In my dissertation I argue that Roman translators promote themselves and their work by programmatic statements that indicate a relationship with a source author. Whereas the traditional understanding of translations has focused on ad uerbum and ad sensum translations, I deemphasize the binary division between ad uerbum and ad sensum translations since these terms are insufficient for appreciating the roles that translation can play in a literary system. By focusing on the statements of translators rather than the form of the translations, I elevate the translator as an agent who evaluates his socio-literary conditions and develops a response that capitalizes on those conditions. I argue that there are three different styles of promotion that the Roman translator uses: the source-representative, the allusive, and the independent. The source-representative translator associates himself closely with the source, establishing his translation as the primary avenue to an accurate representation of a foreign author. The allusive translator strengthens his own position as an artist and asserts his own creative ability by encouraging comparison with established writers before distinctively embedding his own original material into the translation. Finally, the independent translator rejects the authority of the source author and endorses himself as more knowledgeable than the source. My first chapter contextualizes the statements of Roman translators by examining similar statements from post-Classical translators who promote their own form of translation as the superior way in which to access the source author. In my second chapter I analyze sourcerepresentative translation in Livius Andronicus' Odusia and Ennius' Annales. Chapter 3 reviews source-representative translation in Roman comedy with a focus on how Terence uses his translations to displace the drama of Plautus. In my fourth chapter I address allusive translation by showing how Catullus symbolically rejects translation and how Horace advertises his poetry as Roman songs played on a Greek instrument. In my final chapter, which concentrates on independent translation, I discuss how Cicero advertises his role as a judicious translator whose translation enhances and even replaces the source work. In each chapter I identify the programmatic statements that the translator uses to encourage the acceptance of his translation.


Seven major types of sampling for observational studies of social behavior have been found in the literature. These methods differ considerably in their suitability for providing unbiased data of various kinds. Below is a summary of the major recommended uses of each technique: In this paper, I have tried to point out the major strengths and weaknesses of each sampling method. Some methods are intrinsically biased with respect to many variables, others to fewer. In choosing a sampling method the main question is whether the procedure results in a biased sample of the variables under study. A method can produce a biased sample directly, as a result of intrinsic bias with respect to a study variable, or secondarily due to some degree of dependence (correlation) between the study variable and a directly-biased variable. In order to choose a sampling technique, the observer needs to consider carefully the characteristics of behavior and social interactions that are relevant to the study population and the research questions at hand. In most studies one will not have adequate empirical knowledge of the dependencies between relevant variables. Under the circumstances, the observer should avoid intrinsic biases to whatever extent possible, in particular those that direcly affect the variables under study. Finally, it will often be possible to use more than one sampling method in a study. Such samples can be taken successively or, under favorable conditions, even concurrently. For example, we have found it possible to take Instantaneous Samples of the identities and distances of nearest neighbors of a focal individual at five or ten minute intervals during Focal-Animal (behavior) Samples on that individual. Often during Focal-Animal Sampling one can also record All Occurrences of Some Behaviors, for the whole social group, for categories of conspicuous behavior, such as predation, intergroup contact, drinking, and so on. The extent to which concurrent multiple sampling is feasible will depend very much on the behavior categories and rate of occurrence, the observational conditions, etc. Where feasible, such multiple sampling can greatly aid in the efficient use of research time.


In the context of a cooperative project ("Culture and Value Revisited") between the Brenner Archives at the University of Innsbruck (FIBA) and the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (WAB), a computer supported qualitative analysis of Wittgensteins "Vermischte Bemerkungen" / "Culture and Value" is being carried out. This is done with GABEK (Ganzheitliche Bewaltigung von Komplexitat, Holistic Processing of Complexity), a method based on the theory of linguistic Gestalten (Zelger 1999) and its computer implementation WinRelan. With GABEK the essential aim is to obtain a holistic, integrated view of individual aspects of Wittgenstein's remarks in Culture and Value (1994 Suhrkamp edition). The GABEK method for qualitatively analysing data allows a hierarchically structured presentation of a highly complex text and its network layers. The main objective of this analysis is to clarify and highlight content-related (semantic) interdependencies and intervening variables - hypotheses on inter-dependencies can be generated in a further step. Development of a rule-based network of data leads to the generation of - conceptual fields - causal interrelations of items (keywords), conceptual fields and topics - semantic inter-dependencies and networks the analysis and identification of which are needed to generate both deeper knowledge and understanding about the semantic structures of the Wittgenstein text. This knowledge expresses itself in the unique character of its organisation and structure and could help build the basis for further in-depth exploration and analysis concerning specific topics related to "Culture and Value". Consistent with the core objectives of the analysis of the German text version ("Vermischte Bemerkungen"), an encoding of the 1st and 2nd English edition ("Culture and Value") will be done for the purpose of comparison and exploration in terms of textual semantic similarity and deviation. These findings will provide the basis for further investigations concerning such questions as: - What kind of text is this? - Is the secret code in Wittgenstein's remarks of any significance? - Is there a Wittgensteinian philosophy of culture found in the patterns and networks identified?


Protection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against degradation and targeted delivery across the plasma and endosomal membranes to the final site of RNA interference (RNAi) are major aims for the development of siRNA therapeutics. Targeting for folate receptor (FR)-expressing tumors, we optimized siRNA polyplexes by coformulating a folate-PEG-oligoaminoamide (for surface shielding and targeting) with one of three lipo-oligoaminoamides (optionally tyrosine-modified, for optimizing stability and size) to generate ∼100 nm targeted lipopolyplexes (TLPs), which self-stabilize by cysteine disulfide cross-links. To better understand parameters for improved tumor-directed gene silencing, we analyzed intracellular distribution and siRNA release kinetics. FR-mediated endocytosis and endosomal escape of TLPs was confirmed by immuno-TEM. We monitored colocalization of TLPs with endosomes and lysosomes, and onset of siRNA release by time-lapse confocal microscopy; analyzed intracellular stability by FRET using double-labeled siRNA; and correlated results with knockdown of eGFPLuc protein and EG5 mRNA expression. The most potent formulation, TLP1, containing lipopolyplex-stabilizing tyrosine trimers, was found to unpack siRNA in sustained manner with up to 5-fold higher intracellular siRNA stability after 4 h compared to other TLPs. Unexpectedly, data indicated that intracellular siRNA stability instead of an early endosomal exit dominate as a deciding factor for silencing efficiency of TLPs. After i.v. administration in a subcutaneous leukemia mouse model, TLP1 exhibited ligand-dependent tumoral siRNA retention, resulting in 65% EG5 gene silencing at mRNA level without detectable adverse effects. In sum, tyrosine-modified TLP1 conveys superior protection of siRNA for an effective tumor-targeted delivery and RNAi in vivo.


The microstructure and consequently the mechanical properties of titanium alloys are highly dependent on the temperature history endured by the material. The manufacturing process of metal deposition induces repetitive cooling and heating in the material determining a specific microstructure. The presented study is devoted to developing and implementing a microstructure model for Ti-6Al-4V intended to be coupled to a thermo- mechanical model of the metal deposition process. Microstructural analysis of the metal deposited samples was first performed to understand the formed microstructure. A set of representative parameters for microstructure modelling were then selected as representative for the known impact of Ti-6Al-4V microstructure on mechanical properties. Evolution equations for these parameters were implemented for thermal finite element analysis of the process. Six representative state variables are modelled: the phase volume fraction of total alpha, beta, Widmanstatten alpha, grain boundary alpha, martensite alpha, and the alpha lath thickness. Heating, cooling and repeated re-heating involved in the process of metal deposition are taken into account in the model. The phase transformations were modelled based on a diffusionnal theory described by a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami formulation, as well as diffusionless transformations for the martensite alpha formation and the beta reformation during reheating. The Arrhenius equation is applied as a simplification to model temperature dependent alpha lath size calculation. Grain growth is not included in the present formulation, but would have to be added for capturing alpha lath coarsening during long term heat treatment. The temperature history during robotised tungsten inert gas deposition welding is simulated together with the microstructure. The implementation of the model handles well the complex cyclic thermal loading from the metal deposition process. A particular banded structure observed in the metal deposited microstructure is partially explained using the proposed microstructure model. It is concluded that although qualitatively interesting results have been achieved, further calibration testing over a wider range of temperature histories must be performed to improve the transformation kinetic parameters for reliable quantitative predictions of the microstructure.


The problem of finding the optimal portfolio for investors is called the portfolio optimization problem. Such problem mainly concerns the expectation and variability of return (i.e., mean and variance).

Although the variance would be the most fundamental risk measure to be minimized, it has several drawbacks.

Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) is a relatively new risk measure that addresses some of the shortcomings of well-known variance-related risk measures, and because of its computational efficiencies, it has gained popularity.

CVaR is defined as the expected value of the loss that occurs beyond a certain probability level (β).

However, portfolio optimization problems that use CVaR as a risk measure are formulated with a single β and may output significantly different portfolios depending on how the β is selected.

We confirm even small changes in β can result in huge changes in the whole portfolio structure.

In order to improve this problem, we propose RM-CVaR: Regularized Multiple β-CVaR Portfolio.

We perform experiments on well-known benchmarks to evaluate the proposed portfolio.

Compared with various portfolios, RM-CVaR demonstrates a superior performance of having both higher risk-adjusted returns and lower maximum drawdown.


Ralph Ambrose Kekwick was born on 11 November 1908 at Leytonstone, Essex. Records of the Kekwick family go back to 1750, when they were living near Warrington in the parish of Daresbury. They were then Quakers and were involved in the local dye industry. In about 1800 they started to move south, and Ralph's grandfather, John Kekwick (1815–82), lived first in Abingdon and then, after the death of his first wife, moved to Bromley-by-Bow, where he worked as a corn factor. A second marriage outside the sect made him unacceptable to the Society of Friends and thus broke the family association with the Quakers. John Kekwick had two daughters and six sons by his second wife; of these, Ralph's father, Oliver A. Kekwick (1865–1939), was the youngest but one. He eventually became a managing clerk in a firm of ships' chandlers in Albert Docks, London. Ralph's maternal great-grandfather, James Price (1820–1900) had an administrative post at the Guildhall, London, and was responsible for the organization of the Lord Mayor's procession and banquets at the Guildhall. His eldest son, James Price (1840–1911), Ralph's grandfather, followed his father into employment at the Guildhall. James Price had three daughters and a son; Ralph's mother, Mary E. Price (1868–1958) was his eldest child. At the age of 13 she became a pupil-teacher at Bromley St Leonard's Church school, Bromley-by-Bow, where she had been a scholar. She was compelled to give up teaching when she married in 1898, in accordance with the regulations then in force, but she was called back to teach in Leyton during World War I at a boys' elementary school and, although Essex reinstated their 'no married women' rule after the war, London County Council had less strict regulations and she continued to teach until she reached retirement age. Ralph was the youngest of her three children; she had an elder boy, Leslie Oliver (1899–1975) and a girl, Phyllis Mary (1902–78); with her strong character and interest in education she was a considerable formative influence in Ralph's early life and had taught him to read before he started school. Ralph attended infants' and elementary schools in Leytonstone and then in 1919 gained a scholarship to Leyton County High School for boys. He remembered two outstanding masters, W.F. Woolner-Bird, who taught mathematics, and W.E. (later Sir Emrys) Williams, who aroused his interest in English literature. Ralph enjoyed his schooldays and was keen on all forms of sport. His elder brother, Leslie, lived at home while studying for a degree in chemistry at University College London (UCL), and it was his accounts of the experiments that they were doing that excited Ralph and firmly set him on a course towards a career in science. .In 1925, aged 16, Ralph passed the School Certificate with a sufficient number of subjects and distinctions to make him immediately eligible for university entrance. His father was in poor health at the time and it was decided that Ralph should go up to university rather than stay on at school for two more years to take the Higher School Certificate.


Photonic devices lie at the heart of the communications revolution, and have become a large and important part of the electronic engineering field, so much so that many colleges now treat this as a subject in its own right. With this in mind, the author has put together a unique textbook covering every major photonic device, and striking a careful balance between theoretical and practical concepts. The book assumes a basic knowledge of optics, semiconductors, and electromagnetic waves; many of the key background concepts are reviewed in the first chapter. Devices covered include optical fibers, couplers, electro-optic devices, magneto-optic devices, acousto-optic devices, nonlinear optical devices, optical amplifiers, lasers, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. Problems are included at the end of each chapter and a solutions set is available. The book is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, but being device-driven it is also an excellent reference for engineers.


The reflective processes in which supervisors and doctoral students indulge together may be improvisatory to an important extent. Based on a literature review and a small interview study, I argue that there are important similarities between musical improvisation and supervision dialogue regarding, for instance, the need for structure as well as continuous impulse fluidity, and the need for receptivity as well as initiative. In musical improvisation as well as in supervision, it is crucial to be able to relate simultaneously, by way of qualities such as openness, wholeness, and listening, to both internal and external impulses, to both structural and communicative aspects, and to both one's own individuality and the tradition in which one is situated. In the concluding discussion, I identify a number of implications for the education ofdoctoral supervisors.


How should aggregate public expenditures be traded off against their financing costs? We incorporate public expenditures into a standard neoclassical growth setup with model policy choice as made by a government choosing tax rates and spending so that the resulting competitive equilibrium allocation maximizes consumer welfare. An additional key restriction that the government faces in our model is that it cannot commit to future policy. This restriction binds: current income taxes influence past savings decisions as well as past work decisions, and these effects are ignored by governments without access to commitment. We solve for equilibria where 'reputational' mechanisms are not operative: we characterize Markov-perfect equilibria of the dynamic game between successive governments. We characterize equilibria in terms of an intertemporal first-order condition (a 'generalized Euler equation', GEE) for the government and we use this condition both to gain insight into the nature of the equilibrium and as a basis for computation. The GEE reveals how the government optimally trades off tax wedges over time. For a calibrated economy, we find that when the tax base available to the government is capital income - an inelastic source of funds at any moment in time - the government still refrains from taxing at confiscatory rates. As a result, the economy is far from the mix of public and private goods that would be optimal in a static context; in return, steady-state savings are less distorted.


Islamophobia" is a term that has been widely applied to anti-Muslim ideas and actions, especially since 9/11. The contributors to this provocative volume explore and critique the usefulness of the concept for understanding contexts ranging from the Middle Ages to the modern day. Moving beyond familiar explanations such as good Muslim/bad Muslim stereotypes or the "clash of civilizations," they describe Islamophobia's counterpart, Islamophilia, which deploys similar oppositions in the interest of fostering public acceptance of Islam. Contributors address topics such as conflicts over Islam outside and within Muslim communities in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia; the cultural politics of literature, humor, and urban renewal; and religious conversion to Islam.


Abstract Scholars typically model the politics of global public goods or common pool resources as difficult collective action problems. Theories of international organization aim to explain how institutions can promote cooperation by solving the free rider problem. Based on an analysis of a quintessential global collective action problem—international climate mitigation—this article challenges both this diagnosis of the problem and the concomitant institutional remedies. Important elements of climate mitigation exhibit three key features that depart from the canonical model: joint goods, preference heterogeneity, and increasing returns. The presence of these features creates the possibility for "catalytic cooperation." Under such conditions, the chief barrier to cooperation is not the threat of free riding but the lack of incentive to act in the first place. States and other actors seek to solve this problem by creating "catalytic institutions" that work to shift actors' preferences and strategies toward cooperative outcomes over time. While catalytic institutions can be seen in many areas of world politics, the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change has put this logic of cooperation at its core, raising the possibility that similar catalytic institutions may facilitate cooperation in other areas of world politics characterized by analogous problem structures.


One of the main challenges of securing broadcast communication is source authentication, or enabling receivers of broadcast data to verify that the received data really originates from the claimed source and was not modified en route. This problem is complicated by mutually untrusted receivers and unreliable communication environments where the sender does not retransmit lost packets. This article presents the TESLA (Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication) broadcast authentication protocol, an efficient protocol with low communication and computation overhead, which scales to large numbers of receivers, and tolerates packet loss. TESLA is based on loose time synchronization between the sender and the receivers. Despite using purely symmetric cryptographic functions (MAC functions), TESLA achieves asymmetric properties. We discuss a PKI application based purely on TESLA, assuming that all network nodes are loosely time synchronized.


Background Sexually transmitted infections are a public health problem in all countries, including Indonesia. The estimated number of people exposed to a sexually transmitted infection that can be treated approximately more than 30 million cases annually. In Mataram City 2011, found as many as 896 new cases of sexually transmitted infections. Women indirect sex workers have an important role in the spread of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-AIDS cases increased. Research Methods Design study was a cross sectional with a total sample of 66 women indirect sex workers. Risk factor of STIs is age of first sex, ever having sex, the number of customers per day, use of condoms, clean hands after sex, change underwear after sex, alcohol consumption habits and the habit of consuming drugs. Potential risk factors were explored using a structured questionnaire of the month from May to June 2012. Data were analysed using, bivariable and multivariable statistics. Results From the bivariable analysis, risk factors for STIs were ever having sex (OR 2.33, CI 5.15–1:05), not using condoms (OR 3.13, CI: 1.36 to 7.20) and the number of customers per day (OR 2.60, CI: 1.13 to 6.01). Multivariable analysis showed that the risk factors that influence the incidence of sexually transmitted infections are not using condoms (adjusted OR 6.55, CI 1.83 to 23, 43) and the number of customers per day (adjusted OR 5.01, CI 1.41 to 18.29) Conclusion Not using a condom in serving customers in women indirect sex workers be risk factors for STIs. Need an effort to monitor the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections continued cooperation and support of stakeholder in pressing the prevalence of STIs


In this paper I jointly derive the stochastic process of the price level, the inflation rate, the nominal and real term structures, as function of monetary, fiscal and technological parameters within a general equilibrium framework. The novelty of the present approach is given by the possibility of obtaining closed form solutions for all the variables and by the explicit design of fiscal policy as a crucial parameter in addition to monetary policy. Thus, as stated from FTPL, inflation is not uniquely a monetary phenomenon, but also fiscal policy plays a crucial role in determining the position of the nominal spot curve and term structure of intererest rates. The risky factors of nominal and real term structures depend upon different factors, when the utility function is strongly separable in both output and real money balances. If not, monetary and fiscal parameters affect only nominal equilibrium. The principal realtionships derived of the model are then simulated for different values of policy parameters. The main conclusion is that fiscal policy parameters play a crucial role in term structure patterns, as recently observed by the performance of nominal rates for some countries (like Italy, fore example) after having joined the EMU.


The article explores the interplay between complexity theory, performative inquiry and learning as the author shares her experience in role as a tinker in a role drama designed and facilitated by four pre‐service teachers in her drama in education course. The reader is invited to consider role drama as an embodied learning system. Using the role drama as her example, the author identifies five conditions of a complex learning system as identified by complexity in education theorists Brent Davis, Dennis Sumara, and Elaine Simmt in their 2003 article, Complexity and Collectivity: On the Emergence of a Few Ideas. The author and her conspirators in role engaged in the overthrow of the monarchy are startled when the king suddenly announces his presence. What learning emerges when the king steps forth, and the tinker, alone, is faced with saving a fledging democratic movement?


The effectiveness of combined heat and power (CHP) systems for power interruption intolerant, premium power, facilities is the focus of this study. Through three real-world case studies and economic cost minimization modeling, the economic and environmental performance of premium power CHP is analyzed. The results of the analysis for a brewery, data center, and hospital lead to some interesting conclusions about CHP limited to the specific CHP technologies installed at those sites. Firstly, facilities with high heating loads prove to be the most appropriate for CHP installations from a purely economic standpoint. Secondly, waste heat driven thermal cooling systems are only economically attractive if the technology for these chillers can increase above the current best system efficiency. Thirdly, if the reliability of CHP systems proves to be as high as diesel generators they could replace these generators at little or no additional cost if the thermal to electric (relative) load of those facilities was already high enough to economically justify a CHP system. Lastly, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, the modeled CHP systems provide some degree of decreased emissions, estimated at approximately 10percent for the hospital, the application with the highest relative thermal load in this case


A method for oxygenation of tertiary and benzylic C–H bonds is described that uses 1–10 mol% (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclo-nonane)ruthenium(III) trichloride as catalyst and ceric (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the terminal oxidant. The reaction is conveniently performed in aqueous solvent mixtures on substrates bearing a number of common, polar functional groups. The scope and efficiency of this process are comparable or superior to other known catalytic C–H oxidation technologies. Chemoselectivity trends and kinetic isotope effect data implicate a stepwise, radical-rebound mechanism for this transformation.


It is known that social skills is the main contributing factor to building more positive relationships among group members and group work undoubtedly instils this quality. By exploring the educational pedagogies and classroom discourses, it is the aim of the study to extend theoretical insights into the way ESL speaking classrooms might help to develop social and learning iden¬tities of the learners in the classrooms. This study, therefore, has focused on student–student interaction in an ESL tertiary speaking classroom in an institution of higher learning. The results revealed that the students who worked in small groups improved their academic achievement, speaking skills as well as their social skills. They became more positive towards class work, assumed responsibilities and performed their best regardless of their tasks. In the interviews the learners admitted that they became more skilled at expressing their opinions and supporting their arguments with valid reasons. Group work also involved trusting group members to editing and correcting their work, accepting peer feedback and resolving conflicts constructively if they are to capitalise on the opportunities presented at the academic setting. It was learnt that group discussions in ESL classrooms offered experiential learning whereby learners became more skilled at using suitable choice of words to maintain their good rapport among the group members and also showed higher academic performance. This indicates that good social skills facilitate academic advancement.


No matter whether it is acoustic waves, quantum matter waves or optical waves of a laser—all kinds of waves can be in different states of oscillation, corresponding to different frequencies. Calculating these frequencies is part of the tools of the trade in theoretical physics. Recently, however, a special class of systems has caught the attention of the scientific community, forcing physicists to abandon well-established rules. [20]


When a state undertakes conflicting treaty obligations are both treaties binding, or is the second precluded by the first? International lawyers have traditionally held opposing views on this question. This article, the first on the topic, provides a comprehensive analysis and critique of the treaty conflict problem, and offers a political theoretic explanation for its persistent intractability. According to this explanation, opposing views of the power of states to incur international commitments reflect opposing views of the normative basis for state sovereignty and the scope of state autonomy. One view proceeds from an imperial model of sovereignty, articulated by Bodin and Hobbes, that conceives the state as a custodian of the welfare insterests of a population. The other proceeds from a republican model of sovereignty, articulated by Machiavelli and Rousseau, that conceives the state as a vehicle for the self-expression of a community. Finally, drawing on the political economy of Smith, Hegel, and Polanyi, the article argues that the republican model is more effective in mobilizing the support of a population, but creates externalities that prevent it from being universalized. In short, autonomous republican sovereignty is always an illusion, depending on imperial sovereignty elsewhere. As long as nation-states remain a feature of the international system, sovereign equality will remain a myth. International law will have to regulate relations among governments of different kinds, including some form of colonial dependency.


Kazuo Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day (1989) reconstructs the experiences of an ageing butler, Stevens, trapped within the confined space of the house he has served in for many years. The contours of memory are drawn along the spatial dimensions of the house which serve as a space of contestation between traditional values and emergent cultural beliefs in the post-war period. Physical modifications on the architecture produce continuities and alterations within the subject, who inhabits the space. This paper seeks to explore the dynamics of remembering and forgetting which are determined by the sites of memory and which trace historical changes as well as shifts in identity politics in Ishiguro's novel. The paper critically assesses the idea of space, its functional dimension and mythic commemoration in relation to a symbolic historical past. It examines the development of subjectivity through the expansion of memory embodied in material form and the complex relationship between history and myth-making, which complicates individual identity. This paper further proposes that these spatio-temporal expressions can be understood as not only confined to the individual but may be extended to the domain of public memory and contextualized in a post-war British cultural politics of grief.


Using tenant-level data from 18 states that represent almost 40% of all Low-Income Housing Tax Credit units, this article examines tenant incomes, rental assistance, and rent burdens to shed light on key questions about our largest federal supply-side affordable housing program. Specifically, what are the incomes of the tenants, and does this program reach those with extremely low incomes? What rent burdens are experienced, and is economic diversity within developments achieved? We find that approximately 45% of tenants have extremely low incomes, and the overwhelming majority of such tenants also receive some form of rental assistance. Rent burdens are lower than that for renters with similar incomes nationally but generally higher than that presumed for housing programs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Rent burdens vary greatly by income level and are lowered by the sizable share of owners who charge below federal maximum rents. Finally, we find evidence of both economically diverse developments and those with concentrations of households with extremely low incomes.


This paper explores how, in the light of global economic downturn and rising student populations, new academic–industrial models for research collaboration based upon specific technological expertise and knowledge can be developed as potential mechanisms for preserving and extending central university research infrastructure. The paper explores two case studies that focus upon the new serious games sector: the UK-based Coventry University's Serious Games Institute – a hybrid model of applied research and business, and the Netherlands-based TU-Delft University's Serious Game Center – a networked model of semi-commercial funding and public–private co-operation between industry, public sector and research partners. To facilitate these kinds of academic–industrial collaborations, the paper introduces the Innovation Diffusion Model (IDM) which promotes innovation diffusion by bringing academic and industrial experts into close proximity. Overall, the benefits include: sustained intellectual property development and publication opportunities for academics, employment creation, accelerated development and real commercial benefits for industrial partners.


Abstract The failure of the UN Security Council to adequately and effectively address the Syrian crisis has brought renewed scrutiny to the veto and its capricious use during mass atrocity situations. In response to these concerns, the idea of a code of conduct to regulate the exercise of the veto during humanitarian situations is now being increasingly advanced by several states, including France and the United Kingdom. This paper disputes the utility of such a code and argues that it would not make any significant difference to the way mass atrocity crimes are addressed. I examine three core arguments often extended to justify the merit and the utility of the norm: the circumvention argument, the naming and shaming argument, and the Charter reform argument. I show how each of these arguments is undermined by mistaken notions about the norm's procedural effectiveness, and the role the veto plays in cases of what Simon Chesterman calls "inhumanitarian noninterventions." Additionally, drawing on interviews conducted with diplomats at the United Nations in New York, I present evidence that resistance to a code of conduct comes not only from the permanent five members of the Council but also from the nonpermanent members, further imperiling the idea's capacity to effect change. Ultimately, I contend that the current global effort to curtail the influence of the veto is nothing more than a journey down the rabbit hole: exciting, but ultimately distracting.


The main objectives of TRACE WP5 'Human factors' deliverables are: . To support a better standardization of accident analysis in Europe on a scientific background, . To provide operational models and methodological classification grids dealing with 'human factors' aspects involved in road accidents, . To promote a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of human beings, going further than the usual 'user-orientated causal analysis' often limited at establishing the driver 'at fault' and without searching for the background reasons of the problems met par road users. Such objectives involve analyzing accidents as the symptom of the difficulties met by drivers in certain driving situations, and as a revelator of their needs in help. Two questions have to be asked in order to progress in the understanding of accident causation: 1) What are precisely and operationally the human failures in accidents? But also: 2) What are the reasons for these human failures? Keeping in mind that these reasons are of multiple natures and combine most of the time to produce the final event. By so doing, the definition of typical scenarios of 'human error' production can open to the definition of more appropriate countermeasures, fitted to human needs.


PURPOSE
Visual loss associated with hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage is the most common cause of visual impairment in children of developed countries. A neuroprotective role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative disorders. The association of Wnt signaling with HI injury in immature retina has not been established.

METHODS
On postnatal day 7 (P7), HI was induced by unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 8% oxygen hypoxia for 2 hours. The pups received intravitreous injection (i.v.i) of PBS, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1, the negative modulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway) antisense (AS) or sense (S) oligonucleotides at various concentrations for pretreatment (24 and 1 hour before HI) or post treatment (1 and 4 hours after HI). For chronic treatments, animals received repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DKK-1-AS, DKK-1-S, lithium chloride (LiCl), or vehicles after HI. The retinal injury was assessed by electroretinography (ERG, P21, and P30) and immunohistochemical staining (P8 or P30).

RESULTS
Pretreatment with DKK-1-AS (i.v.i.) attenuated DKK-1 and enhanced β-catenin expression, but did not protect immature retina against HI injury at both pathological and functional levels. Post treatment with DKK-1-AS (i.v.i. or i.p.) also did not rescue HI retinopathy. Chronic systemic LiCl treatment did not decrease Müller cell activation or neuronal damage in HI retinal injury.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data demonstrated that DKK-1 inhibition or chronic lithium treatment did not protect the immature retina from HI injury. It is speculated that the enhanced canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not sufficient to protect the immature retina from HI injury.


STUDY QUESTION
Does hysteroscopic proximal tubal occlusion by intratubal devices as a treatment for hydrosalpinges result in comparable ongoing pregnancy rates following IVF/ICSI when compared with laparoscopic salpingectomy?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Hysteroscopic proximal tubal occlusion by intratubal devices is inferior to laparoscopic salpingectomy in the treatment of hydrosalpinges in women undergoing IVF/ICSI with respect to ongoing pregnancy rates.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
It is known that women with hydrosalpinges undergoing IVF have poorer pregnancy outcomes compared with women with other forms of tubal infertility. In these women, both laparoscopic salpingectomy and laparoscopic proximal tubal ligation are known to improve IVF outcomes. At present, it is unclear whether a less-invasive hysteroscopic treatment with intratubal devices leads to similar ongoing pregnancy rates following IVF when compared with laparoscopic salpingectomy.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A two-centre, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Between October 2009 and December 2014 a total of 85 women were included in this study; of whom, 42 were randomized to hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal device placement and 43 were randomized to laparoscopic salpingectomy. Randomization was based on a computer-generated randomization list. The study was unblinded. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy rate, defined as a fetal heartbeat on ultrasound beyond 10-week gestation following one IVF/ICSI treatment (fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfers).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
We studied women aged 18-41 years, with uni- or bilateral ultrasound visible hydrosalpinges who were scheduled for an IVF/ICSI treatment.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
The ongoing pregnancy rates per patient according to the intention-to-treat principle were 11/42 (26.2%) after hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal devices (intervention group) versus 24/43 (55.8%) after laparoscopic salpingectomy (control group) (P = 0.008) [absolute difference: 26.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5-51.7, relative risk (RR): 0.56; 95% CI: 0.31-1.03, P = 0.01]. In the per protocol analysis, the ongoing pregnancy rate per patient following hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal devices was 9/27 (33.3%) compared with 19/32 (59.4%) following laparoscopic salpingectomy (P = 0.067) (absolute difference: 29.6%; 95% CI: 7.1 to 49.1, RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27-0.83, P = 0.062).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Masking participants and investigators would be difficult due to the nature of both interventions. Since we had objective outcome measurements, we withheld sham procedures, leaving the study unblinded. Furthermore, our low sample size resulted in wide CIs. A larger sample size would result in a more accurate treatment effect; however, this was non-feasible for recruitment and inclusion.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
In the treatment of hydrosalpinges prior to IVF/ICSI, hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal devices is inferior to laparoscopic salpingectomy.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS
The intratubal devices were received from Conceptus, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA, which was acquired by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany, NJ, USA in 2013. Conceptus, Inc./Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. had no role in the study design, data collection and analyses, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The study as a whole was funded by the SWOG (foundation for scientific investigation in obstetrics and gynaecology of the VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). P.G.A.H. has received non-financial support from Conceptus, Inc. during the conduct of this study. He has received grants from Ferring B.V., Merck Serono and Abbott outside the submitted work. M.H.E. has received personal fees from Smith and Nephew and IQ Medical Ventures outside the submitted work.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
The Dutch Trial Register: NTR 2073.

TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE
October 21, 2009.

DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT
October 26, 2009.


The higher peak data rates for mobile user are in demand. Audio/Video streaming, online conferences, and social media services are becoming the necessity of life. In order to fulfil the sheer amount of data need of users, robust and efficient wireless technology is needed. LTE-Advanced, which is based on Rel-10 of ITU is the solution for future mobile wireless networks. It is the promising technology for future wireless broadband network based on Rel-8 of Long term Evolution (LTE). The paper provides a higher level overview of LTE-Advanced, which includes carrier aggregation for efficient spectrum use, MIMO techniques for multiple signal transmissions and receptions, relaying and heterogeneous deployment strategy. LTE-Advanced system will be the NXGN wireless technology for years to come.


The consistency of classification algorithm plays a central role in statistical learning theory. A consistent algorithm guarantees us that taking more samples essentially suffices to roughly reconstruct the unknown distribution. We consider the consistency of ERM scheme over classes of combinations of very simple rules (base classifiers) in multiclass classification. Our approach is, under some mild conditions, to establish a quantitative relationship between classification errors and convex risks. In comparison with the related previous work, the feature of our result is that the conditions are mainly expressed in terms of the differences between some values of the convex function.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to identify the various challenges encountered by peer support workers in Western Australia in the course of their work and to identify possible solutions to those challenges.

METHOD
We used the nominal group technique to collect and analyze the data.

RESULTS
The main challenge encountered by participants was a lack of understanding of the peer support worker role which caused them to experience a sense of exclusion. The main solution focused on strategies to educate consumers, managers, and health professionals about the peer support worker role.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Managers have a responsibility to be informed about the peer support worker role and communicate role related information to other team members to ensure that peer support workers are included as part of the health team. Implications for practice therefore center on training for managers and inclusion of the peer support worker role in orientation programs. Further, if these steps are not undertaken, a valuable resource could be lost to a health service to the detriment of persons with a mental illness.


Concerns about energy security, climate change and rising energy costs make it imperative for all countries to significantly improve their energy efficiency. To assist them in doing so, the IEA has proposed 25 energy efficiency policy recommendations. These recommendations could, if implemented globally without delay, reduce global CO2 emissions by as much as 7.6 giga tonnes (Gt) CO2/year by 2030 - almost 1.5 times the current annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the United States.Yet are IEA member countries doing enough to capture the full potential benefits from energy efficiency policy? This innovative report provides the second assessment of IEA member countries' progress with implementing energy efficiency policy. Using a rigorous evaluation process, it finds that there have been significant energy efficiency policy developments since the last evaluation conducted in 2009. In particular, IEA member countries have implemented many policies in the transport, appliance and lighting sectors that were only planned in 2009. Nevertheless, IEA member countries still have significant unexploited energy savings opportunities that could be achieved with additional energy efficiency policy implementation.


Aspect-oriented software development is a promising approach that addresses the problem of modularizing crosscutting concerns – concerns whose implementation cannot be modularized due to the set of abstractions provided by the underlying programming language as well as due to the set of decomposition criteria applied to the underlying problem. Thereto, aspect-oriented systems provide additional abstractions in order to increase the modularity of software systems and consequently to increase the system's readability, understandability, maintainability and reusability.
Nowadays, there are already a number of so-called aspect-oriented systems available that supply a set of new constructs to address the given problem. However, it is not clear what the criteria for a system are in order to be called aspect-oriented and what commonalities and differences exist among different aspect-oriented systems. This also implies that for a given crosscutting concern it cannot be determined on an abstract level what system is able to modularize such a concern in an appropriate way.
This thesis describes the characteristics of aspect-oriented systems by so-called design dimensions – orthogonal, conceptual views on the core ingredients of aspect-oriented systems that determine the underlying implementation. It is shown that by means of such abstract design dimensions it is possible to estimate the appropriateness of a system with respect to modularize a given crosscutting concern.


The research question addressed in this report is why the EU procedure for developing network codes for electricity was enacted in its particular form. Passed by the EU in 2009, European organisations partly outside of the formal EU structure were given a mandate to make rules that would apply across the EU. This was puzzling given the observed resistance on part of the member states to let go of national control over energy issues. Drawing on institutionalist perspectives, the analysis shows that the procedure would not have been passed without support from and compromise among the Commission, European Parliament and the member states in Council; that parts of the procedure imitated existing practices within related policy areas; that horizontal and vertical specialization within the nation-states along with a Commission actively promoting transnational cooperation changed the feedback mechanisms, which changed the direction of European energy market regulation; and finally, that the new actors played an active role vis-avis EU bodies as the latter were legislating on the procedure.


Through detailed case material the authors show how to use counselling strategies with clients seeking careers guidance to enable them to change unhelpful patterns of thought and to move towards achievable goals. This book: * offers a series of tasks for structuring interviews and assesses materials available to careers counsellors * discusses important issues affecting their training and development within the public sector. This is a useful handbook for experienced advisers and trainees in the careers service and a range of professional settings.


We introduce a View-Volume convolutional neural network (VVNet) for inferring the occupancy and semantic labels of a volumetric 3D scene from a single depth image. Our method extracts the detailed geometric features from the input depth image with a 2D view CNN and then projects the features into a 3D volume according to the input depth map via a projection layer. After that, we learn the 3D context information of the scene with a 3D volume CNN for computing the result volumetric occupancy and semantic labels. With combined 2D and 3D representations, the VVNet efficiently reduces the computational cost, enables feature extraction from multi-channel high resolution inputs, and thus significantly improve the result accuracy. We validate our method and demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness on both synthetic SUNCG and real NYU dataset.


Site-specific height-diameter models may be used to improve biomass estimates for forest inventories where only diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements are available. In this study, we fit height-diameter models for vegetation types of a tropical Atlantic forest using field measurements of height across plots along an altitudinal gradient. To fit height-diameter models, we sampled trees by DBH class and measured tree height within 13 one-hectare permanent plots established at four altitude classes. To select the best model we tested the performance of 11 height-diameter models using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The Weibull and Chapman-Richards height-diameter models performed better than other models, and regional site-specific models performed better than the general model. In addition, there is a slight variation of height-diameter relationships across the altitudinal gradient and an extensive difference in the stature between the Atlantic and Amazon forests. The results showed the effect of altitude on tree height estimates and emphasize the need for altitude-specific models that produce more accurate results than a general model that encompasses all altitudes. To improve biomass estimation, the development of regional height-diameter models that estimate tree height using a subset of randomly sampled trees presents an approach to supplement surveys where only diameter has been measured.


Plants have developed elaborate defence mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogens. Recently, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been proven to play important roles in regulating plant disease resistance. Previously, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ACRE276 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtPUB17 have been identified as E3 ligases that are positive regulators of the Cf-9/Avr9- and N/p50-elicited hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco. In addition, AtPUB17 is required for the RPM1- and RPS4-mediated resistance responses in Arabidopsis.
The identification of AtPUB17 signalling partners would allow to understand the mode of action of AtPUB17 during plant defence. AtPOB1, a BTB/POZ-domain protein was isolated as an AtPUB17 interactor in a yeast-two-hybrid screen. The aim of this study was to confirm this interaction and to investigate the potential involvement of AtPOB1 in mediating disease resistance responses.
The analysis of the Atpob1 knock out plants revealed a novel BTB/POZ protein implicated in plant defence. Atpob1 plants rapidly accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced the expression of pathogenesis related (PR) genes and developed spontaneous necrotic lesions upon infection with a virulent pathogen. AtPOB1 transcript and protein levels were induced by virulent Pseudomonas syringae. And transient overexpression of AtPOB1 in Cf-9 tobacco compromised the Avr9-triggered HR. In addition, Atpob1 plants showed signs of premature senescence. These results indicate that AtPOB1 is a negative regulator of plant defence- and senescence-associated pathways.
The Nicotiana benthamiana AtPOB1 homolog was also identified and its cDNA sequence was used to investigate the role of NbPOB1 and its close relative NtPOB1 in disease resistance signalling. Transient overexpression of NbPOB1 and RNA interference (RNAi)-based silencing of NtPOB1 in Cf-9 tobacco compromised and accelerated the Avr9-triggered HR, respectively. Moreover, virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbPOB1 accelerated the dark-induced senescence in N. benthamiana leaves. These observations identify NbPOB1 and NtPOB1 as the orthologs of AtPOB1.
The subcellular localization of AtPOB1 and NbPOB1 was analyzed by transiently overexpressing GFP-AtPOB1 and GFP-NbPOB1 fusion proteins in tobacco leaf tissue. Analysis by confocal microscopy revealed that GFP fluorescence was localized in the nucleus of leaf tissue tested. The overexpression of AtPOB1 fused with a nuclear export signal (NES) failed to compromise the Avr9-triggered HR in Cf-9 tobacco, indicating the nuclear localization of AtPOB1 is crucial for its function.
The BTB/POZ domain is a highly conserved protein-protein interaction interface that mediates homo- and/or hetero-dimerization of BTB/POZ proteins. The D146A and D141A mutation in the BTB/POZ domain of AtPOB1 and NbPOB1, respectively reduces their dimerization efficiency. These mutants fail to negatively regulate the Cf-9/Avr9-mediated HR, supporting the importance of an intact BTB/POZ interface for the function of AtPOB1 and NbPOB1.
Finally, yeast-two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays indicate that AtPOB1 interacts with AtCUL3A, a component of E3 ligase complexes, in which AtPOB1 would confer substrate-specificity. We propose that AtPOB1 (and Nicotiana POB1) negatively regulate cell death and senescence possibly through ubiquitin-meditated pathways.


Contrasting with paper-book, E-book has the advantage of taking great amount of information and the accessibility of hyper link. According to the researches which compared the reading behaviors on paper-book to screen, reading on different media cause different reading behaviors (Dillon, 1992; Noyes & Garland, 2008) [1] [2]. E-book reader is going to integrate the advantages of paper-book and e-book to become a main vehicle of knowledge. Our study take JinYong reader for example, hypothesize that e-book reader would cause different behaviors from paper-book. And if e-book reader would become the main vehicle of knowledge in the future, then it must have equivalent legibility and usability to paper-book. Experiment 1 is a usability test. We recruited the users who take a lot of time on reading to test the function of JinYong Reader, for example, basic operation, highlighting, note taking, and dictionary. The users took mental workload and usability questionnaires after each task. The results show JinYong Reader's slow reaction time, unclear feedback, ease of crash, and ambiguous navigation. We make suggestion for lower crash rate, simplifying the corresponding of button and function, and reducing finger shelter in the discussion. Experiment 2 asked users to read novels separately on e-book reader and paper-book in natural condition, compared their reading behaviors on paper-book to JinYong Reader. The users accepted subjective visual fatigue scale, NASA-TLX mental workload scale, and reading comprehension tests after reading. The result shows the difference on reading speed and subjective visual fatigue between paper-book and JinYong Reader is significant. According to our results, the usability and legibility of paper-book is still better than e-book reader. However, e-book reader provide hyper link and is more convenient to carry information. Also, the disadvantage of JinYong reader does not always happen on the other e-book readers. With the high development of technology, the traditional Chinese e-book reader's evolution is still in prospect.


Major challenges in marine microbial ecology include determining patterns of commu- nity structure and structure-function relationships. Progress has occurred by a combination of mole- cular and classical techniques. An example for this is work on the marine Crenarchaeota, extremely abundant organisms that we now think play important roles both as autotrophic ammonium oxidiz- ers and as heterotrophs. Another involves the recently discovered Proteorhodopsins, pigments that are potentially important in solar energy capture, yet often do not seem to confer a clear growth benefit to organisms that possess them. Proteorhodopsins occur in numerous phylogenetic groups and may have multiple roles, complicating the linking of these proteins to a well-defined function. Community fingerprinting is a powerful tool for examining community structure and for examining spatial and temporal distribution patterns. Using fingerprinting, we found that ocean communities tend to occur in patches with horizontal dimensions of several km, while samples 10s of km or more apart can be quite different. Temporal analyses such as the San Pedro Ocean Time Series (SPOT) show that near-surface communities are somewhat similar from month to month, then change signif- icantly over several months, and finally return to a similar community annually. Near-surface com- munities can also be predicted from environmental parameters like temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll. Time series data show co-occurrence of organisms (resembling a succession of com- munities) under particular conditions, or conversely can show which organisms are significantly neg- atively correlated, indicative perhaps of competition, resource partitioning, or allelopathy. These relationships are visualized here as mathematical interaction networks to map out the 'niche space' of microbial taxa and their correlations, displaying complex ecological interactions. Observations indicate that ecological relatedness does not necessarily closely follow phylogenetic relatedness.


The transitions of young people to adulthood in the UK are a political threshold that has received much public attention. The trend for young people to abstain from elections relative to older generations is one example of the many reasons young people's politics have come under the microscope of researchers who claim that the manner of young people's transitions to citizenship represents an incipient crisis for the UK as a democratic system (Farthing, 2010; O'Toole, 2015, p. 175). This thesis responds to calls for more research into young people's lives as sites for political subjectivity as well as, in the UK, for explorations of the main question in the field of young people's politics: the extent and nature of young people's relative disengagement from politics, and their marginalization from institutional politics in general The theoretical basis for this research project is a constructionist framework based on Bourdieu's methods for uncovering social worlds (Bourdieu, 1996, p. 1) that also attempts to approach young people as equals in a political sense (Ranciere, 1991, p. 229). Focus groups with young people at one vocational college, one secondary school and one youth group in the UK, utilizing participant photography as a data generation technique, provide the data for this study in an everyday politics approach. Young people's perceptions of their everyday worlds are developed into broader discussions of political subjectivity, perceptions and actions.


Information and communications technology, global value chains, and population ageing are changing the structures of the labour market. These three factors affect the tasks carried out in Finland in the future and the division of labour between humans and computers. The changes are taking place at the individual level and affect the ways of working and income inequality. This report surveys the economic literature on these topics.


Most researchers now believe that babies who die of SIDS are born with one or more conditions that make them especially vulnerable to stresses that occur in the normal life of an infant, including both internal and external influences. SIDS occurs in all types of families and is largely indifferent to race or socioeconomic level. SIDS is unexpected, usually occurring in otherwise apparently healthy infants from 1 month to 1 year of age. Most deaths from SIDS occur by the end of the sixth month, with the greatest number taking place between 2 and 4 months of age. A SIDS death occurs quickly and is often associated with sleep, with no signs of suffering. More deaths are reported in the fall and winter (in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres) and there is a 60to 40-percent male-to-female ratio. A death is diagnosed as SIDS only after all other alternatives have been eliminated: SIDS is a diagnosis of exclusion.


Adenocarcinomas differ in their ability to form glandular structures, and the mechanism regulating this architectural differentiation is unknown. In the present study, the patterns of differentiation of two human endometrial carcinomas that differed with respect to their ability to form glands in their original host were studied in monolayer and three-dimensional cultures as well as in xenografts in athymic mice. A moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of human endometrium, EnCa101, transplanted into nude mice formed tumors indistinguishable from the original neoplasm and secreted mucin. A cell line derived from this tumor, ECC-1, formed monolayers on tissue culture substratum and lost the ability to secrete mucin. However, upon culture within Matrigel, the ECC-1 cells formed glandular structures and secreted mucin. Ultrastructural examination revealed morphological polarity, as evident by intraluminal microvilli and characteristic adhesion structures composed of tight, gap, and desmosomal junctions adjacent to the lumen, and secretory activity. Whereas basal lamina was observed in vivo around glandular cells, epithelial cells were not tethered in vitro with this structure. In contrast, the epithelial cells of a poorly differentiated human endometrial adenocarcinoma, AN3, failed to form glands in nude mice or in Matrigel in vitro. These findings illustrate that gland-forming ability is an intrinsic property of well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma cells and that only cells with this inherent potential can be induced to form glands in response to appropriate extracellular signals.


There is a significant challenge that how to predict the possible release date of the target software having enough reliability in agile development where incremental development and small software releases are key characteristics. Existing approaches targeting agile development usually use release backlogs for predicting and setting delivery windows, however these do not consider the reliability of software for release date prediction so that there is a possibility that software at the predicted release date have poor reliability. Previously we proposed a generalized software reliability model (GSRM) based on a stochastic process and compared it with other models to evaluate recent software developments. However, we, did not directly evaluate the accuracy of the predicted release time by model. In this paper, towards prediction of release dates in agile development, we focus on the release dates of open source software (OSS) developments and the number of detected issues (faults) since OSS developments comply well with the definition of the agile development in terms of incremental process and frequent releases We define the accuracy of the predicted release time using the given development terms and the number of issues. Additionally, we propose a method to evaluate the accuracy of the predicted release time. In the best case, GSRM shows only 0.572% Error Rate, which corresponds to a predicted release date of two days prior to the actual release date. We believe that our method should be applicable to agile developments too.


The increasing size and concentration of official foreign exchange reserves after years of continued expansion, especially since the Asian crisis, have led to renewed interest in the way reserve management decisions are taken and in their possible impact on financial markets. Reserve management practices have evolved substantially over the past decade or so, reflecting changes in both the economic and the broader institutional environment. While some of these changes have been remarked upon, others have attracted less attention. This paper documents some of the main changes in foreign exchange reserve management practices, considers the main drivers behind them, and explores some of the challenges ahead. We focus, in particular, on those challenges that could have a more significant impact on financial markets. These include the choice of an appropriate balance between risk and return, of the numeraire currency and of the degree of public disclosure, from which some conclusions are drawn concerning the future of the US dollar as a reserve currency and volatility in financial markets. The discussion relies extensively on a survey of central banks and monetary authorities representing in total about 80% of global foreign exchange reserves at end-2006.


When schizont-infected erythrocytes were incubated with N-acetyl glucosamine coupled to bovine serum albumin (GluNAc-BSA), the number of new ring forms which appeared several hours later was reduced and the number of abnormal and unruptured schizont-infected erythrocytes was increased compared with controls, indicating that GluNAc-BSA prevents invasion by a toxic effect on schizonts rather than by receptor blockade. Invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against glycophorin A, but inhibition also occurred with P. knowlesi, a parasite that is known to invade independently of glycophorin A. Inhibition of invasion with anti-glycophorin A is unlikely to be related to receptor blockade and is probably related to decreased deformability of the erythrocyte membrane caused by the binding of this antibody. Previous studies suggesting that GluNAc-BSA and anti-glycophorin A antibodies inhibit invasion by receptor blockade should be reevaluated. Erythrocytes deficient in glycophorin C and band 4.1 were also resistant to invasion by both P. falciparum and P. knowlesi.


As technological advances are made in software and hardware, the feasibility of accessing information "any time, anywhere" is becoming a reality. Furthermore, the diversity and amount of information available to a given user is increasing at a rapid rate. In a mobile computing environment, a potentially large number of users may simultaneously access the global data; therefore, there is a need to provide a means to allow concurrent management of transactions. Current multidatabase concurrency control schemes do not address the limited bandwidth and frequent disconnection associated with wireless networks. This paper proposes a new hierarchical concurrency control algorithm. The proposed concurrency control algorithm, v-lock, uses global locking tables created with semantic information contained within the hierarchy. The locking tables are used to serialize global transactions, detect and remove global deadlocks. Additionally, data replication, at the mobile unit, is used to limit the effects of the restrictions imposed by a mobile environment. The replicated data provides additional availability in case of a weak connection or disconnection. Current research has concentrated on page and file-based caching or replication schemes to address the availability and consistency issues in a mobile environment. In a mobile, multidatabase environment, local autonomy restrictions prevent the use of a page or file-based data replication scheme. This paper proposes a new data replication scheme to address the limited bandwidth and local autonomy restrictions. Queries and the associated data are cached at the mobile unit as a complete object. Consistency is maintained by using a parity-based invalidation scheme. A simple prefetching scheme is used in conjunction with caching to further improve the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, a simulator was developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms. The simulation results are presented and discussed.


Ultrafast 2DIR spectra and pump-probe responses of the N2O ν3 asymmetric stretch in SF6 as a function of density from the gas to supercritical phase and liquid are reported. 2DIR spectra unequivocally reveal free rotor character at all densities studied in the gas and supercritical region. Analysis of the 2DIR spectra determines that J-scrambling or rotational relaxation in N2O is highly efficient, occurring in ∼1.5 to ∼2 collisions with SF6 at all non-liquid densities. In contrast, N2O ν3 vibrational energy relaxation requires ∼15 collisions, and complete vibrational equilibrium occurs on the ∼ns scale at all densities. An independent binary collision model is sufficient to describe these supercritical state point dynamics. The N2O ν3 in liquid SF6 2DIR spectrum shows no evidence of free rotor character or spectral diffusion. Using these 2DIR results, hindered rotor or liquid-like character is found in gas and all supercritical solutions for SF6 densities ≥ρ* = 0.3, and increases with SF6 density. 2DIR spectral analysis offers direct time domain evidence of critical slowing for SF6 solutions closest to the critical point density. Applications of 2DIR to other high density and supercritical solution dynamics and descriptions are discussed.


The scientific search for universal laws is based on the belief that events in the physical creation are determined by local influences of a causal nature originating in the big bang and likewise determining the origin and evolution of biological life on the planet Earth. Universal influences are shunned. Science is based on objective observations viewed exclusively from the outside. This consequently externalizes values that determine our thoughts and behavior. It induces a strong tendency to seek fulfillment in living exclusively for material success and selfish gratification without appropriate regard for the needs of others. In justifying the position a healthy dose of transcending values recognizing the beauty and majesty of nature often creeps into the argument which thus becomes an exercise in double speak. In the absence of a viable alternative the implicit need for a practical unifying worldview reduces science to a fervent blind belief system feeding on how the sophisticated languages of science have come to be used.


Species range limits are often associated with reduced adult densities, and this may reflect the failure of a particular life-history stage. For benthic marine invertebrates, settlement is a time of great mortality that strongly influences adult population structure, at least at local spatial scales. In south-eastern Australia we determined that adult abundance of the intertidal barnacle Tesseropora rosea declines over a 450 km region of rocky shore from the middle to the southern limit of its range, and we tested the hypothesis that this biogeographic pattern reflects variations in the production, settlement, or early post-settlement mortality of larvae or adult mortality. Sampling at 2 sites on 11 rocky shores in this region over 2 yr revealed that none of the life-history stages or demo- graphic processes displayed a latitudinal gradient or a clear decline towards the south, and settle- ment and adult mortality were highly variable among locations. Indeed local variation in early life- history processes and adult mortality appears to dictate regional variability and observed latitudinal patterns of adult abundance of T. rosea, but longer term studies spanning at least a decade may determine if storage from one strong year in recruitment can set patterns of adult abundance.


Meet Johnny Bunko. He's probably a lot like you. He did what everybody - parents, teachers, careers advisors - told him to do. But now, stuck in a dead-end job, he's begun to suspect that what he thought he knew is just plain wrong. One bizarre night, Johnny meets Diana, the unlikeliest career advisor he's ever seen. She reveals to Johnny the six essential lessons for thriving in the world of work. Packed with smart, counter-intuitive and potentially life-changing advice, it's the first and last career guide you'll ever need.


Choosing a name for a child is an important decision for every parent. 'Irish Names for Children' is a handy pocket reference book that provides plenty of information on the origin and meaning of many Irish names. Recently, there has been a growth in popularity in names that have their roots in the Irish language. This book, which has been enlarged and revised by Gerald Slevin, the former Chief Herald, lists names of ancient Celtic origin with later introductions and reformed Irish spelling. It also includes names associated with particular Irish families and regions, a complete calendar of Irish saints, and an easy-reference English-Irish name index.


The social intermediation mission of microfinance has swiftly turned into commercialized direct banking via deposit taking microfinance with Central Bank of Kenya as the regulator. These institutions receive deposit from customers hence the risks that go with banking have caught up with them. The study focused 10 years from 2006-2015 and used descriptive research methodology that enabled presentation of information as it is currently. Primary and secondary data collection research methods were used in order to bring out both qualitative and quantitative aspects for variable analysis. The study employed a census method to get responses from 33 management employees of KWFT Kenya which included 7 senior employees in management and 26 operational employees from different departments to whom the questionnaires were administered of which 33 were filled and returned giving a 100% return rate. Questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis were used for data collection. Validity and Reliability of the research instrument was observed using a test-retest method. Computed Cronbach`s alpha reliability of research instruments was 0.761 which was above the threshold of 0.7 that is acceptable in social sciences` research. Data collected was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 20 and Eviews 9.5. Analysis of variance test was conducted so as to determine variability and model a relationship between risk and financial performance of Kenya Women Finance Trust. Data was presented through lag plots, tables and correlograms. Regression analysis modeled a causal relationship between variables and the findings confirmed that exposure through nonperforming loans reduced returns. It is therefore recommended that the firm should tighten the monitoring of its credit policy in order to enhance financial performance.


Concurrency bugs, particularly data races, are notoriously difficult to debug and are a significant source of unreliability in multithreaded applications. Many tools to catch data races rely on program instrumentation to obtain memory instruction traces. Unfortunately, this instrumentation introduces significant runtime overhead, is extremely invasive, or has a limited domain of applicability making these tools unsuitable for many production systems. Consequently, these tools are typically used during application testing where many data races go undetected. This paper proposes RACEZ , a novel race detection mechanism which uses a sampled memory trace collected by the hardware performance monitoring unit rather than invasive instrumentation. The approach introduces only a modest overhead making it usable in production environments. We validate RACEZ using two open source server applications and the PARSEC benchmarks. Our experiments show that RACEZ catches a set of known bugs with reasonable probability while introducing only 2.8% runtime slow down on average.


With the introduction of digital breast screening across the UK, screeners need to learn how best to inspect these images. A key advantage over mammographic film is the facility to use workstation image manipulation tools. Forty two-view FFDM screening cases, representing malignant, normal and benign appearances were examined by fourteen radiologists and advanced practitioners from two UK screening centres. For half the cases, the mammography workstation image manipulation tools could be employed and for the other half these were not used. Participants classified each case and indicated whether an abnormality was present. Throughout the study the participants' visual search behaviour as well as their image manipulations was recorded. Whether or not image manipulation tools were used made very little difference to overall performance (t-test, p>.05) as confirmed by JAFROC analysis Figure-Of-Merit values of 0.816 and 0.838 (with and without tools respectively); performance not using tools was better. However, using tools significantly increased inspection time (p<0.5) as well as participants' confidence. Detailed examination of participants' image inspection behaviour elicited that the average time on each case in the different viewing conditions differed significantly between the high experienced readers and low experienced readers. The visual data analysis revealed that the participants made similar overall pattern of errors on both modalities. The visual search behaviour on both modalities are surprisingly similar.


BACKGROUND
Continuity of care has long been considered a benefit to patients of family physicians, but quantifying these benefits has been problematic. Previous studies focused on patient preferences and relationship issues, whereas evidence regarding clinical endpoints has been lacking. This study reports differences in obstetric and neonatal outcomes related to continuity in prenatal care.

METHODS
Using an historical prospective design, data were collected on 494 maternal-fetal dyads in two groups. One (named GAP, n = 40) received a high degree of continuity in their prenatal care, and one (named NHC, n = 454) received relatively little. Analyses were performed to determine not only the outcome differences between the groups, but also to what factor(s) these differences were attributable.

RESULTS
The continuity in prenatal care group had better outcomes in neonatal morbidity, birth weight, maternal weight gain, and both Apgar scores. None of these differences was directly attributable to continuity. Rather, continuity in prenatal care was associated with the observed increase in the number of prenatal visits, which in turn was shown to be a significant factor in the greater birth weights and maternal weight gain. None of the factors examined appears to explain the difference in neonatal morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS
Women who receive prenatal care from a single physician are likely to receive more prenatal care, which is correlated with greater maternal weight gains and greater fetal birth weights.


The growth of the Chinese district heating sector has been very rapid during recent years. No other country in the world can show the same rapid growth of district heating systems during the last decades. Heated building area increased six times between 1995 and 2008 according to the Chinese district heating statistics. China has also enjoyed strong growth of scientific articles and papers published about district heating in recent years. During 2010-2012, one third of all international scientific journal articles and conference papers about district heating came from Chinese scientists, while Swedish researchers accounted for one quarter. It is important to identify the Chinese district heating and cooling research to judge the potential for future collaborative research on district heating systems between Sweden/Europe and China. Until 2013, Chinese district heating and cooling scientists have published 205 international publications on district heating and 36 publications on district cooling. In this paper, these articles are mapped and summarised with respect to topics, active research institutions, and their technology focuses. Another approach is to grasp the Chinese interest for more diversified heat supply, since many new systems are established and thereby have more degrees of freedom when choosing by various heat supply and technology options.


Ecological developmental biology is the science that studies the interactions between developing organisms and their environmental contexts. It studies development in the 'real world' of predators, competitors, symbionts, toxic compounds, temperature changes and nutritional differences. The environment plays a substantial role in development, and in many instances, normal development cannot occur without environmental signalling. Symbionts, for instance are needed in many organisms for the development of particular organs. Environmental agents can elicit epigenetic changes in gene expression that can change an organism's phenotype. In many instances, however, substances in the environment of developing organisms can act detrimentally, causing birth defects and predisposing the organism to diseases in adulthood. Epigenetics has recently provided startling insights into how environmental agents experienced during embryonic development can predispose one to cancer, obesity, hypertension and diabetes later in life.

Key Concepts

The environment plays critical roles during normal development.
The genome encodes a repertoire of possible phenotypes. Environment often selects which of those genes will become active and which phenotypes will become expressed.
Reaction norms are phenotypes that quantitatively respond to environmental conditions, such that the phenotype reflects small differences in the environmental conditions.
Polyphenisms represent 'either/or' phenotypes wherein one set of conditions elicits one phenotype, while another set of conditions elicits another phenotype.
Organisms usually develop in symbiotic relationships with other organisms; and signals from the symbionts are often critical for normal development.
Teratogens (such as ethanol) are compounds that can cause birth defects by disrupting normal development.
Endocrine disruptors are compounds in the environment that can disrupt normal development by changing gene expression in ways that are not seen phenotypically for years after birth.
Ecological developmental biology proposes new mechanisms through which evolution can occur. These include epialleles (inherited patterns of chromatin alterations giving inherited variants of gene expression patterns), plasticity-driven adaptation and symbiont-mediated variation.

Keywords:

ecological developmental biology;
symbiosis;
epigenetics;
teratogens;
plasticity;
evolution


The Wetumpka impact structure is a Late Cretaceous shallow-marine impact crater about 6 km in diameter located in central Alabama. The target consisted of Upper Cretaceous sediments that were unconformably overlying Piedmont schists and gneisses. An arcuate crystalline crater rim is surrounded on the east and northeast by Upper Cretaceous sedimentary units, on the north by Piedmont basement, and on the west by Quaternary alluvium. There are several shallow drill cores at Wetumpka, including Auburn University drill core #09-04, which penetrated a depth of 217.7 m (715 feet) near the southeastern portion of the rim. The upper ~ 60 m (197 feet) of core is interpreted as a segment of slumped, overturned sedimentary section of megablocks that was formerly on the rim. Below this overturned section are 152 m (500 feet) of impactite sands with sedimentary blocks. The objective of the present project is to determine the provenance of the nearly 152 m (500 feet) of impactite sand in the lower part of drill core #09-04. Thin-sections were made from 43 samples taken from impactite sand intervals in the lower portion of the drill core. Fining-upward trends were detected in eight intervals and this pattern is interpreted as the result of an aqueous settling process. Point-counting and statistical analysis of framework grain characteristics within the loosely consolidated sands indicate that the grains do not originate from a single target unit and provide reasonable evidence that they are derived from a mixture of the sedimentary and metamorphic target units.


This paper presents an algorithm to solve the infinite horizon constrained linear quadratic regulator (CLQR) problem using operator splitting methods. First, the CLQR problem is reformulated as a (finite-time) model predictive control (MPC) problem without terminal constraints. Second, the MPC problem is decomposed into smaller subproblems of fixed dimension independent of the horizon length. Third, using the fast alternating minimization algorithm to solve the subproblems, the horizon length is estimated online, by adding or removing subproblems based on a periodic check on the state of the last subproblem to determine whether it belongs to a given control invariant set. We show that the estimated horizon length is bounded and that the control sequence computed using the proposed algorithm is an optimal solution of the CLQR problem. Compared to state-of-the-art algorithms proposed to solve the CLQR problem, our design solves at each iteration only unconstrained least-squares problems and simple gradient calculations. Furthermore, our technique allows the horizon length to decrease online. Numerical results on a planar system show the potential of our algorithm.


AMERICAN CONSITITUTIONAL LAW provides a comprehensive account of the nation's defining document. Based on the premise that the study of the Constitution and constitutional law is of fundamental importance to understanding the principles, prospects, and problems of America, the text puts current events in terms of what those who initially drafted and ratified the Constitution sought to accomplish. Each volume examines the interpretations of a variety of sources, including the founding generation, the Supreme Court, lower federal courts and state judiciaries, and extrajudicial materials of constitutional significance (such as congressional acts and resolutions). Volume I focuses on federal rights and powers, and is appropriate for the first semester in the two-semester course sequence in Constitutional Law. Volume II focuses on individuals' rights and responsibilities and is appropriate for the second semester in the two-semester course sequence in Constitutional Law commonly called Civil Rights and Liberties.


Increments of rainfall during a storm event were treated as stochastic variates. Statistical distributions of accumulated rain were developed at 2-hour intervals. Three-parameter lognormal distributions were then fitted simultaneously to the twelve 2-hour histograms by making two of the three parameters continuous functions of elapsed time from beginning of rainfall. After evaluation of the parametric functions by nonlinear least squares, stochastic patterns of storm rainfall can be simulated.


Focused deterrence is a gang violence reduction strategy that relies on a unique mix of strong enforcement messages from law enforcement and judicial officials coupled with the promise of additional services. At the heart of the intervention is a coordinated effort to communicate the costs and consequences of gun violence to identified gang members during face-to-face meetings and additional community messaging. In Philadelphia, focused deterrence was implemented between 2013 and 2016, and although an impact evaluation showed a significant decrease in shootings in targeted areas relative to matched comparison neighborhoods, the effect on targeted gangs was not universal, with some exhibiting no change or an increase in gun-related activity. Here, we employ data on group-level social media usage and content to examine the correlations with gun violence. We find that several factors, including the nature of social media activity by the gang (e.g., extent of activity and who is engaging), are associated with increases in the average rate of gang-attributable shootings during the evaluation period, while content-specific variables (e.g., direct threats towards rivals and law enforcement) were not associated with increases in shootings. Implications for violence reduction policy, including the implementation of focused deterrence, are discussed.


The aim of this paper is to compare different methods for calculating sampling errors in the Spanish Labour Force Survey (EPA). Half sample replication (HSR) is the method currently employed to this end. We compare its results with those obtained with two other more recent techniques, standard delete-one jackknife and Rao-Wu-Yue bootstrap. The paper begins with a brief description of the EPA methodology, and goes on with a theoretical presentation of the above mentioned methods, followed by the coefficient of variation (CV) calculated for the estimates of the most important EPA variables in 2009. Finally, we present a more detailed study for the autonomous community of Galicia. In this NUTS2 the sample has been enlarged in the third quarter of 2009, and this fact allows us to study the changes in the estimates of the variance, in relation to the change in sample size.


From the perspective of the author, "Behind the Stars," takes a meditative look at ancient Inca astronomy and the culture surrounding both the sky and the idea of darkness. A research-based, creative nonfiction essay in which the author explores the history of an Andean rainforest, the people that used to inhabit it, and the constellations above it. Two types of constellations are discussed from a vantage point near the equator – both light-based constellations and the dark constellations specific to the Inca and Quechua cultures. This essay examines the role of astronomy in the Incas' everyday life and culture, while viewing the world with a 21st century writer's awareness. Ancient Inca culture is compared with modern culture in this creative reflection on how people view the world around them, and the ideologies that different cultures embrace. This essay introduces big picture ideas through the frames of history, astronomy, and reflection.


Although 4-month-olds perceive continuity of an object's trajectory through occlusion, little is known about the information specifying an occluding surface at this age. We investigated this in 3 experiments involving 84 participants. Testing the claim that 5-month-olds are unable to perceive the Kanizsa figure as an occluding surface (Csibra, 2001), we demonstrated that 4-month-olds perceived trajectory continuity behind this figure providing its horizontal extent was small. We demonstrated that the presence of visible occluding edges or occlusion of background was insufficient to specify an occluding surface but that their combination was sufficient. Thus, beyond object deletion and accretion, both visible occluding edges and occlusion of background are necessary for perception of occluding surfaces at this age.


This paper presents calculations demonstrating that non-square quantum well growth (well shaping) can result in reduced threshold current for tensilely strained quantum well bipolar diode lasers operating at 1.52im m. Calculations of subband structure, optical matrix elements and laser gain are performed for arbitrarily shaped quantum wells based on a 4-band (electron/heavyhole/ light-hole/split off-hole) Hamiltonian. For long wavelength (1.3im m to 1.55im) lasers, Auger recombination dominates the threshold current. Compared to a 1.52 mm optimal square well just below critical thickness, an InGaAs-InGaAsP (on InP) well incorporating potential 'spikes' and having the same wavelength can be much wider. The wider well, possible with well shaping, results in a lower value for three-dimensional (3D) carrier density at a given value of modal gain. For low loss lasers, this implies a reduction in Auger (and hence total) threshold current to a value below the best obtainable in a laser based on a square quantum well.


The two parameter family of coefficients $K_{\lambda \mu}(q,t)$ introduced by Macdonald are conjectured to $(q,t)$ count the standard tableaux of shape $\lambda $. If this conjecture is correct, then there exist statistics $a_\mu(T)$ and $b_\mu(T)$ such that the family of symmetric functions $H_\mu[X;q,t] = \sum_\lambda K_{\lambda \mu}(q,t) s_\lambda [X]$ are generating functions for the standard tableaux of size $|\mu|$ in the sense that $H_\mu[X;q,t] = \sum_{T} q^{a_\mu(T)} t^{b_\mu(T)} s_{\lambda (T)}[X]$ where the sum is over standard tableau of of size $|\mu|$. We give a formula for a symmetric function operator $H_2^{qt}$ with the property that $H_2^{qt} H_{(2^a1^b)}[X;q,t]= H_{(2^{a+1}1^b)}[X;q,t]$. This operator has a combinatorial action on the Schur function basis. We use this Schur function action to show by induction that $H_{(2^a1^b)}[X;q,t]$ is the generating function for standard tableaux of size $2a+b$ (and hence that $K_{\lambda (2^a1^b)}(q,t)$ is a polynomial with non-negative integer coefficients). The inductive proof gives an algorithm for 'building' the standard tableaux of size $n+2$ from the standard tableaux of size $n$ and divides the standard tableaux into classes that are generalizations of the catabolism type. We show that reversing this construction gives the statistics $a_\mu(T)$ and $b_\mu(T)$ when $\mu$ is of the form $(2^a1^b)$ and that these statistics prove conjectures about the relationship between adjacent rows of the $(q,t)$-Kostka matrix that were suggested by Lynne Butler.


Over a 12-mo period, the frequency of severe hypoglycemic episodes was measured in a population of approximately 400 (50% type I) diabetic patients treated with insulin. There were 32 severe insulin reactions in 26 patients, a patient-yr incidence of 8%. The major precipitating causes were patients' errors (nine), and too much insulin or a wrong combination (six). In seven cases no cause could be found. For the group as a whole there was clear evidence of overtreatment as measured by insulin doses (0.89 ± 0.43 U/kg/day versus 0.65 ± 0.34 U/kg/day in a convenience group of 100 patients from the same diabetic population [P < 0.05]). Furthermore, 6–12 mo after the event the mean insulin dose had decreased from 0.82 ± 0.25 to 0.69 ± 0.27 U/kg/day in the subgroup of 20 hypoglycemic patients that could be followed (P < 0.001). The mean HbAlc levels of the hypoglycemic group and the control group differed significantly (8.1 ± 1.3% versus 8.7 ± 1.7%, P < 0.05). Six to 12 mo after the reaction, the mean HbA1C level in the follow-up subgroup rose from 8.1 ± 1.3% to 9.1 ± 1.1% (P < 0.05). Patients' errors as a cause of the insulin reaction were not only the result of the patients' deficient knowledge but more often of lack of alertness and carelessness. We conclude that it is not possible to prevent all the severe hypoglycemic reactions in diabetic patients. However, besides avoiding overtreatment by the physician, teaching patients to respond more adequately to changing circumstances in daily life or to warning signs could also reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia.