Background The presence of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Wondama Bay has long been known and the species is an icon of this region. In addition to their enormous size, these sharks are not dangerous to or fearful of humans, so there has been growing interest in utilizing this animal for eco-tourism. Within Wondama Bay, whale sharks distribute in several regions, including Kwatisore waters. Since biological information on this species is lacking, the present study aimed to investigate the whale shark population using photo identification, frequency of appearance, sex, and scars on the body. The information obtained from this study is important for species conservation and management. Approach The research was performed in Kwatisore waters of Wondama Bay during 2010–2013, and continued from April to June 2014. Whale shark identification was based on photos taken by divers by plotting three reference points, i.e. the top of the fifth gill slit, the posterior-most point where the pectoral fin meets the body, and the bottom of the fifth gill slit (Brooks et al., 2010). During each encounter, the animals were length measured, sex was identified through the presence or absence of claspers, and the position of scars and wounds were determined on the body. Results The total number of whale sharks encountered in Kwatisore waters were 120 and 19 animals for the period of 2010–2013 and 2014, respectively. Based on ID pictures, the population was composed of 126 sharks consisting of 122 males and 4 females. With regard to 2014 observations, the animals were all males and were immature, as the average body length was 4 m. The greatest number of sharks was observed between 0600–1200 hours, during which time 80 individuals were seen on the surface. It was found that 58% of the population had scars and wounds, of which 34% were on the lips and 25% on the fins. Conclusions Data on IDs and body length of each individual, as well as sex composition, are important information for understanding whale shark population structure, and will benefit the conservation and management of these animals.


Despite increasing subordination of the judiciary to executive
authorities, Turkish cause lawyering associations are more assertive than ever in
their defiance of forced closures and legal persecution. Why would activist lawyers
'play the game' of law when the legal system is being undermined? Focusing on
the historical genesis of Turkey's oldest activist lawyering association, the Çağdaş
Hukukçular Derneği (ÇHD), I argue that Turkish legal activism results from not
just clashing political causes but also the strategies attorneys are forced to adopt to
effect change within an authoritarian-corporatist structure designed to constrict
their activities. The ÇHD and similar groups are not merely extensions of the
formal juridical order; they also constitute a grassroots engagement with the law
that refuses to conform to the categories, narratives, procedures and ends of the
state's legal institutions.


This paper presents the objectives and the research work carried out in the frame of the ANEMOS project on short-term wind power forecasting. The aim of the project is to develop accurate models that substantially outperform current state-of-the-art methods, for onshore and offshore wind power forecasting, exploiting both statistical and physical modeling approaches. The project focus on prediction horizons up to 48 hours ahead and investigates predictability of wind for higher horizons up to 7 days ahead useful i.e. for maintenance scheduling. Emphasis is given on the integration of high-resolution meteorological forecasts. For the offshore case, marine meteorology is considered as well as information by satellite-radar images. Specific modules are also developed for on-line uncertainty and prediction risk estimation. An integrated software platform, 'ANEMOS', is developed to host the various models. This system will be installed by several end-users for on-line operation at onshore and offshore wind farms for prediction at a local, regional and national scale. The applications include different terrain types and wind climates, on- and offshore cases, and interconnected or island grids. The on-line operation by the utilities will allow validation of the models and an analysis of the value of wind prediction for a competitive integration of wind energy in the developing liberalized electricity markets.


A range of different features and companion website makes this book an excellent resource for research students in education embarking upon their PhD, EdD or MPhil. This comprehensive textbook encourages students to contextualise their understanding of quantitative and qualitative research methods by drawing links between the research question and its theoretical framework with the choice of the quantitative/qualitative methodology and analyses. It also encourages them to develop a theoretical appreciation of the field of inquiry and to balance the emphasis on methods with reviewing the literature and understanding the wider context of research. Each chapter contains user-friendly features designed to support the student, such as: key terms, summaries, case studies and examples. Exercises are suggested throughout the text, enabling students to look at easily accessible data sets and use prompts to formulate research questions to produce a mini study. Further reading material has been provided at the end of each chapter. A companion website supports the text, providing easy access to supporting material, including revision questions and an annotated list of useful websites. This text will be invaluable reading for research students in education embarking upon their PhD, EdD or MPhil. Research fellows and other educational researchers will also find this book a useful resource.


Questions of 'who we are' are often intimately related to questions of 'where we are', an idea captured in the environmental psychological concept of place-identity. The value of this concept is that it attends to the located nature of subjectivity, challenging the disembodied notions of identity preferred by social psychologists. The topic of place identity would thus seem to be a productive point around which the sub-disciplines of social and environmental psychology might meet, answering calls for greater disciplinary cross-fertilization. This study contributes to this project by presenting a sympathetic but critical evaluation of research on place-identity. It argues that such research is valuable in that it has established the importance of place for creating and sustaining a sense of self. However, drawing on recent developments in discursive approaches to social psychology, the authors identify several limitations with existing work on place-identity. This critique is then developed through analysis of an ongoing research programme located in the changing landscapes of the new South Africa.


Title of Thesis: Decentralized Optimal Control with Application to Dynamic Routing in Computer Communication Networks Ning Wang, Doctor of Engineering Science, 1984 Thesis directed by: Professor of Electrical Engineering, Marshall G Kuo This research considers the dynamic routing problem of computer communication networks in the framework of decentralized control theory. The routing dynamics are modeled in terms of a state equation with multiple controllers. Routing, or control of message flow, is formulated as an optimal control problem with multiple decision makers. Each decision maker may have access to different set of information and work cooperatively to optimize a common system performance index. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are derived for a system with a deterministic and a stochastic traffic patterns under a linear information structure and a quadratic performance index. The resultant control strategies are examined with two extreme information cases: (1) complete information where all state information are available to every local controller through measurement or perfect communication, and (2) partial information where there is no communication among controllers. A three node network is used as a numerical example to interpret the results.


This study is conducted to analyse the job satisfaction among the female teachers of government run primary schools in Bangladesh. Though job satisfaction is considered as a factor of social psychology but in this study job satisfaction is analysed from organizational perspective. Two research questions are posed to identify the level of job satisfaction of female teachers. The prime aim of this study is to find out the teachers' perception of 'job satisfaction' and to identify the factors which affect job satisfaction of female teachers. To fulfil these aims fifty seven teachers from seven government run primary schools in urban and rural areas have been selected. Among the selected teachers twenty five are male and thirty two are female teachers. Both open ended and close ended questionnaire are used to get the answer of the research questions. Fredrick Herzberg's theory of motivation, power distance and masculinity-femininity theory of Hofstede, teachers' job satisfaction model by Linda Evans have chosen to analyse data as well as variables. The empirical study has found some factors which affect job satisfaction of both male and female teachers. The factors are salary, academic qualification, career prospects, supervision, management, working environment, culture etc. Few perceptions of job satisfaction and the factors those affect it are same to the male and female teachers. But here are many perception as well as factors in which the male and female teachers are in two opposite pole. These different opinions are mostly interpreted in masculinity-femininity and power distance model of Hofstede. It is found that both the male and female teachers are dissatisfied but the female section is more dissatisfied than those of the male teachers.


Blockchains enable distributed operation, decentralized control, and token-based representations of tangible and intangible assets. Organizations commonly use blockchain technology to foster collaboration. In this paper, we investigate the use of blockchain to foster competition. We conduct a single-case study of Germany's mobility-as-a-service community and its efforts to use blockchain as a technical backbone for mobility ecosystems. The community views blockchain as a technology that embodies organizing principles of empowerment and equality. These principles motivated the community to rethink ecosystem structure. In particular, the community began to question the exclusive, non-adversarial position of mobility service aggregators. We find that rethinking this position might shift their competitive focus from the interto the intra-ecosystem level and enables the creation of a larger ecosystem. As a second-order effect, the community began to rethink ecosystem governance. Specifically, it began to explore options for effectively distributed decision making while safeguarding efficiency.


This paper presents a macroscopic description of turbulent open channel flow above and within a rough permeable bed. The flow domain consists of two regions: the stream region above the bed, which contains only water, and a porous medium region within the bed, which contains both water and grains. The two regions are separated by a macroscopic boundary. The macroscopic description contains the double-averaged Navier-Stokes equations valid within the stream and within the porous medium, as well as the conditions for macroscopic flow variables at the interface.


Background: In the human placenta, maternal and fetal bloods exchange substances through the surface of the villous trees: the fetal blood circulates in the villous trees, around which the maternal blood circulates. The blood flows directly influence fetal growth. Stem villi, the main supports of the villous tree, have contractile cells along the axes, whose contractions are expected to influence the blood circulations in the placenta. The displacement is neither measurable nor predictable while non-invasive measurements such as umbilical Doppler waveforms are helpful to predict the histological changes of the villous trees and vascularization in the placenta. Objective: The displacement caused by the contraction of the villous tree is necessary to predict the blood flows in the placenta. Hence, a computational villous tree model, which actively contracts, was developed in this study. Method: The villous tree model was based on the previous reports: shear moduli of the human placenta; branching patterns in the stem villi. The displacement pattern in the placenta was estimated by the computational model when the shear elastic moduli were changed. Results: The results show that the displacement caused by the contraction was influenced by the shear elastic moduli, but kept useful for the blood flows in the placenta. The characteristics agreed with the robustness of the blood flows in the placenta. Conclusion: The villous tree model, which actively contracts, was developed in this study. The combination of this computational model and non-invasive measurements will be useful to evaluate the condition of the placenta.


ABSTRACT. Nine microsatellites were isolated from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and screened across 60 individuals from two populations (biotype B) to examine polymorphism. Two to 12 alleles were observed per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.033 to 0.967 and 0.033 to 0.854, respectively. There was no significant deviation from Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium and no significant linkage disequilibrium between loci. One locus showed evidence for null alleles. These loci will be useful in future studies of the genetic structure of worldwide biotypes and gene flow analyses between and within biotypes of B. tabaci.


Energy policy is a key area in each of the world's economies. The oil shocks of the 1970's emphasised how important energy had become. In recent years a growing awareness of environmental issues has had a major impact on perceptions of energy use as growing numbers of people express concern at the relationship between energy and the greenhouse effect, acid rain and the depletion of the ozone layer. All of this has created a demand for more, and better, models of energy use.


Roadway lanes are often repositioned to accommodate highway work operations; as a result, pavement markings need to be altered. Although there are various methods for removing or obscuring existing pavement markings, "ghost" markings often remain at the locations of the old lane lines. These ghost markings can be quite conspicuous under certain lighting conditions, creating the potential for road user confusion. The Canadian province of Ontario and several European countries routinely use a special marking color (orange or yellow) to increase the salience of temporary lane lines. Special-color markings have also been used experimentally in Australia; New Zealand; Quebec City, Canada; and the United States. As a first step toward identifying the benefits and risks of special-color markings, existing practices from several countries are reviewed and summarized. The review identified a significant policy difference among jurisdictions: in some jurisdictions special-color markings override existing markings (so that the old markings are left in place), whereas other jurisdictions use special-color temporary marking but also attempt to remove old lane lines. The recent special-color marking demonstration projects in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States have been on major freeways, but European practice suggests that special-color marking could have significant benefit for urban arterial streets.


U academic institutions awarded 48,069 research doctorates in 2010, down from 49,554 awards in 2009 and the first decline in doctorates awarded since 2002. The 2010 decline was magnified by the recent reclassification of many Doctor of Education (EdD) degree programs from the research doctorate to the professional doctorate category, and consequently the discontinuation of data collection from the reclassified degree programs by the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED). The reclassification resulted in a substantially lower number of doctorates awarded in education than would have been the case had the graduates of the reclassified EdD degree programs participated in the 2010 SED (see "Data Sources and Limitations" for details). The total number of doctorates awarded in fields other than education also declined from 2009 to 2010, but by a much smaller amount than the decline in number of education doctorates.


The case, based on actual experience, describes a nightmare of customer "service" interactions confronted when a Business School professor relocated from one state to another. The bulk of the case focuses on a several week's long attempt to acquire broadband DSL service from a local phone company, MightyFone. Students are provided with a rich understanding of some of the downsides of reengineering initiatives that "empower" customers. The case also provides an opportunity to discuss "last mile" issues, broadband technologies, frameworks for delivering and assessing customer service, help desk management, systems integration, IT within the context of mergers and acquisitions, regulatory hurdles, and the management of potential public relations disasters.


In this paper, we discuss an abstract collision system (ACS) on a G-set which is an extension of a normal ACS (5, 6). An ACS is a type of unconventional computing framework that includes collision-based computing, cellular automata (CA), and chemical reaction systems. For a given group G and its subset, we create a set of collisions and a local transition function of an ACS by using the action of G. We first refine definitions of the components of an ACS, and then extend them to the concepts on a G-set. Finally, we define and investigate the operations "union", "division" and "composition" of the ACS on a G-set.


A miniaturized planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is proposed for dual-band mobile phone application in the 900- and 1900-MHz bands. By employing a Hilbert geometry, an overall size reduction of 50% was achieved compared to a conventional rectangular PIFA. The proposed antenna can be easily printed on the inside surface of the plastic housing of a mobile phone or other wireless device. An experimental prototype of this miniature antenna was fabricated on 0.125 mm thick Duroid 5880 substrate. Measured results demonstrate dual-band characteristics with good radiation patterns.


Article history: Received 28 February 2014 Received in revised form 19 April 2014 Accepted 23 April 2014 Available online 15 May 2014


In‐stream surface storage zones (SSZs) caused by lateral recirculation areas play a significant role in the transport and fate of contaminants in rivers. Lateral recirculating areas have long residence times that favor nutrient uptake, accumulation of pollutants, and interactions with reactive sediments. In watersheds affected by acid‐mine drainage, SSZs have profound effects on biogeochemical processes, controlling the local concentration and distribution of toxic elements along the channel. Despite the importance of turbulent flow dynamics on these processes, limited work has been carried out to analyze mass transport in natural SSZs with complex geometries. In this investigation we study a SSZ in the Lluta River, located in a high‐altitude environment in northern Chile, by coupling field measurements and 3‐D numerical simulations to understand the transport mechanisms with the main channel. We measure the velocity field using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV), extracting the bathymetry from digital image processing. Using these data, we perform detached‐eddy simulations (DES) to analyze the mean flow, turbulence statistics, and the dynamics of large‐scale coherent structures. From this detailed description of the turbulent flow, we study the mass exchange and the time evolution of the mean concentration of a passive scalar in the SSZ by testing three upscaled models: a classical linear transport model, a two‐storage formulation, and a fractional transport model. The analysis integrates temporal and spatial scales to provide a new perspective on the turbulent flow in SSZs and their effects on global mass transport in rivers.


Minimum wage policies are powerful political tools, but the economic effects are unlikely to be in the interests of society as a whole. Wages should be left to the free operation of market forces. Minimum wage rate policies are only effective in low-wage industries: the hotel sector labour market is used to develop the theory of minimum wages under different competitive conditions. The theoretical impact of a government-imposed minimum wage on the firms in an industry depends upon different competitive conditions in product and labour markets, but in most cases the number of firms falls as does the long-term demand for labour. In the UK, the Office of Budget Responsibility estimates that the National Living Wage will cut the total demand for labour hours by 0.4%, a reduction of 4 million hours of work a week causing 60,000 redundancies as a result of increased wage costs.


Innovation is becoming the most important key issue for company's success in the 21st century. In the competitive environment it is necessary for the enterprises to put together different capabilities and services with the goal. It is widely accepted that innovation can be better achieved by working in team particularly in the virtual environments. The employed web services technology, although very popular nowadays but it is still not mature enough, so dealing with it can bring new findings. Virtual teams base on information technology are formed to facilitate transnational innovation processes and it should be noted that innovation has a positive impact on corporate performance if it is well guided. This has the pronounced effect when it comes to the learning issues as the virtual preconditions persist. In this environment the possibility of getting closer to the interest of learner from the new environment raise as the barriers being imposed by the service provider is reduced and the freedom of what is require to learn is improved. Information and communication technology has brought about significant changes in organizations and produced important benefits, including in the areas of innovation which is recognized as a prime source of national competitive advantage. This contribution proposes a conceptual model for understanding and analyzing the process of virtual R&D team as an innovation and technology assimilation facilitator when it comes to the issue of conveying innovative message for learning by individuals. The context of the knowledge-based economy introduces a major shift from serial to simultaneous R&D in the way of idea conception to technology creation is conceived. This paper briefly reviews the existing perspectives on virtual teams and their effect on innovation and technology regarding the learning capability which is being altered. It also discusses the main characteristics of virtual teams and clarifies the different aspects of virtual team application in the topic. To support the theoretical analysis, this paper provides a comprehensive review based on authentic and reputed publications. We argue that scanty research has been conducted to facilitate understanding the problem of systematically governing creative innovation toward a technology through virtual R&D teams in the atmosphere of educating individuals based on what they interest them to learn.


Nuclear fumarate, a TCA cycle metabolic intermediate, aids in DNA double-stranded break repair. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired through nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), during which a heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80 is recruited to DSB regions, which in turn recruit other NEHJ factors, including the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Fumarase (FH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that reversibly converts fumarate to malate, metabolites that participate in the generation of ATP by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Compared with wild-type yeast, yeast with a deletion of FUM1, which encodes FH, accumulates more DNA damage in response to ionizing radiation (IR). Jiang et al. (see also Lees-Miller) investigated a role for FH in DSB repair in mammalian cells. Immunoblotting analysis of chromatin extracts from cell-cycle synchronized; human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells showed that IR enhanced the binding of FH to chromatin in G1 and other stages of the cell cycle. Analysis of Flag-tagged FH immunoprecipitates from U2OS cells showed that IR increased the association of FH with the histone variant H2A.Z, which induces reorganization of chromatin architecture at DSB regions to facilitate DNA repair. H2A.Z depletion by shRNA in U2OS cells reduced the recruitment of FH, Ku70, and Ku80 to DSB regions induced by exposure to IR. Cells exposed to the DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 and then to IR showed reduced association of FH with chromatin, suggesting that DNA-PK activity was important for recruiting FH to DSB sites. In vitro kinase assays revealed that DNA-PK phosphorylated FH at Thr236. Preincubation of U2OS cells with NU7441 reduced IR-induced binding of FH to H2A.Z, and treating immunoprecipitated FH with calf alkaline phosphatase reduced the amount of associated H2A.Z. Furthermore, expression of a T236A mutant of FH, which could not be phosphorylated by DNA-PK, showed less coimmunoprecipitation of FH and H2A.Z from irradiated U2OS cells, compared with amount that coprecipitated from cells expressing wild-type FH. Cells expressing a catalytically inactive form of FH that bound to chromatin or the T236A mutant, which is catalytically active but had reduced H2A.Z association, exhibited less NHEJ, suggesting a role for nuclear fumarate in DSB repair. Exogenous application of fumarate into the cell medium resulted in Ku70 accumulation at sites of DNA damage and in partial rescue of NHEJ in irradiated U2OS cells reconstituted with catalytic inactive FH or the T236A mutant. H3K36 dimethylation (H3K36me2) increases at DSB regions, which promotes the association of Ku70 with these sites, and this response was reduced in irradiated U2OS cells expressing either a catalytically inactive FH mutant or the T236A FH mutant. As expected, ectopic expression of the demethylase that acts on H3K36me2 (KDM2B) in U2OS cells reduced H3K36me2 abundance at IR-induced DSB regions. This effect was partially reversed by exogenous addition of fumarate in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of FH promotes its recruitment to DSB regions, where it generates fumarate to promote NHEJ. Y. Jiang, X. Qian, J. Shen, Y. Wang, X. Li, R. Liu, Y. Xia, Q. Chen, G. Peng, S.-Y. Lin, Z. Lu, Local generation of fumarate promotes DNA repair through inhibition of histone H3 demethylation. Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 1158–1170 (2015). [PubMed] S. P. Lees-Miller, Fumarate in DNA repair. Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 1096–1097 (2015). [PubMed]


The three large military services—Army, Navy, and Air Force—comprise the core of the U.S. politico–military–industrial complex. They dominate decision making on multi-billion dollar weapon systems and the operational concepts these are intended to embody. The armed forces need private firms to realize their visions of new weaponry, since government has limited capacity in engineering design and development and limited production facilities. Running a successful defense business means giving the services what they want, or think they want, whether this makes technical and operational sense or not; thus industry caters to the views of the services, and while it seeks to influence them, does so mostly at the margins.
 The political dynamics of the complex take place in two primary domains, only loosely coupled. The first is largely contained within the Defense Department. This is the main arena for conflict and bargaining within and among the services and between the services, individually and collectively, and Pentagon civilians. Most of what happens here stays hidden from outsiders. Service leaders generally seek to resolve disagreements among themselves; the goal, often although not always achieved, is to present a united front to civilian officials and the public at large. The second domain extends to the rest of government, chiefly Congress, with its multiple committees and subcommittees, and the White House, home of the powerful Office of Management and Budget among other sources of policy leverage.
 The complex as a whole is an artifact of the Cold War, not greatly changed over the decades. Repeated efforts at restructuring and reform have led to little. The primary reason is that military leaders, senior officers who have reached the topmost ranks after lengthy immersion in generally conservative organizational cultures, usually have the upper hand in bureaucratic struggles. They believe the military's views on choice of weapons—the views of seasoned professionals—should have precedence over those of civilians, whether Pentagon appointees and their staffs, elected officials, or outside experts. They usually prevail, since few of the political appointees on the civilian side of DoD and in policy-influencing positions elsewhere can command similar authority. If they do not prevail on a particular issue, service leaders expect to outwait their opponents; if they lose one battle over money or some cherished weapon system, they anticipate winning the next.


A numerical simulation was developed to capture the phenomena of electromagnetic stirring in a metallurgical ladle. Electromagnetic stirring requires an external magnetic field to be imposed on the molten steel bath, which is governed by the principles of magnetohydrodynamics. Electromagnetic stirring benefits over traditional stirring methods by offering non-invasive stirring, melt homogeneity, and ease of configuration alterations. Insight to the electromagnetic stirring phenomena is limited experimentally due to the high temperatures of the molten-steel bath. This investigation will include two numerical simulations, the first of which is to generate a magnetic field to properly stir the steel bath. The second incorporates the generated magnetic field and solves the fluid flow due to the magnetohydrodynamics interactions. The results of these numerical simulations will help to provide further understanding of the electromagnetic stirring method. This simulation was used to analyze the molten-steel bulk velocity, vortex formation, flow development time, slag-eye size, and wall shear stress in a metallurgical ladle. The transient development of the bulk velocity in an EMS ladle was compared with the literature study completed by Sand et al. 2009. The comparison of the developed bulk velocity resulted in a percentage difference of 0.98% and an absolute difference of 0.007 [m/s]. Both numerical models, in the current work and the literature study, obtained a developed flow within 25 seconds of stirring. For the parametric studies, it was found that the addition of a circumferential taper angle to the geometry reduced the bulk velocity and slag-eye size formed compared to a cylindrical ladle. The electric current amperage of the external magnetic field coil system was determined to precisely adjust the bulk velocity. A 150 [A] reduction in amperage results in a ~20% loss in the bulk velocity magnitude. The locations of the high shear stress regions were determined which remained near the stirring unit. From this study, it is recommended to use a magnetohydrodynamics package offered within a multiphysics numerical solver since the FLUENT® MHD module inherently under-predicts the velocity as well as the issue of the numerical instabilities of the Lorentz force calculations.


An element is non-composite but composes other particles. The elementary quarks & leptons of the Modern Standard Model are found to be compressible and assembleable, hence having composition. These in Unified Theory are composed by two elementary cosminos, positrino & negatrino. The cosmino-sharmon composition-structures of electron, proton and neutron presented for the first time are defined by Form Factors and concentric regions. It is shown that no ½-spin Fermion can be neutral. Electric Dipole Moment of neutron calculated from Unified Theory agrees with observations. An almost neutral neutron emits electron, never positron, because its outer region is negative. Hofstadter's positive outer region in neutron is inconsistent with negatron decay. Effect of superimposed magnetic field on neutron's negatron decay is explained without Electroweak Theory's weak charge and W± & Z0 particles. A new Hook's law mediated short-range nuclear force is suggested.


The objective of this work was to design, analyze and test a fast response fiber-optic temperature probe and sensor. The sensor is intended for measuring rapid temperature changes such as produced by a blast wave formed by a detonation. This work was performed in coordination with Luna Innovations Incorporated, and the design is based on extensions of an existing fiber-optic temperature sensor developed by Luna. The sensor consists of a glass fiber with an optical wafer attached to the tip. A basic description of the principles behind the fiber-optic temperature sensor and an accompanying demodulation system is provided. For experimental validation tests, shock tubes were used to simulate the blast wave experienced at a distance of 3.0 m from the detonation of 22.7 kg of TNT. The flow conditions were predicted using idealized shock tube theory. The temperature sensors were tested in three configurations, flush at the end of the shock tube, extended on a probe 2.54 cm into the flow and extended on a probe 12.7 cm into the flow. The total temperature was expected to change from 300 K to 1130 K for the flush wall experiments and from 300 K to 960 K for the probe experiments. During the initial 0.1 milliseconds of the data the temperature only changed 8 K when the sensors were flush in the end of the shock tube. The sensor temperature changed 36 K during the same time when mounted on a probe in the flow. Schlieren pictures were taken of the flow in the shock tube to further understand the shock tube environment. Contrary to ideal shock tube theory, it was discovered that the flow did not remain stagnant in the end of the shock tube after the shock reflects from the end of the shock tube. Instead, the effects of turbulence were recorded with the fiber-optic sensors, and this turbulence was also captured in the schlieren photographs. A fast-response thermocouple was used to collect data for comparison with the fiber-optic sensor, and the fiber-optic sensor was proven to have a faster response time compared to the thermocouple. When the sensors were extended 12.7 cm into the flow, the fiber-optic sensors recorded a temperature change of 143 K compared to 38 K recorded by the thermocouple during the 0.5 millisecond test. This corresponds to 22% of the change of total temperature in the air recorded by the fiber-optic sensor and only 6% recorded by the thermocouple. Put another way, the fiberoptic sensor experience a rate of temperature change equal to 2.9x10 K/s and the thermocouple changed at a rate of 0.79x10 K/s. The data recorded from the fiber-optic sensor also contained much less noise than the thermocouple data. An unsteady finite element thermal model was created using ANSYS to predict the temperature response of the sensor. Test cases with known analytical solutions were used to verify the ANSYS modeling procedures. The shock tube flow environment was also modeled with Fluent, a commercially available CFD code. Fluent was used to determine the heat transfer between the shock tube flow and the sensor. The convection film coefficient for the flow was predicted by Fluent to be 27,150 W/mK for the front of the wafer and 13,385 W/mK for the side. The Fluent results were used with the ANSYS model to predict the response of the fiber-optic sensor when exposed to the shock tube flow. The results from the Fluent/ANSYS model were compared to the fiber-optic measurements taken in the shock tube. It was seen that the heat flux to the sensor was slightly over-predicted by the model, and the heat losses from the wafer were also overpredicted. Since the prediction fell within the uncertainty of the measurement, it was found to be in good agreement with the measured values. Inverse heat transfer methods were used to determine the total temperature of the flow from the measured data. Both the total temperature and the film coefficient were determined simultaneously during this process. It was found that for short testing times, there were many possible solutions. In order to obtain ultimate success with this method, the uncertainty of the demodulation system must be improved and/or the simple analytical thermal model used to predict the response of the sensor needs to match the physical sensor. Whenever possible, longer testing times should be employed. Promising suggestions for extending this approach are provided.


For many reasons, neural networks have become very popular AI machine learning models. Two of the most important aspects of machine learning models are how well the model generalizes to unseen data, and how well the model scales with problem complexity. Using a controlled task with known optimal training error, we investigate the convergence of the backpropagation (BP) algorithm. We find that the optimal solution is typically not found. Furthermore, we observe that networks larger than might be expected can result in lower training and generalization error. This result is supported by another real world example. We further investigate the training behavior by analyzing the weights in trained networks (excess degrees of freedom are seen to do little harm and to aid convergence), and contrasting the interpolation characteristics of multi-layer perceptron neural networks (MLPs) and polynomial models. (overfitting behavior is very different - the MLP is often biased towards smoother solutions). Finally, we analyze relevant theory outlining the reasons for significant practical differences. These results bring into question common beliefs about neural network training regarding convergence and optimal network size, suggest alternate guidelines for practical use (lower fear of excess degrees of freedom), and help to direct future work (e.g. methods for creation of more parsimonious solutions, importance of the MLP/BP bias and possibly worse performance of "improved" training algorithms).


The free photoelectron signals of spectral sensitized AgCl emulsion with different sensitization concentrations are obtained from microwave absorption dielectric spectrum experiment. It is found that when sensitization concentration is small (0.04 mg dye per 40 g AgCl emulsion) or great (4 mg dye per 40 g AgCl emulsion), the decay of free photoelectron of sensitized emulsion is slower or faster than that of pure emulsions; when sensitization concentration is between the above values (0.4 mg dye per 40 g AgCl emulsion), the decay of free photoelectron is the same for sensitized and pure emulsion. The results indicate that the adsorbed green-sensitizing dye on the surface of cubic AgCl microcrystals takes on different actions with different sensitization concentrations.


In this thesis, two alternative solenoid designs are presented: 'Air-core' coil design and 'C-shape' coil design. The coils were designed to be capable of generating strong and static magnetic fields in various samples of magnetic materials. In the case of the first design, the sample would be placed in the central air space. In the second design, the sample would be placed in part of the 'jaws' of the 'C' shape. It was intended that the rig would be used to measure the magnetostriction strain of annealed cobalt ferrite and Terfenol-D based materials. It was thought that magnetic flux densities of the order 1.6 tesla would be needed in the air-gap. However after carrying out preliminary calculations for the air-core design, it was realized that very high electrical currents would be required, with the result that complex systems would be needed to remove the heat being generated. This design was therefore abandoned.
The 'C-shape' coil design was completed allowing for fabrication and experimental performance measurement.
The thesis also presents comparisons between the experimentally generated magnetic field strengths and values generated from modelling the structures using Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) software. It had been assumed that the experimental measurements would be almost the same as the original design calculations and predictions of the software. However the experimental results fell far short of both the calculated magnetic field strengths and the values predicted by the software. Magnetic flux densities in the range of 1.03 tesla were achieved.
The discrepancies could be due to changes in the magnetic properties of the core material. Drilling and machining of these components could have produced skin effects and other regions of poor magnetic properties. The effects could be exaggerated or diminished, depending on the exact configuration of the 'C' shape.


Reported are the results of a computational parametric study on cookie-cutter Explosively Formed Projectiles (EFP) as a low environmental impact Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) method. Considering an anti-tank mine, the cookie-cutter has to generate a low order reaction of the explosive to minimize the collateral damage. Moreover it has to cut the casing body with a sufficient diameter for a boosted evacuation of the reaction products. Pointed out is the potential of a short and thin walled copper tubular projectile to fulfill the required terminal performance while hugely limiting the pressure into the explosive. The impact velocity should range between 1100 m/s and 1500 m/s. The inner diameter of the cookie-cutter should be large enough to limit overpressure by recombination of the shock waves. The performances achieved with cookie-cutter projectiles are compared, at constant mass, with classical EFP shapes, i.e. thimble shaped projectiles and hemispheric end cylinders.


The present investigation aims at the determination of the influence of the distance between the observer and a moving object and of the size of a slit in front of the object, on the maximum angular velocity of pursuit ocular movements. The latter was indirectly computed from the maximum linear velocity at which an individual is just able to recognize the smallest resolvable details of the object moving in a vertical plane. The results indicate that the maximum angular velocity of eye movements is equal to 57.3s/d(bs+a) where s is the vertical dimension of the slit, d, the distance between the observer and the moving object, and b and a are constants for the individual. It is concluded from the above relationship that s and d independently influence the maximum angular velocity of eye movements and not by altering the pattern of image on the retina. The results confirm the hypothesis that the maximum angular velocity of eye movements is related to the perceived dimensions of the slit. Further, it is postulated that the visual cues for distance perception are responsible for the inverse linear relationship between the response of the eyes to a given stimulus pattern in the psychovisual cortex and the distance of the observer from the object.


This study was conducted to investigate rutting resistance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures as a function of dynamic modulus and gradation. The Flow number (FN) test, the (NCHRP 9-19) recommended procedure for evaluating rutting resistance of AC mixtures, was used to simulate rutting in the laboratory. The FN test involves applying a repeated creep load to AC specimens for 10,000 cycles or until an accumulated strain of five percent. FN tests were conducted at 54°C and accumulated strain was monitored for each load cycle. The results were used to determine the onset of tertiary flow (or FN) for 16 AC mixtures (eight surface mixes, five base mixes, and three stone matrix asphalt) produced in Virginia. First-order multiple regression models were developed to describe the relationship among FN, dynamic modulus, and gradation. The results showed FN was strongly correlated to dynamic modulus values at 38°C, and gradation (percent passing various sieve sizes) for the 16 AC mixtures. Using previously published data, the veracity of the relationship of FN as a function of dynamic modulus and gradation was verified for 12 mixtures. The results suggest dynamic modulus and gradation could be considered as potential rutting specification parameters for QC/QA purposes in the field. The results may also be useful for optimizing the laboratory mix design process.


Abstract Biogenic nanoscale vanadium magnetite is produced by converting V(V)-bearing ferrihydrites through reductive transformation using the metal-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens. With increasing vanadium in the ferrihydrite, the amount of V-doped magnetite produced decreased due to V-toxicity which interrupted the reduction pathway ferrihydrite–magnetite, resulting in siderite or goethite formation. Fe L2,3 and V L2,3 X-ray absorption spectra and data from X-ray magnetic circular dichroism analysis revealed the magnetite to contain the V in the Fe(III) Oh site, predominately as V(III) but always with a component of V(VI), present a consistent V(IV)/V(III) ratio in the range 0.28 to 0.33. The bacteriogenic production of V-doped magnetite nanoparticles from V-doped ferrihydrite is confirmed and the work reveals that microbial reduction of contaminant V(V) to V(III)/V(IV) in the environment will occur below the Fe-redox boundary where it will be immobilised in biomagnetite nanoparticles.


University technology transfer has attracted considerable attention in the literature with a focus on the institutions, the agents involved in technology commercialisation or the differentiation between formal and informal technology transfer mechanisms. There has, however, been little systematic research on how the mobility of university scientists influences their propensity to engage in technology transfer activities and, particularly, on how mobility influences the locus of such activities. This paper therefore analyses the link between university scientists' technology transfer activities and their international mobility patterns. We characterise scientist mobility along the two dimensions 'frequency' and 'intensity' resulting in an individual mobility pattern. We argue that the mobility pattern as well as the scientist's personal characteristics affects the likelihood whether a transfer of technology occurs to a firm in the scientist's home and/or host country. Based on a sample of more than 500 German university scientists, our results indicate that a substantial share of scientists engages in technology transfer both to the home as well as to the host country. There are, however, considerable differences regarding the factors influencing the locus of technology transfer.


Carbonate aquifers are some of most challenging to characterize because dissolution can greatly enhance permeability, but its effects are often difficult to determine. This study analyzes data from caves, wells, and tracer tests to explore the extent of solution channel networks and the factors that influence their development. The nonlinear dissolution kinetics of calcite, mixing of waters with different CO 2 concentrations, and unstable dissolution fronts all promote the development of solution channels, which are widespread in unconfined carbonate aquifers. Fractures are important for guiding channels at a local scale, but hydraulic gradients are the dominant control at a regional scale. Channels provide continuous, large-aperture pathways that result in rapid groundwater flow. Small channels are much more abundant than large channels, and often account for most of the permeability measured in wells. Caves represent the largest channels; they are more common in limestone than in dolostone, and the development of caves rather than smaller channels is also favored where there is sparse fracturing, low matrix porosity, and the presence of sinking stream recharge rather than percolation recharge. Solution channel networks have fractal properties, and their presence explains why carbonate aquifers have higher permeability than aquifers in any other rock type.


Interest in the growth of M. avium in biofilms has increased in the last few years. Research has shown that M. avium cells in biofilms are more resistant to disinfectants than their planktonic counterparts. Although M. avium has been detected in biofilms in in situ and laboratory models, information available on M. avium is limited compared to biofilm model species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. The main objective of the present research was to study the growth of M. avium in biofilms in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Biofilms were grown in sterile tap water on stainless steel coupons in batch mode. Two kinds of reactors were used; mason jars and a recirculation system. Each experiment lasted from 27 to 35 days depending upon the nature of the experiment. The two strains were inoculated in isolation (monospecies) and also in combination (dual species). When inoculated simultaneously, in jar reactor experiments, M. avium density was found lower in dual species than in monospecies biofilms and the difference was statistically significant. However the growth of P. aeruginosa in monospecies did not differ significantly from the dual species biofilms. P. aeruginosa reduced the growth of M. avium. In sequential inoculation experiments an established biofilm of P. aeruginosa did not prevent biofilm formation by M. avium. The growth of M. avium and P. aeruginosa was similar whether they were inoculated as base or invading species. The density of P. aeruginosa remained higher than the density of M. avium in the dual species biofilm, likely due to the higher growth rate of P. aeruginosa compared to that of M. avium. It is important to understand their growth in mixed species biofilms, in order to begin to develop effective methods to both monitor and eventually control this opportunistic pathogen


Increasingly, microbial communities are recognized for playing a potentially important role in defining and modifying surface sediment characteristics in various settings, ranging from terrestrial, through marginal marine, to continental margins. Whereas, the presence of microbial mats can be established with comparative ease in modern terrigenous clastics, their recognition in sedimentary rocks poses a big challenge. Terrigenous clastics of the Belt Supergroup (Mid-Proterozoic) show a number of features that can serve as microbial mat indicators: (A) domal buildups; (B) cohesive behavior; (C) wavy-crinkly character of laminae; (D) irregular wrinkled bed surfaces; (E) ripple patches; (F) laminae with mica enrichment; (G) irregular, curved-wrinkled impressions on bedding planes; and (H) lamina-specific distribution of early diagenetic minerals (dolomite, ferroan carbonate, pyrite). Positive identification of a fossil microbial mat requires one to find microbial filaments in life position. This is a difficult task even in the case of very favorable preservation of organic matter, and impossible to accomplish in many instances where fossil microbial mats are suspected. Nonetheless, the above features (especially when found in combination) are highly suggestive of microbial mats, and can serve as guides to sediments that may have accumulated under the influence of microbial mats. Whereas the Belt Basin examples are all from shallow-water environments, microbial mats may also have played an important role in deeper-water oxygen-deprived settings-the realm of black shale formation. In areas of modern oxygen-minimum zones, microbial mats have been found to thrive at the seafloor, profoundly influencing the chemistry of the sediment/water interface and sediment stability. Possible ancient analogs occur in a variety of black shale deposits (e.g. Jet Rock, Monterey Formation, Green River Formation), with wavy to crinkly kerogen-rich laminae being the main indication of possible microbial mat origins. Although microbial mats clearly have the ability to thrive in black shale environments, it will require more research to firmly establish whether, and how extensively, they occupied this niche in the geologic past.


We point out that there is no oddness in the expression of the cross-spectral density of a partially coherent flat-topped beam given by Ge et al. [Appl. Opt. 43, 4732 (2004)]. The criticism of the comment by Wu et al. [Appl. Opt. 45, 366 (2006)] is not appropriate because no one has proved that the
M2 factor as defined by them must be greater than or equal to 1. We propose a new definition of the
M2 factor that really confines the propagation of partially coherent beams. The new definition leads to
M2 > 1 for the partially coherent beam given by Ge et al.


The effect of ketamine on the onset time, the duration of action and the recovery characteristics of suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular blockade was examined in a double-blind randomized study comprising 30 patients anaesthetized with thiopentone, fentanyl, midazolam and nitrous oxide. The ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist using train-of-four stimulation (TOF; 0.2-ms duration, 2-Hz frequency every 10s), and the evoked twitch response was measured with a force-displacement transducer. After stabilization of the twitch recording, the patients in the ketamine group received ketamine 2 mg kg-1 i.v., followed by a ketamine infusion of 2 mg kg-1 h-1. The remaining patients served as controls and received equivalent volumes of isotonic saline. Suxamethonium I mg kg-1 was injected 2 min after the ketamine/placebo bolus dose. The onset time, recovery index, time to 90% recovery of the twitch height and the TOF ratio during recovery were similar in the two groups. Therefore, it is concluded that ketamine does not affect suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular blockade in man.


The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the price limits system to secure the Tunisian stock market against the contagion by the current world-wide crisis. Initially, we try to show that the contagion observed in the Tunisian market is of psychological nature before analyzing the role played by the price limits to avoid a stock exchange crash. Our empirical investigation deals with the behavior of the Tunisian market around the downward price limits. Two methodologies are used: that of Kim and Rhee (1997), become impossible to circumvent in the studies being interested in the price limits and that standard event studies, applied to return and volume. Our results show that the price limits played a stabilizing part in the case of the price falls without undesirable effects, contrary to the results found on several other markets. Keywords : price limits; event studies; financial contagion. JEL Classifications: G01; G14; G15


A novel catalyst of MnFe2O4 manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MFN) was synthesized by simple co-precipitation method and successfully used as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst following Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic approach for the rapid photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes such as Crystal Violet (CV). Several techniques like, Fourier transform infrared  (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to characterize the synthesized heterogeneous photocatalyst. The outcomes of the characterization established that the MNF can be competently synthesized with the size ranging between 20 to 50 nm, using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as stabilizer. UVvisible spectrophotometer was used for monitoring CV dye photodegradation. Different controlling analytical parameters such as dosage of MFN photocatalyst, concentration of CV dye, time and pH were optimized to explore the potential application of newly synthesized catalyst MFN for the maximum photodegradation of CV dye. The kinetics of reaction mechanism was also analyzed by plotting Eley-Rideal model and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The MFN was found to be an environmental friendly, highly economical and effective heterogeneous photocatalyst with rapid 90% efficiency to degrade the dye under investigation and easily could be regenerate with the help of magnet for successive uses.


Compassion fatigue is not a new concept in nursing; yet, it is not well known and there is no fixed clear definition of the term. The ambiguity surrounding how to define compassion fatigue has challenged its measurement and evaluation. Thus, any attempt to determine attributes of this underdeveloped concept and studying it in a new socio-cultural context requires concept development. The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of compassion fatigue through concept development and to produce a vivid and tentative definition of this concept in clinical practice. Concept development was conducted using a three-step hybrid concept analysis including theoretical, fieldwork, and final analysis phases according to Schwartz-Barcott and Kim's method. We reviewed and analyzed 48 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Following, the first author conducted 13 interviews with clinical nurses followed by an inductive content analysis. Finally, a comprehensive definition of compassion fatigue in nurses was attained. Compassion fatigue in nurses can be explained as a cumulative and progressive process of absorption of the patient's pain and suffering formed from the sympathetic and caring interactions with the patients and their families. The physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social, and organizational consequences of compassion fatigue are so extensive that they threaten the existential integrity of the nurse. Context-based variables (culture, family, and community) such as personality features like devotion behaviors and commitment towards the patient, exposure to multiple stressors, organizational challenges, and lack of self-care are factors associated with an increased risk of compassion fatigue. Concept development of compassion fatigue is the first step in the protection of nurses against the destructive consequences of compassion fatigue and to improve quality of care.


Child safety concerns are probably not a factor in broadband adoption. In my research, I have never unearthed any substantive empirical evidence suggesting a correlation between parental concerns about online activity and overall household broadband uptake.Four reasons why online child safety hasn't affected broadband adoption in a significant way:* Only 32% of U.S. households contain children under the age of eighteen. Thus, for at least 68% of households, online child safety would not be a factor in broadband adoption. * For many of these households with children in them, parents rely on various methods, such as household media rules, to control online content and Internet access in the home. This suggests that parents understand there are ways to control media consumption if they choose to subscribe to a broadband service. * Research, including the FCC's own Report on Implementation of the Child Safe Viewing Act, has shown that there is a vast, thriving marketplace for parental control tools. Moreover, studies have shown parents are pleased with technological options available to them to control their children's media consumption, again suggesting child safety would not be a factor in choosing to subscribe to a broadband service. * As the importance of the Internet grows in the way we communicate and access information, it is likely that parents realize that the benefits of broadband outweigh concerns about online child safety.


Project-finance collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) will allow portfolio investors a greater opportunity to participate in power and other infrastructure debt markets and will bring additional liquidity and transparency to such markets. Project-finance CDOs also will allow commercial banks, which have a long and successful history with project finance, to better manage their balance sheets and asset-liability mismatches. This article reviews the structures and features of a CDO and why project-finance debt is an attractive asset for a CDO.


A Polarization-Conversion Guided Mode (PCGM) technique has been developed to quantify optical anisotropy as low as 10-5 for a surface layer only 10 nm thick. The optical geometry consists of an index-fluid matched prism-coupler and an air-gap waveguide comprising the thin sample on a glass plate as the incident surface with a gold reflector forming the other surface of the guide. This allows non-destructive characterization of the optical anisotropy of surface layers. The polarization conversion signal is extraordinarily sensitive. Thus the influence of the polarization purity of the incoming beam, very small twists and/or tilts between the normal to the prism bottom surface and the sample plane, have all been analyzed in detail to allow extraction of the sought for information about the thin layer. Rubbed polyimide thin films and incline-evaporated SiOx layers, both used for liquid crystal alignment, have been examined by this PCGM technique to demonstrate its power.


It is lawful for the faithful to decide to no longer attend those who leave the religious community, and the announcement of the resignation to the faithful does not affect the rights of the resigning person
SOMMARIO: 1. Il fatto - 2. Il punto in diritto - 3. La decisione - Sulla lesività dell'annuncio - 4. La decisione - Sull'ostracismo che sarebbe derivato dall'annuncio - 5. Conclusioni - Appendice.
Abstract: A resigning member who declares that he no longer wishes to be a member of the religious organization but at the same time does not wish to cease his membership of the same confession, is not liable to compensation for psychological and economic damage following the ratification of his resignation and its communication to the local faithful. According to the court, a member's resignation (an associative aspect) corresponds on a confessional level to no longer being considered a member of the confession. Therefore, the damaging nature of the public announcement is excluded. The general principles of law legitimize the actions of the religious organization, which also has constitutional protection in that the internal life of the religious body is regulated by its statutes, as no state interference is admissible. So-called ostracism on the part of members has no legal relevance, since it is rather the free choice of each individual to associate with someone or not, and this right is neither punishable nor harmful. The religious organization that suggests ostracizing behavior does not violate any rights as such teaching falls within the sphere of the lawful. The religious organization that suggests supposedly ostracizing behavior does not violate any legal norms, nor does it harm the interests of those who decides to cease his membership.


Atherosclerosis is commonly treated with angioplasty which, however, evokes neointimal hyperplasia (IH) and recurrent stenotic diseases. Epigenomic investigation was lacking on post-angioplasty IH. The histone acetylation reader BRD4 and H3K27me3 writer EZH2 are potent epigenetic factors; their relationship is little understood. Through genome-wide survey in the rat angioplasty model, we studied BRD4 and EZH2 functional regulations involved in IH. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIPseq) using rat carotid arteries. While H3K27me3 ChIPseq signal prevalently intensified in balloon-injured (vs uninjured) arteries, BRD4 and H3K27ac became more enriched at Ezh2. Indeed, BRD4-siRNA or CRISPR-deletion of BRD4-associated enhancer abated the smooth muscle cell (SMC) expression of EZH2, and SMC-specific BRD4 knockout in BRD4fl/fl; Myh11CreERT2 mice reduced both H3K27me3 and IH in wire-injured femoral arteries. In accordance, post-angioplasty IH was exacerbated and mitigated, respectively, by lentiviral expression and pharmacological inhibition of EZH2/1; EZH2 (or EZH1) loss- and gain-of-function respectively attenuated and aggravated pro-IH SMC proliferative behaviors. Furthermore, while H3K27me3 ChIPseq signal magnified at P57 and ebbed at Ccnd1 and Uhrf1 after injury, silencing either EZH2 or EZH1 in SMCs up-regulated P57 and down-regulated Ccnd1 and Uhrf1. In summary, our results reveal an upsurge of EZH2/H3K27me3 after angioplasty, BRD4's control over EZH2 expression, and non-redundant EZH2/1 functions. As such, this study unravels angioplasty-induced loci-specific H3K27me3/ac redistribution in the epigenomic landscape rationalizing BRD4/EZH2-governed pro-IH regulations.


The article analyses statutory (tightened discipline) institutions, officers' service activity and their behavior ethic regulation issues. It is well known that contention of service of the state had essentially changed during last decade. Main attention is paid to the juridical implements in order to regulate internal and external administration more perfectly. Public opinion constantly reproaches statutory services not only with law implementation function, but also with low culture of their activity. This article attempts to turn readers' attention to a new tendency of the present ethics discipline and its practical application. Previous view to ethics as a upholder of high ideals does not satisfy present needs. Ethics becomes the main element of the management. It even starts not only to raise practical goals, but it really solves them. The efficiency of practical activity is the very criterion, which identifies the interests of human, state and society, statutory service of the state and maintaining community. The prosperity of practical ethics is related to processes of ethics institutionalization and creation of its facilities. It would be wrong to give ethics prominence. The choice of regulation based on scheme "or – or", wich means law or ethics is generally faulty. Experience of democratic states shows that law, disembodied from a moral solution of the problem, is less effective. In the administration of the public relations moral norms are more exact and require implementing given duties more accurately than law does. But ethics norms, that are not based legally, are not always effective. Therefore it is very important that these norms and rules would be implemented by correlation. Historical analysis of those services administration, recent social researches, and positive experience of scientific evolution confirms the meaning of this position. Practical ethics and its facilities are composed taking into consideration requirements of the time. Therefore this article attempts to turn readers' attention to the concepts that still are very rarely met: "practice ethics", "facilities of the practice ethics", "ethical procedural" and others. Organization of codex's implementation and codification of norms, rules and principles is the starting-point of ethics institutionalization. The article presents analysis of present ethics codex's and the criterions, which we should refer analyzing valid, but in reality little effective or less subservient to officers' practical activity perfection, professional ethics codex's. Conclusions, based on analysis in the article material, are made: Modeling of practical ethics and its facilities is determined on the requirements of present life to reach harmony and order in the society; Implementing humane order in the state, specific role falls upon statutory services of the state. Therefore tightened claims are rising not only by juridical, but also by moral aspects; The first step of the ethics institutionalization process in organization – modeling and construction of behavior codex's considering social functions of the particular state institutions.


Urban settlements demand the highest levels of resource consumption and waste management.
It has been accepted that cities should be considered organisms. Through Urban Energy Metabolism the planning and management of energy that flows across cities achieves important developments towards sustainability. Energy Efficiency is one of the primary tools used to produce sustainable development. Cities worldwide are developing action plans that implement the teachings of holism and eco-friendly practices. Systems Theory is a field developed with the intention of managing systems based on interdisciplinarity and a holistic approach. Fundamental practices of systems thinking are applicable to the study of cities as sustainable organisms/complex systems. Planning for Energy Efficient Cities (PLEEC) is an European project that was executed by a group of participants from the public, private, and education sectors, with the purpose of designing energy efficiency action plans to meet the targets of 2020. This work introduces, based on a literature review, several systems theories. A critique of the characteristics of PLEEC's framework is performed to assess the level of systemic consideration into holism and sustainability. The evaluation of the process or success of the energy efficiency plans elaborated is not in the scope of the research. Using a modified version of Michael C.
Jackson's Total Systems Intervention and a table that summarizes the principles of systems thinking, it is concluded that the plan lacks systemic consideration of cities as complex systems. The framework includes several concepts attributed to the field, such as interconnection of elements exchanging information and resources, but fails in defining self-organizing feedback based structures and function-driven behavior. It is of paramount importance that system thinking basics be at the core of all planning.


Abstract Party competition over European integration is structured by two main dimensions of political conflict: a socio-economic dimension (market liberalisation vs. a more regulated economy) and a socio-cultural dimension (libertarian, cosmopolitan values vs. authoritarian, nationalist values). This article investigates the relationship between these conflict dimensions and parties' positions towards EU issues across time and space, in particular focussing on two 'critical junctures' in the European unification process. For this purpose, analysis is made of the election manifestos of parties competing in European Parliament elections (Euromanifestos) from 1979 to 2014. First, it is found that the key moment of the Maastricht treaty significantly reshaped party competition over Europe. After Maastricht, positions towards European integration have become less connected to the economic dimension and much more related to the cultural dimension in Western Europe. Second, it is contended that the Euro crisis has not dramatically restructured political conflict over European integration.


Achievement tests play an important role in modern societies. They are used to evaluate schools, to assign students to tracks within schools, and to identify weaknesses in student knowledge. The GED is an achievement test used to grant the status of high school graduate to anyone who passes it. GED recipients currently account for 12 percent of all high school credentials issued each year in the United States. But do achievement tests predict success in life? The Myth of Achievement Tests shows that achievement tests like the GED fail to measure important life skills. James J. Heckman, John Eric Humphries, Tim Kautz, and a group of scholars offer an in-depth exploration of how the GED came to be used throughout the United States and why our reliance on it is dangerous. Drawing on decades of research, the authors show that, while GED recipients score as well on achievement tests as high school graduates who do not enroll in college, high school graduates vastly outperform GED recipients in terms of their earnings, employment opportunities, educational attainment, and health. The authors show that the differences in success between GED recipients and high school graduates are driven by character skills. Achievement tests like the GED do not adequately capture character skills like conscientiousness, perseverance, sociability, and curiosity. These skills are important in predicting a variety of life outcomes. They can be measured, and they can be taught. Using the GED as a case study, the authors explore what achievement tests miss and show the dangers of an educational system based on them. They call for a return to an emphasis on character in our schools, our systems of accountability, and our national dialogue. Contributors Eric Grodsky, University of Wisconsin-Madison Andrew Halpern-Manners, Indiana University Bloomington Paul A. LaFontaine, Federal Communications Commission Janice H. Laurence, Temple University Lois M. Quinn, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Pedro L. Rodriguez, Institute of Advanced Studies in Administration John Robert Warren, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.


Israel's constitutional structure purports to combine strong establishment of the Orthodox Jewish religion in the state with respect for liberal values such as pluralism equality and liberty. Whereas the establishment of the Orthodox Jewish religion is achieved through laws regulations and administrative power, liberal values that are only partially enshrined in law, are mostly defended and articulated by the Israeli Supreme Court. Focusing on the internal conflicts within the Jewish majority the article will show how the power granted to the Orthodox Jewish religion by the state has been used to circumvent liberal values and will examine the role of the Israeli Supreme Court in ameliorating this problem. It will argue that although in countries in which religion and the state are separated a 'hands-off' approach to pluralism may be sufficient to protect liberal values, in a country such as Israel with a strong religious establishment a more activist approach, which will be termed 'egalitarian pluralism' is required. The article will argue that an egalitarian pluralist approach is needed in order to maintain Israel's dual commitment to its nature as a 'Jewish and Democratic' state and will assess and critique the partial implementation of this approach by the Israeli Supreme Court.


This thesis focuses on topology optimization of conductor-based microwave and radio frequency electromagnetic devices. The research is motivated by the ever increasing usage of small hand-held, or autonomous, electric devices, which have lead to a series of new challenges for the design of efficient antennas and power supplies. A topology optimization methodology is proposed based on a design parameterization which incorporates the skin effect. The numerical optimization procedure is implemented in Matlab, for 2D problems, and in a parallel C++ optimization framework, for 3D design problems. The optimization procedure is first applied to the design of energy focusing devices. The examples cover 2D and 3D resonators, which can be thought of as simplified energy harvesting systems. This is followed by a more practical example, in which the design and optimization of Fresnel plate zone lenses are investigated. It is shown that the performance can be increased with more than 30 % compared to a conventional design. The second optimization problem investigated concerns the design of sub-wavelength antennas. In order to alleviate dependence on the initial design and to obtain a generally applicable design formalism, a two step optimization procedure is presented. This scheme is applied to the design and optimization of a hemispherical sub-wavelength antenna. The optimized antenna configuration displayed a ratio of radiated power to input power in excess of 99 %. The third, and last, design problem considered in this thesis, concerns the optimization of devices for wireless energy transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonators. A single design problem is considered to demonstrate proof of concept. The resulting design illustrates the possibilities of the optimization method, but also reveals its numerical limitations with respect to the resolution of the different length-scales involved.


The objective of this study is to provide some empirical evidences on the existence of labor market adjustments according to smooth adjustment hypothesis (SAH) under the impact of intra-industry trade (IIT) considering the Portuguese case over a time span between 1995 and 2006. The main methodological issue of this study consists in showing that it is preferable to use the GMM-System approach with orthogonal transformation of data. The key outcome consists in highlighting a negative linkage between marginal intra-industry trade and the amplitude of employment changes for this particular market. In addition, we find a negative correlation between changes of employment and changes in domestic consumption. Moreover, the relationship between growth of productivity and market structure is according to smooth adjustment hypothesis.


Moored passive acoustic detectors (e.g. C-PODs) are widely used to study harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena distribution and relative abundance, but their use in tidal-stream habitats is complicated by the need for retrievable flow-resistant seabed fixings and the occur- rence of flow-induced noise in the resultant data. In this study, we explored the use of a new method aimed at tidal-stream habitats, which are of increasing interest for marine renewable energy generation. Porpoise detectors (C-PODs) were attached to multiple drifters and repeatedly set adrift at a tidal-stream site in western Scotland during May 2010 and August 2011. Porpoise vocalisations were successfully detected under varying tidal conditions during approximately 63 h of drifting. Harbour porpoise distribution, as determined by the drifting detectors, was similar to that found using the traditional, yet more logistically intensive, visual and acoustic boat-based sur- veys and to an extent that found by moored C-PODs. Drifting detectors also mapped tidally driven spatiotemporal variability in ambient noise levels which could influence porpoise detection. In summary, drifters equipped with passive acoustic detectors offer a new, rapid and inexpensive tool for investigating porpoise occurrence and behaviour in tidal-stream habitats, and should be considered as part of a comprehensive marine mammal monitoring approach of these energetic environments in the context of marine renewable energy development and other industries.


The mobile intermittent wireless connectivity limits the evolution of the mobile land - scape. Achieving web service reliability results in low communication overhead and cor rect retrieval of the appropriate state response. In this chapter, we discuss and analyze two approaches based on middleware approach, Reliable Service Architecture using Middleware (RSAM), and Reliable Approach using Middleware and WebSocket (RAMWS). These approaches achieve the reliability of web services consumed by mobile devices and propose an enhanced architecture that achieves the reliability under various conditions with minimum communication data overhead. In these experiments, we covered several cases to prove the achievement of reliability. Results also show that the request size was found to be constant, the response size is identical to the traditional architecture, and the increase in the consumption time was less than 5% with the different response sizes.


A standard result in regulation is that efficiency requires that marginal prices be set equal to marginal costs. This paper performs an empirical test of marginal cost pricing in the natural gas distribution market in the United States during the period 1989-2008. For all 50 states we reject the null hypothesis of marginal cost pricing. Departures from marginal cost pricing are particularly severe in residential and commercial markets, where we find average markups of over 40%. Based on conservative estimates of the price elasticity of demand these distortions impose hundreds of millions of dollars of annual welfare loss. Moreover, the current pricing schedules are an important pre-existing distortion which should be taken into account when evaluating carbon taxes and other policies aimed at addressing external costs. Current markups for residential and commercial customers are already equivalent to a tax of over $200 per metric ton of carbon, considerably higher than the range envisioned by most economists.


Black theology was conceived in South Africa in the mid-1960s and flourished from the 1970s, when White supremacy perpetuated by the apartheid state was at its zenith. The struggle against apartheid was aimed mainly at attaining national political liberation so much so that other forms of freedom, albeit implied and included indirectly in the liberation agenda, were not regarded as immediate priorities. Yet two decades into our democracy, poverty, racism, gender injustice, patriarchy, xenophobia, bad governance, environmental degradation, and so on need to be prophetically addressed with equal seriousness and simultaneously, for none of these issues can be left for some time in the future. Using Black Consciousness as a handmaid, Black theology can meaningfully play a role in the democratic South Africa.


Abstract This article argues that existing typologies on production and welfare regimes should be combined into a typology unifying the study of production and distribution in advanced capitalist countries. The article utilises a principal component and cluster analysis to show that such a typology indeed reflects the empirical diversity of countries. This is further illustrated by a brief literature review of different typologies. It is then shown how the integration of the two approaches helps to resolve problems addressed in the new literature on the varieties of capitalism approach, notably how welfare arrangements relate to production systems. Thereby, the relevance of an integrated typology for policy-makers in the fields of welfare and production will be illustrated. Lastly, some thoughts follow on how an integrated typology allows for a perspective that explains the development of various welfare and production regimes based on the common historical heritage of families of nations.


Changing Form and Political Purpose in Selected Works of Ronnie Govender. This dissertation explores changing form and political purpose in selected works of Ronnie Govender, by analysing reasons for the shifts in Govender's choice of genre, and the effects of these genre shifts in his work. Govender is unusual in that he has chosen to recast certain of his most popular works into different genres, throwing up questions of context and impact as associated with these works. The investigation of a selection of Govender's works that have appeared in at least two genres over a period of change in South Africa allows for an examination of political impact on Govender's works both during and post apartheid. This study will be analysed within a range of theatre 'isms' and theories which influenced Govender's skills in the theatre. These are important to situate Govender as, firstly, in his early career, a theatre practitioner. Attention will be given to Constantin Stanislavski and the Method Acting Theory, (1937) as the philosophies advocated by Stanislavski were particularly useful to Govender for the staging and performance of his plays. Reference will be made to the 'Theatre of Commitment', Community Theatre, Indigenous Theatre, Theatre of the Oppressed and Epic Theatre, as elements of these theories feature in Govender's writing and stage performances. Some focus will also be given to Zakes Mda (1993), as both Mda and Govender are associated with the 'Theatre of Commitment', and share a vision of socio-political change through theatre and literature. As contributors to the South African literary canon, Mda and Govender continuously reinvent themselves through their experimentation with form which results in them consistently producing new works. In addition, this dissertation also examines audience reception of Govender's stage performances and reader reception in his texts, and this allows for a brief investigation into Reception Theory. The theories of Wolfgang Iser (1978), Stanley Fish (1980) Hans Robert Jauss (in Bahti 1982) and Susan Bennett (1990) will be referred to in so far as they inform the reception of the works selected for the purposes of this study. In order to contextualise Govender as a writer of both plays and prose, a brief biography of his life and his work will be undertaken. The findings of researchers such as Rajendra Chetty (2002) and Pallavi Rastogi (2008) who have studied the work of South African Indian writers will be drawn on in order to contextualise Govender's writing particularly and his position as a South African Indian writer generally. This dissertation assesses Govender's contribution to the South African canon, and forwards him as an example of a South African writer who is pointing to new directions in writing. The fictional works selected for this dissertation which best illustrate political purpose, changing form and the changing dynamics of reader-audience response, include The Lahnee's Pleasure as play, The Lahnee's Pleasure as novel; "1949", first as short story then as play; and "At the Edge", first as short story then as play. These works which have appeared as both play and prose (novel and short story) have been chosen for their versatility and suitability to different genres and because Govender has chosen to recast them in new forms. Reasons for this will be explored. Research such as I am proposing can contribute to the debate on experimentation with form, new directions in writing and the political impact of writing in South Africa. Further, the significance of the past to the present so evident in Govender's selected works under discussion, can also add to the growing corpus of academic engagement with South African Indian writing.


Masculinity studies in South Africa depend on Western gender theories to frame research questions and fieldwork. This article argues that such theories offer a limited understanding of Xhosa constructions of masculinity. Xhosa notions of masculinity are embodied in the concept of indoda, meaning a traditionally circumcised person. This article explores the nuanced meanings of indoda and its relationship to other masculinities, like uncircumcised boys [inkwenkwe] and medically circumcised men. The discussion reveals that indoda is the most "honoured" form of masculinity. A traditionally circumcised individual is regarded as indoda, a real man, irrespective of his sexual orientation or class, and this affords him certain rights and privileges. Inkwenkwe and medically circumcised men embody "subordinate" forms of masculinity and are victims of stigma and discrimination by indoda. This requires us to revisit some Western theories of masculinity which place heterosexual men at the top of a masculine hierarchy and gay men at the bottom. It furthermore requires us to pay attention to the body when theorising Xhosa masculinity, since it is a principal way of "proving" and "defending" Xhosa manhood.


We discuss to which extent the modifications of the hyperon-scalar-meson coupling constants affect the equation of state (EoS) hypernuclear matter. The study is carried out within a relativistic density functional theory. The nucleonic matter is described in terms of a density-dependent parametrization of nucleon-meson couplings, whereas the hyperon-meson couplings are deduced from the octet model. We identify the parameter space of hyperon-meson couplings for which massive stellar configurations with M ≤ 2.25M⊙ exist. We also discuss the EoS at finite temperatures with and without of a trapped neutrino component and show that neutrinos stiffen the EoS and change qualitatively the composition of stellar matter.


As its name suggests, the civil rights movement is an ongoing process, and the scholars contributing to this volume offer new geographical and temporal perspectives on this crucial American experience. As Clayborne Carson notes in the introduction, the movement involved much more than civil rights reform--it transformed African-American political and social consciousness. In this timely volume John Dittmer provides a new assessment of the effects of grass-roots activists of the movement in Mississippi from 1965 to 1968, to show what happened after the famous Freedom Summer of 1964. George C. Wright shows how African Americans in Kentucky from 1900 to 1970 faced the same racial restrictions and violence as blacks in Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. W. Marvin Dulaney traces the rise and fall of the movement in Dallas from the 1930s through the 1970s while the nation's attention was focused elsewhere.


Objectives To develop, validate, test for applicability and practicality, implement and undertake a preliminary evaluation of a standard operating procedure (SOP) for pharmacist patient-profiling activities at Rehabilitation Hospital Karin Grech (RHKG). Methods Following direct observation of pharmacist patient-profiling activities in the hospital, a draft SOP was developed. The SOP was validated twice using a self-administered validation questionnaire and was amended according to suggestions proposed during validation. The validated SOP was tested for applicability and practicality through an observation study. Pharmacists were trained to follow the SOP correctly and the SOP was subsequently implemented. Preliminary evaluation of the SOP was undertaken using a self-administered evaluation questionnaire 1 and 4 months post implementation. Results A 'patient-profiling' SOP for pharmacists was developed. Validation was beneficial since constructive suggestions were proposed and improvements with respect to SOP content, length, presentation, layout and comprehensiveness were implemented to develop the final version of the SOP. The SOP was found to be practical and applicable for use at RHKG. Preliminary evaluation showed that all pharmacists (nine) found the SOP fit for purpose, easy to follow for training new pharmacists, user friendly, easy to understand and promotes consistency in patient-profiling activities. Conclusions The 'patient-profiling' SOP provides a comprehensive approach to standardisation of pharmacist patient-profiling activities at RHKG to improve the quality of patient care. The SOP will need to be regularly reviewed and updated and can be transferred to other hospital settings with minor amendments.


Part One SCHOLAR, LAWYER, HUMANIST, WIT, Lord Chancellor for Henry VIII, martyr and canonized saint, Thomas More was also probably the most prolific writer of English literature in the early Tudor period, as the now completed Yale Edition of his writings attests. (1) His reputation as an author has of course been chiefly associated with his Latin masterpiece, Utopia (1516), (2) one of the seminal works of the Western literary tradition, which has provided both a name and a model for the numerous ideal commonwealths that have been imagined, and on occasion attempted in practice, from that day up to the present. His History of King Richard III, (3) written (c. 1514) in both English and Latin versions in order to reach More's two principal audiences of fellow countrymen and continental humanists, marks the beginning of modern historical writing in England; though unfinished and unpublished in More's lifetime, it found its way into the sixteenth-century chronicles and served as the principal source for Shakespeare's play. More's early classical studies resulted not only in his Latin epigrams, many translated from Greek originals, but in the translations undertaken with Erasmus of some works of Lucian, (4) the master of Greek dialogue who proved to be a fruitful stimulus for the original work of both great humanists, in particular for the Utopia and for Erasmus's Encomium Moriae (The Praise of Folly), (5) the title of which is a punning tribute to his friend. Much of the literary activity of More's mature years, which were largely absorbed by affairs of state, was concerned with the controversies of the early Reformation, beginning with his Latin Responsio (1523) to Martin Luther's attacks on Henry VIII's treatise on the sacraments. (6) The best of this work is certainly the first written in English, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies (1529; 1531), (7) in which More employs his favorite literary form to discredit the religious innovations entering England from the continent. Described by C. S. Lewis as perhaps the best specimen of Platonic dialogue ever produced in English, (8) this work was followed in rapid succession by a series of polemical works in which the literary dimension is less in evidence: The Supplication of Souls (1529); The Confutation of Tyndale's Answer (1532; 1533), a massive two-part sequel to the Dialogue; The Apology of Sir Thomas More, Knight (1532); The Debellation of Salem and Bizance (1532); The Answer to a Poisoned Book (1533). (9) A more meditative focus, which had already shown itself in the materials translated and adapted as The Life of Pico (c. 1505) and in the unfinished meditation on the Last Things (c. 1522), (10) was given greater opportunity for expression in the Treatise on the Passion (1533-34), (11) written after More's retirement from public life, and particularly in the important works written after he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in April 1534. His greatest English work, A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, (12) is a classic of prison literature, revealing in fictional form the profound significance of Christian faith in the face of suffering and persecution. More's final work, the Latin DeTristitia Christi (The Sadness of Christ), (13) which survives in a holograph manuscript smuggled from his cell, is a series of very personal meditations on Christ's agony before the Passion, and provides an intimate picture of More's own mind as he faced impending execution. Not to be omitted from a consideration of More's literary works are his letters, (14) in Latin and English, which range from defenses of Christian humanism and the great correspondence with Erasmus, the primary figure of that movement and More's "other self," through various letters concerned with political and diplomatic matters to the moving letters to his own family, particularly those written during his imprisonment, (15) which give primary witness to that integrity of conscience that brought More to the block and made him "a man for all seasons. …


One of the most problematic issues to face airlines in recent years has been service failure/breakdown. Consequently, the notion of effective recovery, in terms of retaining customer loyalty, has become increasingly important. The aim of this study is to examine incidents of airline service failure and identify optimal recovery strategies.
The study evaluates the service failure and recovery strategies in full-service airlines and low-cost carriers, the comparative effectiveness of alternative recovery actions/strategies (e.g. apology, compensation, correction, explanation) and their impact on post-recovery satisfaction and loyalty for a range of failure types. It also examines the mediating effect of emotion and justice on post-recovery behaviour.
A total of 387 useable questionnaires were obtained from three different sources: a street intercept survey in Manchester (n=50); an online survey at Salford University (n=52); a Marketest panel survey (n=285). A number of important findings have been obtained from the hypothesis tests. Firstly, the severity of service failure and failure criticality were found to have a significant impact on customer satisfaction, negative word-of-mouth communication (WOM) and customer loyalty. Secondly, the results revealed the following five service recovery actions are particularly effective for airline service recovery: acceptance of responsibility of service failure; correction; compensation; apology and follow-up in writing. Thirdly, the results show that three recovery actions (e.g. compensation; acceptance of responsibility and correction) have a significant impact on customer post-recovery satisfaction when severity is high (>4).
The implications of these results are that operations manager and staff can use these five recovery actions to deal with service failure (e.g. acceptance of responsibility of service failure; correction; compensation; apology and follow-up in writing). Frontline staff needs to be aware of customer emotions during service failure incident and good service recovery can therefore avoid negative customer emotion.


This paper studies the Giannantoni factorization of H.T. Odum's transformity into dissipative and generative components. A dissipative component of architecture was developed in the author's paper " 'Tropical' Emergy and (Dis-) Order" at the 4th Biennial Emergy Research Conference, and is related to the number of surfaces used up in architectural construction, for example making walls out of bricks. A generative component was developed in the author's paper "An Algorithm to Measure Symmetry and Positional Emergy of n Points," presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society, New Orleans, LA and included the the ISSS 2007 Bulletin; the generative component is related to the number of equal distances created between different parts of a structure. There is some evidence of ordinality; for example higher-dimensional structures can have orders of magnitude more symmetry. Emergy maximization is analyzed as a constrained calculus problem which for maximization requires middle values of both dissipation and generation. For example a placement of bricks around a yard in a highly symmetric fashion may have high symmetry but if they are not connected , will not lead to a desirable architectural structure. Similarly connectling the bricks into haphazard walls may have high dissipation but without some symmetry of construction into regular structures such as rooms, will be considered a waste of materials. Some other questions such as evolution of biological and animal structure are discussed.