The Aspen Policy Books present innovative thinking on America's most pressing national security challenges. Securing Cyberspace: A New Domain for National Security is a collection of papers commissioned for the 2011 Aspen Strategy Group workshop, a bipartisan meeting of top national security experts. The papers examine the complexities of the emerging cyber threat, as well as the possibilities --and inherent challenges --of crafting effective domestic and international cyber policy. Authors explore topics such as the economic impact of cybercrime, cyber as a new dimension of warfare, the revolutionary potential of Internet freedom, and the future realities the United States will face in the new age of heightened Internet connectivity.


We deal with some halos generated by the divergent light from a nearby source. After discussing how the divergent light transforms some halo features, we give an outline of a method of handling the simulation of a divergent-light halo. The simulation method is then successfully tested on some well-documented halo observations. We also present a "simulation atlas" that shows halos produced by crystals of different shapes and for different light-source elevations and distances between the observer and the light source. The simulation method also admits a three-dimensional visualization ofthe phenomena.


Abstract The persuasiveness and popularity of narratives in commercial advertising has gained much attention but its application in inculcating responsible behaviour is severely limited. Domestic violence against women is a global issue and there is a dire need for effective bystander intervention campaigns. This two-part study delved into how narratives could be employed to elicit favourable ad attitudes and encourage bystanders to report instances of domestic abuse in their neighbourhood. Study 1 focused on testing the effectiveness of narratives in two culturally diverse countries – India and the United States. In general, findings showed that narratives (vs. non-narratives) were more persuasive in both countries. As the next step, using culture (interdependence vs. independence) and social distance (parents vs. neighbours), Study 2 found narratives with a socially proximal entity (parents) to be more persuasive in India while no differences between countries were observed for the socially distant entity (neighbours). Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.


When talking about mediation and other methods of conflict resolution based on peaceful, constructive and cooperative management of disagreement, we would seem to be talking about new systems for conflict management. Looking back at our history shows us how this is not the case however. Despite innovation in its theorisation and more professional application over the last thirty years, there is an underlying philosophy in these systems that could well be as old as human beings' ability to reason. Thus, mediation, whether carried out by professionals or informally by friends and relatives, is no new discovery, but rather the fortunate recovery of techniques based on ancestral principles rooted in people's ability to understand and dialogue.


The direct electrochemical oxidation of 4-t-butyltoluene at graphite electrodes in methanol, using NaClO4 as electrolyte, as been investigated in order to obtain an insight into the mechanism and kinetics of the anodic reactions taking place. It is shown that an increase in current density affects the product distribution, leading to a better yield of the target product 4-t-butylbenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and a lower percentage of unknowns at the expense of an increase in electrical charge. It is suggested that oxidation takes place by two mechanisms : a direct one involving oxidation of the substrate at the electrode, and an indirect one where a pool of solvent radicals assists in the oxidation process. Further evidence is provided for reaction mechanisms in studies where the substrate loading is varied, and also where the ratio of substrate to solvent is varied ; when the concentration of the substrate is high, there is evidence of the formation of dimers and other unknowns. Under certain conditions, these anodic reactions can be regarded as parallel consecutive second order reactions. The role played by the solvent is confirmed by kinetic data.
South African Journal of Chemistry Vol.55 2002: 125-131


Learning activities in a makerspace are hands-on and characterized by design and inquiry. Evaluation is needed both for learners and their coaches in order to effectively guide the learning process of the children and for feedback on the effectiveness of the after-school maker activities. Due to its constructionist nature, learning in a makerspace requires specific forms of evaluation. In this paper we describe the development of an instrument that facilitates and captures reflection on the activities that children undertook in a library makerspace. Our aim is to capture learning in this context with multiple instruments: analysis of the artifacts that are made, observation of hands-on activities and interviews - which all are time consuming methods. Hence, we developed an easy to use tool for self-evaluation of maker learner activities for children. We build on the design of a visual instrument used for learning by design and inquiry in primary education. The findings and results are transferable to (formative) assessment and evaluation of learning activities by learners in other types of education and specific in maker education.


Fundamental-mode channel waveguide lasers, while offering high pump and signal intensities and excellent pump-signal mode overlap, usually require a fundamental-mode pump source, thus limiting the diode pump power that can be launched into the waveguide to typically less than 1 W, thereby also setting limitations on the achievable output power. Here we demonstrate laser emission from a highly Yb3+-doped, tapered channel waveguide in KGdxLu1-x(WO4)2 by diode side pumping with a high-power, multi-mode diode bar via a passive planar waveguide, offering the potential for significantly increased output powers. We have chosen KGdxLu1-x(WO4)2:Yb3+ for its large pump-absorption cross-section at 981 nm. Multi-layer growth of lattice-matched layers [1] with various compositions is applied to design the refractive-index contrast and active properties of the laser device (Fig. 1). A 1.7 to 0.6-µm-high, horizontally tapered waveguide structure is etched into the 5mm-long KGd0.447Lu0.078Yb0.475(WO4)2 active layer [2] to allow for efficient pump absorption under side pumping in its 50-µm-wide waveguide section and simultaneously ensure single-mode laser emission via its 5-µm-narrow waveguide section. The pump power is delivered from the side through a 5 to 2.5-µm-high passive KGd0.114Lu0.116Y0.77(WO4)2 slab waveguide overgrown and surrounding the active tapered waveguide. The multi-mode, 30-W diode bar is mounted on a water-cooled chuck without active temperature control, resulting in a pump wavelength around 980 nm (Fig. 2a). The pump beam is modulated by a chopper with 2.9% duty cycle to reduce the thermal load. Mirrors are butt-coupled to the waveguide endfacets by use of a fluorinated oil, with reflection at 1040 nm of 99.8% and 90% at the wide and narrow active-waveguide end, respectively. No additional measures are taken to cool the sample. With this first, non-optimized device a maximum output power of 10 mW (Fig. 2a) when pumped with a cold diode (operating close to the absorption peak) and laser wavelength of 1038nm (Fig. 2b) are detected. Relaxation oscillations and the mode profile of laser emission with satellite spots, indicating a non-ideal taper structure, are recorded (Fig. 2c).


We explore the effect of consumer education on the likelihood of increasing the behavioural intention to use e-government services in Lebanon in the context of initial learning experience. E-government refers to the use of information and communication technology to improve public administration. The adoption of e-government systems by end users has remained below expectations and the efforts of many countries have remained vain. Scholars have found that the low adoption and use of egovernment services by end users for e-services are still major barriers to successful e-government implementation. Among the critical actions suggested by scholars, consumer education through training is a priority one. The results of this quantitative study show that by developing basic content and process oriented consumers' knowledge on e-government during initial learning experience, a critical period of time where end users decide whether they adopt this service or not, citizens will increase their behavioural intention to use of e-government services.


In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), because of the nonexistence of end-to-end connections, it is essential that nodes take advantage of connection opportunities to forward messages to make end-to-end messaging possible. Thus, it is crucial to make sure that nodes have incentives to forward messages for others, despite the fact that the routing protocols in VANETs are different from traditional end-to-end routing protocols. In this paper, we study how to stimulate message forwarding in VANETs. Our approach is based on coalitional game theory. In particular, we propose an incentive scheme for VANETs and rigorously show that with our scheme, faithfully following the routing protocol is in the best interest of each node. In addition, we extend our scheme to taking the limited storage space of each node into consideration. Experiments on testbed trace data verify that our scheme is effective in stimulating cooperation of message forwarding in VANETs.


Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) is a recessive hereditary syndrome characterized by cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, precocious aging, immunodeficiency, cancer predisposition and insulin-resistant diabetes. A-T is caused by defects in Ataxia-Telagiectasia Mutated (Atm) gene. Atm encodes a ser/thr kinase (ATM) of the PI3 kinase family that plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response (DDR). Although some A-T features are easily explained by defects in DDR, others, like precocious aging, insulin-resistant diabetes and the recently described whole chromosome instability, are not. We, thus, searched for possible DDR-independent roles of ATM. To this end, we analyzed human cells in which ATM was chemically or genetically downregulated in the absence of any DNA damaging insult. We observed that ATM downregulation induced abnormal mitotic figures. The phenotypes ranged from abnormal mitotic spindles that were displaced from the cell centre, indicating loss of cortical interaction of astral microtubules, to spindles with extra poles that slowly coalesced to form pseudo-bipolar spindles. Often the extra poles lacked the centrosome marker gamma-tubulin. These alterations resembled that of previously described mitotic phenotypes induced by genetic knock-down of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)-polymerase Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1). The mitotic phenotypes have been ascribed to reduced TNKS1-dependent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the Nuclear and Mitotic Apparatus protein 1 (NuMA1). Indeed, we found that ATM down-regulation impaired mitotic poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of NuMA1. We further observed that ATM physically interacted with TNKS1. ATM activity was required for TNKS1-dependent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of NuMa1, perhaps through ATM-dependent phosphorylation of NuMa1, but not for ATM-TNKS1 interaction. Previous observations have shown that TNKS1 controls telomere length by (poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating TRF1 and glucose uptake by regulating insulin-dependent transport into the plasma-membrane of the glucose transporter Glut-4. We propose that the ATM-dependent control of TNKS1 function, independently of DDR, could explain several A-T features and shed light on new therapeutic approaches for the A-T syndrome.


We discuss higher dimensional generalizations of the
0+10+1-dimensional
Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model that has recently become the focus of
intensive interdisciplinary studies by, both, the condensed matter and
field-theoretical communities. Unlike the previous constructions where
multiple SYK copies would be coupled to each other and/or hybridized
with itinerant fermions via spatially short-ranged random hopping
processes, we study algebraically varying long-range (spatially and/or
temporally) correlated random couplings in the general
d+1d+1
dimensions. Such pertinent topics as translationally-invariant
strong-coupling solutions, emergent reparametrization symmetry,
effective action for fluctuations, chaotic behavior, and diffusive
transport (or a lack thereof) are all addressed. We find that the most
appealing properties of the original SYK model that suggest the
existence of its 1+11+1-dimensional
holographic gravity dual do not survive the aforementioned
generalizations, thus lending no additional support to the hypothetical
broad (including 'non-AdS_{d+2}AdSd+2/non-CFT_{d+1}CFTd+1')
holographic correspondence.


Due to the requirements of lower capital investment, higher operational flexibility, and the pressures from environmental legislations on local pollutants and global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, power generation market is in favour of natural gas based electricity production in many regions, which is expected to be tripled between now and 2030. This trend will be particularly marked in developing countries such as China, where electricity demand is expected to rise most rapidly, while their local environment has been or is being severely damaged by heavily using low efficiency high polluted pulverized coal plants. Such a fuel switching can both enhance the local environment protection, and reduce the COz emissions, however, at a higher and more dynamic power generation cost. In this paper, the Pareto Optimal solutions regarding to two objectives of levelized cost of electricity and the associated COz emissions in relation to the design configurations and technical process parameters are obtained and presented for a natural gas combined cycle project in China, based on the developed 'environomic' models and a multiobjective optimizer. The obtained Pareto Optimal Frontiers tend to supply a flexible tool for handling the dynamics of important economic/market and environmental factors, so that the most proper design under a given circumstance can be easily identified through post-optimization simulation.Based upon which, the Clean Development Mechanism potentials of NGCC project in China are also discussed.


OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to identify and understand social media usage behaviour of dentists in South Africa, in general and in particular as part of their marketing strategy and to consider the potential determinants associated with these behaviours.

METHODS
Dentists who are members of the South African Dental Association were requested to anonymously complete an online questionnaire. Apart from demographic information, respondents were asked to report on their use of social media and their adoption of social media marketing. One-on-one interviews were also conducted with three dentists, to gain a deeper understanding of their adoption of this marketing option.

RESULTS
South African dentists have started to embrace social media and 50.2% interact through these channels at least once a day. The most popular social media platforms are GooglePlus and Facebook. Respondents use social media mainly for personal purposes, including staying connected to family and friends.. Only 13.2% of those responding currently use social media as a marketing tool, but the majority (83.5%) predict that such usage will increase in future.

CONCLUSION
Social media marketing is a growing trend and will become more significant in future. Although respondents used social media regularly for personal purposes, most are only now starting to use it as a marketing tool.


This Article analyzes legal issues related to harmful activities of international disaster elief personnel, focusing on two distinct issues. On the one hand, the analysis centers on internationally wrongful acts carried out by relief personnel and uncertainties related to the attribution of conduct, due to the array of actors involved in such missions. Such an examination will be carried out through the lens of draft articles adopted by the International Law Commission on the responsibility of states and international organizations where some nonexhaustive references are made to such scenarios. On the other hand, the Article focuses on liability issues that may arise in relief operations, with a specific analysis on claims involving private third parties and solutions provided by disaster law documents in this area. However, this practice is far from being uniform and several shortcomings can be identified, thus increasing the need for relevant actors to properly address such issues avoiding the current shortsighted attitude.


Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in China's Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces, the author asks how post-socialist unions respond to worker unrest and why the development of sectoral-level bargaining has been uneven in different regions of China. While Zhejiang has had relative success in establishing the organizational infrastructure for sectoral bargaining, Guangdong has had little success despite ongoing attempts by unions. The author explains variation in sectoral-level bargaining through an analysis of the different models of economic development, which are characterized as local entrepreneurialism and global integration for Zhejiang and Guangdong, respectively. Despite having different organizational forms, unions in both places suffer from a lack of credibility and capacity to enforce contracts. Given the ACFTU's ongoing focus on sectoral-level bargaining, however, experiments will likely continue in various regions and industries throughout China.


Herein, we report the effect of sonoluminescence and an initial dye concentration on the sonophotocatalysis of TiO2 for the degradation of eosin B, a textile dye. We first investigated the light illuminated during ultrasound irradiation (sonoluminescence) by photographic images, a radical indicator (luminol), and photoluminescence spectra of the detection range of 300–1050 nm. Next, we examined the synergistic effect of sonolysis on photocatalysis by comparing the dye degradation of sonophotocatalysis to that of individual contributions of sonolysis and photocatalysis. Since it was found that the synergist effect is highly engaged with a dye concentration and sonication power, we conducted the comparison test in different concentrations of eosin B (5 and 20 mg/L) and ultrasound powers (35.4, 106.1, and 176.8 W/cm2). When the concentration of dyes was low, negative synergistic effects were found at all ultrasound powers, whereas at the high concentration, positive synergistic effects were observed at high ultrasound power. This difference in synergistic effects was explained by the influence of ultrasound on dynamics of dye adsorption on the TiO2 surface.


Abstract This article addresses the fabrication of the eco-certified citizen, an ideal – rather than real – citizen constructed through requirements of both needed knowledge and a kind of personhood, with specific qualities. The societal demands of knowledge-response to environmental problems are studied, as well as the student's (future citizen's) responsibility in relation to these problems, in five subsequent national curricula for the Swedish compulsory school between 1962 and 2011. How does environmental education operate as a hub for constructing desirable citizens? From a theoretical framework of governmentality, the article explores how political rationalities for society and citizenship emerge. Our findings show how recent curricula, by using space and time metaphors, fabricate the eco-certified citizen as an individualistic, globalized person who is able and willing to use scientific knowledge to make decisions and develop opinions about the world. Citizenship has evolved as a competence rather than an ongoing practice, meaning that one has to prove oneself as a legitimate citizen. This emerging, post-political, citizenship differs from citizenship posited in 1960s' curricula – a combination of traditional family values and democratic involvement in the local society.


This thesis is an attempt to estimate the regional and national economic consequences of a wholesale move to sustainable agricultural systems in the UK. The study reviews definitions of agricultural sustainability, and draws a distinction between sustainable and organic farming systems. Farm-level definitions of sustainability are developed for all the main farm types encountered in the UK, and key indicators with targets are developed to assess and monitor any move towards sustainability. Linear Programming models are constructed, for 23 representative UK farm types under conventional and sustainable farming scenarios, to estimate the farm-level impacts of the adoption of sustainable farming at some point in the future. The farm-level models are aggregated to regional and national levels to estimate the likely changes in UK agricultural production of a more widespread adoption of sustainable farming practices. The wider economic effects of these changes at the regional and national levels are then examined by the use of output, income and employment multipliers.

The study found that the biggest financial losses were predicted to be on intensive livestock farms, and in the more productive agricultural regions in the East and the South. Losses in net farm income were greatest on pig and poultry farms on which incomes fell to 33% of the conventional incomes, specialist dairy incomes fell to 47%, and on mainly dairy farms they fell to 58%. Average incomes on cropping and large LFA farms fell only slightly to 97% of the conventional scenario, whilst incomes on small LFA farms rose slightly to 102% an on mixed lowland farms they increased to 119% of the conventional scenario.

The aggregated results project a fall in total net farm income for the UK to 85% of that under conventional farming. However, the total net farm income for Scotland would rise, whilst the biggest losses would be projected for Wales and Northern Ireland. Agricultural output was projected to fall by £2.42 billion, leading to an indirect fall of £1.58 billion in the farm supply industries, and a further induced fall of £1.68 billion in household spending, totalling a net loss of output of £5.66 billion. There would be a negative direct effect on household incomes however of £167 million, with indirect losses of £84 million and induced losses of £565 million. Direct employment in agriculture was also projected to fall by 28,830 FTEs, which would lead to an indirect loss of 31,740 FTEs in industries supplying farming, and induced losses of 30,292 FTEs in the wider economy leading to an overall loss of 90,862 FTEs. Gains in direct agricultural employment were however projected for the South East of England, and the West of Scotland. The North West of Scotland being the only region, where there would be a net overall increase in employment.

Nationally sustainable agriculture would lead to a significant fall in the total income from farming, yet there would be substantial variations around the country, and between farm sectors. Indirect effects on the farm supply industries, and induced effects on households spending would lead to substantial losses, which would need to be offset against the environmental gains. The implications of these results for agricultural policy are discussed.


Abstract Motivated by the problem of data breaches, we formalize a notion of security for dynamic structured encryption (STE) schemes that guarantees security against a snapshot adversary; that is, an adversary that receives a copy of the encrypted structure at various times but does not see the transcripts related to any queries. In particular, we focus on the construction of dynamic encrypted multi-maps which are used to build efficient searchable symmetric encryption schemes, graph encryption schemes and encrypted relational databases. Interestingly, we show that a form of snapshot security we refer to as breach resistance implies previously-studied notions such as a (weaker version) of history independence and write-only obliviousness. Moreover, we initiate the study of dual-secure dynamic STE constructions: schemes that are forward-private against a persistent adversary and breach-resistant against a snapshot adversary. The notion of forward privacy guarantees that updates to the encrypted structure do not reveal their association to any query made in the past. As a concrete instantiation, we propose a new dual-secure dynamic multi-map encryption scheme that outperforms all existing constructions; including schemes that are not dual-secure. Our construction has query complexity that grows with the selectivity of the query and the number of deletes since the client executed a linear-time rebuild protocol which can be de-amortized. We implemented our scheme (with the de-amortized rebuild protocol) and evaluated its concrete efficiency empirically. Our experiments show that it is highly efficient with queries taking less than 1 microsecond per label/value pair.


The world is experiencing new relations and transformations between natural, synthetic, and digital substances. Rather than considering these as materially distinct or ontologically separate, this Special Issue of TSANTSA interrogates how they are interlocked in socio-material processes of mediation, transmutation, and valuation. By conceptualizing the specificity of their separateness, the special issue makes possible the comparison and commensuration of their relationship, and to move beyond their essential qualities. What are the boundaries, leakages, or dis/connections between human and digital, natural and artificial, the organic and synthetic matters? Based on ethnographic research in laboratories, gold refineries, bio-tech microbial seeds and digitally-produced natural sounds, human-machine apps and cellular agriculture, each contribution theorizes the mediation, transmutation, and valuation of natural synthetics, the humanness of artificial intelligence, or the materiality of digital elements.


Observations show that galaxies and their interstellar media are pervaded by strong magnetic fields with energies in the diffuse component being at least comparable to the thermal and even as large or larger than the turbulent energy. Such strong magnetic fields prevent the formation of stars because patches of the interstellar medium are magnetically subcritical. Here we present the results from global numerical simulations of strongly magnetised and self-gravitating galactic discs, which show that the buoyancy of the magnetic field due to the Parker instability leads at first to the formation of giant filamentary regions. These filamentary structures become gravitationally unstable and fragment into $\sim10^5 M_{\odot}$ clouds that attract kpc long, coherent filamentary flows that build them into GMCs. Our results thus provide a solution to the long-standing problem of how the transition from sub- to supercritical regions in the interstellar medium proceeds.


Extracted from text ... REVIEW
The South African Gastroenterology Review - November 2003 4
Hepatitis C virus infection
subtypes with sequence homology of 77 - 80 %.5 Certain
genotypes predominate in certain geographic areas
and genotype 5 is found almost exclusively in South
Africa. Genotype predicts responsiveness to antiviral
therapy6 and it is more difficult to achieve a sustained
viral response in patients with genotype 1 than in those
with genotypes 2 and 3. Preliminary data suggest that
genotype 5 is also less responsive to anti-viral therapy.
Quasispecies are closely related yet heterogenous sequences
of the HCV genome within an infected individual.
7 ..


Net community production (NCP) and carbon to nutrient uptake ratios were studied during a large-scale mesocosm experiment on ocean acidification in Kongsfjorden, western Svalbard, during June–July 2010. Nutrient depleted fjord water with natural plankton assemblages, enclosed in nine mesocosms of ~ 50 m3 in volume, was exposed to pCO2 levels ranging initially from 185 to 1420 μatm. NCP estimations are the cumulative change in dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations after accounting for gas exchange and total alkalinity variations. Stoichiometric coupling between inorganic carbon and nutrient net uptake is shown as a ratio of NCP to a cumulative change in inorganic nutrients. Phytoplankton growth was stimulated by nutrient addition half way through the experiment and three distinct peaks in chlorophyll a concentration were observed during the experiment. Accordingly, the experiment was divided in three phases. Cumulative NCP was similar in all mesocosms over the duration of the experiment. However, in phases I and II, NCP was higher and in phase III lower at elevated pCO2. Due to relatively low inorganic nutrient concentration in phase I, C : N and C : P uptake ratios were calculated only for the period after nutrient addition (phase II and phase III). For the total post-nutrient period (phase II + phase III) ratios were close to Redfield, however they were lower in phase II and higher in phase III. Variability of NCP, C : N and C : P uptake ratios in different phases reflects the effect of increasing CO2 on phytoplankton community composition and succession. The phytoplankton community was composed predominantly of haptophytes in phase I, prasinophytes, dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes in phase II, and haptophytes, prasinophytes, dinoflagellates and chlorophytes in phase III (Schulz et al., 2013). Increasing ambient inorganic carbon concentrations have also been shown to promote primary production and carbon assimilation. For this study, it is clear that the pelagic ecosystem response to increasing CO2 is more complex than that represented in previous work, e.g. Bellerby et al. (2008). Carbon and nutrient uptake representation in models should, where possible, be more focused on individual plankton functional types as applying a single stoichiometry to a biogeochemical model with regard to the effect of increasing pCO2 may not always be optimal. The phase variability in NCP and stoichiometry may be better understood if CO2 sensitivities of the plankton's functional type biogeochemical uptake kinetics and trophic interactions are better constrained.


The new ctenid genus Afroneutria is proposed to include five species: Afroneutria velox (Blackwall, 1865) comb. nov. (type species), A. immortalis (Arts, 1912) comb. nov., A. erythrochelis (Simon, 1876) comb. nov., A. quadrimaculata sp. nov. and A. hybrida sp. nov., all collected in central to southeast Africa. Afroneutria species can be distinguished from the remaining Ctenidae by the presence of a synapomorphic laminar projection on the embolus tip. The genus can also be distinguished by the presence of the following set of characters: elongated cup-shaped median apophysis and elongated and laminar embolus on the male palp; large lateral projections on the epigynum and the spermathecae divided into two parts, dorsal and ventral, in the vulva.


In recent years, the discipline of Translation Studies (TS) has moved toward producing research that takes greater account of the social and cultural contexts in which literary translations are produced (Bassnett, 2010). As a result, the writings of TS theorists are generating insights that are increasingly relevant to the concerns of sociolinguistics. In particular, their written speech—taken as sociolinguistic data itself—evinces discourses of language policy and planning (LPP) both overtly and covertly (Shohamy, 2006). This paper builds a framework to research these discourses, synthesizing theoretical and analytic contributions from both the TS and LPP literatures. It then examines four distinct case studies, to demonstrate the various ways that LPP activities and approaches have been manifested through literary translation and the secondary scholarship of TS. The overall aim of this paper is to initiate an ongoing conversation about literary and other forms of translation as pertinent objects of inquiry in LPP studies and sociolinguistics more generally. This article is available in Working Papers in Educational Linguistics (WPEL): http://repository.upenn.edu/wpel/vol28/iss1/4 Literary Translation as a Nexus of Language Planning


Gene Sharp, a political scientist best known for his work on nonviolent action, passed away on January 28, 2018. Sharp leaves a lasting impact on academia, practitioners of nonviolent action, and societies who have used his methods to create political and social change. Sharp developed a comprehensive theory of nonviolent action and provided practical guidelines for its implementation. Despite his contribution to the scholarship on nonviolence and his influence on political events around the world, Sharp remains unknown to many. In this paper, we provide a brief biography of Sharp, review the key themes in his research program, and discuss the continuing importance of his work for those concerned with the establishment and maintenance of free societies.


Executive Summary Having experienced substantial international migration since the 1970s, countries in East, South, and Southeast Asia have developed laws, institutions, policies, and programs to govern various aspects of international migration. Children, however, who comprise a significant share of the world's international migrants, have not received as much policy attention as adults. Children are part of the region's international migration experience (e.g., children left behind in the countries of origin when their parents migrate for work, children as migrants, and children as members of multicultural families). This article provides an overview of the challenges faced by children as migration actors, and the policy responses and programs that select countries in the region have developed to address children's experiences and concerns. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees, which many Asian countries have endorsed, set forth objectives, commitments, and actions, informed by the principle of promoting the best interests of the child and child protection, which specifically address the needs of children. These include actions to promote universal birth registration, enhance access to education and health and social services regardless of migrant and legal status, and otherwise create inclusive and socially cohesive societies. Most countries in Asia have yet to meet these standards. Endorsing the two compacts was a first step. The good practices that have been implemented in a number of countries provide a template for how to translate these objectives into action and how to ensure that the full protection and best interests of migrant children, the left-behind children of migrant workers, and those who are part of multicultural families remain a priority.


Contrast enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging is a modality that is frequently used into the breast radiologist's daily clinical practice. MRI examination should have optimal technical proficiency in order to attain diagnostic quality avoiding false positive and negative diagnoses. Furthermore, due to increasing usage fields of the examinations uniting with high sensitivity phenomenon, excessive usage and excision/interventional procedures are inevitable. Therefore, we hope to highlight the appropriate usage of the MRI technique and it's clinical applications.


The role of health research ethics committees (RECs) has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. Novel and specialised research, multicentre trials across borders and commercially sponsored research, coupled with a huge increase in the number and complexity of research protocols, and capacity and resource constraints on the part of RECs, have led to serious breaches regarding the protection of human participants. Research involving the exchange or cross-border transfer of human biological materials (HBMs) requires specialised legal and ethical knowledge relating to multiple governance frameworks. RECs may be required to monitor compliance not only with contractual requirements, but also the national laws and national ethical guidelines and standards of selected jurisdictions, not to mention adherence to international regulatory instruments governing biomedical research generally, and the conditions for the collection and use of HBMs specifically. The South African (SA) legislator's decision to make RECs signatories to the prescribed material transfer agreement (MTA) template is a first step in the right direction, reinforcing the role and responsibilities of RECs, and their duty of care towards human participants in research. In addition, there has to be a transformation of the general mindset, towards accepting ethical principles within legal documents, particularly legal documents that involve the REC and create binding provisions that have a direct impact on participants. It is time that African views and participant protections are respected and accepted with the same vigour commanded by the Western world. In this article, the role of RECs in general is considered, prior to focusing on their responsibilities with respect to HBM transfer. The ethico-regulatory framework for REC functioning is discussed both from global and national perspectives. Also deliberated is the critical role that RECs play in reviewing health research proposals when HBMs are transferred between institutions, and the REC as a party to the SA national MTA template.


The effect of grape marc compost and grape marc vermicompost on the soil physical characteristics of slate processing fines, a waste produced during the processing of slate blocks, has been evaluated in two short-term studies. In the first study, the slate processing fines were mixed with the composts at three rates (4, 8, and 16% dry weight, equivalent to approximately 60, 120, and 240 Mg ha ―1 ), and incubated in the laboratory for 90 d at 25°C. The increment of organic matter, available organic C and biological activity were used to explain the effect of the treatments on the soil physical properties. The compost amendment significantly increased the consistency, water holding capacity, and aggregate size and stability of the slate processing fines (P < 0.05). Water holding capacity and consistency were positively correlated to total organic C, whereas aggregate stability was correlated to hot water-extractable C and dehydrogenase activity. The second study was a field experiment to evaluate the effect of a grape marc vermicompost on the hydraulic properties of the slate processing fines. The fines were mixed with two rates of grape marc vermicompost (4 and 8%, equivalent to approximately 60 and 120 Mg ha ―1 ). The moisture retention characteristic curve of the slate processing fines shifted to higher values of moisture at both rates of the amendment, but the hydraulic conductivity was only increased at the highest rate. The results of both experiments suggest that the addition of organic amendments can significantly improve the physical properties of mining wastes, producing a soil-like material which could be of use in restoration.


A new hybrid, air-biocathode microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) system was developed to achieve simultaneous wastewater treatment and ultrafiltration to produce water for direct reclamation. The combined advantages of this system were achieved by using an electrically conductive ultrafiltration membrane as both the cathode and the membrane for wastewater filtration. The MFC-MBR used an air-biocathode, and it was shown to have good performance relative to an otherwise identical cathode containing a platinum catalyst. With 0.1 mm prefiltered domestic wastewater as the feed, the maximum power density was 0.38 W/m(2) (6.8 W/m(3)) with the biocathode, compared to 0.82 W/m(2) (14.5 W/m(3)) using the platinum cathode. The permeate quality from the biocathode reactor was comparable to that of a conventional MBR, with removals of 97% of the soluble chemical oxygen demand, 97% NH3-N, and 91% of total bacteria (based on flow cytometry). The permeate turbidity was <0.1 nephelometric turbidity units. These results show that a biocathode MFC-MBR system can achieve high levels of wastewater treatment with a low energy input due to the lack of a need for wastewater aeration.


A simple analytic analysis of the ultra-high reflectivity feature of subwavelength dielectric gratings is developed. The phenomenon of ultra high reflectivity is explained to be a destructive interference effect between the two grating modes. Based on this phenomenon, a design algorithm for broadband grating mirrors is suggested.


Grape-derived aroma and flavor precursors exist partially as nonvolatile, sugar-bound glycosides. Hydrolysis of these compounds may modify sensory attributes and potentially enhance wine quality. Prefermentation skin contact at two temperatures and alcohol content at press were monitored to determine effects on Cabernet Sauvignon glycosides. Total, red-free, and phenol-free glycoside concentrations were estimated by the quantification of glycosyl-glucose. After three days, cold soak (10°C) increased total glycosides by 103%, red-free glycosides by 81%, and phenol-free glycosides by 88%. During the same period, ambient soak (20°C) increased total glycosides by 177%, red-free glycosides by 144%, and phenol-free glycosides by 106%. A reduction in the ratio of red-free glycosides to the total and the ratio of phenol-free glycosides to the total occurred during fermentation. At fermentation completion, red-free glycosides comprised 30% of the total, and phenol-free glycosides were 23% of the total glycosides. Wines produced by early pressing (10% sugar) had 25% more total and red-free glycosides than those pressed at dryness.


Title of Document: EFFECT OF ENCAPSULATION ON ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE IN ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPCITORS UNDER CONSTANT THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL LOADING Ehsan Parsa, Master of Science, 2014 Directed By: Professor Abhijit Dasgupta Co-Advisor Dr. Michael Azarian Department of Mechanical Engineering This study focuses on the influence of encapsulation (with silicone elastomer potting compound) on electrolyte leakage in aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Experiments were conducted on potted capacitors at constant elevated temperature and rated DC voltage, and results were compared to those from a control batch of unpotted capacitors. The weight, ESR and capacitance were periodically monitored. Encapsulation was found to decelerate electrolyte loss rate and ESR degradation. There was an increasingly discernible deceleration of capacitance degradation but the magnitude did not reach statistically significant thresholds within the test period. A simplified axisymmetric finite element model was constructed for theoretical understanding of the electrolyte loss process. The experimental measurements were used to guide the selection of the material properties in the model. The model addresses several possible sources of non-uniformities in the mass flux density in the test specimen: (i) radial nonuniformity of mass transport properties of the rubber seal; and (ii) delamination between the potting compound and the capacitor leads. This model was then used: (i) to conduct parametric investigation of the effect of mass transport properties of the potting compound; and (ii) in conjunction with the experimental results to estimate the electrolyte mass loss from the capacitor through the rubber seal. EFFECT OF ENCAPSULATION ON ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE IN ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPCITORS UNDER CONSTANT THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL LOADING


Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease has jeopardized the Florida's signature citrus industry that makes a valuable contribution towards state's economy. Despite the rigorous efforts to control the disease impact, efficient management measures do not exist. There is limited information on the extent of the impact of the disease. This study provides the measure of the impact of the disease in terms of production loss. Using the regional level data on citrus yield and the tree population we quantified the loss and estimated the probability of loss due to the HLB. The findings demonstrate a substantial production loss in major counties in the Florida. The result further reveals a high probability of loss due to the disease. Higher likelihood of the production loss indicates the ineffectiveness on controlling the impact of the disease.


Nine single-cysteine mutants were labeled with 5-(2-iodoacetylaminoethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, an efficient acceptor of Trp fluorescence in fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The ratio between the fluorescence intensity of the 5-(2-acetylaminoethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (AEDANS) moiety excited at 295 nm (Trp absorption) and 350 nm (direct AEDANS absorption) was used to estimate the average distances between the seven Trp residues in human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) and the AEDANS label. Guanidine HCl denaturation of the HCA II variants was also performed to obtain a curve that reflected the compactness of the protein at various stages of the unfolding, which could serve as a scale of the expansion of the protein. This approach was developed in this study and was used to estimate the compactness of HCA II during heat denaturation and interaction with GroEL. It was shown that thermally induced unfolding of HCA II proceeded only to the molten globule state. Reaching this state was sufficient to allow HCA II to bind to GroEL, and the volume of the molten globule intermediate increased ∼2.2-fold compared with that of the native state. GroEL-bound HCA II expands to a volume three to four times that of the native state (to ∼117,000 Å3), which correlates well with a stretched and loosened-up HCA II molecule in an enlarged GroEL cavity. Recently, we found that HCA II binding causes such an inflation of the GroEL molecule, and this probably represents the mechanism by which GroEL actively stretches its protein substrates apart (Hammarström, P., Persson, M., Owenius, R., Lindgren, M., and Carlsson, U. (2000) J. Biol. Chem.275, 22832–22838), thereby facilitating rearrangement of misfolded structure.


In this report we present a case of blast injury to hand, including multiple metacarpal bone defect. Bone defects were re constructed using fibular flap. Structural integrity of metacarpal bones was preserved with good functional results. ABSTRACT Background: Distal fingertip amputations with exposed bone is challenging for the surgeon to manage. In order to re construct a good sensate pulp with appropriate closure, various flaps are advocated in the literature. Of these, palmar advancement flap, first described by Moberg in 1964, comprises one of the most popular options. Methods: Thirteen patients (11 male, 3 female) with fingertip injuries were operated. Following the elevation of Moberg flap, proposed modifications were carried out. Joint mobility and pulp sensitivity were recorded as well and advancement scores were noted before and after the modification. These scores were assessed statistically. Results: No complications were noted and there was no need for additional surgery. Excellent joint mobility and pulp sensitivity were maintained. This modification showed a statistically significant improvement in the advancement (p<0.05). Conclusions: Moberg flap is a good option for the closure of fingertip defects. Some simple modifications, as described in here, can enhance the advancement while securing the entire advantages of the flap.


OBJECTIVES
The study of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) using a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) design poses challenges, such as treatment standardization and blinding. We designed an RCT, which avoided these two common challenges, to evaluate the effect of adding the relaxation response (RR) to usual acupuncture treatment. In this paper, we report on the feasibility and patients' experience from the study participation.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS
Our study was a two-arm, double-blind RCT conducted in an acupuncture clinic in Boston. Study subjects were patients with human immunodeficiency virus/autoimmunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), who reported having at least one of the highly prevalent HIV-related symptoms, and were receiving acupuncture treatment.

INTERVENTION
The intervention group wore earphones to listen to tapes with instructions to elicit the RR and also soft music while receiving acupuncture treatment, while the control group only listened to soft music. The intervention group was also required to listen to the RR tapes at home daily.

OUTCOME MEASURES
A study evaluation was completed upon termination of the 12-week study (36 intervention and 44 control patients).

RESULTS
A majority of participants in both groups reported: no discomfort wearing earphones (82.9%, 81.8%); the study met their expectations (87.1%, 85.4%); and they would recommend the study to others (91.1%, 90.5%). Intervention participants reported better experiences with the tapes than the control group (p = 0.056) (72.4% versus 52.8% felt better with tapes; 3.5% versus 16.7% felt better without tapes; and 24.1% versus 30.6% felt no difference). Intervention participants were also more likely than the control group (p = 0.02) to report positive emotional/physical/spiritual changes (45.5% vs. 20.9%) and relaxed/peaceful/calm feelings (30.3% vs. 25.6%) from the study participation.

CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a unique trial that examined the synergistic effects of two types of CAM practices. The intervention group reported more positive study-related experiences than the control group.


The >1000-km-long Oligocene—Miocene left-lateral Red River shear zone (RRSZ) and metamorphic belt and the Pliocene—active right-lateral Red River fault (RRF), stretching from SE Tibet to the South China Sea, has been cited as one of the primary examples of a lithospheric scale strike-slip fault that has resulted in syn-kinematic metamorphism and partial melting and accommodated several hundred to a thousand kilometers of horizontal motion as a result of the indentation of India into Asia. Alternatively we interpret the metamorphic complexes along the RRSZ as exhumed metamorphic core complexes of older rocks, subsequently affected by Oligocene–Early Miocene left-lateral shear and localized partial melting (leucogranite dykes), Miocene low-angle normal faulting along margins (Range Front faults), and Pliocene active dextral strike-slip faulting (RRF). Along the Ailao Shan (ALS) and Diancang Shan (DCS) ranges in Yunnan, SW China, early amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks were intruded by K-feldspar orthogneisses of Triassic age (Indosinian). LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating reveals a complex history with zircon cores showing evidence of Indosinian (∼239–243 Ma) to Neoproterozoic magmatism. Zircon rims show an Oligocene (∼26 Ma) magmatic or metamorphic overprint. Biotite granodiorites and syenites of mantle origin intruded the gneisses during the Oligocene (∼35 Ma). Later biotite leucogranites intruded the orthogneisses and migmatite host rocks before a significant phase of tight to isoclinal folding. Ductile, left-lateral strike-slip shear fabrics were superimposed on all lithologies at high temperature (∼500–550 °C) for the ALS and lower temperatures (∼250–150 °C) after peak metamorphism and after granite intrusion. A few very small biotite (±Grt ± Tur) leucogranite veins and dykes crosscut the ductile strike-slip shear fabrics at Yuanjiang, in the Ailao Shan. Low-angle normal faulting along the margins of the metamorphic massif accommodated final exhumation of the Red River gneisses. Using published U-Th-Pb and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of granites along the shear zone, the age of left-lateral ductile shearing along the RRSZ can be constrained as between the earlier deformed leucogranites (31.9–24.2 Ma) and the later crosscutting dykes (21.7 Ma) with exhumation-related cooling continuing until ∼17 Ma.


The adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) complex of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) mediates protein transport between the trans-Golgi-network and endosomes. It consists of the two large adaptins γ1 and β1, both of which bind clathrin and accessory proteins, and the two smaller adaptins, μ1 and σ1, both of which bind cargo proteins. Three σ1 adaptin isoforms, A, B, and C, are encoded by separate genes. σ1B is the brain specific isoform and σ1A is the ubiquitous isoform, this also explains the viability of the mice. σ1B -/- mice have impaired spatial memory and AP-1/σ1B deficient humans have a severe mental retardation. σ1B -/- mice have fewer synaptic vesicles (SV), reduced SV recycling, but more synaptic CCV and large endosomes. In this study I analyzed the CCV accumulation in 'ko' synapse in order to understand how and why they are formed due to the σ1B-adaptin deficiency. First we found out that the accumulating CCV are endocytotic AP-2 CCV, although it was expected that this class of CCV is reduced, due to the reduction of SV recycling. Moreover, the coat composition of these AP-2 CCVs is altered, and thus, they represent a subpopulation of AP-2 CCVs. Based on these data we developed a model where the accumulation of the AP-2 CCVin 'ko' is due to an up-regulated CME or a slow uncoating, suggesting that there could be different sub-populations of AP-2 CCV. We were able to isolate a subpopulation, and it turned out to be a 'stable' AP-2 CCV pool, with higher coat stability and thus slower or delayed uncoating.
Furthermore, we found that the AP-1/σ1B deficiency leads to alterations in the endosomal Rab5 pathway. AP-1 σ1A and σ1B adaptins regulate the Rab5 cycle, by interacting with several Rab5 effector proteins. This interaction is altered in "ko" synapse, leading to enhanced Rab5 activation and thus enhanced early endosome to endolysosome protein transport and SV protein degradation.
These findings demonstrate that AP-1/σ1B deficiency strongly effects the AP-2 CCV endocytotic pathway and its functions indicating an interdependent regulation of AP-1 and AP-2 mediated synaptic vesicle recycling and that AP-1 complexes also regulate the endosomal sorting of SV proteins.


The control parameters of metal products using the eddy current method of nondestructive testing based on electromagnetic induction law is now widespread. Due to the high sensitivity over a wide frequency range of the ability to control the mechanical properties , uniformity of material, both magnetic and non-magnetic materials, beskonechnosti, high reliability, automation, process control, etc.
The object of study is the process of interaction of external electromagnetic fields with defects in heterogeneity of structure in metal rod, causing a deformation of microtubuli currents and, accordingly, their influence on the inductance coil of the sensor. So, according to the law of electromagnetic induction eddy currents induced by an external electromagnetic field will be asking a private field that will oppose the external field that will lead to a change in inductance of the sensor coil. Therefore, the most informative parameter in this case is the relative change in inductance of the sensor.
In the known designs use differential transformer sensors, transmission type, which differ in complexity of implementation, but have high sensitivity. In existing works not enough attention on improving of the metrological characteristics . Modern means of microstraava flaw detectors in the overwhelming number are for scientific research, but little attention is paid to tools that can be used in industrial processes, through a complex measurement process in the existing funds and the large volume of the software during automatic processing of information.
In the presented work there is a system for nondestructive testing of metal bars with deprivation of the above-mentioned disadvantages, which would provide high metrological characteristics in a wide frequency range, separate measurement of impedance components of the sensor, which allows the reduction of methodological errors of determination of the main characteristics of the output signal of microstraava sensors.
The scientific result is created sambalanco pavement system based on electronic dharamtala model of a vortex sensor with high metrological characteristics, which allows you to create real-time signal proportional to the amount of damage that will give you the opportunity to increase productivity in the quality control bar of metal products in a production environment.


The disposal of untreated municipal wastes is a problem that challenges public and environmental health on global scale. In Kenya, the high population growth rates, urbanization and growth of the industrial sector have compounded the problem of environmental sustainability, notably, due to the large volumes of solid waste generated. The traditional dumping and land filling have been methods of choice for solid waste disposal for many municipalities; however, they lead to the pollution of the surrounding environment, have exorbitant costs associated with transporting waste and limited land resources suitable for these types of waste disposal. Despite all these limitations, composting, a microbial process with minimal environmental impact has been given very little attention as an alternative waste treatment technology. Although bacteria can easily be genetically manipulated and therefore are good candidates for industrial use, very few have been researched on. Furthermore, the optimum conditions under which they biodegrade solid wastes are not well understood. This study aimed at extracting and characterizing the biodegradative enzymes from 15 bacterial isolates obtained from dumpsite soil. Optimum period for extracellular enzyme production, pH, temperature and the influence of selected ions on the activities of the enzymes were studied. The isolates were grown in four different growth media and their enzymes purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation. The substrate utilization pattern of the individual isolates was investigated using spectroscopic methods. Most of the isolates were bacterial of the genus bacillus. All the isolates were secreting extracellular proteins into their growth media. Majority of the isolates had optimum protein production between 48-96 hours. Enzymes produced by most isolates were acting on all the three commercial substrates (CMcellulose, xylan and cellobiose) [P>3.23 (F=3.88)]. Cellulases, xylanases and cellobiases had activities at broad temperature ranges 27 o C ([P< 3.23 (F=0.21)], 50 o C [P<3.23 (F=0.14)] and 80 o C [P<3.23 (F=0.06)], respectively). From the study, cellulases and cellobiases were acting within a large pH range (pH 4.8) (P> 3.23 (F=3.24] and (pH 6.8) [P>3.23 (F= 6.33)], respectively, while xylanases were acting within a narrow pH range (pH 4.8) [P< 3.23 (F=1.91]). Magnesium and calcium ions had stimulatory effect on cellulases and cellobiases while Silver and Copper ions inhibited the enzymes. Bacillus clausii (293), Bacillus sp. NER (117) and Bacillus sp. CSS-8 strain (108) had high activities on all the substrates and biodegrades at high pH and temperature ranges and can be used to facilitate biodegradation of waste when used with the correct ion concentration.


The title of this paper is inspired by the work of Poincare [1890, 1892], who introduced many key dynamical systems methods during his research on celestial mechanics and especially the three-body problem. Since then, many researchers have contributed to his legacy by developing and applying these methods to problems in celestial mechanics and, more recently, with the design of space missions.

This paper will give a survey of some of these exciting ideas, and we would especially like to acknowledge the work of Michael Dellnitz, Frederic Gabern, Katalin Grubits, Oliver Junge, Wang-Sang Koon, Francois Lekien, Martin Lo, Sina Ober-Blobaum, Kathrin Padberg, Robert Preis, and Bianca Thiere.

One of the purposes of the AMS Current Events session is to discuss work of others. Even though we were involved in the research reported on here, this short paper is intended to survey many ideas due to our collaborators and others.

This survey is by no means complete, and we apologize for not having time or space to do justice to many important and fundamental works. In fact, the results reported on here rely on and were inspired by important preceding work of many others in celestial mechanics, mission design and in dynamical systems. We mention just a few whose work had a positive influence on what is reported here: Brian Barden, Ed Belbruno, Robert Farquhar, Gerard Gomez, George Haller, Charles Jaffe, Kathleen Howell, Linda Petzold, Josep Masdemont, Vered Rom-Kedar, Radu Serban, Carles Simo, Turgay Uzer, Steve Wiggins, and Roby Wilson. In an upcoming monograph (see Koon, Lo, Marsden, and Ross [2005]), the dynamical systems and computational approach and its application to mission design are discussed in detail.

One of the key ideas is that the competing gravitational pull between celestial bodies creates a vast array of passageways that wind around the Sun, planets and moons. The boundaries of these passageways are realized geometrically as invariant manifolds attached to equilibrium points and periodic orbits in interlinked three-body problems. In particular, tube-like structures form an interplanetary transport network which will facilitate the exploration of Mercury, the Moon, the asteroids, and the outer solar system, including a mission to assess the possibility of life on Jupiter's icy moons. The use of these methods in problems in molecular dynamics of interest in chemistry is also briefly discussed.


In this study, we demonstrate that a visualization model can determine the effectiveness of searching a bibliographic database, when three descriptive metadata fields are compared. The Inspec database was searched to create a bibliography of articles about a broad scientific topic, interplanetary travel. We collected metadata from 823 Inspec articles and used the Sci2 Tool to create co-occurrence networks based on subject terms, title keywords, and classification codes from each of the articles. The Watts-Strogatz clustering coefficient model was used to create molecular organization of the networks. This method identified subject domain clusters for each of the three selected metadata elements and subject classification codes were extracted from all the clusters obtained. All data obtained was converted into a common metadata element (classification codes), allowing for the comparison of data from the initial search and from all the subject clusters identified in the visualization process. A set of eight subject codes were found to describe the Main Subject Domain of interplanetary travel. The results also show that searching with classification codes produced the best outcome, the second best option is using subject terms, and the least effective search technique is using title keywords. These results, using visualization, corroborate previous studies.


Glaciers cover nearly 10 percent of the earth's surface but are melting at an inexorable rate. According to the Pacific Standard magazine, the Arctic Sea ice has lost 80 percent of its volume since 1979. Antarctica's 'Doomsday Glacier' is melting faster and could raise global sea levels by two feet. As three-quarters of the earth's fresh water is stored in glaciers, its melting depletes freshwater resources for millions of people. Glaciers also play a huge role in the climate crisis. Silica microspheres are promising materials to prevent glacier melting as it reflects most of the sun's radiation. When spread in layers over the glacier, it can slow the rate of melt and aid in new ice formation. However, it is necessary to determine the ideal amount of silica to achieve the desired result with minimum environmental impact. This paper introduces a novel method SPF ICE to determine the optimal amount of silica based on glacier's properties using reinforcement learning agents and a custom OpenAI Gym environment. The environment simulates a real-world model of a glacial setting using specific data, such as the glacier's mass balance, temperature, and average accumulation and ablation. After testing the agents, the proposed solution reduced glacial melting by an average of 60.40% using the optimal amount of silica. The results indicate SPF ICE is a promising and cost-effective solution to curb glacier melting.


SYNOPSIS: Using a stated preference experiment, this study investigates the infrastructure reporting preferences of 103 public sector managers having experience with the use and interpretation of specialized infrastructure information. The results of the ordered mixed logit analysis indicate that public sector managers tend to choose more comprehensive and detailed financial and nonfinancial disclosures in circumstances where: the physical condition of the infrastructure is in a poor state of repair; governments may not be placing much priority on funding existing infrastructure; the financial costs to maintain infrastructure are high; infrastructure has high importance to service delivery; and government agencies have made significant investments in public infrastructure. The results of this study suggest that a blend of GASB and AASB requirements for infrastructure assets (i.e., condition assessments in combination with replacement costs) could enhance the overall usefulness of infrastructure informatio...


Medical cannabis use is common in the United States and increasingly more socially acceptable. As more patients seek out and acquire medical cannabis, primary care physicians will be faced with a growing number of patients seeking information on the indications, efficacy, and safety of medical cannabis. We present a case of a patient with several chronic health conditions who asks her primary care provider whether she should try medical cannabis. We provide a review of the pharmacology of medical cannabis, the state of evidence regarding the efficacy of medical cannabis, variations in the types of medical cannabis, and safety monitoring considerations for the primary care physician.


Background: Although research shows that almost all listed companies have corporate websites with dedicated investor relations (IR) sections that enable companies to 'push' information to investors, it was argued that such an asymmetrical approach to communication is insufficient for companies wishing to exercise good IR. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of the Internet to act as a mechanism to achieve more interactive communication between companies and investors. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to measure the responsiveness, timeliness and relevance of companies' responses to e-mail requests, and to test for the determinants (size, market-to-book ratio, profitability, leverage and liquidity) thereof. Method: The mystery investor approach and a content analysis were used to study the e-mail handling performance of companies. The associations between company-specific characteristics were statistically tested. Results: It was found that the e-mail handling performance of companies in this study was poor compared with previous studies. Significant relationships between company size and responsiveness and relevance, and between market-to-book ratio and relevance were reported, as well as between the contact method used to request information and relevance and the use of social media and timeliness. Conclusion: Specific areas where companies could improve their investor communications were identified. The need for further research was discussed to explain some of the relationships found, as well as those not found, in contrast to what was expected. Future research is warranted to examine the relationship between the e-mail handling performance of companies and information asymmetry and the cost of equity of companies.


In this paper, we develop a forward-looking small scale macroeconomic model (SSMM) of the Indonesian economy which is potentially useful for carrying out monetary policy analysis. The Batini-Haldane (1999) model is used as the theoretical underpinning for the development of the model along with the well-known Taylor policy rule (1993). The tracking performance of the model is found to be satisfactory. We conduct deterministic and stochastic simulations to examine the role of the central banks credibility in achieving the inflation target and to suggest appropriate monetary policy responses. Policy simulations indicate that it is crucial for the Indonesian authority to address its credibility for Indonesia to achieve a lower inflation rate. Simulations to trace out the inflation-output tradeoff frontier also show that a monetary policy rule that targeted both the inflation and output gap will result in less macroeconomic volatility. We also found that the inclusion of the exchange rate into the monetary policy rule as an additional feedback variable warrants serious consideration in the future course of monetary policy management.


The integration of crowdsourcing in behavioral research in the IS field offers several advantages and opportunities. This paper builds on prior study, employing a design science research (DSR) paradigm to design, develop and evaluate a tool that assists researchers in adopting crowdsourcing when testing theory about behavioral phenomena. The proposed tool is based on an extensive review of literature on how theory has been tested, and a pattern model that standardizes extracted concepts, activities, processes and relationships into patterns. In particular, we discuss the architecture of the proposed tool and present two prototypes, one used for knowledge articulation by representing, extracting, organizing and acting on relevant information and the other on decision making and recommendation for the tool users. Evaluation results show the applicability and utility of the tool.


OBJECTIVES
We sought to determine the association between maternal body mass index and risk of preterm delivery.

METHODS
We assessed 187,290 women in Scotland and estimated adjusted odds ratios for spontaneous and elective preterm deliveries among overweight, obese, and morbidly obese women relative to normal-weight women.

RESULTS
Among nulliparous women, the risk of requiring an elective preterm delivery increased with increasing BMI, whereas the risk of spontaneous preterm labor decreased. Morbidly obese nulliparous women were at increased risk of all-cause preterm deliveries, neonatal death, and delivery of an infant weighing less than 1000 g who survived to 1 year of age (a proxy for severe long-term disability). By contrast, obesity and elective preterm delivery were only weakly associated among multiparous women.

CONCLUSIONS
Obese nulliparous women are at increased risk of elective preterm deliveries. This in turn leads to an increased risk of perinatal mortality and is likely to lead to increased risks of long-term disability among surviving offspring.


AIM
To investigate whether ductus venosus (DV) wave velocities and/or DV peak velocity index for veins (DV-PVIV) can predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fetal echocardiography was performed in 455 healthy women with uneventful pregnancies between the 20-24th gestational weeks. DV blood flow and DV-PVIV data were collected prospectively. Echocardiography was repeated in healthy subjects on the 30th postnatal day. Four hundred patients met the study criteria. Newborns with clearly visible foraminal flaps, interatrial septal defects smaller than 5 mm and right-to-left shunting through the defect were accepted as patent foramen ovale (PFO) (n=91). Newborns without PFO (n=309) comprised the control group.

RESULTS
A statistically significant difference was detected between the groups with and without PFO in terms of mean DV-PVIV values, DV-D and DV-a wave velocities (p<0.05 for all). ROC analysis showed that increased DV-PVIV values were related to and predictive of PFO (AUC=0.75; p<0.001) and that a threshold value of 0.62, had a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI 78.1-93.0%) and a specificity of 51.7% (95% CI 46.1-57.5%).

CONCLUSION
DV-PVIV values above 0.62 at the time of fetal echocardiographic examination can predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period.


This edited volume critically examines the widely supported doctrine of the 'Responsibility to Protect', and investigates the claim that it embodies progressive values in international politics.

Since the United Nations World Summit of 2005, a remarkable consensus has emerged in support of the doctrine of the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P) – the idea that states and the international community bear a joint duty to protect peoples around the world from mass atrocities. While there has been plenty of discussion over how this doctrine can best be implemented, there has been no systematic criticism of the principles underlying R2P. This volume is the first critically to interrogate both the theoretical principles and the policy consequences of this doctrine.

The authors in this collection argue that the doctrine of R2P does not in fact embody progressive values, and they explore the possibility that the R2P may undermine political accountability within states and international peace between them. This volume not only advances a novel set of arguments, but will also spur debate by offering views that are seldom heard in discussions of R2P. The aim of the volume is to bring a range of criticisms to bear from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, including international law, political science, IR theory and security studies.

This book will be of much interest to students of the Responsibility to Protect, humanitarian intervention, human security, critical security studies and IR in general.


ECG warning system is established for real time monitoring of a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) and automatic detection of certainement cardiac diseases, namely myocardial infarction, hyperkalemia and atrioventricular block. A distinctive research work related on the assimilation of modern technologies: software, computer and information technologies. ECG early warning system's algorithm is developed in accordance to measuring the average of the ECG signatures and Interprets the data with simulated healthy curve. The prototype system INITIALLY classifies the data and Evaluated it with natural healthy simulated curve. Meanwhile the system discards f healthy curve exists otherwise the system stores the distinguished abnormalities in the curve then transfers Warning to the doctor and patient. Cardiac patients can be assisted by this warning system by detecting abnormalities at the very early stage. Consequently, doctors Provide better tools to identify cardiac diseases resulting things more accurate medical advice


Kepler revealed that roughly one-third of Sunlike stars host planets orbiting within 100 days and between the size of Earth and Neptune. How do these planets form, what are they made of, and do they represent a continuous population or multiple populations? To help address these questions, we began the Magellan-TESS Survey (MTS), which uses Magellan II/PFS to obtain radial velocity (RV) masses of 30 TESS-detected exoplanets and develops an analysis framework that connects observed planet distributions to underlying populations. In the past, small-planet RV measurements have been challenging to obtain due to host star faintness and low RV semiamplitudes and challenging to interpret due to the potential biases in target selection and observation planning decisions. The MTS attempts to minimize these biases by focusing on bright TESS targets and employing a quantitative selection function and observing strategy. In this paper, we (1) describe our motivation and survey strategy, (2) present our first catalog of planet density constraints for 27 TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs; 22 in our population analysis sample, 12 that are members of the same systems), and (3) employ a hierarchical Bayesian model to produce preliminary constraints on the mass–radius (M-R) relation. We find that the biases causing previous M-R relations to predict fairly high masses at 1 R ⊕ have been reduced. This work can inform more detailed studies of individual systems and offer a framework that can be applied to future RV surveys with the goal of population inferences.


Abstract. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of mercury (Hg) in precipitation were investigated in the core urban areas of Chongqing, China. During the period from July 2010 to June 2011, total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in precipitation were analysed from three sampling sites. Our results suggested that the volume-weight mean THg and MeHg concentrations in precipitation were 30.67 ng l−1 and 0.31 ng l−1, respectively. The proportion of MeHg in THg ranged from 0.1% to 7.6% with a mean value of 1.3%. THg and MeHg concentrations showed seasonal variations, while the highest THg value was measured in winter. Contrarily, the highest MeHg concentration was observed in autumn. Additionally, a geographically gradual decline of THg concentration in precipitation was observed from the downtown to the suburb, then to the controlled site in the city. 5 mm rainfall might be a threshold for the full wash-out capability. Rainfall above 5 mm may have a diluting effect for the concentrations of THg. Moreover, the current research implies that the coal combustion and motor vehicles could be the dominant sources for Hg in the precipitation.


In this paper we present a scattering-based method to compute high quality depth of field in real time. Relying on multiple layers of scene data, our method naturally supports settings with partial occlusion, an important effect that is often disregarded by real time approaches. Using well-founded layer-reduction techniques and efficient mapping to the GPU, our approach out-performs established approaches with a similar high-quality feature set.
 Our proposed algorithm works by collecting a multi-layer image, which is then directly reduced to only keep hidden fragments close to discontinuities. Fragments are then further reduced by merging and then splatted to screen-space tiles. The per-tile information is then sorted and accumulated in order, yielding an overall approach that supports partial occlusion as well as properly ordered blending of the out-of-focus fragments.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To summarize empirical evidence relating to stressors that may affect patients' psychosocial health following colostomy or ileostomy surgery during hospitalization and after discharge.

DATA SOURCES
An extensive search was performed on the CINAHL®, Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science electronic databases.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Eight articles were included with three qualitative and five quantitative research designs. Most studies were conducted in Western nations with one other in Taiwan. Following colostomy or ileostomy surgery, common stressors reported by patients during hospitalization included stoma formation, diagnosis of cancer, and preparation for self-care. After discharge, stressors that patients experienced encompassed adapting to body changes, altered sexuality, and impact on social life and activities.

CONCLUSIONS
This review suggests that patients with stomas experience various stressors during hospitalization and after discharge. Additional research is needed for better understanding of patient postoperative experiences to facilitate the provision of appropriate nursing interventions to the stressors.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
To help patients deal with stressors following stoma surgery, nurses may provide pre- and postoperative education regarding the treatment and recovery process and encourage patient self-care. Following discharge, nurses may provide long-term ongoing counseling and support, build social networks among patients with stomas, and implement home visit programs.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION
Stoma surgery negatively affects patients' physical, psychological, social, and sexual health. Postoperative education programs in clinical settings mostly focus on physical health and underemphasize psychological issues. More pre- and postoperative education programs are needed to help patients cope with stoma stressors.


This article articulates a model of self-regulated learning for law students and lawyers, explains why law schools should aspire to teach their students to be self-regulated learners and details a curriculum designed to accomplish that goal. The first section of the article explains self-regulated learning. Self-regulated learning is a cyclical model of the learning process. In fact, all learners self-regulate, although many new law students are novice self-regulated learners. Self-regulation involves three phases. In the planning phase, learners decide what they want to learn and how they will learn it. Expert self-regulated learners are more likely to strive for mastery, to consciously make strategic choices in deciding how to study, and to consciously plan when and where they will study. In the second phase, expert learners implement their adopted strategies while monitoring whether they are learning and maintaining attention, and they quickly act to rectify confusion or distraction. In the reflection phase, expert learners evaluate their learning process to determine whether it was as effective and efficient as possible, attribute successes to personal competence and effort and failures to specific strategic choice errors, and plan how they will approach similar tasks in the future. The second section argues that law schools should include self-regulated learning skills among the skills they teach. This section details education studies from within and outside of legal education that show that expert self-regulated learners learn more, learn it better and enjoy the learning process more than their novice peers. The final section describes a curriculum designed to teach law students to be self-regulated learners. The curriculum, designed to replace law schools' traditional orientation programs, provides concrete ideas for teaching these skills and for reinforcing that instruction in students' first-year courses


This paper describes four paradoxes of criminal justice reform: (1) Good intentions do not matter and may, in fact, be a detriment; (2) Major changes come about when disparate coalitions merge to make them possible; (3) The structure of incentives matters more than the content of feelings or thoughts; (4) Whatever we do in our lives will, if we are lucky, become the foundation that others who follow us will find in need of change. Implications of these paradoxes for both restorative and community justice reform agendas are discussed.


Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a 12-week multi-faceted, childfocused intervention that included a point-of-purchase kiosk featuring fresh fruits, vegetables, and healthy grab-and-go snacks; and a sampling pod, comprised of food items from the kiosk. Design: An observational uninterrupted time-series design was used in one intervention grocery store. The intervention consisted of two components, a Healthy Kids Kiosk and food sampling. Subjects/Setting: Patrons of Ukrop's Inc. Grocery store in Roanoke, Virginia. May-September 2009 Measures: The study measures consist of three components: 1) examination of changes in sales data for featured products, provided by the grocery chain; 2) candid, unobtrusive, blind observations of customers near and around the intervention; and 3) brief questionnaires of customers, who engaged at some level with the Kiosk and sampling pod. Results: The results yielded an overall increase in the proportion of the sales of the featured items to total store sales during the intervention period. Individual items that increased sales during the intervention period, included whole-wheat mini bagels, bananas, radishes, honey, sunflower, baked tortilla chips, and almond butter (p<.05). Parents whose children were arguing, crying/whining, or not in the shopping cart, had higher levels of engagement with the kiosk. Almost two-thirds (61.7%) of the patrons interviewed noticed the healthy kids kiosk, with about one-quarter (28.7%) indicating that they purchased at least one item. Fifty-eight percent reported that the kiosk encouraged them to buy healthier foods. Conclusion: Promoting healthy foods at point-of purchase locations can result in increased purchases of these foods among families with young children. Application: These findings have provided insight into the effectiveness of grocery store interventions on purchasing patterns and behaviors of families with young children.


ABSTRACTDecaying logs on the forest fl oor can act as "nurse logs" for new seedlings, helping with the regeneration of the vegetation. Fossil evi-dence of this ecological strategy is exceptionally well preserved in the Argentinean Andes, where an ~300 m.y. old permineralized for-est was found at 3000 m elevation in San Juan Province. The fossil trunks, some of them in life position, are intercalated between volca-nic rocks and sediments deposited in fl ooded environments (probably coastal lagoons). More than 100 specimens studied allow us to suggest the dominance of only one tree species in the forest. The fi rst issue of the research was to determine the means used by the vegetation to survive in such adverse environmental conditions. Fossil evidence supports the hypothesis of regeneration via nurse logs. Little rootlets preserved inside the wood of several specimens indicate that seedlings developed on these logs. Important additional information provided by the fossils is the presence of aerenchymatic tissue in the rootlets. Aerenchyma tissue is a common feature developed in plants living in fl ooded environments; therefore its recognition in the fossil forest helps in the ecological interpretation.INTRODUCTION


The Route 80-MAGIC (Metropolitan Area Guidance, Information and Control) project is considered to be the showcase Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) project for the state of New Jersey. The project consists of a total of 72 miles (116 km) of intelligent highway starting at the George Washington Bridge near New York City and continuing westerly, and including parts of the New Jersey Turnpike and some of the most congested traffic areas within the state. There are 35 variable message signs, used to post traffic information for drivers, located in advance of interchanges and along selected diversion routes throughout this project. Supporting these large structures safely over the roadway presents special challenges not covered by existing design specifications. The New Jersey Department of Transportation engaged Lehigh University to instrument a cantilever sign structure and to help develop a design criteria that would address the fatigue design from loads imposed by truck and natural wind, including wind buffeting.


Few would dispute that the well-being of individuals is one of the most desirable aims of human actions. However, approaches on how to define, measure, evaluate, and promote well-being differ widely. The conventional economic approach takes income (or the power to acquire market goods) as the most important indicator for well-being, and the utility function as the formal device for positive and normative analysis. However, this approach to well-being has been questioned for being seriously limited and other approaches have arisen. The capability approach to well-being, which has been developed during the last two decades by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, and the Happiness Approach to well-being, championed by Richard Easterlin, both provide an alternative. Both approaches come from different traditions and have developed independently, but nevertheless aim to overcome the rigid boundaries of the conventional economic approach to well-being. Given these common aims, it is surprising that little comparative work has been undertaken across these approaches. This book aims to correct this by providing the reader with contributions from leading names associated with both approaches, as well as contributions which evaluate the approaches and contrast one with the other. Contributors to this volume - Sabine Alkire, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative Erik Angner, University of Alabama Luigino Bruni, Milano-Bicocca Flavio Comim, St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge Edward L. Deci, University of Rochester Ed Diener, University of Illinois Richard Easterlin, University of Southern California Carol Graham, The Brookings Institution Johannes Hirata, Institute for Business Ethics of St. Gallen University Pelin Kesebir, University of Illinois Maurizio Pugno, University of Cassino Richard M. Ryan, University of Rochester Carol Ryff, University of Wisconsin-Madison Amartya Sen, Harvard University Burton H. Singer, Princeton University Robert Sugden, University of East Anglia Maarten Vansteenkiste, University of Leuven


This essay examines the relationship between a popular but neglected subgenre of nineteenth-century historical fiction, the classical-historical novel, and the Waverley novels of Walter Scott. Using John Gibson Lockhart's Valerius; a Roman Story (1821), the first of the classical-historical novels to appear in the wake of the Waverley novels, as a test-case, the essay demonstrates how this subgenre highlights the limits of Scott's model for historical fiction. The essay first outlines the nature of Scott's favored brand of historicism, which it argues was a genealogical one centered on the oral testimony of witnesses to the past events in question (or their near-descendants). It then assesses Lockhart's attempt to adapt Scott's historicist model to his novel's second-century setting, and argues that for reasons having to do both with the temporal and cultural remoteness of that setting, and with the special status of late antiquity in the nineteenth century, Scott'smodel was not available to Lockhart and subsequent classical-historical novelists. Lockhart's novel thus stands as an instructive "false start" for the nineteenth-century classical-historical novel.


Small, simple, highly interactive software modules have been developed to help science students surmount some of the main barriers for effective learning (as experienced in traditional lecture-based teaching): lack of motivation, lack of rapid and specific feedback, lack of interaction with the learning material, and lack of the opportunity to apply newly acquired knowledge.

These modules are different to other multimedia materials currently available in that:

· they will allow students to progressively test their assumptions and further their understanding of scientific concepts. Students will develop not only conceptual understanding but also problem-solving skills;
· the use of academics as software developers means that the modules can be easily changed in response to student needs and feedback;
· students' progress and difficulties can be tracked and students will be able to record comments while using the modules. Tracking and students' comments will allow teachers to discover areas of difficulty which can be addressed through small group work and also provide for a continuous cycle of development, use and evaluation;
· the modular construction makes sections of the program interchangeable between disciplines and allows academic staff to build courses by drawing on small modules of relevant content instead of large blocks of content comprising significant amounts of irrelevant material.


The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has interpreted section 113(f)(3)(B) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Cleanup, and Liability Act, or CERCLA, to only allow a party to seek contribution for claims resolved under CERCLA itself, rather than claims resolved under a state statute. In Trinity Industries, Inc. v. Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit broke from Second Circuit precedent by holding that section 113(f)(3)(B) does not require a settlement under CERCLA to permit a contribution action pursuant to CERCLA. This Comment argues that the Third Circuit's interpretation of section 113(f)(3)(B) is a more accurate reading of the plain language of the statute, a better interpretation of the legislative history of the contribution provision, and more consistent with the policy goals of the CERCLA regime than the interpretation put forth by the Second Circuit.


Introduction: While chiropractic care is often associated with the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, there are other, non-musculoskeletal conditions which may benefit from spinal manipulation (SM). This paper reports on the return of hearing in a woman treated with chiropractic adjustments after 8 months of lack of improvement through allopathic care. Pre and post audiograms were used for comparison. Case Presentation: In this report, a 46 year old white female with neck pain, tinnitus, and hearing loss was treated with cervical spinal manipulation with positive results. A pre-treatment audiogram indicated low-frequency hearing loss, worse in the left ear. Intervention and Outcomes: After being unsuccessfully medically treated over an 8 month period, she sought chiropractic care for the above symptoms. After 3 chiropractic adjustments, her hearing and associated symptoms were significantly improved. She received 12 treatments over a 4-month period. When asked to rate her hearing and fullness sensation in the ear on a Patient Specific Functional Scale with a 0-10 measure, where 0 is no deficits and 10 is completely impaired, initially she rated her symptoms as 7, and 5 months after the conclusion of care, her rating dropped to 1. Following treatment her audiogram was normal. TOPICS IN INTEGRATIVE HEALTH CARE [ISSN 2158-4222] – VOL 5(3) September 30, 2014 2 | P a g e Conclusion: This report details the condition and treatment of a female patient with cervicalgia and associated hearing loss (HL). Possible mechanisms for these results are discussed. This case along with others previously published,1-4 aid in the consideration of (SM) as a possible intervention for HL associated with cervicalgia.


ABSTRACT Melt ponds are believed to play an important role in sea ice dynamics because they accelerate the melting of sea ice in the warmer spring and summer months. Additionally, they are known to absorb solar radiation rather than reflect it as the surrounding sea ice does. However, the size and distribution of melt ponds are highly variable, and thus, the contribution of melt ponds to sea ice melting should differ based on the maturity of the melt pond. Because of the harsh conditions of the Arctic, estimating the actual surface changes via in situ measurements and/or optical remote sensing data is difficult. In this study, we present a high-resolution time-series analysis of the short-term variation of sea ice and melt ponds over the Beaufort Sea using space-borne multispectral and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. A KOMPSAT-3 (Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-3) optical image was used for an initial classification of the surface types, and 15 TerraSAR-X SAR images covering 46 days in the 2014 Arctic summer were used to perform a dense time-series analysis. The surface of the target sea ice was classified into six categories based on spectral characteristics. The temporal variation of the radar backscattering coefficient in each class exhibited a distinct pattern, which was closely related to surface changes. Overall, changes in the radar backscattering coefficient indicated dynamic surface changes, except over pressure ridges. All ice classes showed a two-step decrease in radar backscattering, whereas snow-covered ice surfaces exhibited far fewer changes compared to bare ice surfaces. The surfaces adjacent to ponds showed stronger negative decreases than other classes. The changes in dark melt pond classes presented a complex non-linear decrease, which differed from the stepwise decrease of blue melt ponds. These observations can be used for important modelling studies of surface melting/freezing rates and to infer the variation over large areas using remote sensing data.