Educators must prepare students for jobs in the information workplace; as employees, they must recognize advantages of the changes to their future employment and adopt new approaches to teaching. Restructuring the organization around information is something that is now being, or will have to be, done by all businesses. A worker's primary activities increasingly include gathering, creating, manipulating, storing, and distributing information related to products, services, and customer needs. Educators must teach information technology workers work skills that are multiple, interrelated, and often performed simultaneously. Business and industry need workers prepared with and able to demonstrate information-related skills in four critical areas. Information technology workers must do the following: develop skills and attitudes that embrace change; adapt to and accept alternative work systems; refine intercultural business communication skills; and use communication networks effectively and stay current. Information, technology, and communication advances are the driving forces behind redefining educators' roles and the learning modalities they use to deliver instruction. Teachers must use computers as a tool and place greater emphasis in multimedia and distance learning. Business educators must be up to date on using electronic information and technologies and learning modalities and committed to the need for students to locate, assess, and apply information, not just to remember things. (YLB) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** The Information Workplace: Training the Info Tech Worker Issues and Instructional Delivery Examined


We present a study on the use of cooperative robots to execute a caging mission on the water's surface. In particular, we consider the problem of using two robotic boats (under-actuated autonomous surface vessels) connected with a floating rope, to 'capture' a floating object from a known location on the water's surface and 'shepherd' it to a designated position. This paper focuses on the cooperative control strategy of the two vessels. Each vessel's behavior is governed by a supervisor software module that handles the communication with the other vessel and controls all elementary tasks that compose the overall mission. The elementary tasks, specifically developed for under-actuated vessels, are arranged by priority, and merged using a behavior-based approach, namely the Null-Space based Behavioral control. The proposed technique is validated by field experiments with two autonomous robotic boats on the surface of a lake.


We investigated the habitat preferences and use of cover of 1 to 4 yr old juvenile cod Gadus morhua in the inshore waters (18 to 150 m depth) of Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, Canada, using deep sea submersibles (PISCES IV and SDL-1) in April 1995. We analysed a total of 32 h of 'on-bottom' videotape, audiotape, and written records from 9 daylight dives and 1 night dive. Habitat types were characterised by depth, substrate particle size, bathymetric relief, and the presence or absence of macroalgae. Juvenile cod found throughout the dive area were identified as either 'young' (age 1, 10 to 12 cm total length, and mottled in colour) or 'old' (age 2 to 4, > 15 cm total length, and relatively uniform in colour). Of old juveniles, 80% were found to be associated with areas of coarse substrate and high bathymetric relief (i.e. submarine cliffs). In contrast, 59% of young juveniles were found primarily in areas with a gravel substrate and low relief. Juvenile cod did not exhibit selection for substrates with macroalgae cover. We did not identify any difference between day and night observations. Old juveniles were often associated with individual substrate features (e.g. a single rock, boulder, or crevice), and exhibited a significant increase in activity (oriented swimming speed) with increasing distance from such features Young juveniles exhibited no such association with specific substrate features, although they exhibited greater variation in activity (non-oriented swimming speed). The observed patterns in activity between the age groups suggest a difference in predator avoidance behaviour. Young mottled individuals appeared to be relying on crypsis, whereas older uniform-coloured juvenile cod associated with a specific physical feature which represented cover. Our results corroborate the findings of previous laboratory and shallow water field studies on the behaviour of this species. In addition, these results demonstrated that substrate selection by juvenile cod is age specific.


Abstract. To investigate the impact of marine aerosols on global climate change it is important to study their chemical composition and size distribution. Amino acids are a component of the organic nitrogen in aerosols and particles containing amino acids have been found to be efficient ice nuclei. The main aim of this study was to investigate the L- and D-free amino acid composition as possible tracers of primary biological production in Antarctic aerosols from three different areas: two continental bases, Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS) on the coast of the Ross Sea, Concordia Station at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau, and the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic continent. Studying the size distribution of amino acids in aerosols allowed us to characterize this component of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in marine aerosols near their source and after long-range transport. The presence of only free L-amino acids in our samples is indicative of the prevalence of phytoplanktonic material. Sampling at these three points allowed us to study the reactivity of these compounds during long-range transport. The mean total amino acid concentration detected at MZS was 11 pmol m−3, a higher percentage of amino acids were found in the fine fraction. The aerosol samples collected at Dome C had the lowest amino acid values (0.7 and 0.8 pmol m−3), and the coarse particles were found to have higher concentrations of amino acids compared to the coastal site. The amino acid composition in the aerosol collected at Dome C had also changed compared to the coastal site, suggesting that physical and chemical transformations had occurred during long range transport. During the sampling cruise on the R/V Italica on the Southern Ocean, high concentrations of amino acids were found in the total suspended particles, this we attribute to the presence of intact biological material (as microorganisms or plant material) in the sample.


ABSTRACT:This article uses ideas propounded by Susan Sontag and Judith Butler on photography to illuminate the significant role of photography and visual media in international law jurisprudence. Two key questions are pursued: first, what role does photography have in international law (with a particular focus on abusive photography), and second, how do photography and visual media bear witness to atrocity crimes in international law? The article commences with an overview of the evolution of war photography as it dovetails the inclusion of visual media in juridical settings, and interrogates ethical issues involved in the aestheticization of suffering for consumerist purposes. Drawing from scholarly definitions of atrocity crimes, the article settles on terminology which carves out the parameters of the socio-legal research space. In identifying the relevant areas of international law, the study reads the associated jurisprudence with a theoretical lens, evincing the critical evidentiary role that photography plays in the litigation of the most serious international crimes, such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Tension between the transitive and probative functions of visual evidence is examined through a rich tapestry of international jurisprudence.


Is an ounce of prevention really worth a pound of cure when it comes to the regulation of chemicals? If you believe the aspirational statements of legislators, regulators, public health scientists and others, the answer is a definite "yes." Yet when you look at the structure of regulatory programs and actual practices on the ground, that ounce is hard to find. Chemical policy in the United States essentially relegates prevention of chemical exposures to voluntary programs and initiatives. Mainstream regulation focuses instead on managing exposures, largely relying on control technologies to capture or destroy emissions and discharges of hazardous chemicals. This article asks what a mainstream prevention-based regulatory system would look like, addressing two critical questions: what methodological advances are needed to support it and how should such regulation be structured? Regarding methodologies, prevention-based regulation requires the capacity to identify and evaluate safer alternatives. This involves consideration of a broad range of impacts including human health and ecological effects, technical feasibility and economic impacts. This article describes the state of emerging alternatives analysis methods and considerations for its use in the regulatory setting. With respect to the structure of prevention-based regulation, the article presents a typology of approaches, and a discrete set of normative principles for evaluating and choosing among those approaches. As with most important choices, the decision-maker (be they a policymaker, an academic, or a stakeholder in the regulatory process) will likely value some principles over others, and find that some deeply held principles actually conflict with one another. Recognizing that preferences will vary among decision-makers, the article does not attempt to identify the best structure for prevention–based regulation. Instead it evaluates them against the principles, leaving it to the reader to consider which approach — and which constellation of principles — they most value.


The first Rapid Color Guide of "Plants traditionally used to treat Malaria (and related conditions) 100 species from the ethnobotanical literature (Guide #367)", was published online in January 2015. This work was conducted by the Plant Chemicals Research Network for Malaria Control based on ethnopharmacology research in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Acre. Work was funded by Brazil's National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Malaria still kills a huge number of people each year and this disease is therefore a major global health problem. This has motivated the development of research into new alternatives for the control and cure of this disease, which is the main objective of this research network. This guide is the result of an extensive literature survey conducted between 2010 and 2012 using scientific reference sites (SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct ISI Web of Science) as well as public and private libraries of research institutes and herbal, public and private libraries of research institutes and herbaria. Locations where photos were taken include: the botanical garden of the University of Amazonia (UNIAMAZONIA-Colombia); the "Jose Celestino Mutis" Botanical garden in Colombia, Kew Gardens (United Kingdom); The National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA-Brazil) as well as in other localities and local markets in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon. This six page guide was organized by Gina Frausin, Renata Lima, Ari Hidalgo, Lin Chau Ming & Adrian Pohlit and assisted by the Action Center's Juliana Philipp, Tatzyana Wachter, and Robin Foster, with support from Trustee Connie Keller, the Ellen Hyndman Fund, and the Mellon Foundation. It can be viewed and downloaded at this link: http://fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/rapid-color-guides-pdfs/367_antimalarial-e1.pdf


: Yttria – partially stabilised zirconia (YPSZ) MoSi 2 composites have been designed to prolong the lifetime of the matrix by self – healing cracks during thermal cycling. The healing reaction at high temperatures is based on the decomposition of MoSi 2 , leading to a volumetrically expanding reaction product, which seals the crack. In this work, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the fracture toughness of composites containing MoSi 2 particles, produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) have been compared to conventional YPSZ. The CTE mismatch between YPSZ and MoSi 2 was found to be small, implying that thermally induced mismatch stresses will be small and composites have a similar CTE to conventional YPSZ. Fracture toughness was found not to be affected by particles and showed similar values to unreinforced YPSZ. Cracks introduced by indentation have been shown neither to prefer, or avoid, the particles suggesting that such a composite system is capable of autonomously activating the self – healing reaction.


The aim of this article is to analyse in broad outline the changes which a customary marriage in Zulu law has undergone as a result of the new KwaZulu Act on the Code of Zulu Law (hereinafter called the KwaZulu Act). No doubt the KwaZulu Act is not the only factor which has brought about a transformation of a customary marriage; there are others, but it is the greatest single factor that has been responsible for its radical legal metamorphosis. The Act itself is based on a sound social transformation as evidenced by the practices of the people. In order to demonstrate these innovations and their legal implications for a customary marriage in general, it is imperative to sketch the traditional features of a customary marriage and then to point out the changes. Attention will also occasionally be drawn to other changes which were not directly brought about by the KwaZulu Act but which are, nonetheless, legally relevant. The significance of these changes is that they illustrate that a customary marriage is capable of change.


This article takes a fresh look at general jurisdiction. The doctrine has been the source of considerable confusion and relative silence by the Supreme Court. In the 1980s, academic debate flourished as to the proper parameters of general jurisdiction, including Professor Lea Brilmayer's seminal article entitled, A General Look at General Jurisdiction. In 2011, the Court broke its silence and decided two cases on personal jurisdiction, Goodyear and McIntyre. This article uses the two cases as a springboard for a comprehensive examination of general jurisdiction. The article proposes a policy critique derived from the two factors critical to general jurisdiction: the relatedness of the claim to the defendant's forum contacts, and the extent of contacts needed for jurisdiction over unrelated claims. The Court in International Shoe pronounced these two factors to be fundamental to minimum contacts analysis, and an examination of how they impact the fairness of jurisdiction reveals the policies underlying general jurisdiction as a whole. The two factors, relatedness and extent of contacts, impact the fairness of jurisdiction in four ways: they help to ensure reciprocity of benefits and burdens, protect predictability, limit state sovereignty, and promote convenience. In turn, these fairness concerns, when read in light of the Court's precedent, help define the two critical factors themselves. This article concludes that the proper test for relatedness asks whether there is meaningful causal link between the plaintiff's claim and the defendant's forum contacts. The proper test for the extent of contacts asks whether the defendant is "at home" in the forum state. The article concludes its "look" at general jurisdiction by evaluating and applying these tests in a variety of factual settings.


Background: Isoniazid is from the first-line drugs for treatment of tuberculosis. Resistance to Isoniazid is increasingly reported. In the study, molecular methods for rapid detection of isoniazid resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were compared. Materials and Methods : Sixty clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were selected and their resistance and susceptibility were determined by proportional method. Molecular methods of PCR-RFLP and Allele Specific-PCR (AS-PCR) for determination of probably mutation in codon 315 of katG gene that related to Isoniazid resistance were used and compared by sequencing results as gold standard. In ASPCR specific primers by proper PCR conditions were used. RFLP analysis of the PCR products was performed using the enzyme HpaII. Results: From 60 studied strains, 27 isolates were resistant and 33 strains were susceptible to isoniazid. Sequencing results showed that AS-PCR and PCR-RFLP well able to detect mutations in codon 315 of the strains by 81.48% sensitivity and 100% specificity respectively. None of the susceptible strains harbored mutation in katG315. Conclusion: Our results indicated that PCR-RFLP and AS PCR methods were simple and fast methods for determination of isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These rapid and low cost methods is recommended simultaneously to reduce the risk of error in routine work.


Frictional losses are one of the main causes of reduced energy efficiency in all machines and mechanisms. In particular, there is mounting pressure upon manufacturers of all forms of vehicle to comply with increasingly stringent legislation and directives with regard to harmful emissions. Therefore, reduction of friction has become an imperative issue. The traditional approach of dealing with surface material and lubricant formulation in isolation has been replaced by a lubricant–surface system approach. This paper presents multi-scale experimentation from nano/meso-scale lateral force microscopy of ultra-thin surface adsorbed films through to micro-scale precision sliding tribometry to investigate lubricant–surface friction optimisation within the mixed regime of lubrication, using lubricants with different organic and inorganic friction modifying species. These affect the parameters of the system, commonly used as input to models for mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication. Therefore, the precise measurement of these parameters at different physical scales is important. The study also makes use of detailed numerical predictions at micro-scale through combined solution of the average Reynolds equation as well as interaction of wetted asperities in mixed and boundary regimes of lubrication. Good agreement is found between the predictions and measurements at micro-scale tribometric interactions. Furthermore, the same trends are observed in testing across the physical scales.


We show that an attractive potential created by an evanescent wave quantum mechanically reflects an atom with nonzero probability if the atom's incident de Broglie wavelength is larger than the decay length of the evanescent wave. The amplitude reflection coefficient is calculated by use of an analytical solution of the corresponding Schrodinger equation. We also discuss electromagnetic wave analog of the effect, the partial reflection of light at an exponentially increasing index. We interpret the quantum reflection in terms of a virtual turning point, by means of a complex stationary phase approximation. If the potential remains exponential until it becomes as deep as several hundred recoil energies, the reflection coefficient for a low-energy de Broglie wave is independent of the details of the potential far from the virtual turning point. This means that, if the evanescent wave is strong enough, interactions between the atom and the glass surface at which the evanescent wave is created can be neglected.


Symptom burden in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is heterogeneous even among patients within the same MPN diagnosis. Using cluster analysis from prospectively gathered symptom burden data in 1470 international patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), or myelofibrosis (MF), we assessed for the presence of clusters and relationship to disease features and prognosis. In MF (4 clusters identified), clusters significantly differed by Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) risk (P < .001), leukopenia (P = .009), thrombocytopenia (P < .001), and spleen size (P = .02). Although an association existed between clusters and DIPSS risk, high symptom burden was noted in some low and intermediate-1-risk MF patients. In PV (5 clusters identified), total symptom score increased across clusters (P < .001), but clusters did not significantly differ by PV risk or the risk assessment variable of age. Among ET patients (5 clusters identified), clusters differed by gender (P = .04), anemia (P = .01), and prior hemorrhage (P = .047). Total symptom score increased across clusters (P < .001), but clusters did not significantly differ by International Prognostic Score for ET risk including the risk assessment variables. Significant symptom heterogeneity exists within each MPN subtype, sometimes independent of disease features or prognosis.


We are teaching in challenging times. In response to the economic downturn, fickle client demands and an increasingly global landscape, the practice of law continues to undergo rather seismic shifts. Moreover, the smaller numbers of students who are choosing law school are primarily members of "Generation C" – a group with learning preferences, strengths and weaknesses unlike those of their professors. Against the backdrop of an irrevocably changed legal landscape and law school constituency, our students' success and relevance will depend on their capacity to wield the traditionally honed "textual" skills as well as the equally important, but underemphasized, "conceptual" skills. The former are the hallmark of traditional law school pedagogy, which prizes the linear, logical and analytical. Those attributes are the products of the brain's "left hemisphere" functions, and are most certainly essential. Still, it behooves us to give the so-called "right hemisphere" abilities, or more conceptual processes, their due. Conceptual thinking is "out of the box" and integrative. It relies on big picture synergies and interconnectivities. It is the circle (and circles within circles) rather than the straight line (and parallel lines). It depends on the more intuitive, empathic, nonlinear and holistic. Cognitive and social scientists theorize that we are in the midst of a paradigmatic shift away from the more linear "information age" to the more innovative "conceptual age," where "the future belongs to those with a right-side mindset – creators, artists, empathizers, pattern recognizers and meaning makers." (Daniel H. Pink, A WHOLE NEW MIND (2005)). This paper explores the dimensions and implications of conceptual thinking for law school pedagogy. It suggests ways to teach to the whole mind by enhancing access to right-brain neural pathways. Specifically, it will focus on classroom use of what is described as empathy, story, symphony and meaning to facilitate students' capacity to discern patterns and the essential interconnectedness among seemingly separate and distinct legal and theoretical constructs. Integrative or conceptual thinking depends on the abilities to empathize and to discern the subtleties of the struggles that summon the adjudicative function. In the classroom, one way to access empathic pathways is through the use of story to teach cases and to present them with emotional impact. The human brain's "mirror neurons" respond to narrative imagining to quite literally get a feel for the problem at hand and then more expansively explore viable solutions. Symphony is the ability to discern broad patterns as story after story is told, and to thereby perceive connections and engage in both invention and re-invention by linking together seemingly disparate elements. Teaching with meaning aims to deliberately infuse each class with strands of the ethical and moral imperatives that inform justice, and that build just lawyers.


This paper explores the evidentiary treatment of violent and prejudicial defendant-authored rap lyrics in Canadian criminal trials. It argues that the current evidentiary threshold jeopardizes trial fairness by allowing the Crown to adduce highly prejudicial rap lyric evidence at trial. It also problematizes the judicial reliance on corroborative evidence, which does not establish the truthfulness of the lyrics tendered, to admit these violent rap lyrics at trial. It argues that the reliance on such corroborative evidence results in a misapprehension of the lyrics' evidentiary value and ultimately in the admission of defendant-authored rap lyric evidence of low probative value at trial. This result is particularly concerning in the case of young black male defendants, since the introduction of their lyrics at trial can prime a jury's unconscious anti-black bias and therefore serve to increase the distortive effect of this type of evidence on the fairness and integrity of criminal proceedings. It concludes by advocating for a rap specific approach to the admissibility of this evidence.


Moisture-vapor emission or water-vapor transmission has become one of the most feared and respected issues in building construction today. This issue has not only caused numerous floor finish failures, but also produced significant financial strife in the form of legal settlements and judgements. In addition, it has been the source of incredible losses in the form of downtime for repairs and has placed strain on valuable relationships. It is also considered one of the significant contributors to unhealthy indoor air quality. Changes in construction, construction materials, and the pace for construction have contributed to the presence of moisture and resulting vapor-emission-related problems. Understanding the principals that create the potential for this phenomenon can help builders, designers, and owners mandate proper testing procedures and implement techniques and materials to alleviate some of the destructive forces of water-vapor emission; this can help reduce the liability involved in ignoring this issue.


ABSTRACT This article provides both a detailed description of ArtAbility, a multi-genre arts education program designed to meet the unique needs of middle-school students on the autism spectrum; and the results of a qualitative pilot study of the impact of ArtAbility on participants and their neurotypical teen mentors. A few prior studies have attempted to quantify outcomes of arts-based interventions for youth on the autism spectrum—especially drama education programs and music interventions—but our study is one of the first to use qualitative methods to generate a nuanced picture of how and why arts-based interventions can be so beneficial for this population. We argue that qualitative and quantitative approaches should be seen as complementary and mutually reinforcing. Our results validate findings from earlier quantitative studies in terms of the positive social and emotional learning outcomes that appear to accrue from participation in programs like ArtAbility. However, unlike earlier studies, we were also able to identify a number of reasons why ArtAbility was so successful. Chief among them were (1) the seamless interweaving of arts instruction with social and emotional learning instruction—the two combining to build a vibrant (albeit transient) experience of arts community; and (2) the role of neurotypical teen mentors in facilitating participants' learning experiences in order to help them access program content, participate in multi-genre arts activities, and build meaningful relationships. We also found that effects of the program were bi-directional, and that teen mentors—recruited as volunteer support staff to facilitate learning for participants with autism—were also positively impacted by their experience mentoring participants.


We present a simple yet novel time series imputation technique with the goal of constructing an irregular time series that is uniform across every sample in a data set. Specifically, we fix a grid defined by the midpoints of non-overlapping bins (dubbed "slices") of observation times and ensure that each sample has values for all of the features at that given time. This allows one to both impute fully missing observations to allow uniform time series classification across the entire data and, in special cases, to impute individually missing features. To do so, we slightly generalize the well-known class imbalance algorithm SMOTE \cite{smote} to allow component wise nearest neighbor interpolation that preserves correlations when there are no missing features. We visualize the method in the simplified setting of 2-dimensional uncoupled harmonic oscillators. Next, we use tSMOTE to train an Encoder/Decoder long-short term memory (LSTM) model with Logistic Regression for predicting and classifying distinct trajectories of different 2D oscillators. After illustrating the the utility of tSMOTE in this context, we use the same architecture to train a clinical model for COVID-19 disease severity on an imputed data set. Our experiments show an improvement over standard mean and median imputation techniques by allowing a wider class of patient trajectories to be recognized by the model, as well as improvement over aggregated classification models.


Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of intravaginal estriol administration on urinary incontinence, urogenital atrophy, and recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Design Eighty-eight postmenopausal women with urogenital aging symptoms were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups, with each group consisting of 44 women. Women in the treatment group received intravaginal estriol ovules: 1 ovule (1 mg) once daily for 2 weeks and then 2 ovules once weekly for a total of 6 months as maintenance therapy. Women in the control group received inert placebo vaginal suppositories in a similar regimen. We evaluated urogenital symptomatology, urine cultures, colposcopic findings, urethral cytologic findings, urethral pressure profiles, and urethrocystometry before as well as after 6 months of treatment. Results After therapy, the symptoms and signs of urogenital atrophy significantly improved in the treatment group in comparison with the control group. Thirty (68%) of the treated participants, and only seven (16%) of the control participants registered a subjective improvement of their incontinence. In the treated participants, we observed significant improvements of colposcopic findings, and there were statistically significant increases in mean maximum urethral pressure, in mean urethral closure pressure as well as in the abdominal pressure transmission ratio to the proximal urethra. Urethrocystometry showed positive but not statistically significant modifications. Conclusions Our results show that intravaginal administration of estriol may represent a satisfactory therapeutic choice for those postmenopausal women with urogenital tract disturbances who have contraindications or refuse to undergo standard hormone therapy.


Knowledge bases provide applications with the benefit of easily accessible, systematic relational knowledge but often suffer in practice from their incompleteness and lack of knowledge of new entities and relations. Much work has focused on building or extending them by finding patterns in large unannotated text corpora. In contrast, here we mainly aim to complete a knowledge base by predicting additional true relationships between entities, based on generalizations that can be discerned in the given knowledgebase. We introduce a neural tensor network (NTN) model which predicts new relationship entries that can be added to the database. This model can be improved by initializing entity representations with word vectors learned in an unsupervised fashion from text, and when doing this, existing relations can even be queried for entities that were not present in the database. Our model generalizes and outperforms existing models for this problem, and can classify unseen relationships in WordNet with an accuracy of 75.8%.


Aim of this study, was firstly to assess the seabed deposition of a fish farming facility
located in the Alghero Bay (Western Mediterranean) by using the MERAMOD®
particulate waste dispersion model, and evaluate actual scenario and a forthcoming
situation represented by an enlargement of the fish farming area. The impact seabed
surfaces forecasted by the model increased from 5.6 ha in the actual scenario up to 7.3
ha in the supposed potential condition.
The second part of the study aimed to describe the settlement and development of
biofouling organisms on cage nets at the above–mentioned farming facility. This was
done by investigating different developmental phases of the biofouling communities on
net panels inside cages containing big and small gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)
specimens. The rapid increase of biofouling on all the experimental panels positioned
inside fish cages suggests that caged mariculture activities have the potential to
provided an enhanced food supply to epibiotic communities.
Lastly, the objective of the third part study was to improve the knowledge of the
ethological traits of different–sized gilthead sea bream specimens reared in floating
cages. With this aim, the most common behavioural patterns of this species were
observed during different times of the day and in the presence or absence of food. The
results acquired show that the behaviour of fish reared offshore in the Alghero Bay is
dramatically affected by the feeding rhythms in captivity.


This study demonstrates the potential of anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in investigating biological samples in a nondestructive manner; quantitative analysis of glucose in plasma and serum has been studied as an example. The efficient collection of anti-Stokes Raman scattering by use of chromatic aberration of a lens has allowed us to obtain high-quality anti-Stokes Raman spectra from glucose in plasma and serum, which is a strongly fluorescent biological sample. The concentration of glucose in these materials can be estimated by the anti-Stokes Raman intensity of the band at 1130 cm−1 due to the C–O stretching mode. The correlation coefficient between the concentration and the intensity has been calculated to be 0.993 and 0.991 for glucose in plasma and serum, respectively. The detection limits for these materials have been found to be 45 mg/dL and 50 mg/dL, respectively.


Abstract Many of us have multiple stories that would be appropriate to tell given the theme of this Special Issue. I am compelled to tell a story about my work with teachers, teacher leaders, and other allies on the Navajo Nation. The Diné Institute for Navajo Nation Educators (DINÉ) was started by teacher leaders who envisioned a collaborative professional development institute specifically for K12 teachers on the Navajo Nation. In their rural, Indigenous-serving schools, teachers are often asked to deliver scripted curriculum that is decontextualized, dehistoricized, and therefore, dehumanizing for their students, themselves, and their communities. Their vision for the DINÉ was developed and honed over many years in response to this context. In this essay, I will briefly describe the DINÉ, how and why it began, and its current status. I will focus on three critical spaces that have opened up in and through the DINÉ: teacher leadership, connection/relationality, and activism/self-determination. In reflecting on these three spaces, I suggest that our work in the DINÉ is fundamentally about Native Nation building.


We report an experimental demonstration of highly efficient single-pass second-harmonic generation from 859 nm to 429.5 nm with picosecond pulses in a thick KNbO3 crystal. Both the conversion-efficiency and quantum-noise properties of the generated blue pulses are measured at various pump intensities under a strong focusing condition. We find that the variation of the conversion efficiency of the picosecond secondharmonic generation is an oscillatory function of the input pump intensity (with a maximum efficiency of 56.5%) and is sensitive to the position of the input beam focus in the crystal. The quantum noise on the blue beam can be reduced below the shot-noise limit by 20% at low input power. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 190.2620, 270.6570.


When adopted, wildlife protection policies in Canadian forests typically cover large areas and affect multiple economic agents working in these landscapes. Such measures are likely to increase the costs of timber for forestry companies operating in the area, which may hinder their acceptance of the policies unless harvesting remains profitable. We propose a bi-level wildlife protection problem that accounts for the profit-maximizing behavior of forestry companies operating in an area subject to protection. We consider the regulator with a wildlife protection mandate and forestry companies licensed to harvest public forest lands. We depict the relationship between the regulator and forestry companies as a leader-follower Stackelberg game. The leader sets the protected area target for each license area and the followers adjust their strategies to maximize payoffs while meeting the protection target set by the leader. The leader's objective is to maximize the area-wide protection of spatially contiguous habitat while accounting for the followers' profit-maximizing behavior. We apply the approach to investigate habitat protection policies for woodland caribou in the Churchill range, Ontario, Canada. We compare the game-theoretic solutions with solutions that do not consider the forest companies' objectives and also with solutions equalizing the revenue losses among the companies.


Background: Modifications of the Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) curricula to include a laboratory track (L-Track), to become Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), began in 2004 in Kenya. The L-Track offered candidates training on laboratory competencies in management, policy, quality systems, and diagnostic methods as well as epidemiology, disease surveillance and outbreak response. Since then several FELTPs have discontinued the L-Track and instead offer all candidates, epidemiologists and laboratorians, a single FETP curriculum. Reasons for these changes are reported here. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to directors of 13 FELTP programs collecting information on the status of the programs, reasons for any changes, basic entry qualifications, source institutions and where residents were post enrollment or after graduation. Data from previous CDC internal assessments on FELTP L-Track was also reviewed. Results: Out of the 13 FELTPs included, directors from 10 FELTPs sent back information on their specific programs. The FELTPs in Kenya, Mozambique, Cameroon and Kazakhstan and Mali have discontinued a separate L-Track while those in Ghana, Georgia, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Tanzania continue to offer the separate L-Track. Reasons for discontinuation included lack of standardized curriculum, unclear strategies of the separate L-Track, and funding constraints. Two countries Kenya and Tanzania reported on the career progression of their graduates. Results show 84% (Kenya) and 51% (Tanzania) of candidates in the FELTP, L-Track were recruited from national/regional medical health laboratories. However post-graduation, 56% (Kenya) and 43% (Tanzania) were working as epidemiologists, program managers, program coordinators, or regulatory/inspection boards. Professional upward mobility was high; 87% (Kenya) and 73% (Tanzania) residents, reported promotions either in the same or in new institutions. Conclusions: The FELTP L-Track residents continue to offer critical contributions to public health workforce development with high upward mobility. While this may be a reflection of professional versatility and demand of the FELTP graduates, the move from core laboratory services underscores the challenges in filling and retaining qualified staff within the laboratory systems. Results suggest different strategies are needed to strengthen laboratory management and leadership programs with a clear focus on laboratory systems and laboratory networks to meet current and future clinical and public health laboratory workforce demands.


The paper examines the depiction of gender in the Babylonian epic Enūma Eliš. I approach the text from the perspective of queer theory, basing my argument on the assumption that the gender binary is not a natural given but is culturally constructed, and that the process of cultural construction can be traced in the sources at our disposal. I do not argue that Enūma Eliš is somehow a 'queer' text in and of itself, but rather that a conscious mismatch between text and theory can reveal new aspects of the ancient epic. I focus on two aspects of the construction of gender in Enūma Eliš: the depiction of the female body as constantly restless, disquieting, and impossible to subdue decisively, and the creation of an all-male sphere of discourse, where men become powerfully invested in the company of other men.


This paper explores the history and doctrinal implications of a now-obscure procedural device, the feigned issue, in the U.S. federal judiciary. The feigned issue was first developed in England, as a tool of the Chancery to resolve a single factual issue through a jury trial at common law. The procedure took the form of an action at law based on false declarations in the pleadings, usually concerning a fictitious wager, and was commonly used in American state and federal courts until the mid-nineteenth century. Because the federal judiciary has never employed separate courts of law and equity - the institutional division that gave birth to the feigned issue in England - this essay seeks to explain how and why the feigned issue survived in the federal system, and why the procedure disappeared when it did. Today, feigned issue has become a term of legal opprobrium that signifies a false case, an effort to deceive the court or to evade the jurisdictional standing requirements of Article III. The essay identifies three potential reasons for this change. The first was an evolution of the substantive law of wagering at the state level. Once wagering contracts in general were no longer enforceable, the feigned issue became regarded as more of an anachronism than a legitimate judicial procedure. The second was a change in equity practice. Because an equity court awarding a feigned issue could also order alterations in the procedures or evidentiary rules of the common-law trial - in particular, the testimonial disqualification of parties for interest - the procedure served as a flexible tool of introducing oral evidence into equity practice, as well as an early form of case-by-case fusion of law and equity. As oral evidence and cross-examination began to enter equity practice generally, the need for the feigned issue as an evidentiary tool diminished substantially. The third and final factor was the advent of fusion in the state systems. While this process did not affect the federal courts directly, it did introduce an alternative to the feigned issue, namely the simple empanelling of an advisory jury. Once the state systems eschewed fictions in favor of direct orders for a jury trial, the federal courts began to follow suit, even while retaining the older terminology of the feigned issue.


Abstract For over a decade, Streptomyces venezuelae has been used to study the molecular mechanisms that control morphological development in streptomycetes and is now a well-established model strain. Its rapid growth and ability to sporulate in a near-synchronised manner in liquid culture, unusual among streptomycetes, greatly facilitates the application of modern molecular techniques such as ChIP-seq and RNA-seq, as well as time-lapse fluorescence imaging of the complete Streptomyces life cycle. Here we describe a high-quality genome sequence of our isolate of the strain (Northern Regional Research Laboratory [NRRL] B-65442) consisting of an 8.2 Mb chromosome and a 158 kb plasmid, pSVJI1, which had not been reported previously. Surprisingly, while NRRL B-65442 yields green spores on MYM agar, the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) type strain 10712 (from which NRRL B-65442 was derived) produces grey spores. While comparison of the genome sequences of the two isolates revealed almost total identity, it did reveal a single nucleotide substitution in a gene, vnz_33525, involved in spore pigment biosynthesis. Replacement of the vnz_33525 allele of ATCC 10712 with that of NRRL B-65442 resulted in green spores, explaining the discrepancy in spore pigmentation. We also applied CRISPR-Cas9 to delete the essential parB of pSVJI1 to cure the plasmid from the strain without obvious phenotypic consequences.


This study examines the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and health status among Asian Americans using data from the 2001 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), a population-based random-digit-dial survey with race-ethnic supplemental samples. Multivariate logistic regression analyses show that the inverse relationship between socioeconomic position and health status is similar for Asian Americans when measured as an aggregate group compared to Whites. However, when specific Asian American ethnic groups are examined, the relationship varies greatly. For example, among Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans, education is a significant predictor of poor health status, but household income is more significant among Korean Americans. The importance of disaggregation for subgroup populations in research and policy is discussed.


This assignment asks students to use the ubiquitous cellphone to take pictures of their neighborhoods, where they live, work, study and play. Then they engage with the pictures in a sociologically critical way. It encourages critical thinking and analysis and promotes a better understanding of urban processes.


Based on the fuzzy logic principle, a modified Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE) is proposed to assess water quality status of Weihe River (Baoji, China). The potential application of the FSE has been tested in a case study. Twelve sampling locations of Weihe River and its tributaries in Baoji area were selected and seven water quality parameters of BOD5, COD, fluoride, ammonia, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and permanganate index, were monitored from 2008 to 2009. The findings clearly indicated that the methodology adopted in this study was reasonably close to the official reports published by the local Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the pollution problems in the study area. The water quality of Weihe River in Baoji area showed the Class II and III according to the Chinese classification standard. More importantly, this provides a good showcase of the modified FSE in river water quality evaluation.


This study focuses on married children's financial support for their parents in Taiwan. It is often assumed that economic and social changes accompanying industrialization will drastically weaken parental power and thus reduce the support from adult children to parents. The data in this article, however, show that the vast majority of married children, both sons and daughters, provided net financial suppor for their parents during the previous year. The socioeconomic characteristics of the parents and children in the families where financial transfers occurred indicate that the altruism/corporate group model best portrays intergenerational transactions during the period of rapid economic growth.


An empirical investigation was conducted to evaluate the simultaneous presentation of advertising and television programming. This format was compared to the sequential presentation format in terms of ad-avoidance intention, generation of cognitive responses, and brand evaluations. Results indicate that the simultaneous presentation format reduces ad-zapping intentions. However, the distraction effect of the simultaneous viewing of the program leads to a reduction of the dominant cognitive response generated by the advertising message. Compared to sequential presentation, simultaneous presentation of advertising and programming reduces support arguments and brand evaluations for relatively strong messages, but not for relatively weak messages.


On the South Side of Chicago in the 1960s, African American artists and musicians grappled with new language and forms inspired by the black nationalist turn in the Civil Rights movement. The Freedom Principle, which accompanies an exhibition on the topic at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, traces their history and shows how it continues to inform contemporary artists around the world. The book coincides with the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM), a still-flourishing organization of Chicago musicians who challenge jazz's boundaries. Combining archival materials such as brochures, photographs, sheet music, and record covers with contemporary art work that respond to the 1960s Black Arts Movement, The Freedom Principle explores this tradition of cultural expression from, as one AACM group used to put it, the "ancient to the future." Essays by curators Naomi Beckwith and Dieter Roelstraete, AACM member and historian George Lewis, art historian Rebecca Zorach, and gallerist John Corbett accompany beautiful reproductions of work by artists such as Muhal Richard Abrams, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Cauleen Smith, Rashid Johnson, Nick Cave, and many more. A roundtable conversation features Beckwith, Roelstraete, curator Hamza Walker, current AACM member and cellist Tomeka Reid, and artist Romi Crawford, with additional comments from poet and scholar Fred Moten. A chronology and curated playlist of AACM-related recordings are also included. The resulting book offers a rich sense of a global movement, with crucial roots in Chicago, driven by a commitment to experimentation, improvisation, collective action, and the pursuit of freedom.


CD8+ T cells are often referred to as cytotoxic T lymphocytes because of their ability to induce the apoptosis of cells infected with an intracellular pathogen, thereby limiting the spread of an infection to previously uninfected cells. CD8+ T cells produce many proteins including perforin, various granzymes, and granulysin that are responsible for inducing target cell cytolysis. These cytolytic proteins are found pre-packaged into secretory granules within many resting CD8+ T cells, but their de novo synthesis can also occur after activation. In the setting of HIV infection, a rare group of HIV-positive patients, termed elite controllers (EC), naturally control HIV viremia to virtually undetectable levels without the intervention of drug therapy. Some evidence has implicated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in achieving or maintaining this virologic control; however, the mechanism(s) to explain these findings remains largely undefined. In this work, we report that HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from EC demonstrated a superior ability to express perforin and granzyme B after activation compared to patients with progressive disease. Therefore, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from EC possessed a greater cytotoxic potential by expressing higher levels of two principal cytolytic mediators, which may at least partially explain the ability of EC to suppress the replication of HIV in vivo. One critical upstream regulator of effector functionality and differentiation is the T-box transcription factor T-bet. We demonstrated a clear link between levels of T-bet and the presence of perforin and granzyme B within human CD8+ T cells. Notably, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from EC expressed higher amounts of T-bet than progressors, suggesting that therapeutic modulation of T-bet may restore the cytolytic potential that is deficient among patients with uncontrolled viremia. Collectively, our results imply that the underlying defect(s) in effector function by HIVspecific CD8+ T cells from progressors lie not in the cytolytic proteins themselves, but rather in the elements controlling their expression, including T-bet. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Michael R. Betts


It is only in the last two decades that Raman spectros-copy has begun to realize its potential as an almost universally applicable analytical technique from materials and life sciences applications to point of care analysis. This is primarily thanks to the availability of compact laser sources, high sensitivity cameras and high resolution compact spectrometers. In this application note the use of a stable high power NIR 785 nm laser is shown to be critical in achieving high time resolution and high signal to noise ratios while allowing for both fast and slow processes to be captured simultaneously.


This cross-case study analysis is based on two case studies in two GCC countries: Qatar and Kuwait. The studies gathered data through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze existing learning outcomes, teacher efficacy, and the extent to which the instructional strategies align with curriculum expectations in math, science, and reading. The analysis was carried out in two stages. First, we conducted separate within-case analysis on each country using matrices to discern patterns and compare trends. In the second round, we conducted cross-case analysis identifying main themes across both sites, and comparing and contrasting findings across school districts. To conduct the within-country and across-country analysis, we employ three parallel processes: meta-analysis of quantitative data; coding and categorizing strategies, and display strategies. The cross case analysis is motivated by the global efforts to promote the use of quality learning indicators in education and by the Framework for Action for EDUC 2030. We argue that the effective use of educational outcomes is essential to improving the overall quality of learning. Cross Case Context and Purpose The cross case analysis is conducted on two GCC Member States, Qatar and Kuwait, two countries with emerging economies and comparable income-levels. The purpose of this analysis is to provide insights on the challenges and constraints that are impeding improvement in the quality of education and system-performance in the GCC countries, as well as inform potential prospects for education post 2015. The specific objectives of the analysis are three-fold: 1) to examine learning outcomes in each country in order to ascertain strengths and weaknesses of the education systems in achieving the Education for All Goals; 2) monitor progress for achieving EFA goals by gathering quantitative and qualitative data; and 3) identify potential measures to develop a post-2015 education approach in the GCC Countries. Cross Case Research Questions This cross case analysis targets that following questions: What are the patterns in teaching efficacy across cases/sites? Are there differences in efficacy beliefs between males and females across content areas (math, science, and reading) and grade levels (Grades 4 & 8)? What are the instructional strategies that teachers employ to help students achieve learning outcomes, content and cognitive processes, specifically in grade 4? How is the performance of grade 4 students in Qatar compared to their counterparts in Kuwait in mathematics? Cross Case Analysis Methodology Individual case studies were conducted using quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Each case was examined and a case matrix developed to include the major concepts of the research questions. Following the development of individual case reports, a cross-case matrix display was developed for each of four critical issues underlying the related research questions (teacher self-efficacy, instructional design/strategies, and learning outcomes/student achievement.) Sample of schools Data in the cross analysis was collected using two random samples: 22 public schools from Kuwait and 28 independent schools in Qatar (See Table 1 & 2 attached). Individual case studies were based on multipurpose and nationally representative samples of boys and girls schools randomly selected from 6 districts in Kuwait and 7 districts in Qatar. The choice of participating districts was based on data availability, using surveys addressed to: 1) school principals and subject coordinators, 2) math, science and reading teachers, and 3) students in grades 4 & 8. We employed four data collections techniques to collect qualitative and quantitative data: survey questionnaires, observation of selected classrooms, tests, and focus group discussions. Student questionnaires identify student cognitive and affective dispositions towards learning and teacher surveys measured teaching efficacy and beliefs. Cross Case Analysis Findings/Discussion We employ two units of analysis: teachers and students. For teachers, we focus on the following themes: teacher self-efficacy and instructional design/strategies. For students, we focus on learning outcomes/student achievement. The two case studies suggested shared similarities and differences across the aforementioned themes. Theme 1: Learning Outcomes/Student achievement in math (grade 4) There was a significant difference (p = .000 at α < .05) of around 5 points in the group mean score between the females and males' scores across districts. In particular, the females (mean score = 19.26 points) outperformed the males (mean score = 14.21) in all six districts. However, in Qatar, overall, boys (Mean = 36.85, SE = 1.199) in Grade 4 did significantly better than girls (Mean = 31.99, SE = 1.508) on math achievement test with a 5-point group mean score higher than that of the girls. Theme 2: Teacher Self Efficacy In Kuwait, we found significant differences (p = .04 at α < .05) in teachers' perception regarding their ability to teach their subjects across the different governorates. Furthermore, we noted significant variations across governorates in terms of how teachers perceive the impact of their efforts on student achievement. For example, we found significant differences in degrees of agreement on Q10 (When a low-achieving child progresses it is usually due to extra attention given by the teacher) (p = .015 at α < .05); on Q12 (The teacher is generally responsible for the achievement of students) (p = .045 at α < .05); and on Q13 (Students' achievement is directly related to teacher's effectiveness in teaching) (p = 0.28 at α < .05). The differences were mostly prevalent between the suburban (such as Al-Ahmadi and Jahraa, the two largest governorates in Kuwait) and the urban districts, which comprise four suburban governorates. Moreover, significant differences in level of agreement were reported in the way parents in different governorates perceive the role of the teacher (Q14: If parents comment that their child is showing more interest in mathematics at school, it is probably due to the performance of the child's teacher) (p = .015 at α < .05) (See Fig. 10). For the same reason, the differences seem to arise between urban (Hawalli) and suburban (Jahraa) governorates. We noted significant differences between teachers' responses across girls and boys schools particularly in relation to teaching effectiveness and student learning. Furthermore, across math, science and literacy teaching, we also noted significant differences (p = .010 at α < .05) only in teachers' expectations regarding other teachers' beliefs in their students' learning. On the other hand, in Qatar we found significant differences between female and male teachers' responses on q2 (I will continually find better ways to teach mathematics), q17 (I wonder if I will have the necessary skills to teach Mathematics), q18 (Given a choice, I will not invite the principal to evaluate my mathematics teaching), q20 (When teaching mathematics, I will usually welcome students' questions). Across districts, we found significant differences among teachers in q2 (I will continually find better ways to teach mathematics) and q12 (The teacher is generally responsible for the achievement of students in mathematics). Across Grade levels, we noticed significant differences between teachers on q9 (The inadequacy of a student's mathematics background can be overcome by good teaching) and q14 (If parents comment that their child is showing more interest in mathematics at school, it is probably due to the performance of the child's teacher.) We also compared teachers' expectations of their students across subjects, school districts, Grade level and gender and found significant differences in teachers' expectation only across Grade level. Theme 3: Instructional design/strategies In both countries, an examination of the results of the Teaching Method survey indicated that, particularly for math and sciences there is a more focused approach on basic drill and practice techniques. Additionally, there was a moderately low rate of integrating computer applications in teaching mathematics and sciences at the middle level. Implications Qatar and Kuwait case studies yielded different findings with respect to teacher self-efficacy and student achievement (grade 4). However, the commonality that emerged concerned teaching methods, namely the focus on drill and practice in teaching. This has implications to policy and practice. However, teachers cannot carry the responsibility alone. We argue that unless teachers are supported with well-designed curricula and assessment strategies to improve teaching and learning, it would be hard to improve quality in education outcomes and learning thus achieving the post 2015 goals.


Abstract. A classical Green's function approach for computing gravitationally consistent sea-level variations associated with mass redistribution on the earth's surface employed in contemporary sea-level models naturally suits the spectral methods for numerical evaluation. The capability of these methods to resolve high wave number features such as small glaciers is limited by the need for large numbers of pixels and high-degree (associated Legendre) series truncation. Incorporating a spectral model into (components of) earth system models that generally operate on a mesh system also requires repetitive forward and inverse transforms. In order to overcome these limitations, we present a method that functions efficiently on an unstructured mesh, thus capturing the physics operating at kilometer scale yet capable of simulating geophysical observables that are inherently of global scale with minimal computational cost. The goal of the current version of this model is to provide high-resolution solid-earth, gravitational, sea-level and rotational responses for earth system models operating in the domain of the earth's outer fluid envelope on timescales less than about 1 century when viscous effects can largely be ignored over most of the globe. The model has numerous important geophysical applications. For example, we compute time-varying computations of global geodetic and sea-level signatures associated with recent ice-sheet changes that are derived from space gravimetry observations. We also demonstrate the capability of our model to simultaneously resolve kilometer-scale sources of the earth's time-varying surface mass transport, derived from high-resolution modeling of polar ice sheets, and predict the corresponding local and global geodetic signatures.


Analysing data in real-time is a natural and necessary progression from traditional data mining. However, real-time analysis presents additional challenges to batchanalysis; along with strict time and memory constraints, change is a major consideration. In a dynamic stream there is an assumption that the underlying process generating the stream is non-stationary and that concepts within the stream will drift and change over time. Adopting a false assumption that a stream is stationary will result in non-adaptive models degrading and eventually becoming obsolete. The challenge of recognising and reacting to change in a stream is compounded by the scarcity of labels problem. This refers to the very realistic situation in which the true class label of an incoming point is not immediately available (or will never be available) or in situations where manually labelling incoming points is prohibitively expensive. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate unsupervised learning as the basis for online classification in dynamic data-streams with a scarcity of labels. To realise this goal, a novel stream clustering algorithm based on the collective behaviour of ants (Ant Colony Stream Clustering (ACSC)) is proposed. This algorithm is shown to be faster and more accurate than comparative, peer streamclustering algorithms while requiring fewer sensitive parameters. The principles of ACSC are extended in a second stream-clustering algorithm named Multi-Density Stream Clustering (MDSC). This algorithm has adaptive parameters and crucially, can track clusters and monitor their dynamic behaviour over time. A novel technique called a Dynamic Feature Mask (DFM) is proposed to "sit on top" of these stream-clustering algorithms and can be used to observe and track change at the feature level in a data stream. This Feature Mask acts as an unsupervised feature selection method allowing high-dimensional streams to be clustered. Finally, data-stream clustering is evaluated as an approach to one-class classification and a novel framework (named COCEL: Clustering and One class Classification Ensemble Learning) for classification in dynamic streams with a scarcity of labels is described. The proposed framework can identify and react to change in a stream and hugely reduces the number of required labels (typically less than 0.05% of the entire stream).


The essential reference book on matrices?now fully updated and expanded, with new material on scalar and vector mathematics

 Since its initial publication, this book has become the essential reference for users of matrices in all branches of engineering, science, and applied mathematics. In this revised and expanded edition, Dennis Bernstein combines extensive material on scalar and vector mathematics with the latest results in matrix theory to make this the most comprehensive, current, and easy-to-use book on the subject.

 Each chapter describes relevant theoretical background followed by specialized results. Hundreds of identities, inequalities, and facts are stated clearly and rigorously, with cross-references, citations to the literature, and helpful comments. Beginning with preliminaries on sets, logic, relations, and functions, this unique compendium covers all the major topics in matrix theory, such as transformations and decompositions, polynomial matrices, generalized inverses, and norms. Additional topics include graphs, groups, convex functions, polynomials, and linear systems. The book also features a wealth of new material on scalar inequalities, geometry, combinatorics, series, integrals, and more.

 Now more comprehensive than ever, Scalar, Vector, and Matrix Mathematics includes a detailed list of symbols, a summary of notation and conventions, an extensive bibliography and author index with page references, and an exhaustive subject index.

 Fully updated and expanded with new material on scalar and vector mathematics

 Covers the latest results in matrix theory

 Provides a list of symbols and a summary of conventions for easy and precise use

 Includes an extensive bibliography with back-referencing plus an author index


The Cratylus contains Plato's important, yet ambiguous discussion of language. By studying the reception of this text in antiquity, this book explores the various ideas on language and its relation to philosophy in the Platonic tradition. This discussion provides the backdrop for a detailed analysis of the commentary on the dialogue by Proclus. His, often original, views on language are, it appears, the product of a critical reevaluation of those of his predecessors, whereas his interpretation of the Cratylus throws new light on that dialogue. This book will thus be of interest both to students of Plato and the Platonic tradition, as well as to those working on ancient theories of language.


The North East of Scotland"s construction method is similar to most popular building typologies in the UK. This typology can vary in term of external material (Granite, brick or stone) but with a secondary, usually timber sub frame with a lining on its interior. Insulation was seldom a consideration when such buildings were completed. Statistics shows that 80% of existing buildings in the UK will need to be upgraded. The lack of knowledge in dealing with old building fabric"s manipulation has a negative impact on buildings" integrity. The documentation of such process seems to be an important step that buildings" actors should undertake to communicate a practical knowledge that is still at incubation stage. We wanted for this documentation to be visual, as descriptions might mislead none specialised and specialised in the field due to the innovative approach our method was conducted with. For the Scottish context this research/experiment will concentrate on existing granite wall buildings with plastered lath internal wall. It is unfortunate to see the commonly beautiful interiors of Scottish buildings disappearing, when the internal linings are removed. Skips are filled with old Plaster and Lath and new linings have to be supplied and fitted. Excessive waste is created in this change. This paper is based on a historic building energy improvement case study financed by the European commission and the Scottish Government. The pilot study consists of insulating an 18th century house using an innovative product and method. The project was a response to a call by the CIC start (Construction Innovation Club), aiming to establish a link between SMEs and the Universities. The project saw the day in collaboration with Icynene Canada, KDL Kishorn (see full list in the acknowledgment). This paper describes the process through which the team went through to improve the building envelope without damaging the buildings original features (Loveday et all). The energy efficiency improvement consists on improving the walls U-val by introducing an insulation material Icynene (Sadineni, France & Boehm 2011) into the cavity wall. The U-val was improved by 50% and no redecoration was needed after the operation and no disturbance to the building"s occupants.


Anticipating the need for robust preservation of electronic journals, in 2002, JSTOR launched a project which has now become Portico. Portico is a new, not-for-profit electronic archiving service established in order to address the scholarly community's critical and urgent need for a robust, reliable means to preserve electronic scholarly journals. Portico builds upon and advances JSTOR's efforts to provide a trusted and reliable community-based archive, and Portico works with JSTOR to expand significantly the preservation infrastructure developed on behalf of the scholarly community. JSTOR has provided initial support for Portico's development together with Ithaka, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Library of Congress. Portico's mission is to preserve scholarly literature published in electronic form and to ensure that these materials remain accessible to future scholars, researchers, and students.
The Portico archive, which is a centralized repository, is open to a scholarly publisher's complete list of journals, including those titles which may be published in electronic format only, or print and electronic formats, or which may have been 'reborn' or digitized from print. Portico is focused on preserving the intellectual content of the electronic scholarly journal; we do not attempt to recreate or preserve for the long term the exact look and feel of the journal or the publisher's Web site or delivery platform.
Portico's archival approach for electronic journals is managed preservation focused on the publishers' e-journal source files. Source files are the electronic files containing graphics, text, or other material that comprise an electronic journal article, issue, or volume. Source files may differ from files presented online most typically by including additional information such as richer mark-up or higher- quality graphics. Portico receives source files directly from the scholarly publishers who have agreed to contribute content to the Portico archiving service. Portico subjects the publishers' source files to a systematic normalization process that migrates the content from the publishers' proprietary data structure to an archival format based upon the NLM Archive and Interchange DTD. Both the source file and the normalized files are retained in the archive, and Portico takes responsibility for the long-term preservation and management of the archived materials.


The management of the New Service Development (NSD) process remains a key research priority for service organizations. As a diverse mix of team members with different skills, perspectives and backgrounds participate in development teams and close collaboration is required among them, conflicts are likely to arise among team members. Different team members perceive conflict episodes in a different way and often embrace different conflict management behaviours and orientations (e.g. competing, avoiding) to deal with them. This study recognises NSD team as a complex system, through which individual members' conflict management style choices enable team developmental dynamics, which sequentially lead to intragroup conflict resolution. Although a lot of work exists around the role of individual members' conflict management styles, little research scrutiny is attracted on how teams solve intragroup conflicts and even limited empirical evidence is available regarding the linkages between individual and team factors can contribute to resolve intragroup conflicts. The present study taking under consideration the causal complexity, asymmetry and idiosyncratic nature of NSD conflict resolution, utilizes Complexity theory and leverages the advantages of fs/QCA in order to shed light on the NSD intragroup conflict resolution. Data was collected from employees in several service industries such as advertising, financial, insurance, consulting, IT services and telecommunications providers. The results confirm the major tenets of Complexity theory highlighting that any attempt to examine complex phenomena, such as NSD conflict resolution, as simple ones, based on symmetrical methodological approaches, may lead to simplistic and distorted explanations. In fact, the results demonstrate that there is not a 'one fits all' solution in order to solve NSD conflicts. Different facets for both the conflict-management styles and team dynamics act in various combinations in order to predict high scores in NSD conflict resolution.


Measurements of areas of sea floor broken up into age groups show that apparent areal global sea-floor spreading rates increase exponentially from Jurassic to Holocene time, proving that subduction has taken place in that time. The sea-floor spreading phenomenon is a coordinated global process where, at a given time, high spreading rates in one ocean basin are compensated for by low rates in another. Sea-floor spreading is symmetric within 15% over periods of 60 to 165 m.y. This study shows that both global sea-floor spreading and subduction rates have increased with the passage of time. It is estimated that during the past 165 m.y. sea-floor spreading exceeded subduction by 33%. This is interpreted as an increase of the Earth9s surface area by expansion, which yields a Jurassic paleoradius of 5,668 km ± 13% (0.89 of the present radius). In spite of the high error margin, due to global extrapolation of subduction and spreading in the time dimension, an expanding earth is strongly indicated.


Node graph systems are used ubiquitously for material design in computer graphics. They allow the use of visual programming to achieve desired effects without writing code. As high-level design tools they provide convenience and flexibility, but mastering the creation of node graphs usually requires professional training. We propose an algorithm capable of generating multiple node graphs from different types of prompts, significantly lowering the bar for users to explore a specific design space. Previous work [Guerrero et al. 2022] was limited to unconditional generation of random node graphs, making the generation of an envisioned material challenging. We propose a multi-modal node graph generation neural architecture for high-quality procedural material synthesis which can be conditioned on different inputs (text or image prompts), using a CLIP-based encoder. We also create a substantially augmented material graph dataset, key to improving the generation quality. Finally, we generate high-quality graph samples using a regularized sampling process and improve the matching quality by differentiable optimization for top-ranked samples. We compare our methods to CLIP-based database search baselines (which are themselves novel) and achieve superior or similar performance without requiring massive data storage. We further show that our model can produce a set of material graphs unconditionally, conditioned on images, text prompts or partial graphs, serving as a tool for automatic visual programming completion.


Damage to DNA can cause mutations leading to cancer, and the DNA damage response (DDR), leading to transient cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis, plays a role in preventing tumor formation. At the same time, agents that damage DNA are used as anticancer therapy. The DDR has been extensively studied since the mid-nineties, when the genes of the major checkpoint kinases involved were cloned. Since then, quite a detailed model of the DDR has been worked out. According to the current model, the proximal stress-responsive kinases that are essential for the whole signaling cascade to function properly are ATM and ATR belonging to the family of phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). SMG-1 is the latest addition to this family, and accumulating evidence is pointing to its role in genome surveillance.In Paper I, we showed that SMG-1 regulates the G1/S checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation (IR) by two mechanisms. In addition to regulating the p53/p21 pathway by phosphorylating p53 and thus regulating its stability and activity, we have demonstrated a novel role for SMG-1 in regulating cell cycle progression and tumor growth via the p53-independent pathway. We identified Cdc25A as a new SMG-1 substrate and found that SMG-1 suppresses CDK2 activity in response to DNA damage, as well as in unperturbed cells.Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is divided into human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative subgroups, of which HPV-positive cancers are sensitive to IR treatment and show a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative HNSCCs. In Paper II, for the first time, we have shown a link between defects in SMG-1 expression and cancer. We demonstrated that HPV-positive HNSCC cancer cell lines and tumors express SMG-1 at lower levels than HPV-negative HNSCCs due to promoter hypermethylation. We concluded that diminished SMG-1 levels may contribute to the enhanced response to radiation therapy exhibited by HPV-positive HNSCCs. Senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are both tightly linked to carcinogenesis. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) functions as a barrier against tumor progression, while EMT promotes tumor progression and metastasis. In Paper III, we identified previously unknown roles of SMG-1 in these two cellular processes. SMG-1 deficient cells failed to initiate the OIS program induced by activation of Ras. Downregulation of SMG-1 also induced morphologic and molecular changes consistent with EMT. We propose that, by regulating senescence and suppressing EMT, SMG-1 inhibits cancer progression.


The development of a single economic market and rapid technological advances in the European Union (EU) have resulted in its Member States undergoing major structural changes over the past few decades. The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether or not there is convergence in the inventive capabilities across the EU. This is done by econometrically investigating, by means of parametric and non-parametric techniques, the development of patents granted per capita in 13 Member States per capita during the period 1990–2011. The findings of several β-convergence and σ-convergence tests show convergence in inventive capabilities. Moreover, a similar result is obtained when analysing the distributional dynamics of the invention capabilities. The speed of convergence is however slow. This suggests that policy efforts implemented by the EU to reduce technological gaps among its Member States have been relatively insufficient, and may imply negative long-term consequences for EU cohesion.


As the old military adage has it, no good deed ever goes unpunished. And so it would seem with American security interests in the Persian Gulf. Soon after the United States has removed a major threat to American and regional interests with the defeat of Saddam Hussein's regime, Washington has to come to terms with the looming challenge of Iran's quest for nuclear weapons. The good news is that assertive multilateral diplomacy still has some running room for negotiating a stall or derailment of Iran's nuclear weapons program. The bad news is that the prospects are dim for achieving this end without the resort to force over the coming years. The Iraq war is the backdrop for the evolving policy debate on Iran. The Iraq situation pits competing views of American national security strategy after 11 September 2001 against one another. On one side, critics of the Iraq war are posturing that if weapons of mass destruction (WMD) failed to be a sufficient justification for waging war against Iraq, then concerns about WMD have even less merit for forcibly challenging the Iranian regime over its nuclear weapons aspirations. On the other side, the threat posed by WMD--with the associated risk that terrorists might get their hands on WMD--is emerging as a worldview to replace the grand unifying scheme of containment which governed American and Western policy during the Cold War. Those in this camp view the military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq as models for other policy challenges that involve WMD and potential support for terrorist groups coming from the likes of Iran and North Korea. There are pitfalls, though, of viewing the Iran policy debate entirely through the Iraq policy prism. Just as a prism bends rays of light, Iraq and Iran, while they share many features, are distinct problems that require the modulation of policy tools. This article seeks to illuminate the commonalities and variations between past Iraq and today's Iran as well as the strengths and weaknesses of American policy options for dealing with the growing security challenge posed by Tehran's quest for nuclear weapons. Iran's Decrepit Armed Forces and Squeezed Geopolitical Space Iran shares with Iraq geopolitical aspirations in the Persian Gulf in which weapons of mass destruction play a critical role. Iraq's past drive for WMD was fueled by Saddam's lust for power and his will to politically and militarily dominate the Gulf. Although Iraq's behavior over the past decade captured the most international attention, Iran too has hegemonic ambitions in the Gulf. Khomeni's revolutionary goal was to remake the region in Iran's own self-image, governed by clerics and Islamic law. Iraq's 1990-91 war pushed into the far background the premier security concern of the United States and the Arab Gulf states in the 1980s--that Iran would emerge as the winner of the war with Iraq to become the dominant power capable of directly threatening Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Iran's geographic girth lends itself to a country with large standing armed forces, but Iran's military today is weaker than it was in the wake of the revolutionary euphoria of 1979. (1) The Iranians militarily lived off the Shah's US-provided arms and equipment to survive the Iran-Iraq War, but the war nearly exhausted their inventories and put enormous wear and tear on equipment holdings. They have managed to make due, in part, by cannibalizing American equipment to keep fewer armaments running, but these stopgap efforts are increasingly more difficult to muster to prolong the longevity of the military inventory. The Iranians also are using illicit means to bypass US restrictions on the export of military equipment to Iran. (2) Iran has been hard-pressed to find direct external weapon suppliers to replace the United States. Michael Eisenstadt observes that in recent years Russia has been Iran's main source of conventional arms, but Moscow has agreed not to conclude any new arms deals and to halt all conventional weapons transfers since September 1999. …


With the exception of certain genetic connective tissue disorders, acute aortic dissections are still often thought to occur randomly. Very few of these events fall under the genetic category such as Marfan's disease, Ehlers Danlos type IV or Loeys Dietz syndrome and the vast majority follows the rules of other catastrophic vascular events. The evidence is mounting that these catastrophes do not happen at random. This brief review looks at the evidence regarding a circadian, seasonal and weekly rhythm particularly of acute aortic dissections but also other vascular events including their association with emotional stress. The recent surge of interest in aortic diseases and particularly the establishment of the IRAD registry have lead to new insights and clarification of these events. While hormonal associations with vascular events have been known for more than thirty years, modern molecular examinations about regulatory pathways are mostly still lacking. The steering of circadian variation is accepted but poorly understood. On the basis of vascular neuroimmunological observations, speculations regarding micro environmental regulatory pathways are offered.


Background. The most widely used survey measures in psychiatry, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS-R) have generated estimates of psychiatric morbidity that show considerable variation. Doubts have been raised regarding the validity of these structured lay interviewer assessments. There have been no direct comparisons of the performances of these instruments against a common, established criterion. Method. A total of 105 unselected primary care attendees were each interviewed with CIDI, CIS-R and SCAN in a single sitting with random order of administration. SCAN was administered by a SCAN trained psychiatrist, and CIDI and CIS-R by a public health doctor. Concordance was estimated for all ICD-10 neurotic disorders. We assessed the overall discriminability of the CIS-R morbidity scale using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results. The concordance for CIDI for ICD-10 diagnoses was moderate to excellent (kappa=0·58–0·97). Concordance for CIS-R ranged between poor and moderate (kappa=0·10–0·65). The area under the ROC curve for the CIS-R morbidity scale with respect to any ICD-10 disorder [0·87 (95% CI 0·79–0·95)] indicated good overall discriminability, but poor sensitivity (44%) and high specificity (97%) at the usual CIS-R cut-point of 11/12. Conclusion. Among primary care attendees the CIDI is a highly valid assessment of common mental disorders, and the CIS-R is moderately valid. Previous studies may have underestimated validity. Against the criteria of all ICD-10 diagnoses (including less severe depressive and anxiety disorders) a much lower CIS-R cut-point is required than that which is usually advocated.


Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) are a promising interconnect paradigm to address the communication bottleneck of Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). Wormhole flow control is widely used as the transmission protocol in NoCs, as it offers high throughput and low latency. To match the application characteristics, customized irregular topologies and routing functions are used. With wormhole flow control and custom irregular NoC topologies, deadlocks can occur during system operation. Ensuring a deadlock free operation of custom NoCs is a major challenge. In this paper, we address this important issue and present a method to remove deadlocks in application-specific NoCs. Our method can be applied to any NoC topology and routing function, and the potential deadlocks are removed by adding minimal number of virtual or physical channels. Experiments on a variety of realistic benchmarks show that our method results in a large reduction in the number of resources needed (88% on average) and NoC power consumption, area reduction (66% area savings on average) when compared to the state-of-the-art deadlock removal methods.


This Special Section on policy instruments for innovation, investment and global trade presents several approaches how to foster economic growth. It deals with well-known instruments such as guarantees and loans for trade finance as well as export credits. It also sheds light on how foreign direct investment strategies can be tremendously successful, and how governments can learn from effective policy approaches. It shows how financial instruments for investors can be used to manage and minimise risks. And, last but not least, it has a look at the government toolbox for innovation as well as the ingredients for an ecosystem combining different policy instruments.


3D visualisation is a powerful technique to increase understanding and experience of non-extant cultural heritage. This paper will present the aggregation, interpretation, visualisation, and presentation of evidence related to the British Empire Exhibition of 1938, an internationally significant event for the study of modernist architecture as well as British social and industrial history. Although the documentation aggregated is unusually rich and varied as it includes photographic and film evidence, floorplans, souvenirs, and living witness testimonies, it is nevertheless surprisingly scarce and incomplete just 70 years later. Good practice in creating 3D digital reconstructions (which are absolutist in nature) needs researchers to meticulously document their processes to alleviate the danger of mis-reading visualised data based on incomplete sources.

Using visualisation theory alongside elements of dramaturgical theory appropriate to the deliberately temporary nature of this exhibition, this paper will examine the points of creative interpretation inherent in the event documentation, the surviving evidence, the research and 3D visualisation process, and its presentation to different audiences. An application was developed to link research sources and documentation of interpretative process directly to an interactive 3D visualisation of the Exhibition; one solution to the challenge of making interpretative influence and uncertainty transparent.


The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of heart rhythm variability (HRV) biofeedback training with emotional regulation on the athletic performance of women collegiate volleyball players. The participant's ability to self-regulate and her perception of the intervention were also examined. Individual biofeedback training using the emWave® PC (1.0) was provided to 13 student-athletes during six weekly sessions. A portable biofeedback device known as the emWave® PSR was available for independent self-regulation rehearsal. The research was a quasi-experimental, repeatedmeasure, mixed-methodology, within-subject design. The quantitative results supported the hypothesis that the team and its 13 participants self-regulated at will. The results did not support the hypothesis that the intervention improved performance. One possibility for this finding was the presence of a statistical and performance ceiling effect. The qualitative results revealed a positive perception of the intervention relating to the participants' roles as students, athletes, and team members. Numerous themes emerged from the interviews reflecting the benefits of the intervention. (a) Learning about biofeedback and self-regulation while visualizing the heart rhythm on the computer screen. (b) Improving self-awareness and increasing self-control. (c) Reducing the effects of physical and mental stress relating to academic and athletic rigors. (d) Experiencing enhanced physical and mental states improving academic and athletic performance. (e) Improving team composure and camaraderie. Although further research is warranted, the results of this innovative intervention demonstrate the potential to enhance academic and athletic performance in collegiate sport.


This paper investigates the accuracy in rendering certain forms of the Qur'anic Triliteral/trilateral verbs affixed with one radical. A survey of such verbs with their different forms and intended aspectual/semantic senses will be given. Then the translation of a s ample of these verbs as rendered by three of the well-known Qur'an translators will be analysed and checked against a standard translation. The main focus will be on whether or not these translators were able to grasp the intended aspectual sense of the radicals affixed to the trilateral verbs and what strategies have they adopted in their translation. It will be shown that the translators often manage to render the semantic senses of the verbs accurately but did do so in conveying the aspectual senses of such verb forms. Some recommendations for an accurate rendering of these derived verb forms will be presented.


Slag sample from copper smelting operation in a water jacket furnace from DRC plant was used. The study intends to determine the effect of cooling in the extraction of base metals. The cooling methods investigated were water quenching, air cooling and furnace cooling. The latter cooling ways were compared to the original as received slag. It was observed that, the cooling rate of the slag affected the leaching of base metals as it changed the phase distribution in the slag and the base metals distribution within the phases. It was also found that fast cooling of slag prevented crystallization and produced an amorphous phase that encloses the base metals. The amorphous slags from the slag dumps were more leachable in acidic medium (HNO3) which leached 46%Cu, 95% Co, 85% Zn, 92% Pb and 79% Fe with no selectivity at pH0, than in basic medium (NH4OH). The leachability was vice versa for the modified slags by quenching in water which leached 89%Cu with a high selectivity as metal extractions are less than 1% for Co, Zn, Pb and Fe at ambient temperature and pH12. For the crystallized slags, leaching of base metals increased with the increase of temperature from ambient temperature to 60°C and decreased at the higher temperature of 80°C due to the evaporation of the ammonia solution used for basic leaching, the total amounts of base metals that were leached in slow cooled slags were very low compared to the quenched slag samples. Keywords—copper slag, leaching, amorphous, cooling rate


Despite decades of research into the racial construct known as whiteness (e.g., Roediger, 1991; Frankenberg, 1993; Leonardo, 2002), as well as on white privilege and racism within predominantly white institutions (PWIs) (e.g., Harper & Hurtado, 2007), little research exists exploring the work of white faculty who confront racism in teaching, research, or service. In this study, I applied a Critical White Studies (Delgado & Stefancic, 1997) analytical frame to a Constructivist Grounded Theory (Charmaz, 2006) study of white anti-racist faculty in two predominantly white institutions within a state higher education system. The study used interviews with 11 white faculty members to discover how their anti-racist work informed their identity as a white person and their conceptual awareness of whiteness as an ideological framework. Particular attention was given to the historical and present contexts in which the participants have lived and worked. Participants all identified experiences which the literature suggests lead to antiracist praxis, a space wherein critical engagement with race and racism compels individuals to anti-racist action (Perry & Shotwell, 2009). The study also found, however, that the institutional spaces in which they conducted their work were not conducive to ongoing growth and development. Rather, participants far more frequently described barriers in the form of resistance from white colleagues, a cultural disconnect among administrators, and an overall lack of institutional awareness concerning the needs of students, faculty, and staff of color. The majority were not optimistic about the possibilities of large-scale change, but did suggest developmental needs and offered ideas for practice. A critical emergent theory of white faculty anti-racist praxis at predominantly white institutions is presented.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to assess the proper timing of extradural cortical stimulation (ECS) on the motor relearning in a rat model of subacute photothrombotic stroke.

METHODS
Photothrombotic infarction was induced on the dominant sensorimotor cortex in male Sprague-Dawley rats after training in a single-pellet reaching task (SPRT). Rats were randomly divided into three groups after stroke: ECS during the inactive period (Day-ECS group), ECS during the active period (Night-ECS group) and no ECS (Non-stimulated group). Six sham-operated rats were assigned to the control group. The Day- and Night-ECS group received continuous ECS for 12 hours during the day or night for 2 weeks from day 4 after the stroke. Behavioral assessment with SPRT was performed daily.

RESULTS
SPRT showed a significantly faster and greater improvement in the Day and Night-ECS groups than in the Non-stimulated group. In the Day- and Night-ECS groups, the success rate of SPRT differed significantly from Non-stimulated group on day 11 and day 8, respectively. In addition, the Night-ECS group showed a significantly higher SPRT success rate than the Day-ECS group from days 10 to 13.

CONCLUSION
ECS during the active period might be more effective for motor relearning in the subacute stroke rat model.