ABSTRACT This special issue of 'Analytical Letters' is devoted to selected papers based on contributions from the 10th Aegean Analytical Chemistry Days (AACD 2016) International Meeting. The first AACD Meeting was held in Izmir-Turkey in 1998 for enhancing the scientific collaboration of analytical chemists from Aegean countries primarily comprising Turkey and Greece, but these series of conferences later evolved into a successful international event covering the entire field of analytical chemistry practiced in almost all countries. Selected papers from most of these conferences were published in the special issues of reputable journals. Specifically in this special edition, the authors have extended their conference proceedings papers and added their latest experimental results. The papers have undergone the standard review process. The AACD 2016 Conference, providing a forum among analytical chemistry researchers from many different countries, was held in Çanakkale, jointly hosted by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (ÇOMU) and Istanbul University (IU). AACD 2016 combined invited lectures, parallel oral sessions and poster presentations, altogether comprising 14 invited lectures, 45 contributed oral presentations and 343 posters, and three company presentations. The selected best 40 posters were orally presented for 5 min at the 'flash poster presentation' session. The Conference Organizers are thankful to the AACD Continuation Committee, invited speakers and all presenters, authors and reviewers who were willing to share their expertise with us by submitting/reviewing the valuable contributions to this special issue, and finally to the Chief Editor of 'Analytical Letters' and Taylor & Francis who handled the complete review process.


1 Atlantic oak woods are of high conservation value and contain many rare lichens and bryophytes. The effects of nitrogen pollution on these epiphytic communities have not been previously studied. We investigated the composition of Atlantic oak wood epiphytic communities in relation to atmospheric N deposition in order to identify N indicator species and propose a critical load for such communities. 2 The epiphytic communities of seven Atlantic oak woods receiving estimated total nitrogen deposition in the range 10–53 kg N ha−1 year−1 were surveyed. Exposure of epiphytes to atmospheric N over 7 months was measured in terms of stemflow flux and concentration and airborne NH3. 3 Redundancy analysis (RDA) related the species to stemflow chemistry and bark pH. Different groups of species were found at (i) a coastal low N deposition site (Graphina ruiziana, Lecania cyrtella, Lobaria pulmonaria, Opegrapha atra, Orthotrichum affine, Melanelia fuliginosa ssp. glabratula and Pertusaria hymenea), (ii) inland low N deposition sites (I. myosuroides, F. tamarisci, Plagiochila atlantica, Cladonia chlorophaea, C. squamosa, Hypotrachyna laevigata and Thelotrema lepadinum) and (iii) high N deposition sites (Hypnun andoi, Hypnum cupressiforme, Calicium viride, Chrysothrix candelaris, C. coniocraea, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia saxatilis, Phyllospora rosei and Usnea subfloridana). 4 RDA analysis showed that bark pH and concentration in the stemflow explained the greatest amount of variation in the species composition among the sites. The sites separated into two groups (low and high concentration) leading to an estimate for the critical load for N deposition for epiphytes in Atlantic oak woods of 11–18 kg N ha−1 year−1. 5 Analysis of the occurrence of species against N levels suggested that I. myosuroides and F. tamarisci are indicators of small N inputs, whereas H. andoi, C. coniocraea, P. saxatilis and H. physodes are tolerant of increased N loads. 6 Different forms of N (, , NH3) were found to significantly affect the occurrence of different species. Some species were sensitive to total flux while others were sensitive to concentration.


An Euler discretization of the Langevin diffusion is known to converge to the global minimizers of certain convex and non-convex optimization problems. We show that this property holds for any suitably smooth diffusion and that different diffusions are suitable for optimizing different classes of convex and non-convex functions. This allows us to design diffusions suitable for globally optimizing convex and non-convex functions not covered by the existing Langevin theory. Our non-asymptotic analysis delivers computable optimization and integration error bounds based on easily accessed properties of the objective and chosen diffusion. Central to our approach are new explicit Stein factor bounds on the solutions of Poisson equations. We complement these results with improved optimization guarantees for targets other than the standard Gibbs measure.


Introduction Team teaching is a method that two or more instructors work together over the planning, teaching, and evaluation of courses (Easterby-Smith & Olve, 1984; Zhang and Keim, 1993). Studies have shown that team teaching approach is highly related to quality of learning and performance, and has been successfully utilized in a wide rage of subject areas, including psychology (Heath, Carlson & Kurtze, 1987; Flanagan & Falston, 1983; Lindauer, 1990; Plotnicov, 1985; Rinn and Weir, 1984; Toomey & Eldridge, 1982). For example, some studies indicate that students have benefits as a result of having multiple instructors in a course (Rinn & Weir, 1984; Troen & Boles, 1988; Wenger & Hornyak, 1999). Team teaching methods bring various expertise to the class and allow students to optimize their learning processes that go beyond the direct instruction. In addition, team teaching approaches create an authentic environment which reflects real life situations through active interactions among learners and instructors (Winter, 1993). However, compared to the increasing amount of research on team teaching, there has been little research on pre--and in-service teacher education students' perception in teaching approaches. The majority of the research on team teaching has been conducted with undergraduate courses such as psychology and management education courses (Easterby-Smith & Olve, 1984; Lee & Cheri, 1996). Therefore, more extensive examinations of teacher education students' perception in team teaching approaches were deemed warranted. Objectives of the Study The present study examines elementary teacher education students' thoughts, feelings, and attitudes about university team teaching. More specifically, overall perceptions of team teaching approaches, and understanding of the course concepts, environments, and evaluations were investigated over the Spring Quarter, 2001. The team teaching method was adopted by a junior and a senior faculty at a university located in Southern California in an educational psychology course. Evolving Team Teaching Our team teaching effort was organized in a collegial structure where a junior faculty from the Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling and a senior faculty from the Department of Language, Literacy, and Culture, work together to teach an educational psychology course, scheduled from 6:00 P M to 9:50 P M on Wednesday. The course is one of requirement courses in the College of Education taken by credential program students who are either pre- or in-service teachers at schools in California. In order to maximize the effectiveness of the team teaching, both faculty followed the guidelines suggested by Bennett, Ishler, and O'Loughlin (1992). The processes of planning, teaching, and evaluation of the course occurred in a mutually supportive environment, where both faculty have an equally collaborative relationship. Team planning. Prior to the beginning of the team teaching, the two faculty members met once a week over the winter quarter to plan the team teaching course for the Spring Quarter 2001. Emails were also used as an alternative way to plan for the course. After reviewing the curriculum, the team teaching members specified overall course goals and objectives to share a clear understanding of the course. The course syllabus, projects, course schedules were carefully designed related to the course goals and objectives and literature on team teaching. Course schedules and topics were coordinated based upon each faculty's area of expertise. As part of the syllabus, each student received a schedule showing the topic to be covered each day, the reading assignments for that topic, and information and rubrics on three projects. Team teaching and evaluation. Both faculty were present in every class over the quarter and engaged in all activities. …


The interface between pragmatics and prosody has been shown to be significant in intercultural communication (RIESCO BERNIER; ROMERO-TRILLO, 2008; ROMERO-TRILLO, 2002, 2012, 2015, 2019). In this paper, we re-evaluate the pragmatics-prosody interface on the grounds that prosody is seldom interpreted independently from accompanying gesture, facial modification and head movement. To enhance L2 hearers' pragmatic competence, or what we define as attentional and inferential abilities, we introduce prosodic pointing as an ostensive phenomenon inclusive of both vocal and visual paralinguistic features used synchronously to communicate and interpret one's intentions. We believe that the way relevance mechanisms (SPERBER; WILSON, 1986; WHARTON, 2014) focus the hearer on the speaker's ostensive nonverbal behaviours, for him to use them as cues to speaker meaning, can be exploited in L2 listening instruction that aims to develop epistemic vigilance (SPERBER 1994; PADILLA CRUZ, 2013) and pragmatic competence in Chinese hearers of L2 English. In English, you can show disagreement by saying 'Yes, he \was'. In Chinese, however, 'yes' always means agreement. Chinese speakers typically disagree by saying 'No, he was', thus potentially causing misunderstanding. We investigate how introducing prosodic pointing to Chinese L2 learners can help in fine-tuningtheir epistemic vigilance in L2 English through an intervention study involving input and immediate recall sessions. The results show (i) evidence of Chinese interpreters of L2 English fine-tuning their epistemic vigilance and, as result, the important role of prosodic pointing in enhancing their pragmatic competence, and (ii) the need for further relevance-based L2 instructional studies focused on enhancing inferential and interpretive competence in hearers of L2 English.


Microalgae are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are predominantly photosynthetic. They are found in a wide range of habitats, particularly marine ecosystems, and are responsible for a significant portion of the oceans biogeochemical cycling. Microalgae have a varied evolutionary history with genes derived from photosynthetic organisms, heterotrophic eukaryotes and bacteria. This has led to a wide range of adaptations, allowing them to thrive in a variety of conditions. Microalgae in coastal regions are adapted to turbulence, high nutrients and low light whilst open ocean microalgae have to contend with high irradiance and low nutrient concentrations. Polar microalgae are adapted to freezing temperatures, high nutrients and long periods of light and darkness. Microalgae genomes and transcriptomes uncover and interpret these adaptations, providing information on how microalgae have become a dominant force within marine ecosystems.

Key Concepts

Microalgae are very diverse and species rich
Microalgae are adapted to diverse environments
Microalgae have complex evolutionary origins
Microalgae significantly contribute to the global carbon cycle on Earth
Marine microalgae are the base of the marine food web

Keywords:

marine;
microalgae;
evolution;
adaptation;
genomics;
phytoplankton;
diversity


Which of the democratic checks and balances - opposition parties, the judiciary, a free press - is the most critical? Peru has the full set of democratic institutions. In the 1990s, the secret-police chief Montesinos systematically undermined them all with bribes. We quantify the checks using the bribe prices. Montesinos paid television-channel owners about 100 times what he paid judges and politicians. One single television channel's bribe was four times larger than the total of the opposition politicians' bribes. By revealed preference, the strongest check on the government's power was the news media.


Long Valley caldera, California, formed during the cataclysmic Pleistocene eruption of the Bishop Tuff. Previous stratigraphic and petrologic studies of this eruption deciphered an intriguing pattern of vent migration, thought to mirror the lateral propagation ("unzipping") of magma-tapping ring fractures during caldera collapse. From scaled analog models, we show that this unzipping pattern was intrinsically related to the high plan-view ellipticity of the precollapse magma chamber roof. We also provide a first-order kinematic explanation for the systematic location of initial elliptical roof failure and for the lateral propagation of highly elliptical ring fractures.


Since the early stages of stadium design, landscape architecture has frequently been overlooked, with the space surrounding these structures relegated to providing parking and accessways. In other words, rather than give consideration to creating aesthetically appealing spaces, the tendency has instead been to create sterile and unappealing concrete jungles, that pay little or no attention to how the users might experience the space as they move through it. This effectively means that potentially attractive public spaces are not being utilised, which is increasingly problematic as urban areas become ever more densely populated.
This issue will be considered by proposing a series of ideas that could be used in the development of a new stadium for the Brazilian football club Flamengo. This club, which is one of the biggest and most popular in South America, currently has its home at the
Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro. As a result of the privatisation of the previously publicly-owned stadium, Flamengo has decided that it would prefer to develop a new stadium on an entirely new site in Rio.

The fundamental aim of this research thesis is to demonstrate how landscape architecture can be used to inform the development of stadiums in such a way that the sites surroundings stadiums can become attractive and functional spaces in their own right, that will appeal to a diverse demographic. In other words, rather than being no more than a carpark and accessway, attractive only to those attending an event at the stadium, the surrounding site should be a place that people would wish to visit for itself. To achieve this, the design must take into account a number of key factors, including where the stadium is situated with respect to the surrounding urban landscape, as well as how the stadium relates to the people who will be the primary users. The intention is to create a space surrounding the stadium that is wholly integrated, both physically and socially, with both the adjacent community and the club's supporters who will travel there to make use of the many resources on offer at the stadium. Issues that are particular to this site, such as how best to turn a previously industrial site into one that is attractive and ecologically viable are also addressed as part of this thesis.
This design-led research will show how landscape architecture can administer key elements to stadium design, through connection to the urban fabric and fan experience. Exploiting these elements with evidence through the use of adaptive, flexible and also fixed design strategies of sustainability, resilient and regenerative landscape solutions will be achieved between the existing urban setting and Flamengo's new home.


Signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) typically involves binding of extracellular ligands and subsequent activation of intracellular kinase domain, which in turn mediates autophosphorylation and downstream signal transduction. However, several RTKs, such as ErbB3 (HER3) and Ryk/Derailed, lack key conserved (and catalytically important) residues in their intracellular kinase domain, and are thought to be inactive `pseudo'-kinases. Much less is known regarding how these receptor tyrosine `pseudo'-kinases mediate transmembrane signaling. The work described in this dissertation attempts to understand the non-canonical signaling by ErbB3 and Ryk/Derailed using a combination of biophysical, biochemical and cell biology methods. ErbB3 is one of four members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. ErbB3 signals primarily by heterodimerizing with ErbB2 (HER2) and mediates resistance of tumor cells to EGFR/ErbB2-targeted therapeutics. We have investigated the role of ErbB3 `pseudo'-kinase domain in its signaling. In vitro enzymology study shows that, despite the sequence alterations, ErbB3 kinase domain binds ATP with high affinity and possesses weak kinase activity to trans-autophosphorylate its intracellular region. We also describe a crystal structure of ErbB3 kinase, which resembles the inactive EGFR and ErbB4 kinase domains. Whereas mutations that destabilize this configuration activate EGFR and ErbB4 (and promote EGFR-dependent lung cancers), a similar mutation conversely compromises ErbB3's ability to activate downstream Akt signaling in our cellular studies. These findings suggest that ErbB3 kinase may be crucial for signaling and could represent an important therapeutic target. Ryk and its Drosophila homolog Derailed (Drl) contain an extracellular Wnt Inhibitory Factor (WIF) domain and participate in non-canonical Wnt signaling. We attempt to understand, for the first time, the molecular mechanism of Ryk/Drl-Wnt interaction using Drl as a model system. We show that Drl binds directly to Drosophila Wnt5 (DWnt5) with submicromolar affinity using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). X-ray crystallography study has identified a conserved binding site of Drl for DWnt5. Mutating this site abolishes DWnt5 binding by Drl. This study serves as a starting point for our understanding of Wnt signaling by Ryk/Drl at a molecular level. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics First Advisor Mark A. Lemmon


Accounts of the Community Development Projects (CDPs) that ran as experimental interventions in twelve deprived UK localities in the 1970s concentrate on those projects identified as 'radical'. Focusing on the often-neglected history of Paisley's CDP, this article extends recent critical re-evaluations of how CDPs have been characterised. Ferguslie Park in Paisley was the most disadvantaged of the CDP areas on several criteria, and the only CDP to be based in an outer-urban area, as well as being distinct in further ways. This influenced how the CDP team devised its community development strategy, which is misunderstood when treated as embodying a parochial 'kailyard' mentality. Paisley's CDP has continuing relevance to debates about area-based policy and public involvement in research as they are rehearsed in new contexts.


Integrins are large, heterodimeric (αβ) transmembrane proteins that bind to many extracellular components as well as to other cell adhesion proteins. They are important in normal cellular processes, such as attachment, migration, and proliferation, and are also implicated in pathological states such as neoplasia and metastasis. Xiong et al. (Perspective by Humphries and Mould) present the crystal structure of the extracellular regions of the complex of αV and β3. There are 12 domains, of which the most interesting are the amino-terminal propeller from the α chain and the A domain from the β chain. This pair of domains forms an interface with similarity to that between the α and ß subunits of guanine nucleotide binding, or G proteins, and also contains the binding site for the Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide motif present in many integrin ligands, such as fibronectin. J.-P. Xiong, T. Stehle, B. Diefenbach, R. Zhang, R. Dunker, D. L. Scott, A. Joachimiak, S. L. Goodman, M. A. Arnaout, Crystal structure of the extracellular segment of integrin αVβ3. Science 294, 339-345 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. J. Humphries, A. P. Mould, An anthropomorphic integrin. Science 294, 316-317 (2001). [Summary] [Full Text]


Faulty decision-making can have dire consequences, and when it comes to group decisions, the challenges are even greater. Join Dr. Jerry B. Harvey as he clearly illustrates why no organization wants to find themselves goin' to Abilene. See how group dynamics can keep individuals from stating their true beliefs for fear of isolation and separation, and how that often leads to mismanaged agreement. You'll learn to recognize the warning signs of risky group dynamics and improve decision-making processes throughout your organization.


The Green Bay area comprises an area of about 525 square miles in eastern Wisconsin at the south end of Green Bay. It includes the western three-fourths of Brown County and the eastern one-ninth of Outagamie County. In 1960, the population of the area was estimated at 124,000. The most prominent topographic feature is the northwest-facing, southwestward trending Niagara escarpment. The area northwest of the escarpment drains into Green Bay via the Fox River, Suamico River, Duck Creek, and their tributaries. The area southeast of the escarpment is drained by streams that flow into Lake Michigan. The chief sources of surface water in the Green Bay area are the Fox River, Green Bay, and Lake Michigan. Smaller amounts of water are available from the East and Suamico Rivers and other streams. A sandstone aquifer is the principal source of the ground-water supply. The Niagara dolomite, although largely undeveloped, is potentially an important aquifer in the eastern part of the area. Small amounts of water are obtained also from the Platteville formation and from deposits of Pleistocene and Recent age. Water from the surfaceand ground-water sources is moderately hard to very hard. The Fox River, tributary to Lake Michigan at Green Bay, is a significant source of water for industrial use in the Green Bay area. The Menasha Dam, which controls release of water from the Lake Winnebago pool, is the major regulation on the Fox River, and it has considerable effect in reducing peak flows and supplementing low flows in the lower Fox River. The average discharge of the lower Fox River for the period 1898-1959, as measured at the gaging station at Rapide Croche Dam, was 2,687 mgd (million gallons per day). The longest consecutive period during which the discharge averaged less than 500 mgd was 80 days. The average discharge can be expected to fall below 700 mgd about once every 5 years for a 7-day period. In 1959, the average withdrawal of water from the Fox River was about 62 mgd. The water in the river is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is hard. The small streams in the area are utilized chiefly for stock watering; some of the water, however, is used for irrigation. The water in the small streams is more highly mineralized than the water in the Fox River and is very hard. Large quantities of water are available from Green Bay, but the disposal Gl G2 WATER RESOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL REGIONS of industrial waste into the bay has restricted the use of the water. The major withdrawal is for condenser cooling, and, in 1959, it averaged about 415 mgd. The water from Green Bay is moderately hard but is of better chemical quality than the water from the Fox River and the small streams in the area. The only withdrawals of water from Lake Michigan for use in the Green Bay area are made by the city of Green Bay. In 1959, these withdrawals averaged 7.8 mgd. The lower Fox River is not subject to extremes of flow owing to the dampening effect of the Lake Winnebago pool and the regulation of flow at Menasha Dam. Cloudbursts over the lower Fox River valley below Menasha Dam, however, have occasionally caused extremely high water, as in 1922, when the discharge at the mouth of the Fox River was estimated to be about 50,000 mgd. Daily discharges greater than about 13,000 mgd occurred only 7 times in the period 1918-59. The 50-year flood of 15,500 mgd represents an average runoff of less than 2.6 mgd per square mile of drainage area, a relatively low runoff for a 50-year flood in Wisconsin. The sandstone aquifer is the principal source of ground water in the Green Bay area and furnishes water for public supply and industrial use. This aquifer includes rocks of Late Cambrian age, and the Prairie du Chien group and St. Peter sandstone of Ordovician age; it ranges in thickness from 550 to 640 feet. Ground water is found in openings along fractures and bedding planes and in the interstices between sand grains. The sandstone aquifer can support additional development of large supplies of ground water. Wells can be developed in most of the area that will yield 500 gpm (gallons per minute) or more, provided they are properly spaced and penetrate the entire thickness of the aquifer. It is estimated that the perennial yield of the sandstone in the Green Bay area could be at least 30 mgd if the aquifer is properly developed; only 5.4 mgd was withdrawn in 1959. The water from this sandstone aquifer is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type, is very hard, and, at a few places, contains objectionable amounts of iron. The Niagara dolomite, potentially a source of moderate to large quantities of water in the eastern part of the area, probably will yield 500 gpm or more to wells. In 1959, the average withdrawal of water for all uses was estimated at 495 mgd, of which 98.2 percent was from surface-water sources and 1.8 percent was from wells. About 485 mgd of water was withdrawn for industrial use, 6 mgd for public supply, and 4 mgd for rural use. The industrial use of water averaged 441 mgd for condenser cooling, 38 mgd fot processing by the paper industry, and 6 mgd for other industrial uses. The city of Green Bay used 7.8 mgd of water from Lake Michigan; other public supplies in the area used 2.6 mgd from wells. Of the withdrawals of water for rural use, about 75 percent was from wells and about 25 percent was from streams. The discharge of wastes into the lower Fox River and its tributary streams has altered the quality of the natural water. The wastes consist chiefly of treated municipal sewage and treated and untreated wastes from the paper industry, rendering plants, a sugar mill, and other industries. The industrial waste makes up about 90 percent of the oxygen-demand loading in the lower Fox River, and treated municipal sewage accounts for about 10 percent. The dissolved-oxygen concentration of water in the lower Fox River decreases rapidly in the vicinity of Green Bay during the summer when the river water is warm. If the periods when the river water is warmest, generally during July and early August, were to coincide with periods of lowest annual streamflow, generally GREEN BAY AREA, WISCONSIN G3 in late August, the river would be unable to assimilate the loading of decomposable organic matter. In an emergency, industrial and public supply wells could supply at least 6 mgd for a sustained period and probably as much as 10 mgd for a period of several days. Six of the wells that formerly supplied the city of Green Bay are maintained in operating condition and could furnish about the same quantity of water as the industrial and other public supply wells. Small streams in the area would be supplemental sources of water, and the water in the Fox River and Green Bay is easily accessible.


The rapid development of terminal mobility technology cannot meet the progressively growing requirement of users, calling for the birth of a new sort of mobility. Compared with terminal mobility, this mobility is defined as service mobility, which concerns about the handoff between terminals or service providers. According to its characters, service can be classified into two main categories, communication service and information service. The former focuses on establishing communicating connection between users, while the later concerns about gaining resource information from providers. Their differences are shown in this paper by comparing with their theoretical frameworks. Then, for either category, a new concept of mobility is brought forward respectively. Communication service mobility studies the influence brought about by the change of terminals or access points, while information service mobility researches on issues about replacing the service sources. Moreover, theoretical prototypes are provided here to lend a base for the realization of both service mobilities. In each prototype, the holistic configuration of system and detailed structure of network entities are described and analyzed. Also, the working scheme of each model will be presented in this paper to show their effective support for service mobility.


We study the joint evolution of foreign exchange (FX) spot and swap market liquidity. Trading in FX swaps exceeds that of spot, yet this market segment has been largely ignored in prior research on liquidity in FX markets. We find strong co-movement in spot and swap market liquidity conditions and a strong link between FX funding and market liquidity, as gleaned from the pricing of both instruments. This link has strengthened over time with changes in dealer behaviour. Some of the largest dealers periodically pull back from pricing FX swaps and wider spreads attract smaller dealers. At the same time, liquidity in FX swaps remains impaired, which leads to adverse illiquidity spillovers to the spot market. Our findings suggest that funding liquidity has become a more important driver of spot market liquidity than it used to be.


what we mean when we say "at home." That prime bovine real estate takes its name from the Spanish word for "to love," querer, which in turn comes from the Latin quaerere, "to seek," the source of our words quest and inquire. A querencia—a term that turns up in the bilingual lingo of the southwestern borderlands of the US to mean some beloved locale, and one that I wish were more broadly at home elsewhere in English—is, in short, a place that we search out. To trust Ernest Hemingway, it is also a place that we fight to defend, "a place which develops in the course of the fight where the bull makes his home." Just so, "home" is a place we seek out, long to return to when away, and fiercely defend, whether against invaders or from the snooty outsider who tells us that any place is better than the one in which we live: "Schenectady? Yech!" Our hearts dwell in our homes, and, by extension, our homelands, though the latter word has taken on a vaguely totalitarian air since being put to work in the near tautological expression "homeland security," that is, making secure the place in which we feel secure. Unless we are gifted with a talent for metempsychosis or astral projection, our bodies dwell there as well. The difference is that we can inhabit a house or its cousins—apartment, trailer, hotel room—and not be remotely at home. The root of "house," in fact, embraces the sense of hiding, but not necessarily of belonging. Hitting the mattresses is one thing, but finding a querencia there is quite another. A house is not a home. It is but a pile of sticks. "'Home is," on the other hand, as Robert Frost famously said, "the place where, when you have to go there, / They have to take you in.'" Less well known, and more resonant, are the words that follow: " 'I should have called it / Something you somehow haven't to deserve.'" The English word home is an old one, dating back more than a thousand years and originating in a cluster of Germanic words whose meanings range from farm to village to the whole world, and whose semantic domain embraces the overall idea that within its boundaries lie security and safety, things we all need and deserve. Linguists have long remarked that the English idea of home has no true equivalents, even within cognate languages; by that argument, a German's heim and a Swede's hem do not completely trace the English word. In fact, in a linguistic Venn diagram there would be some overlap: In all those instances, a home is a place in which one belongs. Still, though heim or hem evoke warmth, they don't carry all the emotional weight of the English. A man's home may be his castle in London or Los Angeles, that is to say, but his heim is not necessarily his schloss in Lucerne or Luxembourg. The same is true of the Spanish querencia, that small portion of a corral or bullring from which a bull can see anything that's coming toward it, whether cow or matador, and in that safe place feels something on the order of


The science and practice of sport psychology have experienced significant growth and development over the past 30 years. The purposes of this roundtable discussion were to engage sport psychology consultants' views on gaining entry, especially as it relates to long-term work with athletic clients and to compare these views with Ravizza's seminal work on gaining entry. Four consultants with extensive experience in sport psychology participated in a two-phase roundtable that was facilitated by a sport psychology professional. Topics explored and conclusions drawn provided further verification of Ravizza's original insights about gaining entry (e.g., barriers to entry) and added new insights to account for rapid social and generational changes (e.g., role of gender, preferences of modern athletes, importance of interactive observation). The use of technology and adding teleconsulting to service delivery warrant careful approach and future examinations. Lifelong professional development is critical in optimizing gaining entry especially, given the rapid changes in both client demographics and sport and performance psychology knowledge.


In this study, we developed a multiscale simulation framework to estimate the power conversion efficiencies of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on the molecular structures of the donor and acceptor. Firstly, we proposed a way to estimate the density of states (DOS) of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) in organic thin films based on quantum calculations, and verified the Gaussian-like DOS in the organic semiconductors. Secondly, the electronic couplings in these thin films were calculated. By adding PC71BM molecules, although the donor–donor couplings are not altered significantly, the charge mobility is enhanced via additional donor–acceptor and acceptor–acceptor couplings. Thirdly, random walk simulations were performed to estimate the charge carrier mobilities. Finally, by incorporating the calculated energy levels, mobilities and DOS of these bulk heterojunctions into the numerical model developed, we obtained the working curves and power conversion efficiencies, which are in general consistence with experiment results. This study builds the foundation for the computation of power conversion efficiencies of organic solar cells using fully atomistic simulations.


Speculation is rife as to the impact of the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement upon the Conservative Government's plans to repeal the Human Rights Act 1998. In the face of this speculation, the UK's Conservative Government has provided little detail as to how UK human-rights reform will address the requirement for incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Northern Ireland settlement. We therefore analyse the Agreement as both an international treaty and peace agreement and evaluate its interrelationship with the Human Rights Act and the Northern Ireland Act. Once the hyperbole surrounding the Agreement and its attendant domestic legislation is stripped away, the effects of the 1998 settlement are in some regards more extensive than has to date been recognised, but in other respects are less far-reaching than some of the Human Rights Act's supporters claim. The picture that emerges from our analysis is of an intricately woven constitution dependent on devolution arrangements, peace agreements, and international relationships.


This text was written as part of the project Modelling of Complex Systems for Public Policy. It reviews the classical authors who jointly contributed to establish the elements of what could constitute a "science of complexity". Based on the original writings of these authors, the text discusses the central concepts of complex systems: i) the interaction between (homogeneous or heterogeneous) agents and the environment; ii) emergence and self-organization; iii) the importance of nonlinearity and scales; iv) the determinism of rules; v) the emphasis on dynamics and feedback; and vi) the notions of adaptation, learning and evolution. Finally, contemporary criticisms are presented. They suggest that the arguments of complex systems do not support the epistemological establishment of a supposedly new science, but they do not reject the advances proposed by complexity studies.


The role of litter composition and quality on the nutrient release was studied in three month laboratory experiment. Spruce needles and leaves of four species dominant in understorey vegetation of the Norway spruce forest were collected in early autumn and incubated at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C. C mineralization was measured every two weeks, concentration of NH4, NO3, dissolved organic N, dissolved organic C and oxalate extractable P at the beginning and end of incubation and decay rate and nutrient release was calculated. Freshly senescent leaves contained less N and P indicating nutrient reallocation. Effect of temperature on a decay rate and nutrient transformation was not significant while the effect of litter quality expressed by C/N ratio at the end of incubation was. The decay rate was the fastest for the fern (Athyrium alpestre) and decreased in order: Callamagrostis villosa > Vaccinium myrtillus > Avenella flexuosa > spruce needles. The critical C/N ratio bellow which mineral N was released in high amount was around a value of 32. The results indicte that an increase of coverage of understorey vegetation can increase a risk of nutrient release.


The verb-second constraint in Old and Middle English made available a special clause-initial position that could host more than just the subject. Los (2009) suggests that this position served a discourse-linking function, expressed by, for instance, an adverbial. This allowed the subject to be reserved for human "protagonists". It stands to reason that the loss of verb-second in the fifteenth century entailed a decrease in the prevalence of discourse-linking clause-initial adverbials. The subject took over the discourse-linking function, thus extending its functional load. This article tests four hypotheses concerning the changing functional load of the English subject. Our corpus consists of syntactically-parsed texts that have been enriched with referential information, allowing us to quantify the changes affecting the subject.


Ordinary in Brighton? offers the first large scale examination of the impact of the UK equalities legislation on lesbian, gay, bi- and trans (LGBT) people themselves and the effects of these changes on the nature of LGBT political activism. Using the participatory research project, Count Me In Too, this book investigates the material issues of social/spatial injustice that were pertinent for some, but not all, LGBT people, and activisms that worked with/within through partnership working. Arguing that place is central to the enactment of sexual/gendered citizenships, Ordinary in Brighton? explores the unevenly felt consequences of assimilation and inclusion in a city that was compelled to provide a place (literally and figuratively) for LGBT people. With its long history as a favoured location of LGBT people, in Brighton certain sexual and gender dissidents supposedly became ordinary rather than exceptional and transgressive. Brighton itself is understood to be exceptional, and exploring this specific location provides insights into how place operates as constitutive of everyday lives. Despite the common trope that there is much written about 'gay Brighton', there is in fact very little academic or popular literature published about this city. The possibilities of legislative change and urban inclusivities enabled some LGBT people to live ordinary lives, but this potential existed in tension with normalisations and exclusions. Alongside the necessary critiques, Ordinary in Brighton? asks for a conceptualisation the creative and co-operative possibilities of ordinariness. The book concludes by differentiating the exclusionary ideals of normalisation from the possibilities of ordinariness, which has the potential to render a range of people not only in-place, but commonplace.


We present angular diameter distance measurements obtained by locating the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) scale in the distribution of galaxies selected from the first year of Dark Energy Survey data. We consider a sample of over 1.3 million galaxies distributed over a footprint of 1336 deg2 with 0.6 < $z$photo < 1 and a typical redshift uncertainty of 0.03(1 + $z$). This sample was selected, as fully described in a companion paper, using a colour/magnitude selection that optimizes trade-offs between number density and redshift uncertainty. We investigate the BAO signal in the projected clustering using three conventions, the angular separation, the comoving transverse separation, and spherical harmonics. Further, we compare results obtained from template-based and machine-learning photometric redshift determinations. We use 1800 simulations that approximate our sample in order to produce covariance matrices and allow us to validate our distance scale measurement methodology. We measure the angular diameter distance, DA, at the effective redshift of our sample divided by the true physical scale of the BAO feature, rd. We obtain close to a 4 per cent distance measurement of DA($z$eff = 0.81)/rd = 10.75 ± 0.43. These results are consistent with the flat Λ cold dark matter concordance cosmological model supported by numerous other recent experimental results.


This study focuses on the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and decreasing pH on the development and calcification of larval red abalone shells. Experimental bowls were inoculated with 2 mL of a homogenous mixture of red abalone embryos. Six replicate bowls were placed inside each of four plexiglass gas chambers: a control chamber injected with 200 cc of air, a chamber injected with 200 cc of 10% CO₂, another injected with 400 cc of 10% CO₂, and a fourth chamber injected with 600 cc of 10% CO₂. After 48 hours, the chambers were opened, and the abalone larvae were transferred into culture flasks, fixed with formalin, and examined under an inverted compound microscope. Statistically significant differences between the treatments (increasing levels of CO₂ and decreasing pH) on red abalone shell development and calcification were observed even at the lowest volume of CO₂ injected (i.e., 200 cc of CO₂).

These results strongly suggest that increasing levels of CO₂ and decreasing levels of pH result in abnormal abalone larval development. The results also support the use of CO₂ injection into gas chambers to mimic the real-life processes of ocean acidification and the use of the EPA-approved red abalone chronic toxicity test protocol, which is typically used to assess toxicity of sewage and treated sewage (effluent), as an appropriate method for investigating the effects of ocean acidification on the larval development of the abalone.


This paper presents a quantitative characterization of the instability that a human user often experiences while interacting with a virtual textured surface rendered with a force-reflecting haptic interface. First, we quantified the degree of stability/ instability during haptic texture rendering through psychophysical experiments. The stiffness of the virtual textured surface upon detection of instability was measured under a variety of experimental conditions using two texture rendering methods, two exploration modes, and various texture model parameters. We found that the range of stiffness values for stable texture rendering was quite limited. Second, we investigated the attributes of the proximal stimuli experienced by a human hand while exploring the virtual textured surface in an attempt to identify the sources of perceived instability. Position, force, and acceleration were measured and then analyzed in the frequency domain. The results were characterized by sensation levels in terms of spectral intensity in dB relative to the human detection threshold at the same frequency. We found that the spectral bands responsible for texture and instability perception were well separated in frequency such that they excited different mechanoreceptors and were, therefore, perceptually distinctive. Furthermore, we identified the high-frequency dynamics of the device to be a likely source of perceived instability. Our work has implications for displaying textured surfaces through a force feedback device in a virtual environment.


This article examines changes in Russia's diplomatic, trade, and energy relations in the Persian Gulf over time. Our data suggest that Russia's profile in the Persian Gulf is rising in the post-Cold War period. While Russian-Gulf state trade has not reached high levels, trade and energy cooperation have increased significantly. These changes do not mean that Russia has jettisoned strategic interests in the Middle East writ large — as its support of Syria, or to some extent Iran, may indicate — or that it no longer seeks to balance against Washington. But it appears that in the mix of its foreign policy motivations, trade and commerce with Arab Gulf states matter much more now than they did in the past. Should such ties continue to strengthen, they may give Russia greater reason to cooperate with Arab Gulf states on contentious regional issues.


»Nationalisierung, Modernisierung und Symbolische Medien: Eine historische-vergleichende Soziologie des Nationalstaates«. In the formation process of the nation-state, there took place processes analogous to globalization. People and things moved on a nationwide scale and local regions and people became homogenized and also differentiated. Such process can be called 'nationalization'. By taking its meaning as a more comprehensive one than ever, we can understand the formation process of the nation-state more accurately. Also we have to differentiate 'nationalization' from 'modernization'. We regard that modernization is the process of disembedding people from various 'existences' in which they have been embedded. In the course of disembedding, people began to regard 'existences' as means and obstacles for 'actions'. That is to say, 'predominance of actions over existences' has occurred. The reason why such 'predominance of actions' has taken place can be made clear by introducing 'symbolic media' which reduce 'existences' to something on each standard. In history symbolic media have been conflicting and allying with each other. 'Predominance of actions', that is to say, modernization advanced through such conflicts and alliance.


Epidemiological studies suggest a lowered risk of hormone-dependent cancers among vegetarians, but the basis for this association remains unclear. Vegetables and fruits contain certain compounds which can be converted to biologically active hormone-like substances, such as lignans and isoflavones, by intestinal flora. The interaction of these compounds with endogenous hormones may be a novel, diet-dependent mechanism in cancer prevention. To explore this possibility, we developed a rapid, specific assay system to screen for compounds with estrogen-like activity in tissue culture. We utilized the estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell MCF-7 and monitored the expression of the estrogen-responsive protein pS2 by Northern blots. Our results indicated that the phenolic compounds daidzein, equol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, enterolactone, and kaempferol were able to elicit an estrogen-like response, while quercetin and enterodiol were not.


Harbour porpoises and white-beaked dolphins are the most common small cetaceans in the North Sea and Dutch coastal waters. The distribution and relative abundance of harbour porpoises and white-beaked dolphins from the Dutch coastal waters has changed significantly over the past decades. This thesis describes the past and present feeding ecology of these two species in Dutch coastal waters and investigates whether changes in abundance and relative distribution of porpoises reflect changes in their foodbase. For porpoises, three techniques for dietary analyses were combined, including stomach contents-, stable isotope- and fatty acid analysis, providing the most detailed description of their diet in time and space, elucidating differences between their short- and longer term diet. Stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) were carried out in bone and muscle samples collected from porpoises stranded along the Dutch coast. Muscle δ 15 N values revealed that neonatal enrichment occurred and that larger porpoises, in particular males, seem to feed on lower trophic level species, compared to smaller individuals. Also bone δ 15 N values show that larger animals had fed on lower trophic levels in distant times. Seasonal variation in bone δ 15 N and δ 13 C values revealed two distinct groups of porpoises along the Dutch coast, a winter group (mainly males) that migrated from neighbouring regions and a Dutch subpopulation in summer (Chapter 2). To assess the contribution of prey species to the porpoises' diet, stable isotope analysis in both porpoise muscle and prey were carried out. With the use of a mixing model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R, SIAR), we revealed that 70-83% of the diet of porpoises consisted mainly of poor cod, mackerel, greater sandeel lesser sandeel, sprat and gobies. This highlights a higher importance of pelagic, schooling species in the porpoises' diet compared to stomach contents, where 90.5% of the diet consisted of gobies, whiting, lesser sandeel, herring, cod and sprat. Porpoises thus also feed offshore on pelagic, schooling species, while they feed closer to shore on more benthic and demersal species shortly before they strand. This could be due to the distribution of prey species as well as differences in behaviour of porpoises and their prey between the coastal zone and offshore waters (Chapter 3). The use of Quantitative Fatty Acid Analysis (QFASA) showed that the diet of porpoises consisted mainly of gobies, mackerel, smelt, herring and dragonet, pointing towards profound differences between the diet as estimated by QFASA and as deduced from stomach contents. This study revealed that the longer term diet of porpoises in Dutch coastal waters consists both of coastal species (e.g. gobies, smelt and dragonet) and also pelagic, schooling species (e.g. mackerel and herring). The results also brought to dawn possible methodological problems in using QFASA for porpoise diet estimation, emphasizing the importance of applying different dietary analysis techniques when studying marine mammal diets and the need for controlled feeding experiments in order to improve the interpretation of dietary analysis results (Chapter 5). Besides new insights in the feeding ecology of porpoises, stable isotope analysis also elicited a non-food related conservation ecology issue. Distinct δ 13 C values in muscle of porpoises stranded in the Eastern Scheldt revealed that these porpoises foraged there for a longer period. This distinct δ 13 C signature of animals from the Eastern Scheldt was not observed in bone tissue, which suggests a relatively recent shift in habitat use rather than life-long residency of porpoises within the Eastern Scheldt. The high number of strandings within the Eastern Scheldt revealed a higher mortality rate compared to the Dutch coastal zone, indicating that along with other changes in the physical environment, the building of the storm surge barrier may play an important role in determining the residency of porpoises in the Eastern Scheldt, and that the area might act as an ecological trap for porpoises entering it. This is an example of the impact on marine species due to protection structures that emerge and respectively increase worldwide in response to the effects of global warming and climate change. It highlights that even semi-open structures, which are meant to ameliorate habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, may still affect the abundance and distribution of migratory marine mammal species (Chapter 4). The analysis of stomach contents of white-beaked dolphins showed that their diet was dominated by Gadidae. All other prey species combined contributed little to the diet by weight. The two most important prey species based in weight were whiting and cod. In numbers, gobies were most common, but these contributed little to the diet by weight. The overall diet showed a lasting predominance of whiting and cod, without clear changes over time (35 years) or differences between sexes or size-classes of dolphins and revealed that white-beaked dolphins in the south-eastern North Sea are specialist feeders, with a strong preference for whiting and cod (Chapter 6). Stomach contents of juvenile white-beaked dolphins in our study revealed that at the age of about 1.5 years old, they had started feeding on solid food by taking a variety of small fish and invertebrate prey, mostly shrimp and squid. Immatures in our study, estimated to be 2-4 years old, still take small prey, including small gadoids, but also take larger gadoids. Calves apparently gradually learn to eat big fish by taking prey that is much smaller than those normally taken by their mothers. This study illustrates novel techniques for diet estimation to reconstruct sizes of shrimp and whiting from tail flaps and eye lenses, respectively (Chapter 7). Most dietary studies on porpoises and white-beaked dolphins are deduced from stomach contents. This thesis has demonstrated that using indirect methods for studying the feeding ecology of marine mammals is a valuable addition to the more direct approach using stomach contents. It supports the need for multi-method approaches because by using only one technique, key prey species in the predator-prey relation may be missed or underestimated. Future ecological and fishery impact assessment studies and management decisions for the conservation of porpoises and white-beaked dolphins should acknowledge a difference between their long- and short-term diet. Large improvement in the interpretation of the results from diet analyses can be established either by controlled feeding experiments with animals in captivity or by studies that help to understand the common principals in dietary analyses (e.g. digestion rates, turnover rates of tissues, tissue-dependent isotopic fractionation between predator and prey and lipid metabolism within the animal) and variation of these between species.


This book takes a single line of code--the extremely concise BASIC program for the Commodore 64 inscribed in the title--and uses it as a lens through which to consider the phenomenon of creative computing and the way computer programs exist in culture. The authors of this collaboratively written book treat code not as merely functional but as a text--in the case of 10 PRINT, a text that appeared in many different printed sources--that yields a story about its making, its purpose, its assumptions, and more. They consider randomness and regularity in computing and art, the maze in culture, the popular BASIC programming language, and the highly influential Commodore 64 computer.


A renewed interest in workplace-based learning is taking place at the same time that universities are increasing their use of web 2.0 technologies. The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT) in Melbourne Australia, where I work provides an example of this with the introduction of recent policy requiring work integrated learning and a minimum on-line presence in all its courses and programs. These policy developments provide opportunities for pedagogy creativity that can enhance student learning. This paper offers a case study from youth work education where such innovations are taking place. The way in which the youth work curriculum has been designed to engage students is documented. This includes the design and establishment of sustainable on-line learning environments, student induction and placement based e-journaling and e-mentoring. It is a model that can be adapted for use in other discipline areas where staff appreciate the pedagogical value of reflective practice and peer support for students on placement.


We present a novel client-driven multi-view video streaming system that allows a user watch 3-D video interactively with significantly reduced bandwidth requirements by transmitting a small number of views selected according to his/her head position. The proposed scheme can be used to efficiently stream a dense set of multi-view sequences (light-fields) or wider baseline multi-view sequences together with depth information. The user's head position is tracked and predicted into the future to select the views that best match the user's current viewing angle dynamically. Prediction of future head positions is needed so that views matching the predicted head positions can be requested from the server ahead of time in order to account for delays due to network transport and stream switching. Highly compressed, lower quality versions of some other views are also requested in order to provide protection against having to display the wrong view when the current user viewpoint differs from the predicted viewpoint. The proposed system makes use of multi-view coding (MVC) and scalable video coding (SVC) concepts together to obtain improved compress ion efficiency while providing flexibility in bandwidth allocation to the selected views. Rate-distortion performance of the proposed system is demonstrated under different experimental conditions.


The fractions of aluminium, [Al]/[Al + Si], and oxygen, [O]/[O + N], in crystallographically distinct sites of BaYb[Si4–xAlxOxN7–x] oxonitridoaluminosilicate (space group P63mc, No. 186) were refined based on the results of neutron powder diffraction for a synthetic sample with the composition of x = 2.2(2) and simulated as functions of temperature for the compositions x = 2 and x = 2.3 using a combination of static lattice energy calculations (SLEC) and Monte Carlo simulations. The SLEC calcu lations have been performed on a set of 800 structures differing in the distribution of Al/Si and O/N within the 2 × 2 × 2 supercell containing 36 formula units of BaYb[Si4–xAlxOxN7–x]. The SLEC were based on a transferable set of empirical interatomic potentials developed within the present study. The static lattice energies of these structures have been expanded in the basis set of pair-wise ordering energies and on-site chemical potentials. The ordering energies and the chemical potentials have been used to calculate the configuration energies of the oxonitridoaluminosilicates (so-called sialons) using a Monte Carlo algorithm. The simulations suggest that Al and O are distributed unevenly over two non-equivalent T(Si/Al) and three L(N/O) sites, respectively, and the distribution shows strong dependence both on the temperature and the composition. Both simulated samples exhibit order/disorder transitions in the temperature range 500–1000 K to phases with partial long-range order below these temperatures. Above the transition temperatures the Si/Al and N/O distributions are affected by short-range ordering. The predicted site occupancies are in a qualitative agreement with the neutron diffraction results.


The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of problem based learning (PBL) and traditional lecture instruction (TI) courses on critical thinking, knowledge and application of strength and conditioning throughout a semester long collegiate undergraduate course. Twenty undergraduate exercise and sport science students enrolled in either a TI course (n=12) or a PBL course (n=8). The results revealed no statistically significant difference for critical thinking development using the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST). Both PBL and TI resulted in improvement on National Strength and Conditioning Association Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (NSCA-CSCS) certification practice exam knowledge questions pretest to posttest as well as for the pretest to posttest NSCA-CSCS certification practice exam application questions. Student course evaluations revealed student perceptions of PBL in which students found textbook usage, the use of PBL problems, and communication of strength and conditioning concepts with the group as the most beneficial PBL course components to learning strength and conditioning with peers as teachers as the least beneficial. PBL students also noted feelings of frustration, culture shock, and lack of time in learning course material. All PBL students were graduating seniors with no prior PBL experience. The instructor recorded observed critical thinking, application of knowledge, and positive and negative comments and class interactions in field notes. Students did not improve critical thinking, knowledge, and application in strength and conditioning better with PBL than TI. It is important to note that PBL scores were not statistically less than TI suggesting that PBL was an equally effective pedagogical method. Findings from the field notes suggest critical thinking and applying knowledge was observed during PBL classroom discussion and instructor interactions with individual students. Students' perceptions revealed students did learn to become more independent learners and problem solvers.


Graph matching has been widely used in various applications in computer vision due to its powerful performance. However, it poses three challenges to image sparse feature matching: (1) The combinatorial nature limits the size of the possible matches, (2) It is sensitive to outliers because the objective function prefers more matches, (3) It works poorly when handling many-to-many object correspondences, due to its assumption of one single cluster for each graph. In this paper, we address these problems with a unified framework-Density Maximization. We propose a graph density local estimator (DLE) to measure the quality of matches. Density Maximization aims to maximize the DLE values both locally and globally. The local maximization of DLE finds the clusters of nodes as well as eliminates the outliers. The global maximization of DLE efficiently refines the matches by exploring a much larger matching space. Our Density Maximization is orthogonal to specific graph matching algorithms. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that it significantly boosts the true matches and enables graph matching to handle both outliers and many-to-many object correspondences.


While computer vision aims at the transformation of image data into meaningful information, research in intelligent multimedia generation addresses the effective communication of information using multiple media such as text, graphics and video. We argue that combining the two research areas leads to an interesting new kind of information system. Such integrated systems will be able to flexibly transform visual data into various presentation forms including, for example, TVstyle reports and illustrated articles. The paper elaborates on this transformation and provides a modularization into maintainable subtasks. How these subtasks can be accomplished will be sketched by means of VIPS, a prototype system that has emerged from our previous work on scene analysis and multimedia generation. VIPS analyses short sections of camerarecorded image sequences of soccer games and generates multimedia presentations of the interpreted visual data.


The thermal resistance of a nanoscale point contact to an indium arsenide nanowire was experimentally determined to be two orders of magnitude larger than the theoretical prediction based on the diffuse mismatch model for a welded contact. The discrepancy is attributed mainly to a much smaller phonon transmission coefficient for the weak van der Waals contact than for a welded contact. The experiment further suggests the need of careful examination of the structure and defects in the nanowire sample for similar thermal transport measurements of individual nanowires. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3623758]


Objective Epidemiological data for primary discoid lupus erythematosus (pDLE) remain limited, particularly for racial/ethnic populations in the USA. The Manhattan Lupus Surveillance Program (MLSP) is a population-based retrospective registry of cases with SLE and related diseases including pDLE in Manhattan and was used to provide estimates of the prevalence and incidence of pDLE across major racial/ethnic populations. Methods MLSP cases were identified from rheumatologists, hospitals and population databases. Two case definitions were used for pDLE: the primary case definition which was any physician diagnosis found in the chart and a secondary case definition which was limited to cases diagnosed by a rheumatologist and/or dermatologist. Rates among Manhattan residents were age-adjusted, and capture–recapture analyses were conducted to assess case under-ascertainment. Results Based on the primary definition, age-adjusted overall prevalence and incidence rates of pDLE among Manhattan residents were 6.5 and 0.8 per 100 000 person-years, which increased to 9.0 and 1.3 after capture–recapture adjustment. Prevalence and incidence rates were approximately two and six times higher, respectively, among women compared with men (p<0.0001). Higher prevalence was also found among non-Latino blacks (23.5) and Latinos (8.2) compared with non-Latino whites (1.8) and non-Latino Asians (0.6) (p<0.0001). Incidence was highest among non-Latino blacks (2.4) compared with all other racial/ethnic groups. Similar relationships were observed for the secondary case definition. Conclusion Data from the MLSP provide epidemiological estimates for pDLE among the major racial/ethnic populations in the USA and reveal disparities in pDLE prevalence and incidence by sex and race/ethnicity among Manhattan residents.


Anyone who has clarified a thought or prompted a response during a conversation by drawing a picture has exploited the potential of image making as an interactive tool for conveying information. Images are increasingly ubiquitous in daily communication, in large part due to advances in visually enabled information and communication technologies (ICT), such as information visualization applications, image retrieval systems and visually enabled collaborative work tools. Human abilities to use images to communicate are however far more sophisticated and nuanced than these technologies currently support. In order to learn more about the practice of image making as a specialized form of information and communication behavior, this study examined face-to-face conversations involving the creation of ad hoc visualizations (i.e., "napkin drawings"). A model of image-enabled discourse is introduced, which positions image making as a specialized form of communicative practice. Multimodal analysis of video-recorded conversations focused on identifying image-enabled communicative activities in terms of interactional sociolinguistic concepts of conversational involvement and coordination, specifically framing, footing and stance. The study shows that when drawing occurs in the context of an ongoing dialogue, the activity of visual representation performs key communicative tasks. Visualization is a form of social interaction that contributes to the maintenance of conversational involvement in ways that are not often evident in the image artifact. For example, drawing enables us to coordinate with each other, to introduce alternative perspectives into a conversation and even to temporarily suspend the primary thread of a discussion in order to explore a tangential thought. The study compares attributes of the image artifact with those of the activity of image making, described as a series of contrasting affordances. Visual information in complex systems is generally represented and managed based on the affordances of the artifact, neglecting to account for all that is communicated through the situated action of creating. These finding have heuristic and best-practice implications for a range of areas related to the design and evaluation of virtual collaboration environments, visual information extraction and retrieval systems, and data visualization tools.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the leadership roles of women within the model of mutuality in Pauline churches as specified in Romans 16:1-16. The three major issues focussed in this study are the leadership roles of women in the Pauline churches (Romans 16:1-16), the nature of mutuality reflected in the greetings to men and women, and the way in which the greetings to men and women in Rom 16 relate to the ethos of mutualism in Rom 12-15.
Starting from the premise that Romans 16 is an integral part of the letter, the study begins with an overview of previous research in the areas of major focus (Chapter 1). It is followed by the analysis of the form of greetings in the Pauline letters against the backdrop of the Hellenistic use of greetings to understand the significance of the specific form of the greetings in Rom 16:1-16 and its purpose of encouraging mutual relationship (Chapter 2). The analysis of the leadership of women in the Greco-Roman world shows that women's leadership roles in the Pauline churches were not countercultural; rather they were part of the culture of the Greco-Roman world, where some women of wealth or higher social status exerted some independence (Chapter 3). The women named (Rom 16:1-16) and greeted with descriptive phrases perhaps draw our attention to Paul's acknowledgment of some women, who worked as his associates, and point to relationships of mutuality in the greetings (Chapter 4). The study of Romans 12-13 helps to clarify the model of mutuality in the body metaphor and the repeated term 'a0llh/louv', signifying that Christian experience is not only an individual experience but also has social and ethical aspects (Chapter 5). The contextual application of mutuality in the community as mutual welcoming and mutual up-building (Rom 14-15) is the focus of Chapter 6. The final attempt is to draw together the peculiarities of the Pauline ethos of mutuality which encourages the leadership roles of women in the greetings (Chapter 7).
Mutuality of relationships in Romans transcends gender discrimination as Paul accepts and appreciates men and women for their toil with regard to the church and to himself. The women named and greeted with specific roles (Rom 16) are Phoebe, Prisca, Junia, Persis, Mary, Tryphaena and Tryphosa, Rufus' mother, Nereus' sister and Julia. The leadership of women in the church is placed within the structures of mutuality in Romans. Mutuality is the model of relationship Paul wants to urge on Roman Christians and the ethical obligations are guided by the dynamic relationships of 'love mutualism', which are evident in Romans 12-15. Love mutualism works as mutual service to the other that works within the hierarchies and is dynamic.


Salinity and temperature data from the Gulf of Riga, a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea, were analyzed with a focus on interannual and seasonal variability. The data were compiled from measurements taken from 1973 to 1995, a period which includes the stagnation period in the Baltic Sea. Interannual and seasonal variations in the net inflow of saline water from the Baltic Proper were estimated from volume and salt conservation equations for the period 1973-90.

The basic decreasing trend, superimposed interannual variations in salinity, and interannual and seasonal temperature variations in the Gulf of Riga coincided with corresponding changes above the halocline in the Baltic Proper. Seasonal salinity variations were notable in the Gulf of Riga as compared to the Baltic Proper, where variations were negligible. Estimated annual mean inflow varied between 2,000 and 5,000 m3/s (average 3,200 m3/s), with a notable increasing trend. A simultaneous increasing trend was extracted from annual mean river flow data. Short-term fluctuations (over 4-6 years) of annual mean inflow ran opposite to the fluctuations of the magnitude of river flow. The average salinity in the Gulf of Riga increased during strong inflow and weak river flow and decreased when inflow was weak and river flow was strong. Variations in the inflow of water salinity had a minor effect on salinity variations in the Gulf of Riga. Seasonal inflow was strongest in spring and autumn and weak in winter.


Objectives Mavrilimumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the alpha subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, was evaluated in a phase 2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate efficacy and safety in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Subcutaneous mavrilimumab (10 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg) or placebo was administered every other week for 12 weeks in subjects on stable background methotrexate therapy. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects achieving a ≥1.2 decrease from baseline in Disease Activity Score (DAS28-CRP) at week 12. Results 55.7% of mavrilimumab-treated subjects met the primary endpoint versus 34.7% placebo (p=0.003) at week 12; for the 10 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg groups, responses were 41.0% (p=0.543), 61.0% (p=0.011), 53.8% (p=0.071), and 66.7% (p=0.001) respectively. Response rate differences from placebo were observed at week 2 and increased throughout the treatment period. The 100 mg dose demonstrated a significant effect versus placebo on DAS28-CRP<2.6 (23.1% vs 6.7%, p=0.016), all categories of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria (ACR20: 69.2% vs 40.0%, p=0.005; ACR50: 30.8% vs 12.0%, p=0.021; ACR70: 17.9% vs 4.0%, p=0.030), and the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (−0.48 vs −0.25, p=0.005). A biomarker-based disease activity score showed a dose-dependent decrease at week 12, indicating suppression of disease-related biological pathways. Adverse events were generally mild or moderate in intensity. No significant hypersensitivity reactions, serious or opportunistic infections, or changes in pulmonary parameters were observed. Conclusions Mavrilimumab induced rapid clinically significant responses in RA subjects, suggesting that inhibiting the mononuclear phagocyte pathway may provide a novel therapeutic approach for RA.


GPS radio occultation (RO) has been recognised as an alternative atmospheric upper air observation technique due to its distinct features and technological merits. The CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) RO satellite and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate) RO constellation together have provided about ten years of high quality global coverage RO atmospheric profiles. This technique is best used for meteorological studies in the difficult-toaccess areas such as deserts and oceans. To better understand and use RO data, effective quality assessment using independent radiosonde data and its associated collocation criteria used in tempo-spatial domain are important. This study compares GPS RO retrieved temperature profiles from both CHAMP (between May 2001 and October 2008) and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (between July 2006 and December 2009) with radiosonde data from 38 Australian radiosonde stations. The overall results show a good agreement between the two data sets. Different collocation criteria within 3 h and 300 km between the profile pairs have been applied and the impact of these different collocation criteria on the evaluation results is found statistically insignificantly. The CHAMP and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC temperature profiles have been evaluated at 16 different pressure levels and the differences between GPS RO and radiosonde at different levels of the atmosphere have been studied. The result shows that the mean temperature difference between radiosonde and CHAMP is 0.39C (with a standard deviation of 1.20 C) and the one Correspondence to: E. Fu (firstname.lastname@example.com) between radiosonde and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC is 0.37 C (with a standard deviation of 1.24 C). Different collocation criteria have been applied and insignificant differences were identified amongst the results.


This paper outlines the design of 'Quest-V', which is implemented as a collection of separate kernels operating together as a distributed system on a chip. Quest-V uses virtualization techniques to isolate kernels and prevent local faults from affecting remote kernels. This leads to a high-confidence multikernel approach, where failures of system subcomponents do not render the entire system inoperable. A virtual machine monitor for each kernel keeps track of shadow page table mappings that control immutable memory access capabilities. This ensures a level of security and fault tolerance in situations where a service in one kernel fails, or is corrupted by a malicious attack. Communication is supported between kernels using shared memory regions for message passing. Similarly, device driver data structures are shareable between kernels to avoid the need for complex I/O virtualization, or communication with a dedicated kernel responsible for I/O. In Quest-V, device interrupts are delivered directly to a kernel, rather than via a monitor that determines the destination. Apart from bootstrapping each kernel, handling faults and managing shadow page tables, the monitors are not needed. This differs from conventional virtual machine systems in which a central monitor, or hypervisor, is responsible for scheduling and management of host resources amongst a set of guest kernels. In this paper we show how Quest-V can implement novel fault isolation and recovery techniques that are not possible with conventional systems. We also show how the costs of using virtualization for isolation of system services does not add undue overheads to the overall system performance.


The US Environmental Protection Agency has responsibility for assessing endocrine activity of more than 10 000 chemicals, a task that cannot reasonably be achieved solely through use of available mammalian and nonmammalian in vivo screening assays. Hence, it has been proposed that chemicals be prioritized for in vivo testing using data from in vitro high‐throughput assays for specific endocrine system targets. Recent efforts focused on potential estrogenic chemicals—specifically those that activate estrogen receptor‐alpha (ERα)—have broadly demonstrated feasibility of the approach. However, a major uncertainty is whether prioritization based on mammalian (primarily human) high‐throughput assays accurately reflects potential chemical–ERα interactions in nonmammalian species. The authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of cross‐species comparability of chemical–ERα interactions based on information concerning structural attributes of estrogen receptors, in vitro binding and transactivation data for ERα, and the effects of a range of chemicals on estrogen‐signaling pathways in vivo. Overall, this integrated analysis suggests that chemicals with moderate to high estrogenic potency in mammalian systems also should be priority chemicals in nonmammalian vertebrates. However, the degree to which the prioritization approach might be applicable to invertebrates is uncertain because of a lack of knowledge of the biological role(s) of possible ERα orthologs found in phyla such as annelids. Further, comparative analysis of in vitro data for fish and reptiles suggests that mammalian‐based assays may not effectively capture ERα interactions for low‐affinity chemicals in all vertebrate classes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2806–2816. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.


One reason for the persistence and protracted nature of conflict on the African continent is the phenomenon of war economies. These have transformed the nature of war itself where the object is not at neutralizing an enemy but to institutionalize violence at a profitable level of intensity. Transforming war economies into peace economies constitute a unique challenge to post-conflict reconstruction strategies on the African continent. This article explores these challenges and critically examines whether the African Union (AU) and New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) post-conflict reconstruction strategies meets these challenges. The article concludes with some recommendations to policy-makers in order to ensure that this transition from war to peace economies does indeed take place in order to ensure a more peaceful continent.


The 15-a-side Fiji rugby team trains well in preparations for any rugby competition but rarely performs to expectations. In order to help the Fiji local based rugby players to identify some key basic areas in improving their performance, a series of workshops were conducted to assess their nutritional status and dietary habits in relation to energy demand during rugby matches. The nutrition workshop included the administration of questionnaires to 19 local based rugby players, requesting the following information: usual food intakes, training camp food intakes, carbohydrate loading, pre-game meals and post-game meals. The study revealed that poor eating habits of the players resulted in the low carbohydrate intake, which may have contributed to increase levels of fatigue leading to loss of stamina even before the second half of the game. It appears that the diet of most 15-a-side players does not provide enough energy to enable them to last the full eighty- minutes of the game. Keywords—Fiji rugby, Food habits, Physical fitness Training meals,


Elephant-shrews or sengis (Macroscelidea, Afrotheria) are grouped into two subfamilies, Rhynchocyoninae with a single genus and four species, and Macroscelidinae represented by three genera and 13 species. Our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships within this group is largely based on a molecular phylogeny that suffers from incomplete species representation. We present the first complete phylogeny (with the exception of the recently described East African Rhynchocyon udzungwensis) for Macroscelidea based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Novel cytogenetic characters as well as previously described allozyme variation and various morphological features are evaluated and mapped to the molecular topology. Our analyses indicate that Elephantulus is paraphyletic, and that Petrodromus and Macroscelides should be subsumed in Elephantulus. A relaxed Bayesian dating approach supports the hypothesis that an arid-adapted Macroscelidinae lineage dispersed from east Africa at ∼11.5 MYA via an African arid corridor to south-western Africa. The timing of speciation within the east African Rhynchocyoninae (8–10 MYA) is coincidental with the diversification of some other forest specialists. In turn, divergence within the Macroscelidinae coincides with major aridification events across Africa.


This lavish edition comes in three striking color combinations that will be shipped to customers at random. The Musee Picasso Paris, housed in the magnificent Hotel Sale since 1985, includes more than 5,000 pieces, constituting the finest public collection of the artists works ever assembled. This definitive reference, which features an extensive album showcasing more than 450 of Picassos masterpieces, is arranged chronologically and by theme. It traces every stage in the development of his oeuvre, from the Blue Period to his late portrait The Young Painter (1972). The museums authoritative team provides in-depth essays that examine Picassos paintings, as well as his proficiency in all artistic formsfrom sculpture or ceramics to photography, drawing, and engraving. His personal art collection and ephemera from his private archives provide insight into the great twentieth-century artist himself, and the comprehensive tome is completed with a detailed chronology. The greatest works by prolific artist Picasso are reproduced in this massive cloth-bound volume that features a handsome slipcase, ribbon page marker, and is printed on three types of paper to present the diverse artworks to their best advantage.


"Intelligent Data Mining Techniques and Applications" is an organized edited collection of contributed chapters covering basic knowledge for intelligent systems and data mining, applications in economic and management, industrial engineering and other related industrial applications. The main objective of this book is to gather a number of peer-reviewed high quality contributions in the relevant topic areas. The focus is especially on those chapters that provide theoretical/analytical solutions to the problems of real interest in intelligent techniques possibly combined with other traditional tools, for data mining and the corresponding applications to engineers and managers of different industrial sectors. Academic and applied researchers and research students working on data mining can also directly benefit from this book.


In Stories of an Imaginary Childhood Melvin Jules Bukiet inscribes the world that might have been his own if not for the catastrophe that destroyed most of Jewish life in eastern Europe during the 1940s. Set before the Holocaust in the tiny Polish shtetl of Proszowice, each interconnected story follows the young protagonist through the pleasures and humiliations of childhood and the rites of manhood, as he fights against historical, social, and psychological forces that threaten to pull him down. "Bukiet proves that he is an expert at the [short story] form. His stories lift and soar, encompassing a world of truth in just a few pages. His characters have flesh and life. . . . Bukiet s topics are varied and universal: first love, growing up, trying to get along with people who are different. Each of these is approached with great humor and a deep respect for life experience." Daniel Neman, Richmond News Leader "Jewish-American fiction of a new order, one able to bring the best that has been thought and said about voice and literary texture to the service of a world with richer meaning and a deeper resonance." Sanford Pinsker, Midstream "Bukiet is enchanting, original, and thoroughly irresistible in any disguise. Stories of an Imaginary Childhood is an extraordinary achievement, an immensely enjoyable collection of truly remarkable tales." Susan Miron, Miami Herald"


The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) is affecting a number of critical benefits, or ecosystem services. We review the main ecological services across a variety of ECEs, including marshes, mangroves, nearshore coral reefs, seagrass beds, and sand beaches and dunes. Where possible, we indicate estimates of the key economic values arising from these services, and discuss how the natural variability of ECEs impacts their benefits, the synergistic relationships of ECEs across seascapes, and management implications. Although reliable valuation estimates are beginning to emerge for the key services of some ECEs, such as coral reefs, salt marshes, and mangroves, many of the important benefits of seagrass beds and sand dunes and beaches have not been assessed properly. Even for coral reefs, marshes, and mangroves, important ecological services have yet to be valued reliably, such as cross-ecosystem nutrient transfer (coral reefs), erosion control (marshes), and pollution control (mangroves). An important issue for valuing certain ECE services, such as coastal protection and habitat–fishery linkages, is that the ecological functions underlying these services vary spatially and temporally. Allowing for the connectivity between ECE habitats also may have important implications for assessing the ecological functions underlying key ecosystems services, such coastal protection, control of erosion, and habitat–fishery linkages. Finally, we conclude by suggesting an action plan for protecting and/or enhancing the immediate and longer-term values of ECE services. Because the connectivity of ECEs across land–sea gradients also influences the provision of certain ecosystem services, management of the entire seascape will be necessary to preserve such synergistic effects. Other key elements of an action plan include further ecological and economic collaborative research on valuing ECE services, improving institutional and legal frameworks for management, controlling and regulating destructive economic activities, and developing ecological restoration options.


Background: Limb-threatening wounds of the adult distal lower extremity pose a challenge to the microvascular surgeon and are the subject of a sizable body of literature. The microsurgical management of these injuries in the pediatric population has some unique features but has not previously been the subject of a separate study. Methods: A review was performed of all pediatric patients (<18 years of age) who received lower extremity free flaps for trauma at the University of Kentucky Medical Center between 1992 and 2002. Charts were reviewed and patients were contacted via telephone and given a standardized questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of worse outcome or complications. Results: Twenty-six patients (28 flaps) met the selection criteria. The most common mechanism of injury was all-terrain vehicle accidents (n = 6), followed by motorcycle accidents, lawnmower injuries, and gunshot wounds. The latissimus dorsi muscle flap was chosen in 15 cases, with four other muscle flaps chosen for the remaining 13 cases. There were 12 Gustillo 3B or 3C fractures of the tibia. External fixation was used in 10 cases and internal fixation was used in two. Four patients had a bone gap greater than 4 cm. Three were successfully treated with distraction osteogenesis. The postoperative complication rate was 62 percent, with infection and partial skin graft loss being the most common complications. Three flaps were lost. Growth disturbances were seen in two patients. Patients receiving free flaps within 7 days after injury were seen to have a statistically significant lower rate of complications than those undergoing the procedure beyond the first week. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 11 years, with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years. All limbs were successfully salvaged, and all patients were ambulatory at the time of the survey. Conclusions: There is a significant role for the microvascular surgeon in the management of limb-threatening injuries in children. If the unique features of this population are taken into consideration, a high rate of limb salvage and good function can be expected.


The twenty-two papers collected in this volume illustrate the itinerary of Henry Tulkens, an applied theorist, on the occasion of his retirement from teaching. The collection is structured in four parts: I. Decentralized resource allocation processes for public and private goods - II. Environment, public goods and externalities - III. Efficiency analysis - IV. Fiscal competition and optimality. The four pictures above evoke a key concept, method or model used in each of these four parts: MDP-type processes to determine feasible paths to efficiency and coalitional stability - CLIMNEG World Simulation model to explore alternative environmental scenarios for the planet - Free Disposal Hull efficiency analysis to drop convexity and help deal with outliers - Non Cooperative Fiscal Equilibria to characterize the outcomes of fiscal competition.


Dear Friends, Orthopaedics was a nascent branch some 60 years back, when it was born out of Surgery. There were few dynamic personalities working as orthopaedician under General Surgeons and they had to fight for their existence. We have come a long way from there and now, there may be more than 17 sub branches [specialties] in orthopaedics itself. Currently, it is not possible for an orthopaedician to be a master of all the sub branches, hence the need for separate symposium issue in the Journal, for Pelvis and Acetabulum Injuries. [Till the time, may be, when we may have a separate journal for Pelvis and Acetabulum in India]. This is the second part of the Symposium Issue on Pelvis and Acetabulum, and we have covered five chapters written by different masters of the field from AIIMS Delhi, PGI- Chandigarh, Apollo Delhi etc Each article has some important take home messages which I would like to draw the attention of the reader, As in the chapter on –Dual Approach, the author has very well explained why dual approach-? and which approach first for certain T fractures and T type fractures. In the article on Ilio Femoral Approach-author has emphasized need for fractures lateral to iliopectineal line. In the chapter on Pelvic fractures, the author has explained importance of posterior ligaments complex, in lateral compression and vertical shear fractures and variants of lateral compression type fractures. In the article on Digastric Flip Osteotomy- There comes a time in acetabular fractures-posterior wall and or posterior column fractures when simple Kocher-Langenbeck Approach seems handicapped and you need to have some extension, as in cases of cranial extension of posterior wall fractures and /or need to retrieve loose segments from acetabular joint when with all efforts made by traction, space seems wanting. Hope you will find it helpful in your day to day practice as the authors have put their combined experience in preparing these manuscript. I also take this opportunity to invite you to 4th Cadaveric Pelvi-Acetabular fracture fixation workshop on 11th November in Lucknow We will soon have the third issue of the symposium in hand Dr Harish Makker Symposium Editor – Trauma International.


An introduction to the grammar of the principal language of the Babylonian Talmud. Utilizes the inductive method, whereby grammar is learned directly as it is encountered in the text. The texts on which the manual is based are mainly non-legal, although legal texts are included in the later chapters of the book. Geared primarily for beginners in Talmud and Jewish studies, some knowledge of Hebrew is expected by the author.


We present a case-study analysing the prosodic contours and salient word markers of a small corpus of robot-directed speech where the human participants had been asked to talk to a socially interactive robot as if it were a child. We assess whether such contours and salience characteristics could be used to extract relevant information for the subsequent learning and scaffolding of meaning in robots. The study uses measures of pitch, energy and word duration from the participants speech and exploits Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg's theory of the meaning of intonational contours which may provide information on shared belief between speaker and listener. The results indicate that 1) participants use a high number of contours which provide new information markers to the robot, 2) that prosodic question contours reduce as the interactions proceed and 3) that pitch, energy and duration features can provide strong markers for relevant words and 4) there was little evidence that participants altered their prosodic contours in recognition of shared belief. A description and verification of our software which allows the semi-automatic marking of prosodic phrases is also described.


Abstract Context. Determining the biodiversity of an area is essential for making targeted conservation decisions. Undertaking surveys to confirm species presence or to estimate population sizes can be difficult, particularly for elusive species. Bats are able to detect and avoid traps, making it difficult to quantify abundance. Although acoustic surveys using bat detectors are often used as a surrogate for relative abundance, the implicit assumption that there is a positive correlation between activity levels and abundance is rarely tested. Aims. We assessed the effectiveness of surveying techniques (i.e. trapping and acoustic monitoring) for detecting species presence and tested the strength of collinearity among methods. In addition, we tested whether the use of an acoustic lure (a bat-call synthesiser) increased bat-capture rate and therefore species detectability. Methods. Surveying was carried out over 3 years in central Scotland (UK), in 68 woodlands within predominantly agricultural or urban landscapes. Key results. There was a significant positive relationship between bat activity recorded on ultrasonic detectors and the relative abundance of Pipistrellus pygmaeus and P. pipistrellus, but not those in the genus Myotis. In general, acoustic monitoring was more effective than trapping at determining species presence; however, to ensure rarer or quiet species are recorded, a complementary approach is required. Broadcasting four different types of echolocation call resulted in a 2–12-fold increase in trapping success across four species of insectivorous bat found in the study region. Whereas lure effectiveness remained unchanged for female P. pygmaeus over time, there was a marked increase in the number of males captured using the lure throughout the summer (May to September). Conclusions. In the present study, we have demonstrated a variety of ways to increase surveying efficiency, which can maximise the knowledge of diversity in an area, minimise wildlife disturbance, and enhance surveying effectiveness. Implications. Increasing surveying efficiency can improve the accuracy of targeted conservation decisions.