The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the Cooperative Extension System are organizations that serve the public and agricultural communities, respectively. Within these broad organizations are two groups of food systems professionals, registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) and Extension agents, who are utilizing communication as a critical point of access for health-related issues. Both groups of professionals negotiate organizational structure in order to construct their own health knowledge and, subsequently, communicate accurate information to their constituents. Understanding the ways that these professionals navigate their roles as health communicators are important for contributing to public discourse about how health knowledge is created and disseminated. Specifically, for the first article, I conducted semi-structured interviews with RDNs to analyze the ways in which they navigate both commercial and health messaging from industry groups at their largest organizational meeting. Industry affiliations have historically been a controversial aspect of Academy operations, yet little research has explored RDNs unique experiences with industry. Findings revealed RDNs have varied interpretations of industry messages and are utilizing strategies to negotiate interactions with industry. The spectrum of RDN interpretation suggests that formal dietetic training should address media literacy strategies in order to help RDNs navigate a complex message landscape. For the second article, through national focus groups with Extension professionals, I sought to understand how Extension is responding to healthcare reform changes and how this has translated into programming for their constituents. Extension participants reported a lack of available resources to improve their own health insurance knowledge, which has impacted their abilities to serve their constituents effectively. Findings emphasized a need for both collaborations both within Extension and across other agencies in order to improve health insurance access for agricultural communities. By researching these two organizations, I hope to contribute to new understandings about how professionals navigate and communicate knowledge related to public health. Both articles have practical implications for each group, and they also offer examples of opportunities to utilize leverage points for structural change within the food system.


Unbiased, label-free proteomics is becoming a powerful technique for measuring protein expression in almost any biological sample. The output of these measurements after preprocessing is a collection of features and their associated intensities for each sample. Subsets of features within the data are from the same peptide, subsets of peptides are from the same protein, and subsets of proteins are in the same biological pathways, therefore, there is the potential for very complex and informative correlational structure inherent in these data. Recent attempts to utilize this data often focus on the identification of single features that are associated with a particular phenotype that is relevant to the experiment. However, to date, there have been no published approaches that directly model what we know to be multiple different levels of correlation structure. Here we present a hierarchical Bayesian model which is specifically designed to model such correlation structure in unbiased, label-free proteomics. This model utilizes partial identification information from peptide sequencing and database lookup as well as the observed correlation in the data to appropriately compress features into latent proteins and to estimate their correlation structure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the model using artificial/benchmark data and in the context of a series of proteomics measurements of blood plasma from a collection of volunteers who were infected with two different strains of viral influenza.


Currently, thirty-nine states select members of their judiciary through elections. Judicial campaigns present a unique set of challenges to state legislatures tasked with enacting canons of judicial conduct. While states have a clear interest in preserving the impartiality of the judiciary, particularly where the candidate for judicial office is a sitting judge, they also must not violate the constitutional protections traditionally afforded to judicial speech. This task has become even more difficult in the wake of the Supreme Court's 2002 in Republican Party of Minnesota v White ("White I"), which struck down a law barring judicial candidates from announcing their views on controversial issues.Since White I, courts have rendered mixed opinions concerning the constitutionality of other limits on conduct in judicial campaigns. This Comment will examine the controversy regarding one type of restriction on judicial campaigns: endorsement clauses. These clauses prohibit candidates for judicial office from endorsing other political candidates. Two circuits are currently split over whether it is constitutional for states to enact endorsement clauses. In Wersal v Sexton, the Eighth Circuit held that such laws are unconstitutional restrictions of political speech, while the Seventh Circuit held that the endorsement clause in question was constitutional under a "balancing of interests test in Siefert v Alexander. This Comment defends the Eighth Circuit's determination that strict scrutiny is the applicable standard of review for endorsement clauses, but disagrees with that court's conclusion that recusal is the least restrictive means of accomplishing the state's interest in judicial impartiality. It proposes that the optimal way for the state to achieve its interest in impartiality while satisfying strict scrutiny review is to enact an "intrastate endorsement clause": a law that prohibits judicial candidates from endorsing other candidates in elections within the same state.


Sparse signal models have been the focus of much recent research, leading to (or improving upon) state-of-the-art results in signal, image, and video restoration. This article extends this line of research into a novel framework for local image discrimination tasks, proposing an energy formulation with both sparse reconstruction and class discrimination components, jointly optimized during dictionary learning. This approach improves over the state of the art in texture segmentation experiments using the Brodatz database, and it paves the way for a novel scene analysis and recognition framework based on simultaneously learning discriminative and reconstructive dictionaries. Preliminary results in this direction using examples from the Pascal VOC06 and Graz02 datasets are presented as well.


ABSTRACT Studying the nexus of media and social movements is a growing subfield in both media and social movement studies. Although there is an increasing number of studies that criticize the overemphasis of the importance of media technologies for social movements, questions of non-use, technology push-back and media refusal as explicit political practice have received comparatively little attention. The article charts a typology of digital disconnection as political practice and site of struggle bringing emerging literatures on disconnection, i.e. forms of media technology non-use to the field of social movement studies and studies of civic engagement. Based on a theoretical matrix combining questions of power, collectivity and temporality, we distinguish between digital disconnection as repression, digital disconnection as resistance and digital disconnection as performance and life-style politics. The article discusses the three types of digital disconnection using current examples of protest and social movements that engage with practices of disconnection. Abbreviations: AFA: Anti-Fascist Action; CHRI: Center for Human Rights in Iran; DDoS: Distributed Denial of Service


The Tuz Golu Basin is the largest sedimentary depression located at the center of the Central Anatolian Plateau, an extensive, low-relief region with elevations of ca. 1 km located between the Pontide and Tauride mountains. Presently, the basin morphology and sedimentation processes are mainly controlled by the extensional Tuz Golu Fault Zone in the east and the transtensional ?nonu–Eski?ehir Fault System in the west. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the Plio-Quaternary deformation history and to refine the timing of the latest extensional phase of the Tuz Golu Basin. Field observations, kinematic analyses, interpretations of seismic reflection lines, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of a key ignimbrite layer suggest that a regional phase of NNW–SSE to NE–SW contraction ended by 6.81 ± 0.24 Ma and was followed by N–S to NE–SW extension during the Pliocene–Quaternary periods. Based on sedimentological and chronostratigraphic markers, the average vertical displacement rates over the past 5 or 3 Ma with respect to the central part of Tuz Golu Lake are 0.03 to 0.05 mm/year for the fault system at the western flank of the basin and 0.08 to 0.13 mm/year at the eastern flank. Paleo-shorelines of the Tuz Golu Lake, vestiges of higher lake levels related to Quaternary climate change, are important strain markers and were formed during Last Glacial Maximum conditions as indicated by a radiocarbon age of 21.8 ± 0.4 ka BP obtained from a stromatolitic crust. Geomorphic observations and deformed lacustrine shorelines suggest that the main strand of the Tuz Golu Fault Zone straddling the foothills of the ?ereflikochisar–Aksaray range has not been active during the Holocene. Instead, deformation appears to have migrated towards the interior of the basin along an offshore fault that runs immediately west of ?ereflikochisar Peninsula. This basinward migration of deformation is probably associated with various processes acting at the lithospheric scale, such as plateau uplift and/or microplate extrusion.


Delta Theory establishes the foundation for a true scientifi c applied psychology, a theory of how human infl uence induces change in others. Delta Theory is unifi ed and universal, applying to all cultures, historical periods, and goals for change. It integrates concepts and research from psychology, sociology, anthropology, evolution theory, philosophy, psychoneurology, cognitive science, and cultural-historical-activity theory. Yet Delta Theory is clear, economical, and elegant, with a full exposition of tactics for its practices. Rich examples are drawn from professional practices, but also from the creation and operations of criminals, healing ceremonies of indigenous peoples, and cross-species comparisons. This book ultimately seeks to describe how infl uence works, how it could be improved, and how it can be resisted.


College Students' Fruit, Vegetable, and Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake According to Dinner Group Participation Erica Hansen Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, BYU Master of Science Objective: To compare the fruit, vegetable, and sugar sweetened beverage intake of college students who do and do not participate in dinner groups. Also, to determine if dinner group participation affects college students' perception of their overall health and adequacy of their fruit and vegetable intake. Design: A quantitative study of college students' fruit, vegetable, and sugar sweetened beverage intake through a one-time online survey. Setting: The survey was accessed via the internet at the time and place of students' convenience. Participants: A sample of 10,000 students was randomly selected from Brigham Young University's population of single students. 3,651 responded (a 37% response rate), but only 548 met our requirements and completed the survey. Sixty-one percent were female, 39% were male. Subgroups included students not belonging to a dinner group (n=243), students who met with a dinner group 1-3 times per week (n=167), and students who met with a dinner group 4 or more times per week (n=138). Main Outcome Measure(s): The independent variable measured was dinner group membership. Food intakes and perceptions were dependent variables. Food intakes were collected using adapted Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System recall questions. Perceptions were reported on a 1-5 Likert rating scale. Analysis: Post-hoc Tukey-Kramer adjustments were made to analysis of variance comparing intake and perception means. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Prevalence of dinner group membership was 13%. Dinner group members drank significantly less soda than non-dinner group members (p=0.03). Intakes of fruits and vegetables did not differ between subgroups. Students' perception of the adequacy of their fruit and vegetable intake was aligned with their actual intake (p=0.0001); students who ate fewer cups rated their intake as poor more frequently than students who ate more cups. Dinner group members perceived better overall health and improved intake of fruit and vegetables from their participation in dinner groups. Conclusions: Though dinner group membership does not appear to affect fruit and vegetable intake, benefits were seen in reduced sugar sweetened beverage consumption. Further research may be warranted to examine other nutritional factors associated with dinner group membership as dinner groups may provide a unique opportunity for nutrition education and interventions and may provide more long term benefits than short term.


The aim of this thesis is to explore the development of an oligarchy in the Israeli political economy. In that, it both sheds light on the state-business relationship in the Israeli political economy, and refines the understanding of oligarchy in general. In order to achieve this two-folded objective, I rec-conceptualise oligarchy, identify its sources, characterise its structure, and analyse the main mechanisms through which it establishes its power in a national political economy, specifically - in Israel.

The literature so far scarcely addresses the ways in which such cluster of wealth and power emerges and develops in liberal and developed market economies. This thesis aims to fill this gap, by examining the origins of the oligarchy rise, the key actors involved in the process of 'oligarchisation', and the modalities through which oligarchs are distinguished from other wealthy actors. In particular, this work illuminates the critical role of the state in the formation and modus operandiof the oligarchy, which, in return, has substantial influence on the decision-making process and the political economy as a whole. The term 'oligarchy' in this thesis refers to a set of institutional, political, and social linkages and dynamics, whose interests are to some extent converged and are increasingly counterpoised to the interests of the 'traditional' economy. My analysis develops on the basis of a critical engagement with theories examining concentration of wealth and power in national political economies, together with data collected from various governemental and non-governmental sources and fieldwork, examining the facets of this concentration in Israel. My study reveals that the corpus of ideas and assessments of oligarchy points to a cohesive power structure, which, in the Israeli case, can be identified as an informal political institution.


Background Traumatic exsanguination leading to class IV hemorrhagic shock as defined by the Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons requires aggressive resuscitation with crystalloids and packed cells together with the temporary administration of either norepinephrine or vasopressin to manage a persistent hypotension that is not corrected by aggressive fluid resuscitation. However, the use of vasopressors in the resuscitation from hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock is controversial as these drugs may worsen the pre-existing splanchnic hypoperfusion by virtue of their vascular action. In previous intravital microscopy studies of the terminal ileum in rats, we demonstrated that adequate resuscitation which restores and maintains central hemodynamics, as clinical end-points of resuscitation, does not restore or maintain splanchnic tissue perfusion, which instead exhibits a persistent and progressive intestinal microvascular vasoconstriction and end-organ tissue hypoperfusion. In other intravital microscopy studies we have shown that resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with small volumes of hypertonic saline does not restore or maintain the pre-hemorrhage blood pressure, but selectively prevent the post-resuscitation vasoconstriction of the pre-mucosal pre-capillary arterioles of the terminal ileum. In contrast, the replenishment of the hemorrhage-induced depletion of endothelial energy stores with vitasol, restored the pre-hemorrhage arterial pressure and selectively prevented the post-resuscitation vasoconstriction of the pre-mucosal pre-capillary arterioles suggesting a positive inotropic effect of vitasol. Therefore, such inotropic action merits the administration of vitasol during fluid resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock. It is well established that hemorrhagic shock profoundly depletes cellular adenosine nucleotides. This depletion occurs as the hemorrhage-induced splanchnic hypoperfusion decreases the supply of oxygen to end-organ tissue and cells, resulting in failure of ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation and the activation of the alternative cellular ATP generation from the low yield anaerobic glycolysis pathway. Studies designed to directly assess the status of the splanchnic microcirculation during severe hemorrhage shock and its resuscitation is scant. As the ischemic hypoperfused gut is central in the pathophysiology of shock and largely determine resuscitation outcome, we were prompted to use our intravital microscopy technology to directly examine the intestinal microvasculature response to traumatic exsanguinations and during their resuscitations with either norepinephrine or vasopressin as opposed to direct cytosolic energy replenishment. Methods Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent initial venous withdrawal of 30% of the calculated animal's blood volume over 15 min (shed blood preserved in heparin-rinsed syringe for later resuscitation). This was followed by phase-2 of uncontrolled hemorrhage as induced by transection of the splenic parenchyma at the two ends of the organ and severing one of the branches of the splenic artery. The transected organ was returned to the abdominal cavity for free arterial and venous bleeding until class IV hemorrhage is achieved [defined by persistent mean arterial pressure, MAP < 40 mmHg, and a shock index (ratio of heart rate and systolic arterial pressure), SI ≥ 5 for successive 10 minutes during the period of active uncontrolled bleeding]. Following this, homeostasis was established by rapid ligation of the splenic pedicle and the animals were assigned to 4 resuscitation groups: 1) Conventional resuscitation (shed blood returned+double the shed blood volume as lactated Ringers, CR); or adjuvant resuscitations with: 2) CR+norepinephrine; 3) CR+vasopressin; and 4) CR+vitasol. Four-level, A1 through A4 arterioles in the terminal ileum were examined with Intravital Microscopy and their diameters timely measured at baseline, during shock, and during 2h post-resuscitation. Results There were no differences between the four groups in pre-hemorrhage baseline metabolic parameters, blood gases and acid base status. In all four groups, class IV hemorrhagic shock remarkably decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit and produced a metabolic acidosis characterized by low pH, PCO2, HCO3, TCO2 and an increase in the base deficit as compared with the baseline pre-hemorrhage levels. None of the four resuscitation methods restored parameters of the metabolic panel or blood gases and acidosis to pre-hemorrhage baseline levels. Class IV hemorrhagic shock caused differential arteriole responses with vasoconstriction from baseline of A1 and A2 ( − 22.1 ± 1.9%), and vasodilation of the A3 and A4 arterioles (+22.2 ± 2.8%). Resuscitation initially restored A1 and A2 diameters to near baseline. This was followed by post-resuscitation A1 and A2 vasoconstriction in all groups except in the vitasol group ( − 8.1 ± 3.4%). The hemorrhage-induced vasodilation of the A3 and A4 arterioles was maintained during the post-resuscitation observation period in the CR (+55.3 ± 6.4%) and the vitasol groups (+39.5 ± 5.2%), but remarkably attenuated in the norepinephrine (+9.6 ± 5.8%) and vasopressin (+9.4 ± 8.8) groups. Conclusions The temporary administration of norepinephrine or vasopressin as adjuvants to fluid resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock has deleterious effects on the splanchnic microcirculation. Endothelial cell resuscitation by cytosolic energy replenishment produces better metabolic and microvascular profiles as compared with adjuvant vasopressor resuscitation.


Technology-enabled innovation in financial services (FinTech) can extend the benefits of financial inclusion to millions of unbanked and underbanked people around the world. However, the rise of FinTech presents many regulatory challenges - for emerging and developing economies in particular. Consequently a number of regulators in advanced, emerging, and developing economies have responded to such challenges by innovating on their own. These innovative regulatory initiatives include innovation offices, regulatory sandboxes, and RegTech for regulators.

Against this backdrop, the Early Lessons on Regulatory Innovations to Enable Inclusive FinTech Report aims to provide readers with key insights on how regulators are innovating to better respond to financial innovation. This empirical study provides independent and comprehensive insights on the inter-relationships between financial and regulatory innovation and financial inclusion, together with lessons learned from early examples of regulatory innovation. The report also provides practical considerations for those regulators seeking to develop their own initiatives.

This report has been produced by the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance at Cambridge Judge Business School in partnership with the FinTech Working Group of the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development (UNSGSA). It would not have been possible without the support of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the supervision and coordination of the Office of the UNSGSA.

Global interest in innovative regulatory initiatives is strong, with regulatory sandboxes now live or planned in over 50 jurisdictions. There are also innovation offices in operation in over 30 jurisdictions, while 20 jurisdictions are pioneering RegTech models.

Some jurisdictions have established innovation offices as a first step in the regulatory innovation journey. They are a particularly compelling initial option for capacity-constrained regulators in emerging and developing economies. They require no protracted changes to legislation or regulation, or related resource implications.

Key lessons learned from innovation offices underscore the importance of early, and close, engagement with innovators. Executive buy-in and inter-agency coordination can ensure their effective functioning, and they can be a powerful support to regulators with a financial inclusion remit. Innovation offices are also only as good as the quality of their resources, such as the technical capacity of their staff.

Regulatory sandboxes have been widely adopted as an innovative regulatory initiative, including several with a specific financial inclusion focus. Sandboxes can help regulators gain a better understanding of FinTech and develop evidence-based regulations that promote inclusive FinTech.
Key lessons learned from early regulatory sandboxes highlight that they are neither necessary nor sufficient for promoting financial inclusion. Sandboxes do offer benefits but are complex to set up and costly to run. Experience shows that most regulatory questions raised in connection with sandbox tests can be effectively resolved without a live testing environment. Similar results may be more affordably achieved through innovation offices and other tools.

RegTech (regulatory technology) is a distinct innovative regulatory initiative, which focuses on how to monitor and enforce compliance against relevant regulations. RegTech can support a more responsible delivery of innovative financial services, which may directly impact financial inclusion. It also allows regulators to swiftly respond to market developments, better protect consumers, and enhance institutional supervision.

There are currently limited examples of RegTech solutions being deployed in emerging and developing economies. Lessons learned from initiatives that do exist highlight the merits of beginning with a problem that will likely gain broad support and has a high likelihood of successful resolution. Crowdsourcing potential solutions to regulatory problems, paired with strong executive sponsorship, has also proven rewarding. Finally, multi-disciplinary teams with complementary skill sets can help foster long-term regulatory transformation.

It is clear that no single initiative is a "silver bullet" for effective regulation. Many are resource intensive and require careful cost-benefit analysis. However there are a number of considerations for regulators who do seek to implement their own innovative regulatory initiatives.

An internal mindset and culture which is supportive of innovation within the regulator is crucial, while direct engagement between regulators and innovators has also proven to be mutually beneficial, regardless of the form which this takes. Regulators have also benefited from close inter-agency collaboration and opportunities for mutual learning. Regulators in emerging and developing economies need to remain agile and open as they innovate and create regulatory initiatives. When effectively carried out, innovative regulatory initiatives enable inclusive FinTech and support regulators in long-term capacity building.


People who perform excessive wrist movements throughout the day because of their professions have a higher risk of developing lateral and medial epicondylitis. If proper precautions are not taken against these diseases, serious consequences such as job loss and early retirement can occur. In this study, the design and control of an active wrist orthosis that is mobile, powerful and lightweight is presented as a means to avoid the occurrence and/or for the treatment of repetitive strain injuries in an effective manner. The device has an electromyography-based control strategy so that the user's intention always comes first. In fact, the device–user interaction is mainly activated by the electromyography signals measured from the forearm muscles that are responsible for the extension and flexion wrist movements. Contractions of the muscles are detected using surface electromyography sensors, and the desired quantity of the velocity value of the wrist is extracted from a fuzzy logic controller. Then, the actuator system of the device comes into play by conveying the necessary motion support to the wrist. Experimental studies show that the presented device actually reduces the demand on the muscles involved in repetitive strain injuries while performing challenging daily life activities including extension and flexion wrist motions.


It is indicated that the sealing capacity depends on the contact characteristics—the relative contact area and the gap density in the joint. To determine the contact characteristics, a discrete roughness model is used in the form of a set of spherical segments, the distribution of which in height is related to the bearing curve described by the regularized beta function. The contact of a single asperity is considered with taking into account the influence of the remaining contacting asperities. The equations for determining the relative contact area and gap density in the joint depending on the dimensionless force parameters for elastic and elastic-plastic contacts are provided.


In this contribution, as the culmination of a research project on discernment, theologically considered, the conceptual and methodological insights gained in the preceding publications are here brought to bear on a biblical text as a means of applying these insights exegetically. This application however does not occur in an exegetical research vacuum: key moments in Hebrew Bible research history are therefore taken into brief review and placed within the light of the most recent insights on the sociological scenario within postexilic Israel. Within this ancient context, the different modes of divine communication, namely mediated through Scriptures or experienced through direct revelation, was at times a point of intense contestation, as it is in the modern world. This prophetic-Mosaic dispute forms the theological background to Nehemiah 8, as a textual attempt in post-exilic Israel to find a median position between these two contested forms of discerning in the most valid way the divine will. Keywords : Discernment, Orthodoxy, Biblical Spirituality, Charismatic revelation, Nehemiah 8, Inner-biblical contestation, Divine communication, Torah versus prophecy


Universities are complex organisations requiring a range of skills, knowledge and expertise to operate effectively. Since the last quarter of the 20th century, when a separate administrative work jurisdiction began to emerge, academics and administrators have had to co-exist in universities. With growing pressures from government for accountability and transparency during that time, that coexistence has been increasingly characterised by a tension most often described as a 'divide'. This paper reports on the findings of a research project undertaken in 2008 using Causal Layered Analysis to explore the nature of this tension, and perceptions that a 'divide' exists between academic and administrative staff in universities.


ABSTRACT-This special issue of Psychomusicology: Music, Mind & Brain presents the scholarly autobiographies of 12 pioneers in the psychology of music. Each has witnessed over four decades of academic life and has contributed to the foundation of the field of music psychology that now flourishes. Authors were asked to recount the influences on their careers and to share lessons learned. Each of these inspirational histories exemplifies originality, tenacity, insight, and intellect. Common themes and connections among the biographies also provide a context for better understanding the present discipline of the psychology of music. Representing the United States, the most prolific country in an absolute sense, are papers by Jay Dowling, Mari Riess Jones, Roger Shepard, and a co-authored paper by James Carlsen, Jack Taylor, and David Brian Williams. The extensive international activity in the field is represented by Lola Cuddy (Canada), Andrew Gregory (UK), Alf Gabrielsson (Sweden), Helga de la Motte (Germany), Kengo Ohgushi (Japan) and Andrzej Rakowski (Poland). Together the authors reflect the scope of the psychology of music and highlight its importance to interdisciplinary scholarship. As pointed out by guest co-editor Amy Graziano in a final review, the collection is testament to the development of a research community. The special issue also contributes to the history of psychology in general and to the field of biography. At a recent biennial meeting of the Society of Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC, 2007), outgoing President Mari Riess Jones commented to the plenary group of several hundred in attendance that such a large gathering was not to be taken lightly. Her observation resonated with those of us in the authence who had watched the field escalate over the last decades. In view of the growth of the field, I had suggested to the Associate Editors of Psychomusicology, Lauren Stewart, Bruno Repp, and W. Jay Dowling, the possibility of an autobiographical issue to capture and celebrate the progress so unimaginable years ago. As we were all attending the SMPC meeting, we decided then and there to proceed with the idea, particularly encouraged by the agreement of Jay Dowling to contribute his own history. Later at the conference we invited autobiographies from two eminent pioneers of the field, Lola Cuddy and Mari Jones herself, both of whom were longstanding members of the Consulting Board of Psychomusicology. In the weeks ahead, others were invited, and the idea of the autobiographical issue became the reality you see before you. Gathering autobiographical writings in psychology is by no means new. Approximately two dozen autobiographies of psychologists are published in the series begun by Carl Murchison (Volumes I - III, 1930-1936) with the project taken on by Gardner Lindzey, Edwin Boring and their collaborators in later years (to Volume IX, 2007). Among the autobiographies in the Murchison series are those of Carl Seashore (1930/1961) and Carl Stumpf (1930/1961), who devoted much of their careers to music psychology. It is important for the field to see the recognition of their work within the early history of psychology. More recently, a four-volume History of Neuroscience in Autobiography (Squire, 1996, 1998) has been compiled. James Birren and Johannes Schroots (2000) also published 24 autobiographies associated with the field of geropsychology. Countering the disproportionate male representation in these volumes is a three-volume series edited by Agnes O'Connell (1983, 2001; O'Connell & Russo, 1988) of 53 autobiographical reflections of women in psychology. Robert Sternberg (2002) edited a volume of autobiographical chapters written by psychologists who "defied the crowd". Sadly, none of the recent pioneers in music psychology were among any of these collections. For their impact and often their defiance of the crowd, their stories have every reason to be told. Autobiography satisfies a natural curiosity that people have about other people. …


We need, increasingly, to design systems that can support complex behaviours in which users adapt dynamically to the progression of the task or to changing conditions during the interaction. Unfortunately, we lack procedures and methods to build systems for adaptive behaviour. This article proposes an approach that identifies dimensions on which users adapt their behaviour and then determines the corresponding design implications on how the system should adjust to fit the user's adaptive behaviour.


Background: Clinical governance is a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care. This study aimed to assess some Iranian educational hospitals' readiness for clinical governance implementation through the organizational climate. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study that used the Clinical Governance Climate Questionnaire (CGCQ) in three educational hospitals in Yazd, a city in central Iran, in 2012. A total of 186 personnel contributed to the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for data analyses. Results: The mean scores of the clinical governance climate in Shahid Sadoughi, Shahid Rahnemoon and Afshar hospitals were 2.63±0.29, 2.58±0.32, and 2.68±0.29. The mean scores of quality improvement planning and change, quality improvement integration and motivation, clinical risk management and climate of blame and punishment, organizational learning, and training and development (T&D) opportunities for learning in the studied hospitals were 2.21±0.49, 2.80±0.40, 2.76±0.40, 2.91±0.54 and 3.06±0.72, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the educational hospitals' climate should be more supportive for successful implementation of clinical governance.


As calls for a 'Uniquely African Green Revolution' gain momentum, a focus on seeds and seed systems is rising up the agricultural policy agenda. Much of the debate stresses the technological or market dimensions, with substantial investments being made in seed improvement and the development of both public and private sector delivery systems. But this misses out the political economy of policy processes behind this agenda: who wins, who loses, and whose interests are being served? Drawing on lessons from country case studies from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe, as well as insights from a set of complementary studies of cross‐cutting themes, this article assesses the evolution of seed system research and development programmes and processes across the region. By examining how the contrasting politics and different configurations of interests affect the way cereal seed systems operate, it highlights opportunities for reshaping the terms of the debate and opening up alternative pathways to more sustainable and socially just seed systems.


The roads and highway projects are lifeline of any country. They are also important for the building the nation and are mirror of country's development. However, most of these road and highway projects on account of their location, route alignment and associated activities are invariably accompanied by significant environmental and social impacts during different phases (viz., Pre-construction, Construction and Operational phase) of the project. The nature of these impacts could be either positive or negative depending upon their potential to favourably or adversely affect the surrounding environment and also the resident community. While favourably viewing the positive impacts on the environment and community, it is also imperative to develop an appropriate and sound Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and execute it on the field/impacted area of the project to minimise and mitigate various adverse environmental and social impacts. In view of their significant environmental implications, roads and highway projects have been brought under the purview of the EIA Notification dated Sept. 14, 2006 requiring "Environmental Clearance" (EC) either from Central Government (i.e., Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) (Category 'A' Project) or at State Level from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) (Category 'B' Project) if they 'kekZ ,oa vU; % lM+d ,oa jktekxZ ifj;kstukvksa dk Ik;kZoj.kh; izHkko ewY;kadu 109 meet certain conditions specified under the EIA Notification. As per the requirement of EIA, the project has to follow specified procedures which amongst other requirements also include conducting "Public Consultation" including "Public Hearing" to include and incorporate views of various stakeholders into decision making process. The EIA ensures that various Acts, Rules and Regulations for preservation, conservation and management of the environment along with R & R (Resettlement & Rehabilitation) issue are appropriately taken care of in the suggested EMP. Recently, the role of EIA of Roads and Highways have become more important as Central Government is undertaking widening and upgrading of various National Highways throughout the country under the different phases of National Highway Development Programme (NHDP). The present paper briefly describes provisions and procedure for carrying out EIA for the Roads and highways along with the EMP for mitigating various negative environmental impacts during different phases of the project.


Digital discussion spaces have changed the shape of discursive argumentation considerably. While there is not much explicit reasoning on Twitter, many users link to external resources in their tweets. This study zooms in on the justificatory capacity of those links and investigates their deliberative function on the platform. A qualitative exploration of material from four countries shows that links to external resources support Twitter discourse by regularly substantiating user statements in the context of both information and argumentation. Links with a truth-based informative function are posted to support deliberative truth claims with empirical evidence, thus adding primarily to theoretical discourses. Links with a norm-based argumentative function are shared to legitimate positions against social standards. They contribute to practical discourses about courses of action by sustaining deliberative claims for normative rightness. The country comparison suggests that societal divisions foster a norm-based argumentative rather than truth-based informative use of links on Twitter.


Inner-shell ionization energies provide local probes of the charge distribution in molecules and of the ability of a molecule to accept charge at specific sites. As such, core-ionization energies are related to and may provide insight into other chemical properties that depend on the same ability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the preferred tool for exploring core-ionization energies. In the present work, synchrotron radiation was used to acquire photoelectron spectra of several carbon-containing molecules in the gas phase. Carbon 1s ionization energies are of special interest because of the vital role of organic molecules in life processes. A prerequisite for obtaining accurate ionization energies is access to reliable methods for calibration of the energies. This work has been concerned with establishing procedures for very accurate calibration of C1s ionization energies. With today's instrumentation, it is possible to obtain high-resolution photoelectron spectra that reveal details of the fine structure which have not been observed previously. The fine structure may be very complex, due to contributions associated with the inequivalent carbons in a molecule, as well as vibronic structure. To assign such a spectrum and obtain chemical shifts, one is dependent on theory to prepare lineshape models for each carbon in the molecule. In this thesis, several approaches for modeling vibronic progression in XPS measurements of hydrocarbons were tested. A relatively simple model for taking into account effects of vibronic coupling in the spectra was developed. This model is expected to work well also for larger, more complex systems. With this tool, it is possible to assign photoelectron spectra and obtain chemical shifts for the different carbons in a molecule with high accuracy. It is now believed that vibronic structure arising from core-ionization of hydrocarbons is well understood. This knowledge has been applied to various molecular systems of chemical interest. It is shown that core-ionization energies may provide insight into chemical properties such as proton affinity and reactivity, and how these properties are influenced by a methyl substituent. Experience from gas-phase XPS is also found to be of considerable use in assignment of adsorbed-state photoelectron spectra.


What does it mean to be white in a society that proclaims race meaningless yet is deeply divided by race? In the face of pervasive racial inequality and segregation, most whites cannot answer that question. Robin DiAngelo argues that a number of factors make this question difficult for whites miseducation about what racism is; ideologies such as individualism and colorblindness; defensiveness; and a need to protect (rather than expand) our worldviews. These factors contribute to what she terms white racial illiteracy. Speaking as a white person to other white people, Dr. DiAngelo clearly and compellingly takes readers through an analysis of white socialization. She describes how race shapes the lives of white people, explains what makes racism so hard for whites to see, identifies common white racial patterns, and speaks back to popular white narratives that work to deny racism. Written as an accessible introduction to white identity from an anti-racist framework, "What Does It Mean To Be White?" is an invaluable resource for members of diversity and anti-racism programs and study groups and students of sociology, psychology, education, and other disciplines.


Symbiotic associations between plants and fungi are a dominant feature of many terrestrial ecosystems, yet relatively little is known about the signaling, and associated transcriptome profiles, that define the symbiotic metabolic state. Using the Epichloë festucae-perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) association as a model symbiotic experimental system, we show an essential role for the fungal stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (sakA) in the establishment and maintenance of this mutualistic interaction. Deletion of sakA switches the fungal interaction with the host from mutualistic to pathogenic. Infected plants exhibit loss of apical dominance, premature senescence, and dramatic changes in development, including the formation of bulb-like structures at the base of tillers that lack anthocyanin pigmentation. A comparison of the transcriptome of wild-type and sakA associations using high-throughput mRNA sequencing reveals dramatic changes in fungal gene expression consistent with the transition from restricted to proliferative growth, including a down-regulation of several clusters of secondary metabolite genes and up-regulation of a large set of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes and transporters. Analysis of the plant transcriptome reveals up-regulation of host genes involved in pathogen defense and transposon activation as well as dramatic changes in anthocyanin and hormone biosynthetic/responsive gene expression. These results highlight the fine balance between mutualism and antagonism in a plant-fungal interaction and the power of deep mRNA sequencing to identify candidate sets of genes underlying the symbiosis.


We describe a system for the dissemination of geographical and thematic information on landslides and floods in Italy. In the framework of the Integrated Management of the Environmental Data project – GIIDA – of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), the research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Hazard Assessment (IRPI) has designed and implemented a new Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The SDI is compliant to Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specifications for the publication, access, and discovery of dedicated services, including WMS, WFS, WCS and CSW services. The CNR IRPI spatial data infrastructure (SDI) fully exploits Open Source Software (OSS). Adoption of an OSS approach for the design and the implementation of the new SDI proved valid, and economically convenient. As part of the GIIDA project, the national landslide warning system for the possible occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides in Italy was integrated in the new SDI. The integration proved successful, and was facilitated by the fact that the warning system operates on data and geographical information stored in a PostgreSQL + PostGIS database.


Introduction General Features of the Cordillera .—The Cordillera, or Rocky Mountain region of the Pacific coast, for a length measured by seven degrees of latitude in the southern part of the province of British Columbia, is narrower than elsewhere, having in this part of its course a width not much exceeding 400 miles. The principal geographical features of this southern portion of the Cordillera in British Columbia are now pretty well known, and the general geological outlines have also been drawn in, so far as this can be done from reconnoissance work. The districts which have been more closely studied are few and limited in size. Enough is known to show that this part of the Cordillera offers a geological problem of great complexity, such as to require for its solution, even under the most favorable circumstances, long and careful research. In addition to the difficulties of structure to be . . .


Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature in chronic kidney disease (CKD), including diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and obstructive nephropathy. Multiple microRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both DKD and obstructive nephropathy, although the overall role of microRNAs in tubular injury and renal fibrosis in CKD is unclear. Dicer (a key RNase III enzyme for microRNA biogenesis) was specifically ablated from kidney proximal tubules in mice via the Cre-lox system to deplete micoRNAs. Proximal tubular Dicer knockout (PT- Dicer KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to streptozotocin (STZ) treatment to induce DKD or unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) to induce obstructive nephropathy. Renal hypertrophy, renal tubular apoptosis, kidney inflammation, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were examined. Compared with WT mice, PT- Dicer KO mice showed more severe tubular injury and renal inflammation following STZ treatment. These mice also developed higher levels of tubolointerstitial fibrosis. Meanwhile, PT- Dicer KO mice had a significantly higher Smad2/3 expression in kidneys than WT mice (at 6 mo of age) in both control and STZ-treated mice. Similarly, UUO induced more severe renal injury, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis in PT- Dicer KO mice than WT. Although we did not detect obvious Smad2/3 expression in sham-operated mice (2-3 mo old), significantly more Smad2/3 was induced in obstructed PT- Dicer KO kidneys. These results supported a protective role of Dicer-dependent microRNA synthesis in renal injury and fibrosis development in CKD, specifically in DKD and obstructive nephropathy. Depletion of Dicer and microRNAs may upregulate Smad2/3-related signaling pathway to enhance the progression of CKD.


An investigation of the changing patterns of residential care in the UK. This report examines shifting trends in care home provision for adults between1991 and 2001. Adult social care policy is currently under government review and this research makes a timely contribution to our understanding of the factors which impact on residential care. Detailed census data from 1991 and 2001 is analysed to reveal general trends in adult social care provision. A number of variables are used to understand these trends, including levels of local authority funded places, health and poverty indicators, property prices and provision of other types of social care. Consideration is also given to the changing age, gender, ethnicity and urban/rural profile of service users. The authors find a lack of equity in care home provision, and they conclude by raising topical questions about the future of residential care. This report will be of interest to national and local government policy makers, advisors and service providers, as well as planners and practitioners in the private and voluntary sector.


In this work, we report the phenomenon of formation of particle aggregates in the form of thin slender strings when a polyacrylamide (PAM) solution, laden with polystyrene (PS) beads is introduced into a microfluidic device containing an array of micropillars. PAM and a dilute solution of PS beads are introduced into the microfluidic channel through two separate inlets and localized particle aggregation is found to occur under certain flow regimes. The particle aggregates initially have a string-like morphology and are tethered at their ends to the micropillar walls, while the structure remains suspended in the fluid medium. Such a morphology inspired us to name these structures streamers. The flow regimes under which streamer formation is observed are quantified through state diagrams. We discuss the streamer formation time-scales and also show that streamer formation is likely the result of the flocculation of PS beads. Streamer formation has implications in investigating particle-laden complex flows through porous media.


This paper studies the determinants of the export activity of family SMEs, disentangling the three main dimensions that comprise the concept of familiness: power, experience, and culture. The results, using the F-PEC scale over a sample of 500 Spanish SMEs, show that this approach identifies the determinants that explain the export activity of family SMEs better than a simple dichotomous approach. Specifically, we find that the expertise transmitted from different generations and the family culture orientation to the firm positively affect the international activities of family SMEs; however, the composition of the firm control-management does not have any significant influence on internationalization.


This article first examines the composition of the shadow banking system in China and then critically analyses its interconnectivity with the traditional banking system and global capital markets. It argues that whilst shadow bank lending in China contributes to the country's economic growth, the normal functionality of capital markets could be impaired if shadow banks continue to operate on a high-risk/high-yield business model which could potentially pose a systemic risk. It also addresses the concerns arising from high-leverage shadow bank lending practice and cautions against shadow banks operating in a black hole area that enables them to escape from regulatory purview. The article suggests that future regulatory (law) reform should guide shadow banks towards consumer protection by establishing an effective internal control system, enabling sufficient risk controls and requiring material information disclosure; towards safeguarding capital markets; and towards reducing their high levels of leverage.


This paper evaluates the embodied energy of fired/burned bricks as one of the major construction materials in East African countries. Production processes of bricks by artisans, and small- and medium-scale manufacturers are explained. Embodied energy of brick walls is also calculated and the key factors in the energy efficiency of brick kilns are discussed in detail. Low quality, high material waste and excessive energy waste during production and handling are highlighted as the major issues associate with traditional manufacturing processes of burned bricks in Uganda and Tanzania. The results reveal that small clamp kilns lose up to 3.5 times more energy through their cooling surfaces compared to large kilns. The results also indicate that clamp fired bricks are up to 60% more energy intensive than generic bricks and the embodied energy of artisan brick walls is 35% more than standard brick walls with comparable thicknesses. Improving kiln construction and production methods, educating artisan producers, replanting tress, providing alternative renewable energy sources, and design improvements to control fire intensity and air circulation in brick kilns are some of the recommendations to improve the energy efficiency and mitigate the environmental impacts of fired bricks in East African countries.


With 'technology redefining traditional notions of teaching and learning' (HEFCE, 2016), a number of universities have embarked on Digital Transformation projects creating a landscape filled with opportunities and challenges but also one where "the different circumstances of each institution" necessitate implementing a custom solution (HEFCE, 2016). Using the example of a pilot project with student videographers, this presentation will provide insight into how Digital Transformation is being implemented at a university with a strong tradition of Student as Producer (SasP). This session will be useful for universities embarking on digital transformation and those engaging in student partnerships through showing how to bring institutional change, with both ground-up and top-down buy in.

This session will critically reflect on the newest SasP initiative at the University of Lincoln. Since 2010, SasP has been the "underpinning principle for teaching and learning" (Neary, 2014, p.28) as well as driving institutional change outside of the curriculum. Up until 2016, this has seen discovery-based learning incorporated into the curriculum and the embedding of students in core processes such as validation and academic interview panels.

In 2016, the University created a new department – Digital Education – to drive digital transformation. An aim of this department is to take SasP further by embedding this idea in digital change. The Digital Education Transformation Programme began in 2016 and encompasses five strands and 25 strategic capabilities. Part of Phase One included recruitment of a student team of Video Based Learning Support Assistants (VBLSAs).

Situated in the Empowerment in Learning Technology strand, this presentation will address the bumpy journey of supporting students through staff/student partnerships, developing students as agents of digital transformation, and normalising the use of students as digital support for staff.

The session will cover: the vision behind the initiative, practical implementation, unexpected benefits and problems, reflections, and plans for taking forward on a bigger scale in Phase Two. Video outputs will feature throughout.

The longer term aim is to normalise Video Based Learning (VBL) and the use of videos across the institution through, on the one hand, empowering staff with training and the tools needed and, on the other, to bring in a dedicated support team of student videographers who can produce video content for staff with the cumulative effect of helping staff better appreciate the power of video for their teaching and student's learning.

This initiative brought a number benefits. For Digital Education staff, this included cultural change in adapting to being an office that was genuinely shared between staff and student as well as gaining an appreciation of students at Lincoln beyond abstract notions. For the wider university, staff can now engage more easily in video creation and enact their plans in a way that hitherto had not been possible.

References:

Leyland, C. (2016) Technology is redefining learning but 'one size will not fit all'. Bristol: HEFCE. Available from http://blog.hefce.ac.uk/2016/02/18/technology-is-redefining-learning-but-one-size-will-not-fit-all/ [accessed 24 March 2017].

Neary, M 2014, 'Student as producer: research-engaged teaching frames university-wide curriculum development', Council On Undergraduate Research Quarterly, 2, p. 28, Academic OneFile, EBSCOhost, viewed 24 March 2017.


Contested Space: Mormons, Navajos, and Hopis in the Colonization of Tuba City Corey Smallcanyon Department of History Master of Arts When Mormons arrived in northern Arizona among the Navajo and Hopi Indians in the late 1850s, Mormon-Indian relations were initially friendly. It was not too long, however, before trouble began in conflicts over water use and land rights. Federal agents would soon consider Mormons a threat to the peaceful Hopis because both the Navajo and Mormons were expanding their land claims. Indian agents relentlessly pleaded with Washington to establish a separate Indian reservation. They anticipated this reservation would satisfy all three parties, but its creation in 1882 only created more problems, climaxing in the 1892 death of Lot Smith at the hands of Atsidí, the local Navajo headman. Tensions continued to increase until federal agents intervened in 1900 and placed Tuba City under a Presidential Executive Order. The order withdrew Tuba City from white claims and resulted in the expulsion of the Mormons from Tuba City in 1903. My contribution is to show how the Navajo and Hopi Indians may have considered the coming of the Mormons as an invasion by a group of foreigners which led to the resulting contest between the trios for the limited natural resources of the northern Arizona desert. Tuba City/Moenkopi has a complicated history and its origins remain contested because it was claimed not only by Mormons, but also by the Navajos and Hopi. Previous historians have neglected the wealth of history that come from using Native American oral histories. This thesis will include the Native point of view but will also integrate it with Mormon and non-Mormon narratives. Doing so will provide another perspective on some of the following: the founding of Tuba City, the creation of the 1882 and 1900 Executive Orders for Navajo and Hopi reservation expansions, the death of the Mormon Lot Smith, and Native American-Mormon relations in the late 1800s in northern Arizona.


Nanophotonic ICs promise to play a major role in the future of opto-electronic signal processing and telecommunications. But for these devices, which consist of large numbers of wavelength-scale photonic components, to be successful, reliable and cost-effective mass-fabrication technology is needed. Photonic components, and among them photonic crystals, require a high degree of accuracy, which translates to low fabrication tolerances. Today, similar demands are made for high-end CMOS components, made of Silicon, for which a large manufacturing base is installed. We demonstrate the fabrication of nanophotonic components, like photonic crystal waveguides and photonic wires, using state-of-the-art CMOS processing tools. The foremost of these is deep UV lithography at 248nm and 193nm, combined with dry-etch processes. To maintain compatibility with standard CMOS processes, we use Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) as our material system. SOI is transparent at telecom wavelengths and provides a good substrate for high-index contrast optical waveguides. Moreover, recent studies have shown that nanophotonic components in SOI are less sensitive to surface roughness than similar components made in III-V semiconductor. Although deep UV lithography cannot attain the resolution of e-beam lithography, this can be compensated with thorough process characterization, and the technique offers more speed because of its parallel nature. We will illustrate this with experimental results, and will also discuss some of the issues that have arisen in the course of this project.


Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion. It is a highly prevalent condition affecting both men and women. Treatment is performed in a step-wise approach involving conservative measures, such as weight loss and pelvic floor exercises, medical treatment with duloxetine and a variety of surgical treatment options. However, recent restrictions in the use of synthetic mesh and tape have limited the surgical treatment options, leading to the need for new and novel treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Stem cell therapy is a developing medical field and offers the potential to restore normal physiological function of the urethral sphincter. The effectiveness of stem cell therapy in stress urinary incontinence has been demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, leading to its evaluation in several clinical studies. This review assesses the current evidence for the safety and efficacy of stem cell treatment for patients with stress urinary incontinence who have failed conservative and/or medical management and have not undergone previous surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Evidence Level: Not applicable


A 3-month-old infant presented with a 4-week history of a symmetric skin eruption on her face, axillae, distal extremities, and external genitalia. The infant was otherwise healthy, although colicky since birth. She was exclusively breast-fed and had a good appetite. Voiding and stooling patterns were normal. Her growth was appropriate for age.


Phosphorylated chitosan (P-chitosan) was synthesized by means of graft copolymerization technique. The conjugate membranes were prepared from oxidised starch and Pchitosan using reductive alkylation crosslinking. The synthesized membranes were characterised by FT-IR. In order to characterize degradation behaviour of this conjugated system, the membranes were incubated in enzyme solutions of alpha-amylase and lysozyme as well as a physiological saline solution (PBS) used as control solution. In PBS, low starch containing membranes (0.16-0.38 weight (starch)/weight (P-chitosan), (ws/wc)) and control membranes have not showed significant change in their weight during two months of incubation. High starch containing membranes (0.73-1.04 ws/wc) indicated less than 20 % weight loss after this period. After α-amylase incubation, a distinct degradation behaviour was observed from starch-P-chitosan membranes. The degradation of the conjugate membranes was found to be fast with increasing starch content. Weight losses between 20 to 55 % were detected for the lowest (0.16 ws/wc) starch and highest (1.04 ws/wc) starch containing membranes, respectively. In the lysozyme degradation study, the conjugate membranes were not degraded by enzymatic activity and the weights of membranes were seen to be increased about 20 % because of swelling. The control membranes showed gradual weight loss in enzyme solutions. These results indicated the lysozyme degradation of starch-free P-chitosan membranes and inhibition of degradation P-chitosan by highly conjugated starch molecules.


The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the capillary endothelial cells, joined together by tight junctions, with transporter proteins. BBB acts to regulate the brain concentrations of substances including many drugs. Transport across the cells is necessary for a drug to ensure that the drug reaches the site of action and transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) can limit the entrance into various tissues, including the brain. Molecules that are not superimposable on their mirror images and thus exist in two enantiomeric forms (enantiomers) are said to be chiral. A racemic compound is one composed of a 50:50 mixture of two enantiomers, S- and R-enantiomers. Two examples of frequently prescribed racemic drugs are the chiral antidepressants venlafaxine (VEN) and citalopram (CIT). The enantiomers of VEN possess different pharmacodynamic profiles where the R-enantiomer is a potent inhibitor of both serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake (SNRI), while the S-enantiomer is more selective in inhibiting serotonin reuptake (SSRI). The SSRI effect of CIT resides in the S-enantiomer, whereas the R-enantiomer is considered to be therapeutically inactive, or even that it counteracts the effects. The S-enantiomer of CIT is now available as a separate SSRI (escitalopram, EsCIT). VEN and CIT are also among the most commonly found drugs in forensic autopsy cases. Few previous studies have examined a possible enantioselective activity of P-gp. Thus, the general aim of this thesis was to study the enantiomeric distribution of chiral antidepressant drugs, focusing on the role of P-gp in the BBB. For this purpose, a mouse model disrupted of the genes coding for P-gp (abcb1ab (-/-) mice) was used. Brain and serum concentrations of the enantiomers of VEN and CIT, and their major metabolites, were compared to the corresponding wild-type mice (abcb1ab (+/+) mice). The open-field locomotor and rearing activities were examined after chronic VEN administration. In addition to the animal studies, genetic and toxicological aspects of P-gp were studied in a forensic autopsy material, where intoxication cases were compared with cases that were not related to intoxications. The brain to serum concentration ratios for VEN, CIT and EsCIT differed between knockout mice and wild-type mice, with 2-3 fold higher brain concentrations in mice with no expression of P-gp. Hence, all studied drugs, and their major metabolites, were substrates for P-gp. There was no evidence for a stereoselective P-gp mediated transport. The P-gp substrate properties were reflected in the open-field behavior test where the knockout mice displayed increased center activity compared with wild-type mice following chronic VEN exposure. The genotype distribution of ABCB1 SNPs C1236T, G2677T and C3435T in VEN positive cases was significantly (or borderline) different between the intoxication cases and the non-intoxication cases. This difference in genotype distribution was not observed for the CIT positive cases. To conclude, the present work has led to an increased knowledge about how the enantiomers of VEN and CIT are affected by the BBB transporter P-gp. Using an animal model, VEN and CIT have proved to be actively transported out of the brain by P-gp and no difference was observed for the enantiomers with regard to P-gp transport. Further, the ABCB1 genotype distribution was different in intoxication cases compared with non-intoxication cases. Taken together, these findings offer the possibility that the expression of P-gp in humans may be a contributing factor for limited treatment response and increased risk of side-effects following antidepressant drug treatment.


The process of enzymatic catalysis of glucose oxidation releases electrons which, when harnessed to flow through a circuit, may be utilised to power devices. This principle has driven research towards the goal of providing implantable medical devices powered by the fuel and oxidant present in-vivo, namely glucose and oxygen respectively. Challenges exist in the form of efficiently converting chemical energy into electrical energy, communicating the chemical process to an electrode, achieving both these aims under physiological conditions over a sufficient period of time, and, in so doing, creating enough electrical energy to power a device. This thesis builds on, and draws from, over three decades of development in the field of biomolecular electronics. Enzyme electrode assembly methodologies are developed, compared, and analysed in order to improve catalytic current density and stability for glucose oxidation. The inclusion of carbon nanotubes and implementation of alternate crosslinking strategies are investigated, and a novel method of enzyme electrode preparation is established. An enzyme electrode prepared with the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and co-immobilisation of glucose oxidase with a redox polymer-bound osmium mediator, crosslinked using glutaraldehyde vapour and subsequently reduced with sodium borohydride, is demonstrated to achieve 4.7 mA cm2 glucose oxidation current density in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4, 37 °C, 150 mM NaCl) in the presence of 100 mM glucose, and retain almost 80% of that current over 24 hours, measured at an applied potential of 0.35 V (Chapter 2). Glucose oxidising and oxygen reducing enzymes are co-immobilised with redox polymer-bound osmium mediators in films upon electrodes, with the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapours, and compared under pseudophysiological conditions (Chapters 3-4). Building upon these results fully enzymatic glucose-oxidising, oxygen-reducing, fuel cells are assembled and their operation compared in pseudo-physiological buffer. A selected fuel cell is also tested for operation in artificial plasma, containing interferents present under physiological conditions. The maximum power density observed for the selected fuel cell based on glucose dehydrogenase and Myceliophthora thermophila laccase enzyme electrodes as anode and cathode, respectively, decreases from 110 μW cm−2 in buffer to 60 μW cm−2 on testing in artificial plasma. This EFC provides the highest power density output reported to date for a fully enzymatic glucoseoxidising, oxygen-reducing fuel cell operating in artificial plasma.


STUDY QUESTION
Is there an association between Caesarean section and subsequent fertility?

SUMMARY ANSWER
There is no or only a slight effect of Caesarean section on future fertility.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Previous studies have reported that delivery by a Caesarean section is associated with fewer subsequent pregnancies and longer inter-pregnancy intervals. The interpretation of these findings is difficult because of significant weaknesses in study designs and analytical methods, notably the potential effect of the indication for Caesarean section on subsequent delivery.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Retrospective cohort study of 1 047 644 first births to low-risk women using routinely collected, national administrative data of deliveries in English maternity units between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2012.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Primiparous women aged 15-40 years who had a singleton, term, live birth in the English National Health Service were included. Women with high-risk pregnancies involving placenta praevia, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia (gestational or pre-existing), hypertension or diabetes were excluded from the main analysis. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of mode of delivery on time to subsequent birth, adjusted for age, ethnicity, socio-economic deprivation and year of index delivery.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Among low-risk primiparous women, 224 024 (21.4%) were delivered by Caesarean section. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the subsequent birth rate at 10 years for the cohort was 74.7%. Compared with vaginal delivery, subsequent birth rates were marginally lower after elective Caesarean for breech (adjusted hazard ratio, HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.98). Larger effects were observed after elective Caesarean for other indications (adjusted HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.78-0.83), and emergency Caesarean (adjusted HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.90-0.93). The effect was smallest for elective Caesarean for breech, and this was not statistically significant in women younger than 30 years of age (adjusted HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-1.01).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
We used birth cohorts from maternity units with good quality parity information. The data are likely to be nationally representative because the characteristics of the deliveries in included and omitted units were similar. There may be residual bias in our adjusted results due to unmeasured maternal factors such as obesity and voluntary absence of conception. Any residual bias would lead to an overestimate of the effect of Caesarean section on fertility, and the true effect is therefore likely to be smaller than the effect reported in our study.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results provide strong evidence that there is no or only a slight effect of Caesarean section on future fertility. The clinical and social circumstances leading to the Caesarean section have a greater effect on future fertility than the Caesarean section itself. This finding is important in light of rising Caesarean section rates.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
IG-U is supported by the Lindsay Stewart R&D Centre, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, UK. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
n/a.


PURPOSE
The management of early-stage Hodgkin's disease in the United States is controversial. To evaluate whether staging laparotomy could be safely avoided in early-stage Hodgkin's disease and whether chemotherapy should be a part of the treatment of nonlaparotomy staged patients, a phase III intergroup trial was performed.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Three hundred forty-eight patients with clinical stage IA to IIA supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease were randomized without staging laparotomy to treatment with either subtotal lymphoid irradiation (STLI) or combined-modality therapy (CMT) consisting of three cycles of doxorubicin and vinblastine followed by STLI.

RESULTS
The study was closed at the second, planned, interim analysis because of a markedly superior failure-free survival (FFS) rate for patients on the CMT arm (94%) compared with the STLI arm (81%). With a median follow-up of 3.3 years, 10 patients have experienced relapse or died on the chemoradiotherapy arm, compared with 34 on the radiotherapy arm (P <.001). Few deaths have occurred on either arm (three deaths on CMT and seven deaths on STLI). Treatment was well tolerated, with only one death on each arm attributed to treatment.

CONCLUSION
These results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a high FFS rate in a large group of stage IA to IIA patients without performing staging laparotomy and that three cycles of chemotherapy plus STLI provide a superior FFS compared with STLI alone. Extended follow-up is necessary to assess freedom from second relapse, overall survival, late toxicities, patterns of treatment failure, and quality of life.


Signs and symptoms of LCHAD deficiency typically appear during infancy or early childhood and can include feeding difficulties, lack of energy (lethargy), low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia), weak muscle tone (hypotonia), liver problems, and abnormalities in the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Later in childhood, people with this condition may experience muscle pain, breakdown of muscle tissue, and a loss of sensation in their arms and legs (peripheral neuropathy). Individuals with LCHAD deficiency are also at risk for serious heart problems, breathing difficulties, coma, and sudden death.


Cervical stenosis is anomalous narrowing or obstruction of any part or the entirety of the cervical canal. It may be congenital or acquired as the result of aging, nulliparity, use of progestins, curettage, cervical surgery or any combination of these factors. Cervical stenosis is challenging to gynecologists in that it presents an additional complication to the completion of procedures that require examination of or passage through the cervical canal. Limited literature on overcoming cervical stenosis recommends both medical therapy using laminaria or misoprostol (with additional estrogen therapy in postmenopausal patients) and surgical therapy using a variety of tools including hysteroscope, grasping forceps, scissors, bipolar electrode, hysteroscopic morcellator, resectoscope, LEEP and incision. We present an exemplar case where use of medical therapy might have eliminated the need for or at least reduced the risk of the surgical therapy that the patient actually received. We recommend that gynecologists become familiar with the variety of methods currently in use for resolving cervical stenosis so that they may best advise patients that need such treatment and that medical therapy be attempted before surgical therapy is applied whenever possible. University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa


As online education offerings are extended to more students, organizations are increasingly interested in the effectiveness of online learning compared to a traditional classroom. The need for research on the learning outcomes of students is imperative. The purpose of this study is to compare student learning in a traditional classroom with the equivalent online course. This research explores the research question: What is the difference between student learning in a leadership studies course through online versus traditional delivery methods? This study utilizes a directed content analysis to investigate student assignments using Kolb's Experiential Learning Model as a foundational theory. Previous research reveals a contradiction on student outlook on the instructor and format of the class, as well as understanding the effectiveness of each method of delivery. Findings in this study indicate that online students may engage more often in deeper learning on assignments than those in the traditional classroom environment.


Several studies shows that a wide range from 3-16% of dentoalveolar traumatic injuries result in avulsion. The ideal treatment for avulsion would be the reimplantation of the tooth. Thus, it is recommended to replant the tooth as quickly as possible. However, immediate repositioning of teeth is not always possible, so the choice of a suitable storage medium for maintenance of Periodontal Ligament cell viability is of extreme importance for the success of replantation. At the present article are discussed some storage medium and the results published in the international literature.


Wildfire is a major disturbance in Baikiaea plurijuga Harms woodland savannas. We tested the hypothesis that the timing and intensity of herbivory influence fuel loads. We used three stocking rates namely light (three cows and four goats ha)1), medium (six cows and eight goats ha)1) and heavy (eleven cows and sixteen goats ha)1) and three times of grazing namely early-, middle- and late-growing seasons. Season of grazing and stocking rate influenced herbaceous phytomass. Phytomass was generally the highest (53.5 g DM m)2) in paddocks grazed during the early growing season and the lowest (27.8 g DM m)2) in those grazed during the late growing season. Phytomass was also generally the highest (40.4 g DM m)2) in lightly stocked paddocks and the lowest (32.7 g DM m)2) in heavily stocked ones. Litter mass was the lowest (160.8 g DM m)2) in paddocks grazed during the early season whereas there were no differences in ungrazed paddocks and those grazed during either mid- or late growing seasons (205.4 g DM m)2). There was a negative relationship between litter mass and stocking rate. Baikiaea Benth. woodlands should be grazed during either the mid- or lategrowing season at stocking rates greater than 0.1 LU ha)1 to reduce grass fuel loads.


16. Abstract Portable changeable message signs (PCMSs) have been employed in highway work zones as an innovative temporary traffic control (TTC) device in the United Stated for many years. The traditional message format on a PCMS is text-based, which has been found to have several limitations in recent studies, such as confusing drivers and delaying their responses during driving, being difficult to read for older drivers and non-English-speaking drivers, and having a short range of legibility. The use of graphic-aided messages on PCMSs has many advantages over text-based PCMSs based on a number of previous laboratory simulation experiments. This research project used field experiments and driver surveys to determine the effectiveness of a graphic-aided PCMS on reducing vehicle speed and drivers' acceptance of utilizing a graphic-aided PCMS in the upstream of a one-lane two-way rural highway work zone. Field experiment were conducted to compare the effectiveness of text PCMS, graphic-aided PCMS, and graphic PCMS on reducing vehicle speed in a highway work zone in Kansas , and to develop regression models of the relationship between mean vehicle speed and distance under three PCMS conditions. Driver surveys were conducted to evaluate drivers' opinions on the implementation of a graphic-aided PCMS in the highway work zone. The findings showed that 1) using a text, a graphic-aided, and a graphic PCMS resulted in a mean vehicle speed reduction of 13%, 10%, and 17%, respectively; 2) using a graphic-aided PCMS reduced mean vehicle speed more effectively than using a text PCMS from 1,475 ft to 1,000 ft in the upstream of a work zone; using a graphic PCMS reduced mean vehicle speed more effectively than using a text PCMS from 1,475 ft in the upstream of the work zone to the location of the second TTC sign (W20-4 sign); 3) the majority of drivers understood the work zone and flagger graphics and believed the graphics drew their attention more to the work zone traffic conditions; and 4) more drivers preferred the information to be presented in the graphic-aided and graphic formats if the graphic-aided and graphic PCMSs were available. 1.1 Background The U.S. Interstate Highway System and many state and local highways were built between the 1950s and the 1970s, most of which were designed to last 25 to 30 years before major pavement rehabilitation was needed. In the past decade, many highways in the National Highway System (NHS) had been resurfaced, and as …


In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), communication between mobile nodes occurs without centralized control. In this environment the mobility of a node is unpredictable; this is considered as a characteristic of wireless networks. Because of faulty or malicious nodes, the network is vulnerable to routing misbehavior. The resource constrained characteristics of MANETs leads to increased query delay at the time of data access. In this paper, AntHocNet+Security (ANTSEC) framework is proposed that includes an enhanced cooperative caching scheme embedded with artificial immune system. This framework improves security by injecting immunity into the data packets, improves the packet delivery ratio and reduces end-to-end delay using cross layer design. The issues of node failure and node malfunction are addressed in the cache management.


These introductory remarks review some developments in Dutch applied psycholinguistic research during the last five years. Among them are the following:(1) Dutch psychologists show increased interest in child language, but still not enough to be of much help to the applied worker,(2) Interdisciplinary research in second language acquisition and bilingualism has blossomed up a great deal,(3) Reading and writing of Dutch, with special reference to Dutch morphology and spelling has become a field of much research activity,(4) Interactive research between psychologists, linguists and neuro-logists has rapidly developed over the recent years, in more or less institutionalized forms. It is of great potential importance for applications of various sorts.Applied psycholinguistics is often concerned with the promotion of successful communication. The paper stresses that natural languages are, in a critical way, more than just intelligent and effective communication systems. This is argued with reference to recent research in American Sign Language (versus chimp signing), in aphasia, and of a modern-day "wild child's" language. This critical distinction should be crucial for the applied worker as well.


This thesis studies routing optimization problems arising in wired (Internet) and wireless network systems. Given network capacities and traffic demands, routing optimization is used to find a set of paths to forward packets from source to destination so as to optimize a well-defined performance function (such as packet delay, or link utilization).
We first investigate an Internet routing optimization problem. In the Internet, the traffic demands change over time and are difficult to measure. We investigate the problem of finding a "robust" set of routes that results in good average case performance over changing or uncertain traffic demands, while avoiding poor worst case performance for such traffic demands.
We then investigate the joint sensing and routing optimization problem in resource-constrained (such as energy-constrained) wireless sensor networks. In contrast to the Internet where the link capacity is relatively fixed, wireless networks arguably have more flexibility in adjusting their network capacity by changing their resource allocation strategies. Our goal is to determine the energy allocation between data sensing (gathering data) and data communication (transmitting this sensed data), and the data routes to maximize the aggregate amount of information received at the data sinks. Due to the need to respond to local unpredictable environmental changes (e.g., in the amount of energy needed to realize a given link capacity as a result of environmental changes), and the lack of centralized control of wireless sensor networks, we are especially interested in a distributed solution to this problem.


Abstract The paper reviews the characteristic features of a volumetric neutron source based on the gas dynamic trap and the results of current experiments at GDT device on modeling of the operational regimes of the neutron source. Some limiting factors in the current experiments and possible next steps towards more comprehensive modeling in future experimental device are discussed. Also discussed are the recent findings in the GOL-3 experiment and their consequences for the next step experimental device.


Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds (QECBs) are federally-subsidized debt instruments that enable state, tribal, and local government issuers to borrow money to fund a range of qualified energy conservation projects. QECBs offer issuers very attractive borrowing rates and long terms, and can fund low-interest energy efficiency loans for home and commercial property owners. Saint Louis County, MO recently issued over $10 million of QECBs to finance the Saint Louis County SAVES residential energy efficiency loan program. The county's experience negotiating QECB regulations and restrictions can inform future issuers.


Background : Skin cancers, especially melanoma, are steadily increasing in incidence, and primary and secondary prevention measures have been proven to be useful in reducing skin cancer mortality. Aim : to promote a screening campaign among healthcare professionals of an Italian University/Hospital in order to detect not only an earlier recognition of potentially dangerous skin lesions, but also to verify if secondary prevention is useful, well-accepted and easy to perform among potentially more alerted people working in a healthcare background. Methods : The screening campaign was advertised through the Intranet of the Hospital. The screening took place once a week and a mean of 5-6 patients/week were examined. Every patient underwent a full-body skin examination integrated by handheld dermoscope at the Outpatient Clinic, Section of Dermatology, University/ Hospital of San Martino. In the case of clinically or dermoscopically suspicious lesions, an excision and histopathological examination were prescribed. Results : 138 patients (100 females and 38 males) were evaluated in the course of 1 year. 11 lesions were referred for excision and, among these, 1 was a melanoma in situ and 1 an atypical fibroxantoma. Conclusions : The rate of participation in the screening was low. However 2% of the screened patients presented a malignant lesion. We discuss the low adherence to the screening programme and suggest improving some aspects of communication, but we think that this kind of screening is useful because it can involve a good percentage of people who can undergo a check-up very easily in their own workplace.


The assessment of the Project Management Maturity (PMM) level shows the company how good it is at managing projects. This measurement can be performed in different domains of expertise. In the article, the issue of PMM in the human resources (HR) area is examined. The discussion is based on a world-wide empirical research project conducted in more than 400 companies. The study was mostly focused on the machinery industry as there is a dearth of research on project management topics in this branch of the economy. Therefore, by investigating the PMM level in the HR area, a picture of the state of project management in the machinery industry will be created. For the purposes of comparison, a study was conducted on the construction (CONS) and information technology (IT) industries which, in contradistinction, are very well recognized in the scientific literature related to project management issues. This approach will help to better contextualize and understand the results from the machinery industry. The PMM level measurement was done using the author's model which assesses maturity on a scale of one to five, where one is the lowest and five, the highest level of maturity. The results of the study revealed that there were differences between the industries in PMM levels and between Polish and foreign companies.


This project is an attempt to approach penetration testing with PowerShell tools.
Since PowerShell is at the time being over ten years old, it has ended up being a modern, quite effective but also quite complex management command line interface able to manage not only Windows systems, but any system supporting .NET framework.
The mindset behind this project is to quickly present all basic components of PowerShell (.NET objects, commandlets, modules, scripts and functions) and then move on to specific tools and an example scenario, in an attempt to introduce the novice users to most PowerShell functionalities that they may come across.
This project is by no means a fully-fledged PowerShell guide or an in depth penetration testing manual but an introductory one, aiming to quickly guide the potential readers to start using the tools in question while maintaining a basic understanding of their actions, rather than just blindly typing or pasting commands into a cli window, without understanding at all, how or why these actually operate.
It should be mentioned that, nowadays, there is a great number of PowerShell penetration testing tools available, for all phases of the procedure. Many defensive or incident response tools have also emerged. The majority of the offensive tools will be listed and their utility will be presented throughout this project.
The offensive PowerShell community is very enthusiastic, thorough and well organized. All projects are developed in the open, on GitHub, so for source-code and in-depth information, please visit the respective links that can be found in the 8. Resources section.


EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies. This journal, with ISSN 1979-7877, was firstly published on August 17, 2008, in the context to commemorate the anniversary of Indonesian Independence Day. Since issues of February 2009 to February 2016, the EDUCARE journal was organized and managed by the Lecturers of FKIP UMP (Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto) in Central Java; and published by Minda Masagi Press, as a publisher owned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The EDUCARE journal is published twice a year, i.e. every August and February. Bandung, Indonesia: August 30, 2017. Prof. Dr. Dinn Wahyudin A Guest Editor of EDUCARE Journal; and Lecturer at the Studi Program of Curriculum Development SPs UPI (School of Postgraduate Studies, Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.


This monograph, which was also designed as a short reference book for specialized undergraduate and graduate courses on EU law, intends to shed light on, and legally frame, the evolution of the doctrine of services of general economic interest (SGEIs). The book emphasizes the pivotal role played by SGEIs in striking a fair balance between market and social objectives. To this end, the book claims, first of all, that SGEIs have a dual nature inasmuch as they act as a limitation to/derogation from the free market and, simultaneously, as a value and positive obligation addressed at national authorities, undertakings, and EU institutions. The EU notions of access to public services and universal service are the clearest signal of such phenomenon. Secondly, the book claims that the transfer of competences from the Union to the Member States and the reaffirmation of Member States' sovereignty in crucial sectors of the economy are not the only solutions to foster social rights. In fact, this narrative is apt to undermine the foundations, spirit, and purpose of the process of European integration, especially at a time like the present, when new forms of populism and anti-Europeanism are on the rise, and when a European response is imperative to counter the spread of the coronavirus in European countries. The book concludes that SGEIs' regulation is an area of law where the EU institutions have generally successfully put into action and consolidated the social market economy principles on which the EU was founded. This is even further proof that the EU is not merely the reflection of interests linked to market completion, but also and foremost a 'Community based on the rule of law'. The book will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers in EU Law, European Public Law and EU competition law. © 2022 Daniele Gallo.


ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate the proportion of patients that present with isolated extremity pain who have a spinal source of symptoms and evaluate the response to spinal intervention. Methods Participants (n = 369) presenting with isolated extremity pain and who believed that their pain was not originating from their spine, were assessed using a Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy differentiation process. Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Upper Extremity/Lower Extremity Functional Index and the Orebro Questionnaire were collected at the initial visit and at discharge. Global Rating of Change outcomes were collected at discharge. Clinicians provided MDT 'treatment as usual'. A chi-square test examined the overall significance of the comparison within each region. Effect sizes between spinal and extremity source groups were calculated for the outcome scores at discharge Results Overall, 43.5% of participants had a spinal source of symptoms. Effect sizes indicated that the spinal source group had improved outcomes at discharge for all outcomes compared to the extremity source group. Discussion Over 40% of patients with isolated extremity pain, who believed that their pain was not originating from the spine, responded to spinal intervention and thus were classified as having a spinal source of symptoms. These patients did significantly better than those whose extremity pain did not have a spinal source and were managed with local extremity interventions. The results suggest the spine is a common source of extremity pain and adequate screening is warranted to ensure the patients ́ source of symptoms is addressed.


This paper presents a sustainable cook stove project made possible by a partnership between a United States university and a South African community.  Faculty and students from the University of Virginia and the Mashamba Primary Presidential School collaborated to produce a cleaner and more sustainable method of cooking. The Rocket Stove, a high efficiency stove that uses wood as fuel, was adapted and implemented in the Mashamba Primary Presidential School in 2010 through a collective effort from both the University and Mashamba.  Since then, University of Virginia students have revisited Mashamba and are now working closely with the primary school to determine the positive and negative impacts the cookstoves have instilled on the community. As collaboration between the University of Virginia and Mashamba Primary School continues and more knowledge about the integration of the stoves is revealed, the partners hope to disseminate information about the Rocket Stove to other portions of the region.  The following is a story about the implementation of the rocket stove within a community. It is also a story of how service learning and engaged scholarship can produce a sustainable solution impacting what development means to a community, creating a ripple effect within an entire region.