A keen sense of the ethical in both its personal and social aspects gave William Dean Howells's editorial commentary and fiction a clear purpose and a forceful goal: moral suasion. His adept moral analyses and his ability to dramatize the ethical dimension of human lives reached their high point in The Rise of Silas Lapham. The traditional reading of this novel regards it as classical loci for moral dilemmas, both personal and business, and for moral exemplars, both virtuous and vicious. Some recent commentaries on The Rise of Silas Lapham advance a line of argument that stresses the complexities, contexts, and contingencies that infect human lives to the point that, at best, moral accountability is severely compromised, and, at worst, it is fatuous and ultimately absurd.1 An examination of moral questions in this turn-of-the-century American masterpiece reaffirms the traditional reading. That is, although Howells was acutely aware of the maddening confusion and the painful ambiguity that surround ethical matters, and although he amply appreciated how a myriad of factors threaten to overwhelm moral decision makers and their actions, on the reality of the force, genuineness and validity of morality itself, Howells remained clearly affirmative. Through the events of the story, Howells carefully considered the whole range of normative matters-morality, etiquette, aesthetics, and the supererogatory.2 He paid close attention to both motivation and consequences in moral questions as he explored ethical growth and stagnation as well as emotional and intellectual development in key characters. The central player is the paint king and millionaire Silas Lapham. His fortitude as well as his foibles, his ethical clarity as well as his moral confusion, his waffling as well as his resolve are deftly examined. Lapham's decisions, character, and actions become a backdrop for the rest of the moral, amoral, and immoral developments in the story. All sorts of rises and falls-social, financial, aesthetic and moral-enliven Howells's story as he has nearly every character on a roller coaster ride. But above all the others, Silas profits from experience as he, paradoxically, recaptures a basic decency and a clear conscience. Silas Lapham's baseline integrity Repeatedly, Howells comments that Silas is a good man. He is described as shrewd, sensible, and sharp, but also a man of integrity, without guile. Tom Corey's assessment of him as a "very simple-hearted and rather wholesome" (59) person is widely shared.3 His business is paint; he is devoted to it, and his successes have been won without short cuts or ill gain. Goodness and lack of duplicity are hallmarks of Silas's character.4 His rapport with people is free of staging or guise. The urbane and jaded Bartley Hubbard is struck by Silas's "free and unembarrassed interview" with him (19). Similarly the narrator describes the Laphams' marriage: "She knew that he would tell her if ever things went wrong, and he knew that she would ask him whenever she was anxious. . . . They liked to talk to each other in that blunt way; it is the New England way of expressing perfect confidence and tenderness" (29). Silas is candid and unpretentious. For instance, in the introductions before the dinner party, Mrs. Corey addresses him as "'General Lapham.'" "'No, ma'am, only Colonel,' said the honest man" (167). Or when the Lapham parents call upon the Rev. Sewell for advice about handling the emotional pain that will follow from straightening out the courtship misunderstandings, we are told that Silas laid out all the facts with "a simple dignity" (211). Silas's straightforward approach prompts a similar directness from the Rev. Sewell: "I thank you for coming-for trusting your troubles to me" (212). Clearly Silas is a solid, honest man. More so, at several points in the story, without much effort or deliberation, Silas goes beyond what is morally required. …


In recent years, economic prognosticators have pondered whether the U.S. economy has entered a new era characterized by technological innovations that have raised productivity and, accordingly, removed pricing power from producers. Although the 2001 recession quelled debate about whether the United States, and perhaps the world, had entered a period of sustained high levels of economic growth, researchers continue to investigate the economic effects of technological change. ; This issue of the Economic Review contains four articles that examine the underpinnings of the \\"new economy\\"-technology and its effects on macroeconomic growth and the labor market. These papers were among those presented at the \\"Technology, Growth, and the Labor Market\\" conference sponsored by the research department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies at Georgia State University in January this year. This preface summarizes all the speeches, papers, and discussant comments presented at the conference.


Heat transfer over rotating surfaces is of particular interest in rotating machinery such as gas turbine engines. The rotation of the gas turbine disc creates a radially outward flow on the disc surface, which may lead to ingress of hot gases into the narrow cavity between the disc and the stator. Impingement of cooling jet is an effective way of cooling the disc and countering the ingress of the hot gases. Present study focusses on investigating the effect of introducing pin-fins over the rotating disc on the heat transfer. The jet Reynolds number has been varied from 5000 to 18000, and the rotating Reynolds number has been varied from 5487 to 12803 for an aluminum disc of thickness 6.35mm and diameter 10.16 cm, over which square pins have been arranged in an inline fashion. Steady state temperature measurements have been taken using thermocouples embedded in the disc close to the target surface, and area average Nusselt number has been calculated. The effects of varying the height of the pin-fins, distance between nozzle and the disc surface and the inclination of the impinging jet with the axis of rotation have also been studied. The results have been compared with those for a smooth aluminum disc of equal dimensions and without any pin-fins. The average Nusselt number is significantly enhanced by the presence of pin fins. In the impingement dominant regime, where the effect of disc rotation is minimal for a smooth disc, the heat transfer increases with rotational speed in case of pin fins. The effect of inclination angle of the impinging jet is insignificant in the range explored in this paper (0° to 20°).


Many people who develop a passion for natural histoiy report formative experiences from their youth while exploring creeks and woodlands in their local area. With the advent of the internet and increased urbanization in the western world, these opportunities now often are lost to the current generation of young people because of the pressure of alternative leisure activities and reduced geographic availability. University science museums can have a role in fostering formative experiences by building elements of experiential learning into education programs for young visitors. This is particularly relevant to universities in a suburban or "green belt" location that preserve remnants of the original environment. These programs also instill positive attitudes toward increasingly important issues, such as biodiversity and ecological sustainability. Some of the education programs from Macquarie University's Earth Science and Biology Museums are outlined in this context.


Strain GS101 of Erwinia carotovora makes the carbapenem antibiotic, 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid. Mutants defective in antibiotic production can be assigned to two groups, group 1 and group 2. Group 2 mutants are defective in the carl gene encoding a protein responsible for synthesis of the Lux autoinducer N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OHHL), which is required to induce carbapenem synthesis in strain GS101. In this paper we describe the molecular genetic analysis of the group 1 mutants which we presumed were defective in the carbapenem biosynthesis (car) genes. We isolated a cosmid (cWU142) that complemented the group 1 mutants of strain GS101. A small (1.03 kb) subclone of cWU142 complemented most of the group 1 mutants, and the sequence revealed that the relevant gene (carR) encodes a homologue of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR protein. A disproportionately high frequency of carR mutants arose in strain GS101 and this was due to carR acting as a 'hot spot' target for secondary transposition of a Tn5 element in this strain. The CarR protein joins a rapidly growing list of homologues, found in taxonomically unrelated bacteria, which act as positive transcriptional activators of genes encoding diverse metabolic functions, including bioluminescence, exoenzyme virulence factor synthesis, cell division, plasmid conjugation, rhizosphere-specific gene induction, surfactant synthesis and antibiotic production. Most of these LuxR-type regulators have been shown to depend, for their function, on N-acyl homoserine lactones, which act as chemical signals enabling co-ordination of gene expression with cell density.


A series of lateral impact tests was performed in which the WorldSID midsize-male crash-test dummy was struck with a segmented padded impactor that separately loaded the thorax, abdomen, iliac wing, greater trochanter, and mid thigh. Tests were conducted using 8 m/s and 3 m/s initial impact velocities with velocity histories that mimic those produced in staged side-impact tests. A 5.1-cm abdomen offset was used to produce similar loading conditions as were used in a recently reported set of side-impact tests performed using seven male cadavers. WorldSID thorax, abdomen, iliac crest, pelvis, and mid thigh forces, internal/external deflections, and pelvis accelerations were compared to ±1SD corridors developed from the 3-m/s and 8-m/s cadaver responses. Results of these comparisons indicate that the WorldSID abdomen produces impact forces that are higher than the associated cadaver response corridor and external deflections that are lower than the associated response corridor for both the 3 m/s and 8 m/s loading conditions, suggesting that the abdomen rib stiffness should be reduced. Greater-trochanter and iliac-wing forces in 3-m/s tests were within, or slightly above, response corridors while these same measurements were substantially above response corridors for the 8-m/s tests. Lateral accelerations of the pelvis in the 3-m/s tests were slightly above target response corridors while lateral pelvic accelerations in the 8-m/s tests were within target response corridors. The combination of these results suggest that the WorldSID pelvis is too stiff and has too much tightly coupled mass.


This paper evaluates employment effects of job creation schemes and further training in East Germany for the period 1990-1998. Multiple participation in programs is quite frequent. Taking account of recurrent participation, we identify the causal effect of the treatment-on-the-treated by a two-step procedure: First, we apply the matching technique based on estimated propensity scores. Secondly, we use a difference-in-differences estimator. Hereby, we especially take account of Ashenfelter's Dip involving a decrease in the participants' employment shortly before the start of a program which is presumably due to the anticipation of the participation. Except for certain participants in a second treatment, our results show at best insignificant long-term employment effects of active labor market policy. However, the results also indicate that a more careful analysis of employment dynamics is warranted.


Abstract. We present a new global land-based daily precipitation dataset from 1950 using an interpolated network of in situ data called Rainfall Estimates on a Gridded Network – REGEN. We merged multiple archives of in situ data including two of the largest archives, the Global Historical Climatology Network – Daily (GHCN-Daily) hosted by National Centres of Environmental Information (NCEI), USA, and one hosted by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) operated by Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). This resulted in an unprecedented station density compared to existing datasets. The station time series were quality-controlled using strict criteria and flagged values were removed. Remaining values were interpolated to create area-average estimates of daily precipitation for global land areas on a 1 ∘ ×  1 ∘ latitude–longitude resolution. Besides the daily precipitation amounts, fields of standard deviation, kriging error and number of stations are also provided. We also provide a quality mask based on these uncertainty measures. For those interested in a dataset with lower station network variability we also provide a related dataset based on a network of long-term stations which interpolates stations with a record length of at least 40 years. The REGEN datasets are expected to contribute to the advancement of hydrological science and practice by facilitating studies aiming to understand changes and variability in several aspects of daily precipitation distributions, extremes and measures of hydrological intensity. Here we document the development of the dataset and guidelines for best practices for users with regards to the two datasets.


The majority of studies on security in resource limited wireless sensor networks (WSN) focus on finding an efficient balance among energy consumption, computational speed and memory usage. Besides these resources, time, network dynamics (e.g. routing), and implementation and integration issues of the security solutions are relatively immature aspects that can be considered in system design and performance evaluations. In the first part of this thesis, we develop and analyze different implementation options of a Random Key Predistribution scheme in a real network simulation environment. Implementation options include Proactive Key Establishment and Reactive Key Establishment. In Proactive Key Establishment, pairwise keys are established at the beginning, prior to start of application. In Reactive Key Establishment, keys are established only whenever needed by the application during its execution. In literature the latter is known to preserve energy since it reduces useless key establishments; however, it also introduces delay in application traffic. We implement the reactive key establishment in such a way that key establishment traffic and energy consumption are reduced. As a result our reactive key establishment implementation has similar throughput performance with proactive scenarios despite the longer lifetime of reactive scenario. We also simulate an attack scenario and measure different metrics including a novel one. This new metric, the packet compromise ratio, reflects the harm caused by the adversary in a more realistic way. In our simulations, we show that packet compromise ratios are very high as compared to link compromise ratios for a long period. However, when the majority of nodes die, link compromise ratios exceed packet compromise ratios. This is an indication to the fact that link compromise ratios seem high even though there is no high amount of traffic in network to be compromised by adversary. Due to the results showing that classical key distribution schemes in WSNs have actually low resiliency, in the second part of this thesis, we propose new deployment models that improve resiliency. In a recent study by Castelluccia and Spognardi, the time dimension is used to lower the ratio of compromised links, thus, improving resiliency in key distribution in WSNs. This is achieved by making the old and possibly compromised keys useful only for a limited amount of time. In this way, the effect of compromised keys diminishes in time, so the WSN selfheals. We further manipulate the time dimension and propose a deployment model that speeds up the resiliency improvement process with a tradeo between connectivity and resiliency. In our method, self healing speeds up by introducing nodes that belong to future generations in the time scale. In this way, the duration that the adversary can make use of compromised keys becomes smaller.


Background: Vitiligo is a systemic disorder influencing the whole pigmentary system including melanocytes in the inner ear. Many possible causes of vitiligo have been proposed, including stress, infection, mutations, neural factors, melatonin receptor dysfunction and impaired melanocyte migration or proliferation. Cochlear melanocytes may be affected in vitiligo and interfere with the conduction of action potentials in the auditory pathway. Aim: Evaluation of the effect of melanin deficiency in vitiligo patients on cochlear and brain stem auditory function. Material and Methods:30 patients affected by vitiligo of various durations and distributions 10 normal subjects were evaluated. Pure tone audiometry, with extended high frequency, auditory brain stem response audiometry, and transient otoacoustic emission were done for both groups. Conclusion: vitiligo, which is a type of pigment disorder had a definite effect on cochlear function. Melanin containing cells in the inner ear had a protective function, and melanin was reported to play a role in ca2+ homeostasis of endolymph.


Over the past 16 years, a legislative and policy framework has evolved in Canada to address systemic discrimination in employment in the federal jurisdiction, and in organizations that sell goods or services to the federal government. Data collected pursuant to the Employment Equity Act, as well as published literature and government documents, are reviewed in order to provide a critical analysis of the federal policy framework as set out in 1987 and revised in 1996. This review is the basis for assessing both progress and lack of improvement in the employment status of racial minority, aboriginal, and disabled women and men, as well as white women, within the federal sector. Reasons for limited results are proposed, and issues posed by contemporary labour market trends are identified. It is argued that the results of employment equity policy are disappointing because the policy is not being implemented by employers and effectively enforced so that there are consequences for employers' failures to comply. In other words, there is a persisting gap between employment equity policy and practice. This gap presents difficulties in evaluating the content of employment equity policy, since it is not possible to evaluate a policy that is not implemented.


Omnidirectional stereoscopy and depth estimation are complex problems of image processing to which the Panoptic camera offers a novel solution. The Panoptic camera is a biologically-inspired vision sensor made of multiple cameras. It is a polydioptric system mimicking the eyes of flying insects where multiple imagers, each with a distinct focal point, are distributed over a hemisphere. Recently, the omnidirectional image reconstruction algorithm (OIR) and its real-time hardware implementation have been proposed for the Panoptic camera. This paper presents an enhanced omnidirectional image reconstruction algorithm (EOIR) and its real-time implementation. The proposed EOIR algorithm provides improved realistic omnidirectional images and residuals compared to OIR. As a processing core of EOIR, 57% of the available slice resources in a Virtex 5 FPGA are consumed. The proposed platform provides the high bandwidth required to simultaneously process data originating from 40 cameras, and reconstruct omnidirectional images of 256x1024 pixels at 25 fps. This proposed hardware and algorithmic enhancements enable advanced real-time applications including omnidirectional image reconstruction, 3D model construction and depth estimation.


The 2005 edition of UNICEF's State of the World's Children focuses on how poverty, conflict and HIV/AIDS threaten the idea of childhood as a period of time for children to grow and develop to their full potential. In several regions and countries, some of the gains made since the adoption of the Convention on the rights of the child in 1989 are in danger of reversal. The rights of over 1 billion children are violated by being severely underserved of one or more of the basic services required to survive, grow and develop.


The increasing availability of electronic records and the expanded reliance on online communications and services have made available a huge amount of data about people's behaviours, characteristics, and preferences. Advancements in data processing technology, known as big data, offer opportunities to increase organisational efficiency and competitiveness. Analytically sophisticated companies excel in their ability to extract value from the analysis of digital data. However, in order to exploit the potential economic benefits produced by big data and analytics, issues of data privacy and information security need to be addressed. In Europe, organisations processing personal data are being required to implement basic data protection principles, which are considered difficult to implement in big data environments. Little is known in the privacy studies literature about how companies manage the trade-off between data usage and data protection. This study contributes to explore the corporate data privacy environment, by focusing on the interrelationship between the data protection legal regime, the application of big data analytics to achieve corporate objectives, and the creation of an organisational privacy culture. It also draws insights from surveillance studies, particularly the idea of dataveillance, to identify potential limitations of the current legal privacy regime. The findings from the analysis of survey data show that big data and data protection support each other, but also that some frictions can emerge around data collection and data fusion. The demand for the integration of different data sources poses challenges to the implementation of data protection principles. However, this study finds no evidence that data protection laws prevent data gathering. Implications relevant for the debate on the reform of European data protection law are also drawn from these findings.


The effect of salinity (5 to 25 ppt) on Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus that co-exist in Atlantic Canada was examined in 2 laboratory experiments. The first experiment tested the effect of salinity on survival and duration of development from fertilization to settlement in the 2 species. Hyposalinity reduced survivorship and percent metamorphosis, and lengthened duration of development. At 5 and 10 ppt, all early stages of both species died. At 25 ppt, >90% of individuals of both species survived through the oocyte to swimming embryo and swimming embryo to D-veliger stages, but only ca. 40% survived through the D-veliger to eyed-veliger stage, and 30 to 42% of eyed-veligers successfully meta- morphosed. At 15 ppt, the 2 species significantly differed in survival rate, duration of development, and metamorphosis. M. edulis did not develop through any of the 3 stages from oocyte to eyed-veliger. No M. edulis eyed-veligers metamorphosed. In contrast, in M. trossulus, 26% of oocytes and 15% of swimming embryos developed into swimming embryos and D-veligers, respectively, and 13% of eyed- veligers metamorphosed into plantigrades. At 20 ppt, some M. edulis developed through each of the 4 stages, but the development time was longer and there was a lower percentage than for the corre- sponding stage of M. trossulus. The second experiment examined the effect of salinity on survival of juveniles and adults. The 2 species responded to hyposaline stress similarly. Survival ranged from 0 at 5 ppt to 100% at 20 to 25 ppt. At 10 ppt, reproductive status affected mortality, with <5% mortality in juveniles and post-spawning individuals, but 60 to 67% mortality in reproductive mussels. A similar situation occurred at 15 ppt except there was lower mortality for reproductive individuals. Thus, we found that only in the early ontogenetic stages was M. edulis less tolerant to low salinity stress than M. trossulus. Such difference suggests that selective mortality against M. edulis in early ontogenetic stages rather than post-settlement stage may be responsible for the persistence of a few pure M. trossu- lus populations along the Gaspe Peninsula. We also found that the ability to tolerate hyposalinity was weakened during the reproductive period, which indicates that salinity may also act as a selective factor in determining the abundance and size structure of wild mussel populations.


BACKGROUND
Preclinical animal and open-trial clinical trials using nicotine gum and the transdermal nicotine patch found that treatment with nicotine potentiates the effects of neuroleptics in reducing the dyskinetic symptoms of Tourette's disorder. We sought to verify and expand these findings in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

METHOD
Seventy patients with DSM-IV Tourette's disorder were treated with either transdermal nicotine (7 mg/24 hours) or placebo patches in a 33-day, randomized, double-blind study. Each patient received an individually based optimal dose of haloperidol for at least 2 weeks prior to random assignment to nicotine or placebo treatment. A new patch was worn each day for the first 5 days. On the sixth day, the dose of haloperidol was reduced by 50%. Daily patch applications were then continued for an additional 2 weeks (through day 19), at which time the patch was discontinued, but the 50% dose of haloperidol was continued for an additional 2 weeks (through day 33). Clinical and safety assessments were made at each visit.

RESULTS
Patients who completed all 19 days of nicotine (N = 27) or placebo (N = 29) patch treatment were used in efficacy analyses. As documented by the Clinician- and Parent-rated Global Improvement scales, transdermal nicotine was superior to placebo in reducing the symptoms of Tourette's disorder. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale was less sensitive in detecting a placebo/drug difference than were the global improvement scores, suggesting that some of the improvement may not have been related to treatment-related changes in tic severity, but to the emotional and behavioral symptoms. The side effects of nausea and vomiting were significantly more common in the nicotine group (71% [N = 25] and 40% [N = 14]) than in the placebo group (17% [N = 6] and 9% [N = 3]) (nausea, p = .0001; vomiting, p = .004).

CONCLUSION
Transdermal nicotine was superior to placebo in reducing behavioral symptoms when patients were receiving an optimal dose of haloperidol, when the dose of haloperidol was reduced by 50%, and when the patch had been discontinued for 2 weeks. These findings confirm earlier open-label findings and suggest that combining nicotinic receptor modulation and neuroleptics could be a therapeutic option for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. While side effects limit chronic use of nicotine, it may be useful on a p.r.n. basis. Further clinical research is warranted to investigate the use of novel nicotinic receptor modulating agents with improved safety profiles over nicotine.


Highway construction projects are characterized by the large amount of data that needs to be collected, processed, and exchanged among the different project participants. Collection of construction inspection data, in particular, allows field personnel to monitor project performance with the ultimate goal of improving productivity and lowering costs. The accomplishment of these two goals could lead to better construction project management and performance that could in turn reduce the time required for project delivery. Current practices for recording and filing field inspection data are mainly paper-based. The manual process using paper forms is a time consuming and tedious task. Not only is the clerical expense of this process very high, but also the organization and review of the information commands an inordinate amount of time by a project manager, of which most managers posses very little. Continuous evolvement and improvements of mobile computing such as iPADs and Android Tablets, software technologies including more powerful processors, smaller storage devices, higher quality displays, and wide availability of third party application software, have made it possible for these devices to become stand alone systems with powerful functional capabilities. Because of their high mobility characteristics due to their small size and lightweight, these mobile devices can be used in the highway construction field to perform various tasks including recording of inspection data. The use of such mobile devices in construction processes seems to be the next logical step. This report communicates the research findings of the development of a mobile computing application for automating the collection process of field inspection data using iPADs or Android Tablets. The use of this application results in a more efficient data collection process, and faster transfer of information between the parties in a highway construction project, therefore improving the current communication process. After the application was developed, the research team tested it in several highway construction projects, and positive feedback was received from the users of the application.


The purpose of a digital archive or repository like DSpace is to find and deliver digital objects for users. However, the real goal of the users is to get at the intellectual content encoded in those digital objects. Providing a dissemination format that can readily be interpreted by common desktop applications and accurately naming it is an integral part of the job. If you doubt that, try changing the BitstreamFormats of an Item's contents to and see how useful it is. Unknown


1. The evolution of high-crowned teeth or hypsodonty in herbivorous mammals is widely interpreted as a species-specific adaptation to increasingly wear-inducing diets and environments at evolutionary time scales, with internal abrasives (such as phytoliths in grasses) and/or external abrasives (such as dust or grit) as putative causative factors. The mesowear score (MS) instead describes tooth wear experienced by individual animals during their lifetime.
2. Under the assumption that the abrasiveness that causes the MS in individuals is the same abrasiveness to which species adapted by evolving hypsodonty, one would expect a close correlation between the MS and the hypsodonty index (HI). Alternatively, if these two measures reflect different aspects of wear, one would expect differences in the way that proxies of diet or environment/climate correlate with each parameter.
3. In order to test these hypotheses, we collated a dataset on the HI, MS, percentage of grass in the natural diet (%grass), habitat (open, intermediate, closed) and annual precipitation (PREC) in extant mammalian herbivores. The availability of a quantitative MS constrained the dataset to 75 species. Data were analysed with and without phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS).
4. Correlations with PREC were stronger for HI than for MS, whereas correlations with %grass were similar for HI and MS. Habitat had a significant influence on the relationship with %grass for HI but not for MS. Habitat also had a significant influence on the relationship between HI and MS. MS improved the predictive power of HI for %grass, but not for PREC.
5. These results suggest that while the MS indicates predominantly the wear effect of the diet (internal abrasives), HI represents an adaptation to a wear effect that comprises both diet and environment (external abrasives). The additional environmental wear effect must reduce tooth height without causing macroscopic changes in tooth facet development as described by the MS.
6. The most parsimonious explanation for the apparent discrepancy between HI and MS is that external abrasives of very fine particle size play a major role in naturally occurring tooth wear. The experimental testing of this hypothesis will enhance our understanding of the processes involved in tooth wear.


Fire intensity and seasonality affected the release of seed in Banksia ericifolia L.f, and the post-fire emergence of seedlings. Mean maximum temperatures recorded in a heathland burn in May 1977 at heights of 0.5, 2 and 3 m were about 400, 275 and 175°C respectively. Variability in maximum temperature was dependent on the age and position of B. ericifolia stands. Release of seed held on B. ericifolia bushes increased significantly after fire. The proportion of seed released on unburnt controls stayed constant. Seeds were released earlier and quicker from cones exposed to high fire temperature maxima than from those exposed to low fire temperature maxima. Up to 80% of the seed bank was released 95 days after the fire. A greater proportion of the seed bank emerged and established as seedlings 5 months after the fire in May than after a fire the previous February. Seedling emergence and mortality were broadly related to rainfall over this period. The relationship between various fire regimes and abundance in B. ericifolia populations is discussed.


This dissertation investigated Carl F. H. Henry's portrayal of the human role in his doctrines of revelation and inspiration. The study queried whether his depiction of that role in revelation is harmonious or consistent with the one given in inspiration. This question arises from a consideration of Henry's own formulation of his doctrines of revelation, inspiration, and man. The thesis of this dissertation is that inasmuch as man has the innate ability to receive, understand, and impart revelation without divine help, he should likewise be expected to exercise that ability at the level of inspiration without detailed or comprehensive superintendence of the Holy Spirit. In the course of the investigation it was observed that man, during revelation, actively and independently uses his will, conscience, linguistic capacity, reasoning powers, memory, and verbal skills to receive, elucidate, or articulate revelation. Its nature is so adjusted to man that he does not need supernatural help to understand and communicate it. In fact his reasoning faculties can even discriminate between revelation and pseudo revelation. When it comes to inspiration, however, man is portrayed as one lacking the natural capacity to carry out the task, namely that of inscripturating revelation. This incompetency is brought about by his inherent sinfulness. To solve the predicament, God had to subject man to a long period of comprehensive training. That preparation, however, does not qualify him to execute independently his role in inspiration. Thus, the man that is depicted as active, independent, and naturally competent and ready for revelation is now portrayed at the level of inspiration as one who is naturally incompetent, unready, passive, and totally dependent upon supernatural help. This is despite the fact that man inerrantly receives, understands, remembers, and has the linguistic capacity to articulate revelation. In fact, he had to be given the mind of the Holy Spirit, and even guided in the choice of words. That is, Henry does not allow the competent operation of the writer's natural faculties in inspiration as he does in revelation. And neither does he admit the weaknesses and limitations of man as depicted in inspiration to have a bearing upon his reception and conveyance of revelation. In view of his insistence upon revelation's lucidity, its propositional form, man's linguistic capacity, the content identity between revelation and inspiration, as well as the identicalness of the human agent in the two events, Henry's divergent portrayal of human role within these phenomena betrays inconsistency. The study concluded by first pointing to Scripture's depiction of the human role in revelation and inspiration as being broader than that given by Henry. From that perspective, some suggestions were then recommended which hope to supply a degree of consistency in his portrayal of the human role in revelation and inspiration.


ABSTRACT The recent discovery of crustacean body parts among small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) has expanded the known range of Cambrian arthropods to include comparatively derived taxa, including copepods. However, the potential for SCFs to reveal larger-scale patterns in Cambrian crustacean evolution has been unclear, because of the small number of known occurrences. Previously, Cambrian copepods were represented solely by isolated mandibles (jaws) from the Deadwood Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada (middle to late Cambrian;  = Series 3 to Furongian). Herein we report a second occurrence of Cambrian copepod mandibles, of closely comparable morphology, from the approximately coeval Nolichucky Shale of Tennessee, United States. The Nolichucky specimens were recovered using standard palynological processing, whereas the larger and more articulated Deadwood specimens were recovered using a low-manipulation procedure designed for SCFs. The two datasets represent largely distinct but complementary views onto a taphonomic continuum. In general, larger and more delicate crustacean SCFs reveal phylogenetically and ecologically informative characters, but are likely to be restricted in space and time, and are often low in abundance. In contrast, robust fragments of the same body parts are more likely to be preserved and recovered, but may be unidentifiable in the absence of SCFs. Therefore, conventionally recovered palynomorphs can expand the utility of SCFs to offer a higher-fidelity account of broad-scale evolutionary patterns.


Today more than ever the need to provide reproductive potential growth and architects seem necessary. The main feature of this process is creativity as one of the factors that increase these features, the physical environment. This study aims to enhance creativity and architectural innovation, taking into account the psychology of the environment and the virtues and characteristics of the physical environment, to create stimulating environment for creative architects are free of thought and expression. The choice of case study research strategy using a combination of strategies and techniques to study, which is required after the secondary literature review for research was obtained through semi-structured interviews and results, through the narrative analysis the concepts were evaluated and stimulating natural elements, diversity and flexibility, aesthetic characteristics and personal and group conflicts with the space (collective creative environment) as drivers of creativity, mining and theoretical principles derived from scientific studies the information gathered is qualitative, effective design offered in order to solve the problem.


Modern learners' dictionaries can help users not just with language reception, but also with language production, assisting writers select appropriate collocations, use the correct syntax and even avoid common errors. Although there are several ways in which this kind of information can be presented in dictionaries, previous research has shown that dictionary users tend to favour obtaining information on language production from examples (e.g., see Bogaards and van de Kloot 2002, Chan 2011, and Dziemianko 2006 and 2012). However, as noted by Humble (2001), dictionary examples as they are today can be confusing to learners, as they do not normally distinguish systematically between decoding examples to reinforce language comprehension and encoding examples to support language production. This could be one of the reasons why early studies on dictionary examples (e.g., see Summers 1988, Laufer 1993, Nesi 1996 and Al-Ajmi 2008) failed to produce much evidence about their benefits. In contrast, recent findings by Frankenberg-Garcia (2012) and (2014) suggest that presenting learners with separate corpus-based examples for language comprehension and language production can indeed be beneficial, especially if learners are presented with more than one example of the same type. In the present paper, I will not concern myself with examples for language comprehension, for information on meaning is also effectively available from the definitions in monolingual dictionaries and from the translations in bilingual dictionaries. Instead, the paper focuses on the value of examples for language production, which, as pointed out above, seem to very appreciated by writers looking for information on collocation, syntax and so on. In particular, this study further investigates the use of encoding examples to support language production by (1) carrying out a large-scale experiment with 161 participants, (2) refining the elicitation procedure used in previous studies and (3) testing whether learners react better to an optimum number of examples. The results obtained lend further support to the notion that encoding examples are indeed useful to writers. However, it was not possible to establish what constitutes an ideal number of examples, as there seems to be considerable learner variability with regard to how individual writers react. Keywords: learners' dictionaries, dictionary examples, second language writing, corpora, corpus examples References Al-Ajmi, H. (2008) 'The Effectiveness of Dictionary Examples in Decoding: The Case of Kuwaiti Learners of English'. Lexikos, 18:15-26 Boogards, P. and van der Kloot, W. (2002) Verb Constructions in Learners' Dictionaries. In: A. Braasch and C. Povlsen (eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth Euralex International Congress. Copenhagen: CST, 747-757. Chan, A. (2011) 'Cantonese ESL Learners' Use of Grammatical Information in a Monolingual Dictionary for Determining the Correct Use of a Target Word. International Journal of Lexicography, 25/1: 68-94. Dziemianko, A. (2006) User-friendliness of Verb Syntax in Pedagogical Dictionaries of English. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Dziemianko, A. (2012) Noun and Verb Codes in English Monolingual Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A Study of Usefulness in the Polish Context. Poznan: Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Frankenberg-Garcia, A. (2012) 'Learners' Use of Corpus Examples'. International Journal of Lexicography, 25/3: 273-296. Frankenberg-Garcia, A. (2014) 'The Use of Corpus Examples for Language Comprehension and Production'. Special Issue on Researching Uses of Corpora for Language Teaching and Learning. ReCALL, 26: 128-146. Humble, P. (2001) Dictionaries and Language Learners. Frankfurt: Haag & Herchen. Laufer, B. (1993) The Effects of Dictionary Definitions and Examples on the Comprehension of New L2 words. Cahiers de Lexocologie, 63:131-142. Nesi, H. (1996) The Role of Illustrative Examples in Productive Dictionary Use. Dictionaries, 17: 198-206. Summers, D. (1988) The Role of Dictionaries in Language Learning. In R. Carter and M. McCarthy (eds.), Vocabulary and language teaching. London, Longman, 111-125.


The modern class action rule recently turned fifty years old — a golden anniversary. However, this milestone is marred by an increase in hate crimes, violence and discrimination. Ironically, the rule is marking its anniversary within a similarly tumultuous environment as its birth — the civil rights movement of the 1960's. This irony calls into question whether this critical aggregation device is functioning as the drafters intended. This article makes three contributions.
First, the article unearths the rule's rich history, revealing how the rule was designed in 1966 to enable structural reform and broad injunctive relief in civil rights cases. The article tells the story of how the drafters were united in creating a rule that would enable litigants to respond effectively to the fierce resistance to desegregation following the seminal Brown v. Board of Education decision. They deliberately crafted a rule to address desegregation obstructionism.
Second, the article examines the seminal role the modern class action rule has played in the private enforcement of statutory and Constitutional civil rights. The article analyzes Supreme Court jurisprudence interpreting Rule 23(b)(2) over the course of the last fifty years, identifying three primary periods in which the pendulum has swung: from a heyday of liberal class certification for broad injunctive relief for newly created rights; to a heightened critique and retraction of class certification; to a complex gauntlet of contemporary barriers.
Finally, the article critiques modern class action jurisprudence and concludes that it fails to sufficiently fulfill the drafters' intent of creating an efficient and just procedural mechanism for challenging systemic inequality. The article urges a contemporary judicial interpretation that honors Rule 23(b)(2)'s strong civil rights mission.


The transverse momentum of a colour-singlet massive particle in a hadronic collision is built up by two components, the perturbative effect of parton branchings and the nonperturbative effect of primordial kT. In previous studies of transverse momentum spectra for Z0 production at the Tevatron, the best fit to the experimental data are given when the primordial kT is set to a much higher value than what is expected considering the confinement of partons in the proton. We here investigate the possibility that the reason for this is that too few branchings are generated in showers, compared to the evolution used in the tuning of parton densities. This could then be compensated by increasing the value of Lambda_QCD. The study is done using the regular Pythia showering routines and a new algorithm where the branchings are ordered in transverse momentum pT^2 instead of virtuality Q^2.


Compared to other developmental disorders, DCD remains poorly understood by many healthcare and educational professionals. Although the condition is included in ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR, (the formal classification systems used for diagnosis), evidence-based practical guidelines for the assessment and management of DCD have been lacking.

A set of guidelines for German speaking countries recommended by the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD) are available on the EACD website (http://www.eacd.org/publications.php) and have been published in the journal Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. The recommendations were reached following a meticulous review of the literature and consensus from international experts, including individuals in Movement Matters. The guidelines identify best practice for assessment, diagnosis and intervention and are in the process of being adopted by the German equivalent of NICE.

While the production of these guidelines is a useful and important step forward in the field, Movement Matters after two consensus meetings has adapted these to ensure they are appropriate for the medical and educational setting in the UK. This process is also being undertaken in other European countries.

The workshops for this process took place at Scope, 6 Market Road, London, N7 9PW on 28th October 2011 and 19th January 2012 and involved focused discussion among a group of approximately 30 clinicians, educators and researchers from a range of health care and education professions from across the UK.


Octopamine, a major aminergic neurotransmitter in invertebrates, exerts many of its actions through receptors which are associated with the activation of adenylate cyclase. The present study defines and characterizes a new class of potent octopamine agonists, the substituted phenyliminoimidazolidines (PIIs). Approximately 30 of these derivatives were examined for agonist and antagonist effects on the highly enriched and specific octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase present in the firefly light organ, as well as on adenylate cyclases present in other invertebrate and vertebrate tissues. Several derivatives were extremely active and some (e.g. 2,6-diethyl-PII) had potencies exceeding those of any previously described agonists of octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Stimulation by the potent PIIs was reversible, nonadditive to that caused by octopamine, and could be antagonized by antagonists such as cyproheptadine (Ki = 4 microM), phentolamine (Ki = 23 microM), and propranolol (Ki = 72 microM). These inhibitory constants agreed well with those for inhibiting octopamine stimulation. Certain PII derivatives acted as partial agonists and some as antagonists of octopamine stimulation. Structure-activity relationships revealed, among other things, that short-chain alkyl substitution in the 2- and 6-phenyl positions enhanced activity, as did further substitution of 4-halo, 4-methyl, or 4-hydroxy substituents. 4-Amino or N-alkyl substitution decreased activity. Structurally related benzylimidazoline derivatives such as tolazoline and naphazoline were partial octopamine agonists, generally less active than the PIIs. Comparison, in three invertebrate species, of the effects of the PIIs and two other chemical classes of octopamine agonists demonstrated clearcut differences in species responsiveness. Other comparative studies revealed that the agonist activity of the potent PIIs was specific for tissues containing an octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase; adenylate cyclases activated by dopamine or by beta 1- or beta 2-adrenergic agonists were unaffected by these compounds. Evaluation of the relative binding affinities of various PIIs for mammalian alpha-adrenergic receptors, as well as the ability of various antagonists to block PII binding, strongly suggested that the active PIIs are affecting a class of octopamine receptors distinct from mammalian alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. These octopamine receptors also appeared distinct from mammalian 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. Correlative physiological studies in insects revealed that the active PIIs mimicked octopamine and were potent activators of light emission in the firefly light organ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


ABSTRACT Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn by prehospital providers (PHPs) for protection from hazardous exposures. Evidence regarding the ability of PHPs to perform resuscitation procedures has been described in adult but not pediatric models. This study examined the effects of PPE on the ability of PHPs to perform resuscitation procedures on pediatric patients. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at a US simulation center. Paramedics wore normal attire at the baseline session and donned full Level B PPE for the second session. During each session, they performed timed sets of psychomotor tasks simulating clinical care of a critically ill pediatric patient. The difference in time to completion between baseline and PPE sessions per task was examined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: A total of 50 paramedics completed both sessions. Median times for task completion at the PPE sessions increased significantly from baseline for several procedures: tracheal intubation (+4.5 s; P = 0.01), automated external defibrillator (AED) placement (+9.5 s; P = 0.01), intraosseous line insertion (+7 s; P < 0.0001), tourniquet (+8.5 s; P < 0.0001), intramuscular injection (+21-23 s, P < 0.0001), and pulse oximetry (+4 s; P < 0.0001). There was no significant increase in completion time for bag-mask ventilation or autoinjector use. Conclusions: PPE did not have a significant impact on PHPs performing critical tasks while caring for a pediatric patient with a highly infectious or chemical exposure. This information may guide PHPs faced with the situation of resuscitating children while wearing Level B PPE.


Path dependency theory explains organizational, institutional, and political change processes mainly from a techno-economic view. The main argument here is that historic events in the past determine future paths. However, these developments often are inefficient. On this basis, it is hard to explain how completely new paths evolve. Therefore, this article focuses on the creation of new and more preferable paths in the future. It adds the key role of agency to the concept of path dependency to enhance the understanding of path creation.


This independent study project is a case study of San Pedro de Atacama, a small town that is developing economically from a large influx of the tourism business. The project is focused on community and human development as a result of the presence of tourism, but it is also a study of how important complete development of a town is. In a world of towns just like San Pedro trying to develop and modernize, their success and their future depends greatly on their ability to not only develop their economic sector, but to advance the unity and collective support of their community, along with improving the quality of life in the town as well. The enormous influence of the tourism industry in San Pedro is characterized mostly by national and international ecotourism companies, large hotels, and expensive restaurants that have all been able to generate their capital before their arrival in San Pedro. It is furthermore currently characterized by significant threats to the natural environment, including a serious water crisis, loss of natural resources, and the destruction of a priceless desert. From these threats and the large influence of national companies from outside this small town, San Pedro has been trapped in an interesting position of development and sub development at the same time. A loss of culture, tradition, and identity combined with the struggle of locally founded companies to compete with the larger ones puts the community in a state of developmental instability. However, the influx of technology, modern ideas, and the provision of jobs and a business environment has the town still developing in a positive way for the time being. From this study, one can understandably see that without the implementation of a large change into a plan of sustainable development, San Pedro's growth will plummet and appear as a bell curve.


In some computer vision applications, matching between shapes and colors are required. There are lots of similarity measures for shapes, especially curves, but as far as we know there are not many that deal with shapes and colors at the same time. In this work, we investigated the problem of matching "colored curves" by defining a distance measure between such objects which takes into account the dependency of color and curvature.


This article describes and analyses the regulatory frameworks and the current pluralism protection policies in the United States and several countries of the European Union (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain). The data obtained allowed a qualitative assessment to be carried out, through a comparative analysis, in order to identify certain similarities and some significant differences. Thus, it was found that pluralism protection is a common denominator in the communication policies of these countries. However, regulatory and legislative differences depend on social, geographical and media contexts, and time variations in the application of policies depend on audiovisual media market liberalisation processes.


IT Outsourcing (ITO) is used widely by Multinational Companies (MNCs) as a sourcing strategy today. ITO relationship between service buyer and provider then becomes a crucial issue in achieving expected objectives. This research sheds light on the influence of organizational culture (OC) of the buyer company on its ITO relationship with the provider. More specifically, the influence that OC can have on four significant dimensions of trust, cooperation, communication and commitment in ITO is studied through a qualitative analysis. IT managers of six MNCs were interviewed which exposed the connection between OC and ITO relationship factors. An open communication culture, speed of adaption to change, receiving innovative solutions, flat or hierarchical structures and responsibility degree appeared as the most visible differences between OCs of MNCs influencing ITO relationships. The results can be used for improving the ITO by considering the influence of OC to gain more benefits from outsourcing.


We report a rare case of the concurrent manifestation of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A 56 year-old man was diagnosed as a type 2 DM on the basis of hyperglycemia with polyuria and polydipsia at a local clinic two months ago and started an oral hypoglycemic medication, but resulted in no symptomatic improvement at all. Upon admission to the university hospital, the patient's initial fasting blood sugar level was 140 mg/dL, and he showed polydipsic and polyuric conditions more than 8 L urine/day. Despite the hyperglycemia controlled with metformin and diet, his symptoms persisted. Further investigations including water deprivation test confirmed the coexisting CDI of unknown origin, and the patient's symptoms including an intense thirst were markedly improved by desmopressin nasal spray (10 µg/day). The possibility of a common origin of CDI and type 2 DM is raised in a review of the few relevant adult cases in the literature.


"This is an executive summary of a case study in the forthcoming edited volume Ruth Rubio-Marin, ed., Engendering Reparations: Recognizing and Compensating Women Victims of Human Rights Violations"


There is a paucity of information on the cetacean fauna of Guinea-Bissau in West Africa. We compiled records published in the literature and novel unpublished sighting data (2008–2014) to examine the occurrence and distribution of cetacean species. At least 10 species were verified to occur in Guinea-Bissau waters, of which eight were documented from a small number of sightings, whaling captures or skeletal remains. By far the most frequently recorded species were the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (N = 146) and the Atlantic humpback dolphin (Sousa teuszii) (N = 110). These two species were sympatric in distribution, both being found throughout coastal waters from the northern regions of Canal de Jeta and Rio Mansôa south to the Rio Cacine and around the Arquipélago dos Bijagós. However, differences were apparent in their finer-scale distribution and in the distance of sightings from shore, with bottlenose dolphin sightings generally occurring further from shore (and especially in the region of the Canal do Gêba) than Atlantic humpback dolphins. Sightings indicate that both species likely inhabit Guinea-Bissau waters throughout the year. Dedicated systematic cetacean survey work is urgently needed in coastal Bissau-Guinean waters in order to ascertain the abundance, spatio-temporal distribution, population structure and causes of mortality of bottlenose and Atlantic humpback dolphins, particularly given the Vulnerable conservation status of the latter species. Clarification of the status of cetaceans in offshore waters requires survey effort throughout the Guinea-Bissau EEZ.


The Irecha ritual is an indigenous Oromo ritual with a long history. Currently, this indigenous ritual is facing a problem of understanding about its purpose by different social groups. Scholars formulated different ideas on its purposes. Many studies have dealt with the Oromo culture, but only a few looked at the purposes and the significances of the Irecha ritual. This book, therefore, revealed the purposes (whether religious, cultural and/or both), the symbolic representations, the significances, and also the changes and continuities that faced the ritual. The book has four separate chapters such as introduction (like background, statements of the problems, methodology), related literature on the concept of rituals, the historical and sociocultural background of the Oromo in general and Tulama Oromo in particular, and finally the purposes, significances, symbolic interpretations, the gender participation in the ritual and the changes and continuities that faced the Irecha ritual. The analysis is useful for all professionals that are willing to conduct their research on the Oromo culture and also for anyone else that are interested to have the knowledge on the Irecha ritual.


In the process of estimating the effectiveness of plans or policies, it is useful to construct a diagrammatic causal model, named the structural model, that represents causality between several factors in the target organization. We have already proposed a method for qualitative simulation that can predict behaviors of a target system modeled with a structural model for the strategy planning. The effectiveness of a supposed plan is estimated by reviewing a predicted behavior of the target as a simulation result. However, trials of the simulation have to be iterated many times in order to find out a better plan, if the model is large and complex. This paper proposes the backward simulation method that can generate possible initial states of the operable nodes from the desirable behavior of the utility nodes to cope with this problem. Through the comparison with the forward simulation, the efficiency of the method is clarified.


Title Conover-Iman Test of Multiple Comparisons Sums Description Computes the Conover-Iman test (1979) for stochastic dominance and reports the results among multiple pairwise comparisons after a Kruskal-Wallis test for stochastic dominance among k groups (Kruskal and Wallis, 1952). The interpretation of stochastic dominance requires an assumption that the CDF of one group does not cross the CDF of the other. conover.test makes k(k-1)/2 multiple pairwise comparisons based on Conover-Iman t-test-statistic of the rank differences. The null hypothesis for each pairwise comparison is that the probability of observing a randomly selected value from the first group that is larger than a randomly selected value from the second group equals one half; this null hypothesis corresponds to that of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. Like the rank-sum test, if the data can be assumed to be continu-ous, and the distributions are assumed identical except for a difference in location, Conover-Iman test may be understood as a test for median difference. conover.test accounts for tied ranks. The Conover-Iman test is strictly valid if and only if the corresponding Kruskal-Wallis null hypothesis is rejected.


Article history: Received:4 January 2011 Accepted: 17 September 2011 Available online: 27 June 2011 Background: Hippocampus is rich in corticosteroid and opioid receptors and is involved in memory. Both acute stress and morphine have a different effect on different stages of memory. Thus, the effect of acute forced swim stress on formed memory recall was investigated after prescription of morphine different doses. Materials and Methods : In this experimental study, adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were classified into three categories (for each group, n=7): 1) repeated morphine groups, 30 minutes before each training, they were intraperitoneally prescribed morphine for 4 days in Morris water maze, (1, 10,100 μg/kg and 1, 10 mg/kg) and the recall test was performed on 5th day. 2) Acute stress group, they were on training for 4 days without morphine and on the fifth day, 30 minutes before the recall test, they were subjected to forced swim stress for 5 min. 3) Repeated morphine plus acute stress groups, they were first treated same as first category and on the 5th day, they were behaved like the second category. On the day 12th, the same test as the 5th day was conducted, but the groups received no treatment. Results: In the repeated morphine groups, apparently only 10 mg/kg of morphine significantly disturbed learning (p < 0.001). But during the 5th and 12th day no significant difference was observed between all groups and the control group in memory recall. In the group treated with morphine plus acute stress, only 10 mg/kg of morphine significantly decreased memory recall during the 5th and 12th day compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Repeated prescription of 10 mg/kg morphine plus acute stress intensifies the deleterious effects of stress on memory. © 2012 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, ZJRMS. All rights reserved.


Background: Bladder Cancer (BC) has two distinct phenotypes. Non-muscle invasive BC has good prognosis and is treated by tumor resection and intravesical therapy, whereas muscle-invasive BC has poor prognosis and requires radical cystectomy combined with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. High-throughput sequencing technologies allow identification of individual molecular signatures to characterize the invasive phenotype.
Objective: Based on this background the objective of this thesis comprises of three parts. The first aim of the thesis was to characterize muscle-invasive BC on a molecular level by incorporating signatures from literature and omics profiles. The second aim was to evaluate the performance of pathway-enrichment obtained from two bioinformatics tools ImPAla and ClueGO. The third aim shows the use of bioinformatics in order to identify altered pathways relevant to ageing.
Materials: Public domain -omics signatures and molecular features associated to muscle-invasive BC were derived from literature mining to provide protein-coding genes. These features were integrated in a protein-interaction network to obtain functional pathways relevant to the phenotype. Pathway-enrichment was performed using ClueGO and ImPAla tools. The resulting pathway terms were filtered according to criterion: multiple comparison corrected p-value <0.05.
Results: In the first part of the thesis, the protein-interactions and pathway-enrichment yielded 14 significant pathway terms. Three pathway terms were not previously reported in muscle-invasive BC. The novel disease-associated pathways were regulation of actin-cytoskeleton, neurotrophin-signalling pathway and endocytosis. In the second part, 292 pathways were obtained from ClueGO and 471 pathways from ImPAla software. Comparison of the results obtained by the two applications yielded 152 pathway-terms with the same pathway name. 137 ClueGO pathway-terms were similar to 251 ImPAla pathways. In the last part, the results from a bioinformatics analysis of urinary-peptidomics data discovered a pathway-term "degradation of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins" that was unique in the context of pathological ageing.
Conclusions: The results of this thesis suggest that there is a complex interplay between pathways characterizing the muscle-invasive phenotype of BC. Further experimental validation of the three novel pathways with respect to progression and treatment response is indicated. In addition, the comparison of two prominent pathway enrichment tools ClueGO and ImPAla showed that ClueGO has better performance than ImPAla in pathway-enrichment analysis since the output is less redundant and contains all the biologically significant information. Lastly, molecular pathways enriched in normal and pathological ageing demonstrate that with the help of appropriate peptidomics technologies, urine could be used as a useful source of information in ageing research.


: The objective of this study was to investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the bacterial aerosols before, during, and after clinical work sessions in different areas within a multichair dental clinic, an isolation clinic, the sterilization center, and the prosthetic laboratory in the College of Dentistry, King Saud University. Also, the contributions of aerosols generated by different types of dental procedures were investigated. Air sampling using blood and heart infusion agar plates at four selected areas was performed three times per day over a 2-week period before, during, and after clinical sessions. The concentration of total bacterial aerosols was 5 times higher in the multichair clinic, 3.6 times higher in the prosthetic laboratory, 2 times higher in the sterilization center and isolation clinic during working sessions as compared to before the working sessions. At the end of the working day, aerosols decreased 50-70% in all areas. Staphylococcus epidermidis had the highest prevalence (37.12q%) of colony composition of bacteria examined. This study demonstrates that aerosols increase during and after work sessions and, therefore, increase the chance for infectious agent transmission. Preventive measures should be instituted to reduce or disrupt aerosols as a transmission route in the multichair dental clinic, sterilization center, prosthetic laboratory, and isolation clinic.


Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has found an important analytical niche in the field of condition monitoring (CM) of lubricants, lubricant quality being a primary determinant of the wear and operational efficiency of engines and machinery. The ability to track a wide range of functional groups associated with chemical changes in lubricants by FTIR spectroscopy allows the overall quality of lubricants to be assessed and informed decisions made as to whether a lubricant needs to be replaced or not. Newer automated FTIR systems in centralized laboratories are now capable of analyzing oil samples at rates of >120 samples/h, providing trending information on soot, moisture, glycol, oxidative status, anti-wear additives, and nitration, amongst other measures. The current FTIR CM methodology is based on ASTM Standard Practice E2412-10 and is restricted primarily to petroleum or mineral oils; however, the ability to spectrally classify oils could overcome this limitation and broaden the scope of the methodology substantially. Quantitative FTIR methods have come to the fore to carry out more specific measures related to oil condition, specifically the determination of acid content and base content, as well as moisture. These methods have been designed to overcome some key limitations associated with the corresponding ASTM titrimetric procedures and expand the overall utility of FTIR instrumentation in centralized lubricant analysis laboratories. This paper provides an overview of FTIR CM, how it has been and can be further improved, and discusses the recent advances in the newer quantitative FTIR CM methods as well as the issues that need to be addressed to further enhance the utility of FTIR spectroscopy in relation to lubricant analysis.


Bangkok is notorious for its chronic traffic congestion due to the rapid urbanization and the haphazard city plan. The Sathorn Road network area stands to be one of the most critical areas where gridlocks are a normal occurrence during rush hours. This stems from the high volume of demand imposed by the dense geographical placement of 3 big educational institutions and the insufficient link capacity with strict routes. Current solutions place heavy reliance on human traffic control expertises to prevent and disentangle gridlocks by consecutively releasing each queue length spillback through inter-junction coordination. A calibrated dataset of the Sathorn Road network area in a microscopic road traffic simulation package SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) is provided in the work of Chula-Sathorn SUMO Simulator (Chula-SSS). In this paper, we aim to utilize the Chula-SSS dataset with extended vehicle flows and gridlocks in order to further optimize the present traffic signal control policies with reinforcement learning approaches by an artificial agent. Reinforcement learning has been successful in a variety of domains over the past few years. While a number of researches exist on using reinforcement learning with adaptive traffic light control, existing studies often lack pragmatic considerations concerning application to the physical world especially for the traffic system infrastructure in developing countries, which suffer from constraints imposed from economic factors. The resultant limitation of the agent's partial observability of the whole network state at any specific time is imperative and cannot be overlooked. With such partial observability constraints, this paper has reported an investigation on applying the Ape-X Deep Q-Network agent at the critical junction in the morning rush hours from 6 AM to 9 AM with practically occasional presence of gridlocks. The obtainable results have shown a potential value of the agent's ability to learn despite physical limitations in the traffic light control at the considered intersection within the Sathorn gridlock area. This suggests a possibility of further investigations on agent applicability in trying to mitigate complex interconnected gridlocks in the future.


Abstract Glass shells made from the pyrolysis of silicon-doped glow discharge polymers (Si-GDP) are particularly interesting for many noncryogenic target applications. We investigated the possibility of developing millimeter glass shells with >10-μm-thick walls to achieve a half-life of several months. Although previous studies have already demonstrated their feasibility, important developments are still needed to finely understand the role each step plays on the final glass shell's properties. The adjustment of plasma deposition parameters and pyrolysis conditions allowed us to control shell shrinkage and defect formation. In the case of 7.4 at. % Si-GDP slowly pyrolyzed, we obtained spherical and smooth glass shells with near 100% yield. We also demonstrated that adjusting sintering temperature can produce fully dense glass shells from 2.2 to 2.4 g/cm3. Finally, deuterium pressurized capsules >3 MPa with a half-life of 8 months are obtained.


We propose to incorporate neural architecture search (NAS) into general-purpose multi-task learning (GP-MTL). Existing NAS methods typically define different search spaces according to different tasks. In order to adapt to different task combinations (i.e., task sets), we disentangle the GP-MTL networks into single-task backbones (optionally encode the task priors), and a hierarchical and layerwise features sharing/fusing scheme across them. This enables us to design a novel and general task-agnostic search space, which inserts cross-task edges (i.e., feature fusion connections) into fixed single-task network backbones. Moreover, we also propose a novel single-shot gradient-based search algorithm that closes the performance gap between the searched architectures and the final evaluation architecture. This is realized with a minimum entropy regularization on the architecture weights during the search phase, which makes the architecture weights converge to near-discrete values and therefore achieves a single model. As a result, our searched model can be directly used for evaluation without (re-)training from scratch. We perform extensive experiments using different single-task backbones on various task sets, demonstrating the promising performance obtained by exploiting the hierarchical and layerwise features, as well as the desirable generalizability to different i) task sets and ii) single-task backbones. The code of our paper is available at https://github.com/bhpfelix/MTLNAS.


Combining frontline investigation with startling new data, Tristram Stuart's "Waste" shows how the way we live now has created a global food crisis - and what we can do to fix it. With shortages, volatile prices and nearly one billion people hungry, the world has a food problem - or thinks it does. Yet farmers, manufacturers, supermarkets and consumers in North America and Europe discard up to half of their food - enough to feed all the world's hungry at least three times over. Forests are destroyed and nearly one tenth of the West's greenhouse gas emissions are released growing food that will never be eaten. While affluent nations throw away food through neglect, in the developing world crops rot because farmers lack the means to process, store and transport them to market. But there could be surprisingly painless remedies for what has become one of the world's most pressing environmental and social problems. Travelling from Yorkshire to China, from Pakistan to Japan, and introducing us to foraging pigs, potato farmers, freegans and food industry directors, Stuart encounters grotesque examples of profligacy, but also inspiring innovations and ways of making the most of what we have. "Tristram Stuart lifts the lid on the obscene levels of produce ending up in landfill ...read it and weep". ("The Sun"). "Passionate, closely argued and guaranteed to make the most manic consumer peer guiltily into the recesses of their fridge". ("Sunday Telegraph"). "An extremely thought-provoking, passionate study". ("Scotland on Sunday"). Tristram Stuart has been a freelance writer for Indian newspapers, a project manager in Kosovo and a prominent critic of the food industry. He has made regular contributions to television documentaries, radio and newspaper debates on the social and environmental aspects of food. His first book, "The Bloodless Revolution", was published in 2006.


Along the quiet waters of the Chesapeake is a long-forgotten beachfront park called Triton Beach. Since the 1950's its buildings have been abandoned, slowly succumbing to the Bay's high tides and persistent coastal vegetation. The tract is nearly four hundred acres and contains valuable wetlands which contribute to the beauty of the Chesapeake. But without funding to repair the shore line, this area is in danger of eroding into the Chesapeake. Through a public-private initiative, a small parcel of this property will be allocated to construct a conference center. The small scale of a conference center facility will allow this project to be developed at a finite level and the building details will be the emphasis of the exercise. The delicate nature of the site demands caution and steps will be taken to preserve the natural beauty of the waterfront as viewed from both the park and the Bay.


As agents become ubiquitous in virtual as well as physical worlds, the importance of learning from real-life human interaction is increasing. Here we explore new learning and teaching strategies for an agent situated in a digital cinema environment to solve a language-vision translation problem by playing a multimodal memory game with humans. We discuss the challenges for machine learners, i.e. learning architectures and algorithms, required to deal with this kind of long-lasting, dynamic scenario. We also discuss the challenges for human teachers to address the new machine learning issues. Based on our preliminary experimental results using the hypernetwork learning architecture we argue for self-teaching cognitive agents that actively interact with humans to generate queries and examples to evaluate and teach themselves.


Conceptual modeling continues to be an important means for graphically capturing the requirements of an information system. Observations of modeling practice suggest that modelers often use multiple modeling grammars in combination to articulate various aspects of real-world domains. We extend an ontological theory of representation to suggest why and how users employ multiple conceptual modeling grammars in combination. We provide an empirical test of the extended theory using survey data and structured interviews about the use of traditional and structured analysis grammars within an automated tool environment. We find that users of the analyzed tool combine grammars to overcome the ontological incompleteness that exists in each grammar. Users further selected their starting grammar from a predicted subset of grammars only. The qualitative data provides insights as to why some of the predicted deficiencies manifest in practice differently than predicted.


This thesis consists of three empirical studies on asset-prices in international financial markets. The purpose is three-fold. First, to evaluate whether good predictions of economic variables may be obtained by pooling information from a broad group of financial variables. Second, to formulate asset-pricing models from seven established stock markets. Third, to evaluate the asset-pricing models in the presence of short-sales. Chapter 2 applies a large data set, consisting of 167 monthly time series for the UK, both economic and financial, to simulate out-of-sample predictions of industrial production, inflation, three-month Treasury-Bills and other variables. Fifteen dynamic factor models that allow forecasting based on large panels of time series are considered. The performances of these factor models are then compared to the following competing models: a simple univariate autoregressive, a vector autoregressive, a leading indicator, and a non-expectational Phillips curve models. The results show that the dynamic factor models outperform the competing models in forecasting at 6-, 12-, and 24-month horizons. Two main findings are highlighted. First, the financial markets have a predictive power in terms of economic activity. Second, for some variables, the dynamic factor model appears to be more reliable than other competing models. In an attempt to analyze the equity premium puzzle and the risk-free rate puzzle, Chapter 3 compares different asset-pricing models within an international framework. To do so, it evaluates the performance of the following models: time separable-constant relative risk aversion, internal habit, external habit with externality, external habits which yield a constant risk-free rate, adaptive learning with constant gain, and state non-separability. The data are from seven industrialized countries, namely the United States, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, and Sweden. Regarding empirical evidence, this thesis uses the Hansen-Jagannathan approaches to impose volatility restrictions on the asset-pricing models. The time-separable, adaptive learning and external habit models fail, and the evidence favors the internal habit persistence model. However, success is limited to some countries and to the equity premium puzzle rather than the risk-free rate puzzle. Finally, the state-non-separable specification consistently resolves the equity premium puzzle for all the countries. Chapter 4 analyzes the effect of market frictions on the equity premium puzzle. Indeed, in the standard asset-pricing model with time-separable preferences, the volatility of the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution is too low for plausible values of risk aversion to be consistent with consumption and asset return data. Following this, the Hansen-Jagannathan method is applied to evaluate the equity premium puzzle for the UK in two directions. First, the time-separable model, the internal and the external habit formation models and the state non-separable model are examined under the assumptions of both frictionless markets and market frictions. Second, a bootstrap experiment is conducted to show that these asset-pricing models violate the Hansen-Jagannathan bound in almost all the samples. Indeed, because of the changes in the sample means in consumption growth and asset returns, all the models appear to be weak under frictionless markets. By contrast, asset-pricing models with market frictions are much more successful in the bootstrap experiment. (Less)


Inter-household patterns in drinking water access, consumption, perception, and quality among residents can vary in Rio das Pedras (RdP), a large favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. While unreliable water quality can influence residents to diversify their drinking water supply, household drinking water management practices are not generally known for this community. Household surveys, and indoor tap, piped water before entering the home, filtered, or bottled dispenser water samples were collected. Respondents reported storing water (91%) and near-daily access to piped water (78%). A majority of households reported cleaning water storage tanks at least once every 6 months. Also, residents rely on bottled water and a considerable proportion supplemented their water supply with at-home filtered water. The quality and safety of these sources are not necessarily superior to indoor tap water, especially under conditions of appropriate water storage tank cleaning. Higher prevalence of total coliform detections was found in indoor tap, filtered, and bottled water. Household characteristics such as home ownership, residence type, and residence time exhibited a positive association with improved tank cleaning. Community health practitioners could evaluate practices in water storage, at-home filtration maintenance, and bottled water dispenser systems using household characteristics to promote protective actions.


Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is an aerobic exercise is performed by using a tourniquet, which is applied to the proximal aspect of the muscle. In this unique method, limb blood flow is restricted by using a cuff throughout the contraction cycle and rest period. It is highly effective shown by partial restriction of arterial inflow to muscle, but it restricts venous outflow from the muscle. It produces less load nature and strengthening capacity of muscles by using BFR training. It can provide an effective clinical rehabilitation stimulus without the high levels of stress and circulatory system risk associated with heavy-load training. BRF can reduce the loss of muscle mass and increase the bony healing process during the early immobilization of patients. It improves both muscle size and strengthening the muscles without stress of heavy lifts on soft tissue healing. Blood flow restriction rehabilitation is a safest and effective method to improve the muscle strength among patients who are unable to perform high-resistance exercise.


This study explores the phenomenon of knowledge management (KM) and specifically how it is used by Irish small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs in Ireland employ 70% of the total work force, accounting for €42 billion of trade, making them vital to the country from an economic and social point of view. SMEs rely on the knowledge and experience of their owners and employees and intellectual property rather than physical or financial capital to be successful.

An extensive literature review indicates that KM is a subject area that is rapidly evolving and dynamic. Both the practice and the research into KM in SMEs lag behind that of large organizations and research into the current state of KM as an academic field is fragmented. The current literature indicates that there are research gaps in the areas of knowledge creation, retention and utilization in relation to KM and this has generally been attributed to a lack of resources and understanding of the benefits of KM systems in the SMEs.

This research work asks what are the main knowledge management tools and practices adopted by the Irish SMEs and what the effect these processes have on the performance of the companies. Six subjects were interviewed at length using the qualitative paradigm following a phenomenological approach allowing for a context rich investigation of the themes revealed by the theoretical framework devised from literature review. The collection of artefacts and the reviewing of reflective journals kept by the interview participants coupled with the extensive interviews adds to the understating of the topic from an Irish SME perspective.

The study highlights that the need and benefit for Irish SME's to implement KM systems from a perspective of competitive advantage, growth and efficiencies for companies. It was found that in an Irish context the owners or senior managers are the main driving force for the KM process. It is implied that there is a need to promote a champion or driver for knowledge management as well as educating the employees of its importance to ensure the future of the company. The research also finds that while some characteristics of SMEs such as the lack of resources can present a barrier to formal KM adoption, their flexibility, flatter organization and the technologies available in recent years are showing more adoption of KM practices in the Irish SMEs. In particular the advent of cloud computing has made it easier for organizations to develop their own systems and practices for KM.

This work indicates that further research is needed into KM in SMEs and based on the outcomes of the reflective journals there are strong indications that action research would be beneficial. The financial benefits to the Irish economy would indicate that a large scale investigation into the use and adoption of web 2.0 for the benefit of SMEs should be considered.


Abstract This article offers a bold proposal: eliminate the intentional tort of battery and merge cases of both the negligent and intentional imposition of physical harm into a single new tort. The advantages of a single tort of wrongfully causing physical harm to persons are many. It would (a) do away with complex and unneeded doctrinal details now contained within battery law, (b) pave the way to a sensible regime of comparative fault for all such physical injuries, (c) properly shift the legal focus away from the plaintiff's conduct and onto the defendant's, (d) eliminate the Restatement's need to supplement battery law with yet a separate intentional physical harm tort when an injury is intentionally caused but without the contact or other requirements of battery, and (e) force courts to decide various collateral issues (like whether punitive damages are available or whether liability insurance coverage is applicable) on their own terms and not by linking them to whether this case involves a battery (and then making exceptions, since it turns out that battery is not a reliable basis for deciding those collateral matters). More broadly, the new tort is intellectually more insightful as it anchors acts that now count as batteries more in their wrongfulness than in their intentionality as battery law does today.


The migrant selection literature concentrates primarily on spatial patterns. This paper illustrates the implications of migration duration for patterns of selection by integrating two workhorses of the labor literature, a search model and a Roy model. Theory and empirics show temporary migrants are intermediately selected on education, with weaker selection on cognitive ability. Longer migration episodes lead to stronger positive selection on both education and ability, as its associated jobs involve finer employee-employer matching and offer greater returns to experience. Networks are more valuable for permanent migration, where search costs are higher. Labor market frictions explain observed complex network-skill interactions.


Full Support Fellowships from Graduate Studies (Presidential and Fling Fellowships) provide stipend payments for recipients of these awards. Fellowship recipients are required to be full-time students (at least 9 credit hours or full-time certification) during the period of appointment and may hold another major fellowship. They may not engage in remunerative employment, including a graduate assistantship or traineeship.


Abstract
Kuru, a fatal, progressive, neurologic disease occurring in the Stone Age cannibalistic New Guineans of the Fore ethnic group, was first brought to the attention of the medical world in 1957. Our early studies on the cause, clinical course, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and therapy of the disease are reviewed. The disease was restricted to the Fore and those of their neighbors with whom they intermarried (a total population of about 30,000). Usually fatal 6 to 9 months from onset, kuru alone accounted for over half the deaths beyond infancy in the most severely affected villages, and reprisal murders of sorcerers suspected of causing the disease was the second most frequent cause of death in much of the region. The youngest patients were about 5 years of age, and among the children and adolescents both sexes were about equally affected. However, among adults, who accounted for over ⅔ of the patients, women were vastly more frequently affected than men. A genetic, endocrine, toxic, or specific deficiency cause seemed most likely, but we never abandoned the possibility that kuru was of infectious etiology, and the past decade of further field and laboratory work has borne this out. A subacute infectious neurologic disorder has thus been shown to be the dominant disease for a whole isolated population, rather than the parasitic infections and acute bacterial and virus diseases more commonly the concern of tropical medicine.


An extensive review of theoretical and experimental investigations conducted over the last two decades since the advent of the laser and relating to the simultaneous absorption of one or more photons by the valence electrons of a crystalline solid is given. The following topics are addressed, with greatest emphasis on the most recent results: the pioneering models of Braunstein and Ockman and that of Basov for two-photon absorption in direct-gap crystals, based on second-order time-dependent perturbation theory and parabolic and isotropic energy bands; extensions and modifications of the above models by various authors to take into account the effects of excitons, crystal anisotropy, laser polarization, and nonparabolicity as well as degeneracy of the electronic energy bands; rigorous band-structure calculations that employ realistic energy bands and momentum matrix elements that include many intermediate states to obtain good convergence in the perturbation calculation; the semiclassical theory of Keldysh that takes into account electric-field effects on the electronic energies and wave functions and that employs first-order perturbation theory to obtain multiphoton transitions of all orders; the fully quantized treatment of the multiphoton absorption (MPA) process along the above lines by Kovarskii and Perlin; the Volkov approximation method of Jones and Reiss; descriptions of the various experimental techniques that are usually employed to study nonlinear phenomena in solids; critical comparison between different theoretical predictions and experimental data; and finally, theoretical and experimental work relating to phonon-assisted two-photon transitions, three-photon absorption, four-photon absorption, and higher-order MPA processes in crystalline solids.


Falun Gong's ongoing resistance movement and the escalation of Master Li's apocalyptic ideology in response to persecution is the focus of this study. On the basis of field research and interviews with practitioners, the author proposes a four-phase model of conversion, culminating in an activist commitment to the Master's call to serve in the protest demonstrations against the People's Republic of China's persecution of Falun Gong. Since Falun Gong's civil disobedience has resulted in the deaths of over 343 practitioners, it is important to analyze the process of conversion/commitment to the cause, and the practitioners' own spiritual understanding of their activist efforts in a two-tiered resistance movement that is concerned with global human rights, but also with a cosmic battle between gods and demons, called fa-rectification.


Epilepsy is a disorder which affects approximately 1% of the world's population. It is possible to explain the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy by not only alterations in genetic structure and environmental factors, but also epigenetic mechanisms. As a significant epigenetic modification, DNA methylation may play a crucial role for understanding biological pathways related to epilepsy. Even though the relationship between CpG islands, DNA methylation and gene expression is quite complex, in this thesis we aimed to determine significant biological pathways related to epilepsy, using the difference of methylation levels at CpG loci in family trios. Dataset was gathered from 10 family trios (30 individuals) and it includes methylation level information for each CpG locus determined by Illumina HumanMethylation450 Bead Chip which is a microarray based analysis tool. Considering the difference of methylation levels at each CpG locus, we prepared lists of genes that we marked as significant. Applying several filters to the dataset allowed us to gather more reliable information from the dataset. We identified a number of significant pathways that may be related to epilepsy, especially immune system related pathways stand out as a significant and novel finding.


On average, Australians living in rural and remote areas have shorter lives, higher levels of disease and injury and poorer access to and use of health services, compared with people living in metropolitan areas. Poorer health outcomes in rural and remote areas may be due to multiple factors including lifestyle di erences and a level of disadvantage related to education and employment opportunities, as well as access to health services.


In this paper we report on a study conducted using the Middle Atmospheric Nitrogen TRend Assessment (MANTRA) balloon measurements of stratospheric constituents and temperature and the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM). Three different kinds of data are used to assess the inter-consistency of the combined dataset: single profiles of long-lived species from MANTRA 1998, sparse climatologies from the ozonesonde measurements during the four MANTRA campaigns and from HALOE satellite measurements, and the CMAM climatology. In doing so, we evaluate the ability of the model to reproduce the measured fields and to thereby test our ability to describe mid-latitude summertime stratospheric processes. The MANTRA campaigns were conducted at Vanscoy, Saskatchewan, Canada (52° N, 107° W) in late August and early September of 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004. During late summer at mid-latitudes, the stratosphere is close to photochemical control, providing an ideal scenario for the study reported here. From this analysis we find that: (1) reducing the value for the vertical diffusion coefficient in CMAM to a more physically reasonable value results in the model better reproducing the measured profiles of long-lived species; (2) the existence of compact correlations among the constituents, as expected from independent measurements in the literature and from models, confirms the self-consistency of the MANTRA measurements; and (3) the 1998 measurements show structures in the chemical species profiles that can be associated with transport, adding to the growing evidence that the summertime stratosphere can be much more disturbed than anticipated. The mechanisms responsible for such disturbances need to be understood in order to assess the representativeness of the measurements and to isolate long-term trends.