Heterocapsa triquetra is one of the most common bloom-forming dinoflagellates found in estuaries and near shore regions around the world. This work examined the environmental factors associated with 3 separate wintertime H. triquetra blooms in the shallow tidally mixed Newport River estuary, North Carolina, USA. During 2 of the blooms in 1982 and 1983, the estuary was sampled from a fixed, single location every hour for 14 d. During the third study, the estuary was sampled at 9 fixed locations over its entire length each week from late December 1997 through March 1998. This time period included the formation and decline of the H. triquetra bloom. Barometric pressure, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation, salinity, temperature, nutrient concentrations, and chl a were mea- sured in each study. During the 1997-1998 study, pigments were analyzed using HPLC to characterize the phytoplankton assemblages and the dominant dinoflagellates in each sample were counted. The prevailing environmental conditions associated with the wintertime blooms were largely the result of atmospheric forcing. Low pressure systems moved through the study area at 3 to 4 d intervals and were accompanied by low ambient air temperatures and regular rainfall. Runoff following the rainfall events supplied inorganic nutrients critical for bloom initiation and development. It also created a mesohaline frontal zone in the middle portion of the estuary with salinity and hydrodynamic conditions favorable for H. triquetra growth. Here, the H. triquetra bloom reached its maximal development with chl a levels >100 µg l -1 and cell densities between 1 and 6 × 10 6 l -1 . As the H. triquetra bloom developed, nutrient in- puts from the river became insufficient to meet growth demand and H. triquetra began feeding mixo- trophically, supplementing its nutritional requirements and reducing competition from co-occurring dinoflagellates. Cloud cover associated with the low pressure systems transiently limited H. triquetra growth as did low temperatures. More importantly though, low temperatures limited micro- and macro- zooplankton populations to such an extent that grazing losses were minimal. Hence, in order to bloom, H. triquetra optimizes a suite of factors including low grazing pressure, increased nutrient inputs, alternative nutrient sources, and favorable salinity and hydrodynamic conditions, as well as the nega- tive factors of temperature-limited growth, short day lengths, and periods of transient light limitation.


The malign figure of the Antichrist endures in modern culture, whether religious or secular; and the spectral shadow he has cast over the ages continues to exert a strong and powerful fascination. Philip C. Almond tells the story of the son of Satan from his early beginnings to the present day, and explores this false Messiah in theology, literature and the history of ideas. Discussing the origins of the malevolent being who at different times was cursed as Belial, Nero or Damien, the author reveals how Christianity in both East and West has imagined this incarnation of absolute evil destined to appear at the end of time. For the better part of the last two thousand years, Almond suggests, the human battle between right and wrong has been envisaged as a mighty cosmic duel between good and its opposite, culminating in an epic final showdown between Christ and his deadly arch-nemesis.


We consider the problem of determining the optimal policy for staffing a queueing system over multiple periods, using a model that takes into account transient queueing effects. Formulating the problem in a dynamic programming setting, we show that the optimal policy follows a monotone optimal control by establishing the submodularity of the objective function with respect to the staffing level and initial queue size in a period. In particular, this requires proving that the system occupancy in aG/M/s queue is submodular in the number of servers and initial system occupancy.


It must be conceded that this 'project' represents work in progress as both an intellectual challenge and as an intervention in practice and provision within a higher education institution undergoing a fundamental transition. The term 'project' refers to the full range of activities and developments described and analysed in this project report. The project itself is on-going and not subject to academic /closure'. The term 'explication' when used in the report refers to the narrative and sequence of elements within the project. The explication itself attempts to reach a conclusion in phase 3 where 'outputs and products' are described. Where necessary the explication provides a self-conscious commentary on the project, especially where theoretical issues are involved. It tells a partial story only, but one which it is hoped yields valid lessons and understanding. The real life focus of the project is Westhill College of Higher Education which, in the period dealt with, was faced with major institutional challenges to its academic and financial viability due to its size and recent history. On joining the college in September 1997 both the new Principal and Deputy Principal had believed in the academic and financial viability of the institution as a continuing independent and autonomous entity. Such was the stated position, when both senior staff took up post, and in all fairness to past and present college members the college had never returned a deficit budget on the recurrent accounts. Furthermore, there were (and remain) long term resources invested by the college trustees on behalf of Westhill. However, within a period of three months of the new management team taking office it became clear that the long term prospects for a completely independent and diversified higher education college such as Westhill were pessimistic if it had to continue to rely on public funding bodies for practically all of its income whilst its
student numbers were capped at less than 1000 FTEs. By late 1997 the College's funding bodies (HEFCE and TTA) were unable and unwilling to guarantee growth in student numbers for Westhill. Furthermore, it was becoming clear that the quality of student life and experience was suffering in comparison to that available
to much larger neighbouring universities.
Faced with such prospects the senior management, the Governors and the Trustees of Westhill sought a radical option! (see Appendix 1 - document 1). A twin track of developmental change was proposed involving the generation of new approaches to learning and provision (embodied in the creation of a Centre for Lifelong
Learning) and, almost simultaneously, the creation of a strategic alliance. This alliance eventually turned out to be with the University of Birmingham, of which Westhill historically was an accredited and affiliated institution. The narrative of this project is, however, not primarily concerned with the alliance. Rather, the
alliance should be viewed as a 'framing' reality and continuing context for the development of learning opportunities which are the main menu detailed here. Curriculum driven institutional change, the development of sites of learning and the evolution of a network of learning are the nodal points of Westhill's
developing contribution to the alliance and are the main focus of work developed in this project. This arena of professional work, involving discourse, dialogue, negotiation, innovation and managing institutional change, involved above all what Winter and Maisch (1998) refer to as "authoritative involvement" in testing out new formulations of knowledge and new (for Westhill) methods and opportunities for learning. It is hoped that these concerns find expression in the explication that follows and for which the author carries the major institutional responsibility in the process analysed below.


Certificates are widely used as a signaling mechanism to mitigate adverse selection when information is asymmetric. To reduce information asymmetry between lenders and borrowers, Chinese peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platforms encourage borrowers to obtain various kinds of credit certificates. As P2P markets continue to develop, it is plausible that certification may play a pivotal role in ensuring investment efficiency. It performs the first empirical investigation of this issue, using unique data from Renrendai, one of the People's Republic of China's largest P2P lending platforms. It finds that surprisingly, loans with more credit certificates experience a higher rate of delinquency and default. However, lenders remain attracted by higher certificates despite lower loan performance ex post, which results in distorted capital allocation and reduced investment inefficiency. Overall, the paper documents a setting where credit certificates fail to serve as an accurate signal due to their costless nature, where poor-quality borrowers use more certificates to boost their credit profiles and improve their funding success. Possible explanations for this phenomenon include differences in marginal benefit of certificates for different borrower types, bounded rationality, cognitive simplification, and borrower myopia.


Temperate lakes typically turnover twice annually; however, certain factors can reduce the possibility of turnover. One of these factors may be the addition of road salt to the watershed. Road salt increases the density of water, increasing the energy needed to turnover a lake. Reduced turnover can have major effects on the nutrient dynamics of the lake. In this study, I examined seven small, deep lakes in Southeast Michigan to determine if turnover was affected by salinity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these turnover events in TSL have changed since 2009 and how common incomplete spring turnover was in other small, deep lakes. I measured the amount of dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity and calculated the stability of each lake. I also measured nutrient concentrations and Chi a to determine whether nutrient cycling was affected. One lake, Third Sister Lake (TSL),demonstrated reduced turnover from repeated years of salt inputs. The results of this study indicate that incomplete spring turnover occurred in two lakes: Third Sister Lake and Pickerel Lake, although excessive salt accumulation only occurred in TSL,suggesting that other factors may have caused this same phenomenon in Pickerel Lake. I found that these two lakes were also the most stable. In TSL,phosphorus was trapped in the hypolimnion during the summer and Chl was highest in the metalimion. However, we did not see these patterns in Pickerel Lake. Lower nutrient and oxygen availability creates unfavorable conditions for the wildlife of each lake. Other lakes, such as Pickerel Lake, that experienced decreased turnover should be monitored as they could follow the same fate as TSL if ever salt were presented into that particular watershed. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis


We expect the incomes of physicians to remain high in the next decades. Using the latest published physician income data (2015) we calculated the weighted median income of U.S. physicians and the net present value (NPV) of an investment in physician education.We estimated the NPV assuming that the physicians training began in 2007 and their practice would commence in 2015. We estimated the NPV of the lifetime earnings of a physician based on the median income of all physicians in the sample to be between $7.1 and $7.3 million.This finding of high NPV's is consistent with almost all earlier studies of this kind. Physicians continue to experience relatively high incomes and very slow increases in the number of new graduates. We expect an excess demand for positions in medical colleges to continue.Our findings with respect to the incomes of non-primary physicians (surgeons, radiologist and cardiologists), indicate will continue to be much higher than those of primary physicians.There are strong evidence suggesting this is because of blockages in physician residency openings in these non-primary fields of medicine.


The ACE‐2 HILLCLOUD experiment was carried out on the island of Tenerife in June–July 1997 to investigate the interaction of the boundary layer aerosol with a hill cap cloud forming over a ridge to the north‐east of the island. The cloud was used as a natural flow through reactor to investigate the dependence of the cloud microphysics and chemistry on the characteristics of the aerosols and trace gases entering cloud, and to simultaneously study the influence of the physical and chemical processes occurring within the cloud on the size distribution, chemical and hygroscopic properties of the aerosol exiting cloud. 5 major ground base sites were used, measuring trace gases and aerosols upwind and downwind of the cloud, and cloud microphysics and chemistry and interstitial aerosol and gases within the cloud on the hill. 8 intensive measurement periods or runs were undertaken during cloud events, (nocturnally for seven of the eight runs) and were carried out in a wide range of airmass conditions from clean maritime to polluted continental. Polluted air was characterised by higher than average concentrations of ozone (>50 ppbv), fine and accumulation mode aerosols (>3000 and >1500 cm−3, respectively) and higher aerosol mass loadings. Cloud droplet number concentrations N, increased from 50 cm−3 in background maritime air to >2500 cm−3 in aged polluted continental air, a concentration much higher than had previously been detected. Surprisingly, N was seen to vary almost linearly with aerosol number across this range. The droplet aerosol analyser (DAA) measured higher droplet numbers than the corrected forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) in the most polluted air, but at other times there was good agreement (FSSP=0.95 DAA with an r2=0.89 for N<1200 cm−3). Background ammonia gas concentrations were around 0.3 ppbv even in air originating over the ocean, another unexpected but important result for the region. NO2 was present in background concentrations of typically 15 pptv to 100 pptv and NO˙3 (the nitrate radical) was observed at night throughout. Calculations suggest NO˙3 losses were mainly by reaction with DMS to produce nitric acid. Low concentrations of SO2(∼30 pptv), HNO3 and HCl were always present. HNO3 concentrations were higher in polluted episodes and calculations implied that these exceeded those which could be accounted for by NO2 oxidation. It is presumed that nitric and hydrochloric acids were present as a result of outgassing from aerosol, the HNO3 from nitrate rich aerosol transported into the region from upwind of Tenerife, and HCl from sea salt aerosol newly formed at the sea surface. The oxidants hydrogen peroxide and ozone were abundant (i.e., were well in excess over SO2 throughout the experiment). Occasions of significant aerosol growth following cloud processing were observed, particularly in cleaner cases. Observations and modelling suggested this was due mainly to the take up of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and ammonia by the smallest activated aerosol particles. On a few occasions a small contribution was made by the in‐cloud oxidation of S(IV). The implications of these results from HILLCLOUD for the climatologically more important stratocumulus Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) clouds are considered.


Nitric oxide-associated protein 1 (NOA1) is involved in various abiotic stress responses and is required for plant resistance to pathogen infections. The first chapter of this dissertation explores for the first time the role of NOA1 in plant-herbivore interactions. We created NOA1-silenced Nicotiana attenuata plants (irNaNOA1), which had highly decreased photosynthesis rates. We further examined plant defense traits against its specialist herbivore Manduca sexta by treating WT and irNaNOA1 plants with mechanical wounding and M. sexta oral secretions (OS). NOA1-silenced plants showed elevated levels of herbivory-induced jasmonic acid (JA), but decreased JA-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) levels that did not result from compromised JAR (jasmonic acid resistant) activity in irNOA1 plants. Moreover, nitrogen-rich defensive compounds, nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPI), did not differ between WT and irNaNOA1 plants. In contrast, concentrations of most carbon-based defensive compounds were lower in these plants than in WT plants, although the levels of chlorogenic acid were not changed. Therefore, silencing NOA1 alters the allocation of carbon resources within the phenylpropanoid pathway. These data suggest the involvement of NOA1 in N. attenuata's defense against M. sexta attack, and highlight its role in photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of jasmonates and secondary metabolites. The second chapter explores GSNOR-involvement in plant–herbivore interactions. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) reduces the nitric oxide (NO) adduct S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and has been found to be important in resistance to phytopathogens. Using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system, the activity of GSNOR in N. attenuata was knocked down and the function of GSNOR in defense against the insect herbivore M. sexta was examined. Silencing GSNOR decreased the herbivory-induced accumulation of plant defense regulating phytohormones JA and ethylene without compromising the activity of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK). Decreased activity of trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) were detected in GSNOR-silenced plants after simulated M. sexta feeding. Hence, GSNOR-silenced plants have elevated susceptibility to M. sexta attack. GSNOR is also required for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced accumulation of defense-related secondary metabolites (TPI, caffeoylputrescine, and diterpene glycosides) but is not needed for the transcriptional regulation of JAZ3 (jasmonate ZIM-domain 3) and threonine deaminase, indicating that GSNOR mediates certain but not all jasmonate-inducible responses. This work highlights the important role of GSNOR in plant resistance to herbivory and jasmonate signaling and suggests the potential involvement of NO in plant–herbivore interactions.


Surgery scheduling must balance capacity utilization and demand so that the arrival rate does not exceed the effective production rate. However, authorized overtime increases because of random patient arrivals and cycle times. This paper proposes an algorithm that allows the estimation of the mean effective process time and the coefficient of variation. The algorithm quantifies patient flow variability. When the parameters are identified, takt time approach gives a solution that minimizes the variability in production rates and workload, as mentioned in the literature. However, this approach has limitations for the problem of a flow shop with an unbalanced, highly variable cycle time process. The main contribution of the paper is to develop a method called takt time, which is based on group technology. A simulation model is combined with the case study, and the capacity buffers are optimized against the remaining variability for each group. The proposed methodology results in a decrease in the waiting time for each operating room from 46 minutes to 5 minutes and a decrease in overtime from 139 minutes to 75 minutes, which represents an improvement of 89% and 46%, respectively.


Localized carbonate cementation occurs in the Eocene Grebe Sandstone of the Vulcan Sub-basin, Timor Sea, Australia. The cements have been previously interpreted as originating from microbial methane oxidation and sulfate reduction in a shallow subsurface environment and were related to hydrocarbon leakage. Here we reassess these localized carbonate cements in the Grebe Sandstone, and reported new findings. Petrography shows that there are two facies of sands in the Grebe Sandstone: (1) cemented, mostly fine-grained sands; and (2) loose, often coarse-grained sands. In addition, two types of carbonate matrix occur in the Grebe Sandstone: (1) spars to microspars in calcareous, fine-grained sandstones; and (2) micritic to microsparry matrix associated with limestone grains. Stable carbon isotopic values reveal that only the cements associated with sandstones were probably hydrocarbon-derived, and the resultant mineral is mainly calcite. Petrographic attributes and Mn(superscript +2) and Co(superscript +2) compositions of these cements differ significantly from those of modern cold-seep carbonates at or near the sea floor. Moreover, the hydrocarbon-derived carbonate mineralization only occurs in the fine-grained sands, not in the coarse-grained sands. In other word, the cementation was not only dependent on hydrocarbon leakage but also on the lithofacies of the host rock. We propose that the extent of hydrocarbon-related cementation alone cannot be used to evaluate the trap integrity as has been previously suggested.


The financial turmoil which began in August 2007 originated, in part, because investors reassessed the quality of the assets underlying many asset-backed securities (ABS), particularly U.S. mortgages. The prominence of European banks in the early stages of the turmoil created the perception that foreigners held an outsized share of risky U.S. securities and prompted questions of why Europeans were so exposed. This paper evaluates that perception by quantifying foreign exposure to ABS with U.S. underlying collateral. Using the latest survey data on foreign portfolio holdings of U.S. securities, we find that the ultimate losses that foreigners could incur arising from U.S. underlying assets are small relative to most scale variables, although initial total mark-to-market losses are estimated to be significantly larger. Among other reasons for this difference between ultimate and initial losses, we demonstrate that the securitization chain can amplify mark-to-market price declines in the presence of uncertainty or illiquidity. Finally, we show that, relative to the size of the market, foreigners' holdings of U.S. mortgage-backed securities do not appear to be elevated compared with their holdings of other U.S. assets.


We use a confirmatory factor analysis to study the relation between the importance of a broad spectrum of saving motives, such as saving for retirement, and saving behavior. Survey data show that many respondents save for retirement in unconventional retirement accounts, such as investments in real estate. We show that finding the retirement motive important does not directly translate in additional retirement savings. We show that the annuity stream generated by conventional and unconventional accounts from age 65 onwards is small and that most savings are residual and are not being put aside for a specific motive. Also self-employed retirement savings are low, even though this group has generally no occupational pension.


Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) is a non-invasive caries-arresting and desensitizing agent. A statistically significant correlation has been reported between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence scores and oral bacterial counts. Currently, no studies exist using ATP bioluminescence to measure change in oral microbial load after SDF application. Purpose: To evaluate and compare the oral bacterial ATP score, at initial and three month recall dental visits, between a control group receiving 5% sodium fluoride varnish and a studied group receiving 38% SDF. Methods: A total of 32 healthy subjects age 2-6 years were assigned in 1 of 2 groups according to preferred parental treatment selection: SDF or 5% sodium fluoride varnish. At initial and three month recall visits, a ATP bioluminescence swab test was carried out. Thereafter, the patient received either SDF or fluoride. Results: Recall ATP bioluminescence scores among both groups were significantly correlated with: treatment and plaque at recall. Within the fluoride group, the change in ATP bioluminescence score was significantly correlated with plaque at recall and dmft score. Within the SDF group, the change in ATP bioluminescence score was independent of all measured clinical variables. Conclusion: SDF and fluoride contribute to lowering the oral microbial load as measured by ATP bioluminescence at three month recall. SDF has a stronger intrinsic antibacterial effect when compared to fluoride varnish three months post treatment, as its effect was independent of all measured clinical variables.


The first half of this Editorial examines the implications of the close link between morality and religion in Islamic thinking. There is no separate discipline of ethics in Islam, and the comparative importance of reason and revelation in determining moral values is open to debate. For most Muslims, what is considered halāl (permitted) and harām (forbidden) in Islam is understood in terms of what God defines as right and good. There are three main kinds of values: (a) akhlāq, which refers to the duties and responsibilities set out in the shari'ah and in Islamic teaching generally; (b) adab, which refers to the manners associated with good breeding; and (c) the qualities of character possessed by a good Muslim, following the example of the Prophet Muhammad. Among the main differences between Islamic and western morality are the emphasis on timeless religious principles, the role of the law in enforcing morality, the different understanding of rights, the rejection of moral autonomy as a goal of moral education and the stress on reward in the Hereafter as a motivator of moral behaviour. The remainder of the Editorial is concerned with the two main aspects of moral education in Islam: disseminating knowledge of what people should and should not do, and motivating them to act in accordance with that knowledge. Ultimately, moral education is about inner change, which is a spiritual matter and comes about through the internalisation of universal Islamic values.


The next generation of concrete, Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHP-FRC), exhibits exceptional mechanical characteristics. UHP-FRC has a compressive strength exceeding 150 MPa, tensile strength in the range of 8-12 MPa, and fracture energy of several orders of magnitudes of traditional concrete. The focus of this research is to investigate and analyze the advantage of using UHP - FRC in impact resistance structures. To achieve these goals, two experimental testing programs and major numerical investigations have been conducted. The material experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the effects of strain rate on UHP - FRC. Two parameters are investigated, namely: compressive strength (80, 110, 130, and 150 MPa); and steel fibre content (0, 1, 2, and 3%). Experimental results showed that the rate sensitivity decreases with the increase in the compressive strength ; and the dynamic enhancement of tensile strength is inversely proportional to the fibre content.

The structural impact testing program focuses on the dynamic response of full - scale reinforced concrete plates as well as generating precise impact measurements. Twelve reinforced plates with identical dimensions are tested under high-mass low-velocity multi-impacts. The investigated parameters include: concrete type (NSC, HSC, and UHP - FRC), fibre volume content, and steel reinforcement ratio. The results showed that the use of UHP -FRC instead of NSC or HSC is able to change the failure mode from punching to pure flexural; and UHP -FRC containing 3% fibre has superior dynamic properties. For plates with identical steel reinforcement, the total impact energy of UHP-FRC plate containing 3% fibres is double the capacity of UHP - FRC plate containing 2% fibres , and 18 times the capacity of NSC plate.

A three-dimensional finite element analysis has been performed using ABAQUS/Explicit to model multi-impacts on RC plates and the applicability is verified using existing experimental data. Concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model is adapted to define UHP - FRC. The CDP constitutive model parameters for the new material are calibrated through a series of parametric studies. Computed responses are sensitive to CDP parameters related to the tension, fracture energy, and expansion properties. The analytical results showed that the existing CDP model can predict the response and crack pattern of UHP - FRC reasonably well.


Optical reference geometry and the related concept of inertial forces are investigated in Kerr–de Sitter spacetimes. Properties of the inertial forces are summarized and their typical behaviour is illustrated. The intuitive 'Newtonian' application of the forces in the relativistic dynamics is demonstrated in the case of the test particle circular motion, static equilibrium positions and perfect fluid toroidal configurations. Features of the optical geometry are illustrated by the embedding diagrams of its equatorial plane. The embedding diagrams do not wholly cover the stationary regions of the spacetimes, therefore the limits of embeddability are established. The shape of the embedding diagrams is related to the behaviour of the centrifugal force and it is characterized by the number of turning points of the diagrams. Discussion of the number of embeddable photon circular orbits is also included and the typical embedding diagrams are constructed. The Kerr–de Sitter spacetimes are classified according to the properties of the inertial forces and embedding diagrams.


Minarets have defined Cairo's skyline since its early history: they are one of the most characteristic features of Islamic architecture. In Egypt, where civilizations have manifested themselves through awe-inspiring structures since antiquity, 'a thousand minarets' reveal the impact of Islamic civilization and urban aesthetics. "The Minarets of Cairo" offers an accessible and vivid insight into the religious, historical and architectural significance of the minaret in Cairo from the Arab Conquest, through the Abbasid, Fatimid, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. Students and scholars will welcome historian and art historian Doris Behrens-Abouseif's excellent new research and analysis as well as over one hundred illustrated entries for individual minarets, brought to life by Nicholas Warner's masterly architectural drawings and reconstructions. With nearly three hundred illustrations, this beautiful book provides depth and color, displaying to full effect historic Cairo's most impressive monuments.


We describe the policy consensus in the OECD publication Economic Surveys, by constructing a database that contains both quotations and a quantification of the perceived reform need for 23 OECD countries around 1985, 1995 and 2005. Using the database, we examine whether or not the policy recommendations given by the OECD require welfare state cutbacks. We also examine how reform need correlates with social expenditure and income inequality. The recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys describe a policy consensus based on competition, work incentives, monetary reform, fiscal discipline and labor market reform. Reforms in these areas do not necessarily require welfare state cutbacks. Quantitatively, we find a significant positive correlation between reform need and social expenditure only for the mid 1990s, and no significant correlations between reform need and inequality. We conclude that OECD countries with large welfare states have managed to implement reforms without substantial welfare state retrenchment. The policy recommendations in Economic Surveys imply a restructuring of the welfare state but not necessarily welfare state cutbacks.


Objective Previous studies that have found an increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been conducted in segments of the population and have not adjusted for important potential confounders. We sought to determine the RR for TB in the presence of DM in a national population with data on confounding factors in order to inform the decision-making process about latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening in people with diabetes. Design Whole population historical cohort study. Setting All Australian States and Territories with a mean TB incidence of 5.8/100 000. Participants Cases of TB in people with DM were identified by record linkage using the National Diabetes Services Scheme Database and TB notification databases for the years 2001–2006. Primary and secondary outcome measures Primary outcome was notified cases of TB. Secondary outcome was notified cases of culture-confirmed TB. RR of TB was estimated with adjustment for age, sex, TB incidence in country of birth and indigenous status. Results There were 6276 cases of active TB among 19 855 283 people living in Australia between 2001 and 2006. There were 271 (188 culture positive) cases of TB among 802 087 members of the DM cohort and 130 cases of TB among 273 023 people using insulin. The crude RR of TB was 1.78 (95% CI 1.17 to 2.73) in all people with DM and 2.16 (95% CI 1.19 to 3.93) in people with DM using insulin. The adjusted RRs were 1.48 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.10) and 2.27 (95% CI 1.41 to 3.66), respectively. Conclusions The presence of DM alone does not justify screening for LTBI. However, when combined with other risk factors for TB, the presence of DM may be sufficient to justify screening and treatment for LTBI.


Central questions of human geography can be explored in contemporary turns to organic and local foods (Goodman 2003, 2004; Murdoch & Міеle 2001). Why do people adapt differently to similar places, or vice-versa? Patterns are emerging in global trends of organic food consumption, such as the correlation of upper education and income levels with organic demand but these indicators do not explain everything, and too little is known on the micro-scale of everyday practices by different types of consumers in different countries (Raynolds 2004; IFOAM 2004). Buck, Getz & Guthman (1997) identified the Bay Area in northern California as one of the most significant centres of organic production and consumption in the us. My study focuses on Seattle and presents evidence that it is an organic growth pole in the same league as San Francisco, because so many Seattleites are concerned with food-related issues including animal welfare, environmental sustainability, social justice and nutrition. These ecotopic attitudes (Callenbach 1975) manifest themselves in behaviours linked to alternative food networks (AFNs), booming farmers' markets - and Puget Consumers Co-op, the largest in the US with 38,000 members and $93m sales which promotes organic and local foods, preserves farmland, and joined a boycott of organic-industrial milk brands because customers feared violations of USDA 'access to pasture' grazing rules in what I term the organic pasture wars (Pollan 2001; Cornucopia Institute August 10, 2006; USDA 2002; PCC 2006ab Scholten 2007e). Personal and family health is part of Seattle's turn to organics, but grassroots resistance to vertical integration in globalising food systems, evidenced by some Greens' vow to go beyond organic in USDA organic rules, may be termed altruistic, i.e. marked by care for others and the environment. Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK is, like Seattle, a former node for coal, steel and ships, but its champions such as Siemens have not been the economic drivers that Boeing and Microsoft have been on Puget Sound. Tyneside's consumption may have less to do with altruism than food scares such as anthropogenically-exacerbated mad cow disease (BSE/vCJD) which raised reflection among rich and poor, and induced vegetarianism in many young women (Whatmore 2002; Atkins & Bowler 2001). Foot and mouth disease, which spread from Newcastle in 2001, exacerbated doubts on food safety, and drove a turn to natural foods. Thus, while Newcastle is not claimed to be the equivalent of Seattle, both post-fordist cities host similar actors, often women, whose geographical imaginations transcend political economy (Marsden, Munton & Ward 1996). Ironically fieldwork was completed shortly before discovery of BSE near Seattle in 2003. The thesis brings risk theory into discussion of food. Its theoretical touchstone is the risk society thesis of Beck (1986) and Beck, Giddens & Lash (1994), attended by insights of Mary Douglas (1996) and Deborah Lupton (1999). Methodology includes interviews, focus groups and questionnaires from 404 UK/US respondents. Snowball sampling (Atkinson & Flint 2001) targeted groups in a range of stereotyped relationships to risks:• Academics: stereotypically risk-averse, undergraduates to professors, teachers & educators;• Firefighters: variably risk-embracing, or managing risk for career advancement' (Lupton, 1999: 156);• Motorcyclists: risk-embracing 'edgeworkers' justifying risk in work or hobbies (Lyng, 1990: 859);• Others: not fitting above groups, e.g. academic bikers, or motos with higher degrees if also teachers. Key claims are that Newcastle's organic use (three-times that found in Edinburgh a decade before) is on a continuum toward Seattle which has better prices and availability - evidence that the organic diet can be multi-ethnically democratic and not limited to elites (Tregear et al. 1997; Goodman 2004; Hartman 2004; Scholten 2006a & b). After a BSE scare, consumers often flirt with organics from afar before returning to conventional diets. But repeated scares may permanently dislodge the commodity fetish of industrial food, and as consumers' knowledge grows, more of them adopt food from trusted local farmers which better satisfies values such as health, local economic security, and ecological sustainability (Caplan 2000; Winter 2003). Seattle's political power as an organic pole is world class, but Newcastle also shows ethical strengths in AFNs and fair trade. In the new bio-fuel boom Seattle and Newcastle can learn from each other to resolve global issues such as food miles.


The heart of humankind rediscovered: on the track of a Scriptural view of being human in the philosophy of D.H. Th. Vollenhoven This article provides a summary of the anthroplogy of the reformational philosopher, D.H. Th. Vollenhoven (1892-1978). Such a synopsis is needed because Vollenhoven himself never worked out his views on being human in detail. The "fragments" from his different writings as well as some books about his philosophy are therefore collected in order to clarify the basic contours as well as uniqueness of his viewpoint. This is done in the light of the fact that many Christians even today are still influenced by all kinds of unbiblical anthropological ideas. The investigation develops from an introduction that indicates the need and topical nature of the research. This is followed by an explanation of Vollenhoven's historical and systematic approach as well as the development of his own anthropological views. It is then indicated how he (with his problem-historical method) analysed the great variety of anthropologies throughout history. The next section contains a systematic exposition of his own views on being human, which is followed by an indication of its contemporary relevance. The concluding section consists of a review and final evaluation.


Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a natively unfolded protein that is closely linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) by genetic, neuropathologic and biochemical evidence. Aggregated and fibrillar forms of α-syn are the main components of intracellular protein inclusions found in PD patients' brains, termed Lewy Bodies (LB). Both in animal models and in vitro, α-syn forms fibrillar aggregates that resemble those observed in PD brain tissues. Although disease-associated mutations have been shown to promote the fibrillization of α-syn, the exact mechanisms responsible for triggering α-syn aggregation and toxicity in sporadic PD remain unknown. Addressing this gap of knowledge is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of the disease and developing effective therapies for the treatment of PD and other synucleinopathies. This project was initiated on the basis of the working hypothesis that post-translational modifications (PTM) may play important roles in modulating α-syn function and/or regulating its aggregation and toxicity. More specifically, α-syn is ubiquitously N-terminally acetylated, and phosphorylated (serines 87 and S129), ubiquitinated (lysines 12, 21 and 23) and truncated forms of α-syn have been observed in association with wild-type α-syn in LB and in brain tissues from PD patients and transgenic animals. Other modifications, such as phosphorylation at tyrosine 125 (Y125), were significantly reduced in diseased brains. Despite the discovery of candidate enzymes that mediate α-syn phosphorylation, ubiquitination and truncation, little is known about how each of these modifications alters α-syn structure, function, aggregation and toxicity in vivo. This is primarily due to the lack of tools that allow site-specific introduction of these modifications and the lack of natural mutations that can mimic the effect of these modifications, including phosphorylation. The primary focus of this thesis was to develop strategies to overcome these limitations so as to elucidate the effect of phosphorylation at Y125 and monoubiquitination at lysine 6 (K6) on α-syn structure, fibril formation, membrane binding and subcellular localization. Towards this goal, we developed two semisynthetic strategies that allow site-specific introduction of PTM in α-syn based on the ligation of synthetic peptides containing the desired modified amino acid with recombinantly expressed proteins using Expressed Protein Ligation. This approach enables the introduction of single or multiple PTM in the N- or C-terminal regions of α-syn, and the preparation of modified α-syn in milligram quantities. Using these approaches, we were able to show for the first time that ubiquitination stabilizes the monomeric form of the protein and inhibits, rather than promotes, α-syn aggregation, while phosphorylation at Y125 does not significantly change the structure and aggregation propensity of α-syn. With the semisynthetic pY125 α-syn in our hands, we were also able to investigate for the first time the sub-cellular localization of pY125 α-syn through its microinjection into primary neurons. This was not previously possible due to technical limitations related to the absence of appropriate antibodies against pY125 α-syn for immunocytochemical studies and difficulties in generating sitespecifically modified α-syn. Furthermore, we were able to investigate the effect of α-syn phosphorylation on its interactions with other proteins, by probing the effect of pS129 and pY125 on the binding to a nanobody that was specifically selected by phage-display to tightly bind to the C-terminal domain of α-syn. Accordingly, we demonstrated that phosphorylation at a single residue is capable of disrupting the binding of full-length α-syn to another protein. These results have wide-ranging implications for the potential role of phosphorylation and other PTM in regulating α-syn's function(s). We also exploited our ability to combine semisynthetic and enzymatic approaches to investigate potential cross-talk between different PTM, namely phosphorylation at Y125 and S129 and monoubiquitination at K6. These advances would eventually allow investigating the effect of cross-talk between other N and C-terminal modifications on α-syn's properties and to investigate PTM-dependent protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions in vitro and in cellular models of synucleinopathies. Together, our semisynthetic approaches provide novel means for the introduction of site-specific modifications in the N- and C-termini of α-syn. Current efforts in our laboratory are focused on extending these approaches to investigate the dynamics of PTM through the use of photocaged modified amino acids and to prepare novel fluorescently labeled α-syn variants to investigate its folding at the single-molecule level in living cells. The results presented in this thesis and preliminary studies from our group demonstrate that semisynthetic α-syn can provide unique opportunities to investigate structure-function of α-syn and the role of PTM in the biology of α-syn in health and disease.


More children are experiencing difficulty in reading than in any other subject area in the elementary classroom. There are various degrees of a reading disability. A reading disability can range from a reader who is a grade or two below the level of his peers to a child who is a complete non-reader. In most cases, the concern of the elementary classroom teacher of reading is to see to it that the children are able to read well enough to perform the work of the specific class-level and to receive some enjoyment from their reading. If an ordinary classroom teacher is confronted with a child who is a complete nonreader, the usual procedure is to refer the child to a qualified reading specialist who is equipped to deal directly with the serious reading handicaps in a more specific manner than would be possible in a classroom situation. Then the classroom teacher would stand ready to follow the recommendations of the reading specialist in regard to help for a non-reader. FIRST-AID FOR TROUBLED READERS


In this article we reviewed a series of studies (n = 18) on psychological preparation of the goalkeeper (GK) for the 11-m penalty kick in soccer. The main findings of this review were that deception strategies (e.g., standing slightly off-center) can increase the chances of the kick being directed to a desired direction, and that individual differences among GKs should be considered when planning sport psychology programs for GKs. A number of research limitations and methodological concerns, such as the lack of ecological validity of the tasks performed in the studies and the lack of studies on psychological interventions, were discussed. In addition, a number of practical implications for sport psychology consultants who work with GKs in soccer were suggested.


The utilization of coconut fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites has been increased significantly due to their low cost and high specific mechanical properties. In this paper, the mechanical properties and dynamic characteristics of a proposed combined polymer composite which consist of a polyester matrix and coconut fibers are determined. The influence of fibers volume fraction (%) is also evaluated and composites with volumetric amounts of coconut fiber up to 15% are fabricated. In this work, the tensile test was carried out to determine the strength of material, while modal testing was used to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the composite material. Results were found that the strength of the composites tends to decrease with the amount of fiber, which indicates ineffective stress transfer between the fiber and matrix. The dynamic characteristic of composite was also having a same effect where the natural frequency decreased with increase of coconut fiber volume. However the damping ratio was found to be increased by the incorporation of fiber. When higher fiber content of 15% was used, the damping ratio shows the maximum value for almost all the frequency mode. It was observed that the effects of reinforcing polyester matrix with coconut fibers lead the composites more flexible and easy to deform due to high strain values and low stiffness. In fact, it may also be used to reduce high resonant effect.


Volcanic rocks can host significant hydrocarbon resources but are poorly understood in terms of their reservoir properties: especially their porosity and permeability characteristics. Basaltic lavas and volcaniclastic outcrops around Tenerife and basaltic lava flows from the Large Igneous Provinces of the Deccan Traps and the Faroe Islands were studied as potential "reservoir analogues" to compare with existing hydrocarbon discoveries in volcanic rocks. These studies together with the analysis of subsurface samples from South America permitted the geochemical and petrophysical properties of several volcanic reservoir analogues to be examined. Field observations of flow morphology and continuity of defined lava flow facies, were integrated with conventional core porosity and permeability measurements and the results of a micro-focus X-ray tomography (µCT) study to characterize the petrophysical properties of various volcanic rocks. Application of µCT allows the quantification and 3D visualisation of the pore space down to a µm scale and thus provides unprecedented insights into pore morphologies. When combined with traditional petrographic observations, this provides a powerful tool with which to analyse porosity development. Vesicles and fractures are the principle controls upon effective porosity development with permeability often controlled by the degree of vesiculation. Samples with vesicle densities greater than 20 % show significantly higher permeabilities and higher effective porosities due to the increased degree of vesicle coalescence forming connected networks. Individual lava flows can be divided into base, core and top facies, with lava piles comprising repeated cycles of these distinct facies. The best reservoir quality occurs in basalt flow tops (mean µCT ? = 21.85%) where vesicular porosity dominates. Reservoir quality significantly decreases in the tight flow cores, where primary porosity is controlled by cooling joints (fracture porosity) and inter-crystalline micro-porosity (mean µCT ? = 2.32%). Flow bases show variable reservoir potential due to the presence of breccia and/or vesiculation, depending upon the eruption environment (e.g. subaerial v subaqueous) and original geochemistry (e.g. acidic v basaltic) of the lava (mean µCT ? = 9.70%). The most porous horizons are the flow tops of each successive lava flow, whilst connectivity (permeability) between these horizons is via primary cooling joints or secondary fractures. Volcaniclastic lithologies of, tuff, ignimbrite, scoria and pumice, have the highest porosity and permeability (mean µCT ? = 48.09%). Distribution of the various volcanic facies is influenced by the magma chemistry, cooling rate and mode of eruption. The primary porosity and the permeability of the rocks may be subsequently modified either to create additional porosity and permeability by tectonic fracturing and dissolution during burial or weathering, or occlude porosity through the precipitation of secondary minerals and the alteration of primary minerals. Given volcanic rocks can exhibit high porosity (especially within flow top internal zones and to as lesser extent flow bases) these lithologies can form viable reservoirs. The stacking of successive flows results in a layer cake stratigraphy, with the more porous and permeable flow tops and bases separated by relatively impervious flow cores. Should sufficient fractures and cooling joints exist, then these reservoir horizons will be in communication with each other, permitting charging of hydrocarbons. The conclusion of this thesis is that despite low permeabilities, volcanic rocks are good hydrocarbon prospects, and understanding the distribution of these key internal zones and their characteristic porosities and permeabilities will enhance hydrocarbon exploration within these unconventional reservoirs.


We investigate the voter registration of faculty at 40 leading U.S. universities in the fields of Economics, History, Journalism/Communications, Law, and Psychology. We looked up 7,243 professors and found 3,623 to be registered Democratic and 314 Republican, for an overall D:R ratio of 11.5:1. The D:R ratios for the five fields were: Economics 4.5:1, History 33.5:1, Journalism/Communications 20.0:1, Law 8.6:1, and Psychology 17.4:1. The results indicate that D:R ratios have increased since 2004, and the age profile suggests that in the future they will be even higher. We provide a breakdown by department at each university. The data support the established finding that D:R ratios are highest at the apex of disciplinary pyramids, that is, at the most prestigious departments. We also examine how D:R ratios vary by gender and by region. People interested in ideological diversity or concerned about the errors of leftist outlooks—including students, parents, donors, and taxpayers—might find our results deeply troubling.


High-quality mentoring is a vital component of graduate education that leads to degree completion. For many students and faculty members, the traditional model of mentorship based on a fixed hierarchy is no longer viable because of the increasing complexity of higher education, diversification of graduate student career paths, and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the success of our students and graduate programs, it is essential that kinesiology leaders place renewed effort on supporting the mentoring relationship through departmental strategies. Effective mentoring can assist students in feeling competent, autonomous, and connected with others. The purpose of this paper is to explore the three components of a contemporary model of mentorship—transparent socialization, mutually shared expectations, and the student as a whole individual.


Abstract : The Manduca Sexta species of moth serves as a source of biological inspiration for the future of micro air vehicle flapping flight. The ability of this species to hover in flapping flight has warranted investigation into the critical material, structural, and geometric properties of the forewing of this biological specimen. A rigorous morphological study of the Manduca Sexta forewing was conducted to characterize the physical and material properties of the biological forewing for the purpose of developing an advanced parametric three dimensional model finite element analysis (FEA) model. This FEA model was tuned to match the experimentally determined structural dynamics of the biological specimen and serves as the basis for an engineered wing design. Manufacturing methods are developed and implemented to fabricate the baseline engineered wing design. Biological wings and engineered wings are experimentally tested to determine the aerodynamic lift production of each of wings under the same boundary conditions. Through this research, a structural dynamics based engineering methodology has been used to design, develop, and identify biomimetic engineered wings that experimentally produce aerodynamic forces equivalent to their biological analog.


Abstract. Holocene climate reconstructions are useful for understanding the diverse
features and spatial heterogeneity of past and future climate change. Here
we present a database of western North American Holocene paleoclimate
records. The database gathers paleoclimate time series from 184 terrestrial
and marine sites, including 381 individual proxy records. The records span
at least 4000 of the last 12 000 years (median duration of 10 725 years)
and have been screened for resolution, chronologic control, and climate
sensitivity. Records were included that reflect temperature, hydroclimate,
or circulation features. The database is shared in the machine readable
Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format and includes geochronologic data for
generating site-level time-uncertain ensembles. This publicly accessible and
curated collection of proxy paleoclimate records will have wide research
applications, including, for example, investigations of the primary features
of ocean–atmospheric circulation along the eastern margin of the North
Pacific and the latitudinal response of climate to orbital changes. The
database is available for download at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12863843.v1 (Routson and McKay, 2020).


We investigate the extent to which the Palomar-Green (PG) Bright Quasar Survey (BQS) is complete and representative of the general quasar population by comparing it with imaging and spectroscopy from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). A comparison of SDSS and PG photometry of both stars and quasars reveals the need to apply a color and magnitude recalibration to the PG data. Using the SDSS photometric catalog, we define the PG's parent sample of objects that are not main-sequence stars and simulate the selection of objects from this parent sample using the PG photometric criteria and errors. This simulation shows that the effective U - B cut in the PG survey is U - B < -0.71, implying a color-related incompleteness. As the color distribution of bright quasars peaks near U - B = -0.7 and the 2 σ error in U - B is comparable to the full width of the color distribution of quasars, the color incompleteness of the BQS is approximately 50% and essentially random with respect to U - B color for z < 0.5. There is, however, a bias against bright quasars at 0.5 < z < 1, which is induced by the color-redshift relation of quasars (although quasars at z > 0.5 are inherently rare in bright surveys in any case). We find no evidence for any other systematic incompleteness when comparing the distributions in color, redshift, and FIRST radio properties of the BQS and a BQS-like subsample of the SDSS quasar sample. However, the application of a bright magnitude limit biases the BQS toward the inclusion of objects that are blue in g - i, in particular compared to the full range of g - i colors found among the i-band limited SDSS quasars, and even at i-band magnitudes comparable to those of the BQS objects.


Excerpt] The purpose of this report is to provide a sector profile with an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management and employee participation and social dialogue in the transport sector. It is based on the Third European Company Survey (ECS), which gathers data about companies and establishments with 10 or more employees in all economic sectors except those in the NACE Rev. 2.0 categories A (agriculture and fishing), T (activities of the household) and U (activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies) across all 28 EU Member States and Iceland, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Turkey. Additional information on the structural characteristics is derived from Eurostat data. The sector includes all activities related to transportation and storage (NACE H). The third ECS contains responses from 1,712 establishments in this sector across the EU28. The profile compares aspects of establishment characteristics with the EU28 as a whole. The methodology used (latent class analysis) was developed in the overview report. Please note that percentages may not total 100 in some figures due to rounding.


Psychological effects were determined in 284 children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict in a rural area of Colombia, selected through random sampling proportional allocation. The instruments applied were: The Child Behavior Checklist, the Youth Behavior Self-report, the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children, the Coping Scale for Adolescents and the Resilience Scale for School Children. Findings showed that 72% of the population suffers from psychological problems, 64.4 from internalizing behavior and 47% from externalizing behavior within clinical range. It was also found that 32% had somatic problems, 56% were at risk for PTSD and 93% had moderate alcohol consumption. The most frequently used coping strategy was to leave things get fixed by themselves. There was a high need for health care. Being male constituted a risk factor for depression, aggression and social problems in children. In turn, being up to12 years old and a student of a lower grade were risk factors for somatic symptoms in adolescents. Results clearly revealed the impact on mental health of the population under study.


Abstract Irrigation water management has significant economic implications in developing countries like India. While the structural infrastructure has been created with a huge financial investment in these countries, it is vital that appropriate non-structural measures be adopted for efficient water management. Scientific policies of operation of irrigation reservoir systems need to be developed with the aid of mathematical tools and implemented in practice. In this paper, a brief overview of some mathematical tools for irrigation system operation, crop water allocations and performance evaluation is presented, with a discussion on the work carried out in India by the author's team. Recent tools and techniques of fuzzy optimization and fuzzy inference systems that incorporate imprecision in management goals and constraints and that address the interests of stakeholders are also discussed. Perceptions on issues relating to applicability of the tools to real-life problems, existing gaps between theory and practice and possible hurdles in narrowing such gaps in developing countries are presented.


Pad scalability corresponds to the ability to change the dimensions of the bonding or solder pad used for attachment of a surface mount component. In this paper, a new pad scalability feature added to selected Global Models contained in Modelithics CLR Library[1,2] is discussed. We demonstrate the excellent correlation between high frequency measured data and simulated performance by using ATC capacitors and corresponding models. Some interesting features such as arbitrary pad shape simulation and new statistical analysis are also explored. The pad scalability feature will become available in an increasing number of Modelithics models in future releases of the library.


This note gives a brief survey of main theoretical and empirical issues with respect to the NAIRU concept. According to modern labour market literature NAIRU is defined as the rate of unemployment at which inflation stabilizes in the absence of any wage-price surprises. Conventional thinking about the equilibrium unemployment rate assumes that in the long run NAIRU is determined solely by supply side factors of the labour market. We show that quite complex adjustment dynamics may arise even in simple log-linear wage-price models. Furthermore we provide a survey on a number of "hysteresis-mechanisms" which could lead to permanent shifts of equilibrium unemployment over time, implying that an unique long run NAIRU may not even exist. In addition to theoretical issues we refer to two serious problems which might arise with empirical applications of the NAIRU concept. First various empirical studies suggest that results highly depend on model specifications. Second a considerable amount of statistical imprecision is inherent in the results obtained from empirical estimates. For these reasons, we argue, that policy conclusions drawn from the NAIRU concept must be judged with utmost care, particularly since in many countries a number of labour market measures as well as monetary policy are based on this concept.


Plants are very important to the earth and all living things. Plant diseases are a kind of destruction of the normal state of plants, which can interrupt or change their life functions. Leaf disease is the most common disease in most plants. One of the ultimate key factors in reducing production is the onset of disease. Peanut plant diseases, such as fungi, soil-borne and viruses. In this article, the software certainty to automatically classify peanut leaf diseases is used. This method will increase the yield of crops. It includes the number of steps. Various image processing techniques use K nearest neighbours (KNN). In order to improve the performance of existing algorithms, the SVM classifier is replaced with KNN classification. n order to improve the speed and accuracy of the network for identifying and classifying different disease-infected areas on peanut leaves, a classic neural network algorithm is used. In this article, the KNN classifier algorithm is used to classify 4 different diseases.


: The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) swiftly changed almost all aspects of our lives and society. In this paper, we depict course adjustments that we made to an undergraduate digital innovation course project, called Innovation Farm (IF), in response to the pandemic. Designed as an in-person course project, IF requires students to create AI-powered Android apps to address important social issues. As stay-at-home orders came into effect in March, 2020, we shifted the course to the online modality refocused its student topics to address social issues that COVID-19 has engendered. Accordingly, we also discuss three challenges that we faced and the strategies we employed to cope with them; namely, framing students' social innovation topics in the COVID-19 context, using virtual studios for online groupwork, and hosting a virtual pitch competition. Surprisingly, these strategies not only addressed the challenges but also created unintended benefits and opportunities. We hope to encourage educators to consider the possibilities in transforming challenges to opportunities during these unprecedented times.


While all the Christian faithful must direct their efforts to lead a holy life and to promote the growth of the Church and its continual sanctification, according to their own condition, the faithful have the right to follow their own form of spiritual life so long as it is consonant with the doctrine of the Church. Two communitarian possibilities exist in order to realize this important Christian vocation: the faithful may join an association or one of the new ecclesial movements, or they may enter an institute of consecrated life. The author explains that, while the evangelical counsels are not limited to institutes of consecrated life, not every assumption of these counsels can, strictly speaking, be called consecrated life, since this state of life in the Church presupposes the recognition of the Church and an intervention of its authority. It is not sufficient to make a promise or a vow to live according to the evangelical counsels to be a consecrated person. Therefore, dedicating one's life to God in an association or in a movement and dedicating one's life to God in an institute of consecrated life cannot be considered the same, even if there are many common aspects. The author warns and explains that there are certain risks if these vocations are mingled.


In view of the fact that Netherlandic Standard Dutch has been found to be stratifying – i.e. incorporating regional accent variation to allow speakers to profile local group membership in addition to their national affiliation – an evident question is whether non-Dutch accents are also tolerated in private conceptualizations of the standard: is Moroccan-flavoured Dutch Netherlandic Standard Dutch? In a speaker evaluation experiment designed to answer that question, 212 male and female listener-judges rated 8 short clips of spontaneous speech produced by native and Moroccan Dutchmen on 12 measures selected in function of 5 dimensions of accent attitude architecture (Status, Dynamism, Personal Integrity, Solidarity and Accent Norm); listener-judges also rated speech clips in terms of how beautiful they found them. Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that ratings on the 12 measures correlated into a Status and an Attractiveness dimension. The fact that Moroccan Dutch was systematically downgraded on the status dimension, and the fact that the Moroccan accent was deemed significantly less beautiful than the native accents, strongly suggests that a Moroccan accent is not acceptable as an ingredient of Standard Dutch; neither are there any indications of imminent change in these evaluations.


Variation in food prices is central to explaining differences in the affordability of food across the U.S. In a recent ERS study, researchers found that differences in prices at traditional versus discount (nontraditional) food retailers were smaller in areas where nontraditional food retailers had large market shares. Nontraditional food retailers, including supercenters, mass merchandisers, wholesale club stores, and dollar stores, have made substantial gains in their share of the retail food market. Consumers now spend almost 28 percent of their food-at-home dollars at nontraditional stores. In previous studies, ERS researchers found that prices in the U.S. for 20 food categories were, on average, 20 percent lower in nontraditional stores than in supermarkets. But do national price differences reflect the reality consumers face within a specific geographic market? ERS examined price differences between nontraditional and traditional stores in six metro areas using 200406 Nielsen Homescan data to determine if market-level results differ from national results. In the six metro areas, nontraditional stores had market shares varying from 8 to 30 percent. Both broad categories, such as low-fat yogurt, and brand-specific items, such as Yoplait yogurt, were compared from four major food groups—dairy, meat, fruit and vegetables, and grains. Researchers used a statistical model to remove the effects of other factors that may inf luence average prices paid, such as season and household income, size, and race. The two markets with the lowest nontraditional market shares—Philadelphia and New York—together had an average discount of 12.5 percent for broad categories and 12 percent for brand items. Price differences between traditional and nontraditional stores were smaller and less frequent in Atlanta and San Antonio—markets where overall average food prices were lowest and nontraditional retailers had the highest market shares of the six metro areas. The average price discount in nontraditional stores was 6 percent for broad categories and 4 to 7 percent at the brand level. Smaller price differences between store types may be attributed to some higher priced traditional retailers exiting the market in which nontraditional retailers gain a large market share and the remaining traditional retailers lowering prices in response to increased competition from the nontraditional stores. Such a response would result in a decrease in overall average food prices. Alternatively, the smaller differences could be due to nontraditional retailers raising prices once they have a large enough market share to do so. Since markets with the largest and growing nontraditional market share continue to have lower average prices as compared with other cities, the first possibility seems more likely. This analysis implies that the influence of competition from nontraditional retailers must be considered in the design of policies intended to improve food access and food choices.


In recent years, the "memoir boom" coupled with an explosion of "books about books" has seen members of the literary establishment writing about their experiences of reading in their childhoods and adolescences. Readers are impacted by what they read and their sense of self can be both constituted and signified by the texts they have read, and when and how they read them. Memoirs of literary figures underscore ways in which this can happen. This article considers bibliographic nonfiction works by Michael Dirda, Alberto Manguel, and Karla Holloway, as three very different kinds of autobiographical expressions about reading in childhood, in order to explore how these narratives are put to use. These authors construct their childhood reading experiences in different ways. In all three, however, the value of books and the act of reading serve to frame their autobiographical recollections and to solidify a position in the literary establishment. Ultimately, memoirs of reading can advance conservative constructions of childhood that locate acts of reading and book appreciation in opposition to, and as a means of escaping, a social class.


At a distance of half a mile from Macbiehill Station, on the road which leads from that place to Carlops, an exposure of basalt is met with in the little Cairn Burn, where it crosses the road, and where certain excavations have been made in connection with the water works. This exposure is part of a considerable mass of basalt which runs in a north-westerly direction for half a mile through Upper Whitfield (Fig. 1), till it terminates in a large quarry, now worked for road metal, on the road just north of Stanisknowe plantation. The relationship of this basalt to the rocks among which it occurs is not clear. There are only three exposures: in the Cairn Burn, in the quarry above mentioned, and in a disused quarry near the double cottage which comprises Upper Whitfield. No contacts with sedimentary rocks have yet been found. The type is an olivine analcite basalt with a flow structure, and if not a lava, may belong to the later Carboniferous intrusions. Its horizon is apparently just below that of the representative of the Gilmerton limestone, which is conspicuous in the district. The object of this note is to record some peculiar features connected with veining in this basalt, as observed in the large quarry, and also some remarkable replacements, or metasomatism, in the same basalt as found in the disused quarry at Upper Whitfield. Under certain conditions basalts are subject to spheroidal weathering, as may be well seen in so many places


We estimated local ancestry on the autosomes and X chromosome in a large US-based study of 12,793 Hispanic/Latino individuals using the RFMix method, and we compared different reference panels and approaches to local ancestry estimation on the X chromosome by means of Mendelian inconsistency rates as a proxy for accuracy. We developed a novel and straightforward approach to performing ancestry-specific PCA after finding artifactual behavior in the results from an existing approach. Using the ancestry-specific PCA, we found significant population structure within African, European, and Amerindian ancestries in the Hispanic/Latino individuals in our study. In the African ancestral component of the admixed individuals, individuals whose grandparents were from Central America clustered separately from individuals whose grandparents were from the Caribbean, and also from reference Yoruba and Mandenka West African individuals. In the European component, individuals whose grandparents were from Puerto Rico diverged partially from other background groups. In the Amerindian ancestral component, individuals clustered into multiple different groups depending on the grandparental country of origin. Therefore, local ancestry estimation provides further insight into the complex genetic structure of US Hispanic/Latino populations, which must be properly accounted for in genotype-phenotype association studies. It also provides a basis for admixture mapping and ancestry-specific allele frequency estimation, which are useful in the identification of risk factors for disease.


Abstract Korea(KO) has developed liquid a breeder blanket and participated in the Test Blanket Module (TBM) program within the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) with a Helium Cooled Molten Lithium (HCML) concept. To develop the liquid breeder technologies with not only liquid lithium but also lead-lithium (PbLi), an Experimental Loop for a Liquid breeder (ELLI) was constructed at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The main purposes of the loop are developing components such as an electromagnetic (EM) pump, testing the effects of magneto-hydro-dynamics (MHD), and investigating the compatibility between liquid breeder and other materials. In the present study, the measurement results of a magnetic field in the fabricated magnet, and a performance test of the EM pump, were introduced in order to validate their designs; the magnet used for the MHD test with a liquid PbLi was designed to produce about 2 T, and the measurement results show that the maximum field was about 2.2 T with a ferritic martensitic (FM) steel channel. The EM pump was designed to circulate the liquid PbLi at up to 60 Ipm, and was tested for up to 11 lpm. The test showed good agreement with the input power to the EM pump.


Previous research with an on-line processing task found that individuals without social anxiety generate benign inferences when ambiguous social information is encountered, but people with high social anxiety or social phobia do not (Hirsch and Mathews, 1997, 2000). In the present study, we tested if it is possible to induce a benign (or less negative) inferential bias in people who report anxiety about interviews by requiring them to take the perspective of an interview confident person, rather than their own. High interview anxious volunteers were allocated to read descriptions of job interviews, either taking their own perspective in the described situation or that of a confident interviewee. At certain points during the text, a target letter string appeared and participants were asked to indicate whether it formed a word or a non-word (lexical decision). Some of the lexical decisions occurred in the context of ambiguous text that could be interpreted in both a threatening and a benign manner. In a baseline condition, decisions were made following text for which there was only one possible inference (either threat or benign). The results indicated that, compared to the self referent condition, participants who adopted the perspective of a confident other person showed enhanced inhibition of threat inferences.


Abstract. Nowadays, content-based image-retrieval techniques constitute powerful tools for archiving and mining of large remote sensing image databases. High spatial resolution images are complex and differ widely in their content, even in the same category. All images are more or less textured and structured. During the last decade, different approaches for the retrieval of this type of images have been proposed. They differ mainly in the type of features extracted. As these features are supposed to efficiently represent the query image, they should be adapted to all kind of images contained in the database. However, if the image to recognize is somewhat or very structured, a shape feature will be somewhat or very effective. While if the image is composed of a single texture, a parameter reflecting the texture of the image will reveal more efficient. This yields to use adaptive schemes. For this purpose, we propose to investigate this idea to adapt the retrieval scheme to image nature. This is achieved by making some preliminary analysis so that indexing stage becomes supervised. First results obtained show that by this way, simple methods can give equal performances to those obtained using complex methods such as the ones based on the creation of bag of visual word using SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) descriptors and those based on multi scale features extraction using wavelets and steerable pyramids.


This text is a basic introduction to grammar and its uses for pre- and in-service teachers, providing the information needed to teach grammar effectively. Readers learn about grammar and usage for the purposes of improving their students' language skills, and at the same time see how they can improve their own. The text makes a clear distinction between "grammar" and "usage" without artificially separating the two topics. It proceeds on the observation that grammar is more or less universal, whereas usage is quite particular, governed almost entirely by situation. Thus, the text de-emphasizes questions of correctness so as to examine questions of "appropriateness." By relating usage to situation and appropriateness conditions, this text examines a spectrum of options for practicing and prospective teachers who are puzzled not only about standard English but also about nonstandard dialects they encounter in the classroom. The position taken is that "nonstandard" dialects are not "incorrect" in any sense, but that they may be inappropriate in certain circumstances. An entire chapter is devoted to examining the controversies and debates on dialects and teachers' roles in regard to nonstandard English. A goal of this chapter and the entire book is to encourage teachers to accept all dialects as valid in their own right, but another goal is to stress the fundamental value to students of being able to use standard English fluently when circumstances require it. With the preceding factors in mind, "The Teacher's Grammar Book" provides a conceptual framework for the three principal grammars used to talk about language: traditional grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational-generative grammar. It takes a significant step forward by including a chapter on "cognitive grammar." The importance of cognitive grammar today motivates a refocusing of this text that is not found in any others of its type: Phrase-structure grammar rather than transformational-generative grammar is the recommended analytical tool. The text is designed around an approach to teaching aimed at immersing students in language and giving them the tools to analyze, evaluate, and explain what they encounter, and includes many helpful pedagogical features: * overviews that give students a historical and philosophical context for each grammar; * easy-to-understand explanations of terms and concepts; * numerous sentences for analysis into tree diagrams; example sentences and exercises create a humorous "soap opera" tale that holds students' attention and keeps them motivated; * analyses that build from the simple to the complex and deal with real-world sentences; * selected writing activities that ask students to apply what they've learned to their own writing; * exercises that ask students to analyze selections from texts, not only in terms of grammar but also in terms of meaning; and * activities that engage students in observing the spoken language they hear around them and to analyze it using what they've learned in the text about grammar and usage.


With a strong emphasis on solving problems and exploring concepts, this guidebook delivers an accessible yet comprehensive introduction to continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. Discusses how to download signals (time series) from the Web and analyze the data. Includes details on common types of digital filters, such as moving average and exponential moving average filters, with applications to filtering data downloaded from the Web. Addresses signal analysis using the DFT to extract the dominant cyclic components of a signal. Addresses the issue of noise, which often arises in engineering, business, finance, and other fields. For those interested in learning more about signals and systems.


This article is concerned with the shape of the story of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century moral philosophy as told by J. B. Schneewind in The Invention of Autonomy. After discussion of alternative possible shapes for such a story, the focus falls on the question to what extent, in Schneewind's account, strands of empiricist voluntarism and rationalist intellectualism are interwoven in Kant. This in turn leads to consideration of different types of voluntarism and their roles in early modern ethical theory.


In this article, the author addresses the question of how to manage a large (or small) portfolio in low interest rate conditions while equity markets bear significant drawdown risk. More generally, he explains how to build an antifragile portfolio that can weather the most extreme market scenarios without affecting long-term performance. He also discusses how active strategies systematically create or increase existing market instabilities. By analyzing in depth market behavior during past speculative bubbles and credit crises, the author aims to address these issues. In this first part of a two-part series, the author describes as faithfully as possible the major mechanisms at stake, avoiding the trap of mapping the complexity of financial markets into a single mathematical model, which would necessarily be wrong at some point. Starting from Minsky's financial instability hypothesis, he tries to disentangle the complex relation between dynamics and randomness, including the presence of fat tails. TOPICS: Mutual fund performance, passive strategies, portfolio theory Key Findings • Financial crises are, in their vast majority, the result of internal instabilities. Exogenous causes are minor and at best serve as triggers. They can mainly be divided into two kinds: speculative bubbles and credit bubbles. • Artificially antifragile (convex) strategies, such as trend following, portfolio insurance, momentum, and so on, are good for the marginal investor but create instabilities when used by the bulk of the buy-side industry. • It is illusory to predict the date of a bubble burst and to catch either the top of the bubble or the market trough that follows it. However, even a small insight into the probability of a crisis can be highly beneficial for long-term performance and drawdown control.


Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) is a devastating disease for banana and enset in east, central and Horn of Africa since 1968. The disease has spread to all banana growing countries in the region in the last decade, causing yield losses of up to 80 to 100%. Several efforts have been undertaken to develop and implement technologies for BXW management and their effective deployment with varying successes. This paper presents a new participatory approach for managing BXW named Learning and Experimentation Approaches For Farmers (LEAFF) and describes how it was implemented, tested and evaluated among 220 farmers across two agroecological regions, central and South-western Uganda. Results showed that there was a general reduction in the number of infected plants, corresponding to 7% increase in productivity of banana among the LEAFF compared to the non LEAFF participating farmers. The findings suggested that scaling out LEAFF to different parts in the region can significantly contribute to effective and sustainable adoption of BXW management technologies, and in turn, can lead to  improved productivity and smallholder farmers' livelihoods.

 Key words: Accountability group, community mobilization,  farmer record management information system (FARMIS), learning and experimentation approaches for farmers (LEAFF), Single Diseased Stem Removal (SDSR).


A well-to-wheel life cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed to characterize the life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions profiles of a series of novel multistage torrefaction and pyrolysis systems for targeted thermochemical conversion of short rotation woody crops to bio-oil and in situ catalytic upgrading to hydrocarbon transportation fuels, and to benchmark the results against a base-case fast pyrolysis and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) platform. Multistage systems utilize a staged thermal gradient to fractionate bio-oil into product streams consisting of distinct functional groups, and multi-step chemical synthesis for downstream processing of bio-oil fractions to hydrocarbon fuels. Results at the process scale reveal that multistage systems have several advantages over the base-case including: (1) ∼40% reduction in process hydrogen consumption and (2) the product distribution for multistage systems are skewed towards longer carbon chain compounds that are fungible with diesel-range fuels. LCA reveals that the median Energy Return On Investment (EROI) and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for multistage systems range from 1.32 to 3.76 MJ-fuel/MJ-primary fossil energy and 17.1 to 52.8 gCO2e/MJ-fuel respectively, over the host of co-product scenarios and allocation schemes analyzed, with fossil-derived hydrogen constituting the principle GHG and primary energy burden across all systems. These results are compelling and indicate that multistage systems exhibit comparatively higher gasoline/diesel-range fuel yield relative to current technology, and produce a high quality infrastructure-compatible hydrocarbon transportation fuel capable of achieving over 80% reduction in life cycle GHG emissions relative to baseline petroleum diesel.


Aims Mapping vegetation through remotely sensed images involves various considerations, processes and techniques. Increasing availability of remotely sensed images due to the rapid advancement of remote sensing technology expands the horizon of our choices of imagery sources. Various sources of imagery are known for their differences in spectral, spatial, radioactive and temporal characteristics and thus are suitable for different purposes of vegetation mapping. Generally, it needs to develop a vegetation classification at first for classifying and mapping vegetation cover from remote sensed images either at a community level or species level. Then, correlations of the vegetation types (communities or species) within this classification system with discernible spectral characteristics of remote sensed imagery have to be identified. These spectral classes of the imagery are finally translated into the vegetation types in the image interpretation process, which is also called image processing. This paper presents an overview of how to use remote sensing imagery to classify and map vegetation cover. Methods Specifically, this paper focuses on the comparisons of popular remote sensing sensors, commonly adopted image processing methods and prevailing classification accuracy assessments. Important findings The basic concepts, available imagery sources and classification techniques of remote sensing imagery related to vegetation mapping were introduced, analyzed and compared. The advantages and limitations of using remote sensing imagery for vegetation cover mapping were provided to iterate the importance of thorough understanding of the related concepts and careful design of the technical procedures, which can be utilized to study vegetation cover from remote sensed images.


As in many other jurisdictions, Canada's "mental disorder" defense rests on the uncontroversial premise that people incapable of choosing whether to do wrong do not deserve punishment. Most defendants benefiting from this defense suffered from delusions that prevented them from understanding either the physical consequences or moral wrongfulness of their actions. There is little debate that these people should be found "not criminally responsible" (NCR). What is less clear (and what has long divided commentators, courts, and legislators) is whether the defense can excuse defendants who had a general ability to understand consequences and wrongfulness, but suffered from a mental disorder that rendered them incapable of resisting an impulse to commit the offense.To answer this question, I first review the jurisprudence on impulse control, noting that the cases allow more room for irresistible impulse than is commonly understood. Second, I argue that by deeming the concepts of "voluntariness" and "moral voluntariness" to be principles of fundamental justice under section 7 of the Charter, the Supreme Court of Canada has opened up even more space for the defense. Third, I examine what science and law teach us about the existence and diagnosibility of irresistible impulses, concluding that the phenomenon is very likely real and that recognizing the defense is likely to generate few undeserved NCR dispositions. Lastly, I explore how the defense should be defined and limited, arguing that it should succeed only when it is proved that the accused experienced a total incapacity to control conduct in the circumstances.


Background/Aims: Renal artery stenosis (RAS), which may lead to renal fibrosis, is a common cause of end-stage renal disease in elderly patients. However, the potential mechanisms leading to the development of renal fibrosis and atrophy have not been clarified. Methods: A two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt mouse model was established in the present study. Blood pressure, morphological and pathological alterations were examined on days 7, 14, and 28 after surgery. Peritubular capillary loss and pericyte changes after injury were evaluated. Inflammatory macrophage infiltration and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were also investigated. Results: A significant increase in blood pressure and obvious renal atrophy were observed on days 7, 14, and 28 after surgery. Following surgery, the clipped kidneys developed aggravated interstitial fibrosis and tubular epithelial injury over time. Moreover, RAS induced obvious peritubular capillary loss and inflammatory macrophage infiltration. Increased pericyte number was found in the clipped kidneys, but these cells detached from the endothelial cells and migrated to the interstitium. Wnt/β-catenin signaling was also significantly upregulated in the clipped kidneys after surgery. Conclusion: Our study provides a novel insight into the mechanisms linking peritubular capillary loss and pericyte changes in RAS-induced renal fibrosis. Our findings also suggest that inflammatory macrophages and Wnt/β-catenin signaling participate in these pathological processes. Therefore, multi-target therapeutic strategies may significantly contribute to the prevention of renal interstitial fibrosis and the preservation of renal function in patients with RAS.


We present a new kind of marking menu that was developed for use with a pen device on display surfaces such as large, high resolution, wall-mounted displays. It integrates capabilities of previously separate mechanisms such as marking menus and Quikwriting, and facilitates the entry of multiple commands. While using this menu, the pen never has to leave the active surface so that consecutive menu selections, data entry (text and parameters) and direct manipulation tasks can be integrated fluidly.


CONTEXT
A subset (approximately 3%-5%) of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) develops severe liver disease with portal hypertension.

OBJECTIVE
To assess whether any of 9 polymorphisms in 5 candidate genes (alpha(1)-antitrypsin or alpha(1)-antiprotease [SERPINA1], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], glutathione S-transferase [GSTP1], mannose-binding lectin 2 [MBL2], and transforming growth factor beta1 [TGFB1]) are associated with severe liver disease in patients with CF.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Two-stage case-control study enrolling patients with CF and severe liver disease with portal hypertension (CFLD) from 63 CF centers in the United States as well as 32 in Canada and 18 outside of North America, with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as the coordinating site. In the initial study, 124 patients with CFLD (enrolled January 1999-December 2004) and 843 control patients without CFLD were studied by genotyping 9 polymorphisms in 5 genes previously studied as modifiers of liver disease in CF. In the second stage, the SERPINA1 Z allele and TGFB1 codon 10 genotype were tested in an additional 136 patients with CFLD (enrolled January 2005-February 2007) and 1088 with no CFLD.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Differences in distribution of genotypes in patients with CFLD vs patients without CFLD.

RESULTS
The initial study showed CFLD to be associated with the SERPINA1 Z allele (odds ratio [OR], 4.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.31-9.61; P = 3.3 x 10(-6)) and with TGFB1 codon 10 CC genotype (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16-2.03; P = 2.8 x 10(-3)). In the replication study, CFLD was associated with the SERPINA1 Z allele (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.54-7.59; P = 1.4 x 10(-3)) but not with TGFB1 codon 10. A combined analysis of the initial and replication studies by logistic regression showed CFLD to be associated with SERPINA1 Z allele (OR, 5.04; 95% CI, 2.88-8.83; P = 1.5 x 10(-8)).

CONCLUSIONS
The SERPINA1 Z allele is a risk factor for liver disease in CF. Patients who carry the Z allele are at greater risk (OR, approximately 5) of developing severe liver disease with portal hypertension.


Various transcription factors, such as Sp1 and MAZ, include C2H2-type zinc-finger motifs and are able to bind to GC-rich cis-elements that are distributed in the promoter regions of numerous mammalian genes. The consensus sequence of Sp1-binding sites is very similar to that of MAZ-binding sites. In fact, Sp1 and MAZ bind to the same cis-elements in the promoters of the genes for the receptor for serotonin 1A (HT1Ar), endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTHr), MAZ and the major late promoter of adenovirus (AdMLP). It appears that two consecutive zinc-finger motifs of Sp1 and MAZ might be essential for the interaction of each protein with DNA. Sp1 and MAZ activated the expression of the genes for HT1Ar and PTHr, as well as AdMLP. Both Sp1 and MAZ inhibited the expression of the gene for MAZ, while expression of the gene for eNOS was enhanced by Sp1 and repressed by MAZ. These observations suggest that both Sp1 and MAZ might have dual functions in the regulation of gene expression. Our results suggest, furthermore, that histone deacetylases are involved in autorepression of the gene for MAZ, while expression of DNA methyltransferase I is associated with suppression of the expression of the gene for MAZ by Sp1. Thus, both deacetylation and methylation might be involved in the regulation of expression of individual genes, with different zinc-finger proteins binding to the same cis-elements but recruiting different proteins, such as methylases and acetylases, to the transcriptional complex.


The latest edition of theoriginal and best guide to Chicago architecture for tourists and residents.One of the premier architectural cities of the United States if not the world Chicago boasts a breathtaking skyline, dozens of architectural monuments, and a historic legacy few other cities can equal. And it's still growing! Since its first appearance in 1965, "Chicago's Famous Buildings" has been the standard and bestselling guide to the city's architectural riches. Now thoroughly revised and updated, this fifth edition will remain the leading pocket guide to some of the world's greatest urban architecture. "Chicago's Famous Buildings," fifth edition, completely updated and revised by Franz Schulze and Kevin Harrington, covers more than a decade of extraordinary new architecture and takes a fresh look back at the city's classical legacy of Adler, Sullivan, Burnham, Root, Wright, and Mies van der Rohe. The authors have added many new descriptions and images of the most important projects in Chicago since the fourth edition, including the massive reconstruction of Grant Park around Frank Gehry's Music Pavilion, and they cover as well the current status of older buildings some destroyed, others, such as Burnham's Reliance Building, marvelously restored and brought back to life. "Chicago's Famous Buildings," fifth edition, also includes expanded sections on the city's future and the development of its diverse neighborhoods, presented with new maps to serve as an even more effective walking guide. A glossary of architectural terms, an extensive index, and more than sixty new photographs of both old and new buildings bring this guide completely up-to-date. Authoritative, informative, and easier to use than ever before, this fifth edition of "Chicago's Famous Buildings" will serve tourists and residents alike as the leading architectural guide to the treasures of this marvelous city."