, the Indian foreign policy goals remain unfulfilled. This is due to two important reasons. Firstly, the principles underlining the Indian foreign policy have been left ambiguous and idealistic ever since its inception. Secondly, the execution of the Indian foreign policy is most definitely not along the lines of its stated objectives. This disparate nature of policy execution has led to the perpetration of chaos in the region, which India has quite swiftly 'managed' through perception management. This is where the utilisation of Chaos Theory and perception management comes into play, which is analysed in this research paper. If India wishes to achieve its desired position in the region, as desired, then it is imperative that it revisits both the principles and implementation of its foreign policy to match the changing regional and global atmosphere.


This paper analyzes equilibrium, dynamics, and optimal decisions on the factor bias of innovation in a model of induced innovation. In a model with full employment, we show that (a) if the elasticity of substitution is always less than or greater than unity, there is a unique steady state equilibrium; (b) if the elasticity of substitution is less than unity, the steady state is stable, but convergence is oscillatory; (c) if the elasticity of substitution is greater than unity, the steady state is a saddle point; and (d) if the elasticity of substitution is less than unity for both high and low effective capital labor ratios but greater than unity for intermediate values, then there can be multiple steady states. In a model where efficiency wages lead to equilibrium unemployment, we show that if the elasticity of substitution is less than unity, there will be a bias towards excessive labor augmenting innovation, resulting in too high unemployment, with convergence to the unique steady state being oscillatory, rather than monotonic. Similarly, if the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled labor is less than unity, and there is efficiency wage unemployment for unskilled labor only, there is will be excessively skill-biased innovation. This paper provides an alternative resolution to the Harrod-Domar conundrum of the disparity between the natural and warranted rate of growth to that of Solow, with strong policy implications, for instance, concerning the effects of income distribution and monetary policy both in the short run and the long.


Little has changed in how written news is structured, even as the newspaper industry changes dramatically. One of the most entrenched news routines, the inverted pyramid, continues to persist in both print and online news. This dissertation explored the cognitive processing and subjective evaluation of written news when structured either as an inverted pyramid or a chronological presentation. It also explored how the structure of written news affects men and women differently in terms of cognition and evaluation. Four different news stories were manipulated so that there was an inverted pyramid and chronological version of each. In a 2 (Structure) x 2 (Story) x (Sex) mixed design, participants read two inverted pyramid and two chronological news stories, each on a different topic. Dependent measures included availability of cognitive resources while reading, cued recall, recognition accuracy, text comprehension, and reading enjoyment. Secondary task reaction times (STRTs), which measure attention and use of cognitive resources, were slower for chronological stories, possibly because they require more construction of meaning than inverted pyramid stories. No differences emerged for the memory and enjoyment measures, and a marginally significant difference favoring the inverted pyramid structure was observed on the text comprehension measure. Women had slower reaction times than men across stories, but a significant interaction showed their use of cognitive resources was less affected by variations in story structure.


Courts commonly use U.S. Department of Labor actuarial tables, which explicitly take into account the race of the tort victim, to determine average national wage, work-life expectancy, and life expectancy. This practice has led to wide discrepancies between average damage awards for minority plaintiffs compared to white plaintiffs even if both plaintiffs are similarly situated. While recent legal scholarship criticizes the use of race-based tables and addresses the Equal Protection and incentive concerns such tables present, few courts have deviated from the explicit use of race in determining tort damages.

Though the use of demographic features, such as race, to predict future lost earnings is viewed as a way to calculate more accurate damage awards, a closer look at the effects of race-based tables shows the practice does more harm than good. Specifically, this Note considers the intersection of corporate liability insurance and tort law and how race-based tables affect the deterrence and oversight objectives of the relationship. The first Part of this Note provides an overview of how insurance and tort law work together, as well as the recognized issues with the use of race-based tables. The second Part focuses on how race-based damage awards inhibit deterrence of corporate tortious misconduct by not allowing insurance providers to accurately price premiums. Further, race-based damage awards also prevent insurance providers from adequately policing corporations and mandating certain precautions, which leads to an increased likelihood of tortious harm. The final Part proposes that state legislatures rectify the negative consequences race-based tables create by outlawing the use of race-based tables and establishing a minimum damage award using blended actuarial tables.


We are delighted to present this special issue of The Knowledge Engineering Review, as it marks a significant accomplishment of the case-based reasoning (CBR) community. Its 19 commentaries, written by 41 authors, represent a compendium on the state-of-the-art in CBR. These evolved from a 2003 workshop that was held at Waiheke Island and Queenstown, New Zealand and chaired by Alec Holt and Ian Watson. The workshop's delegates identified the primary topics of CBR research and application, selected representative influential publications for each topic, and were encouraged to co-author commentaries on each topic with other CBR experts who were unable to attend. These collaborations produced the articles you now see. While several reviews exist on CBR (e.g. Marir & Watson, 1994; López de Mántaras & Plaza, 1997; Lenz et al., 1998), few have been published recently or have similar historical and subject breadth.


This project investigates the role of silence in the onset of anxiety in musical performances, and examines possible methods of managing this kind of Music Performance Anxiety (MPA). Classical music performance culture requires stillness and quietness from performers and audience, especially immediately before the beginning of the performance. This state of silence, and others like it that occur throughout a recital, can create immense stress on the player as they are not generally exposed to this state during practice, and it can leave the player feeling fully exposed to the audience. Despite the substantial literature that is available on the topic of performance anxiety, silence is seldom mentioned as a possible contributing factor. This gap in the literature is all the more surprising when one considers the vast range of studies that detail the neurological and psychological impact of silent states, as well as the philosophical challenges posed by the notion of silence. Silence is a pervasive convention in classical music contexts, and therefore there is a clear need to examine silence as a possible factor in the creation of performance anxiety. The idea that silence has power to create fear and anxiety must be investigated in order to understand how our brains react to the idea of no sound. The effects of this state on the mind and body should also be investigated to see how performance anxiety caused by silence can best be understood and managed. Therefore, the first part of the thesis examines the philosophical, psychological and neurological literature on the effect of silence on the mind and body, with brief reference to the scientific aspect. The second part compares various case studies of performance anxiety caused by a range of factors, and the third part brings together these ideas to suggest the role of silence in performance anxiety, as well as evaluating a range of management methods. It is hoped that there will be some ideas to help the performer who is negatively affected by silence in the classical music context.


Abstract Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common autoimmune systemic disease of the connective tissue affecting individuals at the developmental age. Radiography is the primary modality employed in the diagnostic imaging in order to identify changes typical of this disease entity and rule out other bone-related pathologies, such as neoplasms, posttraumatic changes, developmental defects and other forms of arthritis. The standard procedure involves the performance of comparative joint radiographs in two planes. Radiographic changes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis are detected in later stages of the disease. Bone structures are assessed in the first place. Radiographs can also indirectly indicate the presence of soft tissue inflammation (i.e. in joint cavities, sheaths and bursae) based on swelling and increased density of the soft tissue as well as dislocation of fat folds. Signs of articular cartilage defects are also seen in radiographs indirectly – based on joint space width changes. The first part of the publication presents the classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and discusses its radiographic images. The authors list the affected joints as well as explain the spectrum and specificity of radiographic signs resulting from inflammatory changes overlapping with those caused by the maturation of the skeletal system. Moreover, certain dilemmas associated with the monitoring of the disease are reviewed. The second part of the publication will explain issues associated with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, which are more and more commonly applied in juvenile idiopathic arthritis for early detection of pathological features as well as the disease complications.


Body image is a significant issue for the majority of adolescents. Anxieties relating to body image can be crippling across both genders, their debilitating effects sometimes leading to mental health problems. This important book is the first of its kind to focus specifically on adolescents, providing a comprehensive overview of the biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors relating to the development of body image. It also provides a detailed review of the measures which can be taken to address body dissatisfaction. Discussing the role of culture, family, peers, schools, sport and media in stimulating a negative body image, the book also examines the different challenges faced by girls and boys as they grow. Eating disorders and body change strategies are also addressed, as well as the challenges faced by youngsters affected by conditions causing visible differences, such as hair loss in cancer patients.The book also presents original research, including the results from a large Australian study of the body image and associated health behaviours of adolescent boys, and the results of a study of current teaching practices relating to body image. Adolescence and Body Image will be ideal reading for students and researchers from a variety of fields, including developmental, health, and social psychology, sociology, and cultural and health studies. Professionals working with young people, whether in education, health promotion or any other allied discipline will also find this book an invaluable resource.


Using the interpretivist paradigm and approached from a qualitative perspective, this case study produced data on three purposively selected contemporary South African history textbooks with regards to their representation of heritage. Lexicalisation, a form of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), was used as method to analyse the pre-generated data from the selected textbooks. In this Fairclough's (2003) three dimensions of describing, interpreting, and explaining the text was followed. The study adopted a holistic approach to heritage as a conceptual framework whilst following social constructionism as the lens through which heritage was explored in the selected textbooks. The findings from this study concluded that although educational policy in the form of the National Curriculum Statement – NCSHistory clearly stipulates the expectations to be achieved from the teaching and learning of heritage at Grade 10 level, there are inconsistencies and contradictions at the level of implementation of the heritage outcome in the history textbooks. Key among the findings are the absence of representation of natural heritage, lack of clear conceptualisation of heritage, many diverse pedagogic approaches towards heritage depiction, a gender and race representation of heritage that suggests an inclination towards patriarchy and a desire to retain apartheid and colonial dogma respectively, and finally a confirmation of the tension in the heritage/history relationship.


A new approach for the construction of indoles employing the air- and moisture-stable reagent Cp2TiCl2 is described. The key steps involved are (1) the intermolecular insertion reactions of an olefin and a titanocene-stabilized benzyne complex and (2) the Pd-catalyzed aryl amination reaction. The simplicity and availability of the requisite starting materials give the method a broad scope for the preparation of polysubstituted indoles.


Abstract Recently there has been an emphasis on how time spent outside of the classroom can affect student outcomes, including high school graduation, with the hope of closing academic achievement gaps along socioeconomic and racial lines. This paper provides experimental evidence regarding a particular type of out-of-school activity—early work experience—on high school academic outcomes for low-income inner-city youth. Using randomized admissions lotteries for students who applied to the Boston Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP), we estimate the effect of being selected to participate on academic outcomes as measured by administrative school records. We find that SYEP lottery winners are 4.4 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school on time and 2.5 percentage points less likely to drop out of high school during the four years after participating in the program relative to the control group. These improvements appear to be driven by better attendance and course performance in the year after being selected for the program, with the program's impact on attendance persisting into the second year. Survey data suggest that the Boston SYEP may affect academic outcomes by increasing aspirations to attend college, gaining basic work habits, and improving social skills during the summer.


A considerable momentum has developed around the perceived need for a national affordable housing strategy. The design of any such strategy should recognize who is in need, the size of the need, and where that need is greatest. This report presents facts on the affordability of housing for those at risk of the most serious form of housing crisis, namely, the threat of homelessness. The facts span the period 1990-2014 to better understand if housing affordability is a new issue or one of long-standing. The facts identify the affordability of housing in each of Canada's nine largest urban centers because national averages have little relevance for describing housing markets that are decidedly local. The facts focus on the affordability of the lowest-cost housing available to the very poor and identify the affordability of housing for different family compositions and for different types of accommodations. These facts show that the affordability of housing for the very poor is not, and has not always been, uniformly bad in all cities and for all family compositions. In some cities and for some family compositions however, the affordability crisis has been very serious and prolonged and shows little sign of abating. Any housing strategy must recognize these facts and needs to target support to those most in need.


In some cases, helical peptides stabilized by an i, i + 7 tether exhibit better target binding and cellular functions compared to their i, i + 4 analogues. Herein, we carried out a systematic study of the effects of an in-tether chiral center on the i, i + 7 system. We screened the optimal cross linking mode, tether length, in-tether chiral center positions, and absolute configurations. From these studies, we determined that a chiral center of R absolute configuration at the γ-position to the C-terminal of a 10-membered tether could function to efficiently induce helicity of the backbone peptides. This is an important addition to the current i, i + 4 in-tether chiral center induced helicity strategy (CIH strategy), and could have broad biological applications.


The growth and development of a short-duration rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. cv. Jarrah), grown in flooded soil with a range of phosphorus (P) levels and exposed to atmospheric CO2 concentrations of either 350 or 700 μL L-1 was followed for 146 days after planting (DAP). Development (estimated by rate of tiller production and time to flowering) was faster with higher soil P levels and CO2 enrichment, the effect being more pronounced with CO2 enrichment. During the early vegetative phase (up to 35 DAP), when rates of tiller production were low, shoot growth and rates of leaf expansion were faster at elevated CO2 concentrations and high soil P levels. Rates of tiller production were greater with these treatments during the 35-56 DAP period, when tillering was at a maximum. Shoot elongation was reduced at elevated CO2 levels and at high soil P levels during this period. By 146 DAP leaf weight was greater at high P levels, but CO2 enrichment accelerated tiller production to such an extent that final leaf weight was lower at high CO2, probably because there were fewer, and smaller, leaves on each tiller. Despite this, grain yield was increased by up to 58% by CO2 enrichment, with increases occurring even at low soil P levels. This was due mainly to an increase in grain number per panicle, although panicle number also increased. Higher soil P levels also increased grain number and yield. The P concentration in the foliage was unaffected by the CO2 treatments and the concentration required to produce maximum yield was 0.18% (dry wt basis) at both CO2 levels. Greater starch accumulation in the stems of high-CO2-grown plants may have accounted for the higher number of grains in each panicle.


The alternative methods should be used to treat sewage sludge and municipal solid wastes which are mostly landfilled in Turkey. Therefore co-composting of these waste streams is a suitable disposal method yielding a useful product. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial community during the field scale co-composting of sewage sludge and organic municipal solid wastes with addition of bulking agents. Aerated static pile of approximately 26 m3 was used for composting process during 56 days. Investigations of diversity dynamics depending on the temperature were determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of bacterial 16SrDNA-PCR products. The variations of physicochemical parameters and biodegradability during the process were also monitored. The results showed that most of microbial group's role in composting process was temperature dependent and composting was designated by its characteristic thermal profile.


Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has shown the advantage of detecting low concentration biofluids presently. Saliva SERS of 21 lung cancer patients and 22 normal people were measured and differentiated in this paper. Intensities of most peaks of lung cancer patients are weaker than that of normal people, some are stronger but with a small change rate. Those peaks were assigned to proteins and nucleic acids which indicate a corresponding decrease of substance in saliva. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to deduce and discriminate the two groups of data, resulted in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity being 84%, 94%, and 81%, respectively. In conclusion, SERS of saliva has the ability of predicting lung cancer.


Web search engines provide easy access to a huge range of web-accessible resources but the most trustworthy explanations are often in hard-to-search resources in the deep web. The literature on information literacy reflects widespread concern that people tend not to use complex online digital versions of traditional reference works and instead depend heavily on easy-to-use resources of questioned reliability, notably Google and the Wikipedia. The proper response lies in better design to combine ease of search with trustworthy resources. We will report on efforts to demonstrate how that could be done.


Abstract. Long-lasting research infrastructures covering the research areas of atmospheric chemistry, meteorology and climatology are of highest importance. The Atmospheric Station (AS) Křesin u Pacova, central Czech Republic, is focused on monitoring of the occurence and long-range transport of greenhouse gases, atmospheric aerosols, selected gaseous atmospheric pollutants and basic meteorological characteristics. The AS and its 250 m tall tower was built according to the recommendations of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) and cooperates with numerous national and international projects and monitoring programmes. First measurements conducted at ground started in 2012, vertical profile measurements were added in 2013. A seasonal variability with slightly higher autumn and winter concentrations of elemental and organic carbon was revealed. The suitability of the doubly left-censored Weibull distribution for modelling and interpretation of elemental carbon concentrations, which are often lower than instrumental quantification limits, was verified. Initial data analysis also suggests that in summer, the tower top at 250 m is frequently above the nocturnal surface inversions, thus being decoupled from local influences.


Pelvis fractures are generally caused by high-energy trauma. The early mortality rate approaches to 10% and neurologic deficit, pelvic deformity leg-length inequality, hernia and chronic pain are the possible significant late sequela which cause difficulty in daily life. Treatment should first begin with evaluation of stability and surgeon should decide if the fracture is stable or not. Conservative measures would be appropriate for stable or nondisplaced fractures. More than 2.5 cm separation of the symphysis that can not be reduced by closed manipulation and more than 1 cm displacement at the posterior sacroiliac complex require surgical treatment, that is, open reduction. External fixation alone is not adequate for maintaining instability and therefore should be combined with internal fixation. Anterior and posterior internal fixation of symphysis and sacroiliac joint respectively provides biomechanically the most stable fixation. External fixation in the initial phases of treatment provides stability and enhances tamponade so that hemorrhage minimized and the patient becomes more hemodynamically stable. Furthermore it may be adequate for maintaining reduction of partially unstable (Type B) fractures.


Bruce W. Warren and Thomas Stuart Ferguson, The Messiah in Ancient America. Provo: Book of Mormon Research Foundation, 19.87. xv + 335 pp., subject index and bibliography. $17.95. Reviewed by Terrence L. Szink The story behind this book is as interesting as the book itself. One of the coauthors, Thomas Ferguson, founded a research organization named the New World Archaeological Foundation, which has among its purposes the exploration of Southern Mexico and Central America in hopes of finding materials which would "prove" the Book of Mormon as a true historical document (a brief history of this organization and its findings is contained in Appendix A of this book). Apparently in his latter years, although he remained active in the Church, Ferguson lost his testimony regarding both the Book of Abraham and the Book of Mormon. His family and friends claim that before his death he returned to a belief in the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon. With an eye toward supporting this claim, Ferguson's son Larry hired Bruce Warren, an archaeologist at BYU, to edit and update his father's One Fold and One Shepherd, originally published in 1958. The examination of Ferguson's life must be left to his biographers; here we can only review the resultant book. The idea behind the book is a simple one-to find parallels between the cultures of the New World and the ancient Near East and Christianity, specifically between the accounts of the New World deity Quetzalcoatl and the story of the visit of Christ to the ancient inhabitants of America as recorded in the Book of Mormon. Efforts are focused on the area of Mesoamerica, the region currently espoused by many Book of Mormon scholars as the homeland of the Nephites and Lamanites. The book contains some interesting material which should be looked at by anyone interested in the Book of Mormon as it relates to Mesoamerican archaeology. However, it also has some serious problems. The book is very uneven. Bruce Warren had a difficult task since he had to take a book which had been written thirty years previously, edit and update it, and yet leave major portions of the book untouched since it was to be a "tribute to Thomas Stuart Ferguson" (see back cover). Recognizing which sections were penned by Ferguson and which by Warren is a simple matter. The former was WARREN, FERGUSON, MESS/AH IN ANCIEN/' AMERICA (SZINK) 133 unfortunately not very critical in the use of his sources and his tone lacks the caution that should accompany any work of this type. For exa.I'nple, I feel he lent too much credence to reports by Spanish explorers regarding elements of the New World culture which are similar to Christianity. It should be remembered that these explorers were Christians themselves and tended to view things in Christian terms. If the explorers had been Hindus from India I suspect we would read of how "Hindu-like" the culture of New World inhabitants was. Ferguson tended to use words like "prove" and "identical with" where the evidence presented does not warrant the use of these words; he should rather have used "suggest" and "similar to." Finally, he used the "shot-gun" approach; instead of focusing on a specific topic with intensity and caution, he blasts away at it with a wide range of universalisms, hoping to hit it somehow. The problem with the "shot-gun" approach is that, although he does hit the target occasionally, much of his ammunition is wide of the mark. A specific example will illustrate many of these difficulties. At the beginning of chapter two he claims that the date of Christ's crucifixion and ascension is "confirmed" by Don Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora (1645-1700), an expert on ancient Mexican history who "must have known [that] Quetzalcoatl was the true Shepherd" (pp. 29-31). The evidence Ferguson gives for Siguenza' s alleged confirmation is very feeble. The book in which Siguenza is supposed to have revealed his belief "mysteriously disappeared at the time of his death and has never ·been found" (p. 30). Ferguson relies on a second-hand account of the book written some two hundred years after Siguenza's death in which Siguenza is said to have believed that the Apostle Thomas preached in the New World. Ferguson claims that Siguenza only "pretended to give the apostle Saint Thomas credit for establishing Christianity in Mesoamerica" (p. 30) and is using "'coded' or disguised language [to] tell us that Quetzalcoatl was the resurrected Messiah of the Bible" (p. 29). He bases his conclusion on the title of Siguenza's long-lost book, Phoenix of the West, claiming that the word Phoenix refers to the resurrected Christ. The problem is that the word Phoenix could just as well refer to any number of other things. Any time an author must resort to the invention and breaking of "coded or disguised" language, a signal should go off in the


The loss of ecosystem services due to deforestation is of global concern. Financial mechanisms such as REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) have been proposed as ways to support the conservation of tropical forests. Crucial steps in the implementation of REDD+ are to estimate national-level carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and to collect data on local biomass and carbon stocks. In this research, above-ground biomass (AGB) values and associated carbon stocks in a lowland secondary forest are estimated and compared with those in an adjacent primary forest, both growing on limestone in Seram, the Moluccas, Indonesia.Suitable allometric equations for secondary forests in this region and on limestone were not available, so destructive sampling was necessary to determine the AGB in the secondary forest. An allometric equation was developed that makes it possible to estimate the AGB when tree diameter, height and wood density data are available. This biomass estimate was compared with AGB values that were calculated using existing allometric equations for secondary forests. To calculate the biomass and carbon values for the primary forest, an allometric equation from the literature was used.The AGB for trees =10 cm dbh in the secondary forest (140.7 Mg ha–1) was 2.5 times lower than that in the primary forest (349.9 Mg ha–1). Converting these biomass estimates into carbon stocks gave a value of 70.3 Mg ha–1 for the secondary forest and 175.0 Mg ha–1 for the primary forest. The AGB estimate for the secondary forest differs from published values for other areas within the region, because age, type of disturbance and original forest type are non-uniform. The AGB value for the primary forest is comparable to that found in a biomass study conducted in a Malaysian primary limestone forest, but lower than those found in primary forests in Borneo that are dominated by dipterocarps. Ecological limestone studies in the tropics are very rare and more studies of this forest type, and comparisons with adjacent forests on different soil types, are recommended.When the biomass of understory vegetation and other life forms was included, the total AGB in the secondary forest was equal to 176.5 Mg ha–1. As much as 20% of the total AGB was found in life forms other than trees =10 cm dbh. Because secondary forests generally contain many small stems, it is recommended that understory vegetation be included in total AGB estimates for secondary forests.The AGB estimate in the secondary forest varied greatly depending on which of the existing allometric equations was used. Therefore, this study confirms the importance of choosing suitable allometric equations for each forest type and the need to consider destructive sampling when suitable equations are not available. We stress that the allometric equation developed in this study should be used only for old secondary lowland limestone forests in the Moluccas.The fieldwork for this research was carried out in Seram, the Moluccas, Indonesia, from April to June 2011. This research project received financial support from the CoLUPSIA project, Hendrik Muller Fonds and Het Miquel Fonds.


Objectives: "Tooth Smart Healthy Start" is a randomized clinical trial which aims to reduce the incidence of early childhood caries (ECC) in Boston public housing residents as part of the NIH funded Northeast Center for Research to Evaluate and Eliminate Dental Disparities. The purpose of this project was to assess public housing stakeholders' perception of the oral health needs of public housing residents and their interest in replicating "Tooth Smart Healthy Start" in other public housing sites across the nation. Methods: The target population was the 180 attendees of the 2010 meeting of the Health Care for Residents of Public Housing National Conference. A ten question survey which assessed conference attendees' beliefs about oral health and its importance to public housing residents was distributed. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.1. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable and results were stratified by participants' roles. Results: Thirty percent of conference attendees completed the survey. The participants consisted of residents, agency representatives, and housing authority personnel. When asked to rank health issues facing public housing residents, oral health was rated as most important (42%) or top three (16%) by residents. The agency representatives and housing authority personnel rated oral health among the top three (33% and 58% respectively) and top five (36% and 25% respectively). When participants ranked the three greatest resident health needs out of eight choices, oral health was the most common response. Majority of the participants expressed interest in replicating the "Tooth Smart Healthy Start" program at their sites. Conclusion: All stakeholder groups identified oral health as one of the greatest health needs of residents in public housing. Furthermore, if shown to reduce ECC, there is significant interest in implementing the program amongst key public housing stakeholders across the nation. Supported by NIDCR U54 DE019275 and K24 DE000419 Assessing the Oral Health Needs of Public Housing Residents Ilya L. Garibyan1, DMD 13, Michelle M. Henshaw1, DMD, MPH, Ayesha Ghulam, MPH1, 1Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine


OBJECTIVES
The present study investigated factors affecting outcome at relapse after previous surgery and adjuvant chemoradiation (crt) in high-risk esophageal cancer patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
From 1989 to 1999, we followed high-risk resected esophageal cancer patients who had completed postoperative crt therapy. Patients who relapsed with a disease-free interval of less than 3 months were treated with palliative crt when appropriate. Patients with a disease-free interval of 3 months or more were treated with best supportive care. Post-recurrence survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier technique, and statistical comparisons were made using log-rank chi-square tests and Cox regression.

RESULTS
Of the 69 patients treated with adjuvant crt after esophagectomy, 46 experienced recurrence. Median time to relapse was 28 months (range: 0.1-40 months). Among the 46 relapsed patients, median age was 61 years (range: 37-82 years), and 42 were men. At the initial staging, 44 of 46 were node-positive; 31 of 46 had adenocarcinoma. In 33 of 46, post-esophagectomy resection margins were clear. Median follow-up after recurrence was 30.5 months (range: 1.3-100 months). Median overall survival after recurrence was 5.8 months, and the 12-month, 24-month, and 36-month survival rates were 20%, 10%, and 5% respectively. Of the prognostic factors analyzed, only resection margin status and interval to recurrence were statistically significant for patient outcome in univariate and multivariate analysis. Patients who had positive resection margins and who relapsed 12 or fewer months after surgery and adjuvant crt had a median post-recurrence overall survival of 0.85 months as compared with 6.0 months in other patients (more than 12 months to relapse, or negative resection margins, or both; log-rank p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS
Resection margin status and interval to disease relapse are significant independent prognostic factors for patient outcome after adjuvant crt therapy.


The suppression of competing reactions that lead to side products is one of the key mechanistic actions defining enzyme catalysis. The transfer of sialic acid (SA) in a water solution is susceptible to two competing side reactions, but a single product is the outcome in the glycosylation and deglycosylation steps of the trans-sialidase (TS) in the Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) parasite, generally known as TcTS. We use multidimensional QM/MM free energy computations to reveal a competition between a minor elimination reaction and the dominant displacement reaction present in both steps. The simultaneous monitoring of the progression of the competing reactions reveals lower barriers in the free energy profiles, a greater sampling of favorable reactant stereoelectronic alignments, and a greater number of possible transition paths leading to successful crossing reaction trajectories for the dominant displacement reactions in comparison with those of the elimination reactions.


The introductory computer programming (CP) course has been taught for three decades in the faculty. Besides pursuing CP technology, one major goal has been enhancing learners' problem-solving (PS) skills. However, the current situation has implied that this might not be the case. Therefore, a research was conducted to investigate the effects of a websupported and well-structured PS instructional method on academic achievements and PS perceptions of learners. This was a quasi-experimental study with a posttest-only design that included a control group. While the web-supported and traditional approach was adopted for the control group, the experimental group was treated with the websupported and well-structured PS method. A cluster random sampling was used and the existing 18 sections were randomly assigned to the study groups. Consequently, 6 faculty members and 433 freshman undergraduate students participated in the study for one semester. The students' PS perceptions were assessed by the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and their CP performances were measured by an academic achievement test. The results indicated a significant difference between the groups in terms of CP achievements. Except for one factor of the PSI, there were also significant differences between the groups in terms of their PS perceptions.


The aim of this study is to examine the possible influence of five factors on productivity of 67 holes drilled on crystalline rocks in Central Region of Cameroon. Boreholes were grouped according to bed rock type, proximity to lineaments, total drilling depth, weathering depth and topographic setting. Results indicate that total drilling depth, proximity to lineament and topographic settings are the parameters that most influences productivity by decreasing orders of importance. They represent 11.65, 10 and 8.06% observed variation on the transmissivity respectively. Comparing these results with those obtained by other authors indicate that no quoted author has first obtained total drilling depth as first parameter influence the productivity as is the case in this study. This difference may be due to the fact that drillers stop digging once they get water into the drill. Also in this study, the number of wells tested is not uniformly distributed in the study area and which may influence the results.


The aggregate bandwidth of a switch is its port count multiplied by its operating line rate. We consider switches with high-aggregate bandwidths; for example, a 30-port switch operating at 40 Gb/s or a 1000-port switch operating at 1 Gb/s. Designing high-performance schedulers for such switches with input queues is a challenging problem for the following reasons: (1) high performance requires finding good matchings; (2) good matchings take time to find; and (3) in high-aggregate bandwidth switches there is either too little time (due to high line rates) or there is too much work to do (due to a high port count). We exploit the following features of the switching problem to devise simple-to-implement, high-performance schedulers for high-aggregate bandwidth switches: (1) the state of the switch (carried in the lengths of its queues) changes slowly with time, implying that heavy matchings will likely stay heavy over a period of time and (2) observing arriving packets will convey useful information about the state of the switch. The above features are exploited using hardware parallelism and randomization to yield three scheduling algorithms - APSARA, LAURA, and SERENA. These algorithms are shown to achieve 100% throughput and simulations show that their delay performance is quite close to that of the maximum weight matching, even when the traffic is correlated. We also consider the stability property of these algorithms under generic admissible traffic using the fluid-model technique. The main contribution of this paper is a suite of simple to implement, high-performance scheduling algorithms for input-queued switches. We exploit a novel operation, called MERGE, which combines the edges of two matchings to produce a heavier match, and study of the properties of this operation via simulations and theory. The stability proof of the randomized algorithms we present involves a derandomization procedure and uses methods which may have wider applicability.


We survey the state of the art of spatial interfaces for 3D visualization. Interaction techniques are crucial to data visualization processes and the visualization research community has been calling for more research on interaction for years. Yet, research papers focusing on interaction techniques, in particular for 3D visualization purposes, are not always published in visualization venues, sometimes making it challenging to synthesize the latest interaction and visualization results. We therefore introduce a taxonomy of interaction technique for 3D visualization. The taxonomy is organized along two axes: the primary source of input on the one hand and the visualization task they support on the other hand. Surveying the state of the art allows us to highlight specific challenges and missed opportunities for research in 3D visualization. In particular, we call for additional research in: (1) controlling 3D visualization widgets to help scientists better understand their data, (2) 3D interaction techniques for dissemination, which are under‐explored yet show great promise for helping museum and science centers in their mission to share recent knowledge, and (3) developing new measures that move beyond traditional time and errors metrics for evaluating visualizations that include spatial interaction.


The CONSERVAT model is designed for simulating the process of adoption of a Soil Conservation Effort (SCE) levels, taking into account social influence among smallholders. The approach builds on the CONSUMAT approach (Janssen & Jager 1999). In the CONSERVAT model agents are not interested in consuming goods. Rather they are interested in modifying their soil conservation efforts. The combined effect of the local decisions that aim at local soil conservation, also affects sedimentation rates and water quality in a lake located downstream. Individuals want to satisfy their needs, based on personal preference and social norms. Individuals are uncertain with respect to the difference between expected and actual outcomes of their behavior. These two aspects lead to four possible behaviors: repetition, imitation, inquiring and optimizing. The CONSERVAT approach is adapted from a CONSUMAT version as described in Janssen (2013). Levels of uncertainty (Unc) and need satisfaction (LNS) provoke an agent to decide on the soil conservation effort to perform, according to one out of four alternative possible strategic behaviours. Like in the CONSUMAT models, in our CONSERVAT model personal preferences and characteristics of social networks affect decisions of agents. Consequently, social-norm effects are incorporated into decision making. The strategy applied by an individual agent depends on an expected Level of Need Satisfaction (LNS) and the Uncertainty (Unc) a person faces with regard to adopting an elevated SCE level. This uncertainty is influenced by the adopted SCE levels of peers. Agents compare their expected LNS and Uncertainty, with a minimum required LNS (LNSmin) and maximum tolerated uncertainty level (Uncmax) and consequently choose one out of four strategies to apply: repetition, deliberation, inquiring and imitation.


Nations having access to oceans are blessed with the wealth of many added
resources. Fisheries form one among the renewable, but not inexhaustible
marine resources. Majority of fisher folk in India, who depends on these
resources for their livelihood over generations could not still get the benefits
of rapid technological advancements and economic development. The
operational efficiency of complex and diverse capture fishing strategies led
to implicit conflict in resource use among stakeholders of different sectors.
Mounting competition and continuous technological up-gradation in open access multi -
gear, multi- species marine fisheries paved the way for increase in gross production with
reduction in catch rates and per capita earnings. Excess capacity of fishing fleets due to
overcapitalization has not only led to disguised unemployment and diminishing returns
but also threatens the extinction of certain distinctly precious resources beyond the sustainable
level. The marginalisation further widens economic disparity and coastal distress warranting
massive extension efforts in capacity building and empowerment of stakeholders for
sustainable production and equitable distribution.


This paper develops a new method to study how workers' career and wage profiles are shaped by internal labor markets (ILM) and job hierarchies in firms. Our paper tackles the conceptual challenge of organizing jobs within firms into hierarchy levels by proposing a data-driven ranking method based on observed worker flows between occupations within firms. We apply our method to linked employer-employee data from Norway that records fine-grained occupational codes and tracks contract changes within firms. Our findings confirm existing evidence that is primarily based on case studies for single firms. We expand on this by documenting substantial heterogeneity in the structure and hierarchy of ILMs across a broad range of large firms. Our findings on wage and promotion dynamics in ILMs are consistent with models of careers in organizations.


Present-day advocates of an ownership society (OS) do not seem to have noticed the means we have already employed to become an OS where homes and human capital (higher education) are concerned. Nor do they appear to have considered whether these same means - which amount to publicly enhanced private credit markets - might be employed to spread shares in business firms, with a view to completing our OS. This article, the third in a series, seeks tentatively to fill that gap. It does so first by demonstrating how the Employee Stock Ownership Plan, or ESOP, in effect replicates our home and education spreading programs in piecemeal fashion. But piecemeal replication, the article shows, is not sufficient; a completed OS requires complete replication. So the article, second, generalizes from the ESOP along two salient dimensions - what it labels the patronage and credit dimensions - in order both to complete SOP-financing's replication of our federal home- and higher-education finance programs, and with that our OS itself. Our OS is, in effect, a three-legged stool that awaits its third leg.


This book honors the academic careers and scholarly contributions of Dr. Steven B la V rdy, McAnulty Distinquished Professor of European History at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, PA, and his wife, Dr. Agnes Husz r V rdy, formerly Professor of English and Communication at Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh, and now Adjunct Professor of Comparative Literature at Duquesne. The book features thirty-one different essays from American and European scholars, on topics ranging from the Education of Hungarian Clergy during the Medieval Era, to Hungarian cinema. Major sections of the book include "From the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century," "The Twentieth Century: Two World Wars, the Cold War and after," "The Hungarian Experience in America," and "Arts and Letters."


Sir Eric James Denton was stimulated by his deep interest in general physics to explore his wide fascination in the fundamentals of marine animal physiology. He applied physical principles to animal design in order to analyse the utilization of ambient light, reflectance, luminescence, sound reception, signalling and buoyancy and, in the process, became the foremost exponent of marine physiology of his time.


It was found that the persistence of milk components positively correlated with the dynamics of daily milk yield per lactation. Mass fraction of fat and protein in milk reached lows in mid-lactation, while the time of launch in protein content were observed maximum values. A similar pattern was noted for the mass fraction of the dry matter, but on the percentage of lactose opposite trend: early and late lactation milk sugar content was less than the decrease peak periods and maximum daily milk yield. By reducing the ratio of fat-protein from calving to the end of lactation was observed simultaneous increase in the number of somatic cells in the milk of cows, heifers. The best estimate of the persistence of daily monitoring of indicators of milk components had a mass fraction of lactose and protein, and fat-protein ratio.


The use of mobile communication networks has increased rapidly in the last two decades. This growth is expected to continue at a high rate in the foreseeable
future. Consequently, issues such as network scalability and overload/congestion control cannot be overlooked and must be taken into account in the design and operation of these networks. Scalability is the ability of the network to accommodate an increasing number of users, more and diversified services, expanding geographical coverage, etc., while maintaining high availability of network resources and preserving quality of service requirements. In the design process of a large network and its underlying protocols, several alternatives may be proposed to allow for scalable solutions. In the presence of a large number of potential active users, overload at parts of the network is likely to occur, at least occasionally, during busy hours or due to some unexpected events. In the absence of proper control to help avoid overloads and to quickly dissipate them when they occur, congestion may persist for extended periods of time, leading to unacceptable delays and high blocking rate of service requests. Therefore, it is crucial that the network be equipped with algorithms to protect critical network entities from becoming overloaded; i.e., congestion control algorithms. The first main focus of this thesis is network scalability. A methodology for the modeling and quantitative analysis of scalability is introduced and applied for the evaluation of a prototype Broadband Intelligent Network (B-IN) that has been developed in the European ACTS projects "INSIGNIA" and "EXODUS". The second main focus of this thesis is network congestion control. Novel congestion control algorithms are proposed for the same B-IN prototype developed in the ACTS projects "INSIGNIA" and "EXODUS". Important qualitative criteria are identified for the evaluation of these algorithms, and extensive performance experimentation is carried out to demonstrate their effectiveness and superiority in comparison with other known congestion control solutions.


Amazon Prime and Kindle Lending Library Getting All Benefits From Your Prime Subscription Enhance your knowledge and kill your time with fun with the bliss of Amazon. It is the site which is devoted to you. You can get many facilities over there with little or no cost. Amazon.com offers online dramas, TV shows, videos, games and much more with very low cost. This book guides you through ways you can get subscribed to the astounding site of Amazon.com. The book tells you the systematic procedure about how you can get subscribed with Amazon with little or no cost. Moreover, in this book you will come to know about the Kindle Owners Lending Library. In the Kindle Owners Lending Library you can get over 300,000 book titles with authentic information. The book tells you how you can borrow books from the Kindle Owners Lending Library and how you can buy books online. Moreover, this book also guides you through the steps to lend or buy books from the massive amount of categories. If you are a newbie and want to know about Amazon, the Kindle Owners Lending Library, buying, information about free books, free music, free videos, and so on, then pick this book and get in-depth information. This book contains chapters on: An introduction to Amazon Prime and the Kindle Owners Lending LibraryEnriching yourself with the golden services of Amazon.comAn educated guide to the Amazon Prime subscription Download your copy of "Amazon Prime and Kindle Lending Library" by scrolling up and clicking "Buy Now With 1-Click" button. Tags: Amazon Prime, amazon prime lending library, amazon prime membership, lending library for prime members, lending library, prime lending library, free books, Prime Subscription, Kindle Owners With Amazon Prime, Kindle Owners, Free Ebooks, free TV Series, free Movie, ULTIMATE Guide for Beginners, ULTIMATE Guide, Beginners Guide, Prime Music, Amazon Prime and Kindle Lending Library


In Fou Lei, the first critical study of one of modern China's most significant public intellectuals, Mingyuan Hu investigates the critic-translator's Shanghai-Paris trajectory and his moral and existential resistance against cultural and political barbarism.


Warfare is the use of extraordinary power -- that is, power that seemingly violates the ordinary normative rules governing civil activity -- to compel an adversary to submit to one's political will; and, asymmetric warfare seeks to do so by avoiding an adversary's strengths while applying one's own advantage against the other's weaknesses. In the face of overwhelming U.S. military and economic power, America's adversaries -- including non-state actors such as al Qa'ida -- are increasingly turning to asymmetric strategies to oppose U.S. interests. This essay provides a brief overview of the 'information battlefront' in the confrontation with militant Islamic extremism. In particular, this essay outlines how terror networks are increasingly using advanced information technology and the global communications network to expand their capacity and capability to wage a global insurgency against U.S. interests and surveys what counter-strategies might be employed in response. It is beyond the scope of this essay to address the broader political or policy issues relating more generally to the global "war on terrorism," or to address the legal or ethical implications of employing the counter-strategies discussed below in any specific context. Rather, this essay focuses simply on surveying some of the information operations strategies that might be used to counter certain online activities of insurgents.


of the Thesis Trypanosoma brucei, a member of the early diverged phylogenetic order Kinetoplastida, is a vector-borne parasite that causes lethal disease in both humans and livestock. Unfortunately, progress has been slow on developing new treatments, and there is a need for new therapeutics, as current therapies have issues of resistance, toxicity, and difficult administration. In order to design new therapeutics, molecules and interactions unique to the parasite must be detailed, in hopes that some will afford suitable drug targets. One unique process in T. brucei that might be targeted is RNA polymerase I-mediated transcription. T. brucei is unique in that RNA polymerase I not only transcribes ribosomal gene units, as in all other organisms, but is also used to transcribe gene arrays that encode its major cell surface proteins, namely the variant surface glycoprotein, or VSG in the mammalian bloodstream stage of the parasite. The importance of VSG to T. brucei is highlighted by the fact that interference with VSG mRNA rapidly halts bloodstream form culture growth and leads to the clearance of trypanosomes from infected mice. Thus, targeting proteins and interactions essential for VSG production is a valid strategy against T. brucei. Chapter II details an investigation of the interaction between LC8 and a class I transcription factor A (CITFA) subunit, CITFA2, which was the focus of my thesis work. Both of these proteins, and their interaction, are essential for VSG transcription and trypanosome viability, Justin K. Kirkham – University of Connecticut, 2017 and interrupting either protein or their interaction could be a potential anti-trypanosome therapy. Chapter III contains the generation of a method that allows for gene silencing using heterologous sequences, which was necessary for the work in chapter II. Chapter IV focuses on RPB7, an RNA pol II subunit, which was published to be utilized by RNA pol I for transcription. While this finding was intriguing, it contradicted our biochemical RNA pol I characterizations. Data presented in this chapter clearly demonstrated that RPB7 is not a subunit of RNA pol I and not required for the transcription process by this polymerase.


◆ Economic Conditions and Emerging Risks in Banking—This article provides an overview of economic conditions and banking industry trends, with a primary focus on potential risks to insured depository institutions. ● Economic Developments—Low interest rates, dormant inflation, and rising stock markets have all contributed to a generally positive near-term outlook for the U.S. economy. See page 3. ● Trends Affecting Banking Lines of Business—Although credit conditions appear strong, risks exist in the major banking lines of business. See page 7. Consumer Lending—Continued high consumer loan loss rates raise questions about how lenders will fare under less favorable economic circumstances. See page 8. Commercial Lending—Corporate loan growth accelerated in 1998 even as the corporate sector showed signs of stress. See page 9. Commercial Real Estate and Construction Lending—Selected metropolitan markets are experiencing rapid commercial development despite declining indicators of demand. See page 10. Agricultural Lending—Falling commodity prices threaten U.S. farm opera tors. See page 11. Funding and Interest Rate Risk—Intense competition and the changing term structure of interest rates have presented challenges for banks and thrifts. See page 12. ● Indicators of Industry Performance—Weaknesses appear to be developing for banks with certain types of exposures, and the dispersion in performance among insured institutions is increasing. See page 13.


Background: Evidence from several populations suggests that war negatively impacts civilian nutrition, physical growth and overall health. This effect is often enduring or permanent, particularly if experienced early in life. Aim: To assess whether the number of lifetime displacement experiences and being displaced in infancy were associated with adult height, sitting height, leg length and the sitting height ratio. Subjects and methods: Retrospective questionnaires on displacement and resettlement experiences and anthropometric data were collected from a sample of Laotian adult refugees (ethnic Hmong and Lao; n = 365). All were born in Laos or Thailand and had resettled in French Guiana or the US. Many had been displaced several times by military conflict in Laos. Results: In bivariate analyses, being displaced in infancy and the number of lifetime displacement experiences one had were negatively associated with final adult height and leg length in both sexes. The association was stronger in females, particularly Hmong females. There was no significant association between total displacement experiences and the sitting height ratio. In multiple regression analyses, linear growth in males was negatively associated with being displaced in infancy; in females, the number of lifetime displacement experiences was a significant predictor. Conclusion: Forced displacement from war appears to have a lasting effect on final adult height, sitting height and leg length, although not necessarily on the sitting height ratio in this sample.


Abstract:Looking at the worrying rise of Euroskeptic and some extremist parties in the European Parliament elections of May 2014, this article recalls Ralf Dahrendorf's distinction between constitutional and normal politics, noting also his reliance on Karl Popper. It then argues that the EU should deconstitutionalize the issue of central versus local power by abandoning the dogma of "more Europe" and making it possible to advocate fewer powers for Brussels without thereby having to become anti-EU. Mainstream parties in Europe must be willing to host views that favor decentralization. Britain's desire for a renegotiation of its status within the EU should be treated as an opportunity to put greater flexibility into EU political life. Germany should be the first country to grasp and carry forward this opportunity.


The Tsugaru Strait is often referred to as Blakiston's Line in biogeography. Although this strait is thought to have become narrower during the Last Glacial Maximum, it did not close completely to form a land bridge. Sea-level drawdown associated with cooling nevertheless weakened the influence of the Tsugaru Strait as a barrier to faunal migration. The currently accepted hypothesis is that only some large and highly mobile ungulates were able to migrate to Honshu over this strait to the exclusion of small mammals. However, this remains problematic as very few fossils corroborate this idea, and quantitative identification methods for use with tiny fragments of teeth have not been developed. In this study, we determine which of the species Lepus timidus (now distributed on Hokkaido and to the north) and Lepus brachyurus (now mainly distributed on Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) can accurately be identified within a sample of Late Pleistocene Lepus sp. fossils recently unearthed from the Shitsukari-Abe cave to the immediate south of the Tsugaru Strait. This is because we are unable to exclude the possibility that these fossils are referable to L. timidus on the basis of site location alone. Thus, utilising images of mandibular third premolar teeth obtained via microcomputed tomography scanning, we report (a) linear measurements, (b) a survey of the frequency of appearance of nonmetric traits, and (c) principal component analysis using landmark methods. The results show that fossil representatives of the genus Lepus can be differentiated from extant L. timidus and closely resemble L. brachyurus. Considering the past allopatric distribution of the 2 species suggested by other studies as well as fossil records around the Tsugaru Strait, this result corroborates the existing hypothesis that only large and highly mobile ungulates were able to navigate the Tsugaru Strait.


Molecular pharming is a cost-effective, scalable, and safe system to produce high-quality and biologically active recombinant therapeutic proteins. Thus, plants are emerging alternative platform for the production of pharmaceutically relevant proteins such as vaccines, antibodies, antibody derivatives, and some serum-derived proteins. Additionally, plants have also been used to produce bioactive and immunogenic peptides. The efficacy, selectivity, specificity, and low toxicity make them particularly well-suited therapeutic agents for various indications, for instance, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, immunological disorders, and cancer. In the broad range of known bioactive peptides, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) peptides derived from food proteins have attracted particular attention for their ability to prevent hypertension. So far, several ACEI peptides have been identified in food proteins, mainly in milk, eggs, and plants. The industrial production of ACEI peptides is based on enzymatic proteolysis of whole food proteins, which leads to the release of small bioactive peptides with ACE-inhibitory activity. The problems associated to such procedures, namely, cost and loss of functional properties, have demonstrated the need to develop more straightforward methods to produce ACEI peptides. One viable hypothesis, discussed in this chapter, is to genetically engineer crop plants to produce and deliver antihypertensive peptides.


Introduction: Portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PMVT) is a rare and often fatal disease that is difficult to diagnose. The symptoms are nonspecific, and diagnosis and initial treatment tend to be delayed. The initial treatment strategy for PMVT has recently tended toward the use of conservative methods before surgical intervention, and most patients can be successfully treated in this way. In rare cases, however, bowel strictures may develop, owing to chronic ischemia. Case Description: We present a case of elective laparoscopy-assisted small-bowel resection of ischemic jejunal stenosis following extensive portal, mesenteric, and splenic vein thrombosis. Discussion: Laparoscopy is indicated for this condition because of the possible need for repeated operations and extensive intraoperative exploration. However, laparoscopy with pneumoperitoneum can be a risk factor for recurrent PMVT, indicating the need to develop methods to shorten the operation time.


This comprehensive and easy to use reference covers the prominent brand names and proprietary markings that appear on German small arms, optics and edged weapons between 1900-1945 and is aimed at the World War II German militaria, cutlery, and small arms collector. The author provides a broad overview of the early marketing industry, the development of regional identities, and major tradenames and trademarks used by German companies during the period. The first half of this in-depth study lists and defines hundreds of terms, names, and misnomers of the various Imperial and National Socialist-era manufacturers. The second half of the work is made up of hundreds of logo and trademark illustrations as well as official and manufacturing markings commonly found on end products.


This report will analyse the relationship between smart cities and economic resilience at city level. The conceptual evolution of the 'smart city' is discussed in detail in Work Package 4.1. Furthermore, a new index of 'smartness', which provided a measure of the extent to which a city is smart, was constructed in Work Package 4.1 using Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis (SMAA) at city level. The index considered both objective measures and citizens' perceptions of key dimensions offering value in assessing 'smartness' in city projects and policies. Building on the work conducted in Work Package 4.1, this report focuses on smartness (the creation and use of knowledge) and the potential link with the resilience at city level.


To predict the long-term fate of low- and high-level waste forms in the subsurface over geologic timescales, it is important to understand how the formation of an alteration phase or phases will affect radionuclide release from the corroding waste forms under repository-relevant conditions. To generate data to conduct performance assessment calculations for the low-activity waste (LAW) integrated disposal facility at the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington state, accelerated weathering experiments are being conducted with the pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) test method to evaluate the long-term release of radionuclides from immobilized LAW (ILAW) glasses. The radionuclide release rate is a key parameter affecting the overall performance of the LAW disposal facility. Currently, there are three other accelerated weathering test methods being used to evaluate the long-term durability of glasses: product consistency test, vapor hydration test, and unsaturated drip test. In contrast to these test methods, PUF tests mimic the hydraulically unsaturated open-flow and transport conditions expected in the near-field vadose zone environment, allow the corroding waste form to achieve its final reaction state, and accelerate the hydrolysis and aging processes by as much as 50 times over conventional static tests run at the same temperature. In this paper, we discuss the results of an accelerated weathering experiment conducted with the PUF apparatus to evaluate the corrosion rate of an ILAW glass, LAWAN102, made with actual Hanford waste taken from Tank 241-AN-102 (U). Results from this PUF test with LAWAN102 glass showed that after 1.5 yr of testing, the corrosion rate, based on B release, reached a steady-state release of 0.010 ± 0.003 g m–2 day–1, which is approximately eight times lower than other glasses previously tested. These results indicate that 99Tc is being released from the glass congruently, whereas U is being controlled by the formation of a solubility-limiting phase or phases. These results also highlight the importance of being able to predict, with some level of certainty, the alteration phase or phases that will form and how the formation of these phases may impact the release, retention, and transport of radionuclides from the glass under the hydraulically unsaturated open flow and transport conditions that are expected in the LAW integrated disposal facility.


The imaging dielectric resonators with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) for the creation of a new class of millimeter wave solid-state oscillators, devices for the investigation of high temperature superconductors, were suggested. They contain a dielectric element as a semidisk or a cylinder or a hemisphere and a flat metal mirror. The latter is a necessary element for placing in the resonator field active elements or conductor samples of materials. There is an important question about the dependence of the resonant frequencies and Q-factor of these resonators on impedance of the resonator mirror. In the present paper new investigation results of the open hemispherical imaging dielectric resonator (HIDR) with WGMs are represented.


Contemporary microfinance has been taken to task over a number of possible failings. At the same time insight into grassroots microfinance institution (MFI) failure is lacking. To that end this paper seeks to articulate and explain different stakeholder narratives about how a once promising Zambian microfinance institution actually failed while seeking to become a for-profit MFI. There are presently few in-depth studies of failed MFIs in those countries where microfinance is still emerging, just as it is in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and greater focus upon high profile performers in South Asia and Latin America, which leaves other developments in regions such as SSA much less represented. Using field data from Zambia this study examines the failure of Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprises (PRIDE Zambia, hereafter PZ) initiative. It finds poorly practiced governance and accountability mechanisms, and unstable relationships between international donors and the Board, the Board and CEO and with middle management, to be central to its final failure. The study also reveals a lack of transparency and disregard for moral obligations, and poses serious questions about how it and its finances were managed and accounted for, even while this MFI still provided much needed financial services to the poor and vulnerable clients.


This paper investigates the problem of semi-supervised classification. Unlike previous methods to regularize classifying boundaries with unlabeled data, our method learns a new image representation from all available data (labeled and unlabeled) and performs plain supervised learning with the new feature. In particular, an ensemble of image prototype sets are sampled automatically from the available data, to represent a rich set of visual categories/attributes. Discriminative functions are then learned on these prototype sets, and image are represented by the concatenation of their projected values onto the prototypes (similarities to them) for further classification. Experiments on four standard datasets show three interesting phenomena: (1) our method consistently outperforms previous methods for semi-supervised image classification, (2) our method lets itself combine well with these methods, and (3) our method works well for self-taught image classification where unlabeled data are not coming from the same distribution as labeled ones, but rather from a random collection of images.


Mechanisms governing the release of drugs from controlled delivery systems are mainly diffusion, osmosis and erosion. For poorly soluble drugs, the existing mechanisms are limited to osmosis and/or matrix erosion. These mechanisms are commonly employed to control drug release from single unit and multi-unit dosage forms. More recently, multiunit dosage forms have gained considerable popularity for controlled release technology due to their advantages over single unit dosage forms. However, the mechanism of polymer controlled surface erosion from a multi-unit dosage form has never been reported in the literature. This study describes the development, characterization and evaluation of a matrix pellet system which releases an insoluble drug via polymer controlled surface erosion mechanism. Extrusion/Spheronization method was used to formulate matrix pellets. The effect of various formulation and process parameters affecting the drug release were characterized by analytical techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Diffractometry, and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. Different insoluble drugs were used as model drugs to demonstrate universal applicability of this novel system. The effect of drug solubility was also investigated on the mechanism of drug release from this system. Solid dispersions of the model insoluble drug was formulated to increase its solubility. It was observed that when the drug properties were changed towards increasing solubility in water, the release mechanism and rate also changed from pure surface erosion to erosion/diffusion. Drug release of nifedipine pellets in vivo occurred for more than 24 hours following zero order kinetics in fasted dogs. Thus it was proved that the approach of controlling drug release by polymer controlled surface erosion mechanism from a multi-unit pellet system is possible and such a system may be beneficial than the current marketed dosage forms of insoluble drugs such as nifedipine.