A new method of filtering strategy, referred to as the Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF) is reviewed and applied to the problem of state estimation. The reaching stability of the SVSF (closely related to that of Variable Structure Control (VSC)), is verified by a mathematical proof. The mathematical foundation behind, and the methodology of SVSF are presented. The robustness of SVSF to system noise, measured noise and parameter variations is verified by a numerical example.


A central challenge in evolutionary biology concerns the mechanisms by which complex adaptations arise. Such adaptations depend on the fixation of multiple, highly specific mutations, where intermediate stages of evolution seemingly provide little or no benefit. It is generally assumed that establishment of complex adaptations is very slow in nature, as they demand special population genetic circumstances. However, blueprints of complex adaptations in molecular systems are pervasive and generally have multiple independent origins, indicating that they can readily evolve. Here we discuss the potential mechanisms whereby such complex adaptations evolve with the aim to derive testable predictions. We first summarize the limits of non-adaptive scenarios, and argue that complex molecular traits can readily evolve through series of adaptive steps in dynamically changing environments.


A prospective! descriptive! non-comparative pilot study was used to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for the treatment of patients with refractory diabetic macular edema that had not responded to laser treatment. Forty eyes of 35 patients with visual acuity (VA) < 6/12 were infected with TA 4 mgl 0.1 cc under topical anesthesia. Results were assessed and analyzed using changes in visual acuity (VA), retinal thickness (RT) and macular volume measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). In 62.85 % of cases the VA improved by more than two Snellen's lines, the initial VA (mean! log MAR) being 0.67 changing to 0.31 after six months (p = 0.008). RT improved in all patients, having the most remarkable improvement in the Macular Volume, with a decrease of 2.7 mm3 at the end of the study (p = 0.009). Both improvement ofVA and RT were more marked during the early follow-up. The most common complication was ocular hypertension (OHT) in 22.5 % of eyes, all of which responded to medical antiglaucoma treatment. Intravitreal injection ofTA looks to be a useful option for the treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema.


As educators we are facing an unprecedented challenge to prepare our students not only for traditional careers but also for future careers that don't exist today. Many of these careers will require a firm grounding in disciplines such as physics, along with multidisciplinary, Global, and systems thinking skill sets. Our Multidisciplinary Sustainability Education (MSE) project is addressing this challenge by creating sustainability-themed modules where a variety of courses in a range of disciplines tackle relevant, real-world problems from each discipline's perspective.1 Each course involved in a module, which addresses an overarching question, has students write technical reports, using their discipline knowledge to address the question, and they are expected to read and synthesize reports from other discipline-based courses. This paper discusses one of our modules, "What Are the Current and Future Impacts of Global Climate Change on Polar Bears?" and how students studying thermal physics can help answer ...


Music Structure Discovery (MSD) for popular music is a well known task in Music Information Retrieval (MIR). The proposed approach tries to find the basic musical structure of a piece of music, by applying a template matching algorithm on a modified, bar level Self Distance Matrix (SDM). Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) are used to represent timbral qualities of the audio material while chroma vectors are selected to incorporate pitch and harmonic content. The new idea of template matching instead of trying to find explicit blocks or off-diagonal lines is independent of any specific characteristics of the underlying SDM and can therefore be used on a wide range of different songs.


The primary mesenchyme cells of the sea urchin embryo construct an elaborate calcareous endoskeletal spicule beginning at gastrulation. This process begins by ingression of prospective primary mesenchyme cells into the blastocoel, after which they migrate and then fuse to form a syncytium. Skeleton deposition occurs in spaces enclosed by the cytoplasmic cables between the cell bodies. Experiments are described which probe the role of proteases in these early events of spicule formation and their role in the continued elaboration of the spicule during later stages of embryogenesis. We find that several inhibitors of metalloproteinases inhibit the continuation of spiculogenesis, an effect first reported by Roe et al. (Exp. Cell Res. 181, 542-550, 1989). A detailed study of one of these inhibitors, BB-94, shows that fusion of primary mesenchyme cells still occurs in the presence of the inhibitor and the formation of the first calcite granule is not impeded. Continued elaboration of the spicule, however, is completely stopped; addition of the inhibitor during the active elongation of the spicule stops further elongation immediately. Removal of the inhibitor allows resumption of spicule growth. The inhibition is accompanied by almost complete cessation of massive Ca ion transport via the primary mesenchyme cells to the spicule. The inhibitor does not prevent the continued synthesis of several spicule matrix proteins. Electron microscopic examination of inhibited primary mesenchyme cells shows an accumulation of characteristic vesicles in the cytoplasm. Gel zymography demonstrates that although most proteases in homogenates of primary mesenchyme cells are not sensitive to the inhibitor in vitro, a protease of low abundance detectable in the medium of cultured primary mesenchyme cells is inhibited by BB-94. We propose that the inhibitor is interfering with the delivery of precipitated calcium carbonate and matrix proteins to the site(s) of spicule growth.


Heterospecific grouping can sometimes provide greater antipredator benefits to individuals than grouping with conspecifics. We explored the potential benefits of mixed-species group resting in the cowtail stingray, Pastinachus sephen, and the reticulate whipray, Himantura uarnak, in Shark Bay, Western Australia. From focal follow data on individual resting choice, we first ascertained that cowtails preferred to rest with heterospecifics, as they chose to settle next to whiprays more often than to pass them (with the opposite trend observed for conspecifics). In addition, we determined from filmed boat transects that cowtails formed larger hetero- than monospecific groups despite the low density of whiprays. Possible benefits accrued by the cowtail were investigated in terms of predator protection. Whiprays responded earlier than cowtails to a mock predator (boat), and were most frequently the first to respond when in a mixed group. Thus, cowtails may benefit from grouping with heterospecifics by receiving earlier warning of a predator's approach. A decoy experiment using model whiprays demonstrated that cowtails were more willing to rest with models with relatively longer tails (controlled for body size). Ray tails, which are equipped with a mechanoreceptor capable of detecting predators, may constitute an important secondary means of predator detection aside from early warning. This contention is supported by the observation that stingrays mainly form resting groups when their visual ability is likely to be impaired by environmental conditions, and that tail length is negatively allometric with body size, suggesting its importance in vulnerable early life stages. If the efficacy of the mechanoreceptor increases with tail length, then cowtails may have further improved their likelihood of detecting predators by grouping with longer-tailed heterospecifics.


This paper presents a differential entropy calculation method to be used for particle mixtures in particle filters. First it is shown that the exact differential entropy of particle mixtures is minus infinity and therefore useless in practice. The disadvan- tage of using discrete entropy formulation instead of differential entropy is also explained. Unlike the kernel-based methods in the literature, a Bayes rule based approximation is then pro- posed. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated on a basic Gaussian mixture example.


Beginning in the late eighteenth century, huge circular panoramas presented their audiences with resplendent representations that ranged from historic battles to exotic locations. Such panoramas were immersive but static. There were other panoramas that moved--hundreds, and probably thousands of them. Their history has been largely forgotten. In Illusions in Motion, Erkki Huhtamo excavates this neglected early manifestation of media culture in the making. The moving panorama was a long painting that unscrolled behind a "window" by means of a mechanical cranking system, accompanied by a lecture, music, and sometimes sound and light effects. Showmen exhibited such panoramas in venues that ranged from opera houses to church halls, creating a market for mediated realities in both city and country. In the first history of this phenomenon, Huhtamo analyzes the moving panorama in all its complexity, investigating its relationship to other media and its role in the culture of its time. In his telling, the panorama becomes a window for observing media in operation. Huhtamo explores such topics as cultural forms that anticipated the moving panorama; theatrical panoramas; the diorama; the "panoramania" of the 1850s and the career of Albert Smith, the most successful showman of that era; competition with magic lantern shows; the final flowering of the panorama in the late nineteenth century; and the panorama's afterlife as a topos, traced through its evocation in literature, journalism, science, philosophy, and propaganda.


Rationale: Leukotrienes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbations of COPD, but leukotriene modifiers have not been studied as a possible therapy for exacerbations. Objective: We sought to test the safety and efficacy of adding oral zileuton (a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor) to usual treatment for acute exacerbations of COPD requiring hospitalization. Methods: Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of zileuton 600 mg orally, 4 times daily versus placebo for 14 days starting within 12 hours of hospital admission for COPD exacerbation. Primary outcome measure was hospital length of stay; secondary outcomes included treatment failure and biomarkers of leukotriene production. Main Findings: Sixty subjects were randomized to zileuton and 59 to placebo (the study was stopped short of enrollment goals because of slow recruitment). There was no difference in hospital length of stay (3.75 ± 2.19 vs. 3.86 ± 3.06 days for zileuton vs. placebo, p = 0.39) or treatment failure (23% vs. 27% for zileuton vs. placebo, p = 0.63) despite a decline in urinary LTE4 levels in the zileuton-treated group as compared to placebo at 24 hours (change in natural log-transformed ng/mg creatinine −1.38 ± 1.19 vs. 0.14 ± 1.51, p < 0.0001) and 72 hours (−1.32 ± 2.08 vs. 0.26 ± 1.93, p<0.006). Adverse events were similar in both groups. Principal Conclusions: While oral zileuton during COPD exacerbations that require hospital admission is safe and reduces urinary LTE4 levels, we found no evidence suggesting that this intervention shortened hospital stay, with the limitation that our sample size may have been insufficient to detect a modest but potentially meaningful clinical improvement.


This thesis investigates States Parties' implementation of the 1972 UNESCO
Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Its
objectives are two-fold. The first of these is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of
the evolution of the values for which cultural heritage sites have been nominated for
World Heritage status in relation to the decisions of the World Heritage Committee
across different categories of cultural heritage. The second objective is the examination
of States Parties' representations of the past and the nation, of human and cultural
diversity, of economic value, and of authenticity and conservation by means of an
evaluation of sampled nomination dossiers of cultural heritage sites for inclusion on
the World Heritage List.
The thesis methodology is based on intensive archival work of UNESCO documents as
well as value-led analyses of one hundred and six purposefully sampled nomination
dossiers. ATLAS. ti, a Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software program,
was used for the quantitative and qualitative analyses and interpretation of the sampled
data set. The end result has been to identify how States Parties have understood the
notion of outstanding universal value which is the key and central concept of the
World Heritage Convention. It has also been to highlight the problems in States
Parties' implementation of the World Heritage Convention and in the requested format
of nomination dossiers. This has led to practical changes to official discourses on
World Heritage and suggestions for procedural improvements. These changes and
suggestions should help States Parties to identify better the values for which sites are
being nominated for World Heritage status and improve their long-term conservation
and management.


This paper examines the use of the HathiTrust Digital Library as a resource for locating primary sources in the course of historical research. It focuses on the incorporation of library metadata into HathiTrust database records and the benefits this has on search strategies. The author outlines a method for locating primary sources that reduces information overload and allows researchers to target specific types of documents commonly used by historians. Historians report turning more and more frequently to open book repositories to find relevant material for their research, but also that searching full text databases often leads to information overload. The case study presented demonstrates that HathiTrust provides not only a rich collection of primary sources, but also that its inclusion of Library of Congress Subject Headings creates a uniquely effective means of searching them with higher recall and precision. Despite their usefulness, the author identifies some limitations to searching LCSH in HathiTrust and makes recommendations for overcoming them. Librarians in academic environments should promote the informed use of HathiTrust among their faculty as a way of providing superior research support and improving collaboration between researchers and librarians.


Television past, as LP Hartley might have once said, is another country. And, in the early 1980s it certainly was a different beast. There were still only three channels to watch; the evening's programmes finished with the playing of the national anthem; and the biggest prize on TV was not Chris Tarrant's million pounds but a speedboat on Bullseye ...But as Tom Bromley suggests in this funny and warming memoir, all that was about to change: The 1980s saw the end of the original golden era of television, and the beginnings of TV as we know it today. In 1982, Channel 4 became the first new terrestrial channel for almost twenty years and by the end of the decade, Rupert Murdoch's Sky Television was vying to become Britain's first multi-channel provider. The result of all this was that slowly but surely, British viewers had more choice than ever before and the cost of this choice was the erosion of television as a shared national event. And no-one felt this change more deeply than Tom Bromley. Television played a large part in Tom's childhood. His first word was 'two', as in BBC Two, and his earliest childhood memory is seeing Johnny Ball at a church fete. With great humour and affection, Tom Bromley tells the story of a childhood spent with his three siblings and that other all-important family member; the television set.


This work presents a three-dimensional CFD study of a two-phase flow field in a Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) using CFX4.3™, a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The numerical analysis was made for air-water mixtures at near atmospheric conditions, while both liquid and gas flow rates were changed. The two-phase flow behavior is modeled using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach, considering both phases as an interpenetrating continuum. This method computed the inter-phase phenomena by including a source term in the momentum equation to consider the drag between the liquid and gas phases. The gas phase is modeled as a bimodal bubble size distribution to allow for the presence of free- and entrapment gas, simultaneously. The results (free surface shape and liquid angular velocity) show a reasonable match with experimental data. The CFD technique here proposed, demonstrates to satisfactorily reproduce angular velocities of the phases and their spatial distribution inside the GLCC. Computed results also proved to be useful in forecasting bubble and droplet trajectories, from which gas carry under (GCU) and liquid carry over (LCO) might be estimated. Nevertheless, moderate differences found between the computed GCU and experimental measurements, suggests that new adjustments may be done to the numerical model to improve its accuracy.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


Technology of fine pitch interconnect with lead-free solder joint has been developed to enhance the performance of flip-chip high density packages. This study presents an investigation of solder bump forming behavior by means of CFD simulation analysis. The flow motion of molten solder is analyzed with 3D model we developed, and the simulation result is validated with the experiment. Moreover, the investigation of factors affecting solder bridging across adjacent pads is also performed. It is revealed that wettability between liquid solder and organic insulator, which is represented as contact angle in the calculation has large effect on the solder bridging phenomena. The simulation result suggests that worsening the wettability of the insulator can reduce the occurrence of bridging.


"Richard White's study of the collapse into 'dependency' of three Native American subsistence economies represents the best kind of interdisciplinary effort. Here ideas and approaches from several fields--mainly anthropology, history, and ecology--are fruitfully combined in one inquiring mind closely focused on a related set of large, salient problems...A very sophisticated study, a 'best read' in Indian history."--American Historical Review "The book is original, enlightening, and rewarding. It points the way to a holistic manner in which tribal histories and studies of Indian-white relations should be written in the future. It can be recommended to anyone interested in Indian affairs, particularly in the question of the present-day dependency plight of the tribes."--Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., Western Historical Quarterly "The Roots of Dependency is a model study. With a provocative thesis tightly argued, it is extensively researched and well written. The nonreductionist, interdisciplinary approach provides insight heretofore beyond the range of traditional methodologies...To the historiography of the American Indian this book is an important addition."--W. David Baird, American Indian Quarterly Richard White is a professor of history at the University of Washington. He is the winner of the Albert J. Beveridge Award of the American Historical Asso-ciation, the James A. Rawley Prize presented by the Organization of Ameri-can Historians and the Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians. His books include The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West and The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River


To investigate the properties and structures of soot particles derived from candle combustion, two deposition routes were performed. In "Route-1," the aerosol (soot) particles were collected by direct exposure of a substrate in a chamber with controlled airflows. In "Route-2," deposited soot nanoparticles was transferred into suspension and subsequently, the deposition of particles on to the substrate was achieved by an electrospray. Raman spectral analysis has shown the difference of G-band intensity relative to D-band between hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle layers obtained from different collection regions of the candle flame. It also reveals the effect of airflows during the collection to the ratio of the D to G peak. Meanwhile, the Raman spectra of the particles seem invariant to the preparation methods of suspension and electrospray deposition process. From the curve gradient of spectroscopy (190–2500 nm) results, the electrospray-deposited particle layers (Route-2) show higher absorbance in the near-infrared region compared to direct-deposited particle layers (Route-1). This change in the spectrum may due to the change in morphology of nanoparticle layers formed by each route.


Previous study on Cancer setosus Molina, 1782 showed that latitudinal changes in temperature control the number of annual egg masses. This study focused on the effects of pre- oviposition temperature and female size on egg traits in C. setosus from northern (Antofagasta, 23° S) and central-southern (Puerto Montt, 41°S) Chile. Blastula eggs produced in nature ranged in dry mass (DM) from 9.1 to 15.1 µg, in carbon (C) from 4.8 to 8.4 µg, in nitrogen (N) from 1.0 to 1.6 µg, in C:N ratio between 4.7 and 5.4, and in volume (V) between 152 and 276 mm 3 × 10 -4 per female. Blastula eggs from females caught early in the reproductive season in Puerto Montt (September 2006) were significantly higher in DM, C, N, and V than those of females caught 2 mo later, reflecting a seasonal increase in water temperature. In Puerto Montt 'early' and 'late' season blastula eggs were higher in DM, C, N, and V than eggs from Antofagasta by about 32 and 20%, respectively. Sub- sequent egg masses produced in captivity in Puerto Montt followed this pattern of smaller eggs with lower DM, C, and N content at higher pre-oviposition temperatures. In Antofagasta no significant difference in DM, C, N, and V between eggs produced in nature and subsequent eggs produced in captivity was found and all egg traits were significantly positively affected by maternal size. Repro- ductive plasticity in C. setosus helps to explain the species wide latitudinal distribution range.


Now in its fifteenth printing, "In the Mind's Eye" has been recognised as a classic in its field. The book still stands alone as a uniquely compelling argument for the great importance of visual thinking and visual technologies as well as the high creative potential of many individuals with dyslexia or other learning difficulties. In this second edition, Thomas G West reviews a number of recent developments that support and extend the perspectives and expectations originally set forth in the first edition. In addition to the original eleven portraits of famous individuals with learning difficulties (including Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison), he has added brief profiles of two dyslexic scientists known for their ability to generate, in quite different fields, powerful but unexpected innovations and discoveries: William J Dreyer, a Caltech professor who used his highly visual imagination to see things in molecular biology and immunology well before others; and John R (Jack) Horner, who flunked out of the University of Montana seven times (requiring letters of support for readmission) but is now known as one of the three most important palaeontologists in the world. Recognised as among the 'best of the best' by the American Library Association in their broad psychology and neuroscience category, this title belongs on the bookshelves of anyone with an interest in visual thinking, visual technologies and highly creative people with learning difficulties.


Introduction: Every dental health professional should have the essential knowledge to identify, assess and manage a potentially life-threatening situation. Aim: To assess the experience, awareness, and perceptions about medical emergencies among dental interns in Chennai city, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out in four randomly selected dental colleges of Chennai city. Data were collected using a self-administered, structured, closed-ended 20-item questionnaire. It consists of questions on experience of medical emergencies encountered by interns during their graduation, awareness of the essential drugs and equipment, the amount of medical emergencies training undertaken by participants, preparedness of interns in handling medical emergencies. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, were used. Results: Out of 335 interns, 157 (47%) said that syncope was the most common medical emergency event encountered by the interns. Regarding awareness about essential drugs, about 161 (48%) study participants answered oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, antihistamine, salbutamol, and aspirin as emergency drugs. About half of the study participants, 187 (56%) were aware that pressure should be given to the affected site, with or without suturing if the greater palatine artery is inadvertently cut. The majority of the interns (93%) preferred to have a specified training on the handling of medical emergencies in dental practice. Conclusions: Syncope was the most common medical emergency event. Awareness about the essential drugs, equipment, and preparedness of dental interns in handling medical emergencies was low.


Figures of vengeful female ghosts are commonly visualized in Asian horror cinema as an allegorical response to patriarchal injustice. Banjong Pisanthanakun and Parkpoom Wongpoom's Shutter (2004) utilizes this trope by highlighting the psychological subjectivity of the central protagonist Tun as he deals with the loss of a love-object while sustaining a desire to bolster his egocentricity. By utilizing psychoanalytic knowledge informed by Freudian concepts of melancholia and narcissism, this essay will examine how the character's psychological burden emerges as a complex allegory that reflects on culturally specific gender ideology. Framed against the larger metanarrative of gender inequality that underscores contemporary Thailand's social landscape, Tun's relationship with his love-object is representative of the way in which men continue to oppress, (ab)use and construct women for their own desires and ends. The manifestation of male psychological damage further underlines the unjust gender ideology that remains entrenched in the patriarchalinflected Thai-Buddhist belief system.


Aims: To estimate the willingness to pay for health improvements among participants in the programme ''Physical Activity on Prescription''. The objective was also to examine predictors such as income, education level, health status, activity level and BMI, differences for long- and short-term health effects of physical activity and differences between a high- and low-intensity activity group. Methods: Willingness to pay (WTP) data were collected alongside a randomized, controlled trial in Sweden 2007, and 128 sedentary individuals, 20—80 years old (intervention/high-intensity group n = 71, control/low-intensity group n = 57), with lifestyle-related health problems answered open-ended questions in this contingent valuation study. Results: The highest mean WTP (59/SEK 552) was stated for an immediate health improvement, but no significant differences compared with long-term health improvements. The high-intensity group showed higher WTP-values for all health improvements, but without significant differences compared with a low-intensity group. Regression analyses show strong associations between a higher level of education and the WTP for improved well-being and improved health, and also between income and the WTP for improved well-being. There are significant correlations between the WTP and the variables BMI, income and education level, as expected from economic theories. Conclusions: The willingness to pay for the health improvements of exercise is influenced by a higher education level, income and BMI. The highest WTP for a health outcome of physical activity is for an immediate health improvement. The results of this randomized controlled trial in primary health care may be of interest to decision makers when evaluating different approaches to promoting physical activity among people who are sedentary.


The global distribution of mama/papa kinship terms has been traditionally explained as the result of linguistic convergence, not of common origin. It is usually alleged that these terms are in no way resistant to linguistic change and that they are subject to constant modification, loss and replacement by other nursery-shaped kinship terms. A serious etymological survey shows that kinship nursery terms are, to the contrary, extraordinarily resistant to phonetic and semantic change, as the most ancient written data clearly prove. The cumulative evidence discards the traditional linguistic explanation for the global distribution of mama/papa words and advocates for their antiquity within the language families where they are found and, further, for their common descent from a language ancestral to all existing languages.


Ecohydrology: Vegetation Function, Water and Resource Management describes and provides a synthesis of the different disciplines required to understand the sustainable management of water in the environment in order to tackle issues such as dryland salinity and environmental water allocation. It provides in the one volume the fundamentals of plant ecophysiology, hydrology and ecohydrology as they relate to this topic.

Both conceptual foundations and field methods for the study of ecohydrology are provided, including chapters on groundwater dependent ecosystems, salinity and practical case studies of ecohydrology. The importance of ecologically sustainable development and environmental allocations of water are explained in a chapter devoted to policy and principles underpinning water resource management and their application to water and vegetation management. A chapter on modelling brings together the ecophysiological and hydrological domains and compares a number of models that are used in ecohydrology.

For the sustainable management of water in Australia and elsewhere, this important reference work will assist land managers, industry, policy makers, students and scientists achieve the required understanding of water in landscapes.


Given former Prime Minister Koizumis reformist zeal, agriculture might have been expected to be high on his list of targets for so-called structural reform. However, an investigation of the record of his administration on agricultural policy reveals only modest achievements in terms of policy innovation for agriculture and farm trade. To some extent Japans farming sector has been impacted by processes of fiscal reform and deregulation as well as cutbacks in rural public works. Koizumi-initiated reforms to the policymaking process have also served to reduce the power of individual ruling Liberal Democratic Party politicians as representatives of special interests. However, the bureaucratic, party and interest group actors within the agricultural policy community retain their independent policymaking authority over the farm sector. Furthermore, the vertically segmented nature of Japans policymaking process will continue to limit the possibility of trade-offs between agriculture and business over issues such as Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).


Chromosomal organization is relatively stable among avian species, especially with regards to sex chromosomes. Members of the large Sylvioidea clade however have a pair of neo-sex chromosomes which is unique to this clade and originate from a parallel translocation of a region of the ancestral 4A chromosome on both W and Z chromosomes. Here, we took advantage of this unusual event to study the early stages of sex chromosome evolution. To do so, we sequenced a female (ZW) of two Sylvioidea species, a Zosterops borbonicus and a Z. pallidus. Then, we organized the Z. borbonicus scaffolds along chromosomes and annotated genes. Molecular phylogenetic dating under various methods and calibration sets confidently confirmed the recent diversification of the genus Zosterops (1-3.5 million years ago), thus representing one of the most exceptional rates of diversification among vertebrates. We then combined genomic coverage comparisons of five males and seven females, and homology with the zebra finch genome (Taeniopygia guttata) to identify sex chromosome scaffolds, as well as the candidate chromosome breakpoints for the two translocation events. We observed reduced levels of within-species diversity in both translocated regions and, as expected, even more so on the neoW chromosome. In order to compare the rates of molecular evolution in genomic regions of the autosomal-to-sex transitions, we then estimated the ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms (πN/πS) and substitutions (dN/dS). Based on both ratios, no or little contrast between autosomal and Z genes was observed, thus representing a very different outcome than the higher ratios observed at the neoW genes. In addition, we report significant changes in base composition content for translocated regions on the W and Z chromosomes and a large accumulation of transposable elements (TE) on the newly W region. Our results revealed contrasted signals of molecular evolution changes associated to these autosome-tosex transitions, with congruent signals of a W chromosome degeneration yet a surprisingly weak support for a fast-Z effect. Key-words : Sex chromosome, molecular evolution, molecular dating, bird diversification, Sylvioidae, Zosterops.


We document a novel bidding pattern observed in procurement auctions from Japan: winning bids tend to be isolated. There is a missing mass of close losing bids. This pattern is suspicious in the following sense: it is inconsistent with competitive behavior under arbitrary information structures. Building on this observation, we develop a theory of data-driven regulation based on "safe tests," i.e. tests that are passed with probability one by competitive bidders, but need not be passed by non-competitive ones. We provide a general class of safe tests exploiting weak equilibrium conditions, and show that such tests reduce the set of equilibrium strategies that cartels can use to sustain collusion. We provide an empirical exploration of various safe tests in our data, as well as discuss collusive rationales for missing bids.


The aim of this study is to examine and understand the money
supply process in Malaysia since an understanding of this process is
very useful not only to monetary authorities but also to all others
who regard money as an important economic variable.
A theoretical "monetary base-maley multiplier" model of Narrow
Money Supply (M1) is formulated that expresses Narrow Money Supply
as t he product of the monetary base and the money multiplier. In
turn, the monetary base is stated in terms of its uses and sources
While the money multiplier is expressed in terms of several component
ratios, namely, the currency ratio, Bank Negara Malaysia demand
deposit ratio, time deposit ratio, Government deposit ratio,
statutory (required) reserve ratio and the excess reserve ratio.
According to this model, the money supply process in Malaysia is influenced jointly by the policy decisions of Bank Negara Malaysia
together with the portfolio decisions of commercial banks and the
non-bank private sector and t he decisions of the Government with
respect to the maintenance of its deposits with Bank Negara Malaysia
and t he commercial banks.
An empirical "monetary base-money multiplier " model of the
monetary aggregate is formulated. In this model,the monetary base
and each of the component ratios of the money multiplier are
regressed on the economic and institutional variables that are
hypothesized to affect them, respectively. The behavioural decision
of the non-bank private sector represented by the currency ratio,
Bank Negara Malaysia demand deposit ratio and the time deposit ratio
is found to be influenced by the average personal tax rate, interest
rates and the number of commercial bank offices deflated by
population. The results indicate that income determines the
behavioural decision of commercial banks which is reflected by their
excess reserve ratio.The behavioural decision of Bank Negara
Malaysia and the decision of the Government with respect to the
maintenance of its deposits with t he former,represented by the
monetary base, are believed to be affected by the exchange rate,
foreign income, Government expenditure and the ratio of domestic
interest rate to foreign interest rate.


Hollow particles have the potential for a broad range of applications, but most specifically drug delivery. However, their synthesis can be tedious, requiring techniques such as high energy input or a sacrificial template. Furthermore, loading the final capsules with drugs, catalysts or any other compound is often associated with a low loading efficiency. In this study, we have explored the use of "Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG)" membrane emulsification to create a wide size range of water droplets stabilized with an amphiphilic block copolymer. Polymeric capsules were subsequently created via inverse emulsion periphery RAFT polymerization (IEPP). By changing the pore size of the SPG membrane (0.2–3 μm), we have succeeded in controlling the polymeric microcapsule size from submicron to tens of microns. In addition to this, the process allowed simultaneous and efficient encapsulation of water-soluble compounds such as proteins.


The Jamaican reggae beat has had a major impact on global popular music during the last fifteen years and carried along on that lurching, jerking rhythm is the message of the oppressed black masses of Jamaica which has touched the hearts and minds of millions of blacks and whites worldwide. This journal article is available in Kunapipi: http://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol2/iss2/17


We report an experiment which seeks to determine how novice users' conceptual understanding of graphs differs depending on the nature of the interaction with them. Undergraduate psychology students were asked to interpret three-variable "interaction" data in either bar or line graph form and were required to either think aloud while doing so or to produce written interpretations.
Analysis of the verbal protocols and written interpretations showed that producing a written interpretation revealed significantly higher levels of comprehension than interpreting them while thinking aloud. Specifically, a significant proportion of line graph users in the verbal protocol condition was either unable to interpret the graphs, or misinterpreted information presented in them. The occurrence of these errors was substantially lower for the bar graph users in the verbal protocol condition. In contrast, analysis of the written condition revealed no significant difference in the level of comprehension between the two graph types. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.


Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. So it is essential to design effective and energy aware protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper, a review on routing protocol in WSNs is carried out which are classified as data-centric, hierarchical and location based depending on the network structure. Then some of the multipath routing protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of each routing algorithm are discussed thereafter. Furthermore, this paper compares and summarizes the performances of routing protocols.


A simplified analysis for computing group efficiency of circular displacement piles in sands is presented. Pile installation is assumed to cause soil displacements in the horizontal direction only, thus yielding an axisymmetric problem. The soil surrounding the pile is modeled as a weightless nonlinear elastic material. Material nonlinearity is handled in a simplified manner by adopting secant shear moduli defined in terms of a proportionality coefficient and a softening factor. The resulting equilibrium equation is solved analytically and an expression is obtained which is also conveniently presented in graphical form. The derived expression can be used to estimate horizontal stress changes and is incorporated into a simple procedure to estimate the ultimate load or efficiency of driven pile groups. An illustrative example is provided and comparisons are made between calculated and measured efficiencies of full-scale group load tests in sand.


The effectiveness of static versus dynamic learning material was tested using fish biodiversity as learning domain. Eighteen fish species were presented either as videos or selected freeze-frames to students. Thereafter, students exercised identifying these species in their natural habitats during snorkeling. Students' knowledge of biodiversity was measured from test videos before (posttest 1) and after (posttest 2) snorkeling as the number of recognized species. Results showed significant knowledge gains between posttest 1 and 2. For the presentation format (static vs. dynamic) there was no significant main effect. However, a significant interaction showed that the students' knowledge improved from posttest 1 to 2 to a larger extent in the dynamic group. The study was conducted within a university curriculum for which a mobile learning scenario using portable DVD-players was applied for the first time. Overall results indicate a high potential for using mobile devices in informal settings during field trips.


Many-core accelerators, as represented by the XeonPhi coprocessors and GPGPUs, allow software to exploit spatial and temporal sharing of computing resources to improve the overall system performance. To unlock this performance potential requires software to effectively partition the hardware resource to maximize the overlap between hostdevice communication and accelerator computation, and to match the granularity of task parallelism to the resource partition. However, determining the right resource partition and task parallelism on a per program, per dataset basis is challenging. This is because the number of possible solutions is huge, and the benefit of choosing the right solution may be large, but mistakes can seriously hurt the performance. In this paper, we present an automatic approach to determine the hardware resource partition and the task granularity for any given application, targeting the Intel XeonPhi architecture. Instead of hand-crafting the heuristic for which the process will have to repeat for each hardware generation, we employ machine learning techniques to automatically learn it. We achieve this by first learning a predictive model offline using training programs; we then use the learned model to predict the resource partition and task granularity for any unseen programs at runtime. We apply our approach to 23 representative parallel applications and evaluate it on a CPU-XeonPhi mixed heterogenous many-core platform. Our approach achieves, on average, a 1.6x (upto 5.6x) speedup, which translates to 94.5% of the performance delivered by a theoretically perfect predictor.


Mobile network operators can track subscribers via passive or active monitoring of device locations. The recorded trajectories offer an unprecedented outlook on the activities of large user populations, which enables developing new networking solutions and services, and scaling up studies across research disciplines. Yet, the disclosure of individual trajectories raises significant privacy concerns: thus, these data are often protected by restrictive non-disclosure agreements that limit their availability and impede potential usages. In this paper, we contribute to the development of technical solutions to the problem of privacy-preserving publishing of spatiotemporal trajectories of mobile subscribers. We propose an algorithm that generalizes the data so that they satisfy-anonymity, an original privacy criterion that thwarts attacks on trajectories. Evaluations with real-world datasets demonstrate that our algorithm attains its objective while retaining a substantial level of accuracy in the data. Our work is a step forward in the direction of open, privacy-preserving datasets of spatiotemporal trajectories.


Wireless monitoring and optimisation of buildings' energy consumption is of central importance for the renovation and energy-efficient operation of buildings since it allows the identification and correction of inefficient energy usage. However, the adoption of monitoring and control systems for building management and control applications is hampered by the unavailability of appropriate tool environments. In this paper an integrated model-driven approach that automates the design from component to application level will be presented to provide optimized building operations. The aim is to create a holistic environment for wireless embedded monitoring and control systems to increase the efficiency of the overall system development process and to exploit their potential for reduction of building energy consumption. To reach this objective, new methods, tools and equipments were researched and integration methods covering integrated design, energy simulation models and data warehouse technologies were developed.


BACKGROUND
Interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children have a growing evidence base. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of specific anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, is now an established intervention. However, a question remains concerning the benefits of parental involvement in treatment. Some studies report limited or no benefit of including parents in treatment, whereas other studies have indicated additional advantages of parental involvement.

INTERVENTION
The present case report describes the treatment of an 11-year-old girl with obsessive-compulsive disorder using cognitive-behavioral therapy derived largely from the treatment approaches outlined in Carr (2006), March and Mulle (1998), and Derisley, Heyman, Robinson, and Turner (2008). The child's mother attended all sessions and also a one-off parent-only session toward the end of treatment. The report considers the benefits of involving the child's mother in treatment and possible factors that could suggest parental involvement is indicated in future cases.

OUTCOMES
Both child and mother, and the therapist, believed that parental involvement had been an important and useful element of treatment. Possible reasons for benefits of parental involvement were considered to be high parental anxiety at the outset of treatment, age of the client, and involvement of the parent in obsessions and compulsions.


HIV-1 protease is an important target for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. However, drug resistance is a persistent problem and new inhibitors are needed. An approach toward understanding enzyme chemistry, the basis of drug resistance, and the design of powerful inhibitors is to establish the structure of enzymatic transition states. Enzymatic transition structures can be established by matching experimental kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) with theoretical predictions. However, the HIV-1 protease transition state has not been previously resolved using these methods. We have measured primary 14C and 15N KIEs and secondary 3H and 18O KIEs for native and multidrug-resistant HIV-1 protease (I84V). We observed 14C KIEs (14V/K) of 1.029 ± 0.003 and 1.025 ± 0.005, 15N KIEs (15V/K) of 0.987 ± 0.004 and 0.989 ± 0.003, 18O KIEs (18V/K) of 0.999 ± 0.003 and 0.993 ± 0.003, and 3H KIEs (3V/K) KIEs of 0.968 ± 0.001 and 0.976 ± 0.001 for the native and I84V enzyme, respectively. The chemical reaction involves nucleophilic water attack at the carbonyl carbon, proton transfer to the amide nitrogen leaving group, and C-N bond cleavage. A transition structure consistent with the KIE values involves proton transfer from the active site Asp-125 (1.32 Å) with partial hydrogen bond formation to the accepting nitrogen (1.20 Å) and partial bond loss from the carbonyl carbon to the amide leaving group (1.52 Å). The KIEs measured for the native and I84V enzyme indicate nearly identical transition states, implying that a true transition-state analogue should be effective against both enzymes.


In this work the effect of implantation isolation in vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) samples have been investigated cross sectional measurements using scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). The samples consist of two AlGaAs/GaAs Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBR) structures with a GaAs quantum well region sandwiched in between them. The samples were implanted with 330 and 660 keV helium ions using doses from 7*1013 cm-2 to 1*1016 cm-2. Due to variations and uncertainties in the SSRM output quantitative values of resistivity in the highly resistive regions created by ion implantations were not attained. Relative differences, however, were notable for the different doses. It was found that the resistive regions were not located as deep inside the samples for the 660 keV implantations as for the 330 keV. This does not agree with the simulations performed. A correlation between implantation dose and the depth of the resistive region created was also found - higher doses caused resistive regions deeper inside the samples. Furthermore, as the implantation dose is increased the resistive region is confined to only about one AlGaAs/GaAs period of width at the same depth as the wide resistive region for lower doses, i.e. the structure is somehow regaining its conductive properties in the shallow areas only leaving a thin stripe of the resistive region at the deepest end for higher implantation doses. Samples implanted with low He doses were heated in a vacuum furnace at 300, 350 and 380 ˚C. The heated samples showed a tendency to regain the conductivity in the resistive region, similar to the samples implanted with high doses. This suggests that there may be some kind of annealing effect for higher doses, possibly due to the increased flux for higher doses.


Adverse events in Hospitals are often related to surgery and they represent a relevant problem in healthcare. Different approaches have been introduced during the last decade to address the problem of patient safety, especially in the surgical environment. The teamwork is crucial in all these actions which aim to decrease adverse events and improve clinical outcomes. We analyze in particular the use of adverse events capture systems in spinal surgery and the use of checklist systems, starting from the Surgical Safety Checklist introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008.


The value of self-regulation for academic achievement is well established. Thus it is paramount to understand how these abilities are developed throughout childhood and to develop research methodologies appropriate to the abilities of young children. In light of this need, we analyzed performances of primary school children in two constructional play tasks: The Train Track Task (TTT) and the LEGO® Building Task (LBT). We asked: To what extent do young children manifest spontaneous self-regulatory abilities during constructional play tasks? To what extent is the manifestation of these abilities task dependent? The sample consisted of 106 children in Year 1 to 5 in the United Kingdom (i.e., aged 5 to 10 years). All participants were given the same tasks and were video-recorded. Clips were coded following the MetaSCoPE coding scheme. Results show that the different components of self-regulation do develop between Years 1 and 5 but not at a constant pace. Findings reveal inconsistency regarding the question of whether self-regulation abilities are task dependent. Our findings hold practical implications: Constructional play tasks are good opportunities to reveal young children's self-regulation abilities in class. The development of teachers' awareness may help to better understand children's cognitive, affective, and social development and to adjust learning activities to the needs of young individuals.


Concerns about genetic privacy affect individuals' willingness to accept genetic testing in clinical care and to participate in genomics research. To learn what is already known about these views, we conducted a systematic review, which ultimately analyzed 53 studies involving the perspectives of 47,974 participants on real or hypothetical privacy issues related to human genetic data. Bibliographic databases included MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, and Sociological Abstracts. Three investigators independently screened studies against predetermined criteria and assessed risk of bias. The picture of genetic privacy that emerges from this systematic literature review is complex and riddled with gaps. When asked specifically "are you worried about genetic privacy," the general public, patients, and professionals frequently said yes. In many cases, however, that question was posed poorly or only in the most general terms. While many participants expressed concern that genomic and medical information would be revealed to others, respondents frequently seemed to conflate privacy, confidentiality, control, and security. People varied widely in how much control they wanted over the use of data. They were more concerned about use by employers, insurers, and the government than they were about researchers and commercial entities. In addition, people are often willing to give up some privacy to obtain other goods. Importantly, little attention was paid to understanding the factors–sociocultural, relational, and media—that influence people's opinions and decisions. Future investigations should explore in greater depth which concerns about genetic privacy are most salient to people and the social forces and contexts that influence those perceptions. It is also critical to identify the social practices that will make the collection and use of these data more trustworthy for participants as well as to identify the circumstances that lead people to set aside worries and decide to participate in research.


Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is caused by a virus that belongs to coronaviridae family and have a severe respiratory disease, first reported in December 2019 from Wuhan China and became global public health emergency with high escalation rate throughout the world and insidious global threat. Within short period of time it reached all over the world as a global inferno. Hence, in order to curve the pandemic, quality assured laboratory with good networking diagnostic capacities have an indispensable role. Governments and stakeholders should invest in it, especially availing rapid diagnostic tests to manage this global crisis proactively. We have to stop this global menace. Even though there was lots of information. Indeed, still there are increasing demands for quality rapid diagnostics for the novel pathogen to control. Thus, considering the paucity of diagnostic based data on COVID-19, this is to bridge information gaps.


A revised biography of the soprano Joan Sutherland. The possessor of the voice that has thrilled millions was first trained in her birthplace Sydney, Australia and after struggles and disappointments at the Royal College of Music, London, was dramatically transformed into an outstanding operatic phenomenon. It was the crucial role of Richard Bonynge, Joan Sutherland's husband and a distinguished musician in his own right, that steered her towards the coloratura roles that have made her so famous. Norma Major's book is full of insights into the colourful, competitive world of opera, and the particular exigencies of her subject's voice and personality. She also emphasises the key roles in Joan Sutherland's development, such as Lucia di Lammermoor, whether sung at Covent Garden, the Met, the Sydney Opera House or at one of the numerous other locations where the diva has been acclaimed. Of special interest is the catalogue of performances, which provides a previously unpublished documentary record of Joan Sutherland's career, spanning over thirty years, and the complete discography. Norma Major researched this book with Joan Sutherland's co-operation for ten years, and it is a thorough and revealing record of a truly dazzling singer: Dame Joan Sutherland - La Stupenda.


Existing New Zealand building stock contains a significant number of structures designed prior to 1995 with inadequate detailing of the internal or 'gravity' reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Typically these columns have insufficient transverse reinforcement, lap-splices in the plastic hinge region, and longitudinal bars that are 'cranked' at the end of the lap-splice. Columns with such details have been shown to perform poorly when subjected to seismic actions, losing shear and axial load carrying capacity at low levels of drift. A set of displacement based models are presented (and verified experimentally) for the shear failure and subsequent loss of axial capacity for these columns under both uniand bi-directional bending.


Community detection is a widely-studied unsupervised learning problem in which the task is to group similar entities together based on observed pairwise entity interactions. This problem has applications in diverse domains such as social network analysis and computational biology. There is a significant amount of literature studying this problem under the assumption that the communities do not overlap. When the communities are allowed to overlap, often a pure nodes assumption is made, i.e. each community has a node that belongs exclusively to that community. This assumption, however, may not always be satisfied in practice. In this paper, we provide a provable method to detect overlapping communities in weighted graphs without explicitly making the pure nodes assumption. Moreover, contrary to most existing algorithms, our approach is based on convex optimization, for which many useful theoretical properties are already known. We demonstrate the success of our algorithm on artificial and real-world datasets.


In lobbying for the job discrimination provisions of the Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1964, liberal civil rights advocates wanted an administrative job discrimination enforcement regime modeled on the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), with no private lawsuits. Pivotal conservative Republicans, empowered by a divided Democratic Party and the filibuster in the Senate, defeated an administrative framework and provided instead for private lawsuits with incentives for enforcement, including attorney's fees for winning plaintiffs. They were motivated by native suspicion toward bureaucratic regulation of business in general, as well as fear that they would not be able to control an NLRB-style civil rights agency in the hands of their ideological adversaries. In the political environment of 1963–64, some meaningful enforcement provisions were necessary, and to conservative Republicans private litigation was preferable to public bureaucracy. This choice had important self-reinforcing policy feedback effects. Civil rights advocates were initially optimistic about agency implementation and skeptical about the efficacy of private litigation to enforce Title VII, even with attorney's fees for winning plaintiffs. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, civil rights advocates observed an agency lacking the material resources and political will and commitment to carry out its mission. At the same time, they observed levels of private enforcement that far exceeded their expectations, as well as courts inclined toward broadly proplaintiff interpretations of Title VII. The CRA of 1964's attorney's fees provisions also had the effect of contributing funds to civil rights groups that prosecuted lawsuits and of conjuring into being a private, for-profit bar to litigate civil rights claims in general, and job discrimination claims in particular. These developments drove a transformation in the enforcement preferences of civil rights groups toward private litigation, weakening their historic support for administrative implementation. Working together with the burgeoning for-profit civil rights bar, they mobilized to expand the fee-shifting provisions of the CRA of 1964 across the entire field of civil rights, which they accomplished by successfully lobbying for enactment of the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976. Thus was created the modern civil rights enforcement framework.


Complex systems display diversification in type, patterning, and behavior over time through varied selective mechanisms. Such systems are observed in numerous natural and cultural contexts, including nucleosynthesis, minerals, prebiotic organic synthesis, languages, material culture, and cellular life. These systems possess such qualitatively similar characteristics as diversification into new environments (radiation), episodic periods of innovation (punctuation), and loss of types (extinction). Comparisons among these varied systems thus point to general principles of complexification.


Economics imperialism is broadly explained as economics having an impact on other disciplines. But how should economics imperialism be understood when it is in some sense the product of other disciplines having an impact on economics? The paper examines psychology's impact on economics in connection with the emergence of behavioral development economics, and then discusses the nature of behavioral development economics imperialism associated with development economists' explanations of non-market dimensions of life in developing economies in behavioral economics terms. The paper argues that this new form of economics imperialism reflects economics' selective appropriation from psychology of the Kahneman-Tversky heuristics and biases view of choice behavior and rejection of the Gigerenzer-ABC group fast and frugal heuristics view. This selective appropriation, however, causes behavioral development economics imperialism to also function as a social and cultural imperialism since its utility theory-based policy recommendations impose liberal society economic values on developing economy societies. Thus recent economics-plus-psychology imperialism might be said to function as social science imperialism under the leadership of economics.


An asymmetric pairing over groups of composite order is a bilinear map e : G1 ×G2 → GT for groups G1 and G2 of composite order N = pq. We observe that a recent construction of pairing-friendly elliptic curves in this setting by Boneh, Rubin, and Silverberg exhibits surprising and unprecedented structure: projecting an element of the order-N group G1 ⊕G2 onto the bilinear groups G1 and G2 requires knowledge of a trapdoor. This trapdoor, the square root of a certain number modulo N , seems strictly weaker than the trapdoors previously used in composite-order bilinear cryptography. In this paper, we describe, characterize, and exploit this surprising structure. It is our thesis that the additional structure available in these curves will give rise to novel cryptographic constructions, and we initiate the study of such constructions. Both the subgroup hiding and SXDH assumptions appear to hold in the new setting; in addition, we introduce custom-tailored assumptions designed to capture the trapdoor nature of the projection maps into G1 and G2. Using the old and new assumptions, we describe an extended variant of the Boneh-Goh-Nissim cryptosystem that allows a user, at the time of encryption, to restrict the homomorphic operations that may be performed. We also present a variant of the Groth-Ostrovsky-Sahai NIZK, and new anonymous IBE, signature, and encryption schemes.


DTM, dynamic synchronous transfer mode, is a new time division multiplexing technique for fiber networks currently being developed and implemented at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. This paper describes the hardware and software aspects of the design of an SBus host interface to the DTM network for a Sun SPARCstation. The interface is based on a dual port memory residing on the interface card and accesible over the SBus from the host CPU. The host operating system allocates message buffers directly in this memory. The interface has hardware support for segmenting and reassembling packets to and from the data units of the DTM. The software part of the interface manages the shared memory and the virtual circuits provided by the DTM network.


The development of a rural coal seam gas industry in regional Australia, together with its key technology, fracking, has been met by a very active, lively and vocal social protest movement. This 2013 Tricontinental Lecture in Postcolonial Studies reflects on this protest movement from two perspectives. First, it examines what a postcolonial studies perspective may bring to further understanding the relationships and dynamics between the industry and the protest movement. Secondly, it considers what postcolonial scholars themselves may be able to bring to critiques of social issues such as this environmental contention. The example described in this lecture also reminds us that postcolonial studies concerns more than the three continents of the Tricontinent, Latin America, Africa and Asia, and that it is centrally concerned with access to environmental resources. Building on the history of the 1966 Tricontinental Conference in Havana, and the growth of postcolonial political philosophy and studies that focus on power, equity and access in postcolonial societies, this essay considers the power differentials between industry and government on the one hand, and the protest movement on the other. By examining the role of language and its control, a key social process in the wielding of power, it is shown that the coal seam gas development debate is couched in terms of industrial or governmental language, and not in the language of the community. This has three important consequences. First, opponents are forced to express concerns about technical matters or scientific matters, thus legitimising the proposed activity. Secondly, opponents are not authorised, within the formal sphere, to express their own feelings through their language of social anxiety, of love of the country, of being in the community, of history. Thirdly, both sides find themselves in a typical cross-cultural dilemma: either speak an inadequate form of language that the other party understands but that does not actually express what you mean, or speak your own language and risk the other party not understanding what you mean. Copyright © Bill Boyd 2013. This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged. Coolabah, No.12, 2013, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d'Estudis Australians, Australian Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona 2 From a postcolonial studies perspective, this example reminds students of two key processes. First, students need to master the intellectual skills of the humanities in order to provide critical analysis of social situations. Secondly, students need to know that, as western scholars, they are as much part of any postcolonial problem as those in power, and therefore need to develop good reflective skills and to learn to think 'otherwise'. This invited monograph is the text of the lecture, supplemented with further comments and illustrations, delivered to second year Humanities students at the University of Barcelona, Catalonia, on Monday 8th April 2013


The increasing availability of wireless networks and market penetration by portable computing devices require the need for a mobility solution in IP networks. Although there exists an official standard for host mobility, Mobile IP, its design does not meet the requirements of modern IP networks. Basically three problems prevent it from being widely deployed: triangular routing, greater delay because of longer routing paths and high handover latency. Various improvements have been proposed in recent years, each approach addressing some particular problem. However none of them has been accepted and became an official next-generation standard. In this master thesis, we present a real-world IP Mobility System (IPMS) that suits the needs of today's mobile users and the requirements of today's IPv4-based networks. It overcomes several original Mobile IP limitations and is a hybrid combination of multiple improvements. It allows mobile hosts to perform a (almost) seamless transition to other (sub)nets while preserving its existing sessions. We introduce the features of this system, discuss implementation details and perform the testing of critical parameters, protocols and applications. Due to a simple design of this system, it can be deployed on production basis either on a local or on a global scale. Locally it can be considered a cost-saving technology for intra-building mobility, making use of available (wireless) infrastructure consisting of different subnets. On a larger scale this technology may be valuable for Internet Service Providers (ISP) wishing to offer IP roaming services for clients from other networks. Moreover, because of its fast handovers, the IPMS can also be used in moving vehicles and trains provided there is sufficient wireless coverage.


Using microdata from the National Election Study of the 2004 parliamentary elections in India, we empirically examine the impact of political reservation for disadvantaged castes and tribes on voting behavior. We find that in a reserved constituency, where only members of the disadvantaged castes can stand for election, voters of the disadvantaged castes are encouraged to vote. On the other hand, the system of constituency reservation does not have any impact on the turnout of voters belonging to other groups, including relatively upper caste voters. These voters, however, tend to change political party to vote for in reserved constituencies. These findings imply that there is a general acceptance of political reservation in the Indian electoral system.


The recent finding that right-wing parties increasingly make efforts to integrate women's concerns raises questions as to whether ideology still counts as a reliable indicator for women's substantive representation and how different party contexts shape opportunities for the articulation of women's interests. This article therefore critically reassesses how ideology defines the opportunities for women's substantive representation, based on a comparative study of legislators' acting on behalf of women in 14 European countries. We argue that ideology still offers an important explanation for women's substantive representation, but that the link between the two should be conceptualized as complex rather than straightforward. The role of ideology is best understood if scholars (1) adopt an understanding of 'ideology' that allows for more variation and is conceptually different from 'party', (2) differentiate between gendered interests and feminist interests and (3) understand the impact of ideology as both direct and mediated.


The objective is to provide guidance for pregnant women and obstetric care and exercise professionals on prenatal physical activity. The outcomes evaluated were maternal, fetal or neonatal morbidity, or fetal mortality during and following pregnancy. Literature was retrieved through searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, Education Resources Information Center, SPORTDiscus, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Trip Database from inception up to 6 January 2017. Primary studies of any design were eligible, except case studies. Results were limited to English-language, Spanish-language or French-language materials. Articles related to maternal physical activity during pregnancy reporting on maternal, fetal or neonatal morbidity, or fetal mortality were eligible for inclusion. The quality of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. The Guidelines Consensus Panel solicited feedback from end users (obstetric care providers, exercise professionals, researchers, policy organisations, and pregnant and postpartum women). The development of these guidelines followed the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument. The benefits of prenatal physical activity are moderate and no harms were identified; therefore, the difference between desirable and undesirable consequences (net benefit) is expected to be moderate. The majority of stakeholders and end users indicated that following these recommendations would be feasible, acceptable and equitable. Following these recommendations is likely to require minimal resources from both individual and health systems perspectives.


Improvements in in-line inspection (ILI) technology have led to an increase in the probability of detection and ability to characterize geometric features such as wrinkles, the assessment of which was introduced into CSA Z662, "Oil & Gas Pipeline Systems", in the 2015 version.
 The CSA wrinkle acceptance limits are based predominantly on fatigue assessment criteria; part of the assessment procedure is confirmation that wrinkles are free from associated cracking. In practice, this often restricts the assessment to wrinkles that have already been investigated in-field and where the absence of cracking has been confirmed by non-destructive examination (NDE).
 This paper describes the assessment of a series of wrinkles that exceeded the CSA height criteria, reported by ILI within field bends in an insulated liquid pipeline. Strain-based assessment, supported by in-field investigations, was used to investigate the likelihood of associated cracking.
 Utilizing the high resolution caliper ILI tool data, three-dimensional profiles of the wrinkles were generated. Previous work that compared "tool-measured" with "field-measured" profiles identified that caliper tool measurements can underestimate the true depth and profile of wrinkles, this effect is more pronounced for particularly sharp wrinkles. The wrinkle profiles were therefore adjusted based on the historical field-tool correlation. Strain profiles were then calculated using the guidance within ASME B31.8 Appendix R. It was identified that the majority of the wrinkles exceeded the 6% strain limit commonly applied to dents.
 One field bend containing multiple wrinkles was subsequently excavated in order to gather detailed profile information and to inspect for cracking. Upon excavation, the wrinkles were not visually apparent, but their presence was confirmed following removal of the insulating coating. Profile information was subsequently recorded using laser scanning technology. In addition, NDE confirmed the absence of cracking, despite the fact that the majority of wrinkles were associated with strain levels that exceeded the CSA limiting value, 6%. The laser scan data were then compared with the adjusted "tool-measured" profiles. It was observed that the adjusted measurements based on the ILI tool data were conservative, and in some cases excessively so. The caliper measurements were optimized by identifying a factor that could be systematically applied to the "tool-measured" wrinkle profiles, which provided consistency with the profiles measured by the laser scan, thereby improving the accuracy of the dimensions and strain estimation of the remaining (non-excavated) wrinkles.
 Finally, a S-N based fatigue assessment was performed using operational cyclic pressure data and estimates of the stress concentration factors associated with the wrinkles. The calculated fatigue lives exceeded the expected operational life of the pipeline.


Topology control has been well studied in wireless ad hoc networks. However, only a few topology control methods take into account the low interference as a goal of the methods. Some researchers tried to reduce the interference by lowering node energy consumption (i.e. by reducing the transmission power) or by devising low degree topology controls, but none of those protocols can guarantee low interference. Recently, Burkhart et al. [?] proposed several methods to construct topologies whose maximum link interference is minimized while the topology is connected or is a spanner for Euclidean length. In this paper we give algorithms to construct a network topology for wireless ad hoc network such that the maximum (or average) link (or node) interference of the topology is either minimized or approximately minimized.


Industrial SMEs face new challenges in global markets with customers requiring more complete solutions and ability to source their procurements anywhere in the world. If large companies have enough resources to gain from the new opportunities provided by the Chinese market, small SMEs can only compete through cooperation within collaborative networks. The DecoCHina network is an example of such a solution that requires new business processes and the corresponding ICT support tools.


In the run-up to the general election of May 2010 it was universally acknowledged that whatever the outcome, this vote would start a fresh chapter in British political history. But no one anticipated just how fresh that chapter would be - Twists and turns made it an election like no other. David Cameron launched the Tories' poster campaign with an unblemished photograph of himself - and it became the most parodied image of the election. Nick Clegg went into the fi rst of the leaders' television debates derided as 'The Other One' - and emerged as a major player, with 'I agree with Nick' the campaign's unlikely catchphrase. Mrs Gillian Duffy went out to buy a loaf of bread in Rochdale - and happened to encounter Gordon Brown, with disastrous consequences for the Labour cause. But none of the soap opera of the weeks leading up to 6 May could match the drama of the days following the election's inconclusive result: the positioning, the posturing, the negotiating and the bargaining which eventually saw David Cameron moving into 10 Downing Street in a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. A fresh chapter in political history - and a fresh level of political theatre incisively described by Nicholas Jones.


Exit and Voice is a compelling account of how Mexican migrants with strong ties to their home communities impact the economic and political welfare of those they leave behind. In many decentralized democracies like Mexico, migrants step in to supply public goods when local or state government cannot. Though migrants' cross-border investments often improve citizens' access to these goods and create a more responsive local government, their work allows them to unintentionally exert political engagement and power, undermining the influence of those still living in their hometowns. Exit and Voice sheds light on how migrant transnational engagement refashions the meaning of community, democratic governance, and practices of citizenship in the era of globalization. "An extraordinary analysis of what it means to be a migrant. Duquette-Rury gives us a text that goes well beyond the familiar, and situates the migrant in a complex set of vectors, both local and transnational, opening up the meaning of migration itself." SASKIA SASSEN, author of Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy "How do people who move to another country sometimes become more influential in the place they left? Exit and Voice combines surveys and lively details from original fieldwork to explore this paradox and identify the fragile pillars sustaining efforts to live in two worlds." DAVID FITZGERALD, author of Refuge beyond Reach: How Rich Democracies Repel Asylum Seekers "Despite distance and difficulties, migrants around the world reach down into their pockets to help out the communities they left behind. Hoping that migration can spur development and possibly even democracy, scholars and policy makers find the effort laudable. But as Duquette-Rury demonstrates in this brilliant, beautifully written book, engaging from abroad is a challenging enterprise. A book to be savored by scholars and students alike." ROGER WALDINGER, Distinguished Professor and Director of the UCLA Center for the Study of International Migration LAUREN DUQUETTE-RURY is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Wayne State University.


Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is emerging as an imaging technology that can provide centimeter resolution over hundreds-of-meter range on the seafloor. Although the principle of SAS has been known for more than 30 years, SAS systems have only recently become commercially available. The success of SAS is critically dependent on overcoming several challenges related to the ocean environment. The sonar has to be positioned with accuracy better than a fraction of a wavelength along the synthetic aperture. We use the sensor itself for navigation, in combination with aided inertial navigation. The sound velocity has to be accurately estimated for successful focusing of SAS images. We calculate a simple rule of thumb for tolerance and show the effect of incorrect sound velocity. For nonstraight synthetic apertures, the bathymetry must be estimated. We use real aperture interferometry to map the scene before SAS processing. We calculate the required bathymetry accuracy and show the effects of insufficient mapping. Vehicle instability and nonstraight tracks, in combination with insufficient navigation accuracy, can cause grating lobes in the SAS images, which is not common in single-channel synthetic aperture radars. We show example imagery with severe grating lobes. In shallow waters, the acoustic signals will interact with the sea surface, possibly causing multipath. This will reduce the SAS quality. We use coherence to map the signal to multipath and, thereby, the valid sensor range. This paper illustrates the different challenges using examples from the HISAS 1030 interferometric SAS.


Frequent sampling is needed to capture intra-event and seasonal fluctuations of nutrient concentrations for accurate load estimations to surface waters; however, processing water samples for multiple nutrients can be expensive and time consuming. The goal of this study is to investigate electrical conductivity as an inexpensive surrogate for traditional water quality sampling and analysis. This study is being conducted in a heavily tile-drained-agricultural watershed typical of the Des Moines Lobe region of Iowa, Hickory Grove Lake Watershed. This watershed has a unique setup where drained water from a drainage district of 879 ha flows into a single location where both surface runoff and drained water from the drainage district can be monitored separately. Electrical Conductivity (EC) meters, flow meters, and autosamplers (ISCOs) were installed at both surface and subsurface monitoring locations. The samples are being analyzed for nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N), and, total phosphorus (TP). The average EC at the tile drainage outlet and surface water monitoring location was 484 µS/cm and 519 µS/cm, respectively. The average daily nitrate concentrations in 2011 at the watershed outlet and drainage district outlet were 9.06 and 8.28 mg/L, respectively. An inverse relation between EC and flow was observed which is in agreement with findings from previous studies. Significant fluctuations were observed in all the nutrients monitored during runoff events. Better relationships between EC and nutrient concentrations could be used to estimate more accurate TMDLs during runoff events, and thus development of more accurate TMDLs. Rigorous monitoring in similar watersheds can help improve the efficiency of the relationships.


This study is concerned with a qualitative inquiry into how twenty pre-service
physical education teachers, who were taking the full-time two-year teacher education
programme, became occupationally socialised. The research was pursued along the
theoretical lines derived from the interpretive approach. Data were collected through
semi-structured interviews, student records in reflective journals and critical incident
analysis over four sequential data collection phases. For analysis, pre-service teachers
were categorised into five broad groups in accordance with their entry characteristics.
Emergent and recurrent themes in terms of what is classified as teacher perspectives were
traced: these included pre-training dispositions, orientations, professional conceptions,
socialising strategies and sense of agency. The students were found to possess a spectrum
of personality types and attitudinal dispositions including defining orientations toward
sports coaching, apprehensiveness, teaching affinity, pragmatic considerations, and an
easy going style with cognitive and behavioural tendencies ranging from custodial to
progressive and from dominant utilitarian to non-dominant liberal respectively.
Their professional conceptions of promoting learning for the pupils, bringing fun
through games, controlling, maintaining discipline and seeing physical education as
cathartic were revealed and submitted to in-depth analysis. The socialising strategies
adopted for resolving the dissonance they experienced during the learning-to-teach
process included improving their teaching skills, social adaptation and self-defensive
mechanisms. While they all anticipated practical experiences to some extent, they
attended to the pedagogical contents of the teacher education programme in diverse ways.
Their perceptions were transformed to various degrees by the impact of socialising agents
including their coaches, tutors, school supporting teachers, and the programme of
activities and experiences engendered by the teacher education programme as an organic
whole.
The findings of the research should provide a better understanding of the
development of pre-service physical education teachers in Hong Kong especially in
relation to their anticipatory and professional socialisation. The results of the study are
critically considered for their potential impact. Accordingly, clear implications are drawn
to facilitate the socialisation processes of the pre-service PE teachers through the physical
education teacher-training programme.


The main purpose of this thesis is to propose a method for using a change point detection algorithm to forecast short term limit order book price changes. The idea is to test whether a significant change of the shape of the limit order book contains any information about impending changes to mid market. Using a data set consisting of all the changes of the limit order book throughout the trading day, a change point detection algorithm is used to detect what is deemed to be significant changes of the shape of the limit order book. A measurement of the limit order imbalance is constructed as a proxy for the shape of the order book which then is used as input signal to the change point detection algorithm. A new data set is created based on the detected change points and a regression is run based on these to forecast price changes. It is found that the change point data set contains a certain amount of information about impending price changes.


Micro- and nanotechnologies have been newly combined together, opening new routes for the use of substrate-integrated arrays of microelectrodes (SIAMs) in Neuroscience. Perilously, MEAs offer extensive flexibility in culture preparation, experimental design, and high-through put approaches when compared to predictable electrophysiological techniques. SIAMs have been pioneered in the 70 s, where near the beginning microfabrication techniques were used to obtain devices to be electrochemically united to neurons in vitro and in vivo. The make use of of SIAMs has been established for both recording of bioelectric signals as well as for electrical stimulation of neurons, and shown to profitably enable a non-invasively monitoring of the activity of cultured networks as well as target CNS regions in vivo. Preferably, all materials used in SIAMs fabrication should have far above the ground biocompatibility, excellent electrical properties for a high signal-to-noise ratio of signal detection, transparency for the direct cell analysis, while being lucrative. However, the nearly everyone crucial and desirable feature is the close proximity and cherished mechanical contact between neurons and devices. This is known to lead to dramatic improvements in the electrical coupling between the device and the neurons, defined as the ratio stuck between the maximal signals detected by the device and the maximal transmembrane budding of an excitable cell. The key advantage of SIAM technology is the possibility to increase the spatial decree of conventional electrophysiological techniques, enabling the recordings of simultaneous extracellular signals at spatially distinct sites in a highdensity arrangement.


[1] We applied a terrestrial net primary production (NPP) model driven by satellite remote sensing observations of vegetation properties and daily surface meteorology from the 45-year ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis (NNR) to assess NPP spatial and temporal variability for the pan-Arctic basin and Alaska from 1982 to 2000. Sensitivity analysis of the production efficiency model (PEM) to uncertainties in surface meteorological inputs indicate that ERA-40 solar radiation and NNR solar radiation and surface temperatures are the primary sources of PEM-based NPP uncertainty for the region. Considerable positive bias in solar radiation inputs relative to surface observation networks resulted in overprediction of annual NPP by approximately 35.2 and 61.6% using ERA-40 and NNR inputs, respectively. Despite these uncertainties, both reanalysis products captured the major annual anomalies and trends in surface meteorology for the domain. The two reanalysis products also produced similar NPP spatial patterns for 74.7% of the domain, and similar annual anomalies and temporal trends, though there were significant regional differences particularly for Eurasia. A simple correction method based on a sensitivity experiment between reanalysis and surface station meteorological measurements produced generally consistent NPP results that were considerably smaller than PEM simulations derived from uncorrected reanalysis drivers. The results of this study identify major sources of uncertainty in reanalysis-based surface meteorology, and associated impacts on regional NPP simulations of the northern high latitudes.


Every day more digital data in semi-structured format are available on the World Wide Web, corporate intranets, and other media. Knowledge management using information search and processing is essential in the field of academic writing. This task becomes increasingly complex and defiant, mainly because collections of documents are usually heterogeneous, big, diverse, and dynamic. To resolve these challenges it is essential to improve management of time necessary to process scientific information. In this paper, we propose a new method of automatic clustering of XML documents based on their content and structure, as well as on a new similarity function OverallSimSUX which facilitates capturing the degree of similarity among documents. Evaluation of our proposal by means of experiments with data sets showed better results than those in previous work.


Granulites form at low water activities whose exact value is often unknown. This complicates the calculation of equilibrium assemblage phase diagrams and metamorphic pressure ( P ) and temperature ( T ) conditions by isopleth thermobarometry, because the fluid characteristics distinctly affect the results. To evaluate the significance of this influence, granulites from Tongbai, east-central China are investigated in this study; equilibrium-assemblage calculations and multiequilibrium calculations are combined with fluid-inclusion studies to determine peak metamorphic P - T conditions together with water activities. Calculations using the Theriak/Domino and the TWQ programs on a felsic and two mafic granulites yield P - T conditions of 750–805°C at 0.75–0.93 GPa and water activities of 0.10–0.65 for the equilibration of the mineral assemblages. Armored relics of Zn-rich Fe-Mg-spinel included in garnet of the felsic granulite point to an earlier metamorphic stage at lower pressures on the same P - T loop. Garnet porphyroblasts from two samples contain primary fluid inclusions comprising vapor and daughter crystals. Using a Raman probe, CO 2 and magnesite were identified in fluid inclusions of the felsic granulite while one mafic granulite yielded fluid inclusions with CO 2 dominating besides CH 4 , H 2 O, graphite and siderite. The carbonic fluid is consistent with the implied low water activities. Possible CO 2 -sources are fluids from marbles associated with the granulites and fluids or magmas from the mantle. Equilibrium assemblage calculations reveal a distinct influence of the water activity on both the stability of considered phases and the location of compositional isopleths of the rock-forming minerals. We demonstrate that an estimate of the water activity using the Theriak/Domino and the TWQ programs in combination with Raman spectroscopy is essential to perform accurate thermobarometry in granulites.


Where did the words bungalow and assassin derive? What did nice mean in the Middle Ages? How were adder, anger, and umpire originally spelt? The answers can be found in this essential companion to any popular dictionary. With over 17,000 entries, this is the most authoritative and comprehensive guide to word origins available in paperback. Based on The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, the principal authority on the origin and development of English words, it contains a wealth of information about our language and its history.


New or improved decision analysis tools are developed in this thesis to address strategic policy analysis with specific focus on two topics: strategic conflict analysis and region-performance comparisons. A strategic conflict refers to a situation in which two or more decision makers (DMs) are to make a decision that affects issues over which they have different preferences. Various forms of strategic conflict exist all around us, in areas such as environmental management, international relations, economic competition, and relationships among individuals. The graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) is an advanced and comprehensive tool to systematically study strategic conflicts. A well-known decision tool, the analytic network process (ANP) is adapted for use in strategic conflict analysis and a comparison of the performance of ANP with GMCR is carried out. Both methods are applied to an international trading conflict between the United States and China over the importation of television sets into the US in order to gain strategic insights about this dispute using the two different but complementary approaches. A country's overall performance comparison with respect to different kinds of indices such as economic, environmental and political indices constitutes another interesting topic for strategic policy analysis. An index aggregation approach is proposed to compare BRICSAM countries, a populous rapidly-growing economic group of nations consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations), and Mexico with G7 (Group of Seven), the most developed country club including Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States. A data-envelopment-analysis (DEA) based approach is proposed to aggregate different ranking indices for BRICSAM and the G7 countries. The proposed method can provide a fair overall assessment of a country's standing by maximizing its possibility of obtaining the best evaluation score. Finally, a framework to carry out generic strategic analysis for regions' competence analysis is designed based upon the theory of generic strategic analysis proposed by Porter (1980). This is a well-known approach for use in business competence analysis. The basic idea is to carry out generic strategic analysis in policy studies and two decision tools, DEA and the analytic hierarchy process, are employed to quantify the analysis of competence efficiency and potentiality, respectively. A case study of the competence analysis of provinces in China is used to demonstrate the analysis procedure.


Electrodes for non-enzymatic glucose sensing based on gold nanostructures onto graphene paper (GP-AuNPs) have been obtained inducing dewetting, by laser annealing, of 8 nm-thick Au layer deposited by sputtering. Molten-phase dewetting of gold layer, which produces the formation of spherical nanoparticles (AuNPs), was achieved by nanosecond laser annealing using a pulsed (12 ns) Nd: yttrium aluminum garnet YAG laser operating at 532 nm. The Surface of the electrode presents gold rich regions consisting of graphene nanoplatelets covered by spherical AuNPs. The sizes of AuNPs are in the range of 10–150 nm. Glucose was detected at a potential of 0.17 V vs SCE, which corresponds to the intense peak of two electrons oxidation. Highest sensitivity of 600 µA mM−1 cm−2 of glucose detection was obtained. The resulting sensitivity, detection limit and linear range of glucose detection are very promising since comparable to the actual state of art results for nanostructured gold electrodes which are, however, produced by complex multi-steps processes.