Ubiquitous systems are rapidly becoming a more and more commonplace part of our everyday life. These systems may contain different classes of very heterogeneous components that have to function seamlessly together. A prime example of a class of ubiquitous components is given by the personal mobile devices. They are all pervasive and emerge in many forms: mobile handsets, PDAs, etc. Their features and computational powers make them a very capable platform. We present a pervasive agent- and sensing platform Magrathea that can be run on different kinds of computational devices. Magrathea can be used to build complex pervasive systems. As a practical example of the usage of this platform, we use it on top of personal mobile devices to investigate the structure of social networks of different individuals and to simulate viral behavior of agents. We also discuss analytical tools to further investigate, model and simulate the data obtained through our platform.


We investigate the impact of an entrepreneurial amenity for urban agglomeration, accelerator programs, upon start-up firm's private equity performance. Accelerators are firm development programs that utilize physical space, human capital development programming, mentorship, financial capital, and community engagement to accelerate the financial feasibility of start-up firms. A sample of US accelerator treated and matched control firm's over the 2005 to 2015 period yields a study of 16,720 firms. Results indicate that there is statistically significantly more cumulative funding for accelerated firms, when taking into consideration the endogenous choice and selection of start-up firms into programs and series stage in cumulative funding. Secondly, we assess variation across accelerator participation timing and find that firms with pre-funding when coming into an accelerator leads to higher cumulative funding. Lastly, we document accelerator program's ability to cultivate agglomeration through space and programming amenities like free physical space, program length, program cohort size, investor equity stake and scale of capital injection impacts upon cumulative funding. This study supports evidence of correlation between start-up firm performance and accelerator program amenities. Accelerators can have significant impact on the life-long health of young private-equity firms and can be considered as a public and private tool to create economic growth post-Covid-19.


Two species of the unusual archosauromorph Trilophosaurus, T buettneri Case and T jacobsi Murry, are known from diverse localities in the Upper Triassic Chinle Group in the southwestern USA. Both species likely occupied similar ecological niches, based on morphological similarities in the postcrania, which are essentially identical. Trilophosaurus occurrences in the Chinle Group are relatively rare, but individual sites are exceptionally rich, suggesting that Trilophosaurus lived in a different paleoenvironment than more typical Chinle vertebrates, which lived in or near streams (phytosaurs, metoposaurs) or on floodplains (aetosaurs, rauisuchians, and dinosaurs). Two potential interpretations are that Trilophosaurus was either an arboreal climber or a fossorial digger. However, the gross skeletal features of Trilophosaurus are not compatible with a fossorial mode of life: the limbo are too long and gracile, proximal limb elements are longer than distal ones, and the claws are laterally compressed, not transversely broadened. The intermittent study of Trilophosaurus has caused the theory of it being arboreal, originally proposed by Gregory, to receive little mention in subsequent studies. We reexamined the functional morphology of Trilophosaurus using a qualitative functional morphological analysis of the skeleton, a quantitative examination of claw curvature, and a quantitative examination of manus/trunk and pes/ trunk rarios. Claw morphology of Trilophosaurus shows similarities to the arboreal drepanosaurs Drepanosaurus and Megalancosaurus. Our analysis provides ample evidence to suggest that Trilophosaurus was arboreal. Andrew Heckert, Justin A. Spielmann & Spencer G. Lucas (2005) " The Late Triassic Archosauromporph Trilophosaurus as an Arboreal Climber" Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia e Stratigrafa Volume 111 Issue 3 pp. 395-412 (open access) Version of Record Available From (www.riviste.unimi.it.com)


Chronic inflammation in HIV disease is sustained by immune reconstitution that results from use of combination therapy by patients and manifested by increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation in HIV disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction of the cardio vasculature giving rise to reduced elasticity resulting in high blood pressure. This state is marked by increased IL-6 cytokine expression as manifested in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This study sought to establish cytokine expression in HIV seropositive patients with hypertension comorbidity and correlate with HIV/AIDS progression. We hypothesized that chronic inflammation and presence of hypertension comorbidity presents higher levels of expression of selected interleukins namely IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17A. This study demonstrated that the IL-6 cytokine expression have a positive correlation with the release of IL-8 cytokine as patients with higher IL-6 cytokine values were more likely to have higher IL-8 cytokine levels. This shows that a synergistic effect from both cytokines may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis on blood vessels. Therefore routine measurement of these cytokines may increase prediction of risk of development of hypertension in patients on HIV care.


The crusher disk in lamp recovery device used for crushing aluminum end caps is breaking while crushing for unknown reasons. Therefore it is important for design engineers to be able to find out the possibilities of fracture failure and also provide prevention methods for it during design proposals. The scope of this thesis is to find out the reason for failure, solution and prevention methods of the crusher disk in a lamp recovery device. Hence the experiment will include theoretical modeling followed by experimental work. Theory of essential work, experimental and finite element methods using ABAQUS, INVENTOR were used for analysis. Dynamic simulation in Autodesk Inventor was performed to find the startup force. A finite element analysis in ABAQUS was made in order to show stress concentration on the disk. It provides effective method for experimentation. During experimentation it is found that the failure occurs due to improper design. It was Re-designed to prevent the problem.


BACKGROUND
Oral corticosteroids are used as a treatment for asthma, however they are often associated with serious side effects. Dapsone is a sulfone with anti-inflammatory properties, therefore it may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of asthma and act as a corticosteroid-sparing agent.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review is to assess the safety and efficacy of adding dapsone to oral corticosteroids in adults with stable asthma who are dependent on oral corticosteroids with the intention of eventually minimizing or eliminating the use of these steroids.

SEARCH STRATEGY
The Cochrane Airways group trials register and reference lists of potential articles were searched.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials investigating the addition of dapsone compared to placebo in stable corticosteroid dependent asthmatics.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
No trials were found that met the selection criteria.

MAIN RESULTS
No meta-analyses could be performed.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
No randomised controlled trials have been published, so there is no reliable evidence to show whether dapsone is beneficial or otherwise in the management of steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. There is a need for well designed randomised controlled trials to be performed. These must be carried out double-blind, since oral corticosteroid reduction requires a judgement on the part of the physician, who may be open to bias if the treatment allocation is known.


OBJECT
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a potentially important option for patients with skull base chondrosarcomas. The object of this study was to analyze the outcomes of SRS for chondrosarcoma patients who underwent this treatment as a part of multimodality management.

METHODS
Seven participating centers of the North American Gamma Knife Consortium (NAGKC) identified 46 patients who underwent SRS for skull base chondrosarcomas. Thirty-six patients had previously undergone tumor resections and 5 had been treated with fractionated radiation therapy (RT). The median tumor volume was 8.0 cm3 (range 0.9-28.2 cm3), and the median margin dose was 15 Gy (range 10.5-20 Gy). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate progression-free and overall survival rates.

RESULTS
At a median follow-up of 75 months after SRS, 8 patients were dead. The actuarial overall survival after SRS was 89% at 3 years, 86% at 5 years, and 76% at 10 years. Local tumor progression occurred in 10 patients. The rate of progression-free survival (PFS) after SRS was 88% at 3 years, 85% at 5 years, and 70% at 10 years. Prior RT was significantly associated with shorter PFS. Eight patients required salvage resection, and 3 patients (7%) developed adverse radiation effects. Cranial nerve deficits improved in 22 (56%) of the 39 patients who deficits before SRS. Clinical improvement after SRS was noted in patients with abducens nerve paralysis (61%), oculomotor nerve paralysis (50%), lower cranial nerve dysfunction (50%), optic neuropathy (43%), facial neuropathy (38%), trochlear nerve paralysis (33%), trigeminal neuropathy (12%), and hearing loss (10%).

CONCLUSIONS
Stereotactic radiosurgery for skull base chondrosarcomas is an important adjuvant option for the treatment of these rare tumors, as part of a team approach that includes initial surgical removal of symptomatic larger tumors.


Researchers and developers of learning analytics (LA) systems are increasingly adopting human-centred design (HCD) approaches, with growing need to understand how to apply design practice in different educational settings. In this paper, we present a design narrative of our experience developing dashboards to support middle school mathematics teachers' pedagogical practices, in a multi-university, multi-school district, improvement science initiative in the United States. Through documentation of our design experience, we offer ways to adapt common HCD methods — contextual design and design tensions — when developing visual analytics systems for educators. We also illuminate how adopting these design methods within the context of improvement science and research–practice partnerships fundamentally influences the design choices we make and the focal questions we undertake. The results of this design process flow naturally from the appropriation and repurposing of tools by district partners and directly inform improvement goals.


Transparency perception often occurs when objects within the visual scene partially occlude each other or move at the same time, at different velocities across the same spatial region. Although transparent motion perception has been extensively studied, we still do not understand how the distribution of velocities within a visual scene contribute to transparent perception. Here we use a novel psychophysical procedure to characterize the distribution of velocities in a scene that give rise to transparent motion perception. To prevent participants from adopting a subjective decision criterion when discriminating transparent motion, we used an "odd-one-out," three-alternative forced-choice procedure. Two intervals contained the standard—a random-dot-kinematogram with dot speeds or directions sampled from a uniform distribution. The other interval contained the comparison—speeds or directions sampled from a distribution with the same range as the standard, but with a notch of different widths removed. Our results suggest that transparent motion perception is driven primarily by relatively slow speeds, and does not emerge when only very fast speeds are present within a visual scene. Transparent perception of moving surfaces is modulated by stimulus-based characteristics, such as the separation between the means of the overlapping distributions or the range of speeds presented within an image. Our work illustrates the utility of using objective, forced-choice methods to reveal the mechanisms underlying motion transparency perception.


Knowledge is assumed by cognitive science to consist of concepts that are organised and maintained by complex processes taking place in human minds. These processes are not yet accessible directly. Language is still the primary medium for communicating knowledge and presumably linguistic objects and structures are expressions of knowledge and its organisation in mind. Collecting terms (i.e., creating a specialised vocabulary) and capturing their relationships are thus important mechanisms for distilling knowledge from specialised texts and for formalising it for machines. The approach taken in this thesis is to analyse the co-hyponymy relationships between terms as an organisational mechanism. Co-hyponyms are sets of lexical units sharing a common hypernym; bank and building society, for example, are co-hyponyms of the hypernym financial organisation. Analysing the co-hyponymy relationships between terms is important because it bridges the semantic gap between a) specialised lexical knowledge, b) the quantitative interpretation of meanings in specialised discourse, and c) machine-accessible conceptualisation of knowledge. This thesis proposes the use of a vector-based distributional representation of terms in order to construct a quantitative conceptual model of kinds-sorts in a given field of knowledge. Among empirical methods for analysing linguistic structures, distributional approaches to semantics encode language data to models that should correspond to the meanings of linguistic entities. The meaning of an entity, such as a word or a phrase, is assumed to be a function of its statistical distribution in contexts. In order to use these methods we thus need to define (a) the contexts, that is, which statistical information must be collected; and (b) the functions, that is, how this information must be used to correlate with a meaning. This thesis is a study of corpus-based distributional methods for characterising co-hyponymy between terms. Terms are represented as vectors to form a so-called term-space model. To obviate the curse of dimensionality and to facilitate the construction of models, novel methods employing sparse random projections are proposed. Random Manhattan indexing is used to construct `1-normed spaces and random indexing for `2-normed spaces. Following these steps a memory-based classifier exploits the distance between vectors to identify the presence of targeted co-hyponymy relationships. An evaluation is also performed to assess any reciprocal influences of the method's parameters on its performance. Userfriendliness, flexibility in updating and maintenance, and an innate capacity to resemble conceptual structures in a domain knowledge are the advantages of this method.


It is hard to imagine two groups with less in common than national security hawks and human rights activists. They represent different cultures with different views on the use of force, the role of rights, and the constraining power of international law. Yet despite their differences, the two groups seem to be converging on an understanding of state sovereignty as limited and subject to de facto waiver — an understanding that appears to legitimize military interventions even in the absence of state consent and Security Council authorization. This convergence is reached via different routes in each community: for the national security community, counter terrorism provides the sovereignty-limiting logic, while for the human rights and humanitarian law communities, it is the prevention of atrocities that leads to sovereignty-limiting doctrines.In this essay, the author traces how this convergence has come about in two very different discourse communities, and points out some of the unintended consequences and unresolved problems that result.


Abstract A newly investigated travertine deposit in southern Tibet provides a window into Holocene hydrological, geomorphic and climatic processes near the boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and High Himalaya. Travertine, deposited as a result of the degassing of CO2-rich groundwater as it emerges on the Earth's surface, is in many cases formed along the trace of major crustal-scale faults in primarily extensional tectonic regimes. A travertine platform measuring roughly 1 km by 0.5 km exists near the town of Nyalam in southern Tibet along a major Himalayan down-to-the-N normal fault, the South Tibetan Fault System. A wide variety of travertine depositional textures and features are recorded in the platform on a series of terraces. Active travertine deposition was observed from spring mounds and seeps along the base of the platform at the modern river level. Palaeotemperatures of spring water, calculated from δ18O of the travertine, range from 9 to 25 °C, which closely matches the temperatures recorded from modern springs in the area. A complex geomorphological landscape records interaction between growing alluvial fans, travertine accumulation, and a rapidly down-cutting river with associated fluvial terraces. River incision was contemporaneous with travertine deposition, as indicated by cemented fluvial river gravel layers interbedded with travertine. High 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the travertine (mean of 0.7168) indicate subsurface fluid interaction with radiogenic crystalline rocks of the underlying Greater Himalaya. Uranium-series ages of the travertine platform range from 5400 a (±950 a) to 11600 a (±1000 a), and indicate a younging progression from higher terraces near the valley wall to lower terraces at present-day river level. Travertine that overlies a river gravel terrace 18 m above river level formed at 11600 a. This date yields a local incision rate of 1.6 mm a−1, consistent with estimated fluvial incision rates in the High Himalaya. The range of our U-series ages coincides with an interval of higher precipitation associated with greater intensity of the Indian monsoon, which led to elevated spring discharge and carbonate precipitation in this part of the High Himalayas.


Aims: This article addresses the under-researched area of men's experiences of abuse. The aims were to estimate prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and abuse in health care in a random sample of Swedish adult men, to compare these estimates with previously collected prevalence rates in a male clinical sample to see if prevalence rates were dependant on response rate and sampling method. We also wanted to contribute to a more general analysis of men's experiences of victimisation. Methods: Cross-sectional study design. The NorVold Abuse Questionnaire that measures the prevalence of four kinds of abuse was sent to 6000 men selected at random from the population of Östergötland, Sweden. Results: The response rate was 50% (n = 2924). Lifetime experiences of emotional abuse were reported by 16.7%, physical abuse by 48.9%, sexual abuse by 4.5%, and abuse in health care by 7.3%. The proportion of men who currently suffered from abusive experiences was highest for emotional abuse and abuse in health care. No difference in prevalence was seen between the random population sample and the clinical sample despite significant differences regarding response rate and background characteristics. Conclusions: Abuse against men is prevalent and men are victimised as patients in health care. Response rate and sampling method did not influence prevalence rates of abuse. Men's victimisation from emotional abuse and abuse in health care was associated with low income and being born outside of the Nordic countries and hence needs to be analysed in the intersections of gender, class, and ethnicity.


1. The flexural rigidity of the large abfrontal cilia of Mytilus has been measured with a flexible glass micro-needle. 2. The same cilium has similar values to the flexural rigidity irrespective of the phases of beat cycle (including the recovery phase) and of the direction of force applied. 3. The values of 3-13 x 10-9 dyne. cm2 have been obtained for the flexural rigidity of compound cilia of various sizes; 2-3 x 10-10 dyne.cm2 for that of the component cilia. 4. The Young9s modulus of the microtubule is estimated to be 5-9 x 1010 dyne/cm2 on the basis that the outer doublet microtubules are tightly connected with one another.


Social cognition refers to the brain mechanisms by which we process social information about other humans and ourselves. Alterations in interpersonal and social functioning are common in major depressive disorder, though only poorly addressed by current pharmacotherapies. Further standardized tests, such as depression ratings or neuropsychologic tests, used in routine practice provide very little information on social skills, schemas, attributions, stereotypes and judgments related to social interactions. In this article, we review recent literature on how healthy human brains process social decisions and how these processes are altered in major depressive disorder. We especially focus on interactive paradigms (e.g., game theory based tasks) that can reproduce daily life situations in laboratory settings. The evidences we review, together with the rich literature on the protective role of social networks in handling stress, have implications for developing more ecologically-valid biomarkers and interventions in order to optimize functional recovery in depressive disorders.


The modes of an unstable aligned empty strip resonator are found using the kernel expansion technique with the linear prolate functions as a basis set. Calculations of the modes are used to examine the accuracy of the asymptotic methods at low equivalent Fresnel numbers and to demonstrate the orthogonality of the cavity modes.


Agency workers are a fundamental part of modern work being characterised in the workplace by a triangular employment relationship between them, the employment agency and the third party employer. The thesis was concerned about the job satisfaction of agency workers on two counts. Firstly, what contributed towards the job satisfaction of this unique type of worker? Secondly, what differences in job satisfaction and related variables arise between agency workers and permanent workers? Preliminary research along with a literature review on job satisfaction and agency workers formulated two sets of hypotheses, those variables relating to agency worker job satisfaction (relational hypotheses), and differences between permanent workers and agency workers (differential hypotheses). Both sets of hypotheses were tested by a quantitative survey, which surveyed 96 agency workers for the relational hypotheses and 157 call centre workers for the differential hypotheses. For the differential hypotheses a control group was used to address the possible influence that the employment of agency workers may have on permanent workers that hitherto has not been controlled for in studies of a similar nature. Semi-structured interviews with workers and employers were used to enlarge the quantitative findings.
Organisational commitment, permanent and agency worker relationship were found to be significantly related to job satisfaction in both a correlation and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. Involuntary work status had no correlation challenging previous research. Significant differences were seen between agency workers and permanent workers on a number of variables including skill variety, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and job security satisfaction. These results both supported and contradicted previous studies primarily as preceding research had not accounted for the possible influence that agency workers may have on the permanent workers under research


Hans W. Frei (1922-88) was one of the most important American theologians of his generation. This book makes available the work in which he was engaged during the last decade of his life. Based on his 1983 Shaffer Lectures at Yale University and his 1987 Cadbury Lectures at the University of Birmingham, it presents Frei's reflections on issues and options in contemporaryrepresented theology, especially on the relation of theology to biblical interpretation and on the place of theology as an academic tradition. In the book Frei proposes classifying theologians according to whether they see Christian theology primarily as an academic discipline or as an internal activity of Christian communities. He describes fie different variations of these views. the first, represented by Immanuel Kant and Gordon represented, regards theology as a philosophical discipline within the academy. The second, represented by theologians as diverse as represented represented, David Tracy, and Carl Henry, correlates specifically Christian with general cultural structures of meaning. The third type, represetned by represented represented and Paul represented, occupies the middle of the spectrum. The fourth type, represetned by Karl Barth, emphasizes the internal descriptive task of theology but remains open to ad hoc correlations with concerns of the wider culture. the fifth, which includes D. Z. Phillips and other Wittgensteinian fideists, opts for pure self-description though this group defends its position with philosophical arguments that, oddly enough connect it with the other end of the spectrum. Frei argues in favor of the third and fourth options. In his view, theologians like Schleiermacher and, even more, Barth, although often seen as polar opposites, enable theology to remain most faithful to the priority of the ecumenically attested literal sense in biblical interpretation.


The New Zealand dairy industry is susceptible to volatile international prices, and depends on cost leadership at the farm level to maintain its international competitive advantage. The industry has accepted a target of 4% productivity improvement per annum. However, cost-based benchmarks of productivity are not used widely by farmers. It is argued that at the farm level, overall gains in resource efficiency need to be assessed in terms of cost per unit of output, and that these benchmarks need to be calculated in both cash and economic terms. These output-based cost benchmarks are tools both for assessing alternative technologies and for monitoring progress. However, they need to be used with discretion, and with recognition that strategic goals of increasing wealth through capital gain may on occasions take farmers in other directions.


Flooding is the most common natural catastrophe Americans face, accounting for 90% of all damage caused by natural catastrophes. Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, for example, collectively caused over $160 billion in damage, but only approximately 10% of the Hurricane Katrina victims and 50% of the Hurricane Sandy victims had insurance to cover their flood losses. Consequently, both their homes and lives were left in ruins in the wake of the storms. Nationwide, only approximately 7% of homeowners have insurance that covers flood losses even though the risk of flooding is only increasing as coastal areas continue to be developed and climate change portends higher water levels and more devastating hurricanes and other storms. This Essay discusses the problem of flooding in America and the availability of insurance to cover the damage caused by floods. The Essay first addresses the theoretical justifications that private insurers in America historically have used to successfully support their refusal to cover flood losses -- adverse selection, moral hazard and correlated risks. The Essay then discusses the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which the federal government created in an attempt to fill the void created by private insurers' refusal to cover flood losses, and the problems with the NFIP. The Essay then moves to a discussion regarding how European countries such as the UK, France and Belgium insure flood losses. The Essay concludes by offering a simple solution to the problem of insuring flood losses in America: eliminate the flood exclusion from homeowners insurance policies. This underappreciated solution would address the problems with the NFIP and would increase the number of American homeowners who have insurance that covers flood losses from approximately 5.5 million to 69 million.


This article aims to contribute to the third generation of global governance research by unfolding the concept of a global governance system consisting of normative principles and patterns of authority relationships and legitimation. The goal is to formulate a positive theory that goes beyond the negative descriptions of global governance as post‐internationalist and helps to move global governance beyond its embryonic state. The major theoretical claim is that the features of the current global governance system have endogenously produced the politicization and counter‐institutionalization of international authorities. Internal tensions of the system fuel legitimation problems and demands for change, which in the end lead – in some cases – to the decline of global governance arrangements or – in other cases – to its deepening via appropriate institutional responses.


The Internet is often presented as an unsafe or untrustworthy space: where children are preyed upon by paedophiles, cannibals seek out victims, offline relationships are torn apart by online affairs and where individuals are addicted to gambling, love, and cybersex. While many of these stories are grounded in truth, they do paint a rather sensationalized view of the Internet, the types of people who use it, and the interactions that take place online. Simultaneously, researchers claim that the Internet allows individuals to express their true selves, to develop 'hyperpersonal' relationships characterised by high levels of intimacy and closeness. At the heart of these competing visions of the Internet as a social space are the issues of truth, lies and trust. This book offers a balanced view of the Internet by presenting empirical data conducted by social scientists, with a concentrated focus on psychological studies. It argues that the Internet's anonymity which can enable, for instance, high levels of self-disclosure in a relationship, is also responsible for many of its more negative outcomes such as deception and flaming. This is the first book to develop a coherent model of the truth-lies paradox, with specific reference to the critical role of trust. Truth, Lies and Trust on the Internet is a useful text for psychology students and academics interested in Internet behaviour, technology, and online deviant behaviour, and related courses in sociology, media studies and information studies.


Using multiple contexts improves model understandability and contributes to solving a scalability problem. In our work, we introduce a modeling method called Systemic Enterprise Architecture Methodology (SEAM) that considers systems to be designed in different contexts. For each context a designer specifies base roles and then composes them into the whole model of the system. The analysis of models that integrate multiple roles, however, is difficult. In many cases models can be evaluated only after their implementation. Building a rapid prototype for the system, composed of multiple roles, can be helpful for evaluating its key features before its implementation. We understand rapid prototyping to be an early development phase for building small-scale implementations (prototypes). In this work, we present a tool that supports role composition. It is based on two programming techniques: Subject Oriented Programming (SOP) and Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP).


: Today medical research funded by resourceful commercial companies and philanthropic organizations increasingly takes place in much less resourceful settings across the globe. Recent academic studies of this trend have observed how global inequalities have shaped the movements of this research, and how human subjects who make their blood and bodies available are at risk of exploitation. In Lusaka, people expressed their fears of being used by transnational medical research projects in various idioms of concern. While such concerns were always latent, people were generally eager to join the projects. Concerns were oft en back-grounded in favor of pragmatic attention to—and active creation of—possibilities that might stretch well beyond the purpose and time limit of individual research projects. Th e article illuminates how intimately the ambiguities and possible scenarios of exploitation inherent in transnational medical research projects are intertwined with scenarios of possibility.


At first approximation, the anterior piriform cortex (APC) appears to be a homogenous structure in terms of connectivity and sensory processing. Feedforward excitatory afferent input innervates the APC uniformly throughout the cortex, as does the local recurrent excitatory input. Odors are represented by a distributed ensemble of neurons spread throughout the APC, showing no obvious columnar structure or topography. Still, this supposed homogeneity belies the abundant diversity of inhibitory processes that may underlie sensory processing of the piriform cortex. Unfortunately, current understanding of inhibitory interneurons and their function is fairly coarse, limiting our ability to model olfactory processing. Our research was focused on clarifying the quality of inhibition in anterior piriform cortex, specifically focusing on Layer 3 somatostatin-expressing interneurons, which mediate recurrent, feedback inhibition. We first characterized the types of inhibition seen in the APC and their potential functions. Using electrical stimulation of APC fiber tracts, we measured the relative balance of feedforward and recurrent excitation and inhibition onto the three major classes of excitatory cells in piriform cortex to understand the relative roles for each type of input onto piriform principal cells. Then, we characterized the electrophysiological and functional properties of interneurons in APC, including somatostatin cells, to better understand the diversity of cells in olfactory cortex. Finally, we were interested in the role of inhibition in mediating principal cell activity. To do this, we used a novel technology - Targeted Recombination of Active Populations (TRAP) - to molecularly label active neurons during exploration of a novel odor environment. We found that neurons responding to an odor are not distributed uniformly across the APC, but rather on a gradient along the rostrocaudal axis. Using optogenetics, we found a spatial bias of inhibition onto pyramidal cells that corroborated the TRAP data, as well as discovering a subclass of interneurons that receive an opposing rostrocaudal bias of inhibition - suggesting a possible role for disinhibition in sensory processing. We determined that somatostatin cells are poised to mediate asymmetric inhibition onto interneurons, and therefore asymmetric disinhibition onto pyramidal cells.


National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) – human rights commissions and ombudsmen – have gained recognition as a possible missing link in the transmission and implementation of international human rights norms at the domestic level. They are also increasingly accepted as important participants in global and regional forums where international norms are produced. By collecting innovative work from experts spanning international law, political science, sociology, and human rights practice, we critically examine the significance of this relatively new class of organizations. Our project focuses, in particular, on the prospects of these institutions to effectuate state compliance and social change. Consideration is given to the role of NHRIs in delegitimizing – though sometimes legitimizing – governments' poor human rights records and in mobilizing – though sometimes demobilizing – civil society actors. We analyze the broader implications of such cross-cutting research for scholarship and practice in the fields of human rights and global politics in general.


The Karakaya Complex in the Pontides consists of highly deformed and partly metamorphosed clastic and volcanic series of Permian and Triassic age. It is generally subdivided into two parts: The structurally lower part, called the Lower Karakaya Complex, consists of a mafic lava-mafic pyroclastite-shale-limestone succession metamorphosed in the greenschist and blueschist facies during the Late Palaeozoic or Triassic. The structurally upper part is made up of highly deformed Permian and Triassic clastic, volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks with exotic limestone blocks. There are currently two different models for the depositional setting and tectonic evolution of the Karakaya Complex. The rift model assumes that the Karakaya Complex was formed in a Late Permian rift, which developed into a marginal oceanic basin and closed by the latest Triassic. The subduction-accretion model regards the Karakaya Complex as subduction-accretion units of the Palaeo-Tethys.


The researcher (an experienced advanced nurse practitioner) examined and interpreted twenty videos of consultations between six nurse practitioners and patients aged between 18 and 65 years. A qualitative visual research method (VS) was used drawing on phenomenology, video elicitation, reflexivity, and narrative hermeneutics. The findings demonstrated shared verbal and visual aspects of conversations. The majority of the videos elicited knowledge-based, rather than predominately emotion or movement-based conversations with both parties both empathic and engaged or task focused. The consultation dynamic in most interviews was harmonious rather than in tension, although there were occasions where the nature of the communication varied during the consultation. Furthermore, each NP demonstrated preferences for one of the three different conversation styles (i.e. knowledge, emotion or movement), as well as different ways of responding to patients who were either active or passively involved in an interaction. This theoretically derived video schema was further developed into a video tool (a process and coding guide along with a coding form). The video tool (VT) provided evidence of good video coding interrater reliability when compared with the results of the VS.

The study recommends that WiC NPs could use the video schema to reflect on their personal consultation styles as there is potential to develop greater awareness of emotion, movement and knowledge in shared conversations, and a facilitative approach that asks open questions and encourages active shared and flexible approaches to consultation communication. Additionally, research using the video tool could further investigate the psychometric properties of the VT and ultimately the effect of the different styles on patient outcomes such as compliance and satisfaction.


Abstract. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) play an important role in cloud microphysics and are crucial for the second indirect effect of aerosols on global climate. One of the uncertainties in calculations of the indirect effect is due to insufficient data on CCN activation. The formation and growth processes of aerosol particles which subsequently become CCN determine their chemical composition. Due to the numerous organic and inorganic components present in atmospheric aerosol particles, a determination of the chemical composition of individual CCN is still challenging. To expand our understanding of activation of real-world CCN we introduce a novel method to characterize the chemical composition of single activated CCN in their droplet state. This method consists of a coupling of two essential instruments, a CCN-VACES (Cloud Condensation Nuclei-Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System) which is a modification of the original VACES to select and enrich CCN concentrations, and a Laser Ablation Aerosol Particle Time of Flight mass spectrometer (LAAPTOF), a single particle mass spectrometer. In the CCN-VACES, an aerosol flow is exposed to a specific water vapour supersaturation (in this study: 0.035 %, 0.054 %, 0.1 % and 0.6 %, respectively) and the CCN in the flow grow to droplets if their critical supersaturation is exceeded. These grown droplets are subsequently enriched in concentration by means of a virtual impactor at the end of the growth region by a factor of ca. 16 and pass directly into a LAAPTOF to measure the chemical composition of individual activated droplets. Contrary to widely held beliefs, the LAAPTOF is able to analyse refractory and non-refractory components even in aqueous droplets and can therefore be used to determine the chemical composition of actually activated CCN in their droplet state. Single particle spectra (for both positive and negative ions) were obtained from activated CCN in the ambient aerosol as well as activated CCN originating from aerosolized sea water samples collected at two different regions (Palma de Mallorca and San Sebastian, Spain). Ambient CCN were found to contain sometimes highly complex mixtures of different carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous components. Sea water derived CCN show the expected content of sea salt constituents, but the presence of organics is also observed. Activated CCN from the San Sebastian water samples have stronger sulphate signals than the Mallorca water sample. The LAAPTOF was found to provide insights into the composition of individual activated CCN.


This thesis seeks to describe the development of an inexpensive and efficient clustering technique for multivariate data analysis. The technique starts from a multivariate data matrix and ends with graphical representation of the data and pattern recognition discriminant function. The technique also results in distances frequency distribution that might be useful in detecting clustering in the data or for the estimation of parameters useful in the discrimination between the different populations in the data. The technique can also be used in feature selection. The technique is essentially for the discovery of data structure by revealing the component parts of the data. lhe thesis offers three distinct contributions for cluster analysis and pattern recognition techniques. The first contribution is the introduction of transformation function in the technique of nonlinear mapping. The second contribution is the us~ of distances frequency distribution instead of distances time-sequence in nonlinear mapping, The third contribution is the formulation of a new generalised and normalised error function together with its optimal step size formula for gradient method minimisation. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. The second chapter describes multidimensional scaling as an origin of nonlinear mapping technique. The third chapter describes the first developing step in the technique of nonlinear mapping that is the introduction of "transformation function". The fourth chapter describes the second developing step of the nonlinear mapping technique. This is the use of distances frequency distribution instead of distances time-sequence. The chapter also includes the new generalised and normalised error function formulation. Finally, the fifth chapter, the conclusion, evaluates all developments and proposes a new program. for cluster analysis and pattern recognition by integrating all the new features.


Peptides are molecules of paramount importance in the fields of health care and nutrition. Several technologies for their production are now available, among which chemical and enzymatic synthesis are especially relevant. The present review pretends to establish a non-biased appreciation of the advantages, potentials, drawbacks and limitations of both technologies. Chemical synthesis is thoroughly reviewed and their potentials and limitations assessed, focusing on the different strategies and challenges for large-scale synthesis. Then, the enzymatic synthesis of peptides with proteolytic enzymes is reviewed considering medium, biocatalyst and substrate engineering, and recent advances and challenges in the field are analyzed. Even though chemical synthesis is the most mature technology for peptide synthesis, lack of specificity and environmental burden are severe drawbacks that can in principle be successfully overcame by enzyme biocatalysis. However, productivity of enzymatic synthesis is lower, costs of biocatalysts are usually high and no protocols exist for its validation and scale-up, representing challenges that are being actively confronted by intense research and development in this area. The combination of chemical and enzymatic synthesis is probably the way to go, since the good properties of each technology can be synergistically used in the context of one process objective.


The diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLs) hydrolyse diacylglycerol to generate 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the most abundant ligand for the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the body. DAGL-dependent endocannabinoid signalling regulates axonal growth and guidance during development, and is required for the generation and migration of new neurons in the adult brain. At developed synapses, 2-AG released from postsynaptic terminals acts back on presynaptic CB1 receptors to inhibit the secretion of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, with this DAGL-dependent synaptic plasticity operating throughout the nervous system. Importantly, the DAGLs have functions that do not involve cannabinoid receptors. For example, 2-AG is the precursor of arachidonic acid in a pathway that maintains the level of this essential lipid in the brain and other organs. This pathway also drives the cyclooxygenase-dependent generation of inflammatory prostaglandins in the brain, which has recently been implicated in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Remarkably, we still know very little about the mechanisms that regulate DAGL activity—however, key insights can be gleaned by homology modelling against other α/β hydrolases and from a detailed examination of published proteomic studies and other databases. These identify a regulatory loop with a highly conserved signature motif, as well as phosphorylation and palmitoylation as post-translational mechanisms likely to regulate function.


Adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS compared to boys of the same age. Few programs on the continent have sought to address the social exclusion of most marginalized girls in the poorest communities, including child domestic workers and migrants, as well as their vulnerability to HIV. Moreover, few interventions have been rigorously evaluated. "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program is for poorest adolescent girls in urban Ethiopia and aims to build their social support and improve skills to prevent HIV infection. The project uses a combination of house-to-house recruitment, formation of girls' groups by female mentors, and education on HIV/AIDS, life skills, and basic literacy. A quasi-experimental research design involving pre- and post-intervention surveys in experimental and control areas was used to measure changes in social safety nets, HIV knowledge, and prevention capabilities. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. At endline, girls in the intervention sites were more than twice as likely to report social support (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0) compared to girls in the control site. They were also twice as likely (OR = 1.9) to score highly on HIV knowledge questions, to know where to obtain voluntary counseling and testing (OR = 2.0) and to want to be tested (OR = 1.9). "Biruh Tesfa" is one of a few rigorously evaluated support programs targeted at vulnerable girls in sub-Saharan Africa. The positive changes suggest that well-designed programs can reach and effectively support the most vulnerable girls in the poorest areas, such as child domestic workers and rural–urban migrants.


This dissertation is an examination of presidential communication, focusing primarily on how Mbeki promoted a fringe group of researchers (the Virodene researchers) and a discredited scientific position (the AIDS dissidents). It employs aspects of critical discourse analysis in order to examine Mbeki's speeches, articles, interviews and letters dealing with HIV/AIDS from 1998 to 2003 in order to identify how his views and beli efs on the epidemic changed from the orthodox position that HIV causes AIDS to a dissident view, which led to him asserting that it was impossible for one virus to be the single cause of a wide range of illnesses defined as AIDS. In addition, it examines briefly how civil society, particularly the TAC, responded to Mbeki's unconventional approach to HIV I AIDS, and how Mbeki reacted to criticism of his views on HIV I AIDS. By using the relations of antithesis, entailment and equivalence, this dissertation finds that, although Mbeki moved from an orthodox to a dissident position on HIV/AIDS, there are common threads running through all his discourse. These threads include an intense interest in science and a concern with the plight of the "underdogs", namely those that he feels have been discriminated against by the scientific establishment particularly the phannaceutical industry. Mbeki's dissident views were not a crude assertion that HIV does not cause AIDS, as has been suggested by other researchers, or those of a sophist seeking excuses for his govenm1ent's inability to deploy adequate resources to HIV I AIDS. His interest in dissident theory is considered and he has clearly engaged with the scientific arguments of the dissidents. However, this is not the case when Mbeki deals with his critics. It is a matter of concern that Mbeki Llsed the power of the Office of the President to undermine and discredit his opponents by accusing them of being racists or "Uncle Toms" for opposing his dissident views on HIV/AIDS.


In this paper, we examine the challenges of developing international standards for Trustworthy AI that aim both to be global applicable and to address the ethical questions key to building trust at a commercial and societal level. We begin by examining the validity of grounding standards that aim for international reach on human right agreements, and the need to accommodate variations in prioritization and tradeoffs in implementing rights in different societal and cultural settings. We then examine the major recent proposals from the OECD, the EU and the IEEE on ethical governance of Trustworthy AI systems in terms of their scope and use of normative language. From this analysis, we propose a preliminary minimal model for the functional roles relevant to Trustworthy AI as a framing for further standards development in this area. We also identify the different types of interoperability reference points that may exist between these functional roles and remark on the potential role they could play in future standardization. Finally we examine a current AI standardization effort under ISO/IEC JTC1 to consider how future Trustworthy AI standards may be able to build on existing standards in developing ethical guidelines and in particular on the ISO standard on Social Responsibility.We conclude by proposing some future directions for research and development of Trustworthy AI standards.


Abstract Soil seed banks are especially important for forest regeneration in stands with few understory species and individuals. The understory of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)-dominated stands in New England primarily consists of hemlock seedlings and saplings, but all size classes of hemlock are attacked by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Prior to the initiation of a large-scale manipulative experiment designed to examine the impact of the adelgid on hemlock forest ecology, we documented the seed bank composition of eight large (0.81 ha) experimental hemlock-dominated and young hardwood-dominated plots. The seed bank samples from the hemlock-dominated plots contained significantly fewer species (rarefied species richness = 24; 95% confidence interval = 20–28) than those from the hardwood-dominated plots (species richness = 30). Seed banks from all plots were dominated by Betula lenta, Rubus spp., and Carex pensylvanica. Among plots, there was little compositional relationship between the forest overstory and its understory on the one hand, and its seed bank on the other hand. Because seeds of hemlock and birch persist for only a few years in the seed bank, and because hemlock seedlings are readily attacked and killed by the adelgid, damaged hemlock stands are more likely to be replaced by stands of black birch and other hardwoods than by hemlock.


This paper presents a theoretical and empirical investigation into the ways in which different listeners perceive similarity relationships in different kinds of music. We first extend the current understanding
 of similarity relations in music by drawing together theory and evidence from general cognitive psychology, cognitive psychology of music, and music theory. In the empirical study, trained musicians and
 nonmusicians rated the similarity of pairs of extracts from piano pieces by Beethoven (Sonata op. 10, no. 1, first movement) and Schoenberg (Klavierstuuck op. 33a) and provided adjective ratings for
 each extract. Similarity judgments were found to be context-specific and roughly equivalent for both types of listener, and were primarily based on more "surface" features such as dynamics, articulation,
 texture, and contour rather than on "deeper" features such as motivic or harmonic relationships. The implications for music-theoretic views of similarity are discussed.


Oxidative stress impacts normal cellular function leading to the pathogenesis of various diseases including pulmonary illnesses. Protein arginine methyltransferase 4 (PRMT4) is critical for normal lung alveolar epithelial cell development; however, the regulation of PRMT4 within such pulmonary diseases has yet to be elucidated. Using biochemical approaches, we uncovered that peroxide (H2O2) treatment decreases PRMT4 protein stability in murine lung epithelial (MLE12) cells to impede cell migration. Protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) interacts with PRMT4 and catalyzes PRMT4 T132 phosphorylation that protects PRMT4 from ubiquitin proteasomal degradation. H2O2 downregulates GSK-3β to reduce PRMT4 at protein level. PRMT4 promotes cell migration and H2O2 degrades PRMT4 to inhibit lung epithelial cell migration. These observations demonstrate that oxidative stress destabilizes PRMT4 via GSK-3β signaling to impede lung epithelial cell migration that may hinder the lung repair and regeneration process.


This paper reports the results of surveys of specialists in labor economics and public economics at 40 leading research universities in the United States. Respondents provided opinions of policy proposals; quantitative best estimates and 95% confidence intervals for economic parameters; answers to values questions regarding income redistribution, efficiency versus equity, and individual versus social responsibility; and their political party identification. We find considerable disagreement among economists about policy proposals. Their positions on policy are more closely related to their values than to their estimates of relevant economic parameters or to their political party identification. Average best estimates of the economic parameters agree well with the ranges summarized in surveys of relevant literature, but the individual best estimates are usually widely dispersed. Moreover, economists, like experts in many fields, appear more confident of their estimates than the substantial cross-respondent variation in estimates would warrant. Finally, although the confidence intervals in general appear to be too narrow, respondents whose best estimates are farther from the median tend to give wider confidence intervals for those estimates.


Research on interorganizational policy implementation continues to be characterized by diverse theoretical approaches. It is perhaps surprising to observe, however, that formal and especially rational-choice approaches have been essentially neglected in the study of policy implementation processes. This article focuses on this matter and reaches mixed conclusions. An examination of how rational-choice approaches such as game theory might contribute to the enhancement of interorganizational management shows that serious limitations constrain what may be possible theoretically through the formal rational-choice representation and analysis of many interorganizational implementation settings. Nevertheless, and somewhat paradoxically, exploring these qualifications suggests a set of practical implications for the actual conduct of management in policy network settings.


After Cuba's 1959 revolution, the Castro government sought to instill a new social order. Hoping to achieve a new and egalitarian society, the state invested in policies designed to promote the well-being of women and children. Yet once the Soviet Union fell and Cuba's economic troubles worsened, these programs began to collapse, with serious results for Cuban families. Conceiving Cuba offers an intimate look at how, with the island's political and economic future in question, reproduction has become the subject of heated public debates and agonizing private decisions. Drawing from several years of first-hand observations and interviews, anthropologist Elise Andaya takes us inside Cuba's households and medical systems. Along the way, she introduces us to the women who wrestle with the difficult question of whether they can afford a child, as well as the doctors who, with only meagre resources at their disposal, struggle to balance the needs of their patients with the mandates of the state. Andaya's ground breaking research considers not only how socialist policies have profoundly affected the ways Cuban families imagine the future, but also how the current crisis in reproduction has deeply influenced ordinary Cubans' views on socialism and the future of the revolution. Casting a sympathetic eye upon a troubled state, Conceiving Cuba gives new life to the notion that the personal is always political.


Hierarchical constellations offer a different degree of protection to the transmitted messages according to their relative importance. As such they find interesting application in digital video broadcasting systems as well as wireless multimedia services. Although a great deal of attention has been devoted in the recent literature to the study of the bit error rate (BER) performance of uniform quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations, very few results have been published on the BER performance of hierarchical QAM constellations. Indeed the only available expressions are "leading-term" approximate BER expressions for 4/16-QAM and 4/64-QAM. In this paper, we obtain exact and generic expressions in M for the BER of the 4/M-QAM (square and rectangular) constellations over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. For the AWGN case, these expressions are in the form of a weighted sum of complementary error functions and are solely dependent on the constellation size M, the carrier-to-noise ratio, and a constellation parameter which controls the relative message importance. Because of their generic nature, these new expressions readily allow numerical evaluation for various cases of practical interest. In particular, numerical results show that the leading-term approximation gives significantly optimistic BER values at low carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) in particular over Rayleigh fading channels but is quite accurate in the high CNR region.


Problems with diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (VaD) stem from the inadequacy of the current dementia concept, a paradigm based on amnestic and other cortical deficits typical of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, most cases of VaD are due to subcortical lesions such as Binswanger-type periventricular white matter ischemia, or strokes causing decreased frontal activation and diaschisis-mediated cerebral hypoperfusion. We propose a new definition of dementia based on executive dysfunction and a formal assessment of executive control functions (ECF) for the diagnosis of VaD. The instruments proposed are the rapid screening executive clock-drawing task (CLOX; Royall et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:588-94), and the more comprehensive Executive Interview Test (EXIT25; Royall et al. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:122-6). Extensive application of these tests in elderly subjects in retirement communities has shown that both are brief, simple to administer, and more sensitive case-finding tools for cognitively impaired individuals than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). These three tests (CLOX, EXIT25, MMSE) accurately separate nondemented subjects from those with cortical or subcortical (frontal system) dementias. In addition, for controlled clinical trials of VaD, formal evaluation of motor and frontal sphincter functions--usually not considered part of the dementia syndrome--should also be included. Evaluation of gait and falls, timed-walk, manual dexterity, timed finger-tapping, and frontal bladder control (urge incontinence and nocturia) should improve determination of functional status and disability, and more accurately measure the effects of potential therapies.


Modern Single-Page Applications (SPA) use data from multiple Web services to support essential process in the enterprises. By using data from several Web services, the SPA changed their architecture from a oneto-one communication between client and server to an application using information from multiple servers using RESTfuls APIs in a microservice architecture. In this paper, we present a model-driven approach for the consumption of RESTful Web services in SPA. We introduce a Query Service meta-model and provide a tool to semi-automatically generate an SPA based on our reference architecture. The proposed approach was evaluated by using the tool for the development of an example application in the context of a research project with large German corporation in the domain of software architecture. The main limitation of the tool is the lack of support for the round-trip engineering functionality. However, the created Web service handles the access to APIs and reduces the complexity of the SPA due to the shift of responsibility away from the client.


The paper discusses a bi-linear statistical model for correcting aerodynamic errors, earlier presented by Allerup and Madsen, 1980. Further data from Finland, USA and Australia testing the model will be presented. A simplification of the bi-linear model in order to cover different gauge types and varying measuring levels will be demonstrated. The simplification will extend the applicability of the correction model when implemented into automatic correction systems. The paper will discuss the problems of fit by the simplified model and attention will be given to physical interpretation of the mathematical structure in the model. Besides aerodynamic errors, wetting losses influence the correction values. It will be demonstrated how these effects cause too large corrections for small amounts of precipitation and too small corrections for large amounts.


A linear supramolecular polymer has been constructed from host–guest recognition of two complementary homoditopic monomers, a novel bispillar[5]arene and a bipyridinium salt derivative. Furthermore, the linear supramolecular polymer could self-assemble to form a supramolecular gel at high concentration, which exhibited external stimuli-responsiveness. When the competitive guest adiponitrile was added to the viscous solution at high temperature, the obtained solution could not form a supramolecular gel on cooling. Moreover, this gel could effectively sense Fe3+ with specific selectivity. Simultaneously, a thin film based on the supramolecular gel was prepared, which was confirmed to be a convenient test kit for detecting iron ions.


As our understanding of pathogens has expanded and the world's food supply has become more interconnected, characterization and subtyping of foodborne pathogens have become critically important in monitoring specific foods, performing surveillance for foodborne pathogens, investigating foodborne outbreaks, and understanding the virulence properties of particular lineages or strains. This chapter provides an overview of the molecular subtyping methods most commonly employed, in particular focusing on those methods providing fast and high-throughput analysis of strains. The methods include pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis, DNA microarrays, and mass spectrometry. The heterogeneity that is targeted in the methods falls into three general categories. First, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single-base changes in one sequence in comparison to another, related sequence. SNPs typically arise through sporadic mutation, so they represent a means of measuring random genetic drift. A large number of SNPs between two sequences may indicate a more distant genetic relationship. Second, some regions of the genome are more likely to change than others; they provide a means of differentiating closely related strains. Examples include variable number tandem repeats and highly polymorphic genes such as some surface structure and virulence genes. Finally, the presence/absence of specific loci can be found in both distantly and closely related strains. The presence of additional sequences in a strain can result from the insertion of a bacteriophage in the chromosome, acquisition of a plasmid, or other horizontal transfer events.


We discuss the phase behaviour of spherical hard-core particles, with an attractive potential, as described by a hard-core Yukawa model. The ratio of the range of the attraction to the diameter of the particles is an important control parameter of the problem. Upon decreasing the range of the attraction, the phase diagram changes quite signi%cantly, with the liquid–gas transition becoming metastable, and the crystal being in equilibrium with the :uid, with no intervening liquid. We also study the glass transition lines and, crucially, %nd that the situation, being very simple for pure repulsive potentials, becomes much richer in competition between glass and crystal phases for short-range attractions. Also a transition between attractive and repulsive glass appears somewhat in analogy with the isostructural equilibrium transition between two crystals. c © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


The recently released Special Operations Executive (SOE) personal file of Major Hugh Bertie Campbell Pollard (HS 9/1200/5) sheds new light on the man who helped fly General Franco from the Canary Islands to Morocco, leading ultimately to the overthrow of the democratically elected republican government and thirty-six years of brutal dictatorship. Contrary to the previous portrayal of Pollard, a genial, rough-and-ready gung-ho 'adventurer' who flew the future Caudillo to Morocco on a whim, the files reveal Pollard to have been an experienced British intelligence officer, talented linguist, and firearms expert with considerable firsthand experience of wars and revolutions in Mexico, Morocco, and Ireland, where he had served as a police adviser in Dublin Castle during the 'stormy days' of the Black and Tans in the early 1920s. Pollard, who listed his hobbies in Who's Who as 'hunting and shooting', was the sporting editor of Country Life and a member of Lord Leconfield's hunt. He was also a renowned and passionate firearms expert having written numerous books on the subject including the section on 'small arms' for the official war office textbook. His friend Douglas Jerrold, who himself later served in British intelligence, recalled that Pollard 'looked and behaved, like a German Crown Prince and had a habit of letting off revolvers in any office he happened to visit'. Once Jerrold plucked up the courage to ask Pollard if he had ever killed anybody.


PURPOSE
Mutations in the NDP gene impair angiogenesis in the eyes of patients diagnosed with a type of blindness belonging to the group of exudative vitreoretinopathies. This study was conducted to investigate the differential gene expression caused by the absence of Norrin (the NDP protein) in the developing mouse retina and to elucidate early pathogenic events.

METHODS
A comparative gene expression analysis was performed on postnatal day (p)7 retinas from a knockout mouse model for Norrie disease using gene microarrays. Subsequently, results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the vascular permeability marker plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (Plvap).

RESULTS
Our study identified expression differences in Ndph(y/-) versus wild-type mice retinas at p7. Gene transcription of the neutral amino acid transporter Slc38a5, apolipoprotein D (ApoD), and angiotensin II receptor-like 1 (Agtrl1) was decreased in the knockout mouse, whereas transcript levels of adrenomedullin (Adm) and of the plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (Plvap) were increased in comparison to the wild-type. In addition, ectopic expression of Plvap was found in the developing retinal vasculature of Norrin-knockout mice on the protein level.

CONCLUSIONS
These data provide molecular evidence for a role of Norrin in the development of the retinal vasculature. Expression of two genes, Plvap and Slc38a5, is considerably altered in retinal development of Norrin-knockout mice and may reflect or contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In particular, ectopic expression of Plvap is consistent with hallmark disease symptoms in mice and humans.


To better understand dimensions of text complexity and their effect on the comprehension of adolescents, 103 high school seniors were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Each group read versions of the same 2 informational passages and answered comprehension test items targeting factual recall and inferences of causal content. Group A passages had a challenging readability level and high cohesion; Group B passages had an easier readability and low cohesion; Group C passages had a challenging readability level and low cohesion; and Group D passages had an easier readability and high cohesion. Students in Group D significantly outperformed students in Group C (g = 0.78). Although the effect sizes of comparisons among all groups ranged from g = 0.13 to 0.73, no other comparisons were statistically significant. Results indicate that adolescents' reading comprehension is dually influenced by a text's readability and cohesion. Implications for matching readers to instructional text are discussed.


This study sought to determine if individuals with high-normal blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure of 85-89 mm Hg) progress to hypertension more frequently than those with normal blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure less than 85 mm Hg), thus advancing to a higher cardiovascular risk category. Individuals from the Framingham Heart Study were placed in normal and high-normal blood pressure categories and followed for 26 years for the development of hypertension. With hypertension defined as a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mm Hg or greater or the initiation of antihypertensive therapy, 23.6% of men and 36.2% of women with normal blood pressure developed hypertension compared with 54.2% of men and 60.6% of women with high-normal blood pressure. The relative risk for the development of hypertension associated with high-normal blood pressure was 2.25 for men (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-2.8; p less than 0.0001) and 1.89 for women (95% CI, 1.5-2.3; p less than 0.0001). The age-adjusted relative risks estimated by the proportional hazards model were 3.36 for men and 3.37 for women (p less than 0.001). Among those risk factors examined, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Metropolitan relative weight, and change in weight over time were significant predictors of future hypertension in men and women whose initial blood pressure was normal. For men with high-normal blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and change in weight were identified as risk factors for future hypertension. These results indicate that the probability of individuals with blood pressure in the high-normal range developing hypertension is twofold to threefold higher than in those with normal blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Meditation is associated with positive health behaviors and improved cognitive control. One mechanism for the relationship between meditation and cognitive control is changes in activity of the anterior cingulate cortex-mediated neural pathways. The error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) components of the scalp-recorded event-related potential (ERP) represent cingulate-mediated functions of performance monitoring that may be modulated by mindfulness meditation. We utilized a flanker task, an experimental design, and a brief mindfulness intervention in a sample of 55 healthy non-meditators (n = 28 randomly assigned to the mindfulness group and n = 27 randomly assigned to the control group) to examine autonomic nervous system functions as measured by blood pressure and indices of cognitive control as measured by response times, error rates, post-error slowing, and the ERN and Pe components of the ERP. Systolic blood pressure significantly differentiated groups following the mindfulness intervention and following the flanker task. There were non-significant differences between the mindfulness and control groups for response times, post-error slowing, and error rates on the flanker task. Amplitude and latency of the ERN did not differ between groups; however, amplitude of the Pe was significantly smaller in individuals in the mindfulness group than in the control group. Findings suggest that a brief mindfulness intervention is associated with reduced autonomic arousal and decreased amplitude of the Pe, an ERP associated with error awareness, attention, and motivational salience, but does not alter amplitude of the ERN or behavioral performance. Implications for brief mindfulness interventions and state vs. trait affect theories of the ERN are discussed. Future research examining graded levels of mindfulness and tracking error awareness will clarify relationship between mindfulness and performance monitoring.


Modern data processing tasks frequently involve structured data, for example signals defined on the vertex set of a weighted graph. In this paper, we address the problem of inference of mobility patterns from data defined on geographical graphs based on spatially localized events. Specifically, we propose a model-based approach where we build a signal model for each of the expected mobility patterns. We then analyze the characteristics of the signal models by studying their spectral representations using wavelets defined on graphs, which enables us to build efficient classifier in the spectral domain. Experiments on data gathered from photo-taking events in Flickr show that we can efficiently infer mobility patterns using only coarse aggregated information, which is certainly interesting in terms of privacy protection.


Estimating population abundance of large mammals generally requires substantial time and effort, and low-investment alternatives are needed. We present a novel application of a capture-mark-recapture (CMR) method, using vocalization frequency to estimate the size of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations. The technique involves walking along fixed transects to disturb all animals present on a study plot, potentially provoking a vocal response. Those animals heard to vocalize (whether observed or not) are then considered the total number of 'marked' individuals in the population. The proportion of 'marked' individuals in the population is estimated from the proportion of animals that vocalize in the subsample of individuals observed (the vocalization frequency). Population size is estimated by dividing the number of marked individuals by the vocalization frequency, correcting for bias, which is directly analogous to the Lincoln-Petersen (L-P) estimate for CMR. We used this method to estimate population size for roe deer inhabiting a 150-ha forest plot for 8 separate surveys, and we used the L-P estimator to compare our estimates to mark-resight estimates. We estimated deer density as 23.45±7.80 deer/100 ha by CMR and 19.87 ± 7.92 deer/100 ha by the vocalization frequency (VF) method (x¯ ± SE). If the assumptions are met, this method provides estimates of absolute population size at low cost and with little material investment, because physical capture and marking of animals is not necessary. Further research is required to validate the assumption that visually observed animals have the same probability of vocalizing as those disturbed but not seen.


the firecracker and the boisterousness of the average glorious Fourth, Is the aim of thls ably·wrltten volume. Everytblng related to eommuna! life Is here p_ted b1 a masterly hand, and 'the Inter·relation of all the segments of the body poUtic. TIle author clalIn8 that his book Is a "departure from tbe traditional methods of pre-sentlng the subject of civics to youJig people." Whether this claim can be substantiated or not, we '11'11\ not aay; but certainly It Is II most able and entertaining work, and cannot fall to be helpful to any Instructor or pupil . In tbls branch of education. It wae a happy thought to illustrate the work so prettily. In this day pictures talk.


Geometric squares, and rectangles (squares vertically elongated by 2%), were presented singly in a random sequence to three observers. By using the detectability-model parameter d′ as a measure, average discriminability was found to be 1.32. Two-, three-, and four-category response scales were shown to give equivalent discriminability data. Discriminability was not significantly affected by the inclusion of an extraneous stimulus (a square vertically elongated either 1% or 3%) interspersed randomly in the square-rectangle sequence without the observers' knowledge. The data were interpreted as a favorable empirical test of detectability-theory assumptions applied to a visual discrimination task.


Abd al Malik is an important public figure in contemporary France whose multifaceted art as a rapper, poet, novelist and filmmaker keeps urging the French nation to be more cohesive in the face of current challenges such as integration and terrorism. This article takes stock of the unequal distribution of wealth between different socio-geographical groups as a fundamental cause of postcolonial discontent and examines the polymorphic treatment of money as a topic in Abd al Malik's poetry, rap lyrics, as well as in connection with other genres such as autobiography and film. In a particular sociopolitical climate marked by an association between crime and immigration in Front National rhetoric, I analyse how Abd al Malik strives to de-essentialise the immigrant through a complete exposure of his own personal life, recounting in full detail his religious journey from superficial Christianity to radical Islam to Sufism—and his concomitantly evolving relationships with money. Additionally, this article aims at scrutinising the interesting paradox that, on the one hand, Abd al Malik's writings draw upon anti-capitalist thinkers and movements such as Alain Badiou and les indignes/OccupyWall Street, while on the other hand, he advocates in favour of adapting into the French context a form of philanthropy usually akin to a North American, capitalist model of society. I show how at the heart of this paradox lies the centrality of religion added to a firm belief in reconceptualised French values, which has led Abd al Malik to actively promote a form of spiritualite laique [secular spirituality] a la francaise.


There has been a considerable amount of interest in exploring blockchain technologies for enabling marketplaces of different kinds. In this work, we provide a blockchain implementation that enables an "AI marketplace": a platform where consumers and data providers can transact data and/or models and derive value. Preserving privacy and trust during these transactions is a paramount concern. As an enabling use case, we consider a transfer learning setting. In this setting, a consumer entity wants to acquire a large training set, from different private data providers, that matches a small validation dataset provided by the consumer. Data providers expect fair value for their contribution and the consumer also wants to maximize its benefit. We implement a distributed protocol on a blockchain that provides guarantees on privacy and consumer's benefit. We also demonstrate that our blockchain implementation plays a crucial role in addressing the issue of fair value attribution and privacy in a trustable way. We consider three different designs for a blockchain implementation that trades off trust requirements on different entities and the overhead in terms of time taken for completion of the task. The first design provides no trust guarantees. The second one guarantees trust with respect to other participants if the platform is trustworthy. The third one guarantees complete trust with no requirements. Our experiments show that the performance in the second and third cases, with partial/complete trust guarantees, degrade by roughly 2x and 5x respectively, compared to the baseline with no trust guarantees.


: The objective of this reseach was to evaluate the Low Profile Cross Ventilation (LPCV) system's microclimate in order to observe dairy cattle thermal comfort, by means of physiological indicators on different animal categories and working shifts. This project was conducted during fall in the State of São Paulo. For the microclimatic evaluation the air temperature, relative humidity and internal/external specific enthalpy were recorded by two dataloggers for 30 minutes intervals for 21 days. The physiological parameters (surface temperature, rectal temperature and respiratory frequency) were measured from 28 cows from different productive categories and working shifts. The experimental design was completely randomized in the 3x2 factorial scheme, including 9 repetitions. It was concluded that the Low Profile Cross Ventilation (LPCV) barn during fall showed efficiency for controlling the environment for the differents animal categories and work shifts studied, where all dairy cows were within the range of values for their thermal comfort.


Politicians try to distinguish themselves from others and, as a rule, devote a great deal of their time on 'brand'-building exercises. Some would go out of their way to attract attention and, for that reason, foster a relationship with the media. The Web 2.0 has enabled social media that not only changed the ways in which politicians' interact with the masses but also brought speed and scale to exposure in the public domain unparalleled before. This paper attends to three cartoons illustrating activities of President Jacob Zuma of South Africa. The cartoons are analysed for the presence of satire, and this analysis is then followed by a deliberation of the extended life gained by the three cartoons when they were transferred to social media such as Google, Google Trends, YouTube, Twitter and blogs. Social media now share the control over a message that are sent out and grant a satirical cartoon an unforeseen longer life. The extended life comes about because communities and individuals can now share, co-create, discuss and modify user-generated content in social media. Where political cartoons in printed media, as a rule, end up as waste, online political cartoons have the potential to live forever and ever—'ad infinitum'. The implication of the extended life of a political cartoon is that the image of a politician can be tarnished daily for 24 h online. Social media has become a powerful mechanism for the electorate to voice their concerns, and politicians such as President Zuma have little opportunities for recourse. The recent upheavals in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other countries are evidence of the role that the social media can play in fostering political support. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The bloody crackdown on intellectuals in Tiananmen Square on 3 and 4 June 1989 left a lasting impact on Chinese science. The years leading up to the Tiananmen protests had been ones of remarkable openness, with debates breaking out over the relationship between scientific development and political reform. In the repression that followed Tiananmen, dissident scientists were punished, and some fled China. Thousands of Chinese scientists who were overseas in 1989 never returned. While the Chinese government is now aggressively wooing back those scientists—including those who were involved in the protests—some say that the culture of Chinese science has shifted.


For years accountants have argued that nonattorney tax preparers' communications with their clients should be protected by the same privilege that applies to attorney-client communications. Accountants argue that without such privileged confidentiality, clients might be reluctant to disclose information that tax practitioners must have to properly prepare their clients' tax returns. Accountants also believe that to properly represent their clients in tax controversies, their accountant-client communications must be protected. Without such privilege, nonattorney tax practitioners are often hesitant to probe into areas that should be analyzed, because of their legitimate concerns that their accountant-client communications are not protected. On the other side of the debate, extending the attorney-client privilege to non-lawyers has generally been, and was recently opposed by the American Bar Association. During the summer of 1998, Congress ended this debate when it passed and President Clinton signed into law the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998. New Section 7525 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, extends the attorney-client privilege to CPAs and enrolled agents and actuaries in certain federal noncriminal tax matters for communications made after July 22, 1998. Specifically, the new accountant-client privilege extends to taxpayers confidentiality protection for "tax advice" given by CPAs and enrolled agents and actuaries in matters before the IRS or in cases before a federal court in which a federal tax is involved. While tax practitioners may have initially believed that they made significant strides in their quest for protection for their client communications, the new accountant-client privilege is limited and significantly narrower than the attorney-client privilege. This article explores and explains the privilege and its meaningful limitations.


In this study, we have investigated the human roughness perception of periodical textures on an electrostatic display by conducting psychophysical experiments with 10 subjects. To generate virtual textures, we used low frequency unipolar pulse waves in different waveform (sinusoidal, square, saw-tooth, triangle), and spacing. We modulated these waves with a 3kHz high frequency sinusoidal carrier signal to minimize perceptional differences due to the electrical filtering of human finger and eliminate low-frequency distortions. The subjects were asked to rate 40 different macro textures on a Likert scale of 1–7. We also collected the normal and tangential forces acting on the fingers of subjects during the experiment. The results of our user study showed that subjects perceived the square wave as the roughest while they perceived the other waveforms equally rough. The perceived roughness followed an inverted U-shaped curve as a function of groove width, but the peak point shifted to the left compared to the results of the earlier studies. Moreover, we found that the roughness perception of subjects is best correlated with the rate of change of the contact forces rather than themselves.


The Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) is a capability supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). NCRIS and 10 operators including Universities and government agencies have provided nearly $100M to develop the capability. It is a nationally distributed set of equipment that collectively will contribute to meeting the needs of marine research in both open oceans and coastal oceans around Australia. The overarching scientific rationale for IMOS is to support research on predicting the role of the oceans in the climate system and on understanding of the impacts of the East Australia Current and the Leeuwin Current on shelf-ecosystems. In particular, if sustained in the long term, IMOS will permit identification and management of climate change in the marine environment. The infrastructure also contributes to Australia's commitments to international programs of ocean observing and international conventions, such as the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention that established the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. IMOS is made up of nine national facilities that collect data, using different components of infrastructure and instruments, and two facilities that manage and provide access to data and enhanced data products, one that assembles remotely sensed satellite data and the electronic Marine Information Infrastructure that provides access to all IMOS data streams in a web-based, interoperable framework. The observing facilities include three for the open (Bluewater) ocean (Argo Australia, Enhanced Ships of Opportunity and Southern Ocean Time Series), three facilities for coastal currents and water properties (Moorings, Ocean Gliders and HF Radar) and three for coastal ecosystems (Acoustic Tagging and Tracking, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle and a biophysical sensor network on the Great Barrier Reef). Additional information on IMOS is available at the website (http://www.imos.org.au).


The main goal of this study is to analyze to what extent family members engage to resolve differences of opinion during everyday interactions at home. Our aim is to point out the relevance of the context in the analytical reconstruction of argumentation carried out by parents and children at dinnertime. Trough the examination of everyday interactions, we analyze qualitatively how argumentation shapes the communicative practices of Italian and Swiss family members and how it can foster a critical attitude in their processes of decision-making. We integrate two theoretical and methodological approaches: the first one is the model of the critical discussion, derived from the pragma-dialectical perspective. It represents an ideal argumentative discussion against which real-life interaction can be analytically reconstructed and evaluated. The second one is the conversational and discursive approach that aims at identifying the sequential patterns of discourse produced by participants. The present study shows that within the setting of dinnertime conversations pragma-dialectical and conversational analyses are powerful tools to understand how argumentation fosters a critical attitude in the process of decision-making and of the building of consent. The results open a space of investigation about the management of family debates in different contexts, taking into account a double perspective on argumentation.


Disappointing job creation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), despite improved economic growth, is drawing greater attention to the labor market. Recent research has highlighted the paucity of formal employment and large disparities between formal and informal sector incomes. Formal private sector wage employment has grown too slowly to offset declines in public sector employment and to keep up with labor force growth, so employment remains overwhelmingly informal, with very low wages, no benefits or job security, and hazardous working conditions. The question arises as to whether labor market regulations play a role in limiting formal sector employment creation. We combine quantitative and qualitative assessments of labor-market regulations in SSA, and compare them to countries in other regions, particularly Asia, using indicators of labor market restrictions around the world, and conducting case studies of selected countries. We carried out an in-depth study of Senegal based on interviews and original data collection, and less detailed studies of Ethiopia and Ghana in SSA and Bangladesh and China in Asia. Our main conclusion is that labor market regulations are a less important obstacle than lack of infrastructure and general weaknesses in the business climate, but do contribute to holding back formal employment growth in Senegal and other SSA countries.


Recently Niall Ferguson has begun a major assessment of the diplomatic career of Henry Kissinger. In his first volume of Kissinger (2015) Ferguson claims to have exploded the myth of Kissinger as the arch "realist" of American foreign policy. Ferguson puts this claim starkly when he asserts: "the young Kissinger was indeed an idealist." (Ferguson, K, 32) This claim serves to breath more life into the ongoing debate between the proponents of the so-called "realist" and the "idealist" perspectives in international relations. This essay will offer a perspective on this debate by using Henry Kissinger's conception of foreign policy as a case study. If any American is widely supposed to embody the realist perspective it is Henry Kissinger who was indirectly and directly involved in the formulation of American foreign policy from the very beginning of the Cold War right through to the end of the Vietnam War and into the present. The essay will begin by citing the statements that Kissinger made that, in Ferguson's opinion, reveal Kissinger's idealist conception of American foreign policy. The essay will then delve into Kissinger's book Diplomacy (1994), and his American Foreign Policy (1974) in an effort to attempt to understand the intricacies of Kissinger's conception of the relationship between idealist morality and realist strategy.


In the area of hydraulic power generation, there is a great deal of interest in two interdependent domains: operation and maintenance. This interdependence is usually simplified, or even ignored, to tackle the issue raised by the difference in planning horizons scales in each of these domains, causing conservative planning for the maintenance and missed opportunities in operation. This paper presents a new model for the simulation of the operation of a complex system that is a hydraulic power-generating grid, over an arbitrary long horizon, with a small step, in a reasonable time through a sequential resolution of the hourly operational plan of the system. The model is used to assess the influence of operation decisions (in this case, the start-up order of generating units) on the reliability of components through uptime, start-ups number and mode of operation over a medium horizon. A preliminary case study is presented using a standard operation strategy and its counterpart to validate the approach.


Three-dimensional density distributions of an impinging and eccentric flame have been analyzed numerically and experimentally by a combined optical system with a digital speckle tomography. The flame has been ignited by premixed butane/air from air holes and impinged vertically against a plate located at the upper side of the burner nozzle. In order to compare with experimental data, computer synthesized phantoms of impinging and eccentric flames have been derived and reconstructed by a developed three-dimensional multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART). A new scanning technique has been developed for the analysis of speckle displacements to investigate wall jet regions of the impinging flame including sharp variation of the flow direction and pressure gradient. The reconstructed temperatures by the digital speckle tomography have been compared with a temperature photography by an infrared camera and results of a numerical analysis using a finite element method.


The massive binary system Eta Carinae and the surrounding HII complex, the Carina Nebula, are potential particle acceleration sites from which very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) \gamma-ray emission could be expected. This paper presents data collected during VHE \gamma-ray observations with the H.E.S.S. telescope array from 2004 to 2010, which cover a full orbit of Eta Carinae. In the 33.1-hour data set no hint of significant \gamma-ray emission from Eta Carinae has been found and an upper limit on the \gamma-ray flux of 7.7 x 10-13 ph cm-2 s-1 (99% confidence level) is derived above the energy threshold of 470 GeV. Together with the detection of high-energy (HE; 0.1 GeV > E > 100 GeV) \gamma-ray emission by the Fermi-LAT up to 100 GeV, and assuming a continuation of the average HE spectral index into the VHE domain, these results imply a cut-off in the \gamma-ray spectrum between the HE and VHE \gamma-ray range. This could be caused either by a cut-off in the accelerated particle distribution or by severe \gamma-\gamma\ absorption losses in the wind collision region. Furthermore, the search for extended \gamma-ray emission from the Carina Nebula resulted in an upper limit on the \gamma-ray flux of 4.2 x 10-12 ph cm-2 s-1 (99% confidence level). The derived upper limit of ~23 on the cosmic-ray enhancement factor is compared with results found for the old-age mixed-morphology supernova remnant W 28.