Teaching students to negotiate effectively is central to their thinking, acting, and being like good lawyers. Virtually all lawyers spend much of their time negotiating, whether they deal with disputes or transactions. So law school negotiation courses should provide the most realistic possible portrayal of legal negotiation. This essay is intended to help instructors plan and teach negotiation courses, recognizing that every course should be tailored to fit the interests, capabilities, resources, and constraints of the instructors and students.This essay argues that many lawyers engage in "ordinary legal negotiation" (OLN), which is distinct from "romantic" theories of positional and interest-based negotiation that comprise the canon of negotiation theory. These traditional theories focus on a single, dramatic settlement event to resolve the ultimate issues at stake through a series of counteroffers, in positional negotiation, or systematic analysis of parties' interests and options, in interest-based negotiation. OLN primarily involves an exchange of information between counterpart lawyers to jointly figure out an appropriate result based on legal norms. In OLN, negotiation sounds more like a series of normal conversations where early conversations are important parts of negotiation (and not merely preparation for an ultimate settlement event). Although there is only sketchy empirical evidence about how often lawyers use these three models, it seems likely that lawyers regularly use OLN. If so, negotiation instructors should include it in their courses.Simulated negotiations are the heart of most negotiation courses and instructors should structure their simulations to provide the most realistic possible experiences. Most simulations probably involve the single stage of negotiation focused on the ultimate resolution of a matter. Because lawyers normally do not "parachute" into a case right before the ultimate negotiations, instructors should consider using some multi-stage simulations in addition to single-stage simulations. Some important stages might include: (1) initial client interview, (2) negotiation of a retainer agreement, (3) developing good working relationships with counterpart lawyers, (4) conducting factual investigation and/or legal research, (5) working with counterparts to plan the negotiation process, (6) resolving discovery disputes, (7) preparing client for negotiations, (8) conducting an ultimate negotiation, (9) engaging a mediator and mediating the matter, and (10) drafting a settlement agreement. This essay suggests that by using both single-stage and multi-stage simulations, instructors can better prepare students for negotiations that they will actually conduct in practice. These suggestions grow out my book, Lawyering with Planned Early Negotiation: How You Can Get Good Results for Clients and Make Money, which provides detailed suggestions for planning and conducting negotiation from the outset of a matter. The essay also includes suggestions for promoting professional behavior by students, debriefing simulations, and designing course requirements. It describes my experiences teaching a negotiation course based on the suggestions in this essay.


An exact solution of the problem of designing an airfoil with a prescribed velocity distribution on the suction surface in a given uniform flow of an incompressible perfect fluid is obtained by replacing the boundary of the airfoil by vortices. By this device, a method of solution is developed that is applicable both to isolated airfoils and to airfoils in cascade. The conformal transformation of the designed airfoil into a circle can then be obtained and the velocity distribution at any angle of attack computed. Numerical illustrations of the method are given for the airfoil in cascade.


The Collection of Ashlars at the Tallinn City Museum includes a sculpture that stands 52.5 cm tall and is hewn from Lasnamagi limestone (Abb. 1). It depicts a slender man in a long robe, with a staff and travel bag around his neck. The statue has been seriously damaged. In addition to the broken front, its head is also missing – all that has survived is part of its beard. The goal of the article is to more closely examine the sculpture, which has not received any attention to date, in order to determine who it depicts, where it could be been located, and examine the surviving traces of paint. The primary motivation for writing the article is the fact that very few medieval three-dimensional stone sculptures have survived in Estonia. Also, this figure has not been dealt with or even mentioned in earlier writings. It can be said that, regardless of the damage it has suffered, the sculpture is complete enough to determine who is depicted. As stated above, the man has a walking stick or staff in his right hand and, based on the surviving fragments, a book in his right hand. On the partially surviving bag, we see the image of a scallop (Abb. 2). The staff and scallop tell us that this is a figure of St James. The sculpture is gothic in style, and based thereon, it can be dated back to the 15th or early 16th century. The sculptural material – Lasnamagi limestone – arouses attention. Where was this sculpture to be placed? We cannot dismiss the fact that the figure of the saint comes from a sacral building, but there could also have been saints in residential buildings, for example, on exterior facades or somewhere indoors. In summary, one must admit that the original location of the sculpture can only be speculated upon and definite answers are not possible. However, what is certain is that this is the work of a skilled master. Regardless of the fact that Lasnamagi limestone is not the best sculptural material, the work is finely hewn and well-proportioned. The sculpture is now on display in the new Estonian National Museum building.


This discussion paper presents recent empirical evidence of the RIU Africa country programmes, after positioning these ongoing activities within current debates about innovation in the rural and agricultural sector. The case findings presented confirm innovation as a process of accessing, developing and locating knowledge and technology from different sources within the appropriate institutional and organisational setting. They also provide new lessons on the role of intermediation and intermediates and research capacity, and highlight that while entrepreneurship is often essential to innovation, the common understanding of what such entrepreneurship comprises may require adjustment to take advantage and stimulate ongoing sector development processes. In that respect, while the private sector may be ideally placed in some sectors, local circumstances may currently limit their role in many areas. In light of this, coalitions of private, public and civil society sector actors are important for developing, accessing and using knowledge and technology for agricultural and rural system innovation. The paper concludes that rather than investment in research and technology initiatives only, rural innovation may be significantly promoted through the establishment of independent brokering bodies.


Oracle Core: Essential Internals for DBAs and Developers by Jonathan Lewisprovides just the essential information about Oracle Database internals that everydatabase administratorneeds for troubleshootingno more,no less. Oracle Database seems complex on the surface. However, its extensive feature set is really built upon upon a core infrastructure resulting from sound architectural decisions made very early onthat have stood the test of time. This core infrastructure manages transactions and the ability to commit and roll back changes, protects the integrity of the database, enables backup and recovery, and allows for scalability to thousands of users all accessing the same data. Most performance, backup, and recovery problems that database administrators face on a daily basis can easily be identified through understanding the essential core of Oracle Database architecture that Lewis describes in this book. Provides proven content from a world-renowned performance and troubleshooting expert Emphasizes the significance of internals knowledge to rapid identification of database performance problems Covers the core essentials anddoes not waste your time with esoterica What youll learn Oracle's core architectural foundations How much overhead is reasonable How to recognize when you're doing too much work How to predict bottlenecks and why they will happen How to minimise contention and locking Why concurrency can slow things down significantly Who this book is for Oracle Core: Essential Internals for DBAs and Developers is aimed at database administrators ready to move beyond the beginning stage of doing work by rote towards the mastery stage, in which knowledge of what needs to be done comes not from a set of recipe-style instructions, but rather from the intimate knowledge and understanding of the system to be managed. Experienced database administrators will also find the book useful in solidifying their knowledge and filling in any missing pieces of the Oracle Database puzzle.


The output of renewable energy fluctuates significantly depending on weather conditions. In this work, unit commitment model is developed using the forward dynamic programming approach, to analyze the effect of integrating wind energy on the power generation system operation. The model obtains the time series for the operational state of generators that would maximize the profits of an electric power utility by taking into account both the forecast of output for the wind energy as well as the demand response of consumers. In this work, the case study of the island of Corvo in the Portuguese archipelago Azores is considered. This system consists of diesel generators with a plan to integrate wind energy into the system as well implement a Demand Response strategy to utilise the wind energy during hours of excess. The study suggests a power generation schedule for the existing power system on the island in order to lower the cost of operation. The viability of integrating wind energy was also confirmed and a generation schedule was produced. A demand response strategy was integrated into the model, using the water heating demand as a shiftable load. The water heater load-shifting was carried out using a real-time-pricing strategy to incentivize the utilization of electricity during hours of excess wind production. Several scenarios were studied and the impact of the demand response strategy was found to be significant. Finally, the effect of limiting the instantaneous wind penetration was studied. It was found that the total wind penetration is affected significantly by the restrictions on the instantaneous wind penetration only during days of high average wind speeds.


This study was undertaken to cast light over EFL learners' perception of culture. To that end, a group of English language learners was taught English through Interchange Series and their perception of culture was assessed using a researcher constructed questionnaire. The same questionnaire was also administered to the parents of the same learners to detect any probable differences. The results revealed that the EFL learners are largely distinct from their parents in perceptions of the designated cultural issues. While EFL learners were oriented towards Western Culture, their parents were lopsided towards domestic issues.


Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful method to elucidate molecular structure through the measurement of distances between conformationally well-defined spin labels. Here we report a sequence-flexible approach to the synthesis of double spin-labeled DNA duplexes, where 2'-alkynylnucleosides are incorporated at terminal and internal positions on complementary strands. Post-DNA synthesis copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with a variety of spin labels enable the use of double electron-electron resonance experiments to measure a number of distances on the duplex, affording a high level of detailed structural information.


The metaphor of property as a "bundle of sticks: or "bundle of rights" leads to the "disintegration of property": a concept of property that is too incoherent, ill-defined, and malleable to be meaningful. This article identifies several theoretical problems with the bundle of rights metaphor, and proposes a new metaphor of property as a web of interests. The "web of interests" metaphor describes property as interests - including responsibilities, as well as rights - that people, groups, and entities share in objects of those interests (whether tangible or intangible objects). These interests vary with the nature or characteristics of the object, which is at the center of the web. The object's specific characteristics matter both legally and socially. The article identifies 15 different legally relevant categories of object characteristics, as well as 9 strands of connection in the web's relationships. The "web of interests" metaphor is built upon emerging environmental, personhood, and expectations theories of property, as well as empirical observation of both judicial and social practice. The article examines several areas of property law in light of the insights gained from this new metaphor, including: 1) regulatory takings and land use; 2) nature-oriented limitations inherent in land and water rights (e.g., public trust doctrine, natural use doctrine, nuisance doctrine); 3) property interests in wildlife and wildlife habitat; 4) property interests in corporations; and 5) the right to exclude and expressive use.


There is an inextricable link between democracy, education and the law. After 15 years of constitutional democracy, the alarming percentage of dysfunctional schools raises questions about the efficacy of the system of local school governance. We report on the findings of quantitative and qualitative research on the democratisation of schools and the education system in North-West Province. Several undemocratic features are attributable to systemic weaknesses of traditional models of democracy as well as the misapplication of democratic and legal principles. The findings of the qualitative study confirmed that parents often misconceive participatory democracy for political democracy and misunderstand the role of the school governing body to be a political forum. Despite the shortcomings, the majority of the respondents agreed that parental participation improves school effectiveness and that the decentralised model of local school governance should continue. Recommendations to effect the inculcation of substantive democratic knowledge, values and attitudes into school governance are based on theory of deliberative democracy and principles of responsiveness, accountability and justification of decisions through rational discourse. Keywords: accountability; deliberative democracy; participation; school governance


The development of unrestrained fibrosis in the skin and internal organs is the hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Nevertheless, it is known that fibrosis is preceded by vascular and immune modifications. On the basis of SSc-specific autoantibodies and nailfold capillary lesions it is possible to identify individuals with Raynaud's phenomenon considered at increased risk to develop SSc when compared with the general population. Furthermore, some characteristic SSc features are not fibrotic, they can precede fibrosis and still be sufficient to meet the EUropean League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for SSc. In my PhD thesis I aimed to characterize how patients with early SSc and SSc without any sign of fibrosis differ from fibrotic SSc patients (limited and diffuse cutaneous SSc; lcSSc and dcSSc), by that contributing to increase the knowledge about the events which lead to the onset of fibrosis and provide new ground to prevent it. To do so, we first investigated how different factors involved in vascular and immune activation "behave" in the circulation of early SSc individuals, in patients with SSc without fibrotic features, comparing with fibrotic SSc patients. We then investigated in the different groups natural killer (NK) and NKT-like cells, important in infections control, tumor development and immuneregulation. We found that: - the Interferon (IFN) signature described in SSc patients with fibrosis, is already present since the early SSc stage and in the non-fibrotic SSc group to an even higher extent then in fibrotic SSc patients: - markers of vascular damage (angiopoietin-2, CXCL16, E-selectin, ICAM-1) are already elevated in the circulation of early SSc patients and in a gradually increasing fashion in patients with SSc without fibrotic features and to the highest degree in fibrotic SSc patients, mirroring the same deteriorating trend in clinical parameters (inflammation indicators, lung involvement) from early SSc to non-fibrotic SSc and finally to the lcSSc and dcSSc subsets; - CXCL10, CXCL11, TNFR2 and CHI3L1 can clearly distinguish patients with early SSc and even more the ones with SSc without fibrotic features from healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, within each patient group, the patients who faster evolved (early SSc developing full-blown SSc and non-fibrotic SSc developing fibrotic features) were the ones with the highest circulating levels of CXCL10 and TNFR2; - NK and NKT-like cells from early SSc and non-fibrotic SSc patients produce higher levels of pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic molecules (TNF-α, IL-6) than HC in response to different activating triggers; - in the circulation of patients with the most extensive skin fibrosis, dcSSc - but not in early SSc nor in patients with SSc without fibrosis -, a reduction of NK cells expressing the activating receptor NKp46 and of NKT-like cells expressing Killer-Immunoglobulin-like (KIR) receptors are observed. These patterns suggest that in dcSSc patients both NK and NKT-like cells could be less functional - hypothesis confirmed by in vitroNK cell cytotoxicity tests. Moreover, comparing with the phenotype of NK and T cells from patients with rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, these expression patterns seem rather specific for SSc.


This paper provides an estimation of the size of income and demand automatic stabilizers in a representative sample of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. The authors find that when a negative unemployment shock hits the economy, the size of income and demand automatic stabilizers coefficients is much smaller than the size of these coefficients in Europe and the United States. This evidence suggests that there is room for policies that can enlarge the absorption by these coefficients as a way to contribute to macroeconomic stability in LAC countries. The paper analyzes four policies affecting the income stabilization coefficient and two others affecting directly the demand stabilization coefficient. The main results suggest that changing the minimum tax exemption and its progressiveness using the tax structure of middle-income countries outside the LAC region is the best option to enlarge the size of the income and demand stabilization coefficients, and in this way to reduce the need of discretionary fiscal policies in the region.


Cognitive linguistics becomes more credible if it gains support from independent resear on cognition. e study juxtaposes a cognitive linguistic model, Ronald W. Langaer's Cognitive Grammar (CG), with a model of categorization, primarily in the color domain, called Vantage eory (VT), proposed by Robert E. MacLaury. e study shows that in spite of different goals and scopes of application, as well as terminological differences, the two models are congruous. Moreover, they yield parallel results when applied in analyses of language data, although VT must be adapted for the purpose. e congruence results from the cognitive basis of both CG and VT, with common ground to be found in the broadly explored notions of figure vs. ground, point of view, subject-oriented nature of meaning, and active role of the conceptualizer.


Objective To study the effect of valsartan and amlodipine on plasma Apelin-12 in patients with essential hypertension. Methods The 110 mild and moderate hypertension patients were divided randomly into 2 groups, 58 patients were treated in valsartan, 52 patients were treated in amlodipine. 50 healthy people physical examinded were control group. All the cases were detected Apelin-12. After 16 weeks' anti-hypertensine lowering with valsartan and amlodipine for EH group, the above item was detected again. Results The plasma Apelin-12 level after treatment of valsartan and amlodipine was significantly higher than that of treatment before. The plasma Apelin-12 level after treatment of valsartan was significantly higher than that of treatment of amlodipine. Conclusion Valsartan increase plasma Apelin-12 more than amlodipine.

Key words:
Hypertension; Apelin-12; valsartan; Amlodipine


Veterinary practices in the United Kingdom were surveyed to compare their surgical draping practices with Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) accreditation tier and other surgery-related factors. Using descriptive statistics and logistic or ordinal regression analysis (where appropriate), the relationships between draping material and accreditation tier and other surgery-related factors were assessed. Procedures were categorised as short or long. Two hundred and sixty-nine surveys were completed. Reusable drapes were used in 66 per cent of practices. Antibiotics were administered routinely in 38 per cent of short and 93 per cent of long procedures. Practices accredited as a Veterinary Hospital (VH) were 6.3–7.2 (short and long surgeries, respectively) times more likely to use disposable drapes, when compared with non-accredited practices. Use of dedicated surgical attire, draping the whole animal/table, and routine antibiotic usage were also positively correlated with disposable drape usage. Fifty-one per cent of practices rated infection rate as most important when choosing drape material. 'Best practice' techniques are associated with lower importance given to infection rate, and higher importance given to financial cost, when choosing drape material. Disposable drape use correlates with RCVS accreditation and with other aspects of surgical technique. Importance ratings awarded correlate with best practice procedures. Clinical relevance 'Best practice' draping procedures, that are not governed by RCVS accreditation scheme, are also more frequently performed in accredited VHs.


In recent years, behavioral biometrics have become a popular approach to support continuous authentication systems. Most generally, a continuous authentication system can make two types of errors: false rejects and false accepts. Based on this, the most commonly reported metrics to evaluate systems are the False Reject Rate (FRR) and False Accept Rate (FAR). However, most papers only report the mean of these measures with little attention paid to their distribution. This is problematic as systematic errors allow attackers to perpetually escape detection while random errors are less severe. Using 16 biometric datasets we show that these systematic errors are very common in the wild. We show that some biometrics (such as eye movements) are particularly prone to systematic errors, while others (such as touchscreen inputs) show more even error distributions. Our results also show that the inclusion of some distinctive features lowers average error rates but significantly increases the prevalence of systematic errors. As such, blind optimization of the mean EER (through feature engineering or selection) can sometimes lead to lower security. Following this result we propose the Gini Coefficient (GC) as an additional metric to accurately capture different error distributions. We demonstrate the usefulness of this measure both to compare different systems and to guide researchers during feature selection. In addition to the selection of features and classifiers, some non- functional machine learning methodologies also affect error rates. The most notable examples of this are the selection of training data and the attacker model used to develop the negative class. 13 out of the 25 papers we analyzed either include imposter data in the negative class or randomly sample training data from the entire dataset, with a further 6 not giving any information on the methodology used. Using real-world data we show that both of these decisions lead to significant underestimation of error rates by 63% and 81%, respectively. This is an alarming result, as it suggests that researchers are either unaware of the magnitude of these effects or might even be purposefully attempting to over-optimize their EER without actually improving the system.


In this paper, we measure and analyse profit efficiency and productivity of Vietnamese banks using a newly developed index approach which is based on the directional distance function. Our findings indicate that the average bank operates quite far below the frontier of the best-practice bank, mainly due to allocative inefficiency rather than technical inefficiency, and that Vietnamese banks experience modest productivity growth. The thrust of this growth is technological progress, and to some degree technical efficiency change, whereas scale efficiency change contributes adversely to productivity growth. We also investigate the effects of the capital-adequacy and deposit-taking regulations on profit efficiency, and find no significant influences.


The rate of dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depends on the size of the particulate matter on which they are adsorbed. The distribution of PAHs on size-fractionated aerosol samples has been studied during winter and in the absence of precipitation to estimate the dry deposition flux of individual PAHs. Size-fractionated ambient particulate matter samples were collected during a 72-hour period, using an eight-stage cascade impactor. Filter paper samples were then extracted ultrasonically, and PAH characterization and quantification performed with a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) system with UV-visible detector. Total PAH concentrations associated with the size-segregated ambient particulate matters collected on different impactor stages were in the range of 18.3 to 66.6 ng/m^3. The size distribution of atmospheric total PAHs was found to be bimodal. The modeled deposition velocity (V(subscript d,i)) at the sampling site for the particle size range of <0.4 μm, 0.4-1.1 μm, 1.1-3.3 μm and 3.3-9.0 μm were found to be 0.004 cm/sec, 0.037 cm/sec, 0.283 cm/sec and 2.72 cm/sec, respectively. The dry deposition flux for individual PAHs at the sampling site was found to be in the range of 0.17 μg/m^2/day-2.69 μg/m^2/day. The results indicate that the dry deposition of PAHs is mainly due to gravitational settling of coarse particulates.


Many simulation experiments require considerable computer time, so interpolation is needed for sensitivity analysis and optimization. The interpolating functions are 'metamodels' (or 'response surfaces') of the underlying simulation models. For sensitivity analysis and optimization, simulationists use different interpolation techniques (e.g. low-order polynomial regression or neural nets). This paper, however, focuses on Kriging interpolation. In the 1950's, D.G. Krige developed this technique for the mining industry. Currently, Kriging interpolation is frequently applied in computer aided engineering. In discrete event simulation, however, Kriging has just started. This paper discusses Kriging for sensitivity analysis in simulation, including methods to select an experimental design for Kriging interpolation.


Recently, large scale flooding disasters due to abnormal weather have been reported worldwide. These flooding disasters have caused severe damage and have claimed many lives. The medical services play an important role in flood disasters. In this paper, a disaster management plan for the medical services is described in terms of governmental policy, utilising questionnaire survey results, etc. The target areas used for the survey are the lowlands from the former flood disaster areas in Tokyo and Fukuoka, Japan. The policy of the Japanese Government regarding large scale flood hazards has been discussed by a team of experts. Moreover, some flood hazard prevention methods were proposed by the disaster risk management offices of the local governments of Tokyo and Fukuoka. The survey of flood preparedness for the medical services was sent and collected by mail. The main results and conclusion are as follows: It was clear from the questionnaire results that the flood hazard measures of the medical services in large cities such as Tokyo and Fukuoka are fairly poor, although the Japanese government and local governments do provide a guide for the event of a disaster. To reduce disaster risk, it is necessary to direct the promotion of an instrument that can provide guidance for the building and planning of cities and towns in the prevention of flood hazards, to establish a set of capacious shelters, to secure evacuation routes, etc. within a guide that will illuminate a crisis consciousness for flood hazards.


This package solves a sparse unsymmetric system of n linear equations in n unknowns using an unsymmetric multifrontal variant of Gaussian elimination. There are facilities for choosing a good pivot order, factorizing another matrix with a nonzero pattern identical to that of a previously factorized matrix, and solving a system of equations using the factorized matrix. An option exists for solving triangular systems using the factors from the Gaussian elimination.


The authors find that mutual fund companies offer mostly their own mutual funds in the 401(k) plans for their own employees. However, there are systematic differences between companies that rely on their own funds and companies that include outside funds. The companies that include outside funds tend to operate funds with high expense ratios. Outside funds in the 401(k) plans of mutual fund companies have significantly lower expense ratios and better governance scores than company's own funds. This evidence supports the claim that the interests of mutual fund companies are not perfectly aligned with the interests of their funds' shareholders. The authors also find that among the company's own funds, the funds selected for the company's 401(k) plan are almost indistinguishable from the rest of the funds offered by the mutual fund companies. Thus, it is not the case that, within their own funds, mutual fund companies favor their inexpensive funds. In fact, within the companies' own funds, participants (mutual fund company employees) gravitate towards higher-cost and more actively managed funds. Thus, in one context (choosing to use outside funds) mutual fund companies favor cheap and better governed funds, in another context (choosing among its own funds) mutual fund companies favor actively managed, expensive funds.


Abstract This article argues that scientific practice of all kinds does not simply represent but actively constructs social and cultural realities: it is involved in an "ontological politics." It reflects on activist research and addresses the question of how science, and especially anthropology, can contribute to bringing degrowth alternatives into being. We suggest that to overcome growth society and build a new imaginary, we first need to denaturalize and decenter basic concepts of modern ontology. We then show how and why activist researchers in new social movements such as degrowth are involved in bringing about new concepts, imaginaries, and practices. Drawing on our experiences as activist researchers, we propose some basic strategies and tools for activist research, including deconstruction, and the creation and/or use of new concepts, such as translation and weaving. Key words: ontological politics, activist research, degrowth, alternatives to modernity


The Coso Range lies at the west edge of the Great Basin, adjacent to the southern part of the Sierra Nevada. A basement complex of pre-Cenozoic plutonic and metamorphic rocks is partly buried by ∼35 km3 of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks that were erupted during two periods, as defined by K-Ar dating: (1) 4.0–2.5 m.y., ∼31 km3 of basalt, rhyodacite, dacite, andesite, and rhyolite, in descending order of abundance, and (2) ≤1.1 m.y., nearly equal amounts of basalt and rhyolite, most of the rhyolite being ≤0.3 m.y. old. Vents for the volcanic rocks of the younger period are localized on and near a horst of basement rocks within a concavity defined by the distribution of vents of the older period. The alignment of many vents and the presence of a considerable number of roughly north-trending normal faults of late Cenozoic age reflect basin and range tectonics dominated by roughly east-west lithospheric extension. Fumaroles, intermittently active thermal springs, and associated altered rocks occur within and immediately east of the central part of the field of Quaternary rhyolite, in an area characterized by various geophysical anomalies that are evidently related to an active hot-water geothermal system. This system apparently is heated by a reservoir of silicic magma at ≥8-km depth, itself produced and sustained through partial melting of crustal rocks by thermal energy contained in mantle-derived basaltic magma that intrudes the crust in response to lithospheric extension.


The paper analyzes SMSGupShup, a mobile-centric social networking platform in India. It focuses on a set of dominant users (young, male) who are redefining the nature of micro-blogging and the creation of mobile networking communities. Like many social networking sites, assembling, maintaining and growing social networks are primary behaviours on GupShup. Unlike many others, where maintaining a personalized profile and conversing with a networked community take prominence, users of GupShup show markedly different messaging or broadcasting practices. While captivated by the idea of connecting with people all over India for the first time through the GupShup platform, the primary motivation of users is not conversation, forging a "second life" or building interest groups, but optimizing the networking service to expand one's own group membership. From a qualitative study of user profiles, the paper demonstrates how GupShup can inform thinking about facets of mobile communities in developing countries: specifically, changing ideas about the networking platform as a "second social life" to one of a pecuniary "resource."


'With clarity and sophistication, Antonios Broumas presents a bold new theory of intellectual commons and powerful arguments for a new body of supportive law. This book not only reveals the misleading logic of intellectual property law in our time; it reveals the rich possibilities for constructive change that legally protected commoning can bring. Highly recommended!' — David Bollier, Director, Reinventing the Commons Program, Schumacher Center for a New Economics. 'Liberating the Intellectual Commons from the fetters of capital accumulation and appropriation, would give us a renaissance of creative energies and empowered communities: exactly what the world needs to move away from the social and ecological devastations of our times. This book is a thoughtful and compelling argument for making this possible through the works of the law and the redesign of public domain as a common space.' — Massimo De Angelis, Professor of Political Economy and Social Change, Co-director of the Centre for Social Justice and Change, University of East London. 'In this pioneering book, Antonios Broumas argues that philosophically, morally, politically and economically we are in urgent need of a new legal regime that recognizes the intellectual commons, peer production and sharing as the primary practices of intellectual production, distribution and consumption. I cannot imagine a more urgent task today. A legally protected intellectual commons will lead to greater scientific and cultural innovation and creativity and will lead to an urgently needed second Enlightenment. This book should be read by lawyers, critical theorists, economists and the many professionals of science, culture and the academy.' — Costas Douzinas, Professor of Law, Birkbeck, University of London. 'Antonios Broumas' book is an excellent critical analysis of the cultural commons and a must-read for everyone interested in understanding what the commons, the cultural commons, and the digital commons are all about. This work brilliantly outlines the foundations of an empirically grounded critical theory of the commons and the cultural commons in the context of the interactions of law and society.' — Christian Fuchs, Professor of Media and Communication Studies, author of Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory (2020). 'Broumas takes us on a spellbinding tour of how and why the law could and should change to accommodate the creative multitude, which engages into an emerging mode of production. He tells a vibrant story that makes us shout: "Lawmakers of the world, unite!"' — Vasilis Kostakis, Professor of P2P Governance, Tallinn University of Technology, Faculty Associate at Harvard Law School. At the cutting edge of contemporary wealth creation people form self-governed communities of collaborative innovation in conditions of relative equipotency and produce resources with free access to all. The emergent intellectual commons have the potential to commonify intellectual production and distribution, unleash human creativity through collaboration and democratise innovation with wider positive effects for our societies. Contemporary intellectual property laws fail to address this potential. We are, therefore, in pressing need of an institutional alternative beyond the inherent limitations of intellectual property law. This book offers an overall analysis of the moral significance of the intellectual commons and outlines appropriate modes for their regulation. Its principal thesis is that our legal systems are in need of an independent body of law for the protection and promotion of the intellectual commons, in parallel to intellectual property law. In this context, the author of the book proposes the reconstruction of the doctrine of the public domain and the exceptions and limitations of exclusive intellectual property rights into an intellectual commons law, which will underpin a vibrant non-commercial zone of creativity and innovation in intellectual production, distribution and consumption alongside commodity markets enabled by intellectual property law.


The effect of a pulsed magnetic field on spatially resolved emission from a laser plasma at atmospheric pressure was investigated. The pulsed magnetic field, produced by capacitive electrical discharge through a specially designed solenoid, was oriented normal to the laser axis. Temporally integrated emission enhancements due to the magnetic field were found to be most significant when the plasma was formed about 1 mm below the magnetic field axis. The degree of confinement of the plasma increased with magnetic field strength—these studies utilized the maximum magnetic field attainable with this system that did not jeopardize the structural integrity of the solenoid (∼85 kG). Laterally resolved emission characteristics (observed both along and normal to the magnetic field axis) demonstrated significant radial compression and axial expansion of the laser plasma. These effects are explainable by JxB or fluid magnetic pressure interactions. Further deconvolution of dynamic magnetic field effects on plasma atomization/excitation/ionization characteristics require spatially and temporally resolved emission and absorption studies.


Abstract. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a long-lived radiatively active compound with the ability to destroy stratospheric ozone. Due to its inclusion in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MP), the last two decades have seen a sharp decrease in its large-scale emissive use with a consequent decline in its atmospheric mole fractions. However, the MP restrictions do not apply to the use of carbon tetrachloride as feedstock for the production of other chemicals, implying the risk of fugitive emissions from the industry sector. The occurrence of such unintended emissions is suggested by a significant discrepancy between global emissions as derived from reported production and feedstock usage (bottom-up emissions), and those based on atmospheric observations (top-down emissions). In order to better constrain the atmospheric budget of carbon tetrachloride, several studies based on a combination of atmospheric observations and inverse modelling have been conducted in recent years in various regions of the world. This study is focused on the European scale and based on long-term high-frequency observations at three European sites, combined with a Bayesian inversion methodology. We estimated that average European emissions for 2006–2014 were 2.2 (± 0.8) Gg yr−1, with an average decreasing trend of 6.9 % per year. Our analysis identified France as the main source of emissions over the whole study period, with an average contribution to total European emissions of approximately 26 %. The inversion was also able to allow the localisation of emission "hot spots" in the domain, with major source areas in southern France, central England (UK) and Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg), where most industrial-scale production of basic organic chemicals is located. According to our results, European emissions correspond, on average, to 4.0 % of global emissions for 2006–2012. Together with other regional studies, our results allow a better constraint of the global budget of carbon tetrachloride and a better quantification of the gap between top-down and bottom-up estimates.


We present Cluster and Double Star-1 (TC-1) observations from a close magnetic conjunction on 8 May 2004. The five spacecraft were on the dawnside flank of the magnetosphere, with TC-1 located near the equatorial plane and Cluster at higher geographic latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. TC-1, at its apogee, skimmed the magnetopause for almost 8h (between 08:00-16:00 UT). Flux Transfer Events (FTEs), moving southward/tailward from the reconnection site, were observed by TC-1 throughout almost all of the period. Cluster, travelling on a mainly dawn-dusk trajectory, crossed the magnetopause at around 10:30 UT in the same Magnetic Local Time (MLT) sector as TC-1 and remained close to the magnetopause boundary layer in the Southern Hemisphere. The four Cluster spacecraft observed FTEs for a period of 6.5h between 07:30 and 14:00 UT. The very clear signatures and the finite transverse sizes of the FTEs observed by TC-1 and Cluster imply that, during this event, sporadic reconnection occurred. From the properties of these FTEs, the reconnection site was located northward of both TC-1 and Cluster on the dawn flank of the magnetosphere. Reconnection occurred between draped magnetosheath and closed magnetospheric field lines. Despite variable interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions and IMF- B z turnings, the IMF clock angle remained greater than 70° and the location site appeared to remain relatively stable in position during the whole period. This result is in agreement with previous studies which reported that the dayside reconnection remained active for an IMF clock angle greater than 70°. The simultaneous observation of FTEs at both Cluster and TC-1, separated by 2h in MLT, implies that the reconnection site on the magnetopause must have been extended over several hours in MLT.


Abstract The early Tertiary (Paleocene and Eocene) family Presbyornithidae is one of the most completely known group of fossil birds. Essentially all parts of the skeleton are represented in the fossil record, allowing a thorough analysis of the phylogenetic position of the family. Forty-two families of nonpasserine birds representing the orders Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and Charadriiformes, were included in a cladistic analysis of 71 skeletal characters. The previously suggested anseriform affinity of the Presbyornithidae was confirmed. Furthermore, the family proved to be closer to the Anatidae than to the Anhimidae or Anseranatidae. The many postcranial similarities with certain charadriiform birds as the Burhinidae, obviously are plesiomorphies. By this observation, a better undestanding of character evolution in nonpasserine skeletal morphology is gained. The often suggested close relationship of anseriform and galliform birds is not confirmed by osteology. Instead, the Anseriformes and the Phoenicopteridae form a monophyletic clade that is the sister to the remaining ciconiiform birds. This result renders the CiconiiformessensuWetmore (1960) polyphyletic.


In this Essay, Professor Franke observes that, unlike feminists from other disciplines, feminist legal theorists have neglected to formulate a positive theory of female sexuality. Instead, discussions of female sexuality have been framed as either a matter of dependency or danger. Professor Franke begins her challenge to this scheme by asking why legal feminism has accepted unquestionably the fact that most women reproduce in their lifetimes. Why have not social forces that incentivize motherhood - a dynamic she terms repronormativity - been exposed to as exacting a feminist critique as have heteronormative forces that normalize heterosexuality? Furthermore, she continues by noting that when feminist legal theory renders sex as dangerous, such analysis risks advancing the view that the only acceptable answer to any sexual proposition is "no". Professor Franke cautions that the willingness of most legal feminists to maternalize uncritically the female subject or to conceptualize sex as the inevitable site of danger for women, effectively marginalizes, if not erases, the possibility of non-reproductive female sexual desire and pleasure.


Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is one of the well-known immuno-osseous dysplasias (IOD), which are a combination of skeletal dysplasia and immunodeficiency. It is characterized by disproportionate short stature, fine sparse hair, ligamentous laxity, hematological abnormalities with anemia, a predisposition to malignant tumors, and recurrent infections usually due to cellular and/or humoral immunodeficiency. However, there is a significant overlap of clinical findings among the other IODS such as Schimke's IOD. Here, we present a case of CHH with mild skeletal changes and immunological findings associated with recurrent otitis media, neutropenia, and lymphopenia. With this report, we once more emphasize the difficulty in assessing young individuals with CHH presenting with mild ectodermal findings and subtle radiographic changes.


Conjectures about inflation expectations are inextricably linked to our understanding of the relationship between the real and monetary sides of the economy; yet, direct empirical research on the matter has been scarce at best. This paper therefore examines the empirical properties of inflation expectations data constructed on the basis of both qualitative and quantitative surveys of consumers for a set of eight European countries. The rational perceptions hypothesis is tested and rejected by the data, a finding which in turn leads us to reject the rational expectations hypothesis and casts doubt on the New Keynesian Phillips Curve model. The popular alternative of using "rule-of-thumb" expectations in such models empirically is also found to be unrobust. Similarly, the conjecture by Akerlof et al. (2000) of a non-vertical long-run Phillips curve arising from the presence of "near-rationa l" expectations cannot be supported. The Mankiw and Reis (2002) Phillips curve based on the idea of "sticky information" succeeds in its intuition of a gradual adjustment of expectations, but its assumption of rational updating is challenged by the data in the context of the natural experiment provided by the UK's ERM disinflation. Instead, the adjustment mechanism for expectations appears to display largely adaptive characteristics. Finally, the paper provides some insights into the nature of the interaction between monetary policy and inflation expectations.


Vanadyl oxide (V═O) sites are thought to play a role in a number of industrially important catalysts for activating saturated alkanes, but in no system is the mechanism for the activation, product formation, and reoxidation steps established. In this paper, we use quantum mechanical methods (B3LYP flavor of density functional theory) to examine the detailed mechanism for propane reacting with a V_4O_(10) cluster to model the catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane on the V_2O_5(001) surface. We here report the mechanism of the complete catalytic cycle, including the regeneration of the reduced catalyst using gaseous O_2. The rate-determining step is hydrogen abstraction by the vanadyl (V═O) group (in agreement with experiment) to form an iso-propyl radical that binds to an adjacent V−O−V site. Subsequently, this bound iso-propyl forms propene product by β-hydride elimination to form bound H_2O. We find that this H_2O (bound to a V^(III) site) is too stable to desorb unimolecularly. Instead, the desorption is induced by binding of gaseous O_2 to the V^(III) site, which dramatically decreases the coordination energy of H_2O from 37.8 to 12.9 kcal/mol. Further rearrangement of the O_2 molecule leads to formation of a cyclic VO_2 peroxide, which activates the C−H bond of a second propane to form a second propene (with a lower reaction barrier). Desorption of this propene regenerates the original V_4O_(10) cluster. We find that all reactions involve the single vanadyl oxygen (V═O), with the bridging oxygens (V−O−V) serving to stabilize the iso-propyl radical intermediate. We refer to this mechanism as the single-site vanadyl activation, functionalization, and reoxidation mechanism (SS-VAFR). This SS-VAFR mechanism should be applicable to propane ODH on the supported vanadium oxide catalysts where only monovanadate (VO_4) species are present.


FACTS (Functional Association/Annotation of cDNA Clones from Text/Sequence Sources) is a semiautomated knowledge discovery and annotation system that integrates molecular function information derived from sequence analysis results (sequence inferred) with functional information extracted from text. Text-inferred information was extracted from keyword-based retrievals of MEDLINE abstracts and by matching of gene or protein names to OMIM, BIND, and DIP database entries. Using FACTS, we found that 47.5% of the 60,770 RIKEN mouse cDNA FANTOM2 clone annotations were informative for text searches. MEDLINE queries yielded molecular interaction-containing sentences for 23.1% of the clones. When disease MeSH and GO terms were matched with retrieved abstracts, 22.7% of clones were associated with potential diseases, and 32.5% with GO identifiers. A significant number (23.5%) of disease MeSH-associated clones were also found to have a hereditary disease association (OMIM Morbidmap). Inferred neoplastic and nervous system disease represented 49.6% and 36.0% of disease MeSH-associated clones, respectively. A comparison of sequence-based GO assignments with informative text-based GO assignments revealed that for 78.2% of clones, identical GO assignments were provided for that clone by either method, whereas for 21.8% of clones, the assignments differed. In contrast, for OMIM assignments, only 28.5% of clones had identical sequence-based and text-based OMIM assignments. Sequence, sentence, and term-based functional associations are included in the FACTS database (http://facts.gsc.riken.go.jp/), which permits results to be annotated and explored through web-accessible keyword and sequence search interfaces. The FACTS database will be a critical tool for investigating the functional complexity of the mouse transcriptome, cDNA-inferred interactome (molecular interactions), and pathome (pathologies).


Two separate surveys were administered (17–19 Nov. 2008 and 7–10 Apr. 2009) to consumers residing in five metropolitan areas in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States (1710 for Survey 1 and 1518 for Survey 2) to investigate and compare consumer stated preferences toward locally grown and certified organic produce. In Survey 1, participants were asked to indicate whether they agreed that purchasing locally grown produce was more important than purchasing organically grown produce. In addition, they were asked to report whether locally grown and certified organic were factors in their produce purchasing decision. Compared with their counterparts (each demographic examined independently), White/Anglos, Asian Americans, and those aged 25 years and older agreed that purchasing locally grown produce was more important than purchasing organically grown produce. A greater percentage of participants aged 37 years and older (average of 65%) and 66% of White/Anglo participants selected ''produce was grown in my local area.'' In addition, a greater percentage of participants aged between 21 and 64 years (average of 32%) and 48% of Asian Americans selected ''produce was grown using 'certified' organic methods,'' compared with their counterparts. In Survey 2, participants were presented with six pairwise comparisons and asked to indicate their stated preference between each of the two options, which included combinations of ''locally grown,'' ''not locally grown,'' ''certified organic,'' and ''not certified organic.'' Stated preference for locally grown produce was highest among the following participant groups (each group examined independently): those aged 37 years and older, White/Anglo participants, those without children living in their household, females, and participants with income levels $25,000 and greater. In addition, stated preference for certified organic was highest among the following groups (again, each group examined independently): those aged between 21 and 36 years; Black/African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans; those with children living in their household; females; and participants with income levels of $25,000 and greater. Produce industry members in the U.S. mid-Atlantic region (e.g., farmers, distributors, retail store owners, restauranteurs, agricultural extension personnel) can incorporate this research into marketing plans, purchasing decisions, or educational or applied research programs as appropriate.


In the article financial problems of mergers, acquisitions and joinings in the corporate sector of the economy of Ukraine are considered. Prospects of the development of ukrainian corporate finance are depicted. Ways of improvement of financial mechanism of M&A are proposed. Relation between the effectiveness of M&A mechanism and the level of development of the stock market is established.


Iris Murdoch's philosophical texts depart significantly from familiar analytic discursive norms. (Such as the norms concerning argument structure and the minimization of rhetoric.) This may lead us to adopt one of two strategies. On the one hand an assimilation strategy that involves translation of Murdoch's claims into the more familiar terms of property-realism (the terminology of ethical naturalism and non-naturalism). On the other hand, there is the option of adopting a crossover strategy and reading Murdoch as (in some sense) a philosopher who belongs more properly to the continental tradition. The following article argues that if familiar Quinean claims about ontological commitment and Murdoch's account of metaphor are both broadly correct then the assimilation strategy must fail to produce a faithful translation. Nonetheless, Murdoch's connection to the analytic tradition is more than genealogical, it is more than a matter of her writing (initially) in response to analytic contemporaries before branching off in a more continental direction. While she departs from familiar analytic discursive norms, she continues to accept most of the epistemic values (such as clarity and simplicity) that the norms embody.


This thesis introduces two classes of discrete-time distributed online optimization algorithms, with a group of agents which communicate over a network. At each time, a private convex objective function is revealed to each agent. In the next time step, each agent updates its state using its own objective function and the information gathered from its immediate in-neighbors at that time. We design algorithms distributed over the network topologies, which guarantee that the individual regret, the difference between the network cost incurred by the agent's states estimation and the cost incurred by the best fixed choice, grows only sublinearly. One algorithm is based on gradient-flow, which provably works for a sequence of time-varying uniformly strongly connected graphs. The other one is based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers, which works on fixed undirected graphs and gives an explicit regret bound in terms of the size of the network. We implement the proposed algorithms on a sensor network and the results demonstrate the good performance for both algorithms.


Creative thinking shares many characteristics with traditional complex tasks. We investigated whether implicit theories of creativity would affect creative thinking in a way similar to the impact of implicit theories of intelligence on academic tasks. We altered participants' theories of creativity to be either more incremental or more entity-like. We also examined the impact of working memory (WM) and cognitive load on creative thinking. Cognitive load fully mediated the relationship between implicit theories and creative thinking, with more incremental beliefs linked to lower cognitive load. In addition, cognitive load partially mediated the relationship between WM and creative thinking. Our results support prior research showing that creative thinking draws on cognitive mechanisms similar to those utilized by other complex tasks, but the impact of implicit theories on creative thinking differs from their effect on traditional academic tasks.


Most ESL tertiary students find creating a coherent and extended piece of writing difficult and challenging. In assisting students to improve their writing, collaboration
was found to be an effective strategy. The strength of collaboration is exemplified by wikinomics (coined from wiki and economics) that emphasizes the benefits that can
be drawn from collaboration in all aspects of human activities, including education,through collective wisdom. Wiki was initially created for developing webpages
collaboratively. The efficiency of wiki as a collaboration device has made it a synonym for collaboration that simplifies collaborative writing through its interactive
features. Considering the strengths of wiki for collaborative writing, the present study investigates collaborative writing on wiki and face-to-face through comparing the participants' perceptions and preferences of collaborative writing on wiki and face-to-face, their interaction patterns on the two modes of collaborative writing, and the quality of their individual and collaborative essays after going through a collaborative writing process on wiki and face-to-face.
The study employs a mixed-method research design to integrate qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. Participants were an intact class of ESL
tertiary students in a Bachelor of Arts English language programme. The quantitative data were collected from a quasi-experiment based on a counter-balanced design
where participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Each experimental group was given two treatments of collaborative writing on wiki and
face-to-face with different sequences of the two treatments. Data were collected from one pre-experiment and two post-experiment essays, two collaborative essays, and
two questionnaires. Participants also wrote down their reflections on the collaboration on paper, and they were interviewed at the end of the experiments. The
face-to-face groups were audio- and video- taped for investigation of their interaction patterns, and the wiki discussion records were analyzed for salient points.
Participants' interactions were analyzed through a descriptive analysis model adapted from Kumpulainen and Mutanen (1999).


Individuals lack proper means to supervise the services they contact and the information they exchange when surfing the web. This security task has become challenging due to the complexity of the modern web, of the data delivering technology, and even to the adoption of encryption, which, while improving privacy, makes in-network services ineffective. The implications are serious, from a person contacting undesired services or unwillingly exposing private information, to a company being unable to control the flow of its information to the outside world. To empower transparency and the capability of taking informed choices in the web, we propose C ROWD S URF , a system for comprehensive and collaborative auditing of data exchanged with Internet services. Similarly to crowdsourced efforts, we enable users to contribute in building awareness, supported by the semi-automatic analysis of data offered by a cloud-based system. The result is the creation of "suggestions" that individuals can transform in enforce-able "rules" to customize their web browsing policy. C ROWD S URF provides the core infrastructure to let individuals and enterprises regain visibility and control on their web activity. Preliminary results obtained executing a prototype implementation demonstrate the feasibility and potential of C ROWD S URF .


In wireless networks, where each node transmits independently of other nodes in the network (the ALOHA protocol), the expected delay experienced by a packet until it is successfully received at any other node is known to be infinite for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) model with node locations distributed according to a Poisson point process. Consequently, the information velocity, defined as the limit of the ratio of the distance to the destination and the time taken for a packet to successfully reach the destination over multiple hops, is zero, as the distance tends to infinity. A nearest neighbor distance based power control policy is proposed to show that the expected delay required for a packet to be successfully received at the nearest neighbor can be made finite. Moreover, the information velocity is also shown to be non-zero with the proposed power control policy. The condition under which these results hold does not depend on the intensity of the underlying Poisson point process.


The combination of ordered macromolecular structures and well-defined responsive molecular triggers is enabling precise and amplified structural and property switching in synthetic architectures leading to useful functions. These features are reminiscent of the most sought after designs in nature, specifically the ability of superstructures to form on-demand, store information, perform actuation, and store/release molecular payloads. Such macromolecular systems arise through the precise placement of environmentally responsive elements within polymer chains, an ability only recently possible for synthetic systems. The drivers behind such progress are described and future possibilities for functional macromolecular superstructures discussed.


We propose and study a general framework for regularized Markov decision processes (MDPs) where the goal is to find an optimal policy that maximizes the expected discounted total reward plus a policy regularization term. The extant entropy-regularized MDPs can be cast into our framework. Moreover, under our framework, many regularization terms can bring multi-modality and sparsity, which are potentially useful in reinforcement learning. In particular, we present sufficient and necessary conditions that induce a sparse optimal policy. We also conduct a full mathematical analysis of the proposed regularized MDPs, including the optimality condition, performance error, and sparseness control. We provide a generic method to devise regularization forms and propose off-policy actor critic algorithms in complex environment settings. We empirically analyze the numerical properties of optimal policies and compare the performance of different sparse regularization forms in discrete and continuous environments.


Funerals, Festivals, and Cultural Politics in Porfirian Mexico. By Mattiiew D. Esposito. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2010. Pp. xvi + 332, illustrations, appendices, index. $29.95 paper.)Considering funerals not only as rituals but also as identity-generating events with underlying political messages has become a popular topic in anthropological and historical studies, particularly since Katherine Verdery's milestone publication The Political Life of Dead Bodies (1999). Historian Matdiew D. Esposito follows Verdery's lead from a distinct historical perspective, delving into a transitional and instable period of Mexican history (1876-1890) beginning with die deadi of President Benito Juarez and ending with die establishment of a durable hegemonic state under Porfirio Diaz.Esposito follows in his book die diirty-five years of the Porfirian regime and the 110 state funerals organized during that period scrupulously, and in descriptive detail. The audior argues diat cultural politics and a national mydiology have been grounded in a particular use and political instrumentalization of dead bodies, particularly those of national heroes. Through commemorating die dead - and mobilizing die media resources of diat time - political authority could be built most effectively. Esposito presented this hypothesis in an earlier article published in 2005 in The Americas.Throughout the book Esposito is interested in the strong links between national and cultural identity, and acts of memory and death as a ritual. He analyzes funerals as public events, which at times resemble popular street parties. Drawing on the notion of "entertaining funerals," he points out die fact that feasts and funerals were not as strictly divided as one might expect but functioned predominantly as popular happenings. He interprets this as the regime's attempt to actively involve popular classes in the processes of political legitimization and nation-building. At the same time, Esposito argues that funerals did not serve only as quiet and solemn manifestations of mourning and state power but also functioned on another level as subversive happenings of unorganized crowds demonstrating transgressive behaviour. Both points of view are not new, but were rather put forward in Joâojose Reis' discussion of funeral rites and rebellion in nineteenth century Brazil (1991, English translation 2003).The descriptive and often captivating examples Esposito provides - including rare photographs and popular prints that are reproduced in the book - show in detail the political strategies the state employed for a reconciliation of the nation. In this context Esposito underlines that funerals also took on a role in promoting a particular vision of modernity and religiosity. The fact that funeral processions were organized by using the train or the tram illustrates how the Porfirian regime embraced modernity publicly. A modem funeral industry also emerged at the same time. Funeral practice had important social implications. During this period, the state moved to give costiy funerals not only to generals, but also to honoured citizens, illustrating to the Western world that the regime had overcome militarism. At the same time, state burials were held without crosses, priests and candles: Esposito interprets this move as a distancing from Catholic religiosity and as a step towards a "civic religion. …


Background Patient involvement is required before patients' preferences can be reflected in the medical care they receive. Furthermore, patients are a vital link between physicians' assessments of patients' needs and actual implementation of appropriate care. Yet no study has specifically examined how and when a representative sample of patients considered, discussed, and made medical decisions. Objective To identify decision prevalence and decision-making processes regarding 1) initiation of prescription medications for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or depression; 2) screening tests for colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer; and 3) surgeries for knee or hip replacement, cataracts, or lower back pain. Design Computer-assisted telephone interview survey. Setting Nationally representative sample of US adults in households with telephones. Participants 3010 English-speaking adults age 40 and older identified using a stratified random sample of telephone numbers. Measurements Estimated prevalence of medical decisions, defined as the patient having initiated medications, been screened, or had surgery within the past 2 years or having discussed these actions with a health care provider during the same interval, as well as decision-specific data regarding patient knowledge, attitudes and patient-provider interactions. Results 82.2% of the target population reported making at least 1 medical decision in the preceding 2 years. The proportion of decisions resulting in patient action varied dramatically both across decision type (medications [61 %] v. screening [83%] v. surgery [44%]; P < 0.001), and within each category (e.g., blood pressure medications [76%] v. cholesterol medications [55%] vs. depression medications [48%]; P < 0.001). Respondents reported making more decisions if they had a primary care provider or poorer health status and fewer decisions if they had lower education, were male, or were under age 50. Limitations Retrospective self-reports may incorporate recall biases. Conclusions Medical decisions with significant life-saving, quality of life, and cost implications are a pervasive part of life for most US adults. The DECISIONS dataset provides a rich research environment for exploring factors influencing when and how patients make common medical decisions.


Automatic readability assessment is one of the most important applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in education. Since automatic readability assessment allows the fast selection of appropriate reading material for readers at all levels of proficiency, it can be particularly useful for the English education of English as Foreign Language (EFL) students around the world. However, most readability assessment models are developed for the native readers of English and have low accuracy for texts in non-native English Language Training (ELT) curriculum. We introduce LXPER Index, which is a readability assessment model for non-native EFL readers in the ELT curriculum of Korea. To measure LXPER Index, we use the mixture of 22 features which we prove to be significant in text readability assessment. We also introduce the Text Corpus of the Korean ELT Curriculum (CoKEC-text), which is the first collection of English texts from a non-native country's ELT curriculum with each text's target grade level labeled. In addition, we assembled the Word Corpus of the Korean ELT Curriculum (CoKEC-word), which is a collection of words from the Korean ELT curriculum with word difficulty labels. Our experiments show that our new model, trained with CoKEC-text, significantly improves the accuracy of automatic readability assessment for texts in the Korean ELT curriculum. The methodology used in this research can be applied to other ELT curricula around the world.


A theoretical and experimental study of mechanical properties of electrical cables with multi order helical structure has been performed. Relations between applied deformations and local strains in the first order helical structure have been developed. The model is then generalized with a hierarchical approach where the strains at any order helical structure are expressed as functions of strains in the upper order helix under the assumption that all components are sticking to each other. The force balance between the strains and the friction forces is considered. When the cable is exposed to small bending curvature, the slippage of the component is prevented by the frictional force. At this stage, the components of the cable behave as solid beams. Slippage occurs between the components when the tensile force in the components overcomes the frictional force. This state occurs at sufficiently large bending curvatures and results in a variable bending stiffness varying with the magnitude of the applied bending curvature. The response of the cable to pure bending is measured and the data is evaluated using the theoretical model described above. Magnitudes of un- known properties of the cable are estimated by comparing the theoretical and experimental data. To utilize the model in terms of life time estimation, a number of parameters were suggested to relate the mechanical properties of the cable to wear and fatigue. A parametric study has been done to investigate how these parameters are affected by changing cable properties or the loading condition.


A new electromechanical press for fuel pellet manufacturing was built last year in partnership between CEA-Marcoule and ChampalleAlcen . This press was developed to shape pellets in a hot cell via remote handling. It has been qualified to show its robustness and to optimize the compaction cycle, thus obtaining a better sintered pellet profile and limiting damage. We will show you how 400 annular pellets have been produced with good geometry's parameters, based on press settings management. These results are according to a good phenomenological pressing knowledge with Finite Element Modeling calculation. Therefore, during die pressing, a modification in the punch displacement sequence induces fluctuation in the axial distribution of frictional forces. The green pellet stress and density gradients are based on these frictional forces between powder and tool, and between grains in the powder, influencing the shape of the pellet after sintering. The pellet shape and diameter tolerances must be minimized to avoid the need for grinding operations. To find the best parameters for the press settings, which enable optimization, FEM calculations were used and different compaction models compared to give the best calculation/physical trial comparisons. These simulations were then used to predict the impact of different parameters when there is a change in the type of powder and the pellet size, or when the behavior of the press changes during the compaction time. In 2016, it is planned to set up the press in a glove box for UO2 manufacturing qualification based on our simulation methodology, before actual hot cell trials in the future.


Men's interest and participation in cosmetic procedures has increased in recent years; however, the factors that motivate or discourage men from undergoing these procedures is not well understood. To evaluate which factors impact men's decisions towards cosmetic procedures, an observational, single-site, cross-sectional study utilizing a voluntary questionnaire was executed in a target population size of 209 men ≥21 years old who visited the study site from 2015 to 2017. A majority of the male respondents incorporate a basic skincare regimen into their daily routine (90%), have had experience with neurotoxin treatments (54%), and expressed interest in either neurotoxin or dermal filler treatments (77% and 83%, respectively). The main motivating reason to undergo a cosmetic procedure was pursuit of a youthful appearance and the main discouraging reasons were cost and time for appointments or recovery. This study suggests that a majority of our male patients have either embraced or are interested in cosmetic treatments, but the cost and time play a big role in their decision. As cosmetic providers, we should reflect a commitment to the male population through marketing efforts and offerings to increase participation in minimally invasive aesthetic procedures. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(9):941-946.


Since World War II, mortality has declined in the developing world. This paper examines the effects of this mortality decline on demographic and economic growth by a family-optimization model, in which fertility is endogenous and wealth yields utility through its status. The decline in mortality stimulates investment and generates an income stream which promotes population growth, but the desire of status hampers fertility and prevents capital-diluting demographic expansion. If status-seeking is strong, then the decline of mortality decreases population growth below its original level.


Several vaccines have been found effective against COVID-19, usually administered in homologous regimens, with the same vaccine used for the prime and boost doses. However, recent studies have demonstrated improved protection via heterologous mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccine combinations, and a direct comparison among these regimens is needed to identify the best employment strategies. Here, we show a single-cohort comparison of changes to the humoral and cellular immune compartments following five different COVID-19 vaccines spanning three technologies (adenoviral, mRNA and inactivated vaccines). These vaccines were administered in a combinatorial fashion, resulting in sixteen different homologous and heterologous regimens. SARS-CoV-2-targeting antibody titres were highest when the boost dose consisted of mRNA-1273, independent of the vaccine used for priming. Priming with BBIBP-CorV induced less class-switching among spike-binding memory B cells and the highest antigen-specific T cell responses in heterologous combinations. These were generally more immunogenic in terms of specific antibodies and cellular responses compared to homologous regimens. Finally, single-cell analysis of 754 samples revealed specific B and T cell signatures of the vaccination regimens, indicating distinctive differences in the immune responses. These data provide new insights on the immunological effects of COVID-19 vaccine combinations and a framework for the design of improved vaccination strategies for other pathogens and cancer.


ABSTRACT Despite significant progress in reducing peripartum mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with antiretroviral therapy (ART), continued access to ART throughout the breastfeeding period is still a limiting factor, and breast milk exposure to HIV accounts for up to 44% of MTCT. As abstinence from breastfeeding is not recommended, alternative means are needed to prevent MTCT of HIV. We have previously shown that oral vaccination at birth with live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes safely induces persistent SIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses both systemically and at the oral and intestinal mucosa. Here, we tested the ability of oral M. tuberculosis vaccine strains expressing SIV Env and Gag proteins, followed by systemic heterologous (MVA-SIV Env/Gag/Pol) boosting, to protect neonatal macaques against oral SIV challenge. While vaccination did not protect infant macaques against oral SIV acquisition, a subset of immunized animals had significantly lower peak viremia which inversely correlated with prechallenge SIV Env-specific salivary and intestinal IgA responses and higher-avidity SIV Env-specific IgG in plasma. These controller animals also maintained CD4+ T cell populations better and showed reduced tissue pathology compared to noncontroller animals. We show that infants vaccinated at birth can develop vaccine-induced SIV-specific IgA and IgG antibodies and cellular immune responses within weeks of life. Our data further suggest that affinity maturation of vaccine-induced plasma antibodies and induction of mucosal IgA responses at potential SIV entry sites are associated with better control of viral replication, thereby likely reducing SIV morbidity. IMPORTANCE Despite significant progress in reducing peripartum MTCT of HIV with ART, continued access to ART throughout the breastfeeding period is still a limiting factor. Breast milk exposure to HIV accounts for up to 44% of MTCT. Alternative measures, in addition to ART, are needed to achieve the goal of an AIDS-free generation. Pediatric HIV vaccines constitute a core component of such efforts. The results of our pediatric vaccine study highlight the potential importance of vaccine-elicited mucosal Env-specific IgA responses in combination with high-avidity systemic Env-specific IgG in protection against oral SIV transmission and control of viral replication in infant macaques. The induction of potent mucosal IgA antibodies by our vaccine is remarkable considering the age-dependent development of mucosal IgA responses postbirth. A deeper understanding of postnatal immune development may inform the design of improved vaccine strategies to enhance systemic and mucosal SIV/HIV antibody responses.


The aim of the present study was to determine and compare taxa richness, abundance and diversity of the edaphic mesofauna community between plantations of cranberries (Vaccinium sp.) subjected to organic and conventional management in farms in central-south Chile (37°28'S), as also to evaluate changes produced in their diversity and abundance diversity and abundance, as result of the change from conventional to organic management. In July 2006 two farms were chosen, one with one year under organic management (OM1) and a second one under six years of certified organic management (OM6). Each farm was divided in four quadrants, each one with a surface of 2,500 m . In each quadrant was extracted one sample with six replicas of 188.5 cm3 each. Samples were processed in the laboratory using the Berlesse-Tullgren system for the extraction of mesofauna and the subsequent counting and identification of specimens. To compare the organic managed plantation, it was selected a farm under conventional management (CM) with similar climatic and edaphic conditions. On each parcel, taxa richness, abundance, alpha (a) diversity, dominance and beta (P) diversity were determined. Significant differences between diversity values were determined with Student's t test (a = 0.05). It is concluded that taxa richness is similar in all plantations, independent of agricultural management, whereas abundance of each taxon individually is different between both types of management. There are significant differences in diversity between the organic plantations (OM1 versus OM6) and between the conventional (CM) versus organic plantations (P<0.05). Qualitative (taxocenotic) and quantitative (biocenotic) similarity recorded in the edaphic communities from both types of plantation management may be explained by soil type and climate similarity, as well as by the homogeneity of the edaphic ecosystem.


Walter Rauschenbush and Charles Gore were contemporaries who had profound impacts in North America and England respectively in the area of Christian social thought. While they both provided theological justification for a moderate gradualist socialism their theologies are in many ways antithetical. Rauschenbusch's "social gospel," which has been predominant in North American liberal protestantism, is contrasted with Gore's "sacramental socialism," which is predominant in liberal Anglocatholicism. This essay argues for the revival of the sacramental socialist tradition on the basis of comparison with theorists as varied as Max Horkheimer, George Lindbeck, George Grant and the Radical Orthodoxy project of John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock.


This chapter in the forthcoming OUP Handbook on the Use of Force addresses some hotly-debated points surrounding the use of armed force by peoples for their self-determination in recent years. While the practice of states is bent seemingly towards expanding the use of lawful force, e.g., to eradicate international terrorism, increased 'rights' to use force by states against non-state groups have simultaneously muddied the more traditional restraints placed on force when utilised domestically, during non-international armed conflicts against rebels and insurgents. This contribution examines these crucial restraints, long codified in humanitarian and fundamental human rights laws, which are placed on all parties to non-international armed conflicts, particularly those fought for self-determination.


In one sense, dying is the most personal and private of all events. Each of us comes to the end of a unique life and dies his or her own death. Along with birth, death sets the natural boundaries of a particular life's trajectory. But unlike birth, the consciousness of death can define a person's plan of life. In existential terms, the consciousness of an inevitable person death provokes an anxiety that is radically individuating. The fact of my death makes this my life.(1) Yet no aspect of human experiences is wholly personal and private. Like birth, our knowledge of death comes from others. The way we die--when, under what circumstance, and from what cause or reason--is shaped in profound ways by relationships with others and by large social and institutional forces. The symbolic significance attached to death is derived from religious and cultural realities that precede and survive individuals. And it is precisely because death is such as intensely personal and private event, so defining of the individual, that the social arrangements that attend death are so important. What could be more important for society than events that shape individuals? The character of dying and how th dying are cared for has changed in profound ways in the last several decades.(2) In all of our prior history, death for those who reached adulthood came generally in what is now mildlife. It came swiftly, "a thief in the night." It came without significant resistance from medicine; little could be done to ward off impending death. Now death is generally an event of old age. It typically follows a long pattern of chronic illness and decline. It comes only after exhaustive medical interventions, some of which plainly increase the length and intensity of suffering and all of which increase costs to the health care system. This change in dying, and especially its impact on the deaths of individuals, has produced a social consensus over the last two generations on a patient's or proxy's right to refuse life-sustaining medical measures, a hospice movement designed to improve the quality of life in dying, and a growing debate over legalization of doctor-assisted suicide and active euthanasia. What are the social dimensions of these developments, especially the third, since it stands before us as a social choice? Aside from real and projected impacts on individuals, how does our treatment of the terminally ill effect society as a whole? How might changes in social arrangements surrounding dying affect the common good? These issues are taken up here under three headings. First, some general observations are offered about the notion of the common good. Second, some changes are proposed designed to better serve the common good in the way dying patients are cared for. Finally, some reasons are developed to show why legalization of doctor-assisted suicide and active euthanasia cannot serve the common good. The Common Good Traditionally, the common good has been the key term of articulating and assessing the implications for society as a whole of changes in social practice or public policies.(3) But the notion of the common good is problematic in our society. The idea comes to us from ancient Greco-Roman civilizations and from medieval Europe. Thus, the birth and development of the notion of the common good is derived from civilizations far more homogeneous than contemporary American. The diversity in our society--of races, ethnic groups, religions, languages, culture, and lifestyle--makes it more difficult for us to understand and assent to the idea that there is some good or goods that are of value to us as members of society irrespective of our many differences. American politics, especially in the twentieth century, work against generation of a practical consensus on the common good. The checks and balances built into our Constitution hobble attempts to develop unitary policy visions. …


"Robert s Rules of Order" is "the" book on parliamentary procedure for parliamentarians and anyone involved in an organization, association, club, or group and the authoritative guide to smooth, orderly, and fairly conducted meetings and assemblies. This newly revised edition is the only book on parliamentary procedure to have been updated since 1876 under the continuing program of review established by General Henry M. Robert himself, in cooperation with the official publisher of "Robert s Rules." The eleventh edition has been thoroughly revised to address common inquiries and incorporate new rules, interpretations, and procedures made necessary by the evolution of parliamentary procedure, including new material relating to electronic communication and electronic meetings. "


This paper begins with a critique of the uses of the term " bentilun 本 體論 (ontology)" in modern Chinese scholarship by tracing their claim to being theoretical paradigms for understanding Chinese philosophy as a philosophical tradition. It is supplemented by a contrastive discussion of bentilun and its original ancient Greek counterpart, i.e. ontology, to show that the object of discourse in bentilun does not match up with that of ontology, namely "being qua being." This comparative study also demonstrates that bentilun finds its philosophical significance in connection with the theory of xinxing 心性 (heart-mind). In the second section of this paper, a comparative study of " xingershangxue 形而上學 (metaphysics)" and "metaphysics" highlights the central tenet that the dao essentially transcends language. Daoist philosophy is used as an example that identifies a unique predilection toward philosophical concepts that transcend the realm of nameable thoughts and objects in Chinese philosophy. Textual evidence is provided to show that the conceptual possibility of xingershangxue is based upon a fundamental difference between you 有 (being) and wu 無 (not-being), in a way that is similar to philosophical developments in other early civilizations. Nonetheless, in addition to a philosophical interest in principles and values that transcend the material world, Daoist xingershangxue exhibits an idiosyncratic attention to notions and theories whose object of discourse is essentially unnameable. This characteristic philosophical interest is identified with the aim of locating essential disciplines within Chinese philosophy, including the theory of xinxing, practical wisdom, and the theory of jingjie 境界 (state-of-attainment) in a wider framework of east and west philosophical traditions.


This paper derives from a LARR-sponsored forum at the LASA 2003 Congress held in Dallas in March 2003. Targeted at younger scholars, a panel of leading researchers whose early work was shaped by marginality and dependency thinking of the 1960s were invited to reflect cross-generationally about how paradigms analyzing poverty in Latin American cities have shifted from that time to the present. Specifically, each of the authors compares "marginality" as it was construed more than three decades ago with contemporary constructions of poverty and social organization arising from their more recent research. While there are important continuities, the authors concur that the so-called "new poverty" today is very different, being more structural, more segmented and, perhaps paradoxically, more exclusionary than before. Moreover, the shift from a largely patrimonialist and undemocratic state towards one that, while more democratic, is also slimmer and downsized, thereby shifting state intervention and welfare systems ever more to local level governments and to the quasi-private sector of nongovernmental organizations. If earlier marginality theory overemphasized the separation of the poor from the mainstream, today's new poverty is often embedded within structures of social exclusion that severely reduce opportunities for social mobility among the urban poor.


Stavudine- containing regimens are currently the most widely used first-line anti-HIV treatment option in Kenya. This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of stavudine at two dose levels in patients attending a HIV Comprehensive Care Centre in Kenya. Data were collected retrospectively from the records of 810 adult patients. Fewer stavudine related adverse effects were seen in patients � 60 kg treated with 30 mg stavudine compared to those who received 40 mg (4.2 vs 16.7%, p < 0.001). Patients < 60 kg were more likely to experience drug toxicity than those � 60 kg when given 30 mg stavudine (12.8 vs 4.2%, p < 0.001). Occurrence of any adverse drug reaction was significantly associated with severe immunosuppression (HR =1.45, CI: 0.86 - 2.45, p < 0.001), co-morbidities (HR = 2.16, CI: 1.06 4.38, p < 0.001) and treatment with isoniazid (HR = 2.07, CI: 1.09 - 3.96, p < 0.001). The onset of drug related toxicities was principally in the first year of commencing therapy. Similar immunologic outcomes were demonstrated across all the treatment groups with median CD4 cell counts after 12 months of treatment more than doubling for patients in all the study cohorts. The findings support the use of combination antiretroviral therapy regimens containing low dose stavudine in Kenya.


Confrontations/Accommodations: German-Jewish Literary and Cultural Relations from Heine to Wassermann, edited by Mark H. Gelber. Conditio Judaica, vol. 46. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2004. 288 pp. euro66.00. The essays collected in this volume honor Jeffrey L. Sammons on the occasion of his retirement from Yale University. The Leavenworth Professor in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures since 1979 and a faculty member at Yale since 1964, Sammons has written widely and wisely on topics dealing primarily with German literature of the nineteenth century, although he has also contributed a volume on the seventeenth-century mystic writer Angelus Silesius, essays on various authors from the eighteenth century, and a monograph on literary sociology. The focus in his scholarship has not been exclusively German-Jewish authors, but his extensive preoccupation with one of the greatest Jewish authors in the German canon, Heinrich Heine, justifies a Festschrift devoted to the "confrontations and accommodations" of Jews in Germany. Appropriately the first eight of the fourteen essays deal with Heine or events and authors contemporary with Heine. In the opening essay on Lessing and Heine, Jocelyn Kolb takes exception to the recent trend in Heine scholarship that explores the writer's Jewish identity, directing our attention instead to the "figurative" sense in which Heine identified with his Jewish heritage, one that entails wit and critique, and that places Heine in the proximity of both Nathan, Lessing's exemplary Jewish hero, and Nathan's creator. Dealing with the writings of Heine's last years, Roger Cook proposes that Heine did not affirm a Judeocentric view in his late works, but rather rethought the modern world from the perspective of his own diasporic existence. The volume's editor, Mark Gelber, demonstrates how Heine-and antisemitic writers later in the century-participates in the construction of the noble Sephardic Jew as an alternative to the degenerate or degenerating Ashkenaz in The Rabbi from Bacherach. The director of the Heinrich-Heine Institute in Dusseldorf, Joseph Kruse, provides insight on the difficulties of ascertaining the authenticity of objects and documents that can shed light on Heine's biography, in particular his early years, about which we know relatively little. And Hiroshi Kiba examines the criticism leveled against Goethe in the writings of Heine and his contemporary, Ludwig Borne, speculating that their relationship to Goethe was affected by problems of Jewish emancipation in early nineteenth-century Germany. Dieter Lamping's essay is the first to abandon the exclusive focus on Heine, but it does remain within the period during which Heine wrote. Lamping is concerned with Bornes internationalism as the most important facet of his political critique. Mark Webber's contribution is more historical in nature. He examines a dispute known as the "Kolner Kirchenstreit" (Cologne Church Dispute), which dealt ostensibly with controversies between Catholics and Protestants, and which was initiated to some extent by the conservative Catholic Joseph Gorres. …


Anatomically preserved pollen cones are described from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada. Cones are ellipsoidal; range from 2.8 to 6.9 mm in length, 1.6 to 3.5 mm in diameter; and are often subtended by scale leaves. Cone axes contain longitudinally oriented, cortical resin canals and 14-18 vascular bundles. Microsporophylls are helically arranged, each bearing two abaxial pollen sacs, many containing pollen grains. Grains are bisaccate and monosulcate, ranging from 50 to 70 μm in length and 27 to 43 μm in width. Proximally, the corpus is rugulate with a tectate-alveolate infrastructure. Sacci have a well-defined endoreticulum and an external ornamentation that is psilate to scabrate. Variations in cone size, cone anatomy, and pollen morphology indicate that several developmental stages are preserved. The large number of cones present in the chert, especially those representing short-lived ontogenetic stages, and the preservational quality of the cones support depositional interpretations for a rapid burial and preservation. These factors also indicate that the pollen cone-producing plants occupied a marginal position in proximity to the lacustrine environment. Four species of Pinus, based on woody twigs, dwarf shoots, leaves, and ovulate cones, are presently known from the Princeton chert. The association of these pollen cones with Pinus similkameenensis leaves and Pinus arnoldii ovulate cones indicates possible taxonomic affinities among these species. The Princeton chert specimens are the oldest Pinus pollen cones to be described and are the first in the genus for which fossil pollen ultrastructure has been described.