Standards development is particularly difficult within the digital library arena, primarily because the most active players have not yet formed a true community in the sense of having evolved a common vocabulary, commonality of interest, or structures for collaboration and communication. Competition, the need to allow for innovation and experimentation, and the need for speed in a rapidly changing technological environment all help to foster a culture that does not necessarily value standards. Appropriate responses can help encourage the development of standards even in this environment. Among these is the recognition that collections of practices, best practices, local and global guidelines, normative standards and implementers' agreements can all be useful under different circumstances, and to aim for the level of standarization most appropriate to the situation.


This Article examines the antinomy of middle-eastern legal and racial classification. Individuals of middle-eastern descent are caught in a catch-22. Through a bizarre fiction, the state has adopted the uniform classification of all individuals of middle-eastern descent as white. On paper, therefore, they appear no different than the blue-eyed, blonde-haired individual of Scandinavian descent. Yet reality does not mesh with this bureaucratic position. On the street, individuals of middle-eastern descent suffer from the types of discrimination and racial animus endured by recognized minority groups. The dualistic and contested ontology of the middle-eastern racial condition therefore creates an unusual paradox. Reified as the other, individuals of middle-eastern descent do not enjoy the benefits of white privilege. Yet, as white under the law, they are denied the fruits of remedial action. Moreover, the state's racial fiction fosters an invisibility that perniciously enables the perpetuation and even expansion of discriminatory conduct, both privately and by the state, against individuals of middle-eastern descent. Indeed, unlike virtually every other racial minority in our country, middle easterners have faced rising, rather than diminishing, degrees of discrimination over time - a trend epitomized by recent targeted immigration policies, racial profiling, a war on terrorism with a decided racialist bent, and growing rates of job discrimination and hate crime. By tracing the chilling reproblematization of the middle easterner from friendly foreigner to enemy alien, enemy alien to enemy race, this Article argues that the modern civil rights movement has not done enough to advance the freedoms of those of middle-eastern descent. Finally, the Article critiques the extant literature in critical race theory for ignoring issues of concern to individuals of middle-eastern descent. Specifically, the legal academy must launch a dialogue, in both its law review literature and the classroom, on the particular problems facing the middle-eastern population, especially in the post-9/11 environment. A central tenet of this plea is a re-examination in what we - as a society and as scholars - count as diversity. The Article therefore takes a simple, though radical, step: calling for the development of a middle-eastern critical legal scholarship.


The entanglement, one of the central mysteries of the quantum mechanics, plays a significant role in a variety of applications of the quantum information theory. A natural question in theoretical and experimental importance is whether it is possible to detect a universal entanglement without full diagnostics. The diagnostics relies on a set of quantum trajectories and their records from measurements. This model reflects the probability that each of the measurements may be damaged from interference and decoherence, and may also be associated with recording of continuous signals for an end-time period. The goal is then to retrieve the quantum state such as it had been in the beginning of this measurement process. The proposed solution relies on explicit expression of the probability function through effective matrices contained in the quantum approximation and solutions of ad-joint quantum filters. In this article, we prove а no-go theorem, which outlines this possibility for non-adaptive schemes, which use only single-copy measurements. We also examine in detail а previously conducted experiment, for which it is claimed that detects the entanglement of two-qubit states through adaptive single-copy measurements without full diagnostics. With the conduct of the experiment and the analysis of the data, we demonstrate that the information collected is really sufficient to reconstruct the state. These results reveal a fundamental limit of the single-copy measurements upon the entanglement detection, and provide a common framework for learning the detection of other interesting properties of the quantum states, such as the positivity of partial transposition and the k-symmetric-extendibility.


The implied promise of liberal democracies in a state of pluralism is that difference will be addressed. This article argues that this promise has not been met in the case of GM regulation, despite 30 years of discussion and debate. Rather than attribute this failure to the insurmountable logic of uncertainty, this article blames it on the strategies of detoxification, displacement and deferral employed by the legislature and the Gene Technology Regulator to avoid addressing substantive issues of social meaning in relation to GM technology. The article concludes that the Gene Technology Regulator has failed to fulfil the broad legislative mandate granted under the Gene Technology Act 2000 (Cth), thereby rendering the Regulator's position largely irrelevant.


Improving the care of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in South Africa is particularly important because of the high burden of disease and the need to improve standards of antibiotic prescribing in the face of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The purpose of this document is to provide clinicians guidance as to the recommended management of patients with CAP. This is an update for clinicians, which takes into account important advances and controversies in the management of patients with CAP.


We present a geometric interpretation of ordering in self-organizing feature maps. This view provides simpler proofs of Kohonen ordering theorem and of convergence to an ordered state in the one-dimensional case. At the same time it explains intuitively the origin of the problems in higher dimensional cases. Furthermore it provides a geometric view of the known characteristics of learning in self-organizing nets.


A conserved acto-myosin motor complex is implicated in parasite motility and host invasion by a wide variety of Apicomplexan zoites. Until recently, only actin, myosin A (MyoA) and its putative light chain (MLC1 in Toxoplasma gondii) or myosin tail domain interacting protein (MTIP) in Plasmodium spp., had been identified as central to the function of this motor. Identification of two further components in T. gondii, the gliding-associated proteins (GAP45 and GAP50), has provided a valuable insight into how the motor may be anchored in the inner membrane complex (IMC) that lies below the plasma membrane.

Results presented here demonstrate that Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)GAP45 and PfGAP50 are expressed and co-localise with PfMTIP at the periphery of merozoites. Both GAPs are found to be in complex with PfMyoA, and PfMTIP. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that the motor complex is assembled in two stages. PfGAP50 is incorporated after the formation of a ternary complex comprising PfGAP45, PfMyoA and PfMTIP. PfGAP45 is shown to be N-myristoylated and palmitoylated and may therefore function as a linker protein tethering the motor to the outer leaflet of IMC. Additionally, PfGAP45 is phosphorylated by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1); a process that may be important in the regulation of the motor. Recombinant PfGAP50 is a well-ordered protein, whereas PfGAP45 has a low content of secondary structure. Potential interaction of GAPs with other motor components has been examined. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses have not provided any evidence of direct interaction with any other motor proteins.


Differences between genotypes are considered to be the most important requisite for a resilient urban forest. Analyses of physiological traits, such as leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange could provide useful insight into the capacity of different species and genotypes to grow in harsh urban environments. In the present study, a variation of midday (Psmd) and predawn (Pspd) leaf water potential, net photosynthesis (A), rate of transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of seven Silver linden genotypes (Tilia tomentosa Moench), planted in the urban environment in Novi Sad, were examined. Analysis of variance and LSD tests were used to show differences between studied silver linden genotypes. The results showed significant differences for all observed leaf gas exchange parameters (A, E, gs, Ci, Pspd and Psmd) between genotypes. The results indicate better physiological performances of genotypes T3, in comparison to other observed genotypes under the prevailing environmental condition of the studied site in the urban environment.


This extensive field study and comprehensive analysis of existing scholarship provides a solid basis for interpreting the peculiar and much-debated Serbocroatian accentuation. Although addressed to Slavists in particular, the book also opens possibilities for linguists investigating the ways in which "accent" can be defined and utilized in various linguistic systems.The authors have been working together on Serbocroatian accentuation for more than two decades. The book summarizes their earlier findings and adds a wealth of new materials. It contains the results of thousands of spectrographic measurements of a rich corpus of data concerning word accentuation and sentence intonation, as well as the results of a series of listening tests that clarify the nature of the distinction between so-called falling and rising accents.Because Serbocroatian is one of the IndoEuropean languages with the most complex prosodic patterns, it is extremely important for comparative linguistics and also highly interesting from a typological viewpoint. The interplay of word accents and sentence intonation has offered an especially attractive subject of study for scholars.This book surveys the results of their work and reviews the rich variety of opinions expressed so far. A concluding section focuses on the authors own view, which takes into account not only the invariant elements in the relation between so-called falling and rising accents, but also the variation connected with the syllabic structure of the word and its position in the sentence and with the regional origin of the speaker.Ilse Lehiste is Professor of Linguistics, Ohio State University. Pavle Ivia is a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and a retired professor of the University of Belgrade. W"ord and Sentence Prosody in Serbocroatian" is thirteenth in the series Current Studies in Linguistics, edited by Jay Keyser.


Competition is more strong in effort world cause more big constraints which have to be experienced by business subject now or in future, one of constrain in marketing side. The goal of marketing is to create benefit long term and give feedback others. Hence, the manager function have to be able to direct operational of firm day by day and they have to make strategic decision appropriately. Based on the problem, researcher want to open moreover in the research by title "Application of Marketing Strategic in Exactly, Increase Market to Firm of Roll Karet UD. Sari Argo Mandiri of Malang. The goal of this study is to formulated marketing strategic exactly to be applied by firm of roll karet UD.Sari Argo Mandiri in competition in East Java to increase market side which its owned. This study is applied research that goal to assist manager to take better decision. The applied reseach is directed to situation of specific organization and application is adviced by rules in taking decision process. This study is carried out in UD. Sari Argo Mandiri in Jl. Argo Timur D.5 No.10 Perum Argo Kencana Karangploso district Malang regency. The data collecting technique use interview and documentation data such as selling volume of firm during three years (2005-2006), the marketing data that consist of product, price, promotion, and distribution and organization structure and production process. The study result show that marketing strategic exactly to be applied by UD. Sari Argo Mandiri in order to marketing side increase is to use way with decrease selling price to their consumer that the goal may be defended and versus competitor of similar industry, it is fact enter in strategy pattern of flanking defense and mobile defense model, as defense that notice weakness which be had by UD. Sari Argo Mandiri thus others competitor is not benefit it. This firm is growing, strategic formulation of market leader in position to develop market entirely, protect market, and make market widely. To achieve goal, so effort may be maximize by UD. Sari Argo Mandiri to carry out some marketing activity such as marketing research, research and innovation to measure market side, selling(both unit and currency) which be done study and developing and or innovation by notice efficiency level of internal operation from UD. Sari Argo Mandiri


Several experimental forms of hypertension require intact renal innervation for the development or maintenance (or both) of the elevated arterial pressure. We determined the relationships between urinary sodium and water excretion and arterial pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DS) with innervated (n = 6) and denervated (n = 7) kidneys after switching from a low to a high sodium diet. Arterial pressure significantly increased in both groups within 48 hours after they began to eat an 8% sodium chloride diet. This hypertension increased to 188 +/- 9 and 190 +/- 7 mm Hg, respectively, in rats with innervated and denervated kidneys after 12 days. Mean arterial pressures were not significantly different between groups on any day. The rise in arterial pressure of DS placed on a high sodium intake was associated with an elevation of urine flow rate and urinary sodium excretions in rats with either innervated or denervated kidneys. Urine flow rates and urinary sodium excretions were greater in denervated than in innervated rats on Days 4 through 7 after beginning the high sodium diet. This diuresis and natriuresis in rats with denervated kidneys were associated with greater water and sodium intakes on Days 4 to 7 of the high sodium diet when compared with rats with innervated kidneys. These results demonstrate that, following exposure to a high sodium intake, DS have increased arterial pressure within 24 hours. The development of this arterial hypertension is not dependent on intact renal innervation. In conscious DS, the renal innervation does participate in the regulation of urinary sodium excretion by promoting renal sodium and water reabsorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


BACKGROUND
The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was developed as an improvement of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for use in cross-cultural settings. This study compared the reliability and validity of GPAQ and IPAQ in Vietnam.

METHODS
251 adults were randomly selected from a population-based survey (n = 1978) of noncommunicable disease risk factors. GPAQ and IPAQ were administered on 2 occasions. Participants wore pedometers and logged their physical activity (PA) for 7 consecutive days.

RESULTS
Test-retest correlations of GPAQ measurements differed for participants (n = 153) with stable work patterns (work PA r = .43, total PA r = .39) and those (n = 98) with unstable work patterns (work PA r = -0.02, total PA r = -0.05). IPAQ measurements did not differ in this way. GPAQ reliability was poorer for transport (GPAQ r = .25, IPAQ r = .60) and for leisure (GPAQ r = .21, IPAQ r = .45) PA. GPAQ estimates of total PA for participants with stable work patterns were moderately correlated with IPAQ total PA (r = .32), steps per day (r = .39), and PA log (r = .31).

CONCLUSIONS
The modifications made when designing GPAQ improved its reliability for persons with stable work patterns, but at the expense of poorer reliability for persons with more variable PA. GPAQ did not have superior validity to IPAQ.


Algebraic optical codes with large cardinality and unique tree structures of multiple levels of subsets of codewords for adjustable code performance and cardinality have recently been proposed. As shown in this paper, these characteristics support new network architecture and applications for rapid code switching and physical-layer security in optical code-division multiple access networks. In addition, a new "translate" method of converting "additive" error-correction codes (ECCs) into this kind of optical codes is investigated and demonstrated with four families of Reed-Solomon codes. With rich families of ECCs, our method enhances the collections of optical codes. The performances of these "tree-structured" optical codes are algebraically analyzed and verified, for the first time, using the weight distribution of ECCs.


Aeschylus (525-456 BC) brought a new grandeur and epic sweep to the drama of classical Athens, raising it to the status of high art. In "Prometheus Bound", the defiant Titan Prometheus is brutally punished by Zeus for daring to improve the state of wretchedness and servitude in which mankind is kept. "The Suppliants" tells the story of the fifty daughters of Danaus who must flee to escape enforced marriages, while "Seven Against Thebes" shows the inexorable downfall of the last members of the cursed family of Oedipus. And "The Persians", the only Greek tragedy to deal with events from recent Athenian history, depicts the aftermath of the defeat of Persia in the battle of Salamis, with a sympathetic portrayal of its disgraced King Xerxes. Philip Vellacott's evocative translation is accompanied by an introduction, with individual discussions of the plays, and their sources in history and mythology.


Teachers, administrators, parents, business owners, and community members need to know the importance and value of a Personal Finance class. In this study, a two page survey was given to teachers, administrators, parents, business owners, and community members to determine the importance they placed on financial literacy curriculum and what content they think should be included in a financial literacy curriculum at Bozeman High School. The results of this survey showed that most participants of the survey thought financial literacy was important and that financial literacy curriculum was also important. The conclusions of this study were that financial education is beneficial and that the concepts taught in that type of curriculum were valued.


In his famous dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, Justice John Marshall Harlan argued that in the United States, there was "no caste here." Justice Harlan was rejecting the idea that American society operated to assign preordained outcomes to individuals based upon classifications, including racial classifications. This Article questions whether Justice Harlan's aspirational assertion accurately reflects contemporary American education. Identifying: (1) multiple classification mechanisms, all of which have disproportionate racial effects, and (2) structural legal, political, and practical impediments to reform, the Article argues that the American education system does more to maintain the nation's historical racial hierarchy than to disrupt it. This is so, the Article suggests, despite popular agreement with the casteless ideal and popular belief that education can provide the opportunity to transcend social class. By building the framework for a broad structural critique, the Article suggests that a failure to acknowledge and address structural flaws will preclude successful comprehensive reform with more equitable outcomes.


Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and characterized by chronic bacterial lung infections and inflammation. Complementation with functional CFTR normalizes anion transport across the airway surface. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a useful vector for gene therapy because of its low immunogenicity and ability to persist for months to years. However, episomal expression may decrease following cell division and ultimately require readministration. To overcome this, we designed an integrating AAV-based CFTR expressing vector termed PB/AAV carrying CFTR flanked by the terminal repeats (TRs) of the piggyBac transposon. With co-delivery of piggyBac transposase, PB/AAV can integrate into the host genome. Because of the AAV packaging constraints, careful consideration was required to ensure that the vector would package and express its CFTR cDNA cargo. In this short-term study, PB/AAV-CFTR was aerosolized to the airways of CF pigs in the absence of the transposase. Two weeks later, transepithelial Cl- current was restored in freshly excised tracheal and bronchus tissue. Additionally, we observed an increase in tracheal airway surface liquid (ASL) pH and bacterial killing as compared to untreated CF pigs. ASL from primary airway cells cultured from treated CF pigs exhibited increased pH correlating with decreased viscosity. Together, these results show that complementing CFTR in CF pigs with PB/AAV rescues the anion transport defect in a large animal CF model. Delivery of this integrating viral vector system to airway progenitor cells could lead to persistent, life-long expression in vivo.


In this paper, I argue that cognitive enhancements could increase our ability to analyze and control risks, most importantly existential risks. Towards this end, I identify two significant constraints on our ability to evaluate/neutralize such risks, one of which concerns the problem's type and the other its size (or complexity). I provide two examples of these constraints, and examine how enhancements could help overcome each.


Based on the Smart Cities imaginary, the bottom-up project Stgo2020 created a self-tracking device known as Rastreador Urbano de Bicicletas (or Urban Bicycle Tracker) to record the daily trips of cyclists in Santiago de Chile and use the data gathered to help government officials make better and data-driven decisions on cycling infrastructure planning. In this article, we examine the iterative design of this technology as well as its introduction into the everyday practices of cyclists. We argue that efforts to quantify the ordinary experience of cycling were overwhelmed and interrupted by an ecology of breakdowns, everyday contingencies, forgetfulness, and re-interpretations in the assemblage of devices, data, humans, and bicycles. These breakdowns generated incoherent or absurd bits of information that we call them as "idiotic data" based on recent conceptualizations of the character of the idiot. Significant displacements were provoked by these idiotic data, forcing the engineer behind the device to control and purify the sample by design and algorithms, waning the civic nature of the project at the same time. The case shows how new ways of knowing the urban space by smart devices should be not separated from the emergence of idiotic data, putting into question the versions of citizen participation and smartness at stakes.


ABSTRACT To investigate the extent to which macrophages respond to Salmonella infection, we infected RAW 264.7 macrophages with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and analyzed macrophage proteins at various time points following infection by using a global proteomic approach. A total of 1,006 macrophage and 115 Salmonella proteins were identified with high confidence. Most of the Salmonella proteins were observed in the late stage of the infection time course, which is consistent with the fact that the bacterial cells proliferate inside RAW 264.7 macrophages. The peptide abundances of most of the identified macrophage proteins remained relatively constant over the time course of infection. Compared to those of the control, the peptide abundances of 244 macrophage proteins (i.e., 24% of the total identified macrophage proteins) changed significantly after infection. The functions of these Salmonella-affected macrophage proteins were diverse, including production of antibacterial nitric oxide (i.e., inducible nitric oxide synthase), production of prostaglandin H2 (i.e., cyclooxygenase 2), and regulation of intracellular traffic (e.g., sorting nexin 5 [SNX5], SNX6, and SNX9). Diverse functions of the Salmonella-affected macrophage proteins demonstrate a global macrophage response to Salmonella infection. Western blot analysis not only confirmed the proteomic results for a selected set of proteins but also revealed that (i) the protein abundance of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase increased following macrophage infection, indicating an infection-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria, and (ii) in contrast to infection of macrophages by wild-type Salmonella, infection by the sopB deletion mutant had no negative impact on the abundance of SNX6, suggesting a role for SopB in regulating the abundance of SNX6.


Carefully-researched and highly readable this textbook looks at the experiences and health and social needs of key 'vulnerable groups'. It presents an engaging social science perspective relevant to everyone exploring how we, and society, care for the vulnerable.

Each chapter defines and explores a vulnerable social group, bringing together theoretical, policy and practice perspectives. The chapters explore contemporary debates and offer a number of differing and thought provoking viewpoints. The lively and engaging style enables the reader to engage with the client group and to reflect upon their own learning and practice in a more meaningful way.

Groups covered include:

- Disabled People

- Children

- Older People

- Those Living with Mental Illness

- Ethnic Minorities

- The Homeless.

Suggestions about further study, chapter activities and a glossary of key concepts support students' learning and develop understanding across the social sciences. The book will be invaluable for all those taking courses across health and social care. It will also be a great reference book for practitioners.


Aims. In recent years several warnings have been issued by regulatory authorities on the risk of electrocardiogram abnormalities in individuals exposed to psychotropic drugs. As a consequence of these warnings, monitoring of the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) has become increasingly common. This study was conducted to measure the frequency of QTc prolongation in unselected psychiatric patients, and to document the associated factors using a cross-sectional approach. Method. The study was carried out in 35 Italian psychiatric services that are part of the STAR (Servizi Territoriali Associati per la Ricerca) Network, a research group established to produce scientific knowledge by collecting data under ordinary circumstances. During a three-month period, a consecutive unselected series of both in- and out-patients were enrolled if they performed an ECG during the recruitment period and were receiving psychotropic drugs on the day ECG was recorded. Results. During the recruitment period a total of 2411 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of QTc prolongation ranged from 14.7% (men) and 18.6% (women) for the cut-off of 450 ms, to 1.26% (men) and 1.01% (women) for the cut-off of 500 ms. In the multivariate model conducted in the whole sample of patients exposed to psychotropic drugs, female sex, age, heart rate, alcohol and/or substance abuse, cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular drug treatment, and drug overdose were significantly associated with QTc prolongation. In patients exposed to antipsychotic drugs, polypharmacy was positively associated with QTc prolongation, whereas use of aripiprazole decreased the risk. In patients exposed to antidepressant drugs, use of citalopram, citalopram dose and use of haloperidol in addition to antidepressant drugs, were all positively associated with QTc prolongation. Conclusions. The confirmation of a link between antipsychotic polypharmacy and QTc prolongation supports the current guidelines that recommend avoiding the concurrent use of two or more antipsychotic drugs, and the confirmation of a link between citalopram and QTc prolongation supports the need for routine QTc monitoring. The relatively low proportion of patients with QTc prolongation not only suggests compliance with current safety warnings issued by regulatory authorities, but also casts some doubts on the clinical relevance of QTc prolongation related to some psychotropic drugs.


The expansion of project analysis to incorporate the environmental effects of a project is a direct descendent of the development of project analysis. Traditional project Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) was developed in the United States in the 1930s to analyze large public investments in the water sector. The goal of the analysis was a simple one: the analysis should demonstrate that projects produce positive net benefits over time; that is, the present value (PV) of benefits should exceed the present value of costs. During the next 50 years, analysts perfected the tools of traditional CBA, including issues such as shadow pricing and the determination of a social discount rate. As experience was gained in project CBA, however, it was noted that important environmental and social impacts of a project were being ignored. This led to actions to explicitly expand the analysis of projects.


Recent estimates of climate evolution over the coming century still differ by several degrees. This uncertainty motivates the work presented here. There are two basic approaches to apprehend the complexity of climate change: deterministically nonlinear and stochastically linear, i.e. the Lorenz and the Hasselmann approach. The "grand unification" of these two approaches relies on the theory of random dynamical systems. We apply this theory to study the random attractors of nonlinear, stochastically perturbed climate models. Doing so allows one to examine the interaction of internal climate variability with the forcing, whether natural or anthropogenic, and to take into account the climate system's non-equilibrium behavior in determining climate sensitivity. This non-equilibrium behavior is due to a combination of nonlinear and random effects. We give here a unified treatment of such effects from the point of view of the theory of dynamical systems and of their bifurcations. Energy balance models are used to illustrate multiple equilibria, while multi-decadal oscillations in the thermohaline circulation illustrate the transition from steady states to periodic behavior. Random effects are introduced in the setting of random dynamical systems, which permit a unified treatment of both nonlinearity and stochasticity. The combined treatment of nonlinear and random effects is applied to a stochastically perturbed version of the classical Lorenz convection model. Climate sensitivity is then defined mathematically as the derivative of an appropriate functional or other function of the system's state with respect to the bifurcation parameter.


Background: It is often presumed that physiotherapists need to be thorough in their knowledge in gross anatomy prior to learning new skills or therapeutic techniques. We implemented a Living (Surface) Anatomy module for physiotherapists, prior to the teaching of therapeutic techniques, in one of the continuous professional development (CPD) programs as a supportive venture for their clinical practice. The present study intended to evaluate the impact of a CPD program on reinforcing practicing physiotherapists' knowledge, skills, and attitude for their clinical practice. Methods: A 1-day workshop was conducted on living (surface) anatomy for practicing physiotherapists (n = 27) through a CPD program. This training included manual muscle testing and body painting of selected muscles of trunk and limbs. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to analyze the impact of the module on improvement in participants' knowledge and skills. In addition, participants were requested to respond to a questionnaire (15 items) on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Analysis of the pre- and post-test scores revealed a significant increase (34.6%) in surface anatomy knowledge. Majority of the participants opined that the workshop was organized effectively (100%) and the modules helped them to become aware of the lacunae in their knowledge (100%). They also echoed that they realized the need for continuous self-directed learning (100%) and responded that they would attempt to apply whatever they learned through the workshop in their clinical practice (96%). The overall satisfaction score reported by the participants was 9, on a rating scale ranging from 1 to 10 (1 = very poor; 10 = excellent). Conclusion: The CPD was well received by the participants, as evident from their feedback. The present study results demonstrated that the CPD had a positive impact on the participants' knowledge, skills, and attitude.


Bar-el, Dan, and Rae Mate.  Pussycat, Pussycat, Where Have You Been? Vancouver: Simply Read Books, 2011. Print. In this superbly illustrated book, the pussycat of the classic nursery rhyme continues from his royal visit in London on to more distant and exotic adventures. He sails down the Seine in France, visits with "one of a kind" animals in Australia, kayaks with a pod of whales in the North, and discovers the mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids.  North American geography is subtly evoked as he meets a fisherman in a coastal community and takes shelter from a Prairie thunderstorm in a "soft golden" wheat field. Many elements of the book convey nostalgia and the simple joys of childhood. It features a storybook-like font and extra-large capital letters at the beginning of each stanza. The hand-painted illustrations are magnificent and have a vintage fairy-tale like appeal. However, the complexity of the ideas conveyed in the simple rhyme scheme hints at more mature life lessons and ideas. For example, when the Pussycat encounters a parade of pageant performers, his owner asks, "Did you join in?" he responds with: "If life is a circus/ Why wait to begin?"  The sense of adventure is tempered with reality; he is, on occasion, fearful, sad, or in need of assistance in his travels. He always reveals to the reader what helped him through those times: "What stopped your sorrow?" "I sang to the stars as I rode to tomorrow". He also explains that he was able to take the "road less travelled" due to the generosity of fellow travelers: '…Did you get lost?' 'I strayed from the path At whatever the cost.' 'Pussycat, Pussycat But were you alright?' 'The kindness of strangers Gave warmth to my night.' Pussycat also talks about missing loved ones back home, in this case his owner. The adventure concludes with him inviting her to join him on his next series of imaginary adventures: "Come travel with me/ My partner, my friend." According to the publisher's website, this book is recommended for ages to 4-8.  It would be an excellent addition to any home, library, or school book collection. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Kim Frail Kim is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta. Children's literature is a big part of her world at work and at home. She also enjoys gardening, renovating and keeping up with her two-year old.


Across the Hudson River from Manhattan, major office and residential developments are occurring on large tracts of former railroad and shipping properties in New Jersey. Much of this development would be located within walking distance of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) rapid transit system. It could also be served by a bus/LRT transitway along the waterfront under study by the Hudson River Waterfront Transportation Office of New Jersey Transit. A quick-response travel forecasting method was developed, a model that is essentially a series of macro-driven spreadsheet procedures that allow planners to specify development assumptions for the corridor, along with key transportation parameters, and test them in a 'what-if' manner. The primary value of this system is that it allows for systematic sensitivity testing of the potential transportation impacts with respect to most key development assumptions (scale, type, and locations) and most transportation variables (trip generation, distribution, mode choice and PATH station and line assignment).


Dance Map – The Employability Journey is a mapping exercise that looks specifically and reflectively at where employability is embedded into the Dance Department curriculum. The premise for this research is to gather the opinions of early career graduates, practitioners, employers, faculty members and current students to build a resource and toolkit for Dance graduates. The toolkit aims to provide a user-friendly and informative insight into where the employability focus is explicit within the programmes, together with the identification of potential career destinations for Dance graduates. Through the examination of the pedagogical approaches and learning methods - such as experiential learning opportunities, working creatively, undertaking work placements or working with current choreographers - the importance of embedding these experiences into the curriculum will be explored in order to enable students to make the transition into the professional world and employment. It will identify a range of career options by focussing on the course content for both the BA Dance and MA Performance: Dance programmes at the University of Chichester. It will examine examples of where employability is the focus within modules, where employability is embedded within the overall programmes learning and teaching drawing on module case studies, graduate student case study reflections and the employer sector perspectives.


This Note argues that Title VII doctrine both illuminates internal contradictions of Grutter v. Bollinger and provides a framework for reading the opinion. Grutter's diversity rationale is a broad endorsement of integration that hinges on the quantitative concept of critical mass, but the opinion's narrow-tailoring discussion instead points to a model of racial difference that champions subjective decisionmaking and threatens to jettison numerical accountability. Title VII doctrine supports a reading of Grutter that privileges a view of diversity as integration and therefore cautions against the opinion's conception of narrow tailoring. Grutter, in turn, can productively inform employment discrimination law. The opinion reaffirms principles of contested Title VII precedent and suggests how employers might use affirmative action to meaningfully integrate their workforces.


Migraine prophylaxis is a demonstrated viable therapeutic option, providing positive results through the use of drugs, more and more safe and effective. These drugs are anticonvulsant, antidepressant, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, making a notable contribution according to studies reported in the literature. But they also have side effects, usually less than their efficacy. In this study we report our series of migraineurs with and without aura, treated with prophylactic drugs. In the study we used the drugs of first choice and we used VAS scale to assess pain intensity, checking patients for 8 months, with good results, in some cases excellent. Data from literature show that these new nutraceutical substances, besides to those already in use, are utilized successfully, opening new therapeutic perspectives. Do not resort to symptomatic drugs, it is very important, being rich in adverse, potentially harmful effects, so migraine prophylaxis remains a useful instrument of defense in these patients.


This paper uses matched social security and program micro data from the Uruguayan Plan de Atencion Nacional a la Emergencia Social to investigate the effect of social assistance on formal labor market outcomes. One specific feature of this program is that households could gain and retain eligibility only conditional on their formal income being below a predetermined level. Using a regression discontinuity estimator, we show that, consistent with a textbook model of labor supply, the program reduced formal employment and earnings, primarily among men. Although there is evidence of a modest rebound, by and large the adverse effects on formal labor supply and earnings persist even two years after the end of the program. We speculate that these long lasting effects are due to the dynamic incentives of entitlement for social assistance.


Given the growing interest in the ability of the private sector to contribute to the goal of providing universal access to energy in developing countries, this study sets out to investigate the practices and business approaches of private actors in the emerging niche of private mini-grid development in Kenya. The paper's analytical focus is on how niche actors are influencing and creating change in the incumbent electrification regime of grid extension to strengthen and expand the niche for private mini-grids. The analysis shows that, in addition to internal niche processes like the alignment of expectations, learning and network building, niche actors actively engage in various forms of institutional work. The greatest emphasis here is on regulatory institutional work in order to influence legal and economic frameworks, but niche actors also engage in cognitive institutional work to enhance acceptance of the niche technology by constructing a shared world view between niche and regime actors. Interestingly, niche actors also engage in normative work to establish positive normative associations with the private-sector model, like equity and social justice. The research concludes that in this case institutional work is collective work drawing on different mandates and relying on different skills and resources.


"Like many developing countries, China and India followed development strategies biased in favor of the urban sector over the last several decades. These development schemes have led to overall efficiency losses due to misallocation of resources among rural and urban sectors. It also led to large income gaps between rural and urban areas. The urban bias was greater in China than in India. Indeed, official data show that both the income gap and the difference in poverty rates between rural and urban areas are much larger in China than in India. Both countries have corrected the rural-urban divide to some extent as part of reform processes. But the bias still exists. Other studies also support the idea presented here that correcting this imbalance will not only contribute to higher rural growth, but also secure future urban growth (Fan and Chan-Kang 2005). More important, correcting the urban bias will lead to larger reductions in poverty as well as more balanced growth across sectors and regions. Correcting a government's bias towards investment in urban areas is one of the most important policies to pursue." from Authors' Abstract


© Jackie Harrison and Lorna Woods 2007 and Cambridge University Press, 2009. European broadcasting policy has attracted attention from many disciplines because it has dual nature: Cultural and commercial. This 2007 book offers a detailed treatment of European broadcasting law, set against an overview of policy in this area. In this respect the authors identify tensions within the EU polity as regards the appropriate level, purpose and mechanism of broadcast regulation. Key influences are problems of competence, the impact of changing technology and the consequences of increasing commercialisation. Furthermore, the focus of the analysis is on the practical implications of the legal framework on viewers, and the authors distinguish both between citizen and consumer and between the passive and active viewer. The underlying question is the extent to which those most in need of protection by regulation, given the purpose of broadcasting, are adequately protected.


Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) can cause substantial losses. Compensation for such losses is essential to foster positive community attitudes toward wildlife conservation. Monetary compensation for the loss of human life, injury, crop and property damage, or livestock depredation by wildlife is a common strategy for mitigating HWC. We analyzed inter-specific, spatial, inter-annual and seasonal variation in human-wildlife conflicts, conflict outcome and the associated monetary costs of compensation in Kenya during 2007-2016. A total of 18,794 compensation claims were filed with the Kenya National Compensation Scheme (KNCS) during 2007 - 2016. Snakes made the greatest contribution to the total cases (44.8%,  = 8,423), human fatalities (43.1%,  = 614) and human injuries (76.9%,  = 7,772). Elephant was the second leading conflict species (22.3%,  = 4,181) and was responsible for 18.8% ( = 266) of human deaths and over 75% of crop and property damage. Spotted hyena, leopard and lion caused 85% of livestock predation cases. The intensity and outcome of conflicts varied across counties such that most human fatalities occurred in arid Tana River and Wajir counties, whereas most human injuries occurred in Kitui and Wajir counties. The intensity of conflicts was strongly influenced by the agro-climatic potential and percentage of a county under protection, rainfall and temperature and their interactions. In consequence, crop damage was highest in counties with high agricultural potential (Meru and Taita Taveta) but livestock predation was highest in counties with large protected areas (Samburu and Taita Taveta). Human fatality and injury were higher among males than females and adults than children. Over the 10-year period, the Kenya Government spent about 3 billion Kenya shillings on compensation of about 30% of all filed claims. Compensation schemes require sustainable funding mechanisms and effective administration to minimize negative unintended consequences.

 Key words: Human-wildlife conflicts, compensation, snake bites, attack on humans, livestock predation, crop raiding, rainfall, temperature, human population growth.


This paper provides a generalisation of certain classical Fourier convergence and asymptotic Toeplitz matrix properties to the case where the underlying orthonormal basis is not the conventional trigonometric one, but a rational generalisation which encompasses the trigonometric one as a special case. These generalised Fourier and Toeplitz results have particular application in dynamic system estimation theory. Speciically, the results allow a uniied treatment of the accuracy of least squares system estimation using a range of model structures, including those that allow the injection of prior knowledge of system dynamics via the speciication of xed pole or zero locations.


This Article advocates the municipal encouragement and maintenance of diversity, specifically the inclusion of sexual minorities, through changes in the traditional application of the forms of land use regulation. Bringing together previously distinct conversations about the societal goals of land use planning and the social value placed on diversity by increasing numbers of consumer voters, the Article draws on New Urbanism and Richard Florida's concept of the creative class to argue that the presence in a municipality of a visible, accepted, and integrated LGBTQ community signifies and stimulates not only the social but the fiscal health of that municipality. Building on and distinguishing the historical development of naturally occurring gayborhoods, this Article suggests a rationale and mechanisms for encouraging the growth of such communities. Land use regulation is one means by which a diversity-sensitive municipality can establish marginal advantages over otherwise similarly situated municipalities; in a society offering a wide variety of choices to members of the creative class, this competitive advantage is significant.


It is well established that ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) harms aquatic organisms. Reductions in productivity have been reported for phytoplankton, ichthyoplankton, and zooplankton in incubations exposed to UVR. It is difficult, however, to estimate the effects of UVR in natural waters. Quantitative assessments of UVR effects on aquatic organisms require high‐resolution measurements of solar irradiance and its attenuation in the water, spectral weighting functions for biological effects, and realistic descriptions of the distributions and vertical movements of particles in the water column. Using experimentally determined biological weighting functions for UV‐induced mortality along with measurement‐based models of solar irradiance and of vertical distributions of embryos as influenced by mixing, we modeled UVR‐induced mortality in the early life stages of two key species in the upper estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and the planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus. G. morhua embryos are insensitive to UVR, with an average daily survival of ~99% over numerous environmental conditions. C. finmarchicus are considerably more vulnerable, with an average survival of 90% ± 12% (SD). Lowest modeled daily survival was 59% under ambient ozone and 49% under 50% ozone loss. A sensitivity analysis allowed us to examine the relative influences of hydrographic variability, meteorological conditions, and ozone depletion on UVR‐induced mortality in C. finmarchicus embryos. The modeled hydrographic and meteorological conditions are a representative range of natural variability for the St. Lawrence region during the 1997 field season, with the exception of extreme ozone depletion (50%). Effects are expressed as relative change of survival normalized to survival under a reference simulation. Similar to other studies, water column mixing and water clarity have the most significant influence on embryo survivorship, with a 3%–80% increased chance of survival when in static, compared with mixed waters, and a 3%–46% increased chance of survival when in the darkest, compared with the clearest waters. Cloudy skies increase survivorship between 1%–30%, and ozone depletion of 50% can decrease survivorship by 9%. On average, ozone depletion decreases survival by 3% and of the factors considered has the smallest influence on mortality of C. finmarchicus embryos.


The aim of this paper is to examine the role of language dominance in loanword phonology. It is investigated how onset clusters in loanwords are integrated into Turkish by two groups: English-Turkish bilinguals in Turkey and Swedish-Turkish bilinguals in Sweden. It is hypothesised that the bilinguals in Sweden will display significantly higher rates of cluster adoption because Turkish is not the dominant language there. The data were collected through an oral loanword elicitation task, a text recitation task in the second languages and a questionnaire on language proficiency and use. The study had 53 participants (24 in Turkey and 29 in Sweden). The material consisted of 29 loanwords from English and French, and of 50 structurally comparable words in the bilinguals' second languages. The data were analysed auditively by the author and subjected to an interrater reliability test. The results confirmed the hypothesis as the bilinguals in Sweden displayed significantly higher cluster adoption rates. The difference between the groups' medians was 36.5 percentage points. Furthermore, it was shown that in individual speakers the combination of accurate second-language pronunciation, and clearly higher proficiency in the second language (corresponding to the donor language) compared to the L1 (i.e. the recipient language) guaranteed very high cluster adoption rates. This paper provides the first rigorous quantitative proof for the theoretical assumption that accurate pronunciation is not sufficient for structural adoption in loanword phonology but needs to be complemented with sociolinguistic variables. Furthermore, it demonstrates in greater detail than before how societal and individual dominance are connected and through which channels they impact loanword integration. Self-reported relative proficiency in the donor language was shown to be a powerful predictor of the sociolinguistic incentive to adopt and could therefore be used as a quick and reliable alternative to elaborate and time-consuming attitude investigations in loanword phonology.


This chapter is based on a paper I was invited to deliver at the Renaissance Society of America annual conference in Miami in March 2007. The paper, which was presented in a conference session on the theme 'Visual Knowledge in the Renaissance', forms part of a larger research project on the symbolic meanings of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura. Begun as part of my PhD thesis, the study of the frescoes was later expanded and incorporated as an extended chapter in my book, renovatio urbis: Architecture, Urbanism and Ceremony in the Rome of Julius II (Routledge, 2011), which focused mainly on the topographical and geographical significance of the painted scenes. In this chapter, I develop a more detailed argument about the significance of the gestures of the principal figures represented in the fresco, especially relating to their manual gestures. The chapter argues that the techniques of perspective in the Renaissance serve as a symbolic 'scaffold', within which the drama of human action and exchange - variously constituted as expressions of 'decorum', could be communicated in paradigmatic terms. In the School of Athens this interpretation of perspective is underlined by the manner in which the gestures of the figures are variously aligned - or guided by – the surrounding pictorial construct. Forming part of a larger iconographic programme of the fresco cycle, that culminates in the Disputa opposite, this inter-relationship even extends to the real space of the room itself, where the 'presence' of the viewer, in this case Julius II, is acknowledged.


As an alternative decentralized training approach, Federated Learning enables distributed agents to collaboratively learn a machine learning model while keeping personal/private information on local devices. However, one significant issue of this framework is the lack of transparency, thus obscuring understanding of the working mechanism of Federated Learning systems. This paper proposes a multi-agent visualization system that illustrates what is Federated Learning and how it supports multi-agents coordination. To be specific, it allows users to participate in the Federated Learning empowered multi-agent coordination. The input and output of Federated Learning are visualized simultaneously, which provides an intuitive explanation of Federated Learning for users in order to help them gain deeper understanding of the technology.


In order to protect company's information assets such as sensitive customer records, health care records, etc., the security practitioner first needs to find out: what needs protected, what risks those assets are exposed to, what controls are in place to offset those risks, and where to focus attention for risk treatment. This is the true value and purpose of information security risk assessments. ?Effective risk assessments are meant to provide a defendable analysis of residual risk associated with your key assets so that risk treatment options can be explored.??Information Security Risk Assessments gives you the tools and skills to get a quick, reliable, and thorough risk assessment for key stakeholders.

Based on authors' experiences of real-world assessments, reports, and presentations

Focuses on implementing a process, rather than theory, that allows you to derive a quick and valuable assessment

Includes a companion web site with spreadsheets you can utilize to create and maintain the risk assessment

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Information Security Risk Assessments

Chapter 2: A Practical Approach

Chapter 3:? Data Collection

Chapter 4: Data Analysis

Chapter 5:? Risk Assessment

Chapter 6: Risk Prioritization and Treatment

Chapter 7:? Reporting

Chapter 8: Maintenance and Wrap Up


Abstract. The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays a key role in the atmosphere, as it initiates most of the oxidation processes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and can ultimately lead to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). There are still uncertainties associated with the OH budget assessed using current models of atmospheric chemistry and direct measurements of OH sources and sinks have proved to be valuable tools to improve our understanding of the OH chemistry. The total first order loss rate of OH, or total OH reactivity, can be directly measured using three different methods, such as the following: total OH loss rate measurement, laser-induced pump and probe technique and comparative reactivity method. Observations of total OH reactivity are usually coupled to individual measurements of reactive compounds in the gas phase, which are used to calculate the OH reactivity. Studies using the three methods have highlighted that a significant fraction of OH reactivity is often not explained by individually measured reactive compounds and could be associated to unmeasured or unknown chemical species. Therefore accurate and reproducible measurements of OH reactivity are required. The comparative reactivity method (CRM) has demonstrated to be an advantageous technique with an extensive range of applications, and for this reason it has been adopted by several research groups since its development. However, this method also requires careful corrections to derive ambient OH reactivity. Herein we present an intercomparison exercise of two CRM instruments, CRM-LSCE (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement) and CRM-MD (Mines Douai), conducted during July 2013 at the Mediterranean site of Ersa, Cape Corsica, France. The intercomparison exercise included tests to assess the corrections needed by the two instruments to process the raw data sets as well as OH reactivity observations. The observation was divided in three parts: 2 days of plant emissions (8–9 July), 2 days of ambient measurements (10–11 July) and 2 days (12–13 July) of plant emissions. We discuss in detail the experimental approach adopted and how the data sets were processed for both instruments. Corrections required for the two instruments lead to higher values of reactivity in ambient air; overall 20 % increase for CRM-MD and 49 % for CRM-LSCE compared to the raw data. We show that ambient OH reactivity measured by the two instruments agrees very well (correlation described by a linear least squares fit with a slope of 1 and R2 of 0.75). This study highlights that ambient measurements of OH reactivity with differently configured CRM instruments yield consistent results in a low NOx (NO + NO2), terpene rich environment, despite differential corrections relevant to each instrument. Conducting more intercomparison exercises, involving more CRM instruments operated under different ambient and instrumental settings will help in assessing the variability induced due to instrument-specific corrections further.


Abstract The mission of the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors Program is to minimize and, to the extent possible, eliminate the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) in civilian nuclear applications by working to convert research and test reactors, as well as radioisotope production processes, to low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel and targets. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is currently reviewing the design bases and key operating criteria including fuel operating parameters, enrichment-related safety analyses, fuel performance, and fuel fabrication in regard to converting the fuel of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) from HEU to LEU. The purpose of this study is to validate Monte Carlo methods currently in use for conversion analyses. The methods have been validated for the prediction of flux values in the reactor target, reflector, and beam tubes, but this study focuses on the prediction of the power density profile in the core. Power distributions were calculated in the fuel elements of the HFIR, a research reactor at ORNL, via MCNP and were compared to experimentally obtained data. This study was performed to validate Monte Carlo methods for power density calculations and to observe biases. A current three-dimensional MCNP model was modified to replicate the 1965 HFIR Critical Experiment 3 (HFIRCE-3). In this experiment, the power profile was determined by counting the gamma activity at selected locations in the core. "Foils" (chunks of fuel meat and clad) were punched out of the fuel elements in HFIRCE-3 following irradiation, and experimental relative power densities were obtained by measuring the activity of these foils and comparing each foil's activity to the activity of a normalizing foil. This analysis consisted of calculating corresponding activities by inserting volume tallies into the modified MCNP model to represent the punchings. The average fission density was calculated for each foil location and then normalized to the reference foil. Power distributions were obtained for clean core (no poison in moderator and symmetrical rod position at 44.536 cm withdrawn with respect to the core axial midplane) and fully poisoned moderator (1.35 grams of boron per liter in moderator and rods fully withdrawn) conditions. The observed deviations between the experimental and calculated values for both conditions were within the reported experimental uncertainties except for some foils located on the top and bottom edges of the fuel plates.


Abstract Despite the end of the civil war in 2005, many people in South Sudan continued to experience a deep sense of insecurity due to the many different types of violent conflict in the country. This sense of insecurity is exacerbated by the lack of protection from the state and the perceived injustice in how power is distributed at the national level. Based on a study carried out in 2013, prior to the country's relapse into large-scale violence, this article discusses gendered insecurity and agency among the Latuko in Imatong state. In response to their sense of insecurity, the Latuko have developed security arrangements that represent forms of hybrid security governance. Using a notion of masculinity, the article will reflect on the gender dynamics in these local security arrangements. This shows that the social order that customary institutions create can contribute to an increase in violence against women at the domestic level. However, although women are excluded from the decision-making institutions that govern the security arrangements, they exercise subtle forms of agency to influence them.


and Implications Irradiation of ground beef under aerobic conditions oxidized myoglobin and drastically reduced color a*-values. Under vacuum or non-oxygen conditions, however, irradiation did not influence the redness of ground beef. Also, the red color of ground beef was maintained even after the irradiated beef was exposed to aerobic conditions. Vacuum-packaged irradiated ground beef had lower metmyoglobin content and lower oxidation-reduction potential than the aerobically packaged ones. Irradiating ground beef under vacuum-packaging conditions was also advantageous in preventing lipid oxidation and aldehydes production. Vacuum-packaged irradiated beef, however, produced high levels of sulfur volatiles during irradiation and maintained their levels during storage, which resulted in the production of characteristic irradiation off-odor. Double-packaging (V3/A3: vacuum-packaging during irradiation and the first 3 days of storage and then aerobic-packaging for the remaining 3 days) was an effective alternative in maintaining original beef color (red), and minimizing lipid oxidation and irradiation off-odor. The levels of off-odor volatiles in double-packaged irradiated ground beef were comparable to that of aerobically packaged ones, and the degree of lipid oxidation and color changes were close to those of vacuum-packaged ones. Ascorbic acid at 200 ppm level was not effective in preventing color changes and lipid oxidation in irradiated ground beef under aerobic conditions, but was helpful in minimizing quality changes in doublepackaged irradiated ground beef. This suggested that preventing oxygen contact from meat during irradiation and early storage period (V3/A3 double-packaging) and doublepackaging+ascorbic acid combination are excellent strategies to prevent off-odor production and color changes in irradiated ground beef. Developing methods that can prevent quality changes of irradiated beef is important for the implication of irradiation, which will improve the safety of beef.


Previously identified as an entrenched Egyptian community, Copts have propelled themselves into the greater Africa through two main phenomena: migration and mission. Copts have recast displacement to transcend powerlessness and loss by highlighting the sovereign opportunity to consolidate identity in new contexts and widen the fold of the Coptic community, expressed through ecumenism, holistic ministry, cultural sensitivity and the presentation of the Coptic Church as essentially 'African'. In migration, the Coptic Church creates identity through physical presence (church buildings), recasting the narrative (African originality), employing a rubric of sovereignty (agency rather than passivity) and engaging others ecumenically (gaining Orthodox legitimacy). Beyond reaching out to migrants, much energy has been devoted to mission by establishing institutions, including a missionary training department at the Institute of Coptic Studies and a Department of African Studies in Cairo. In mission, the Coptic Church extends its influence beyond migrants to include non-Copts and non-Christians through ecumenism, social programs and the presentation of Copts as essentially African.


In this article, we propose a new colour image segmentation algorithm by unsupervised classification of pixels. This procedure iteratively constructs the classes by histogram multithresholding. For this purpose, the procedure selects different colour spaces in which the pixels belonging to the modes of the 1D-histograms present remarkable connectedness properties, so that each mode corresponds effectively to a region in the image.


A bioassay technique was developed to test the efficacy of insecticides against potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) on tomatoes. The technique tested efficacy against both larvae in mines and neonate larvae that had not yet penetrated the leaf, and explained the failure of some insecticides to control P. operculella infestations in commercial tomato crops. Neonate larvae placed on leaves of potted plants several days before treatment provided larvae for testing of insecticides against larvae in mines; other neonates were placed on leaves after treatment to test efficacy against larvae yet to penetrate the leaf. The plants were sprayed with the candidate insecticides, held for 5-7 days, and larval mortality assessed. Chlorfenapyr (100, 200 g a.i. ha-1) and abamectin (8.1 g a.i. ha-1) were effective against neonate larvae and larvae in mines. Sulprofos (720 g a.i. ha -1), methomyl (450 g a.i. ha-1) and spinosad (96 g a.i. ha-1) were effective against neonate larvae but not against larvae in mines. Methamidophos (1102 g a.i. ha-1), endosulfan (700 g a.i. ha-1) and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (1000 g ha-1) had some effect against exposed larvae but little against larvae in mines. Thiodicarb (525 g a.i. ha-1), azinphos-ethyl (440 g a.i. ha -1), imidacloprid (59.5 g a.i. ha-1), hexaflumuron (50 g a.i. ha-1), methoxyfenozide (300 g a.i. ha-1) and tebufenozide (200 g a.i. ha-1) were ineffective. A field trial using chlorfenapyr (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g a.i. ha-1) and methamidophos (1102 g a.i. ha-1) validated the bioassay technique, with chlorfenapyr effective in reducing the numbers of larvae in mines in leaves.


The ongoing massive fiscal policy stimulus triggered increasing concerns on the potential impact on interest rate levels, as economic theory predicts. Particularly, the deterioration of some EMU countries' fiscal positions has been putting at risk Eurozone' financial stability. In this paper, we estimate a Panel VAR (PVAR) model on the EMU area employing annual data from 1970 to 2008 in order to assess the qualitative and quantitative impact of public debt on interest rates Our results show that prior to the introduction of the Euro an increase in public debt led to positive and significant effect on long-term nominal interest rates, with a stronger effect for high-debt countries. After the introduction of the single currency, the effect vanishes (in line with Bernoth 2004). We interpret this result as a confirmation of the crucial role of the monetary union in weakening the automatic risk-premium-based channel between debt shocks and returns on government bond.


More than 300 isolates of the Irish potato famine fungus, Phytophthora infestans, collected in 20 countries on five continents, were analyzed for genetic variation at the mating type and two allozyme loci. A subset of more than 200 isolates was also analyzed for DNA "fingerprint" variation. A surprising result was that a single clonal lineage dominated most populations worldwide. All of the variation within this lineage appeared to have arisen by mitotic recombination or by mutation. In addition to the most common clonal lineage, a number of different, but apparently closely related, lineages occurred in the United States and Canada. The low levels of gene diversity in the derived populations compared to the presumed ancestral population in central Mexico indicate that P. infestans went through extreme genetic bottlenecks during its dispersal. The genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that the initial migration of P. infestans in the 1840s was from Mexico to the United States and that only a single genetic individual was transported to Europe and subsequently to the rest of the world. If this hypothesis is correct, then the Irish potato famine was caused by a single clonal genotype of P. infestans.


Open Information Extraction (OpenIE), the problem of harvesting triples from natural language text whose predicate relations are not aligned to any pre-defined ontology, has been a popular subject of research for the last decade. However, this research has largely ignored the vast quantity of facts available in semistructured webpages. In this paper, we define the problem of OpenIE from semi-structured websites to extract such facts, and present an approach for solving it. We also introduce a labeled evaluation dataset to motivate research in this area. Given a semi-structured website and a set of seed facts for some relations existing on its pages, we employ a semi-supervised label propagation technique to automatically create training data for the relations present on the site. We then use this training data to learn a classifier for relation extraction. Experimental results of this method on our new benchmark dataset obtained a precision of over 70%. A larger scale extraction experiment on 31 websites in the movie vertical resulted in the extraction of over 2 million triples.


Madison Grant was a lawyer and wildlife conservationist who advocated for eugenics [4] policies in the US during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In his 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History, Grant argued that what he called the Nordic race, which originated from northwest Europe, was biologically and culturally superior to all other people, including other Europeans. Grant drew from his now-discredited claims to lobby for laws in the US that restricted immigration, legalized sterilizing people against their will, and prohibited interracial marriage. Adolf Hitler referred to Grant's book as his Bible and it was listed during the Nuremberg Trials in the late 1940s as evidence that eugenics [4] did not solely originate in Germany. Grant's advocacy of eugenics [4] shaped policy that restricted reproductive freedom and immigration in the US and helped legitimize genocide in Europe.


Breakdown: Mechanical Dysfunction and Anthropomorphism is a practice-led
research project examining the role of mechanical breakdown in the
anthropomorphic process. Current theoretical approaches to mechanical breakdown
identify it as a homogenous, revelatory event "a sort of breach opened up by
objects." (Baudrillard, 2004: 62). Breakdown challenges this stereotyping and seeks
to examine the range of gesture and affect that differing forms of mechanical
breakdown exhibit. In doing so it also develops Sherry Turkle's notion of
anthropomorphism as a connective rather than ascriptive process (2005: 351) in the
light of Karen Barad's "performative account of material bodies" (2007: 139).
Leading this research is Breakdown, the making, remaking, exhibition and reexhibition
of 36 breaking-machines. These breaking-machines; simple mechanical
devices made from reconfigured found materials; approach breakdown and fail
during their exhibition. They are then repaired or reconfigured by the artist 'live'
while still on show. Throughout the research this role of the artist as repairman
became a key method. The continual recombination of human and machine
responding to the call of breakdown allowed for a more detailed understanding of
the gestures of mechanical breakdown. This performative relationship considers the
posthuman decentring of the Vitruvian man in the writing of Rosi Braidotti (2013:
2) and Karen Barad's agential realism (Barad, 2007: 44) both of which insist that the
human, rather than bounded and individual, be considered as part of a dispersed
network of interacting parts.
The thesis begins by investigating the performative relationship of Breakdown in
detail. It describes a machine-human body that is materialised fleetingly by
mechanical dysfunction. Through an intimate relationship with one machine, it then
goes on to identify a typology of breakdown: seize, play, burnout and cutting loose,
concluding that each emits differing expanding and contracting forces around which
bodies disperse and coalesce. Finally, employing the flicker of a thaumatrope and
the making of the science fiction film robot, the thesis posits that anthropomorphism
is an integral element in the dissipation and reformation of human-machine bodies.


Through a mixed-methods study, teacher educators investigated recent graduates' perceptions of their preparation program. Beginning special education teachers completed surveys and indicated (a) their level of preparation and confidence associated with 25 core competencies, (b) the most beneficial components of their preparation program, (c) suggestions for improving the program, and (d) current training needs. The highest levels of preparation and confidence were found in the areas of professionalism, behavior management, and instruction. The lowest levels of preparation and confidence were noted in transition and teaching students whose first language was not English. Participants reported that early clinical experiences and student teaching were the most beneficial components of the program. Furthermore, they offered suggestions for adding breadth and depth to courses and desired to learn more about timely issues.


I. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION Direct democracy, as Professor Clark has pointed out, is not necessarily the people talking. (1) Quite appropriately, he has focused on the ways in which representative democracy--the republican form of democracy--works. (2) This Essay will make a separate point, which ties in with the Framers' original intent in choosing republicanism over direct democracy. If one refers to the notes of the debates at the Constitutional Convention--as opposed to relying solely on the Federalist Papers, which were, after all, in significant part propaganda to obtain ratification--one discovers that when the Framers gathered in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention they were not very fond of "the people." (3) They thought of the people as an unruly mob, incapable of being corralled to attain the larger public good. (4) The Convention was not only not a populist movement, it was also deeply suspicious of the capacities of the people to even elect public leaders, let alone decide matters of public policy. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, for example, stated that "[t]he people ... [immediately] should have as little to do as may be about the Government." (5) Sherman insisted that Congress should be elected by the state legislatures and opposed election by the people on the grounds that their lack of information made them easily susceptible to deception. (6) Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts added: "The evils we experience flow from the excess of democracy. The people do not want virtue; but are the dupes of pretended patriots." (7) Colonel George Mason of Virginia rejected direct election of the President as follows: "The extent of the Country renders it impossible that the people can have the requisite capacity to judge of the respective pretensions of the Candidates." (8) The Framers sought a way to repair the republican form of democracy that had been codified by the Articles of Confederation and that had failed so spectacularly. This, our first constitution, was an abject failure. (9) Our second constitution--the one we employ today--was decidedly more successful, and that success is due in part to the Framers" tinkering not with populism or direct democracy, but with representative democracy. The Articles were seen as a failure because they had not yielded high-minded representatives or legislatures that operated to serve the public good. Instead, state legislatures had become bastions of corruption. (10) II. CAN DIRECT DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY COOPERATE TO ACHIEVE A COMMON PURPOSE? For the Framers, representative democracy was intended to filter faction--what today we would call interest groups--because when narrowly focused groups act unilaterally, they can undermine the public good. (11) The Framers wanted to create a system that would enable representatives to operate as independent decision makers who would take interests and factions into account as they looked toward the larger public good. (12) If we agree that the representative constitutional order is intended to move decision making away from factional-centered goals toward objectives that take into account the larger good, the question for direct democracy is whether it can perform the same horizon-altering function. In other words, however popular decision making happens--whether through town hall meetings, referenda, or initiatives--the question is whether the process is capable of framing factional interest in a way that moves public decision making beyond the view of the narrow group. The short answer is that we have not yet studied direct democracy processes sufficiently to pose a certain, or near certain, answer to the question. Although direct democracy has existed in the United States since the late nineteenth century, (13) it is mostly a creature of our Western states and today remains largely under-examined. (14) III. …


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with indigo naturalis in patients with recalcitrant plaque-type psoriasis.

DESIGN
Randomized, observer-blind, vehicle-controlled, intrapatient comparison study.

SETTING
Ambulatory department of a hospital.

PARTICIPANTS
Forty-two outpatients with chronic plaque psoriasis were enrolled in the study from May 1, 2004, to April 30, 2005.

INTERVENTION
The patients applied either indigo naturalis ointment or vehicle ointment topically to each of 2 bilaterally symmetrical psoriatic plaque lesions for 12 weeks (depending on the date of enrollment in the study).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The outcomes were assessed using the following criteria: the sum of erythema, scaling, and induration scores and the clearing percentage of the target plaque lesion assessed by 2 blinded observers.

RESULTS
Significant reductions in the sum of scaling, erythema, and induration scores (P < .001) (mean score, 6.3 after indigo naturalis treatment vs 12.8 in control subjects) and plaque area percentage (P < .001) (mean percentage, 38.5% after indigo naturalis treatment vs 90% in controls) were achieved with topical application of indigo naturalis ointment. Approximately 31 of 42 patients (74%) experienced clearance or near clearance of their psoriasis in the indigo ointment-treated lesion.

CONCLUSION
Topical indigo naturalis ointment was a novel, safe, and effective therapy for plaque-type psoriasis.


Glutamate (Glu), the major excitatory neurotransmitter, elicits its action through the activation of membrane receptors and transporters expressed in neurons and glial cells. Glial glutamate transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2, remove this transmitter from the synaptic cleft preventing an excitotoxic insult. The Notch pathway is a signaling system involved in neuroand gliogenesis. Radial glia (RG) generates neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in a spatial and temporal pattern, in which Notch represses neurogenesis, maintaining the self-renewal potential of RG. Astrogenesis depends on several stimuli, Notch being a master regulator of the differentiation process. The cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling cascade cross talks with the Notch pathway, acting synergistically by reducing progenitor markers and inducing astrocytic differentiation. Notch1 mRNA is upregulated in a PKA/γ-secretase/NICD/CSL-dependent manner, suggesting a feedback loop to keep Notch active until astrocytic differentiation is complete. Glial differentiation is also modulated by PKC, which acts over NICD. In RG cells and astrocytes enwrapping glutamatergic synapses, EAAT1 transcriptional regulation is mediated by PKC, increasing Notch expression and its receptor intracellular traffic. It is clear that Notch represents an activity-dependent molecular key in RG cells that enable them to shape glutamatergic transmission through the expression of genes involved in glial/neuronal interactions.


ABSTRACT Thin-section and X-ray diffraction analyses of 31 outcrop samples show that the early diagenesis of heterogeneous volcaniclastic and arkosic sandstone and conglomerate of the Middle Park Formation (Upper Cretaceous- Paleocene) was strongly influenced by detrital mineralogy. Rocks with abundant andesitic rock fragments experienced the most compaction and are characterized by an early generation of authigenic chloritic mixedlayer clays and relatively minor illite-smectite and chlorite, whereas rocks with moderate to minor percentages of volcanic rock fragments experienced less compaction than volcanic-rich rocks and are characterized by earlygeneration authigenic illite and lesser illite-smectite, chlorite, and chloritic mixed-layer clay. Compaction and cementation occluded most macropo osity in those samples richest in volcanic detritus, thereby sealing the rocks and preventing the development of later-stage cements or dissolution porosity. Unlike that of clay minerals, the distribution of authigenic heulandite was not influenced by variations in detrital mineralogy. This suggests significant calcium-ion transport during early diagenesis and shows that intervals rich in unstable constituents can influence the diagenesis of adjacent intervals without large percentages of plagioclase or volcanic rock fragments. Late diagenesis was strongly influenced by structural deformation that fractured, folded, and subaerially exposed the rocks. Fracturing may have caused local drops in pore-fluid pressure, causing laumontite to replace heulandite as the stable calcic zeolite. Penetration of the fractured rocks by oxidizing, slightly acidic, dilute meteoric water altered the pore-fluid chemistry and caused precipitation of minor percentages of illite-smectite, kaolinite, and hematite. Macroporosity is less than 5% in all but two samples. The Middle Park Formation illustrates several factors that can adversely affect porosity during diagenesis of volcaniclastic sandstone: (1) lack of early leaching by fresh meteoric water, (2) a prolonged episode of compaction before the first authigenic minerals precipitated, (3) cementation by first-generation clays and heulandite occluding most pores that had survived compaction, (4) minor burial dissolution, (5) minor late-stage cements that further reduced porosity and occluded multigrain fractures, and (6) absence of dissolution of framework grains or cement during uplift and subaerial exposure.


Political reactions 'from below' to global land grabbing have been vastly more varied and complex than is usually assumed. This essay introduces a collection of ground-breaking studies that discuss responses that range from various types of organized and everyday resistance to demands for incorporation or for better terms of incorporation into land deals. Initiatives 'from below' in response to land deals have involved local and transnational alliances and the use of legal and extra-legal methods, and have brought victories and defeats. The relevance of political reactions to land grabbing is discussed in light of theories of social movements and critical agrarian studies. Future research on reactions 'from below' to land grabbing must include greater attention to gender and generational differences in both impacts and political agency.


Customisation is the means by which people alter and change various elements of their environment with the purpose of making it more suited to their immediate needs. This aids in creating a more personalised experience. People are extremely diverse in terms of age, gender, nationality, and with the dominant presence of technology people also have various levels of computer skills and experience. In the context of computer environments, customisation provides the ability to cater for a diverse user group, providing tools and options that assist with specific tasks, improve accessibility and achieve greater user satisfaction. Carter, MacLean, Lovstard & Moran (1990) claim that allowing a user to customise their system to match their personal work practices proves to be a useful technique. Various educational institutions are employing course management systems (CMS) to streamline and help carry out tasks involved in managing a large course. Students are also required to utilise the CMS in order to carry out various tasks associated with the study demands of their course. There is a variety of literature that discusses the types of customisable features that could be employed in a CMS; however there is no recommendation as to which of these features should be implemented. An analysis of end user preference toward customisable features offered a deeper understanding of the diversity of end user needs and the discovery of specific customisable features that are preferred by the student end user population.


Abstract The United States and France are constructing multi-billion-dollar laser facilities to demonstrate inertial fusion as a potential source of energy for the future. These facilities aim to use the inertial confinement fusion scheme to demonstrate ignition on the 2010-2012 timescale. The recently launched High Power Laser Energy Research facility (HiPER) project is a European initiative to offer a credible way to build upon this work and demonstrate the possibility of opening up inertial fusion energy as a commercial process for energy generation. These facilities pose huge engineering and scientific challenges not only in their design but also in the technical challenges of providing the targets that will contain the fuel required to run them. We review the current manufacturing techniques of the cone target component as well as the work toward mass production of this component.


Why do we try to use military force to solve our political problems? And why, when our forces win the military battles does this still fail to solve those problems? It is because the force lacks utility. From Iraq to the Balkans, and from Afghanistan to Chechneya, over the past fifteen years there has been a steady stream of military interventions that have not delivered on their promise for peace, or even political resolution. The "Utility of Force" explains this anomaly at the heart of our current international system.


Justice in post-apartheid South Africa: Towards a Theology of Restitution Having dabbled with the metaphors of liberation, reconstruction and reconciliation, the time may have come for (South) African prophetic theology to seriously consider the metaphor of restitution. In this essay, the author outlines the contours of a theology of restitution. The starting point is the existing but mostly unspoken theologies for and against various forms of restitution. An exploration of the contours of a theology of restitution is conducted. In order to illustrate the tasks and challenges of a theology of restitution – the author refers to the parable of Lazarus and the rich man. For him a credible theology of restitution is a theology capable of restoring Lazarus before not after he dies.


Energy management is arguably one of the defining challenges for our modern societies. An ever-increasing demand for energy has to be balanced with the requirement for a sustainable energy economy that minimizes the human impact on the environment. Materials and their ability to transport both electrical and thermal currents play a key role in this area as they are essential components in energy extraction, transport, storage, and consumption technologies. On the macroscopic level, electrical and thermal transport in materials can be described by a set of coupled phenomenological relations that contain material specific transport coefficients. On the microscopic level, these transport coefficients are governed by chemical composition and the specific arrangement of the constituent atoms, the so-called microstructure. Since relatively small differences in this regard can have a dramatic impact on the macroscopic behavior of a material, a detailed understanding of the underlying processes and couplings is essential for materials development and optimization. In this thesis, the thermal conductivity in two classes of materials of current and future technological importance has been investigated using electronic structure calculations (density functional theory) in combination with methods from statistical physics (Boltzmann transport theory). The first two papers included in this thesis deal with van-der-Waals solids, layered materials that are currently attracting tremendous attention in the scientific community due to their exciting combination of electrical, optical, and thermal properties. In this context, the present thesis provides predictions and a detailed analysis of the lattice thermal conductivity in Mo and W-based transition metal dichalcogenides. Furthermore, a model is developed to explain the extreme structure sensitivity of the conductivity and calculations are presented that elucidate chemical trends and establish bounds. The third and fourth paper deal with clathrates, inclusion compounds that have been found to exhibit a combination of transport properties that are very well suited for thermoelectric applications. These materials exhibit extremely small thermal conductivities. The present thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the lattice dynamics of these materials, with a special focus on the thermal conductivity and the so-called phonon-glass behavior. The present thesis provides a stepping stone for future investigations of transport processes in van-der-Waals solids and clathrates, which eventually should lead to the development of devices with higher energy efficiency and better materials for energy extraction technologies.


Private actors, including business firms and non-governmental organizations, play an essential role in addressing today's most serious environmental challenges. Yet scholars have not fully recognized the parallels between public environmental law and the standard-setting and enforcement functions of private environmental governance. "Instrument choice" in environmental law scholarship is generally understood to refer to government actors choosing among options from the public law "toolkit," which includes prescriptive rules, the creation of property rights, the leveraging of markets, and informational regulation. Each of these major public law tools, however, has a parallel in private environmental governance. This Article first provides a descriptive account of these parallels, which highlights two underappreciated tools used by both public and private actors: procurement and insurance for environmental risks. It then considers the normative criteria that should inform choices among instruments by using the example of climate change. The resulting portrait of a multi-tiered, global regime of environmental governance with both public and private options promises greater flexibility and institutional power to address otherwise intractable environmental problems than the traditional paradigm of relying only on public regulation.


Despite the gravity of the climate threat, governments around the world have struggled to pass and implement climate policies. Today, politicians and advocates are championing a new idea: linking climate policy to other economic and social reforms. Will this approach generate greater public support for climate action? Here, we test this coalition-building strategy. Using two conjoint experiments on a representative sample of 2,476 Americans, we evaluate the marginal impact of 40 different climate, social, and economic policies on support for climate reforms. Overall, we find climate policy bundles that include social and economic reforms such as affordable housing, a $15 minimum wage, or a job guarantee increase US public support for climate mitigation. Clean energy standards, regardless of which technologies are included, also make climate policy more popular. Linking climate policy to economic and social issues is particularly effective at expanding climate policy support among people of color.


[1] The Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) is one of four scientific instruments on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft, which has been simultaneously observing the Sun and Earth's upper atmosphere since January 2002. The SEE instrument measures the irradiance of the highly variable, solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, one of the major energy sources for the upper atmosphere. The primary SEE data product is the solar spectral irradiances from 0.1 to 194 nm in 1 nm intervals that are fundamental for the TIMED mission's investigation of the energetics in the tenuous, but highly variable, layers of the Earth's atmosphere above 60 km. The TIMED mission began normal operations on 22 January 2002, a time when the Sun displayed maximum levels of activity for solar cycle 23, and has provided daily measurements as solar activity has declined to moderate levels. Solar irradiance variability observed by SEE during the 2 years of the TIMED prime mission includes a variety of moderate and large flares over periods of seconds to hours and dozens of solar rotational cycles over a typical period of 27 days. The SEE flare measurements provide important, new results because of the simultaneous spectral coverage from 0.1 to 194 nm, albeit limited temporal coverage due to its 3% duty cycle. In addition, the SEE measurements reveal important, new results concerning phase shifts of 2–7 days in the intermediate-term variations between different UV wavelengths that appear to be related to their different center-to-limb variations. The new solar EUV irradiance time series from SEE are also important in filling the "EUV Hole," which is the gap in irradiance measurements in the EUV spectrum since the 1980s. The solar irradiances measured by SEE (Version 7, released July 2004) are compared with other measurements and predictions from models of the solar EUV irradiance. While the measurement comparisons show reasonable agreement, there are significant differences between SEE and some of the models in the EUV range. The data processing algorithms and calibrations are also discussed.


Quilts are bold and beautiful, treasured by family members, valued by museums and collectors, and exciting to view. Exceptional quilts were produced by the innovative quilt makers of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. This book features a spectacular array of quilts made by Amish, Mennonite, and other Pennsylvania German groups, but also spotlights significant contributions from the Scots-Irish Presbyterians and the English Quakers. The quilts are presented in 225 gorgeous color photographs, enhanced by close-up details, tools, accessories, and the people surrounding their creation. Carefully researched text breathes life into these individual works of art, and includes accounts of quilt makers that are as vibrant, intricate, and rich as the quilts themselves. For students of the distinct heritage of Lancaster County, this special book is a fascinating perspective of families and folk art. For students of the art of quilting, it is a colorful treasury of timeless and elegant designs. This is the second in a series of four books being produced by the Heritage Center Museum of Lancaster County and Schiffer Publishing to provide extensively illustrated works on the arts of the Pennsylvania Germans to a broad audience.