The complex and emotive issues surrounding 'engagement' by archaeologists with the military have been recently and vocally aired in a number of different professional forums and media. The Papers from the Institute of Archaeology (PIA) forum editor felt that this topic deserved greater illustration – for and by some of the archaeologists involved – as a series of strongly voiced opinions, some informed and some less so, has been expressed on the open weblist of the World Archaeological Congress (WAC). Dr John Curtis, Keeper of the Department of the Middle East at the British Museum, was approached and kindly agreed to be the PIA Forum Primary Correspondent, as, despite both public and vocal opposition to military action in Iraq prior to the recent invasion, he found himself and his institution playing an active role in attempting to ameliorate the situation regarding further destruction of Iraq's cultural heritage and heritage institutions and working with and alongside the British military in his efforts to do so. Three of the forum correspondents were approached and agreed to discuss the issues raised by Dr Curtis on the basis of their own recent experiences in working with either the UK or US militaries, both inside and outside Iraq. The final correspondent was approached and agreed to respond to Dr Curtis' lead article both as a non-archaeologist and a representative voice for those many academics without direct personal experience of working with the military in any professional capacity, but whom nonetheless have very strongly held and voiced opinions on the subject. The forum editor would like to reiterate that there is still no consensus by archaeologists and heritage professionals on this complex topic and although a number of the most vocal opponents of any engagement by archaeologists with the military from the WAC weblist were approached to be correspondents, all, unfortunately, refused to be directly engaged by Dr John Curtis. The following articles are the respective authors' personal opinions and do not necessarily represent their respective institutions' views on the recent invasion of and subsequent conflict within Iraq. The PIA forum editor deeply thanks the correspondents for their time and hopes that the following articles stimulate further constructive discussion on this contentious subject and that PIA's readership finds them informative.


ABSTRACT Situational Judgment Tests for Teachers (SJTTs) were developed as an alternative to the existing evaluation programs for selecting student teachers. A Situational Judgment Test for Middle-school Teachers (SJTMT), a Situational Judgment Test for Primary-school Teachers (SJTPT), and a Situational Judgment Test for Early-childhood Teachers (SJTET) have been developed by 30, 20, and 10 senior teachers, respectively. We recruited a total of 5,039 Taiwanese university students as participants, to evaluate the reliability and validity of these SJTTs. The reliability coefficients of the booklets in the SJTMT, SJTPT and SJTET fell between .19 and .74. In regards to validity, a Rasch analysis revealed that most of the SJTTs' items fit the uni-dimensional Rasch model. Additionally, students who enrolled in teacher education programs have significantly higher scores on the SJTTs than those who did not attend these programs, providing known-group validity. An online SJTTs system was also set up to serve all the universities in Taiwan. This study discusses the construction and the practical application of SJTTs for the selection of student teachers.


Abstract The human collectin, mannose‐binding lectin (MBL), is an important protein of the humoral innate immune system. With multiple carbohydrate‐recognition domains, it is able to bind to sugar groups displayed on the surfaces of a wide range of microorganisms and thereby provide first‐line defence. Importantly, it also activates the complement system through a distinctive third pathway, independent of both antibody and the C1 complex. Three single point mutations in exon 1 of the expressed human MBL‐2 gene appear to impair the generation of functional oligomers. Such deficiencies of functional protein are common in certain populations, e.g. in sub‐Saharan Africa, but virtually absent in others, e.g. indigenous Australians. MBL disease association studies have been a fruitful area of research and implicate a role for MBL in infective, inflammatory and autoimmune disease processes. Overall, there appears to be a genetic balance in which individuals generally benefit from high levels of the protein. However, in certain situations, reduced levels of circulating MBL may be beneficial to the host and this may explain the persistence of the deleterious gene polymorphisms in many population groups.


Early plant responses to spring environmental signals, such as day length or vernalization, occur in the leaves, but the flowers form at a meristem that shifts from vegetative to floral growth. The mysterious mobile mediator between these two sites has been called "florigen." Wigge et al. and Abe et al. investigated the integration of floral initiation signals in Arabidopsis (see the Perspective by Blázquez). Flowering locus T (FT) is expressed in leaves in response to environmental changes conducive to flowering. Meanwhile, the meristem is primed to be ready for floral production by expression of a transcription factor, FD. Together, FT and FD activate floral identity genes. Whether FT actually is the mobile mediator remains unclear, but these two genes together do integrate the "when" and the "where" of the flowering response. P. A. Wigge, M. C. Kim, K. E. Jaeger, W. Busch, M. Schmid, J. U. Lohmann, D. Weigel, Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis. Science 309, 1056-1059 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. Abe, Y. Kobayashi, S. Yamamoto, Y. Daimon, A. Yamaguchi, Y. Ikeda, H. Ichinoki, M. Notaguchi, K. Goto, T. Araki, FD, a bZIP protein mediating signals from the floral pathway integrator FT at the shoot apex. Science 309, 1052-1056 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. A. Blázquez, The right time and place for making flowers. Science 309, 1024-1025 (2005). [Summary] [Full Text]


Use of appropriate methods to capture manufacturing imperfection at the conceptual stage is a major challenge for the designer and researchers in industry. Imperfections are observed in almost all type of in macro, micro and nano-machining domain of manufacturing process. These imperfections lead to undesirable performance in application phase. In the present work, a simulation based approach to handle manufacturing imperfection is implemented using image processing operators. This method simulates the image of the component due to manufacturing imperfections. The usage of these image processing operators facilitates a realistic simulation of manufacturing errors, in macro, micro, and nano domain manufacturing. The simulated image is further processed for its structural properties i.e. maximum deflection, reactions, Von Mises stress, and change in amount of material, corresponding to its intended application. In order to generate these results based on modified image of beam, the concept of "Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization"(SIMP) is utilized along with 2-D finite element routine. An example of a simple cantilever beam is selected to illustrate the proposed methodology, and the results are analyzed. The present work discusses a simple and easy method to predict the behavior of designed componentprior to its manufacturing.


Administrative review is the process by which an administrative decision made by a public official – to refuse benefits or immigration status – is reconsidered by a different official within the same public body. Administrative review has operated in various contexts for years, but the rate of its recent expansion has been remarkable. Two systems have been key to this rapid growth. In the social security context, the introduction of 'mandatory reconsideration' requires that claimants refused benefits must first seek administrative review before appealing to a tribunal. In immigration, long-established appeal rights have been replaced entirely by administrative review. The volume of disputes channelled through administrative review exceeds that of tribunals and makes judicial review appear esoteric. This is a radical change to how people access and experience justice in the public law context. For the last fifty years and more, individuals in receipt of a negative administrative decision could appeal directly to independent and judicial tribunals to determine their legal rights and entitlements. The rationale for this fundamental shift is clear: the increase in tribunal caseloads and the success rates for appellants, austerity, and political objectives (the desire to reduce social security spending and immigration rates) have prompted the Government to reduce the number of tribunal appeals by requiring individuals to use administrative review. Within the longer arc of administrative justice developments, we suggest that administrative review should be understood as a consequence of the progressive judicialisation of tribunals. Government departments have argued that administrative review can provide people with an efficient and quicker way of correcting case-working errors and thereby reducing unnecessary appeals. On the other hand, there are concerns that administrative review is often an ineffective mechanism for challenging administrative decisions.
This article argues that administrative review – as it currently operates – is a problematic response to the increased judicialisation of tribunals. Administrative review has largely weakened the ability of people to secure redress. Reforms are therefore necessary to ensure administrative review can work more effectively in practice. The first part of this article discusses the need for justice within administrative decision-making and the development of tribunals. The second part turns to the recent expansion of administrative review. The third part considers the practical operation of administrative review in both the social security and immigration contexts. The fourth part assesses administrative review and suggests ways of enhancing its effectiveness. The final part considers the wider constitutional implications of the growth of administrative review. In particular, we suggest this episode of de-judicialisation provides an insight into nature of judicial power in UK public law. In contrast to the standard, high-profile debate about the growth of judicial power and the rise of 'juristocracy', the recent experience of administrative review tells a different tale. The greater use of administrative review has gone hand-in-hand with a correspondingly smaller role for the judicial control of front-line administrative decisions.


The diffusion of outsourcing and vertical foreign direct investment (FDI) among manufacturing firms, along with the vertical integration of market services into manufacturing, is questioning the so called 'Deindustrialisation/Tertiarisation' (DT) hypothesis. In particular, it has been argued that DT might be an 'apparent' phenomenon, in fact amounting to a simple reorganisation of production across national and sectoral boundaries. The empirical studies that try to support this hypothesis, however, cannot be deemed conclusive as they suffer two methodological drawbacks: a non-(sub-)systemic sectoral level of analysis and a not truly global empirical approach. In order to overcome these drawbacks, the paper carries out an investigation of the actual extent to which DT occurred in the OECD area over the 1980s and the 1990s with two modifications: a sector instead of a subsystem perspective, retaining both direct and indirect relations and a 'pseudo-world' of seven OECD countries, thus taking into account the 'global' dimension of the phenomenon. Our results strongly support the DT hypothesis: although the weight of market services in the manufacturing subsystem increases, providing a counterbalance to manufacturing decline, subsystem shares significantly decrease, thus confirming DT as a more fundamental trend of the investigated period. Copyright The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.


A review of the adult attachment literature revealed previous research findings to demonstrate attachment-based baseline differences in the well-being factor of life satisfaction but not to consider moderating factors nor fluctuations in life satisfaction experience. Furthermore, social cognitive processes highlighted within the subjective well-being literature, namely those captured within social comparison theory, have rarely been examined within an adult attachment perspective. The current thesis sought to address these gaps through investigating the predictive influences of moderating and mediating factors in associations between adult attachment and well-being. Across 5 studies, individuals' relationship experiences (namely relationship status, satisfaction, and status-changing events), social comparison tendencies (both within general and relationshipand partner-specific contexts), and social-comparison ranking perceptions were each examined. Findings revealed that relationship experiences indeed appeared to moderate individuals' attachment-based feelings of subjective well-being, with greater anxiety in particular suggestive of more maladaptive cognitive and affective experience (Study 1). Social comparison tendencies, both general and interpersonally-oriented, were also identified to differ on the basis of anxiety and avoidance, with adverse comparison habits found to partially mediate associations between anxiety and both life satisfaction and self-esteem (Studies 2 and 4). Lastly, attachment-based differences in social-ranking perceptions were identified (Study 5), with anxiety found to interact with relationship status while an interaction between anxiety, ranking perceptions and relationship length as predictor of life satisfaction was found to be approaching significance.


The brain pathology in Alzheimer's disease involves both neurofibrillary tangles rich in the protein tau and plaques containing amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), but the relative contribution of each to cognitive impairment is unclear. Roberson et al. found that cognitive and neuronal deficits in two transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease are prevented when endogenous tau production is eliminated or reduced by 50%. The effect of tau reduction was robust, despite the absence of tau mutations, hyperphosphorylation, overexpression, or aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles in these models. Tau reduction did not block plaque-associated neuritic dystrophy, indicating that neuritic dystrophy can be dissociated both from tau and from Aβ-induced cognitive impairments. E. D. Roberson, K. Scearce-Levie, J. J. Palop, F. Yan, I. H. Cheng, T. Wu, H. Gerstein, G.-Q. Yu, L. Mucke, Reducing endogenous tau ameliorates amyloid β-induced deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Science 316, 750-754 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Russia has undergone an amazing cultural and political transformation over the past forty years. How has its rapidly changing social landscape shaped its art? And how does art effect social and cultural change within Russia? This generously illustrated volume explores these questions by presenting a broad but balanced selection of work by eighty Russian artists working from the 1970s to the present day. It features many newcomers, including Alexei Kallima, Kerim Ragimov and Olga Chernysheva alongside such well-established names as Ilya and Emilia Kabakov, Eric Bulatov, Boris Mikhailov and AES+F. With more than 600 colour illustrations, perceptive interviews, in-depth profiles and three essays by leading scholars and collectors, Frozen Dreams will be an essential guide to a hitherto neglected area and an up-to-the-minute cultural portrait of an exciting artistic arena.


This paper presents the results from exploratory research which set out to investigate London children's perceptions and uses of river environments. Mainly qualitative, multi method research was carried out in four primary schools with children aged 9-1 1, focusing on two rivers near to the schools. Rivers were found to be marginal to the children's everyday lives and outdoor play, being perceived as polluted, neglected, and initially dangerous places. However, when experienced on visits observed as part of the research, some of these perceptions changed and rivers were also found to afford many special activities and experiences for the children. The visits were generally seen to have a positive effect on the children's perceptions of rivers, at least in the short term. This suggests that, if managed appropriately, rivers could be potentially rewarding play areas for children. Moreover, children could provide valuable input for river managers in suggesting ways of improving suitable local rivers for increased recreational uses.


The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Padilla v. Kentucky might herald a breakthrough in the quality of representation provided to immigrants charged with crimes, and more broadly an advance in the Court's recognition of the role both of plea bargaining in criminal adjudication and of the severe collateral consequences often triggered by convictions for citizen as well as alien defendants. There are good reasons to suspect, however that Padilla's practical impact will be modest; for many non-citizen criminal defendants, including probably Jose Padilla himself, its impact will be non-existent. The Padilla holding seeks to ensure that defense lawyers are aware of severe collateral consequences that attach to convictions, in order both to inform their clients of those consequences to inform plea bargain negotiations among attorneys. The Court speculated that attorneys then may be able to craft alternative criminal or immigration-law outcomes through creative bargains. But the problem for many non-citizen defendants like Mr. Padilla is not simply - and not primarily - their lawyers' unfamiliarity with immigration law; it is the content of the substantive criminal law, of sentencing law, of the sources of non-criminal law that define collateral consequences and, finally, of limited procedural possibilities for avoiding or mitigating those consequences. None of that law changes with Padilla. As a result, defense lawyers' (and even prosecutors') abilities to negotiate around criminal law or immigration law, and to achieve more favorable or just outcomes for defendants are not notably improved. Adding to those limitations, the pervasive inadequacies of indigent criminal defense, especially in state courts, are unaffected by Padilla, further diminishing the hope that attorneys' awareness of collateral consequences will improve client representation and case outcomes.


This work investigates distributed transmission scheduling in wireless networks. Due to interference constraints, "neighboring links'' cannot be simultaneously activated, otherwise transmissions will fail. Here, we consider any binary model of interference. We follow the model described by Bui, Sanghavi, and Srikant in SBS09,SBS07. We suppose that time is slotted and during each slot we have two phases: one control phase which determines what links will be activated and send data during the second phase. We assume random arrivals on each link during each slot, therefore a queue is associated to each link. Since nodes do not have a global knowledge of the network, our aim (like in SBS09,SBS07) is to design for the control phase, a distributed algorithm which determines a set of non interfering links. To be efficient the control phase should be as short as possible; this is done by exchanging control messages during a constant number of mini-slots (constant overhead). In this article we design the first fully distributed local algorithm with the following properties: it works for any arbitrary binary interference model; it has a constant overhead (independent of the size of the network and the values of the queues); and it needs no knowledge. Indeed contrary to other existing algorithms, we do not need to know the values of the queues of the "neighboring links'', which are difficult to obtain in a wireless network with interference. We prove that this algorithm gives a maximal set of active links (in each interference set, there is at least one active edge). We also give sufficient conditions for stability under Markovian assumptions. Finally the performance of our algorithm (throughput, stability) is investigated and compared via simulations to that of previously proposed schemes.


This journal article examines the faith journey of Paul, specifically as it is delineated in Philippians 3:1-14. Verses 1-6 reveal that in the past, before he put his faith in Christ, Paul trusted in his human attainments. According to verses 7-11, after Paul encountered the risen Lord on the road to Damascus, the apostle made growing in the knowledge of Christ the central focus of his existence in the here-and-now. Finally, in verses 12-14, it is disclosed that Paul set his sights on increasing in Christlikeness. Based on the sports analogy of athletes running in a race, Paul explained that following Christ requires unrelenting dedication and perseverance on the part of believers. This involves doing the following: (a) putting our past - with all its shortcomings and attainments, whether real or imagined - behind us; (b) living wholeheartedly for Christ in the present; and (c) using all our effort to press on toward the future goal of being made complete in spiritual union with Christ in heaven.


Health insecurity is a major problem affecting the well-being of internally displaced persons in Nigeria. In the Niger Delta region, the situation remains virulent with attendant consequences on the displaced population. This study investigated health insecurity among the internally displaced persons. Data were sourced across three States of the Niger Delta Region, identified among areas with a high rate of internal displacement. Human Security Approach was employed as a theoretical framework. A total of 582 respondents (Bayelsa = 206, Delta = 211, and Rivers = 165) who had been displaced between the year 2012 to 2018 were randomly selected, and a questionnaire was administered. Findings indicated that 51.9% of respondents in Delta state, 50.0% in Rivers state, and 35.7% in Bayelsa state were diagnosed with diseases resulting from flood displacement. The diseases diagnosed were high blood pressure, cholera, hernia, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, and typhoid. While the diagnosis of blood pressure was high in Bayelsa (3.9%) and Delta (3.5%), the diagnosis of cholera was not recorded in Bayelsa and Delta States but Rivers state (3.4%). Those displaced by flood were 0.4 times less likely to experience abnormal health status than those displaced by other causes. The study concluded that displacement has serious implications on the health of internally displaced persons. It, therefore, recommended that medical centres should be cited in displaced camps to cater for the medical needs of the displaced population.


Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death and morbidity in most industrialized countries. Stem- and progenitor cell-based treatment approaches for ischemic heart disease are therefore an important frontier in cardiovascular and regenerative medicine. Experimental studies have shown that bone-marrow-derived stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells can improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction, clinical phase I and II studies were rapidly initiated to translate this concept into the clinical setting. However, as of now the effects of stem/progenitor cell administration on cardiac function in the clinical setting have not met expectations. Thus, a better understanding of causes of the current limitations of cell-based therapies is urgently required. Importantly, the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells is reduced in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and/or coronary artery disease. These observations may provide opportunities for an optimization of cell-based treatment approaches. This review provides a summary of current evidence for the role and potential of stem and progenitor cells in the pathophysiology and treatment of ischemic heart disease, including the properties, and repair and regenerative capacities of various stem and progenitor cell populations. In addition, we describe modes of stem/progenitor cell delivery, modulation of their homing as well as potential approaches to "prime" stem/progenitor cells for cardiovascular cell-based therapies.


BACKGROUND
Most of the clinical, histopathological, and biochemical studies consider the effect of chronic alcohol intoxication on myocardial injury. Much less attention has been paid to acute alcohol (binge drinking)-induced cardiotoxicity, even though alcohol binging is much more common than alcohol dependence.

METHODS
We briefly present some of the binge drinking-induced "holiday heart" effects. The literature was searched to find effects of alcohol on heart.

RESULTS
In binge drinking, the literature has demonstrated transient myocardial subtle changes in cardiac magnetic resonance, increased serological markers of myocardial injury and inflammation, abnormal cardiac rhythm, changes in other biochemical and ultrastructural indices of myocardial dysfunction, as well as changes in metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate, thrombosis/fibrinolysis processes, and coronary vasoconstriction.

CONCLUSIONS
Although acute low alcohol exposure has widely proven positive effect on myocardial function, heavy acute drinking frequent events are related to adverse cardiovascular effects.


Abstract Although the theory of greatest-element rationalizability and maximalelement rationalizability on general domains and without full transitivity of rationalizing relations is well-developed in the literature, these standard notions of rational choice are often considered to be too demanding. An alternative definition of rationality of choice is that of non-deteriorating choice, which requires that the chosen alternatives must be judged at least as good as a reference alternative. In game theory, this definition is well-known under the name of individual rationality when the reference alternative is construed to be the status quo. This alternative form of rationality of individual and social choice is characterized in this paper on general domains and without full transitivity of rationalizing relations.


Machine learning with big data often involves large optimization models. For distributed optimization over a cluster of machines, frequent communication and synchronization of all model parameters (optimization variables) can be very costly. A promising solution is to use parameter servers to store different subsets of the model parameters, and update them asynchronously at different machines using local datasets. In this paper, we focus on distributed optimization of large linear models with convex loss functions, and propose a family of randomized primal-dual block coordinate algorithms that are especially suitable for asynchronous distributed implementation with parameter servers. In particular, we work with the saddle-point formulation of such problems which allows simultaneous data and model partitioning, and exploit its structure by doubly stochastic coordinate optimization with variance reduction (DSCOVR). Compared with other first-order distributed algorithms, we show that DSCOVR may require less amount of overall computation and communication, and less or no synchronization. We discuss the implementation details of the DSCOVR algorithms, and present numerical experiments on an industrial distributed computing system.


Learning system interoperability standards let applications share or connect infrastructure, reducing development costs, administrative burden, and user friction. We propose a more comprehensive form of interoperability that supports shared user data, user interfaces, and session management services. This will let applications leverage differences in how and when they are used to achieve better learning outcomes than is possible with only native capabilities. To demonstrate this concept, we integrated two complementary learning applications. PERLS is a Personal Assistant for Learning phone app that supports adult self-regulated learning. It recommends learning activities across a range of applications and devices, and provides a coherent user experience for learners as they progress through parallel trajectories varying in topic, timespan, intensity, and (in)formality. PALMs is a web service that uses flashcard-like interactions to train visual knowledge. It accelerates learning by adaptively optimizing the content sequence based on a model of learning rate and retention. The applications were integrated to let PERLS recommend and launch PALMs content, then seamlessly hand off interaction control so that users are unaware of switching applications. PALMs was made able to schedule user interactions in future PERLS sessions, making it possible to space practice on a longer timescale to increase retention of PALMs content. Without PALMs, PERLS has no principled way to accelerate visual knowledge learning. Without PERLS, PALMs has no way to extend its retention enhancing model to long timescales. Integration required substantial time and cooperation to define objectives, co-design APIs, and synchronize engineering across organizations. The Total Learning Architecture (TLA), currently in development, will reduce integration requirements with the goal of making cross-application synergy more common. In this paper, we describe our technical approach to combining PERLS and PALMS, then describe how TLA, treating this effort as a use case, could reduce barriers for comparable future integration efforts.


Top-quality planning in general and quotient top-quality planning in particular deal with producing multiple high-quality plans while allowing for their efficient generation, skipping equivalent ones. Prior work has explored one equivalence relation, considering two plans to be equivalent if their operator multi-sets are equal. This allowed omitting plans that are reorderings of previously found ones. However, the resulting sets of plans were still large, in some domains even infinite.
In this paper, we consider a different relation: two plans are related if one's operator multiset is a subset of the other's. We propose novel reformulations that forbid plans that are related to the given ones. While the new relation is not transitive and thus not an equivalence relation, we can define a new subset top-quality planning problem, with finite size solution sets. We formally prove that these solutions can be obtained by exploiting the proposed reformulations. Our empirical evaluation shows that solutions to the new problem can be found for more tasks than unordered top-quality planning solutions. Further, the results shows that the solution sizes significantly decrease, making the new approach more practical, particularly in domains with redundant operators.


The broad area of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (M-IONP) applications and their exclusive physico-chemical characteristics (superparamagnetic properties per se , solu-bility and stability in aqueous solutions, and high bioavailability in vivo ) make these nanoparticles suitable candidates for biomedical uses. The most employed magnetic iron oxides in the biomedical field are magnetite and maghemite. Cancer represents a complex pathology that implies multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways, this complexity being responsible for the increased resistance to therapy and the lack of an effective curative treatment. A potential useful alternative was considered to be the use of magnetic iron nanoparticles. The M-IONPs proved to be effective as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, as drug delivery carriers for different therapeutic agents, in magnetic cell separation assays, and are suitable to be engineered in terms of size, targeted delivery and substance release. Moreover, their in vivo administration was considered safe, and recent studies indicated their efficiency as anticancer agents. This chap - ter aims to furnish an overview regarding the physico-chemical properties of M-IONPs (mainly magnetite, maghemite and hematite), the synthesis methods and their in vitro biological impact on healthy and cancer cell lines, by describing their potential mecha- nism of action—enucleation, apoptosis or other mechanisms.


Very few visual systems diverge fundamentally from the basic plans of well-studied animal eyes. However, investigating those that do can provide novel insights into visual system function. A particularly unusual system exists in the principal larval eyes of a visually guided aquatic predator, the sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dystiscidae). These eyes are characterized by complex layered distal and proximal retinas. We previously reported that their principal eye E2 has a bifocal lens, and previous behavioral experiments suggested that these larvae have a unilateral range-finding mechanism that may involve their bizarre eye organization. In the present study, we expanded our optical measurements and found that: (1) E1 also has a bifocal lens, (2) E1 is best suited for far vision while E2 is best suited for near vision and (3) throughout their typical hunting range, the positions of focused images shift across specific retinal layers. This anatomical and optical organization in principle could support unilateral range finding. Taken together, our findings outline an unusual visual mechanism that is likely to be essential for the extraordinary hunting ability of these larvae.


The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision serves as an international forum to discuss international bank supervision issues. Because of the gravity and frequency of banking crises since the demise of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s, international financial standards have emerged as a method to minimize these crises. In 1998, the Basel Committee issued a comprehensive standard on bank super vision that built upon its work over the previous two and a half decades. In this Article, the author analyzes this comprehensive standard the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision-and assesses its implementation in the European Union, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and the Hong Kong SAR. The author then analyzes the options available to enforce this "soft law" and comments on the effectiveness of these options, including the surveillance programs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and certain provisions of the Revised Capital Accord of 2004. Despite the improvements represented by the Core Principles, the author suggests future changes in the international bank supervisory regime.


Operational support is one of the most important aspects of aeronautical maintenance. It aims to provide a portfolio of services to implement maintenance with a high level of efficiency, reliability and accessibility. One of the major difficulties in operational support is that there is no platform that integrates all aircraft maintenance processes in order to reduce costs and improve the level of service. It is therefore necessary to build an autonomous aircraft maintenance system in which all maintenance information can be collected, organized, analyzed and managed in a way that facilitates decision-making. To do this, an innovative methodology has been proposed, which concerns modelling, simulation, formal verification and performance analysis of the autonomous system mentioned. Three axes were addressed in this thesis. The first axis concerns the design and simulation of an autonomous system for aeronautical maintenance. We offer an innovative design of an autonomous system that supports automatic decision making for maintenance planning. The second axis is the verification of models on simulation systems. We propose a more comprehensive approach to verifying global behaviours and operational behaviours of systems. The third axis focuses on the analysis of the performance of simulation systems. We propose an approach of combining an agent-based simulation system with the "Fuzzy Rough Nearest Neighbor" approach, in order to implement efficient classification and prediction of aircraft maintenance failures with missing data. Finally, simulation models and systems have been proposed. Simulation experiments illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.


This paper presents and tests a model designed to provide feedback and continuous improvement during the process of supplier selection in agile supply chains (ASCs). In ASCs suppliers typically need to be changed or added to frequently in response to dynamic market conditions. The model seeks to capitalise on the increased application of the supplier section process by applying principles of continuous improvement and organisational learning. Its aim is to support organisational decision-makers in their efforts to optimise the performance of the supply chain by ensuring that only the most appropriate suppliers are selected at all times. The model was tested by application within two simulation groups of MBA and masters level international management students who have significant business experience. The results of a questionnaire, used to assess the efficacy of the model, showed that the participants found the model was likely to have significant benefits when used in practice.


In this paper we examine the effect of introducing an Electromagnetic metamaterial into a Travelling Wave structure to mediate inverse Cherenkov acceleration. Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificial materials that consist of macroscopic structures that yield an effective permittivity and permeability less than zero. The properties of metamaterials are highly frequency dependent and give rise to very novel dispersion relationships. We show that the introduction of a specifically designed metamaterial into the interaction region gives rise to a novel dispersion curve yielding a unique wave-particle interaction. We demonstrate that this novel wave-particle interaction gives rise energy exchange from wave to beam over an extended interaction regime. We also discuss the benefits and issues that arise from having a metamaterial in a high vacuum high power environment with a specific focus on the issue of loss in metamaterial structures


Multi-temperature-level systems enlarge the prospects and degrees of freedom for an effective design and an environment-friendly use of energy. Based on a general thermodynamic model of three-thermal cycles and finite thermal capacity of the heat sources, this paper aims at the analysis and the performance optimization of these systems by considering the influence of irreversibility. Suitable dimensionless parameters for an overall optimization are introduced and their influence on the cycle efficiency is investigated. This approach identifies the limitations imposed to the physical processes by accounting for the inevitable dissipation due to their constrained duration and intensity, and constitutes a general thermodynamic criterion for the optimization of three-thermal irreversible systems. Dependence on the main factors is highlighted in a way that shows how to change them in order to improve the overall efficiency. Under this point of view, the analysis evaluates COP improvements and can be used to perform plant diagnostics, besides predicting the system performance. The use of this criterion is exemplified for the absorption chiller application case.


Vector autoregressions (VARs) are linear multivariate time-series models able to capture the joint dynamics of multiple time series. Bayesian inference treats the VAR parameters as random variables, and it provides a framework to estimate "posterior" probability distribution of the location of the model parameters by combining information provided by a sample of observed data and prior information derived from a variety of sources, such as other macro or micro datasets, theoretical models, other macroeconomic phenomena, or introspection.
 In empirical work in economics and finance, informative prior probability distributions are often adopted. These are intended to summarize stylized representations of the data generating process. For example, "Minnesota" priors, one of the most commonly adopted macroeconomic priors for the VAR coefficients, express the belief that an independent random-walk model for each variable in the system is a reasonable "center" for the beliefs about their time-series behavior. Other commonly adopted priors, the "single-unit-root" and the "sum-of-coefficients" priors are used to enforce beliefs about relations among the VAR coefficients, such as for example the existence of co-integrating relationships among variables, or of independent unit-roots.
 Priors for macroeconomic variables are often adopted as "conjugate prior distributions"—that is, distributions that yields a posterior distribution in the same family as the prior p.d.f.—in the form of Normal-Inverse-Wishart distributions that are conjugate prior for the likelihood of a VAR with normally distributed disturbances. Conjugate priors allow direct sampling from the posterior distribution and fast estimation. When this is not possible, numerical techniques such as Gibbs and Metropolis-Hastings sampling algorithms are adopted.
 Bayesian techniques allow for the estimation of an ever-expanding class of sophisticated autoregressive models that includes conventional fixed-parameters VAR models; Large VARs incorporating hundreds of variables; Panel VARs, that permit analyzing the joint dynamics of multiple time series of heterogeneous and interacting units. And VAR models that relax the assumption of fixed coefficients, such as time-varying parameters, threshold, and Markov-switching VARs.


In this paper, an advanced formulation of a time-domain two-dimensional boundary element method (BEM) is presented and applied to calculate the response of a buried, unlined, and infinitely long cylindrical cavity with a circular cross-section subjected to SV and P waves. The applicability and efficiency of the algorithm are verified with frequency-domain BEM examples of the effect of cylindrical cavities on the site response analysis. The analysis results show that acceptable agreements exist between results of this research and presented examples. For a shallow cavity, the numerical results demonstrate that vertically incident SV wave reduces the horizontal components of the motion on the ground surface above the cavity, while it significantly increases the vertical component for a dimensionless frequency (η) of 0.5 and h/a=1.5. The maximum values of normalized displacements in vertical component of P waves are larger than horizontal component of SV waves for η=1.0. For a deeply embedded cavity, the effect of the cavity on the surface ground motion is negligible for incident SV wave, but it increases the vertical component of the displacement for incident P wave. Additionally, far and near distances from the center of the cavity show different amplitude patterns of response due to the cavity effect. Increasing the distance from the center of the cavity, the amplitude of displacement and the effect of the cavity attenuates significantly.


This landmark book represents the first publication of original writing by Radclyffe Hall, author of The Well of Loneliness, in over 50 years. One of the most famous and influential lesbian novelists of the twentieth century, Hall became a cause clbre in 1928, upon the publication of her novel The Well of Loneliness, when the British government brought action on behalf of the Crown to declare the book obscene. Probably the most widely read lesbian novel ever written, the book has been continuously in print since its first publication and remains to this day an important part of the literary landscape. Expertly deciphered and edited by Hall scholar and biographer Joanne Glasgow, Your John is a selection of Hall's love letters to Evguenia Souline, a White Russian emigre with whom Hall fell completely and passionately in love in the summer of 1934. Written between this first meeting and the onset of Hall's last illness in 1942, these letters detail Hall's growing obsession, the pain to her life partner Una Troubridge of this betrayal, and the poignant hopelessness of a happy resolution for any of the three women. It was ultimately this relationship, Glasgow argues, which tragically precipitated the decline in Hall's creative work and her health. The letters also provide important new information about her views on lesbianism and take us well beyond the artistic limits she imposed on the characters in The Well of Loneliness. They shed light on her views on religion, politics, war, and the literary and artistic scene. Illuminating both the nature of her relationships and her views on the current politics of the time, Your John will greatly extend the range of our knowledge about Radclyffe Hall.


In gifted education there is a significant body of research that focuses on the socialising influences that enable gifted children to translate their potential into performance. However, there is very little research that has examined what role popular culture plays in the development of talent. This paper reports on the first phase of a research project investigating the impact of popular culture on gifted children and youth. It involves an analysis of the images of giftedness presented in a selection of popular culture texts. This analysis reveals that gifted young people are often stereotypically portrayed as female, studious, non-sporting and not popular. Further, gifted programs are portrayed as undesirable settings peopled with obnoxious characters. The implications for gifted girls, in particular, need attention.


Background Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a threat to patient safety and public health. Understanding how MRSA is acquired is important for prevention efforts. This study investigates risk factors for MRSA nasal carriage among patients at an eastern North Carolina hospital in 2011. Methods Using a case-control design, hospitalized patients ages 18 – 65 years were enrolled between July 25, 2011 and December 15, 2011 at Vidant Medical Center, a tertiary care hospital that screens all admitted patients for nasal MRSA carriage. Cases, defined as MRSA nasal carriers, were age and gender matched to controls, non-MRSA carriers. In-hospital interviews were conducted, and medical records were reviewed to obtain information on medical and household exposures. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to derive odds ratio (OR) estimates of association between MRSA carriage and medical and household exposures. Results In total, 117 cases and 119 controls were recruited to participate. Risk factors for MRSA carriage included having household members who took antibiotics or were hospitalized (OR: 3.27; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.24–8.57) and prior hospitalization with a positive MRSA screen (OR: 3.21; 95% CI: 1.12–9.23). A lower proportion of cases than controls were previously hospitalized without a past positive MRSA screen (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19–0.87). Conclusion These findings suggest that household exposures are important determinants of MRSA nasal carriage in hospitalized patients screened at admission.


The internal stress of a lump coke in a coke oven chamber is analyzed using a creep model, which can represent a deformation behavior of the lump coke. The thermal stress analysis, which has been previously developed by authors to estimate the stress distribution within the lump coke in the laboratory scale oven, is improved with considering the creep characteristics of the plastic and semi-coke layers, dilatation of the plastic layer and the pyrolytic reaction fraction dependence of thermophysical properties, The effects of the above-mentioned models on the stress distribution and deformation behavior within the lump coke are discussed in this study. The calculated stress distribution and deformation behavior within the lump coke lead to the following conclusion: I ) The pyrolytic reaction fraction dependence of the thermophysical properties influences on the results of the heat transfer within the lump coke and the heating rate at the region near the coke oven center is estimated to be higher than one calculated with the properties which are measured in the constant heating rate condition. 2) The y-directional tensile stress at the center of the lump coke, which is calculated with the creep analysis, is half of the one of the elastic analysis, 3) The clearance which is defined as a distance between heated wa!1 and lump coke is smaller because of considering the dilatation of the plastic layer. 4) The model used in this study can more accurately predict the formation/propagation of transverse fissure within the lump coke. Thus the creep model would be an effective tool to investigate the coking process.


Drawing on analytic heuristics from critical discourse analysis and cultural political economy (Jessop, 2010; Wodak, 2002), this article examines the temporal premises and "futures" embedded in a report and reform proposal created in a mid-sized, American city, Columbus, Ohio, in 2013. The product of a city-wide commission appointed in response to a school 'cheating' scandal, the report is both a condensation of key premises and claims circulating through national education policy discourses, and an effort to fit those ideas to a particular urban locale. This fitting involves aligning the city with a particular neoliberal representation or "imaginary" of the future that pervades current education policy discourse and planning. The article unpacks the temporal premises associated with this imaginary and shows their influence on the city's planning. Among other things, the discourse individuates scholastic time and subordinates the present to a distant future that is represented as an already-known or predictable state of affairs. It positions practices such as standardized testing as temporal technologies for predicting the child's position in the imagined future, and reframes racially- and class-based inequalities as differences in the kinds of futures towards which groups are oriented. The effect is to overwrite political questions of what kind of future we might want to create with technical questions of how best to prepare for an inevitable future we can't avoid.


Active and relic meandering channels are common on the seafloor adjacent to continental margins. These channels and their associated submarine fan deposits are products of the density-driven gravity flows known as turbidity currents. The tie between channel curvature and its effects on these gravity flows has been an enigma. This paper records the results of both large-scale laboratory measurements and a numerical simulation that captures the three-dimensional flow field of a gravity underflow at a channel bend. These findings reveal that channel curvature drives two helical flow cells, one stacked upon the other. The lower cell forms near the channel bed surface and has a circulation pattern similar to that observed in fluvial channels, i.e., with a near-bed flow directed inward. The other circulation cell forms in the upper part of the gravity flow and has a streamwise vorticity with the opposite sense of the lower cell.


Conventional economic and political theory predicts that the states will underregulate the degradation or destruction of natural resources within their borders when some or all of the resulting adverse effects fall outside their borders, that is, upon out-of-staters. Academic critics of the federalization of environmental law agree with this conventional view at an abstract level, but, in their view, only the physical effects of the destruction of a natural resource on out-of-staters should count as an interstate externality that can justify federal intervention. The federal courts may be moving toward an even narrower conception of what constitutes an environmental externality that can justify federal regulatory intervention - a conception in which the externality must entail interstate market effects in addition to interstate physical effects. This Article argues that a significant set of the interstate effects of natural resource degradation and destruction on the American populace cannot plausibly be classified as either physical or market effects: some, perhaps many, Americans lose some sense of well-being simply by virtue of the loss of the existence of wetlands, waterways, and other natural resources in states where they do not live. Existence values (or more precisely, the desire to prevent the loss of existence values) provide a powerful positive account of how the federal political process, despite concerted opposition by well-organized business interests, has at times come to restrict the degradation of natural spaces that few out-of-state residents are likely to ever visit or otherwise use. Existence values also provide a strong normative account of why such restrictions are, from a societal vantage, presumptively welfare-maximizing. Indeed, as explained in Part III of the Article, federal regulation is more likely to be necessary to maximize welfare in the context of interstate losses in existence value than in the context of interstate physical effects, such as air or water pollution crossing state lines. The principal claim of those who reject the use of existence values as a rationale for federal regulation is that existence values are nonmeasurable and hence unsuitable for consideration in public policy. As explored in Part IV of the Article, this empirical objection is inconsistent with the findings of contingent value (CV) surveys in which respondents have been asked how much they would be willing to pay for the preservation of one or more natural resources. The CV surveys completed to date, although admittedly imperfect as measurement devices, suggest significant values for the preservation of a range of natural resources. More important, the federal political process itself provides a comparative measure of the magnitude of the existence-value benefits of natural preservation (on the one hand) and the magnitude of the competing economic benefits associated with the degradation or destruction of natural settings (on the other). If anything, given the core insights of public choice theory and the structural supports in the federal political process for industries whose economic interests often run counter to natural preservation (e.g., the mining, timber, and oil industries), we should expect the federal political process to understate significantly the comparative magnitude of the existence-value benefits of natural preservation. The current literature also contains a non-empirical objection to existence values as a justification for federal regulation. The essence of this objection is that federal preservation regulation premised on existence value preferences is illegitimate because it violates the principles of respect for private property rights and distributive justice among communities. As explained in Part V of the Article, these principles, at best, support the claim that all sorts of government regulation - and not just federal regulation aimed at preserving natural resources - is illegitimate from a particular (and highly contestable) point of view. The normative defense of existence values and existence-value-driven regulation developed in Parts III-V provides a useful perspective from which to evaluate the current state of Commerce Clause doctrine. Commerce Clause doctrine has never formally recognized existence-value concerns as a basis for federal jurisdiction, and that is unlikely to change. However, certain doctrinal approaches to the Commerce Clause create room for regulation motivated by existence-value concerns, and others, such as the approach arguably endorsed by the majority in SWANCC, do not. If one accepts that federal regulation premised on existence-value concerns is presumptively welfare maximizing, then one must accept that Commerce Clause tests that preclude such regulation carry a substantial social cost. The normative defense of existence-value regulation also has implications for the choice between approaches to standing that facilitate citizen enforcement of regulations premised on existence-value concerns, and approaches, such as that endorsed by the majority in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, that impede such enforcement.


As media reports of political movements from various locations have shown, mobile technology can be a powerful political instrument. This paper examines how political activists in West Bengal, India use mobile phones for their daily political work. I seek ways to recognize the disruptive and political potential of mobile technology without ignoring its social and cultural rootedness. I illustrate how riots and protests relate to the increase in translocal communication enabled by phones. I also demonstrate how the political use of mobile technology for extra ordinary events is grounded in the social and political processes of ordinary everyday life and draws from the local understanding of politics by emphasizing certain aspects of it. My article confirms the cultural continuity amidst the increase in translocal relationships but it also pinpoints how cultures harbour conflicts and alternative discourses which translocal communication helps to amplify.


At last--here's a comprehensive book that puts full details on all short-range wireless-positioning methods at your command for instant access and use. This one-stop resource surveys each technique's theory of operation, advantages and disadvantages, applicability in different domains, implementation procedures, and accuracy to help you select the right technology for any application and ensure the best results possible. Real-life examples together with 161 diagrams help bring all options into sharp focus. After introducing wireless positioning fundamentals along with various personal, commercial, and industrial applications, the book guides you step by step through radio signal time of flight methods, the signal strength method, the angle of arrival system, and the geometric use of distance measurement to determine location. It discusses location awareness applications and implementations using cellular networks. You are brought up to speed on fast-developing techniques involving local area networks (WLANs), personal area networks (WPANs), and radio frequency ID (RFID). Moreover, you find coverage of the distance measurement features in the new IEEE 802.15.4a spec for low rate wireless personal area networks. This practical resource offers detailed guidance on how to implement important technologies, including direct sequence spread spectrum, frequency hopping spread spectrum, and ultrawideband (UWB). The book also explores ways to counteract accuracy impairments caused by noise, multipath and fading, and limitations of antenna directivity and time measurement precision.


Background/Aim: Recently, albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) scoring/grading, consisting of only albumin and total bilirubin, has been proposed. We examined the efficacy of this grading system for determining hepatic function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods/Materials: The prognoses of 46,681 HCC patients based on results obtained from a nationwide survey conducted in Japan from 2001 to 2007 were evaluated using (1) Japan Integrated Staging (JIS), consisting of Child-Pugh classification and TNM staging (TNM), (2) modified JIS (m-JIS), consisting of liver damage grading and TNM, and (3) ALBI-TNM (ALBI-T), consisting of ALBI grading and TNM, and the results were compared. A subanalysis was also performed to define a cutoff value for ALBI scores for a more detailed stratification of hepatic function. Results: ALBI-T, JIS, and m-JIS each showed good capacity for the stratification of prognoses. Although the Akaike information criterion for ALBI-T was nearly equal to that for JIS and m-JIS, the Kaplan-Meier curves and median survival times obtained with ALBI-T were always superior to the corresponding scores. When the indocyanine green retention test (<30%) was used as an additional cutoff value for ALBI score (-2.270, area under the curve 0.828) to divide ALBI grade into 4 levels (modified ALBI [mALBI] grade), mALBI grade was able to stratify the prognosis of patients at any TNM stage in order of grade. Modified ALBI-T (mALBI-T), using mALBI grading and TNM, produced a more detailed stratification for prognosis. Conclusion: The predictive value for prognosis of ALBI-T was found to be equal to that of JIS and m-JIS. In addition, mALBI grading and mALBI-T, as proposed in the present study, might provide a more detailed assessment of the hepatic function and prognosis of HCC patients.


In the design of parachute systems it is important to use material properties that have been acquired under representative strain rates expected in flight. Without such data the designer is potentially forced to incorporate unrealistic safety margins resulting in a heavier and costlier than required design. Laboratory test data has generally been limited to that which can be acquired at quasi-steady strain rates. This paper investigates a technique, which takes advantage of advances in solid state electronics in the past ten years, to achieve an economical means of acquiring material properties under dynamic strain conditions. Data obtained with this technique is compared to standard test data for representative parachute materials.


The benefits of green roofs are many: longer roof lifespan, greater sound insulation, reduced heating and cooling system needs, and a cutback in storm water runoff. Green roofs decrease carbon dioxide and increase oxygen in cities, making them cooler in the process and reversing the so-called "urban heat island effect." In short, green roofs are the great green hope of many environmentalists, politicians, and architects interested in more efficient and environmentally aware buildings. From a design standpoint, however, there is less consensus. While some see the roof garden as a visual statement using plants, geometric lines, and sculptural elements, others believe concerns for sustainability should outweigh visual appeal. A green roof that combines aesthetics and mechanics has become the goal of many a landscape architect. To address this quandary, the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) commissioned renowned landscape architects, Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates in collaboration with the Conservation Design Forum to design a 3,300-square-foot green roof garden for its Washington, D.C. headquarters. In "Green Roof Gardens," author Christian Werthmann uses this detailed case study to explain the history, methodology, and design process of green roof garden construction, providing a rich source of inspiration and technical knowledge for anybody interested in this simple solution to many of the environmental challenges we face today.


A Hollywood biopic about the life of computer pioneer Grace Murray Hopper (19061992) would go like this: a young professor abandons the ivy-covered walls of academia to serve her country in the Navy after Pearl Harbor and finds herself on the front lines of the computer revolution. She works hard to succeed in the all-male computer industry, is almost brought down by personal problems but survives them, and ends her career as a celebrated elder stateswoman of computing, a heroine to thousands, hailed as the inventor of computer programming. Throughout Hopper's later years, the popular media told this simplified version of her life story. In Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age, Kurt Beyer goes beyond the screenplay-ready myth to reveal a more authentic Hopper, a vibrant and complex woman whose career paralleled the meteoric trajectory of the postwar computer industry. Hopper made herself "one of the boys" in Howard Aiken's wartime Computation Laboratory at Harvard, then moved on to the Eckert and Mauchly Computer Corporation. Both rebellious and collaborative, she was influential in male-dominated military and business organizations at a time when women were encouraged to devote themselves to housework and childbearing. Hopper's greatest technical achievement was to create the tools that would allow humans to communicate with computers in terms other than ones and zeroes. This advance influenced all future programming and software design and laid the foundation for the development of user-friendly personal computers. Lemelson Center Studies in Invention and Innovation series


This Article recounts the experience at the University of Cincinnati College of Law with the Associate Dean for Faculty Research and Development position in the hope that it may be of interest to those schools that either have a similar position or are contemplating establishing such a position. Along the way, we offer our thoughts on the respective roles of the Dean, Associate Dean, and Faculty in improving the quality, productivity, and visibility of a law school faculty and their scholarship. The Associate Dean position was established at Cincinnati two years ago to (1) promote excellence in scholarship and teaching, (2) facilitate and coordinate scholarly activities, and (3) publicize the scholarly activities of the faculty. Responding to the first two charges, the Associate Dean has worked to provide greater institutional support for faculty research at each stage of the production process in the form of various initiatives such as a Work-in-Progress Group, Summer Scholarship Series, Faculty Workshop Series, Scholar Exchange Program, and Law School Working Paper Series. In response to the third charge, the Associate Dean has ramped up our publicity efforts, using both old and new technologies in increasing faculty participation in our alumni magazine, monthly web-based faculty news, and periodic e-mail and print publicity. The Dean has revamped our system of scholarly incentives and rewards, combining elements of both the all-for-one-and-one-for-all approach and the eat-what-you-kill approach. In the end, all of these efforts are aimed at strengthening a scholarly community in which the whole is greater than its parts. The guiding ethos should be that a rising scholarly tide lifts all boats, and that when we row together we not only get to our common destination quicker and easier, it also makes for a more enjoyable and satisfying journey. Like the man who sets out to slay a whale armed only with a row boat and a faith that leads him to bring along a jar of tarter sauce, we come to this task armed only with the ideas described in this Article and a faith in our colleagues that allows us to experiment with different ways to build this scholarly community.


ABSTRACT This essay explores the origins of the Satellite Instructional Technology Experiment (SITE), a project that used a NASA satellite to beam educational programs to over two thousand villages in India in the mid-1970s. Touted as a major success in using advanced technology for the purposes of poverty alleviation, the results of the project remain contested. I argue that the causes of its ambiguous outcome can be traced to the late 1960s when Indian and American scientific elites mobilized support for this project by uniting a coalition of diverse actors that each imagined a different 'India'. Although each of these 'Indias' represented a starkly different vision of the nation, they were consonant for a brief historical moment, thus enabling SITE to come to reality. Their ability to do so depended on framing as monolithic and passive, the one population central to the project, the 'poor and illiterate' of India.


Enormous databases of short-read RNA-seq sequencing experiments such as the NIH Sequence Read Archive (SRA) are now available. However, these collections remain difficult to use due to the inability to search for a particular expressed sequence. A natural question is which of these experiments contain sequences that indicate the expression of a particular sequence such as a gene isoform, lncRNA, or uORF. However, at present this is a computationally demanding question at the scale of these databases. We introduce an indexing scheme, the Sequence Bloom Tree (SBT), to support sequence-based querying of terabase-scale collections of thousands of short-read sequencing experiments. We apply SBT to the problem of finding conditions under which query transcripts are expressed. Our experiments are conducted on a set of 2652 publicly available RNA-seq experiments contained in the NIH for the breast, blood, and brain tissues, comprising 5 terabytes of sequence. SBTs of this size can be queried for a 1000 nt sequence in 19 minutes using less than 300 MB of RAM, over 100 times faster than standard usage of SRA-BLAST and 119 times faster than STAR. SBTs allow for fast identification of experiments with expressed novel isoforms, even if these isoforms were unknown at the time the SBT was built. We also provide some theoretical guidance about appropriate parameter selection in SBT and propose a sampling-based scheme for potentially scaling SBT to even larger collections of files. While SBT can handle any set of reads, we demonstrate the effectiveness of SBT by searching a large collection of blood, brain, and breast RNA-seq files for all 214,293 known human transcripts to identify tissue-specific transcripts. The implementation used in the experiments below is in C++ and is available as open source at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/∼ckingsf/software/bloomtree.


The University of Salford has been commissioned
by Manchester Women's Aid to conduct an
interim evaluation following the first two years
of the Sahara Project from 1 November 2014 to
1 November 2016. This will provide Manchester
Women's Aid with the opportunity to evaluate
and plan for service provision beyond the end
point of the three-year funding. This evaluation
will also enable Manchester Women's Aid (MWA)
to demonstrate accountability to the Big Lottery
providing an evidence-base to be used in future
tendering processes. The following questions were
addressed by the evaluation:
An interim evaluation of the Sahara Project 3
www.salford.ac.uk/shusu
• To what extent has the Sahara Project met its
intended outcomes?
• How effective is the current model (consisting of
casework and groupwork) in terms of outcomes
from the perspective of stakeholders including:
service users; and service providers who refer to
the Sahara Project?
• What would have happened were service users
not able to access the service? Would there
have been implications, such as cost or limited
alternative service provision?
• What impact has the service had on the lives of
BME women and children living with or fleeing
DVA in the city of Manchester?
The BAMER category captures a wide range of
backgrounds and ethnicities and in addition to
the evaluation of existing service provision, MWA
has a particular interest in gaining better insight
into those groups of women and children from the
BAMER umbrella for whom there are more barriers
to accessing their services. As a result, a targeted
consultation exercise supplemented this evaluation
with feedback gained from members of a group
identified as harder-to-reach than others in the
BAMER category; the Gypsy Roma Traveller (GRT)
community.


A taxonomic revision of the Australian members of trentepohlioid, ecolumellate thelotremataceaen Graphidaceae (Ostropales, lichenized Ascomycota) is presented. This species-rich group of crustose, predominantly tropical and subtropical lichens has been neglected for a long time, and is still poorly known. Particularly the studies for Australia are highly fragmentary.
Approximately 4000 specimens, including a total of c. 500 type specimens, herbaria collections, and almost 1000 samples collected during two field trips, were examined morphologically, anatomically, and chemically. A total of 103 species of 13 genera (including one newly described genus) could be identified. 33 species are new records for Australia, and 20 species were described new to science. Of the currently listed 71 names of this group for Australia, 50 are accepted as valid species. The remaining names and species, listed in an appendix, proved to belong to other genera, be synonymous to other taxa or falsely identified collections. 21 species (including species not known for Australia) are newly combined and several new synonyms are proposed.
In the taxonomic part an introduction is provided, including a historical overview of the development of generic concepts and delimitations within the treated group. This is followed by a brief presentation of earlier taxonomic studies and collections of thelotrematoid lichens in Australia. It also provides a general treatment of the climatic and biogeographical conditions of the continent. Further, the main characters are described, including anatomical, morphological and chemical features. The ecology and distribution of thelotrematoid lichens are discussed. All treated species are described and illustrated, their distribution is mapped, and a key for the identification provided. An overview of the distinguishing characters between genera is presented in a table.
To illuminate the phylogenetic relationships within this group, three phylogentic analyses were carried out using partial sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA loci. The first analysis employed a combined dataset of the mitochondrial SSU (mtSSU) and the nuclear LSU (nuLSU) of 105 species of Ascomycetes. As a result, it could be shown that the hitherto separted two families of Ostropales, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae, are not monophyletic, but form several lineages within one strongly supported monophyletic group. Consequently, Thelotremataceae is reduced to synonymy with Graphidaceae. The second and third analyses were carried out using a single dataset of nuLSU and mtSSU sequences respectively. In the nuLSU analysis 40 specimens of 38 species were included, in the mtSSU analysis 50 specimens of 25 species were examined. These analyses showed that all genera of thelotrematoid lichens included in the study are para- or polyphyletic, with the sole exception of Diploschistes, and that the present generic concept within Graphidaceae needs revision. The new genus Melanotopelia is introduced based on molecular and morphological evidence.


Extracted from text ... Moneyweb's PERSONAL FINANCE August 2006 9
IN comparison with their international
counterparts, South African
banks have been attractively
priced. But it seems that things
have changed recently, with rising
share prices bringing local banks
more in line.
Sam Houlie, who runs the
Investec Cautious Managed Fund,
told Moneyweb that a few years
ago, global banks were very highly
priced when compared with their
South African counterparts in dollar
terms, particularly as foreign
investors had the benefit of a weak
rand.
There were some metrics -
such as price-to-book - where
international banks were already
equivalent, but in terms of things ..


The most extensive English-language study of Schopenhauer's metaphysics of the will yet published, this book represents a major contribution to Schopenhauer scholarship. Here, John E. Atwell critically but sympathetically examines the philosopher's main work, The World as Will and Representation, demonstrating that the philosophical system it puts forth does constitute a consistent whole. The author holds that this system is centered on a single thought, "The world is self-knowledge of the will." He then traces this unifying concept through the four books of The World as Will and Representation, and, in the process, dissolves the work's alleged inconsistencies.


Mineral and bone disorder is a common complication of end-stage renal disease. Notably, hyperphosphatemia likely promotes calcification of the myocardium, valves, and arteries. Hyperphosphatemia is associated with higher risk for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity along a gradient beginning at 5.0mg/dL. Among contemporary hemodialysis (HD) patients, mean serum phosphorus level is 5.2mg/dL, although 25% of patients have serum phosphorus levels of 5.5 to 6.9mg/dL; and 13%, >7.0mg/dL. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia is burdensome. Dialysis patients consume a mean of 19 pills per day, half of which are phosphate binders. Medicare Part D expenditures on binders for dialysis patients approached $700 million in 2013. Phosphorus removal with thrice-weekly HD (4 hours per session) is ∼3,000mg/wk. However, clearance is unlikely to counterbalance dietary intake, which varies around a mean of 7,000mg/wk. Dietary restriction and phosphate binders are important interventions, but each has limitations. Dietary control is complicated by limited access to healthy food choices and unclear labeling. Meanwhile, adherence to phosphate binders is poor, especially in younger patients and those with high pill burden. Multiple randomized clinical trials show that intensive HD reduces serum phosphorus levels. In the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trial, short daily and nocturnal schedules reduced serum phosphorus levels by 0.6 and 1.6mg/dL, respectively, relative to 3 sessions per week. A similar effect of nocturnal HD was observed in an earlier trial. In the daily arm of the FHN trial, intensive HD significantly lowered estimated phosphate binder dose per day, whereas in the nocturnal arm, intensive HD led to binder discontinuation in 75% of patients. However, intensive HD appears to have no meaningful effects on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations. In conclusion, intensive HD, especially nocturnal HD, lowers serum phosphorus levels and decreases the need for phosphate binders.


Nature's benefits derived from forest interior environments cannot be sustained if the natural capital of forest interior area is not sustained. We analyzed the spatial patterns of forest loss and gain for the conterminous United States from 2001 to 2006 to determine whether forest interior environments were maintained at five spatial scales. A 1.1 percent net loss of total forest area translated to net losses of 3.2 percent to 10.5 percent of forest interior area over spatial scales of 4.41 ha to 5,310 ha. At the 65.6-ha scale, the reduction of forest interior area was 50,000 km2--almost double the net loss of total forest area. The geographically pervasive discrepancy between total forest loss and forest interior loss indicates a widespread shift of the extant forest to more fragmented conditions, even in regions exhibiting small net changes in extant forest area. Forest dynamics could be monitored spatially to better understand the potential impacts of fragmentation on the sustainability of forest interior.


The inhibitive effect by dirithromycin, an antibacterial drug, on the corrosion of zinc has been investigated using weight loss method. The results obtained indicate that clindamycin inhibits zinc corrosion in tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid (0.01 to 0.04 M) media. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor's concentration. Kinetic, thermodynamic and adsorption parameters were determined and discussed. The uninhibited corrosion of zinc followed first order kinetics; while the presence of dirithromycin increased the enthalpy of activation, H ‡ and therefore made corrosion less probable. The calculated G ‡ values for the corrosion processes were positive, but increased in the presence of dirithromycin, suggesting that the activated complex was rather unstable. The adsorption of dirithromycin on zinc surface was exothermic, spontaneous and was best described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The calculated values of activation energies and free energies of adsorption indicate that the adsorption process supports the mechanism of physical absorption.


Non-governmental organizations have gained a great deal of popularity in recent years. The awarding of the Nobel Prize to The International Campaign to Ban Landmines in 1977 and to Medicins Sans Frontieres in 1999 has highlighted the emergence of these organizations as "new" forces in international politics. Yet, there is no work to date that has provided an overview of the varieties of interaction between NGOs and states, international organizations and in international politics. This is especially true of books aimed at undergraduates. "NGOs in International Politics" surveys a range of NGO activities and relationships in a manner accessible to students in the classroom. Despite the gap in the textbook literature, non-governmental organizations are being taught in undergraduate courses, either in theoretical terms or as components of service learning. This book is designed to remedy the gap between interest in NGOs and accessible literature for use in the classroom.


Hallux valgus is a serious medical concern for classical ballet dancers. Although it is well-known that progression of hallux valgus is related to inappropriate movement techniques in classical ballet, the kinematic relationship between the degree of hallux valgus and ballet techniques has not been substantiated. To develop proper training methods that prevent progression of hallux valgus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the degree of hallux valgus and movement techniques in classical ballet. Seventeen female classical ballet dancers at the advanced college-level participated in this study. Kinematic analysis of standing and plié in the first position was conducted via video capture technique. The Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was performed to examine the degree of hallux valgus and the following three kinematic variables: (1) the extent to which turnout is forced by other joints in the lower extremity than the hip joint, (2) the direction difference between the knee and toe in the transverse plane, and (3) the pelvis obliquity angle. Among these kinematic variables, we found a significant correlation between the hallux valgus angle and the pelvis obliquity angle during plié (P = .045). The greater the hallux valgus angle, the greater the retroversion of the pelvis, a result which was contrary to our prediction. We present the first evidence that the degree of hallux valgus correlates with kinematics in a very basic technique of classical ballet.


ALAN THOMAS AND CHRIS Cornforth are with the Co-operatives Research Unit at the Open University, England. There has been a good deal of theoretical debate and general speculation about the performance of worker co-operatives. However, there has been a shortage of good empirical work has been restricted to case studies or surveys of producer co-operatives formed during the early years of the century in Britain. This paper helps to rectify that situation. It draws upon a complete database of all worker co-operatives formed between 1946-86 in the UK to detail their spread and distribution, and goes on to analyse the survival rates of worker co-operatives, and briefly, their growth rates. Contrary to much of the speculation it concludes that co-operatives have similar survival rates and patterns of growth to those of other small businesses. However, co-operatives tend to be concentrated in certain sub-sectors and their survival rates also vary between sectors, tending to confirm those writers who suggest that despite good performance once set up, co-operatives will tend to have a limited role in the economy.


The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) described by Engvall and Perlmann, which uses antigen-coated tubes and enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulin, has been used for the detection of antibodies against streptococcal M protein. The antigen used in the assay was obtained by guanidine extraction of type M-12 streptococcal cell walls followed by hydroxyapatite chromatography. This antigen has the capacity to elicit bactericidal antibodies in rabbits. The results show that the ELISA is specific and highly sensitive for the detection of antibodies in rabbit and human antisera. Preliminary results suggest that, when M-12 antigen is used, the antibodies detected by ELISA are the same antibodies detected in the bactericidal test. The assay has been performed with human and rabbit sera. There was a 96% agreement between bactericidal and ELISA results with rabbit sera and 97.5% agreement with human sera. All bactericidal antibody-positive sera tested thus far yielded positive ELISA results.


Many people change their eating behavior as a consequence of stress. One source of stress is intrapersonal psychological conflict as caused by discrepancies between implicit and explicit motives. In the present research, we examined whether eating behavior is related to this form of stress. Study 1 (N=53), a quasi-experimental study in the lab, showed that the interaction between the implicit achievement motive disposition and explicit commitment toward an achievement task significantly predicts the number of snacks consumed in a consecutive taste test. In cross-sectional Study 2 (N=100), with a sample of middle-aged women, overall motive discrepancy was significantly related to diverse indices of unsettled eating. Regression analyses revealed interaction effects specifically for power and achievement motivation and not for affiliation. Emotional distress further partially mediated the relationship between the overall motive discrepancy and eating behavior.


A manifesto, an investigation, a travel book: an introduction to the new politics of resistance which shows there's much more to the anti-globalisation movement than trashing Starbucks. It could turn out to be the biggest political movement of the twenty-first century: a global coalition of millions, united in resisting an out-of-control global economy, and already building alternatives to it. It emerged in Mexico in 1994, when the Zapatista rebels rose up in defiance of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The West first noticed it in Seattle in 1999, when the World Trade Organisation was stopped in its tracks by 50,000 protesters. Since then, it has flowered all over the world, every month of every year. The 'anti-capitalist' street protests we see in the media are only the tip of its iceberg. It aims to shake the foundations of the global economy, and change the course of history. But what exactly is it? Who is involved, what do they want, and how do they aim to get it? To find out, Paul Kingsnorth travelled across four continents to visit some of the epicentres of the movement. In the process, he was tear-gassed on the streets of Genoa, painted anti-WTO puppets in Johannesburg, met a tribal guerrilla with supernatural powers, took a hot bath in Arizona with a pie-throwing anarchist and infiltrated the world's biggest gold mine in New Guinea. Along the way, he found a new political movement and a new political idea. Not socialism, not capitalism, not any 'ism' at all, it is united in what it opposes, and deliberately diverse in what it wants instead -- a politics of 'one no, many yeses'. This movement may yet change the world. This book tells its story.


Mobile devices are increasingly the dominant Internet access technology. Nevertheless, high costs, data caps, and throttling are a source of widespread frustration, and a significant barrier to adoption in emerging markets. This paper presents Flywheel, an HTTP proxy service that extends the life of mobile data plans by compressing responses in-flight between origin servers and client browsers. Flywheel is integrated with the Chrome web browser and reduces the size of proxied web pages by 50% for a median user. We report measurement results from millions of users as well as experience gained during three years of operating and evolving the production service at Google.


In the late 1930s, the creation of Match, a successful photo-news magazine, by the media owner Jean Prouvost was an important step in the history of the press. As a vector and component of "war culture", Match gave us, from September 1939 to June 1940, a peculiar vision of the Second World War. This article identifies and analyses the different methods used in the magazine to present the war and to denigrate the enemy, as well as the participation of its editorial staff in the war effort, in the context of a conflict which would soon become global


his thesis is an investigation in to the opportunities to create multi-family housing developments in an urban centre, namely downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that facilitate the development of social capital. Social capital refers to the connection that unifies a community, and creates a sense of belonging. A comparative study of social capital creation was undertaken using two typical Toronto housing models, condominiums and cooperatives and a third form of housing not yet found in Toronto, cohousing. Through this comparison, cohousing was determined to have the greatest opportunity for creating social capital. To determine an appropriate design methodology for urban cohousing, the principles of social capital that inspired cohousing design were exposed and used to reinterpret cohousing to include urban conditions. An exploration of the reinterpreted cohousing design methodlogy through the hypothetical redevelopment of an industrial urban five storey complex for a diverse client concludes the design thesis.


Context:
This research centres on the acquisition of professional competencies by graduates
who have recently entered the construction industry. Many professional
competencies involve critical thinking and subjective decision-making under
conditions of uncertainty and variability; and therefore require higher-order abilities
to accomplish. The acquisition of these competencies has been shown to be
problematic, difficult to achieve and to take longer than anticipated. The aim of this
research was to determine if acquisition could be enhanced and/or accelerated.
Research Design:
The research design adopted a mixed methods approach. The study commenced
by identifying and defining the problematic competencies through a process of
qualitative research. This was followed by analysis of existing learning theories and
non-traditional learning techniques that had been applied in other contexts through a
search of the literature and published accounts of applications. The analysis
identified constituent parts of theories and practice which were developed into an
innovative learning model. The model was tested through a process of quantitative
research conducted using a controlled experiment with a sample of new-entrant
graduates employed by professional firms.
Findings:
The research produced a new model of learning comprising a unique combination of
learning theories, practices and applicational constituents which acted in a
synergistic way to enhance the acquisition of higher-order professional
competencies. The research identified synergy as an important factor in the design
and efficacy of the model, hitherto not recognised.
Conclusions:
The research has shown that higher-order professional competencies can be
acquired faster and more effectively. It has developed and extended the learning
theory of Bancroft, Burguillo, Lui et al and others through the identification of
synergy as a significant factor. The research concludes by demonstrating that the
learning model can reasonably be transferred to other new-entrants within the built
environment industry and generalised to the development of graduate new-entrants
in other professional sectors.


Rene Magritte (1898-1967) was a surrealist artist whose thought-provoking works used ordinary objects to challenge how viewers perceived reality. His extensive oeuvre was documented in a comprehensive five-volume project, led by distinguished art critic and writer David Sylvester. In the years that followed the publication of the final volume in 1997, numerous works purporting to be by Magritte appeared on the art market. Under the auspices of the Fondation Magritte, a committee was established to verify the authenticity of newly discovered works as well as those previously recorded as "whereabouts unknown" or listed as appendix items in the original volumes of the Rene Magritte Catalogue Raisonne. Rene Magritte: Newly Discovered Works includes color illustrations of 130 previously unpublished or unknown works authenticated by the committee between September 2000 and March 2010. Like its predecessors, this volume is the culmination of years of research, which synthesizes new discoveries about the artworks and details of the life of Magritte himself. Accompanying text and comparative documentation provide a wealth of complementary information, including the circumstances of a work's discovery, references to letters, quotations in their original languages, and citations from previous volumes.


A relevant literature review suggests that today's children are increasingly immersing themselves in ubiquitous technologies, including interactive media and digital games. Therefore, this research uses valid measures to investigate the primary school students' motivations toward playing educational games, at home and at school. The study was carried out amongst year-3 students in a small European state. The findings reported that there were strong correlations between the students' perceived usefulness of the educational games and their behavioral intention to use them for their learning. The results also indicated that there was no significant relationship between the perceived ease of gameplay and the children's enjoyment in engaging with the school's digital games. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other study in academia that has explored the children's technology acceptance, normative pressures and their intrinsic motivations to use digital learning games in the context of primary education. Therefore, this contribution opens future research avenues, as this study can be replicated in other contexts.


This paper suggests complexity of the perception of the body in Post-Tridentine Catholic sphere through the comparative study of reliquaries from St. Tryphon's cathedral in Kotor. The focus will be placed on the examples created between fifteenth and seventeenth century. The change that occurred in the particular elements of the silver body-part reliquaries suggests that the image of the sacred body acquire a different appearance. Purified of precious stones, decorative ribbons, and knigthly armors, it began to resemble, to a much greater degree, the body of the observer. This new visibility may rather seductively suggest liberation or at least a different kind of intimacy between Heaven and Earth. On the other hand, it was the years after the Reformation that were labeled as an age of articulation and regulation of this relationship.


Abstract Verbeekite, ideally PdSe2, monoclinic with space-group choices C2/m, C2 or Cm; a = 6.659(7), b = 4.124(5), c = 4.438(6) Å, β = 92.76(3)8, V = 121.7(4) Å3; a:b:c = 1.6147:1:1.0761, Z = 2, is a new, very rare, primary mineral, intimately associated with secondary oosterboschite {(Pd,Cu)7Se5}, from the Musonoi Cu-Co-Mn-U mine, near Kolwezi, Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Additional associated minerals are Cu- and Pd-bearing trogtalite {(Co,Cu,Pd)Se2}, Se-bearing digenite and Se-bearing covellite. The strongest five lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern {d in Å (I) (hkl)} are: 4.423(30)(001), 3.496 (30)(110), 2.718(100)(111), 1.955(50)(310) and 1.896(50)(1̄12). The mineral has also been identified, as a single anhedral 25 μm-sized grain, from Hope's Nose, Torquay, Devon, England where it is associated with native gold, chrisstanleyite Ag2Pd3Se4, oosterboschite(?), unnamed Pd2HgSe3 and cerussite. At Musonoi, altered verbeekite grains do not exceed 200 μm in size and are anhedral, black, with a black streak and a metallic lustre. The mineral is opaque, brittle, has an uneven fracture, and lacks discernible cleavage. The VHN5 ranges 490-610, mean 550 kp/mm2 (2 indentations), roughly approximating a Mohs' hardness of 5Ý. Dcalc. = 7.211 g/cm3 for the ideal formula. Electron-microprobe analyses (mean of 4 spot analyses) yielded Pd 39.6, Cu 0.5, Se 58.8, total 98.9 wt.%. The empirical formula is (Pd0.99Cu0.02)∑1.01Se1.99, based on Pd+Cu+Se = 3. In plane-polarized reflected light, the mineral is a nondescript grey and is neither pleochroic nor perceptibly bireflectant. Anisotropy is moderate with rotation tints in varying shades of brown. Reflectance spectra and colour values are tabulated. The name honours Dr Théodore Verbeek (1927-1991) who was the first geoscientist to study the Musonoi palladium mineralization in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1955-1967) and who co-discovered this new mineral phase.


This paper presents an alternative method to design a fuzzy neural network (FNN) using a set of nonoverlapped block pulse membership functions (BMPFs), and this FNN with nonoverlapped BPMFs will be shown to be equivalent to the conventional table lookup (TL) technique. Therefore, the hidden links between TL and FNN techniques are revealed in this paper that provides a methodology to design a TL controller based on the FNN design concept. In order to do so, a new direct formula is first developed to generate the fuzzy rules from the premise part in FNN. This direct formula not only guarantees a one-to-one mapping that maps the fuzzy membership functions onto the fuzzy rules, but also alleviates the coding effort during hardware implementation. It is further elaborated that the FNN with nonoverlapped BPMFs has the advantage of faster online training that requires less computation time, but at the cost of more memory requirement to store the fuzzy rules. The application of this new approach has been applied successfully in the water injection control of a turbo-charged automobile with excellent results.