The current study investigates the degree to which various parties perceive the Court
for Sexual Offences in Bloemfontein to be making good on its commitment to reduce
secondary victimization and provide improved justice for the victims of sexual
offences. The article provides a general overview of the socio-political context in
which the court was established and continues to function. The perceptions of the
victims of sexual offences, their family members and various professionals involved
with the court are then elicited in order to evaluate its functioning. The court was
found to be successful in reducing secondary victimization and providing improved
justice for those affected by sex crimes. However, a shortcoming was identified with
regard to the system's ability to deal effectively with the victims following the
conclusion of their trials. Directions for further research in this area are also explored.


Chronic malnutrition has been consistently high in Kilifi District, Kenya, despite efforts to improve nutrition. This report presents an alternative approach to nutrition planning in Kilifi District, taking into account the multidimensional and multidisciplinary nature of nutrition. This approach incorporates the following processes: intersectoral collaboration and a participatory approach to solving nutritional problems; use of existing structures to implement food security and nutrition surveillance to provide information for district nutrition planning.


Recent historical scholarship has demonstrated that the practice of self-representation at common law was developed and promoted not to secure a valued right to the accused but rather to compromise the defendant's ability to present an effective defense - by denying him an effective right to be represented by counsel. The Supreme Court in Faretta v. California stood this history on its head in order to read into the Sixth Amendment an implied right to self-representation equal to the now preeminent right to counsel. The Faretta doctrine was carelessly adopted yet has been resolutely defended by the Supreme Court, to the almost universal chagrin of those most directly affected by its commands. The recent Supreme Court case of Indiana v. Edwards is only a modest retreat from the pointless imposition on the lower courts of a structurally and normatively incompatible right within the context of the contemporary counsel-driven system of criminal justice.A putative right to self-representation silently entered international law via a back door at Nuremberg as a result of that tribunal's near-wholesale adoption of the apparent rights and protocols of the common law adversarial system. It was subsequently adopted in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as one of the standard "rights of the accused" but never actually put into effect in international law until the creation of the various war crimes tribunals of the last two decades. The right to self-representation has almost immediately replicated its experience in American law by creating a shameful series of disreputable prosecutions. It has become another example of a feature of the adversarial system, like that of the lay jury, which does not travel well - or at all - to the international arena. The structural and normative groundings of the international system make the right even more inapposite there than it now is in the common law system. This article calls on the International Criminal Court, the new standard-bearer of international criminal justice, to take advantage of the upcoming seven-year review of its rules and procedures to strike from its Articles a practice that has been reduced to little more than a perverse right of spectacle


Aim/Purpose: This article aims at the critical present: to serve a constructive purpose in the current COVID-19 crisis by presenting practice driven pedagogical strategies for online learning and teaching. It acknowledges the multitude of challenges faced by educators through the delivery of online instructional strategies for schools.

Background: The development of information technology enables online learning and blended learning to be increasingly popular in extending students' learning opportunities. Technology-enabled learning approaches make students' learning more flexible and personalized. In Hong Kong, one of the first few cities where the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak was first reported, school classes have been suspended since the end of Lunar New Year on February 3, 2020.

Methodology: This research used a qualitative method of multiple case analysis to explore how three educators from primary, secondary, and tertiary institutes employed various strategies to offer learning and teaching as usual. Naturalistic inquiry was used to observe, describe, and interpret the "lived experiences" of the three educators and the perceptions of stakeholders.

Contribution: Since early February 2020, school classes have been suspended amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, one of the first cities where the coronavirus outbreak was first reported. This timely article overviews effective practices with the use of online learning technologies to support academia from around the world to achieve teaching and learning in an online environment.

Findings: Results indicate that meaningful cognitive activities rely on teachers' leading role to build a blended approach that combines the advantages of asynchronous and synchronous methods in order to facilitate social interaction among students. Furthermore, our research has revealed that educators are likely to perceive three non-teaching challenges on a rapid blended transition of the learning – digital divide, data privacy, and professional leadership.

Recommendations for Practitioners: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the learning of a generation of students and driven a sudden shift to online learning. Our case study recommends a blended model of asynchronous and synchronous learning as an effective pedagogy that allows learners flexibility, autonomy, and opportunities for learners to socialize with each other, which can be applied at any education level.

Impact on Society: Technological advancements have made online classes possible, but how feasible is it to believe that a near overnight transition can lead to effective learning and teaching? The current article strongly acknowledges the multitude of barriers that stand in the way of feasibility, capacity building. and delivery of inclusive online instruction for today's school districts, administrators, curriculum and technology directors, teachers, parents, and students.

Future Research: In an effort to generate new knowledge within the challenges of the current pandemic, further studies are suggested to examine the longitudinal impact of these blended approaches, the digital divide, inclusive and accessible learning opportunities of vulnerable groups, and psycho-social support for students towards their academic and social development.


We propose a unified approach for bottom-up hierarchical image segmentation and object candidate generation for recognition, called Multiscale Combinatorial Grouping (MCG). For this purpose, we first develop a fast normalized cuts algorithm. We then propose a high-performance hierarchical segmenter that makes effective use of multiscale information. Finally, we propose a grouping strategy that combines our multiscale regions into highly-accurate object candidates by exploring efficiently their combinatorial space. We conduct extensive experiments on both the BSDS500 and on the PASCAL 2012 segmentation datasets, showing that MCG produces state-of-the-art contours, hierarchical regions and object candidates.


Calle 100 landfill receives 75% of the solid waste of Havana. In this work, the physical-chemical and microbiological evaluation and the treatment of its leachates was carried out. The study of the elimination of pollutants was carried out at laboratory scale. The characterisation showed an important content in organic substances of high molecular weight, fulvic and humic acids that have a toxic character. The use of anaerobic filter at low organic charge (3 kg/m3.day) allows fulfilling the Cuban discharge guideline, but at high organic charge the filter is unable to eliminate the organic pollution. In the case of the use of ozone, there was an increase of the biodegradability because BOD5/COD ratio increases from 0.30 up to 0.45; ozonation also allows a material solubilisation process. The best results were obtained when advanced primary treatment followed by ozonation and anaerobic filter was used. This treatment scheme allows a reduction of 60% in turbidity, colour, optical density at 254 nm and chemical oxygen demand and a decrease higher than 99.99% for coliforms. The economic estimate shows a cost of 1.4 USD/m3.


This paper explains the mipfp package for R with the core functionality of updating an d-dimensional array with respect to given target marginal distributions, which in turn can be multi-dimensional. The implemented methods include the iterative proportional fitting procedure (IPFP), the maximum likelihood method, the minimum chi-square and least squares procedures. The package also provides an application of the IPFP to simulate data from a multivariate Bernoulli distribution. The functionalities of the package are illustrated through two practical examples: the update of a 3-dimensional contingency table to match the targets for a synthetic population and the estimation and simulation of the joint distribution of the binary attribute impaired pulmonary function as used by Qaqish, Zink, and Preisser (2012).


Although antitrust always evolved with the economics of its time, economic analysis was not central to the antitrust enterprise until Continental T.V. Inc. v. GTE Sylvania. In doing so, the Court abandoned the multiple goals of the prior era to embrace a singular economic goal. With a singular goal, antitrust had become revolutionary. How to measure the antitrust revolution has been difficult. In this article, we focus on published case law, which provides a broad set of observations that includes government enforcement actions and private antitrust suits. We use the Caselaw Access Project database and its associated "Historical Trends" tool to track the usage of certain words and phrases in judicial opinions. This article is the first to measure antitrust terms in court cases that combine big data with data visualization techniques to better understand, based on the usage of common antitrust terms, the impact economics has had on decided cases.


In "Ethnic American Literature: Comparing Chicano, Jewish, and African American Writing", Dean J. Franco offers a comparative approach to ethnic literature that begins by accounting for the intrinsic historical, geographical, and political contingencies of different American cultures. These contingencies, he argues, dictate critical perspectives that are ultimately ethical and that establish the terms for the study of ethnic literature in the first place. Franco looks at a range of writing, from novels by Philip Roth, Cynthia Ozick, Toni Morrison, and Alejandro Morales, to literature and criticism by Tony Kushner, Cherrie Moraga, and Jose Limon, among others. While the early chapters focus specifically on what mourning means in these different cultural contexts in the representation of and response to trauma and loss, the later ones critically examine metaphors of the borderlands, diaspora, and nationalism. Proposing a method that both accounts for what is common in ethnic literary cultures and describes what is at stake in understanding their differences, the author extends current discussions of identity politics, race theory, trauma studies, and multiculturalism into a praxis of comparative ethnic literary criticism that is rooted in an ethics of respect.


Airborne LiDAR surveys produce high-resolution, very accurate surface elevation models which are used for many applications in surveying and civil engineering, as well as for flood prevention and mitigation, monitoring coastal erosion and land subsidence, etc. The key to producing high quality elevation products is very precise geolocation and orientation (or "georeferencing") of the LiDAR instrument at the times when the measurements are made, obtained with a combination of on-board GNSS and inertial sensors. The usual practice is to deploy reference GPS/GNSS land receivers in the area where the aircraft will be flying, and to obtain a precise trajectory by means of the short-baseline differential GNSS technique. This could mean installing and operating receivers at many sites during a flight mission if the area surveyed is a large one.
In this paper, an example of an alternative approach will be presented: using as reference receivers those of a sparse network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in New South Wales known as CORSnet-NSW, and a wide-area GNSS technique for obtaining the aircraft trajectory with sub-decimetre accuracy even with baseline lengths of several hundred kilometres. This may be comparable in precision and accuracy to the short-baseline method, but without the cost and logistical complications of having to deploy and operate one's own reference receivers during a mapping mission. This opens up a new level of operational capability allowing flexibility for weather conditions and priority response applications. The paper will be illustrated with the results of tests organised and conducted by the NSW Government's Land and Property Management Authority, in collaboration with the University of New South Wales, in June 2009.


To improve software reliability, software defect prediction is utilized to assist developers in finding potential bugs and allocating their testing efforts. Traditional defect prediction studies mainly focus on designing hand-crafted features, which are input into machine learning classifiers to identify defective code. However, these hand-crafted features often fail to capture the semantic and structural information of programs. Such information is important in modeling program functionality and can lead to more accurate defect prediction.In this paper, we propose a framework called Defect Prediction via Convolutional Neural Network (DP-CNN), which leverages deep learning for effective feature generation. Specifically, based on the programs' Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs), we first extract token vectors, which are then encoded as numerical vectors via mapping and word embedding. We feed the numerical vectors into Convolutional Neural Network to automatically learn semantic and structural features of programs. After that, we combine the learned features with traditional hand-crafted features, for accurate software defect prediction. We evaluate our method on seven open source projects in terms of F-measure in defect prediction. The experimental results show that in average, DP-CNN improves the state-of-the-art method by 12%.


Throughout the ages, people have turned to the Bible for guidance and hope. This Bible study book serves as a road map for the beginner to develop an appreciation of the Bible and make it a part of their daily living. All 66 books of the Bible are covered in detail, including: • Author of each book and the time frame in which it was written • Key themes for each book • Summary of the message in each book • A devotion for contemplation and further exploration Immerse yourself in the stories, prophecies, and messages of the Bible and discover anew the awe-inspiring force, mercy, and healing power of God and Jesus Christ. Graceful and inspiring, Bible Study for Beginners brings the reader back to the basics and opens the way to a direct relationship with the living Word of God.


Undergraduate students who seek a bachelor degree in Dutch universities of applied sciences are supposed to learn also research skills so that they can provide innovative solutions to real problems of the society and businesses in their future careers. Current education and textbooks on research skills are not tuned well to software engineering disciplines. This paper describes our vision about the scope and model of the research suitable for software engineering disciplines in Dutch universities of applied sciences. Based on literature study we identify a number of research models that are commonly used in computer science. Through reviewing a number of graduation reports in our university, we further identify which of the research models are most suitable for the (graduation) projects of software engineering disciplines and also investigate their shortcomings with respect to the desired research skills. Our study reveals that the approach of most graduation works is close to the implementation-based (also called build-based or proof by example based) research model. In order to be considered as a realization of sound applied research, however, most of theses graduation works need to be improved on a number of aspects such as problem context definition, system/prototype evaluation, and critical literature study.


Organizational neuroscience continues to flourish in organizational behavior and management studies as indicated by the growing number of publications. However, with a few exceptions, substantive critiques of organizational neuroscience are conspicuous by their absence. In this point–counterpoint article, we aim to redress this imbalance. We do so by asking two significant yet neglected questions: (i) how strong is the science behind this domain, and (ii) why are we doing this type of research (the so what? question)? Our analysis shows that the science behind organizational neuroscience is far less rigorous than currently advocated (due to low statistical power of some neuroimaging studies plus an inability to locate mental phenomena precisely in the brain). In terms of the so what? question, we encourage researchers to move away from general statements and become more specific about the phenomena they research. We contend that the practical implications of this research, as well as inferences of the link to behavioral changes, are currently overstated. We also underscore the importance for these studies to become contextually sensitive in order for the researchers to capture important events in the workplace. Finally, we offer some suggestions for future research.


In her 1993 Nobel Lecture, the Black American novelist, Toni Morrison,
described how dominant narratives work to 'sanction ignorance and preserve
privilege'. 'Like a suit of armour, polished to shocking glitter, a husk from which
a knight departed long ago', such narratives 'excite reverence' while summoning
'false memories of stability, harmony among the public'. Reading recent surveys
(Haggis, 2009; Tight, 2008, 2013) of my field of research - higher education
(HE) - I cannot help but recall Morrison's words. Since its birth as a
new hub of inquiry some four decades ago, HE has defined itself through one
dominant (positivist) narrative. Seemingly intent on creating 'false memories' of
legitimacy, it has 'shored up certainties' (Haggis, 2009) by relying on a narrow
range of well-worn theories and methods. For researchers with an interpretivist
bent, HE has been an 'unhomely' field indeed (Manathunga, 2006). The terrible
irony is that in this field, we all confront messy, 'wicked', ill-defined problems
(Trawler, 2010), problems of students' learning, academic development, knowledge
and curriculum and institutional change within universities, problems that
have grown all the more messy in our 'turbulent epoch of globalisation' (Trahar,
2013a, p.301), problems that call on us not so much to know more, but to 'know
differently' (Shay et al., 2009, p. 373). Narrative research can help us 'know differently' by 'illuminating how individual
identities are connected, inextricably, with the social, cultural and historical
landscapes' of universities (Trahar, 2013a, p. 302). Yet until very recently, narrative
has been one of the most marginalised memodologies in HE. Now it seems,
narrative, along with other interpretivist memodologies, is coming in from me
cold. In recent years mere have been a number of special issues of HE journals,
which are fostering critical conversations about 'what we know and how we come
to know' (Shay et al., 2009, authors' emphasis). In this chapter I aim to provide a
critical account of the place of narrative in me story of HE research, from its marginalised
beginnings to its recent emergence as a methodology of interest. Taking
snippets from my own research about/with academics crossing cultural and disciplinary
boundaries, I hope to reveal some of the richness narrative research can
bring to our understanding of problems that confront us. I also hope to explore
some of the barriers narrative researchers have experienced, and still experience, in
HE, before finishing with some thoughts about how we might sustain narrative
research and narrative researchers in my still 'unhomely' field. By criss-crossing
between personal stories (my own and others') and the discursive and material
conditions which shape our lives, I hope to reveal some of the 'radical' potential
of narrative that Morrison also alluded to in her Nobel Lecture: the potential to
'creat[e] us at the very moment it is being created' (Morrison, 1993).


Feed intake was measured on 1433 Angus, Simmental and composite SimmentalAngus bulls at the Auburn University Beef Evaluation Center (AUBEC) from 1977 to 2007. All bulls were housed at the AUBEC for a minimum of 70 days. Bulls were trained to individual Calan Gates® within 21 days of arriving. All bulls were consigned by individual Alabama producers. Bulls were measured for weight and height either biweekly or monthly depending on year. SC and ultrasound measurements for carcass traits were taken at yearling age (330 to 400 days). Feed intake and carcass trait data from 760 Angus and Simmental-composite steers were acquired courtesy of the American Simmental Association's (ASA) Carcass Merit Project. Residual feed intake (RFI) was determined by regressing metabolic mid-weight and ADG on intake by year of test for bulls and by contemporary group for steers. High percentage Angus bulls consumed more DM per day, had higher FCR and RFI than purebred Angus, halfbloods, high percentage Simmental and Simmental bulls. Angus steers consumed more DM per day had higher FCR and RFI than high percentage Angus steers and halfbloods. Heritability was estimated for RFI using MTDFREML in bulls (0.42±0.05) and in steers (0.20±0.05). Genetic correlations between steer and bull RFI ranged from -0.18 to 0.33 depending on covariate. Bulls and steers classified as low RFI consumed less DM per day and had more favorable FCR than medium and high RFI animals. Results indicate RFI is a moderately heritable trait and improvements within feed intake and FCR should be achievable when selection is made with RFI. However, selection of bulls based on their RFI in an attempt


Regional scale application of water and solute transport models is often limited by the lack of available data describing soil hydraulic properties and their variability. Direct measurement over large areas is expensive and time consuming. Physico-empirical models derived from soil survey data are therefore an attractive alternative. If the Marshall method of estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity is simplified to depend primarily on the maximum pore radius, given by the bubbling pressure, then it is equivalent to the Campbell model of saturated hydraulic conductivity which relies entirely on an estimate of the bubbling pressure obtained from particle size data. We apply this simplified physico-empirical model to estimate the 'matrix', or textural saturated hydraulic conductivity, K m, using estimates of the bubbling pressure derived entirely from clay content data that are readily available in soil surveys. Model estimates are compared with in situ measurements on surface soils obtained using a disc permeameter with a negative pressure head at the supply surface of 40 mm. Results appear to be satisfactory for broad-scale water balance and leaching risk models that require specification of a matching point for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function and for modelling applications requiring generalised application of results from experimental sites.


Limited interspecific introgression has been achieved in the breeding of the two primary cultivated species of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.). Genetic diversity of 16 near-homozygous elite cotton genotypes derived from interspecific hybridization was investigated at the DNA level with the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) procedure and at the phenotypic level with stable and highly heritable morphological characters. Eighty random decamer primers were used to amplify DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 135 RAPDs were generated. Nineteen morphological traits were measured on the genotypes in field experiments in 1992 and 1993. Morphological characters were chosen that easily distinguish typical G. hirsutum (upland cotton) from G. barbadense (Pima cotton). Dendrograms were generated for genetic distance from the RAPDs and average taxonomic distance from the morphological data. Both procedures produced two clusters with one resembling G. hirsutum and one G. barbadense. Classification of all genotypes based on the two methods gave similar results with a correlation of 0.63 between the genetic distance and taxonomic distance. Several genotypes were identified that were genetically and phenotypically distant from typical G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. The level of polymorphism exhibited by these genotypes could be exploited in genetic mapping populations to tag economically important traits, such as fiber quality. These genotypes also could serve as a germplasm source of unique alleles in G. hirsutum that are derived from G. barbadense. This experiment demonstrates for the first time that RAPD analysis can reliably determine genetic relationships within a diverse array of Gossypium germplasm.


Abstract The present paper describes an interdisciplinary effort, in which results based on the same material, but analyzed with tools from two different disciplines are brought together for mutual evaluation. The set of 70 jokes and cartoons from the 3 WD (Ruch 1995), which has been extensively studied psychologically for its affective properties, is analyzed linguistically for its internal morphology based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor— GTVH (Attardo and Raskin 1991). The correlations between the stimulus properties and their effects are discussed, as well as the relevance of these results for the respective theories and the disciplines that use them. Additional emphasis is placed on highlighting the problems and considerable benefits of such interdisciplinary research as the most apt approach to complex phenomena like humor. The results show that there is indeed significant overlap between stimulus properties as they can be distinguished linguistically and affective responses as they can be identified psychologically. Of the six GTVH categories, it is primarily script opposition, narrative structure, target, and logical mechanism that contribute to the separation of the three humor types with respect to effects on recipients. The results also suggest that initial and residual incongruity, as operationalized with the GTVH, are central cognitive aspects of humor with an impact on affective factors and, consequently, their distinction. While this may appear to be commonsensical results, their scientific reproduction is a major step forward, in this case for humor research.


In this paper, we introduce an active photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from aqueous glycerol solution on nanoheterojunctions of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and Co3O4 at various Co3O4 loading (1∼4 wt.%).
 The Co3O4 nanoparticulates were efficiently spread on the exterior of exfoliated mesoporous g-C3N4 by means of ultrasonication-mixture method that allowed the formation of effective Co3O4/g-C3N4 heterojunctions
 that minimized high recombination of charges observed on bare g-C3N4. The formation of nanoheterojunctions amid Co3O4 and g-C3N4 was demonstrated by XPS and HRTEM. Moreover, their number and efficiency in separation of charges
 depended on Co3O4 loading (maximum efficiency at 3 mol% of Co3O4). The optimal Co3O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite demonstrated 22.5 and 33.7 times higher H2 production using visible light compared to
 the parent g-C3N4 and Co3O4 systems, respectively. The differences in photocatalytic action for the Co3O4/g-C3N4 composites was examined in terms of changes in their capacity to engross the light and to
 diminution the electron-hole recombination associated with different development of nanoheterojunctions in the composites.


Using Schumann's Eichendorff Liederkreis as the primary example, this book sheds new light on the structure of nineteenth century song cycles and on the Schumann's particular response to the problem of musical coherence in large scale works. Drawing on analysis, literary criticism, and source studies, this book argues for a new conception of the nineteenth-century song cycle. Rather than a unified whole, the cycle is seen as a fragmentary and open-ended form that enables Schumann to express the romantic themes of transcendence and ineffability in musical terms. THe book begins with a general discussion of the cycle as a genre. The heart of the book is a series of closely argued analyses of five of the Eichendorff songs, with particular attention on the relationship between text and music. Ferris concludes by setting the Liederkreis within the context of Schumann's other 1840 song cycles.


We present Hubble Space Telescope WFC3-IR imaging in the fields of six apparently bright dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at z = 2–4 identified by their rest-frame far-infrared colors using the Planck and Herschel space facilities. We detect near-infrared counterparts for all six submillimeter sources, allowing us to undertake strong-lensing analyses. One field in particular stands out for its prominent giant arcs, PLCK G165.7+67.0 (G165). After combining the color and morphological information, we identify 11 sets of image multiplicities in this one field. We construct a strong-lensing model constrained by this lensing evidence, which uncovers a bimodal spatial mass distribution, and from which we measure a mass of (2.6 ± 0.11) × 1014 M⊙ within ∼250 kpc. The bright (S350 ≈ 750 mJy) DSFG appears as two images: a giant arc with a spatial extent of that is merging with the critical curve, and a lower-magnification counterimage that is detected in our new longer-wavelength ground- and space-based imaging data. Using our ground-based spectroscopy, we calculate a dynamical mass of M⊙ to the same fixed radius, although this value may be inflated relative to the true value if the velocity distribution is enhanced in the line-of-sight direction. We suggest that the bimodal mass taken in combination with the weak X-ray flux and low SZ decrement may be explained as a pre-merger for which the intracluster gas is diluted along the line of sight, while the integrated surface mass density is supercritical to strong-lensing effects.


This article explored my interest in areas of practice where specialism meets the non-specialist, and works which seeks to push boundaries and challenge existing ideas but remain inclusive, using the Her Noise archive as a starting point. I highlight that one of the significant defining attributes of the Her Noise Archive is the broadness of interpretation as to what activities constitute sound art and experimental music, and its inclusive attitude as to where they might be found (in fine art contexts, contemporary and electronic musics, and popular music). The article goes on to explore notions of messy aesthetics, parallels between punk DIY and the avant garde, the plurivocal, and availablism. I use Kembra Pfhaler, Cosey Fanni Tutti, The Knife, Felicity Ford and Maria Chavez as case studies, as well as my own recent project Shit! I can DJ.

hernoise.org was launched in 2012 as an online platform dedicated to the Her Noise Archive. The archive of the Her Noise project, the exhibition curated by Electra in 2005 and acquired by CRiSAP (Creative Research in Sound Arts Practice) in 2010, is now part of the University of the Arts London Archives and Special Collections at the London College of Communication. The archive materials have been organised so that they may be researched by students, academics, artists, performers and interested visitors. An important aspect in the development of the original Her Noise Archive was the desire for the materials to form a living archive that will continue to grow. hernoise.org has been developed with this in mind as well as with the intention of increasing access to the materials in the archive and as a platform to further the original ambitions of the Her Noise project, to investigate music histories in relation to gender and to bring together a wide network of women artists who use sound as a medium. One way in which it hoped that these intentions may be achieved is through inviting guests to curate and share pathways through and beyond the Her Noise Archive with the network.


The main objective of this thesis was to increase the understanding of interlaminar toughening mechanisms in particle-toughened interlayers within carbon/epoxy laminates. High-resolution Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography (SRCT)and Synchrotron Radiation Computed Laminography (SRCL) allowed the crack tip micro-mechanisms to be observed in situ under Mode I and Mode II quasi-static loading conditions. Fracture toughness tests were undertaken to establish the ranking of the ten different material systems, which were compared in terms of the micro-mechanisms observed. Two different intermediate modulus fibres were investigated, with combinations of three different particle types dispersed within the interlayers. The work showed that interlaminar failure in the materials involves a complex process zone, rather than a singular crack tip. Three distinct crack wake bridging mechanisms were identified, namely; fibre-bridging, epoxy-bridging, and particle-bridging ligaments. It was determined that an interlaminar crack path provided a high Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness. The ligament-rich and tortuous crack path appeared to provide higher energy dissipation than the comparably smooth intralaminar failure at the ply interface and associated fibre-bridging mechanisms. Quantitatively, the work showed that a larger number of bridging ligaments in particle containing interlayers correlated to a higher Mode I fracture toughness. Provided that the particles in question could maintain an interlaminar crack path, the particle size and type had a less significant effect on the Mode II toughness. Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) was employed to quantify interlayer strains head of a Mode I crack, showing that the toughening particles can be used as effective markers to enable displacement tracking. A finite element (FE) model was used to explore key variables that were identified experimentally to have an effect on the crack path. The fibre interface strength, particle cohesive strength, density and distribution were shown to affect crack paths. The results implied that the role of the particles is to alleviate the stresses at the ply interface by de-bonding or fracturing internally, following which additional toughness may be generated via the formation of bridging ligaments as failure occurs within the interlayer. Overall, the work is intended to support material development and lead to better predictive capabilities for these materials that are increasingly used in primary aerospace structures.


It has previously been shown that efficient scanning techniques serve to enhance the performance of image compression schemes like vector quantization. However, work in this direction has mostly concentrated on using an alternate scanning technique based on space filling curves. Recently the authors defined the notion of a scan model that can be viewed as defining a connected scan of an image and gave algorithms to compute optimal scans for a variety of cost functions. Since an optimal scan varies from image to image, an encoding of the scan has to accompany an encoding of an image with respect to the scan. In most applications this turns out to be prohibitively expensive. By predictive scanning, the authors mean scanning an image along a prediction of the optimal scan. For multispectral images, an optimal scan of one band serves well as the prediction of the optimal scan for a spectrally adjacent band due to the presence of spectral correlations. In this paper the authors show how predictive scanning techniques can be used along with vector quantization to give an efficient compression technique for multispectral image data. The technique captures spectral as well as spatial correlations and hence performs significantly better than techniques that use spectrally adjacent blocks to form a vector that is subsequently quantized.<<ETX>>


This study explored whether ethnic membership was a core construct in the moral identity development of adolescents in Zulu child-headed households. A convenience sample of 60 participants (31 male and 29 female) were recruited for the study from a mixed urban and rural neighbourhood of a South African municipality. Data on the lived experience of the participants in relation to their ethnic identity were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, face to face interviews and field notes. The qualitative data were thematically analyzed and incorporated with quantitative data. In the analysis of the quantitative data, the participants' responses were analyzed in relation to traditional and modern Zulu norms using frequency tables. Results suggest that participants carried a blended identity combining traditional and modern self-images and that neither presented as a core construct for moral identity development, but that spirituality and a attitude of giving are identified aspects to be utilized in moral identity development.


This book is part of the authors' continuing research on quality of life issues in Singapore. It builds on past research into the values and lifestyles of Singaporeans and focuses on their well-being. In addition, the findings of the 2006 Asia Barometer Survey (for Singaporean respondents) are presented; revealing comprehensive insights into their values, lifestyles, priorities in life, worries, life satisfaction, quality of life, etc. Selective comparisons are also made with the other East Asian countries covered in the same survey, namely, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam.


This paper looks at the evolution of corporate balance sheets and investment over the past few years. (Lowe and Shuetrim (1992) also provide information on the evolution of corporate gearing in the 1980s. This paper focuses on the more recent experience of balance sheet restructuring and investment.) We find that many companies have significantly improved their balance sheets in this time. Leverage has been reduced, and this, coupled with lower nominal interest rates, has improved the interest cover and cash flows of the corporate sector. For many firms, the process of balance sheet repair has proceeded a long way so that the extent to which the financial position of firms will impinge on investment is much lower than it was a few years ago. However, in the short term, some focus on financial restructuring may remain given the extent of excess capacity in the economy and a shift in incentives away from debt financing. Looking further ahead, it appears that the rate of return to investing in capital is relatively high, at least when judged against the standards of earlier downturns. As the recovery picks up pace we should, therefore, see firms more inclined to expand their capital expenditure and less focused on financial restructuring.


Natalizumab dramatically reduces relapses in patients with active multiple sclerosis (MS), but it may induce progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).1 A rebound of MS or an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) were described after natalizumab withdrawal, even in the absence of PML.2,3 Very few data concerning the potential severity and the neuropathology of this event are available. We report the case of a 50-year-old patient with MS who developed a fulminating relapse 3 months after stopping natalizumab, leading to death despite intensive care and immunosuppressive therapy. Radiologic and neuropathologic findings provide interesting data regarding the nature of the rebound.


Abstract The actively water-cooled plasma facing components (PFCs) of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator consisting of the first wall protection and the divertor systems have a total surface area of about 265m2. The complex 3D geometry of the plasma and plasma vessel with 244 vessel ports dedicated to diagnostics, heating systems and water-cooling pipe-work together with the need to minimize the space taken and the significant heat loads expected on the components presents significant design and manufacturing challenges. The actively water-cooled divertor, made of 100 target modules, has an area of 19 m2. Each target module is formed from target elements made of CFC flat tiles bonded with the bi-layer technology to CuCrZr heat sinks. In total 16,000 tiles are bonded to the 890 target elements. A full-scale target module prototype has been manufactured to validate the design, the selected technological solutions and the inspection methods to be used in the serial module fabrication. About 30% of the target elements have been delivered and the production of the remaining elements should be completed by 2014. The fabrication of the components of the first wall protection, 320 stainless steel panels and 170 heat shields, is almost completed.


ZnO is promising material for the production of opto-electronic devices due to its wide direct band gap and high exciton binding energy. Addition of transition metals such as Fe offers a way to tune the intrinsic properties of ZnO to fit different applications such as optical sources, sensors and photoconductors. In this study, ZnO:Fe microrods were fabricted using low temperature hydrothermal method. The effect of Fe addition in the morphology, crystal structure and optical properties of ZnO were investigated. SEM images of the pure and ZnO:Fe microstructures show rod-like morphology. However, microrods with rough surfaces was seen with increasing Fe concentration. All peaks in the XRD spectra is indexed to the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. No impurity peaks and secondary phases were observed. No peak shift was also seen. Photoluminescence spectra of the samples showed the increase in the broad green emission with increasing Fe concentration, which suggest the incorporation of Fe in the ZnO lattice. However, further characterization is still need to confirm the incorporation of Fe in the ZnO lattice. Fe addition therefore only affects the morphology and emissions of ZnO.


An event-related brain potential (ERP) component called mismatch negativity (MMN) is elicited by physically deviant auditory stimuli presented among repetitive, "standard," stimuli. MMN reflects a mismatch process between sensory input from the deviant stimulus and a shortduration neuronal representation developed by the standard stimulus. The MMN amplitude is known to correlate with pitch-discrimination performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the MMN is different in absolute pitch (AP) possessors and nonpossessors. ERPs were recorded from AP and non-AP groups, which were matched with regard to musical training. It was found that deviant stimuli differing from standard tones by a quartertone or a semitone elicited an MMN irrespective of whether the stimulus was located on (white key/black key) or off the Western musical scale. These results were obtained with both sinusoidal and piano tones. The MMN was larger and earlier when the stimuli were piano tones than when they were sinusoidal tones and when the standard-deviant difference amounted to a semitone rather than a quartertone. However, differences between the groups were not found in auditory information processing reflected by the MMN component of the ERP. In the light of the earlier MMN results showing a close correlation between the MMN and pitch- discrimination accuracy, it might be concluded that pitch discrimination and identification are based on different brain mechanisms. In addition, the differences in the MMN amplitude and latency between sinusoidal and piano tones might be interpreted as suggesting that sensory memory traces, as reflected by the MMN, are capable of storing information of very complex sound structures also.


Convective cooling is a critical management strategy for maintaining an environment that promotes production efficiency, thermal comfort, and animal well-being in commercial broiler houses. Variations in house size, design, and equipment configuration contribute greatly to the air velocity distribution within the facility. This study assessed total airflow, air velocity distribution, and quantified the floor area in three facilities experiencing insufficient air velocity for maintenance of production efficiency, thermal comfort, and animal well-being. Test facility 1 was an 18.3 x 170.7 m solid side-wall broiler house, test facility 2 was a 15.24 x 144.8 m solid side-wall broiler house, and test facility 3 was a 12.19 x 121.9 m curtain side-wall broiler house. Total airflow of each facility, measured with a Fan Assessment and Numeration System, was 512,730, 389,495, and 329,270 m3 h-1 for test facilities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Air velocity distribution patterns were characterized in each house with a Scalable Environment Assessment System (SEAS) and spatial statistics. The air velocity distributions within the test facilities were variable, with notable maxima immediately downstream of the tunnel inlets, which serve as a well-defined vena contracta, and local minima near the leading end of the evaporative pads and the exhaust fans. Equipment within the facilities had an impact on the air velocity distribution by creating reduced cross-sectional areas that resulted in localized increases in air velocity. The percentage of total bird-level floor area in each facility experiencing air velocities below 1.5 m s-1 was 14.3%, 20.7%, and 10.0% for test facilities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The effective design velocity (Ved) was calculated from total airflow using the measured building cross-sectional area. The Ved measured 2.97, 2.45, and 2.34 m s-1 for test facilities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mean cross-sectional air velocity (Vcs) was calculated from SEAS data and normalized using each facility's Ved to account for differences in building size for comparison. Test facility 1, the largest of the three houses, generated substantially higher Vcs/Ved than test facilities 2 and 3. Test facilities 2 and 3 maintained a larger proportion of Vcs above Ved than test facility 1. Test facility 1 showed 26.5% of the total house length below Ved, while test facilities 2 and 3 had only 20.8% and 17.5%, respectively, of the total house length below Ved. The lower-velocity regions were due to the length of the evaporative cooling pad inlet and the use of tunnel doors, and the exhaust fan placement on the side-walls in test facility 1 created an additional pronounced low-velocity area. Placement of tunnel ventilation fans on the end-wall of the facility, rather than the side-wall, eliminated the low-velocity region at the exhaust end of the facility. Modifications to current practices for broiler production facility construction and evaporative cooling pad inlet installation would be required to minimize the low-velocity region at the inlet end of these facilities. Consideration of house width and physical arrangement of the air inlets, tunnel fans, and internal equipment are critical for improving the uniformity of air velocity in commercial broiler houses.


Objective To identify and categorise drug-related problems (DRPs) presented to an adult intensive care unit (ICU). Methods A prospective, observational study: 86 patients out of 2389 admitted to the ICU were reported to experience DRPs. Variables studied were: reason for ICU admission; length of ICU stay; need for cardiovascular support; need for mechanical ventilation or dialysis; Glasgow Coma Scale score on presentation to hospital; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score; predicted mortality. Results The number of patients admitted due to a drug overdose was 45 (52%; 16 female), which was more than the rest of the patients put together (41 (48%; 11 female). The former were older and suffered more deterioration of renal function. The need for inotropic drugs and mechanical ventilation, the APACHE II score and median LOS were significantly higher in drug overdose patients. Only four (4.6%) admissions were due to a suicide attempt, and three (3.4%) trauma patients were admitted for DRPs; all were related to drug overdose. Hypoglycaemic medication was the cause of the DRPs in 19% of the patients. The total mortality rate was 4.6%; all of the deaths were unpreventable. Conclusions DRPs represented a small proportion of admissions to the ICU. Drug overdose represented a large proportion of the DRPs. Hypoglycaemia was the most common cause of admission for DRPs.


We study the problem of representing a modular specification language in a type-theory based theorem prover. Our goals are: to provide mechanical support for reasoning about specifications and about the specification language itself; to clarify the semantics of the specification language by formalising them fully; to augment the specification language with a programming language in a setting where they are both part of the same formal environment, allowing us to define a formal implementation relationship between the two. Previous work on similar issues has given rise to a dichotomy between "shallow" and "deep" embedding styles when representing one language within another. We show that the expressiveness of type theory, and the high degree of reflection that it permits, allow us to develop embedding techniques which lie between the "shallow" and "deep" extremes. We consider various possible embedding strategies and then choose one of them to explore more fully. As our object of study we choose a fragment of the Z specification language, which we encode in the type theory UTT, as implemented in the LEGO proofchecker. We use the encoding to study some of the operations on schemas provided by Z. One of our main concerns is whether it is possible to reason about Z specifications at the level of these operations. We prove some theorems about Z showing that, within certain constraints, this kind of reasoning is indeed possible. We then show how these metatheorems can be used to carry out formal reasoning about Z specifications. For this we make use of an example taken from the Z Reference Manual (ZRM). Finally, we exploit the fact that type theory provides a programming language as well as a logic to define a notion of implementation for Z specifications. We illustrate this by encoding some example programs taken from the ZRM.


This book brings together a selection of 21 original studies submitted to Biodiversity and Conservation that address aspects of management for the conservation of biodiversity. The topics addressed include: lessons from the Northern spotted owl saga, hidden costs of implementing the EU Habitats Directive, the importance of recently created agricultural wetlands, cutting reeds to create a sustainable habitat, impacts and control of feral cats, selecting areas to complement existing reserve systems, beneficial effects of rabbit warrens, effects of fences on large predator ranges, spatial structure of critical habitats and connectivity, effects of an agro-pasture landscape on biodiversity, community involvement, reserve selection in forests, germ-plasm interventions in agroforestry systems, shade coffee plantations and the protection of tree diversity, and reserves and the reduction of deforestation rates in dry tropical forests. It also includes: reconciling forest conservation actions with usage by and needs of local people, weed invasion in understory plant communities in tropical lowland forests, problems of patch area and connectivity in plant conservation, the need not to focus just on hot-spots, and partitioning conservation across elevations. The organisms and communities considered embrace birds, coral reefs, various large and small mammals, reptiles, forest trees, and dune and boreal semi-natural grassland plants. The contributions are taken from situations being confronted in regions including the Andaman Islands, Brazil, Canary Islands, the Caribbean, Finland, Germany, Guinea, India, Italy, Mexico, Myanmar, Poland, South Africa, Spain, and the USA. Collectively, the studies presented here provide a snap-shot of the types of management actions being undertaken for conservation and their efficacy. This makes the volume especially valuable for use in conservation biology courses. It is reprinted from "Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 18, No 4" (2009).


The purpose of the work described in this dissertation was to investigate the use of donor ion implantation into GaAs for the production of doped layers suitable for the manufacture of Schottky gated field effect transistors or MESFETs. The project had four main aims: (i) The establishment of a reliable method of encapsulation. (ii) A study of the use of short thermal pulse annealing to activate donor ions implanted into GaAs. (iii) An investigation of various ion implantation schedules to determine the most suitable for producing layers for MESFETs. (iv) The manufacture and characterisation of MESFETs on ion implanted material. This area of the project was performed at the Allen Clark Research Centre (Plessey Research, Caswell). Two sets of apparatus were constructed to achieve the rapid deposition of Si3N4 encapsulating layers. Both sets of equipment allowed the deposition of reliable encapsulating layers which protected the GaAs from decomposition during high temperature (900°C) annealing. With the second apparatus uniform layers of Si3N4 could be deposited over one inch diameter slices. The rapid thermal pulse annealing was also performed in the Si3N4 deposition equipment. The annealing temperature (900°C) was reached in less than 10 seconds. It was found, by examining the degree of electrical activation of implanted ions, that a total of 30 seconds annealing was sufficient to achieve the maximum number of implanted ions that could be activated at 900°C. Several species of ions, implanted at various energies, were studied as suitable donors, using thermal pulse annealing. These included selenium, tellurium, germanium, tin and silicon. Additionally the implantation of dual ion combinations, and the co-implantation of selenium ions at two energies was investigated. The results of Hall measurements and profiling achieved in this study compare favourably with those reported in the literature for similar implants annealed in more conventional furnace annealing schedules. The characterisation of MESFETs produced on implanted layers compare favourably with those manufactured on epitaxially grown material, both in terms of gain and noise figure. It was found also that characteristics of these MESFETs depended on the type of substrate used. The I-V characteristics of devices produced on bulk semi-insulating material were slightly inferior to those produced on epitaxial buffer layers, although the microwave performance was not significantly worse.


We study optimal bailout policies in the presence of banking and sovereign crises. First, we use European data to document that asset guarantees are the most prevalent way in which sovereigns intervene during banking crises. Then, we build a model of sovereign borrowing with limited commitment, where domestic banks hold government debt and also provide credit to the private sector. Shocks to bank capital can trigger banking crises, with government sometimes finding it optimal to extend guarantees over bank assets. This leads to a trade-off: Larger bailouts relax domestic financial frictions and increase output, but also imply increasing government fiscal needs and possible heightened default risk (i.e., they create a 'diabolic loop'). We find that the optimal bailouts exhibit clear properties. Other things equal, the fraction of banking losses that the bailouts would cover is: (i) decreasing in the level of government debt; (ii) increasing in aggregate productivity; and (iii) increasing in the severity of the banking crisis. Even though bailouts mitigate the adverse effects of banking crises, we find that the economy is ex ante better off without bailouts: the 'diabolic loop' they create is too costly.


This article provides an empirical overview of coffee/caffeine studies in relation to sport worldwide, an incipient but growing relationship that has existed since 1938, although systematized over time since 1999. The extracted articles were examined using a bibliometric approach based on data from 160 records stored in the Web of Science (JCR) between 1938 and August 2021, applying traditional bibliometric laws and using VOSviewer for data and metadata processing. Among the results, these articles highlight an exponential increase in scientific production in the last two decades, with a concentration in only 12 specific journals, the hegemony of the USA among the co-authorship networks of worldwide relevance, and the thematic and temporal segregation of the concepts under study. This article concludes a high fragmentation of the authors with the highest level of scientific production and an evolution of almost 20 years in relevant thematic topics, and a concurrent concentration in three large blocks: (1) coffee consumption and risk factors, (2) health and coffee consumption, and (3) metabolism and sport correlated with the intake of coffee, which are distanced in time, providing evidence of an evolution that gives way to the irruption of alternative visions in the relationship of coffee and caffeine with sport.


During the late 1950s and the 1960s America faced a high level of racial tension. At the same
time Britain imposed racially discriminatory immigration controls and passed legislation to
outlaw racial discrimination. This thesis asks to what extent the events in the United States had
an impact on the response of British institutions to the development of a multi-racial society
and increased rate of non-white immigration during these crucial years between the 1958 race
riots to the Kenyan Asian crisis.
The first part of the thesis examines the background to British perceptions about both the
'special relationship1 with the United States and images of African Americans in the period
prior to the years under review. It explores the ways in which the white British population was
more informed about African Americans than the inhabitants of the colonies, and subsequently
the Commonwealth.
The following section examines ways in which the press and government drew on the
activities of the Civil Rights Movement and the rise of Black Power in the United States during
the 1960s to illustrate arid support their arguments. It notes the high level of interest in Britain
in American news and the increasing sense of concern within press reports and debates in the
House that Britain was heading for an American style racial conflict.
The third part ofthe thesis examines four sections of the British population which could be
said to have a special interest in this issue: the non-white immigrants themselves; antiimmigrants
groups; the religious denominations and British Jews: and organisations which
sought to promote racial harmony. The study examines not only the response ofthese sections
ofthe population to American racial trouble but the ways in which their activities had an
impact on British perceptions. As the most concerned sections ofthe population, their
activities were those most frequently reported by the press.
In varying degrees, the responses ofthese sections of the population to the issues of
immigration and racial discrimination reflected a growing concern that Britain was following
the United States towards racial conflict. This perception was fed by both the press and
government action and in turn had an impact on both public opinion and politicians and created
a national mood in which debate over these related issues was coloured by the increasingly
tense racial situation in the United States. 1967 and 1968 were the years in which this national
perception was at its height and witnessed the passage ofthe Immigration Bill which excluded
the entry of Kenyan Asians and the extension of Race Relations legislation. This thesis traces
the development ofthis national mood, the significance of which has previously been
underestimated.


Two different blend ratios of polyamide 66 (PA66) and poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) (60/40 and 40/60 w/w) were produced via melt mixing. A styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) was utilized at various contents from 2.5–15 wt% to compatibilize the immiscible blend system. The influence of SMA content and blend ratio was investigated based on (thermo-) mechanical and morphological properties of the PA66/PPE blends. Correlations between the interaction of SMA with the blend partners were established. For 60/40 blends, a droplet-sea morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy, wherein no major changes were seen upon SMA addition. In the case of 40/60 blends, strong coalescence was found in the binary blend. Up to 5 wt% SMA, the coalescence was inhibited by the interfacial activity of SMA, whereas 10 wt% SMA initiated a disperse-to-co-continuous transition, which was completed at 15 wt% SMA. An enhancement of tensile properties was achieved for all blends possessing SMA, where the maximum concentration of 15 wt% resulted in the highest elongation at break and tensile strength values. The relative improvement of the tensile properties was higher with the PPE-rich blend (40/60) which was attributed to a partial emulsification of the PPE phases forming a bimodal PPE domain size distribution with nano-droplets in the range of 60–160 nm.


Scholars of the First World War have long recognized the critical role played by the state in leading, organizing and managing the mobilization of belligerent societies, and the state's transformations have testified to the impact of industrialized warfare. Since the late 1980s, however, the cultural turn that largely accounts for the renewal and dynamism of First World War studies has shifted the emphasis away from the wartime state and its operations. Its study relatively suffered as a result. This article aims to bring the state back into the centre of the historiographical discussion, since its transformations testified to the nature and political impact of industrialized warfare. The article therefore focuses on three critical aspects of the relationship between state and society: the deployment of coercion, the expression of national solidarity and the redefinition of sovereignty. It demonstrates how the logic of mass participation in modern warfare transformed both the contours and the foundations of the state. To do so, the article draws on a renewed engagement with social scientific literature and the sociology of the state in particular.


The risk ratio can be a useful statistic for summarizing the results of cross-sectional, cohort, and randomized trial studies. I discuss several methods for estimating adjusted risk ratios and show how they can be executed in Stata, including 1) Mantel–Haenszel and inverse-variance stratified methods; 2) generalized linear regression with a log link and binomial distribution; 3) generalized linear regression with a log link, normal distribution, and robust variance estimator; 4) Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator; 5) Cox proportional hazards regression with a robust variance estimator; 6) standardized risk ratios from logistic, probit, complementary log-log, and log-log regression; and 7) a substitution method. Advantages and drawbacks are noted for some methods.


We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array [C ii] 158 μm line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission observations toward HSC J120505.09−000027.9 (J1205−0000) at z = 6.72 with a beam size of ∼0.″8 × 0.″5 (or 4.1 kpc × 2.6 kpc), the most distant red quasar known to date. Red quasars are modestly reddened by dust and are thought to be in rapid transition from an obscured starburst to an unobscured normal quasar, driven by powerful active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback that blows out a cocoon of interstellar medium. The FIR continuum of J1205−0000 is bright, with an estimated luminosity of L FIR ∼ 3 × 1012 L ⊙. The [C ii] line emission is extended on scales of r ∼ 5 kpc, greater than that of the FIR continuum. The line profiles at the extended regions are complex and broad (FWHM ∼ 630–780 km s−1). Although it is not practical to identify the nature of this extended structure, possible explanations include (i) companion/merging galaxies and (ii) massive AGN-driven outflows. For the case of (i), the companions are modestly star-forming (∼10 M ⊙ yr−1) but are not detected by our Subaru optical observations (y AB,5σ = 24.4 mag). For the case of (ii), our lower limit to the cold neutral outflow rate is ∼100 M ⊙ yr−1. The outflow kinetic energy and momentum are both much lower than predicted in energy-conserving wind models, suggesting that the AGN feedback in this quasar is not capable of completely suppressing its star formation.


The rise in world energy consumption has caused an alarming shortage of fossil fuels and an increase in carbon emissions. It has also led to various environmental issues, especially climate change, which threaten humanity's access to food, water, shelter, energy and health. The growth of the human population combined with rapid development has caused excessive carbon emissions, while the conventional ways of energy production and utilisation need serious reconsideration. This article, therefore, draws attention to the vital role that human beings, as vicegerents of the Earth (khalifah), have in managing natural resources. It highlights the pivotal position of humans in the world, as trustees who bear great responsibility for maintaining the natural environment. At the same time, this article also draws attention to the Islamic concept of moderation (wasatiyyah) and its practice to improve the consumption of resources by reducing wastage and pollution. The concept of moderation in the context of consuming natural resources is generally supported by the advancements in maqasid al-shari'ah (higher objectives of Islamic law) that have included the significance of environmental preservation (hifz al-bi'ah). This article also seeks to inform the development of Renewable Energy (RE) in the context of the Islamic concern for inclusive well-being. Several policy actions capable of promoting the concept of iʿmar al-ard (building of the Earth) and smart energy consumption are proposed to address environmental issues in our policy recommendations towards the end.


OBJECTIVE
Pediatric chronic illnesses (CI) can affect a child's mental health. Chronic illnesses with treatment regimens that specify a therapeutic diet may place the child at increased risk for disordered eating and specific eating disorders (ED). The aim of this review is to examine the relation between diet-treated CI and disordered eating and to determine the order of onset to infer directionality. Diet-treated CI is hypothesized to precede and to be associated with disordered eating.

METHOD
A comprehensive search of empirical articles that examine the relation between diet-treated CI (diabetes, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and inflammatory bowel diseases) and disordered eating was conducted in Medline and PsycINFO using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A table of the sample's characteristics, ED measures, major pertinent findings, and the onset of CI in relation to ED were provided.

RESULTS
Diet-treated CI was associated with disordered eating and ED. Diet-treated CI had onset prior to disordered eating in most studies, except for inflammatory bowel diseases. Disordered eating and unhealthy weight management practices put children at risk for poor medical outcomes.

DISCUSSION
Interventions for diet-treated CI require a focus on diet and weight, but may increase the risk for disordered eating. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms that transform standard treatment practices into pathological eating, including characteristics and behaviors of the child, parents/care providers, family, and treatment providers.


Methane oxidation was studied in mesotrophic lake water (Lake Biwa, Japan) under thermally stratified conditions. Methane oxidation rates at in situ concentrations were very low in lake water from the epilimnion and thermocline but were high in hypolimnetic water. Incubation under light conditions ranging from 4.1 to 57 µmol photons m−2 s−1 resulted in decreased methane oxidation in hypolimnetic water. This inhibition was more severe as the light intensity increased. Addition of inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) did not promote methane oxidation in the thermocline but inhibited it in the hypolimnion. Methane oxidation activity in the thermocline was observed after 1 month of incubation under dark conditions. Our results suggest that the inhibitory effect of light was bacteriostatic for the methanotrophic population. The different rates of methane oxidation between the hypolimnion and epilimnion/thermocline may explain the surface maximum of dissolved methane during the period of thermal stratification.


Fiber deformations and damage have a considerable influence on both fiber strength and network properties. Through their influence on the fiber network, they can also affect the way paper behaves during converting. Another aspect is their influence on end-use properties, again via their effect on the fiber network. Separating the effects of fiber deformations and damage is often difficult. We prepared pulps in the laboratory and subjected them to different treatments that change the two relatively independently in a controlled manner. We found that wet/dry zero-span fiber strength is not dependent on the deformation method or on the extent of the deformations. Neither pulp sheet density nor Scott bond bonding was greatly affected by the type or method of deformation. In the case of deformed pulps, the pulp sheet tensile properties were dependent on the extent of fiber deformation via fiber segment activation. The pulp that was damaged instead of deformed had fiber deformations to about the same extent as the deformed pulp but lower single fiber strength measured with wet/dry zero-span. It also had lower bonding ability and sheet density. The tear index for the unbleached damaged pulp was 20–25% higher than that of the reference pulps. Fiber deformations (curl and kinks) affect fiber network properties via 13th Fundamental Research Symposium, Cambridge, September 2005 591 Preferred citation: O. Joutsimo, R. Wathén and L. Robertsén. Role of fi ber deformations and damage from fi ber strength to end user. In Advances in Paper Science and Technology, Trans. of the XIIIth Fund. Res. Symp. Cambridge, 2005, (S.J. I'Anson, ed.), pp 591–611, FRC, Manchester, 2018. DOI: 10.15376/frc.2005.1.591. the lack of fiber segment activation. However, they do not significantly influence fiber shrinkage potential (WRV) or fiber strength.


With growing globalization, consumers' cross-border tourism shopping is increasing. This paper use levels of tourism and shopping to identify four consumer segments: Cross-Border Tourism Shopper, Traditional Tourists, Traditional Outshopper, and Inactive Tourist/Shoppers. When compared with the traditional hospitality and leisure service tourist, the cross-border tourism shopper is highly engaged in experiential consumption of fashion goods, as well as entertainment. The traditional outshopper is characterized by more favorable attitude toward large city retail environment than the inactive tourist/shopper. There are implications for marketing to use differentiated strategies appealing to a specific market segment and capture the synergy between tourism and retailing consumption.


Thousands of exoplanets have been detected to date, and with future planned missions this tally will increase. Understanding the climate dependence on the planetary parameters is vital for the study of terrestrial exoplanet habitability. Using an idealized general circulation model with a seasonal cycle, we study the seasonal response of the surface temperature and Hadley circulation to changes in the orbital, rotational, and radiative timescales. Analyzing the climate's seasonal response to variations in these timescales, we find a regime transition between planets controlled by the annual mean insolation to planets controlled by the seasonal variability depending on the relation between the length of the orbital period, obliquity, and radiative timescale. Consequently, planets with obliquity greater than 54° and a short orbital period will have a minimum surface temperature at the equator. We also show that in specific configurations, mainly high atmospheric mass and short orbital periods, high obliquity planets can still have an equable climate. Based on the model results, we suggest an empirical power law for the ascending and descending branches of the Hadley circulation and its strength. These power laws show that the Hadley circulation becomes wider and stronger by increasing the obliquity and orbital period or by decreasing the atmospheric mass and rotation rate. Consistent with previous studies, we show that the rotation rate plays an essential role in dictating the width of the seasonally dependent Hadley circulation.


The vast diversity of internal designs of taskable black-box AI systems and their nuanced zones of safe functionality make it difficult for a layperson to use them without unintended side effects. The focus of my dissertation is to develop algorithms and requirements of interpretability that would enable a user to assess and understand the limits of an AI system's safe operability. We develop an assessment module that lets an AI system execute high-level instruction sequences in simulators and answer the user queries about its execution of sequences of actions. Our results show that such a primitive query-response capability is sufficient to efficiently derive a user-interpretable model of the system in stationary, fully observable, and deterministic settings.


Although the reasons for concern about quality differ from nation to nation, the primary rallying point for science education reform is the perceived level of scientific literacy among a nation's populace. The essential nature of scientific literacy is that which influences students' decisions about personal and societal problems. Beyond this, however, educators work to influence students' ability to view science through a more holistic lens. Examining the philosophy, history, and sociology of science itself has the potential to engender perceptions of science, in the broader context, that can impact the lens through which students view the world. The integration of explicit, reflective instruction about nature of science (NOS) and scientific inquiry (SI) in traditional science content is addressed as a means through which the development of scientific literacy is fostered.


Abstract This study compares the relations between asset flow and performance in the retail mutual fund and fiduciary pension fund segments of the money management industry, and relate empirical differences to fundamental differences in the clientele they serve. A striking difference is the shape of the flow-performance relation. In contrast to mutual fund investors, pension clients punish poorly performing managers by withdrawing assets under management and do not flock disproportionately to recent winners. We interpret these and other empirical differences in the context of the manager evaluation procedures typical in each segment. We conclude that pension managers have little incentive to engage in the risk-shifting behavior previously identified among mutual fund managers.


This paper presents a new trajectory planning method based on the improved quintic B-splines curves for a three degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR). First, the conditions of positive cables' tension are expressed in terms of the position and acceleration constraints of the end-effector. Then, an improved B-spline curve is introduced, which is employed for generating a pick-and-place path by interpolating a set of given via-points. Meanwhile, by expressing the position and acceleration of the end-effector in terms of the first and second derivatives of the improved B-spline, the cable tension constraints are described in the form of B-spline parameters. According to the properties of the defined pick-and-place path, the proposed motion profile is dominated by two factors: the time taken for the end-effector to pass through all the via-points and the ratio between the nodes of B-spline. The two factors are determined through multi-objective optimization based on the efficiency coefficient method. Finally, experimental results on a 3-DOF CDPR show that the improved B-spline exhibits overall superior behavior in terms of velocity, acceleration, and cables force compared with the traditional B-spline. The validity of the proposed trajectory planning method is proved through the experiments.


Abstract. Over the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 21 ka BP), the presence of vast Northern Hemisphere ice-sheets caused abrupt changes in surface topography and background climatic state. While the ice-sheet extent is well known, several conflicting ice-sheet topography reconstructions suggest that there is uncertainty in this boundary condition. The terrestrial and sea surface temperature (SST) of the LGM as simulated with six different Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) reconstructions in a fully coupled Earth System Model (COSMOS) have been compared with the subfossil pollen and plant macrofossil based and marine temperature proxies reconstruction. The terrestrial reconstruction shows a similar pattern and in good agreement with model data. The SST proxy dataset comprises a global compilation of planktonic foraminifera, diatoms, radiolarian, dinocyst, alkenones and planktonic foraminifera Mg / Ca-derived SST estimates. Significant mismatches between modeled and reconstructed SST have been observed. Among the six LIS reconstructions, Tarasov's LIS reconstruction shows the highest correlation with reconstructed terrestrial and SST. In the case of radiolarian, Mg / Ca, diatoms and foraminifera show a positive correlation while dinocyst and alkenones show very low and negative correlation with the model. Dinocyst-based SST records are much warmer than reconstructed by other proxies as well as Pre-industrial (PI) temperature. However, there are large discrepancies between model temperatures and temperature recorded by different proxies. Eight different PMIP3 models also compared with temperature proxies reconstruction which show mismatches with the proxy records might be due to misinterpreted and/or biased proxy records. Therefore, it has been speculated that considering different habitat depths and growing seasons of the planktonic organisms used for SST reconstruction could provide a better agreement of proxy data with model results on a regional scale. Moreover, it can reduce model-data misfits. It is found that shifting in the habitat depth and living season can remove parts of the observed model-data mismatches in SST anomalies.


Precambrian eclogites, metagabbros, and gabbros occur in an similar to200-km-long by 40-km-wide zone in central Zambia. Pressure-temperature (P-T) estimates of kyanite-bearing eclogites (kyanite eclogites) throughout the zone give temperatures of 590-750 degreesC at minimum pressures of 20 kbar. Phengite-bearing eclogites equilibrated at 720-755 degreesC and 26-28 kbar and show evidence for a clockwise P-T path. These P-T conditions imply a low geothermal gradient of similar to8 degreesC/km and a subduction depth of similar to90 km. The eclogites, metagabbros, and gabbros show incompatible element patterns similar to those of recent mid-oceanic-ridge basalts, and thus are interpreted to represent former oceanic crust. The low geothermal gradient indicates a cold subducted oceanic lithosphere, implying long-lived, fast convergence and a relatively large (>1000 km) associated ocean basin. A Sm-Nd isochron defines an age of 595 +/- 10 Ma for the eclogite facies metamorphism. These results imply that a Neoproterozoic suture zone exists between the Congo and Kalahari cratons. Suturing occurred during the same orogenic cycle that formed the Zambezi belt and is related to the assembly of Gondwana.


Electron transfer and energy transfer play a central role in photo-induced excited state chemical dynamics and are critical for understanding the fundamental processes in photosynthesis. Understanding electron and energy transfer at the molecular level is essential, since they must compete with deactivation processes back to the molecular ground state-and deactivation releases any captured energies as wasted heat. Modeling electronic relaxation process is very challenging, however, for 2 reasons: i) Obtaining accurate potential energy surfaces (PESs) by solving the electronic Hamiltonian (only) is nontrivial, since all electrons are coupled together, which is essentially a many-body problem. It is even more difficult in the context of photochemistry, where the relevant molecules are typically big; ii) The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation of separating electronic and nuclear motion may be invalid, and thus one has to model nonadiabatic dynamics. This thesis is focused on the first problem above, i.e. solving the electronic Hamiltonian, where there is currently a lack of effective ab initio quantum chemistry methods, especially in the presence of charge transfer (CT) states. Historically Configuration Interaction Singles (CIS) has been the standard method for modeling electronic excited states with qualitatively correct wavefunctions, but CIS is highly biased against charge transfer states-which are very important for modeling photo-induced relaxation. Nevertheless, in this thesis, CIS proves to be a good starting point for improved ab initio quantum chemistry methods, that build in the correct molecular orbital optimization. These algorithms are labeled as: i) Orbital Optimized Configuration Interaction Singles (OO-CIS), ii) Variational Orbital Adapted Configuration Interaction Singles (VOA-CIS), and iii) Fully Variational Orbital Adapted Configuration Interaction Singles (FVOA-CIS). Each of the three algorithms above represents an improvement upon its predecessor. i) OOCIS is able to recover perturbative corrections for CT states; ii) its variational extension VOA-CIS proves to be very effective for constructing globally smooth adiabatic PESs even with CT states; and iii) because it is fully variational, FVOA-CIS PESs are so smooth that it should allow analytic gradients. We believe these approaches will be widely used for future accurate electronic structure calculations. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Chemistry First Advisor Joseph E. Subotnik This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1852


Adults identified as believers and sceptics based on self-reports from a supernatural beliefs scale were assessed on two measures of inhibition; the Stroop Color‐Word Task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Both groups were of equal educational status and background. However, believers made significantly more errors than sceptics on all subscales of the WCST but were equivalent in performance on the Stroop measure. This finding is consistent with the idea that supernatural beliefs in adults are related to some types of inhibitory control.


This paper applies a procedure that identifies trends in hydrologic variables. The procedure utilizes the regional Mann–Kendall non-parametric test with and without both serial and cross-correlation to detect trends. The research investigates 15 streamflow variables including annual minimum, mean, maximum and monthly streamflows for a network of 75 streamflow gauging stations in seven geographical regions of Turkey. A considerable difference was obtained in the assessment of results with and without consideration of serial and cross correlation which might be due to a higher number of serial and cross-correlations among the sites in the geographical regions. Therefore, a quite different interpretation of these trend analyses would have been achieved if the temporal and spatial correlation of the streamflow series within the regions had been ignored. The application of the regional trend detection technique with both considerations has also resulted in the identification of significant decreasing trends in the Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions. However, almost no evidence of significant change was observed with a general downward direction in the rest of the country. Besides, there are differences in the geographical regions of significant trends in the fifteen streamflow variables considered which implies that impacts on streamflows are not spatially uniform.


Project managers can play a key role in implementing organizational strategy by using entrepreneurial approaches when responding to new needs and opportunities. Nevertheless, the operational responsibilities of a project manager – planning and control – are in stark contrast to the characteristics of an entrepreneur. In light of these contradictory viewpoints, it is important to assess whether managers showing entrepreneurial characteristics are associated with more successful projects. A field survey was conducted, involving 164 project managers most of whom were male and had graduate-level education and broad practical business experience. Non-parametric statistics was used and showed that enterprising tendency on the part of project managers is correlated with more successful projects, and creativity, in particular, was one of the most relevant variables.


Received on: 04.08.2018 Revised on: 15.11.2018 Accepted on: 19.11.2018 The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of morin on some physiological parameter including lipid profile, antioxidant status, and proinflammatory biomarkers in Acrylamide (ACR) treated rats. Forty adult male rats were selected randomly and equally allocated into four bunches that were G1, G2, G3 and G4, which were treated daily for 45 days with an oral manner as follows: G1: (control group received distilled water). G2: rats in this group were received (25 mg/kg/B. W) of morin. G3: rats of this group were received (1 mg/kg/B. W) of acrylamide in drinking water G4: rats in this group were received (25 mg/kg /B. W) of morin and Acrylamide (1 mg/kg /B. W). Fasting blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture technique at the end of the experiment. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture technique for measuring the following parameters: total serum cholesterol (TC), (TAG) HDL-C, uric acid, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Sections of the liver were taken for histopathological study. The results of the current study revealed the beneficial effect of morin against deleterious effects of ACR illustrated by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, morin alleviates the determined effect of ACR correlated with their prooxidative and pro-inflammatory effects.


People are nomadic; traveling from place to place. As a user travels, he may need access to his digital information, including his data, applications, and settings.
A convenient way to supply this access is to have the user carry that digital information in a portable computer such as a laptop or smart phone. As Moore's Law continues to operate, devices such as smart phones can easily perform the computing necessary for a user's work. Unfortunately, the amount of data a human can receive and convey through such devices is limited. To receive more information humans require more screen real estate. To transmit more information humans need rich input devices like mice and full-sized keyboards.
To allow users to carry their digital information in a small device while maintaining opportunities for rich input, this research takes the approach of allowing users to carry a small portable device and then annex screens, keyboards, and mice whenever those devices are available in a user's environment.
This research pursued the "carry it with you" paradigm first by building an ideal annexing framework which helps maximize the screen real estate while minimizing the resources—RAM, CPU, and wireless radio—consumed on the personal device. The resource consumption is demonstrated through a comparison with existing remote rendering technologies. Next, a privacy-aware framework was added to the annexing framework to help protect the user's sensitive data from damage and theft when he annexes a potentially malicious device. A framework like this has not existed before, and this research shows how the user's sensitive data is protected by this framework. Third, legacy machines and software are allowed to participate in the carry-it-with-you experience by scraping pixels from the user's existing applications and transmitting those pixels to an annexed display. Finally, when a user encounters a display space he does not own, but which he needs to control (e.g. by preventing anyone else from annexing it simultaneously, or by constraining each user to a different section of the display space), rather than forcing the user to learn and use control software supplied by the display, the user can bring his own control software and use it to enforce the user's desired control paradigm.
This dissertation shows the carry-it-with-you paradigm is a powerful potential avenue which allows users to confidently use display spaces with varying configurations in an assortment of environments.


THOMAS CHATTERTON'S INFLUENCE ON JOHN KEATS HAS BEEN ADDRESSED by a number of critics, most of whom point out echoes of Chatterton s poetry in Keats's work or trace the importance of Chatterton's image as a frail victim of a hostile society on Keats's conception of the poet and of literary fame. (1) No critic who has analyzed Chatterton's significance for Keats has claimed that the latter engaged in precisely the same genre or project, the forgery of ancient texts, as Chatterton did. In a number of ways, however, we can note similarities between strategies and techniques in Chatterton's poetic enterprise and Keats's. Moreover, these characteristics of Chatterton's and Keats's work are informed by both poets' class backgrounds and political views. (2) Chatterton's influence has been detected in Keats's Medieval poems The Eve of St. Agnes and The Eve of St. Mark, the latter of which even includes a passage of pseudo-Middle English verse. (3) A closer parallel to Chatterton's recreation of fifteenth-century Bristol in the Rowley poems, however, may be Keats's depiction of ancient Greece in Endymion, a poem dedicated "to the Memory of Thomas Chatterton." (4) For both poets, the attempt to revive a past world is in part a consequence of their social positions and has political implications. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, both historiography and the study or interpretation of classical literature were preserves of the elite, educated classes and therefore considered off-limits to young men trained as legal copyists and surgeon apothecaries like Chatterton and Keats. In presuming to participate in antiquarian research or "[touch] the beautiful mythology of Greece" (Preface to Endymion; Poems 103), Chatterton and Keats were presumptuously aspiring beyond their traditional class prerogatives, as is made clear by the criticism to which both were subjected by conservative critics. Or rather, Chatterton and Keats were part of a growing number of middle-class people claiming a right to engage in activities once the exclusive preserves of gentlemen, and the harsh condemnations they and others of their class received reflect the anxieties of those in authority who feared a breakdown in traditional social hierarchies. (5) Lolla notes that a major impulse behind both Chatterton's Rowley project and the arguments of those who defended the poems' authenticity in the controversy following Chatterton's death was a desire to challenge the establishment version of English literary history propounded by scholars such as Thomas Warton and Edmond Malone. Indeed, the Rowley controversy in many respects was a debate over who had the right to construct and interpret the national literary past. In particular, Chatterton and the Rowleyans after him disputed the progressive view of English literary history, which claimed that poetry steadily evolved from crude primitive origins to a more advanced, sophisticated state. Instead, Chatterton and the Rowleyans wished to prove that Medieval English poetry was vital and accomplished, perhaps even more so than the supposedly more refined literature that replaced it. Chatterton and the Rowleyans in this respect are similar to the eighteenth-century Irish, Scottish, and Welsh nationalist historians and antiquarians who likewise challenged a progressive view of British history and championed ancient, bardic poetry as a way of celebrating and preserving their Celtic culture and rejecting the English culture that had been imposed upon them. The resistance of these Celtic nationalist historians to the establishment view of British history clearly has political implications, reflecting the protest of a subjugated group to a dominant one. In the same way Chatterton's and the Rowleyans' efforts to rewrite the narrative of English literary history can be seen as the challenge of a suppressed but rising social class to those in power. (6) One correspondent of the St. James Chronicle in 1782 makes clear the class and political implications of his support for the Rowleyan cause when, addressing Warton, he declares that recent challenges to the latter's theory of literary history "will infallibly demolish that long-established Tory System of Passive Obedience and Non Resistance to your Decrees" (quoted in Lolla 159). …


Recent research has shown that religious individuals are much more resistant to utilitarian modes of thinking than their less religious counterparts, but the reason for this is not clear. We propose that a meta-ethical belief that morality is rooted in inviolable divine commands (i.e., endorsement of Divine Command Theory) may help explain this finding. We present a novel 20-item scale measuring a belief that morality is founded on divine authority. The scale shows good internal reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Study 1 found that this scale fully mediated the relationship that various religiosity measures had with a deontological thinking style in our sample of American adults. It also accounted for the link between religiosity and social conservative values. Furthermore, the relationship between the scale and these outcome variables held after statistically controlling for variables related to actively open-minded thinking and the Big Five. Study 2 replicated the results using naturalistic moral dilemmas that placed deontological and utilitarian concerns in conflict, and showed that the results of Study 1 cannot be explained by differences in moral foundations (e.g., concern for authority more generally) or differences in the perceived function of rules. Quite the contrary, endorsement of the divine origins of morality fully mediated the relationship religiosity had with the so-called "binding" foundations (i.e., Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity). Our findings highlight the importance of meta-ethical beliefs for understanding individual differences in moral judgment.


Writing or revising a curriculum is often anadvanced process as education can be viewed as adiscursive battlefield. Furthermore, educational policies are often seen as complex, ongoing social practices of normative cultural production constituted by diverse actors/stakeholders across diverse contexts and thus interesting to analyse,especially in 'the age of globalization'. This paper outlines perspectives on the policy process taking place in order to revise the Swedish National Curriculum, now known as Lgr 11.


The geographic region around the North Pole is a raw and exotic area of untouched nature and inescapable beauty. Unique among the Earth's ecosystems, it includes both a vast, ice-covered ocean and a treeless region of tundra. Building in this extremely cold climate requires an advanced degree of ingenuity and resolve. Ecological conditions including high winds, snowdrifts, and permafrost, combined with periods of little or no sunlight, present seemingly impossible logistical hurdles. Recent years have witnessed an explosion of resident and invited architects creating buildings above 60 degrees latitude. The time has come for a new definition of a northern building one that isboth extraordinarily responsive to place and aesthetically provocative. In Modern North, author Julie Decker presents thirty-four of the most compelling and far-ranging possibilities of contemporary architecture in the North. These buildings located in northern Canada, Scandinavia, and Alaska are united in the way they embrace extreme conditions. Rather than shut themout, these conditions are welcomed and often formed into the buildings' structures and materials, as in the way architecture is employed to mediate the harshness of the low-lying sun without replacing it with the harshness of artificial lights. The architects of Modern North exploit the natural topography to provide visual stimulation in places that sometimes offer little more than a whitescape. Modern North includes innovative institutional and residential structures by both established and up-and-coming architects, including a-lab, David Chipperfield, Jarmund/Vigsnaes, Studio Granda, Shim-Sutcliffe, and Snohetta. Essays by Brian Carter, Juhani Pallasmaa, Edwin Crittenden, and Lisa Rochon place the projects in the context of a new architectural response to the North."