To examine the effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on hospital utilization, hospital costs, and Medicare reimbursements for hospital care, a longitudinal, matched cohort study was conducted using Medicare claims data of 23,806 Medicare-eligible, dialysis patients who received rHuEPO, did not have a transplant, and were alive for 18 mo or longer and 22,720 controls matched on age, sex, race, cause of ESRD, and dialysis modality. The relative odds (rHuEPO versus control) of admission for all causes and for specific causes over 9 mo, adjusted for admission in the prior 9 mo and the per patient change in total admissions, inpatient days, hospital costs, and Medicare hospital payments between the prior 9-mo period and the subsequent 9-mo period was examined. The adjusted relative odds (95% confidence interval) of admission (rHuEPO versus control) was: higher and statistically significant for all causes, 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14); seizure, 1.52 (1.28 to 1.75); vascular access revision, 1.11 (1.06 to 1.17), and heart failure, 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26); higher but not statistically significant for angina, 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) and stroke, 1.08 (0.86 to 1.31); and lower but not statistically significant for myocardial infarction, 0.91 (0.72 to 1.10); peripheral vascular disease, 0.81 (0.60 to 1.02); anemia, 0.86 (0.56 to 1.17); and depression, 0.89 (0.37 to 1.40). The mean change per 1,000 patients in admissions was less by 38 (P = 0.03) because of fewer readmissions, and in days was 1,309 less (P < 0.001), for patients treated with rHuEPO versus controls. The mean change per patient in hospital costs was $371 less and was statistically significant (P = 0.03) and in Medicare hospital payments was $132 less but was not statistically significant (P = 0.43) for patients treated with rHuEPO versus controls. rHuEPO was associated with an increase in the probability of hospital admission (particularly admissions potentially related to adverse effects) but a decrease in readmissions, overall admissions, hospital days, and cost to hospitals in this cohort of patients surviving for 18 mo. Although not realized short term, Medicare savings from potential rHuEPO-related reductions in hospital care may be long term through future adjustments in diagnosis-related group-based hospital payment.


The rise of the United States as a military power capable of mounting global warfare and subduing domestic rebellions has helped produce a corresponding shift in the language of liberal constitutionalism. Arguments invoking war have become prevalent, increasingly creative and far-reaching, and therefore an emerging threat to rule of law values. It is not only legal limits on the capacity to wage war that have been influenced by the ascendance of war-inspired discourse; seemingly unrelated areas of law have also been reshaped by talk of war, from the constitutional rules of criminal procedure to the promise of racial and sexual equality to First Amendment freedoms. This article starts to fill gaps in our understanding of America's war saturated legal culture. It does so by defining the practice of war constitutionalism, drawing on rich examples from our past, identifying some of the most frequently occurring forms, and evaluating the rule of law concerns posed by each mode of war-dependent argumentation. Three major arguments are scrutinized systematically: the war justification, which relies on a claim about a live conflict; the war legacy, a historical-ethical argument drawing legal lessons from a nation's war experience; and the war metaphor, which figuratively describes a public policy issue in war-like terminology.


Domestic outsourcing has grown substantially in developed countries over the past two decades. This paper addresses the question of the technological drivers of this phenomenon by studying the impact of the staggered diffusion of broadband internet in France during the 2000s. Our results confirm that broadband technology increases firm productivity and the relative demand for high-skill workers. Further, we show that broadband internet led firms to outsource some non-core occupations to service contractors, both in the low and high-skill segments. In both cases, we find that employment related to these occupations became increasingly concentrated in firms specializing in these activities, and was less likely to be performed in-house within firms specialized in other activities. As a result, after the arrival of broadband internet, establishments become increasingly homogeneous in their occupational composition. Finally, we provide suggestive evidence that high-skill workers experience salary gains from being outsourced, while low-skill workers lose out. JEL classification: G14, G21, O33


The structure of the abstract depends on the type of paper. Original Papers 250 word limit. Include four clearly identifiable areas of content: Objective: the purpose of the research Materials/Subjects and Methods: description of the materials, animals or subjects, basic design, procedures and the analytical techniques including a brief description of statistical analysis Results: major findings and their importance Conclusion: significant finding(s) and implication of the finding(s) Short Communications 150 word limit. Include four clearly identifiable areas of content: Objective: the purpose of the research Materials/Subjects and Methods: description of the materials, animals or subjects, basic design, procedures and the analytical techniques including a brief description of statistical analysis Results: major findings and their importance Conclusion: significant finding(s) and implication of the finding(s) Case Reports 100 word limit. 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In Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol, Priya Wadhera bridges the works of Perec and Warhol for the first time, illuminating a postmodern aesthetic where the original is devalued and the copy reigns supreme.


The difficulties in sectioning frozen biological objects for electron microscopic investigations are overcome by Steere's freezing-etching method. In order to test this method and to open up a wide field of application, the new freezing-ultramicrotome has been designed. The apparatus consists of the combination of an ultramicrotome with freezing-drying and shadow-casting installations in the same vacuum container. The preliminary results show, on the one hand, the practicability of all preparational steps and, on the other, that it is possible to resolve internal structures of cell organelles and even macromolecular patterns.


Direct solar illumination was used to pump a 5-mm-diameter 62-mm exposed-length rod of Er,Tm,Ho:YAG to achieve a quasi-cw lasing of the Ho ion at an average power of 12 W. The solar radiation was chopped at a 20% duty cycle to avoid overloading of the cooling system. The peak power output was more than 65 W during the chopper's open times. The slope efficiency is 3.8%, and the threshold input energy is approximately 100 W. The laser was operated for long times (up to hours) while maintaining its performance. This is, to our knowledge, the first directly solar-pumped laser operating at 77 K.


Empirical data show that firms tend to improve their ranking in the productivity distribution over time. A stickyprice model with firm-level productivity growth fits this data and predicts that the optimal long-run inflation rate is positive and between 1.5% and 2% per year. In contrast, the standard sticky-price model cannot fit this data and predicts optimal long-run inflation near zero. Despite positive long-run inflation, the Taylor principle ensures determinacy in the model with firm-level productivity growth, and optimal inflation stabilization policies are standard. In a two-sector extension of this model, the optimal long-run inflation rate weights the sector with the stickier prices more heavily.


This paper reviews the current knowledge and environmental status of Australian estuaries and continental margins in terms of sedimentary heavy metals. Although only 2.5%; of Australian estuaries and 0.1%; of the adjacent continental shelf have been surveyed for sedimentary heavy metals, some of the most contaminated maritime areas in the world have been located in this country. The most impacted regions are adjacent to single-purpose industrial complexes, e.g. smelters, refineries and chlor-alkali plants, whereas Port Jackson (Sydney) is by far the most contaminated mixed urbanised/industrialised estuary in Australia. The concentration of metals is substantially higher and more extensive in Australian estuaries than in sediments of the contintental margin. Even the continental margin adjacent to central New South Wales (NSW) where almost one third of the total Australian population live, shows only minor environmental impact. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of estuarine environments to act as traps for pollutants, and conversely, how efficiently contaminants are dispersed from the high-energy continental margins of Australia. In central NSW, the level of estuarine contamination is closely related to the extent of urbanisation/industrialisation. Extensive areas of Port Jackson are contaminated with heavy metals, especially Pb and Zn, and a large proportion of the estuary has sedimentary metals at concentrations where some adverse biological affects can be expected. Although much of the contamination is a legacy of past poor industrial practice, high metal concentrations in fluvial sediments entering the harbour indicate contaminants continue to be supplied to the waterway. There are many possible sources, but stormwater and leachates from extensive reclamation at the upper reaches of some tributaries and embayments may be important. The political significance of the coastal zone and the extent of impact on this environmental has recently (and belatedly) been realised, and new Commonwealth investigations and initiatives have been instigated. The first "State of the Environment of the Marine Environment Report" has been completed and the "Commonwealth Coastal Policy" has been initiated. However, the amount and quality of sedimentary contaminant data available in the coastal zone is totally inadequate to construct a national contaminant framework for this environment. This lack of good quality, regionally comparable data hinders the development of appropriate management strategies and construction of legislative structures for the coastal zone.


We have implemented a rule-based prototype of a Spanish-to-Cuzco Quechua MT system enhanced through the addition of statistical components. The greatest difficulty during the translation process is to generate the correct Quechua verb form in subordinated clauses. The prototype has several rules that decide which verb form should be used in a given context. However, matching the context in order to apply the correct rule depends crucially on the parsing quality of the Spanish input. As the form of the subordinated verb depends heavily on the conjunction in the subordinated Spanish clause and the semantics of the main verb, we extracted this information from two treebanks and trained different classifiers on this data. We tested the best classifier on a set of 4 texts, increasing the correct subordinated verb forms from 80% to 89%.


A new field programmable gate array (FPGA) design algorithm, Maple-opt, is proposed for technology mapping, placement, and global routing subject to a given upper bound of critical signal path delay. The basic procedure of Maple-opt is viewed as top-down hierarchical bipartition of a layout region. In each bipartitioning step, technology mapping onto logic blocks of FPGAs, their placement, and global routing are determined simultaneously, which leads to a more congestion-balanced layout for routing. In addition, Maple-opt is capable of estimating a lower bound of the delay for a constrained path and of extracting critical paths based on the difference between the lower bounds and given constraint values in each bipartitioning step. Two delay-reduction procedures for the critical paths are applied; routing delay reduction and logic-block delay reduction. The routing delay reduction is done by assigning each constrained path to a single subregion when bipartitioning a region. The logic-block delay reduction is done by mapping each constrained path onto a smaller number of logic blocks. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate that Maple-opt reduces the maximum number of tracks per channel by a maximum of 38% compared with existing algorithms while satisfying almost all the path delay constraints.


This scholarly work examines the environmental protection legislation of Ukraine and its application in practice, aiming to identify the main challenges it faces in the context of the required harmonization of Ukrainian environmental legislation with EU law according to the Association Agreement, while also making suggestions on how to better respond to these issues. This paper also refers to the experience of EU member states in the field of environmental liability. Legal nature, content and meaning of the criminal liability of legal persons in the environmental sphere according to the law of EU member states were studied in order to determine the appropriateness and mechanism of implementation of such responsibility in Ukraine. Arguments for establishment of criminal liability of legal persons were presented. Keywords: Environmental policy, environmental crime, environmental responsibility, adaptation of Ukrainian environmental legislation to EU standards.


Butanol is a potential transportation fuel which could eventually replace fossilderived petroleum and transition the world towards a more sustainable future. This fuel can be produced by enzymatically hydrolyzing pretreated lignocellulosic biomass, and simultaneously fermenting the resultant sugars with specific bacterial strains. In this experiment switchgrass was chemically pretreated in a 75% (v/v) ethanol and 1% H2SO4 (1% v/v) solution and subjected to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with hydrolytic enzymes and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The pH control method for the SSF apparatus was varied between a 50 mM acetate buffer solution (HOAc), and the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powder. Cellular products were quantified by HPLC analysis, and results were compared to identical procedures conducted on microcrystalline cellulose. The microcrystalline cellulose SSF procedures yielded 4.33 g/L (HOAc) and 4.27 g/L (CaCO3) of butanol, with 0.037 g/L/min (HOAc) and 0.038 g/L/min (CaCO3) butanol production rates. No butanol was produced from switchgrass, regardless of the pH control method. Butyric acid, the chemical precursor to butanol, was produced from switchgrass samples however, which suggests the final conversion step to butanol was most likely hindered. It is believed that the pH levels of the switchgrass SSF apparatuses were unsatisfactory, or that the acid-pretreated biomass released inhibitory compounds which prevented the biosynthesis of butanol. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements


Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) are both
poleroviruses that cause significant reduction in the yields of sugar beet and oilseed
rape respectively. Both viruses are transmitted by the aphid vector Myzus persicae.
Current control methods rely heavily on the use of insecticides for controlling the
aphids which can spread these viruses to a wide range of host plants. Recent EU
guidelines have tightened control on the use of some of these pesticides, meaning it
is becoming increasingly important to find alternative control methods. It is widely
agreed in the scientific community, that the best control method would be to generate
durable genetically resistant crop plants. In order to achieve this gene targets, either
for active or passive resistance, would need to be identified.
This study has built on a project that identified a naturally BMYV resistant A.
thaliana ecotype, Sna-1. Crosses of the susceptible ecotype (Col-0) to the resistant
ecotype Sna-1 identified the resistance as 'passive', where susceptibility was
dominant, and conditioned by a monogenic trait. This study began by characterising
the gene responsible for susceptibility by bulked segregant analysis and AFLP™.
This identified a region of ca. 5Mbp region on A. thaliana chromosome 4. This region
contains the Arabidopsis elongation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) gene which has
already been implicated in susceptibility to other viruses. This gene has frequently
been shown to be important for viral infection in plants, and naturally occurring
mutations can result in resistance to other viruses. Further investigation revealed a
12 bp duplicated sequence in the Sna-1 eIF4E allele, located in a region that
encodes the cap-binding pocket of eIF4E. The same region has been shown to be
required for virus infection in other species. Infections were therefore carried out
using mutants in this gene, using TAS-ELISA. Previously susceptible Col-0 plants
containing a T-DNA insert, or EMS point mutations in the eIF4E gene were found to
be resistant to BMYV infection. Functional complementation with the Col-0 eIF4E
allele into a stock that contained Sna-1 eIF4E resulted in susceptibility to BMYV,
confirming its role as a susceptibility factor.
As BMYV and TuYV are closely related viruses it was hypothesised they
would share a similar infection strategy. The mutation in eIF4E was not enough to
prevent virus infection, and the method of infection of the UK-BB TuYV isolate
remains to be elucidated as infection studies in mutants with defective components of
the eukaryotic translation initiation factors, including eIF(Iso)4E gene, has so far
failed to identify any requirements for UK-BB TuYV infection. Several T-DNA insertion
lines in the eIF(iso)4E gene were tested but it was not possible to verify that any of
these lines were true knock-outs. However, the molelcular tools for future verification
have been developed. A recent report has implicated eIF(iso)4G components in
TuYV infection of Arabidopsis but this result could not be repeated in this study.
Further study is required to fully understand the mode of infection of both
viruses. It is expected that the identification of essential host genes required for virus
infection will aid in the breeding of genetically resistant crops, and reduce the current
dependence on harmful pesticides.


ENGLISH:

Simplex algorithm is a mathematical procedure for solving linear programming problems over and over with a way to test the angle points that meet the constraints to find the extreme point of the corner points that will maximize or minimize the objective function.

Mathematical model of linear programming problems must first be modified in order to wake-matrix contains the identity of mathematics must be solved by using simplex algorithm. Building a slack variable is formed by bringing mathematics, surplus variables and variables in the form of artificial constraints that limit the need and requirement. In this case, the presence of an artificial variable as a variable which is zero at the optimal solution requires the use of a number M, ie a very large number of often called "Big M, the coefficient of artificial variables in the objective function. If the objective function is maximized, then - M is the coefficient of artificial variables. Conversely, if the objective function is minimized, then + M is the coefficient.

Optimality condition: Entering Variable in maximizing (minimize) is a variable coefficient non basis the most negative (positive) in the equation destination z. Coefficient with the same value can be chosen arbitrarily. Optimum value is achieved if all the coefficients in the equation z non basic nonnegative (non positive). Feasibility conditions: either to maximize or minimize problem, the leaving variable is the current basic variables that have the smallest cut point (the minimum ratio in the denominator is strictly positive) to the variable entries. The same value can be chosen arbitrarily.

Pivot variable can be determined using Gauss-Jordan elimination. This method begins by identifying the columns under variable was included as an entry field (trespassing colomn). Lines associated with the variable of the equation called the pivot and elements in the intersection between the entrance and common pivot column called pivot elements. Gauss-Jordan method to make a change on the basis of the use of two types of calculations:
1. pivot equation:
new pivot equation= last pivot equation/ pivot element
2. all other equations including z
new equation= (last equation-entering colomn coefisien) x new pivot equation
Both types of calculations are basically looking for a new basic solution by substituting out the variables included in all equations, except in the pivot variable.


In this paper we explore the benefits from and shortcomings of entity-driven noun phrase rewriting for multi-document summarization of news. The approach leads to 20% to 50% different content in the summary in comparison to an extractive summary produced using the same underlying approach, showing the promise the technique has to offer. In addition, summaries produced using entity-driven rewrite have higher linguistic quality than a comparison non-extractive system. Some improvement is also seen in content selection over extractive summarization as measured by pyramid method evaluation.


What should an effective counter-terrorist strategy look like? Can any lessons be drawn from past European experiences? How does terrorism end? Having answers to these three questions would be of great help to both practitioners and scholars interested in the disbandment of home-grown terrorist groups. Preventing processes of radicalization and, if at all possible, enabling the reverse process of de-radicalization has become a priority objective for EU Member States. And yet, there is a curious gap in the literature with respect to the precipitants and facilitators of terrorist disengagement. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of how four Western European states – Italy, Germany, Spain, and the UK – dealt with groups employing political violence and terrorism, and what lessons can be learned from these policies that can be applied towards future counterterrorism campaigns. The disbandment of two ethno-nationalist groups the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the politicalmilitary branch Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA-PM) and two revolutionary groups the Red Army Faction (RAF) and the Red Brigades (RB) – are examined in order to identify some of the policies that facilitate abandonment, defection, decline or defeat.


"Buyer-option" contracts, in which the buyer selects the product variant to be traded and chooses whether to accept delivery, are often used to solve holdup problems. We present a simple game that focuses sharply on subgames in which the buyer proposes inefficient actions in order to improve his bargaining position. We argue for one of several alternative ways to model this situation. We then apply that modeling choice to recent models of the foundations of incomplete contracts and show that a buyer-option contract is sufficient to induce first-best outcomes. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.


We study non-cooperative network formation models with two primitives -- a set of agents and a set of exogenously given events. An event is conceived as any entity around which joint activities can be organized and plays no role beyond serving as a platform to mediate connections between agents. Agents incur costs in subscribing to events but derive benefits from being connected with other agents. This framework differs from most existing models of network formation where agents decide which agents to link with. We first study a benchmark environment and identify the set of strongly efficient and Nash stable architectures. The tension between efficiency and stability in this environment is quite weak because there is no conflict of interest between the agents. Conflict of interest is absent because the underlying preference orderings of agents over the set of feasible networks are such that there is at least one network which is best from the perspective of every agent. The tension that does exist reflects coordination failure among agents. We then consider two extensions which help further clarify the two sources of tension between efficiency and stability. In a model where each event may fail with some exogenously given positive probability, the tension between efficiency and stability arises due to coordination failures. In a model where event subscription costs depend on the identity of agents and events, the tension is either due to conflict of interest or due to coordination failure depending on event subscription costs.


The design demands on water and sanitation engineers are rapidly changing. The global population is set to rise from 7 billion to 10 billion by 2083. Urbanisation in developing regions is increasing at such a rate that a predicted 56% of the global population will live in an urban setting by 2025. Compounding these problems, the global water and energy crises are impacting the Global North and South alike. High-rate anaerobic digestion offers a low-cost, low-energy treatment alternative to the energy intensive aerobic technologies used today. Widespread implementation however is hindered by the lack of capacity to engineer high-rate anaerobic digestion for the treatment of complex wastes such as sewage.
This thesis utilises the Expanded Granular Sludge Bed bioreactor (EGSB) as a model system in which to study the ecology, physiology and performance of high-rate anaerobic digestion of complex wastes. The impacts of a range of engineered parameters including reactor geometry, wastewater type, operating temperature and organic loading rate are systematically investigated using lab-scale EGSB bioreactors. Next generation sequencing of 16S amplicons is utilised as a means of monitoring microbial ecology. Microbial community physiology is monitored by means of specific methanogenic activity testing and a range of physical and chemical methods are applied to assess reactor performance. Finally, the limit state approach is trialled as a method for testing the EGSB and is proposed as a standard method for biotechnology testing enabling improved process control at full-scale.
The arising data is assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Lab-scale reactor design is demonstrated to significantly influence the spatial distribution of the underlying ecology and community physiology in lab-scale reactors, a vital finding for both researchers and full-scale plant operators responsible for monitoring EGSB reactors. Recurrent trends in the data indicate that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis dominates in high-rate anaerobic digestion at both full- and lab-scale when subject to engineered or operational stresses including low-temperature and variable feeding regimes. This is of relevance for those seeking to define new directions in fundamental understanding of syntrophic and competitive relations in methanogenic communities and also to design engineers in determining operating parameters for full-scale digesters. The adoption of the limit state approach enabled identification of biological indicators providing early warning of failure under high-solids loading, a vital insight for those currently working empirically towards the development of new biotechnologies at lab-scale.


The physical simulation, fabrication and characterization of 4H-SiC power Schottky diodes and physical simulations of power microwave transistors an presented. A record blocking voltage of 3.85 kV was achieved for a Schottky diode with a 43 μm thick epilayer grown by chimney CVD. For hot-wall CVD grown layers a blocking voltage of 3.6 kV was obtained. Simulations of power MESFETs showed maximum drain currents above 300 mA/mm and a drain breakdown above 150 volt An RF analysis showed the cut-off and the maximum frequency of oscillation for a device with a gate length of 0.5 μm to be 13 and 45 GHz respectively. The maximum achievable gain was above 10 dB ep to 26 GFz.


Markov logic networks (MLNs) use first-order formulas to define features of Markov networks. Current MLN structure learners can only learn short clauses (4-5 literals) due to extreme computational costs, and thus are unable to represent complex regularities in data. To address this problem, we present LSM, the first MLN structure learner capable of efficiently and accurately learning long clauses. LSM is based on the observation that relational data typically contains patterns that are variations of the same structural motifs. By constraining the search for clauses to occur within motifs, LSM can greatly speed up the search and thereby reduce the cost of finding long clauses. LSM uses random walks to identify densely connected objects in data, and groups them and their associated relations into a motif. Our experiments on three real-world datasets show that our approach is 2-5 orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art ones, while achieving the same or better predictive performance.


I. INTRODUCTION On October 20, 2005, 148 nations from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) approved the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Convention).1 Only two nations, the United States and Israel, voted against the Convention.2 This Convention was the culmination of almost two years of drafting, a process set in motion by the approval of the 2001 Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity (Declaration) and anticipated by UNESCO's historical treatment of cultural goods and services. The goal of the Convention is to preserve global cultural diversity, and it empowers nations to affirmatively protect their own cultures by, among other measures, restricting the import of competing cultural goods and services from other countries. Such a trade measure would seem contradictory to the generally liberal international trade regime set out by the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).3 Although the Convention stresses "mutual supportiveness" with other treaties such as the GATT, it also insists that it must not be "subordinat[ed]" to these other treaties.4 The United States couches its objections to the Convention in terms of preferability of democratization and increased access as ways to promote cultural diversity. But as the world's leading exporter of movies, television programs and other audio-visual cultural products,5 the United States faces a potentially significant restriction of its imports. With the Convention operative in February 2006, the stage is set for a conflict between a WTO nation that might attempt to restrict the import of cultural goods and services under the Convention, and the United States, who will likely assert the supremacy of the WTO agreements to which both nations are parties over the Convention it does not recognize. In this paper, I attempt to predict what will happen in such a conflict by analyzing (1) whether the Convention and the GATT can be reconciled, and (2) if they cannot, who shall decide the conflict between them and how they might do so. I begin by highlighting the special status and inclusive definition given to "cultural goods and services," which present a case for pulling these goods and services out of the WTO framework. Next, I discuss the various trade measures explicitly and implicitly endorsed by the Convention under the headings of "promotion" and "protection," and analyze their validity within the framework of the GATT and WTO jurisprudence. Finding the most potentially effective of these measures to be unavailable within that framework, I move on to pit the Convention against it, under the rules governing conflicts between international agreements. Finally, after finding that the GATT will trump the Convention in such a conflict, I inquire whether the Convention might at least influence the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) interpreting the GATT in trade disputes. In doing so, I find that the principle of "evolutive interpretation," along with prior DSB jurisprudence, offers hope to champions of the Convention who wish to protect and promote cultural diversity while remaining in good standing with the WTO. II. THE CONVENTION AND ITS CONTROVERSIAL PROVISIONS The Convention represents the execution of an action plan set out by UNESCO in the 2001 Universal Declaration. It reaffirms that instrument's recognition of cultural diversity as "the common heritage of humanity,"6 and stresses its status as a crucial element for "sustainable human development."7 In keeping with these underlying principles, the Convention recognizes that cultural goods and services "have both an economic and a cultural nature . . . and must therefore not be treated as solely having commercial value."8 This notion of a dual nature provides the intellectual foundation for the argument that cultural goods and services should be considered as lying outside the WTO trade regime, or at least must require an expansive interpretation of that regime's conventions. …


In a previous paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A12, 1932 ( 1995)] we presented a method for phase recovery with the transport-of-intensity equation by use of a series expansion. Here we develop a different method for the solution of this equation, which allows recovery of the phase in the case of nonuniform illumination. Though also based on the orthogonal series expansion, the new method does not require any separate boundary conditions and can be more easily adjusted for apertures of various shapes. The discussion is primarily for the case of a circular aperture and Zernike polynomials, but we also outline the solution for a rectangular aperture and Fourier harmonics. The latter example may have some substantial advantages, given the availability of the fast Fourier transform.


We define a Concurrent Separation Logic with first-class locks and threads for the C language, and prove its soundness in Coq with respect to a compilable operataional semantics.
We define the language Concurrent C minor, an extension of the C minor language of Leroy. C minor was designed as the highest-level intermediate language in the CompCert certified ANSI C compiler, and we add to it lock, unlock, and fork statements to make Concurrent C minor, giving it a standard Pthreads style of concurrency. We define a Concurrent Separation Logic for Concurrent C minor, which extends the original Concurrent Separation Logic of O'Hearn to handle firstclass locks and threads.
We then prove the soundness of the logic with respect to the operational semantics of the language. First, we define an erased concurrent operational semantics for Concurrent C minor that is a reasonable abstraction for concurrent execution on a real machine. Second, we define a new modal substructural logic which we use as the model for assertions in Concurrent Separation Logic. Third, we define an unerased concurrent operational semantics for Concurrent C minor that keeps track of additional bookkeeping to demonstrate the programs are well-behaved. Fourth, we define an oracle semantics that is a thread-local semantics of Concurrent C minor; this allows us to separate the metatheory of sequential and concurrent computation from each other. Fifth, we give a new semantics to the Hoare tuple using our modal substructural logic that connects Concurrent Separation Logic to our oracle semantics and then connect our oracle semantics to our concurrent semantics.
Our soundness proofs are largely implemented in 60,000 lines of Coq; our modular proof design allows us to largely reuse a significant portion of the soundness proofs of the sequential subset of Concurrent Separation Logic developed by Appel and Blazy. Our ability to reuse those proofs gives us confidence that we will be able to modify the CompCert compiler proofs to handle Concurrent C minor in the future.


This thesis examines the non-leptonic B-decays within QCD factorization and beyond, to challenge the assumptions and limitations of the method. We analyse the treatment of the distribution amplitudes of light mesons and present a new model described by simple physical parameters. The leading twist distribution amplitudes of light mesons describe the leading non-perturbative hadronic contributions to exclusive QCD reactions at large energy transfer, for instance electromagnetic form factors. Importantly, they also enter into the two-body B decay amplitudes described by QCD factorisation. They cannot be calculated from first principles and are described by models based on a fixed-order conformal expansion, which is not always sufficient in phenomenological applications. We derive new models that are valid to all orders in the conformal expansion and characterised by a small number of parameters related to experimental observables. Motivated by the marginal agreement between the QCD factorisation results with the experimental data, in particular for B → ππ, we scrutinise the incalculable non-factorisable corrections to charmless non-leptonic decays. We use the available results on B → ππ, to extract information about the size and nature of the required non-factorisable corrections that are needed to reconcile the predictions and data. We find that the best-fit scenarios do not give reasonable agreement to 2a until at least a 40% non-factorisable contribution is added. Finally we consider the exclusive B → V γ decays, where we analyse the recently updated experimental data within QCD factorization and present constraints on generic super symmetric models using the mass insertion approximation.


Objective- To determine the effect of selected bone graft on the compression properties of radial bone in rabbit.
Design- Experimental in vivo study.
Animals- A total of 45 adult male New Zealand white rabbits.
Procedures- The rabbits were anesthetized and a one-cm-full thickness piece of radial bone was removed using oscillating saw in the all rabbit. The rabbits were divided into 5 groups on thebasis of the material used to fill the bone defect: group 1: the paste of bone cement calciumphosphate; group II: the paste of calcium phosphate mixture with type I collagen; group III:tricalcium phosphate mixed with hydroxyapatite (TCP & HP) with 5% porosity; group IV: thesame scaffold as group III with 10% porosity; and group V: the same scaffold as group III andIV with 20% porosity, with 9 rabbits in each group. Subsequently subdivided into 3 subgroupsof 3 rabbits each.
Results- There was a significant increase in compression properties of radial bone in the group IIand V in 2nd and 3rd months as compared with groups I, III and IV. The mean endurable crackstrengthin group II and V were slightly higher than that of normal radius (P<0.05).
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Application of calcium phosphate paste with type Icollagen and scaffold of tricalcium phosphate with hydroxyapatite having 20% porosityindicated to have positive effect in integral formation of qualitative callus at the site of fractureand early re-organization of callus to regain mechanical strength too.


Relying entirely on an attention mechanism, the Transformer introduced by Vaswani et al. (2017) achieves state-of-the-art results for machine translation. In contrast to recurrent and convolutional neural networks, it does not explicitly model relative or absolute position information in its structure. Instead, it requires adding representations of absolute positions to its inputs. In this work we present an alternative approach, extending the self-attention mechanism to efficiently consider representations of the relative positions, or distances between sequence elements. On the WMT 2014 English-to-German and English-to-French translation tasks, this approach yields improvements of 1.3 BLEU and 0.3 BLEU over absolute position representations, respectively. Notably, we observe that combining relative and absolute position representations yields no further improvement in translation quality. We describe an efficient implementation of our method and cast it as an instance of relation-aware self-attention mechanisms that can generalize to arbitrary graph-labeled inputs.


Purpose: This paper aims to extend the literature on wicked problems in consumer research by exploring athlete and consumer vulnerability in sport and the potential role that social marketing can play in addressing this problem. Design/methodology/approach: This paper conceptualises the wicked problem of athlete and consumer vulnerability in sport, proposing a multi-theoretical approach to social marketing, incorporating insights from stakeholder theory, systems theory and cocreation to tackle this complex problem. Findings: Sport provides a rich context for exploring a social marketing approach to a wicked problem, as it operates in a complex ecosystem with multiple stakeholders with differing, and sometimes conflicting, objectives. It is proposed that consumers, particularly those that are highly identified fans, are key stakeholders that have both facilitated the problematic nature of the sport system and been rendered vulnerable as a result. Further, a form of consumer vulnerability also extends to athletes as the evolution of the sport system has led them to engage in harmful consumption behaviours. Social marketing, with its strategic and multi-faceted focus on facilitating social good, is an apt approach to tackle behavioural change at multiple levels within the sport system. Practical implications: Sport managers, public health practitioners and policymakers are given insight into the key drivers of a growing wicked problem as well as the potential for social marketing to mitigate harm. Originality/value: This paper is the first to identify and explicate a wicked problem in sport. More generally it extends insight into wicked problems in consumer research by examining a case whereby the consumer is both complicit in, and made vulnerable by, the creation of a wicked problem. This paper is the first to explore the use of social marketing in managing wicked problems in sport.


A causal-comparative/quasi experimental study examined the effect of incorporating a hybrid teaching methodology that blended lecture with Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Lessons (POGILs) on the overall academic achievement of a diverse student body in a large lecture setting. Additional considerations included student gender, ethnicity, declared major (STEM or non-STEM), and SAT scores. An evaluation of the effect that these characteristics had on student achievement due to differentiating import placed on the use of POGILs as a learning tool was included. This study used data obtained from a longitudinal examination of eight years of student data from an introductory forensic science survey course offered in a R1 northeastern university. This study addressed the effectiveness of applying a proscribed active learning methodology, one proposed effective in collegiate education, to a new environment, forensic science. The methodology employed combined fourteen POGILs, created specifically for the chosen course, with didactic lecture during the entire semester of a forensic science survey course. This quasi-experimental design used the manipulation of the independent variable, the use of a hybrid lecture instead of exclusive use of traditional didactic lectures, on the students' academic achievement on exams given during the course. Participants in this study (N=1436) were undergraduate students enrolled in the single semester introductory science course. A longitudinal study that incorporated eight years of data was completed, 4 years pre-intervention (2007-2010) and 4 years post-intervention (2011-2014). The forensic science survey course, taught by only one professor during the eight-year period, was a science discipline that had yet to integrate an active learning educational model. Findings indicate four variables significantly contributed to explaining nearly 28% of the variation seen in the student class averages earned during the eight-year period: the intervention, gender, STEM majors, and SAT scores. On average, the intervention significantly altered exam scores, F (1, 1431) = 43.019, p < 0.000, R 2 = 0.029, raising exam averages 3.1%. Within the population, females outperformed their male counterparts by 1.9%, although both genders were significantly affected by the intervention, F (1, 1431) = 13.698, p < 0.000, R 2 = 0.009. Students with declared majors in the STEM fields outperformed the non-STEM fields by 5.6%, a strong factor in the model, F (1, 1431) = 91.918, p < 0.000, R 2 = 0.060, with both STEM and nonSTEM students being positively affected by the intervention. The SAT scores, however, showed the strongest effect, F (1, 1431) = 345.026, p < 0.000, R 2 = 0.179, where an increase of 3.1% in the student class averages could be seen for every 100 points earned on the SATs. Further discussions include implications and correlations to recent research and directions for future research. ASSESSING THE QUANTIFIED IMPACT OF A HYBRID POGIL METHODOLOGY ON STUDENT AVERAGES IN A FORENSIC SCIENCE SURVEY COURSE


The most frequently used approach to preparing aggregation-induced emission fluorogen (AIEgen) particles is precipitation. Therefore, the addition of an AIEgen solution into water results in the formation of AIEgen particles in a very short time. Within such a short period of time and in the absence of proper mixing under shear, AIE particles are likely to be distributed in a wide range of sizes, thereby affecting their ultimate brightness and applications. Despite numerous attempts, the size of AIEgen particles is still within the range of 200–300 nm. For the first time, we developed a facile robust and cost-effective method for the fabrication of aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles with tuneable particle sizes <100 nm, high quantum yield, and excellent photostability. The direct diffusion of nanoparticles within the cell or in a single-celled organism, as an advantage of size reduction, opens new opportunities for biological and material studies. Such a significant reduction in AIE nanoparticle size has the potential for developing more efficient techniques for characterizing advanced nanomaterials and understanding biological processes and detection strategies.


The global restaurant industry is flourishing and dining out accounts for a large proportion of family expenditure while competition in the market is also increasing. In order for a restaurant to be sustainable in this fierce market, it is of particular importance to understand what enhances the customers' dining experience and how to establish and maintain the profitable relationship with customers (Bowden, 2009). One of the outcomes of having a strong relationship with customers for service firms is customer engagement that supports service providers and enhances the service experience for other customers (Kumar et al., 2010; van Doorn et al., 2010; Verleye et al., 2014). The primary purpose of this study is to examine a service provider's attributes in terms of customer orientation, professional competence and social skills by measuring both their importance (before dining) and perception (after dining), and their impact on customer satisfaction and engagement behaviour of New Zealand and U.S. restaurant diners. In addition, this study investigates whether the structural relationships of interest are differently manifested by restaurant types (i.e. counter service vs. table service) and national differences (i.e. New Zealand and USA).


A pseudorandom number generator is widely used in cryptography. A cryptographic pseudorandom number generator is required to generate pseudorandom numbers which have good statistical properties as well as unpredictability. An m-sequence is a linear feedback shift register sequence with maximal period over a finite field. M-sequences have good statistical properties, however we must nonlinearize m-sequences for cryptographic purposes. A geometric sequence is a binary sequence given by applying a nonlinear feedforward function to an m-sequence. Nogami, Tada and Uehara proposed a geometric sequence whose nonlinear feedforward function is given by the Legendre symbol. They showed the geometric sequences have good properties for the period, periodic autocorrelation and linear complexity. However, the geometric sequences do not have the balance property. In this paper, we introduce geometric sequences of two types and show some properties of interleaved sequences of the geometric sequences of two types. These interleaved sequences have the balance property and double the period of the geometric sequences by the interleaved structure. Moreover, we show correlation properties and linear complexity of the interleaved sequences. A key of our observation is that the second type geometric sequence is the complement of the left shift of the first type geometric sequence by half-period positions.


This article analyzes a diverse range of the enterprise's export potential growth factors in emerging pharmaceutical clusters of Central European Russia. Classification and comparative analysis were used to identify export potential attributes (production, finance, labor and marketing), which have allowed to reveal the strong connection of cluster and regional factor groups with the results of export performance. The purpose of the study is to provide exports-seeking pharmaceutical companies with a set of tools to enhance their export potential. The hypothesis that the cumulative impact of the specified attributes leads to the strengthening of pharmaceutical cluster export potential and promotes an effective integration of the region in the world economic space, is developed and tested. The methodology combines the geo-economy-based theory with the theory of clusters competitive advantages. The impacts of export potential growth factors are estimated by using an econometric model based on math statistics. Thus, five Russian regional pharmaceutical clusters (Belgorod, Kaluga, Moscow, Oryol, Yaroslavl) are shown. Findings identify an objective causal link between enterprise export potential growth and competitiveness factors of cluster origin (network business chains, production functions interconnectedness and flexibility, production localization). An action plan for the purpose of the maximum use of competitive advantages of the cluster organization for export activities of the entities of the pharmaceutical industry is developed. Conclusions and recommendations of the study are intended to enterprises in pharmaceutical industry and regions' public authorities, implementing cluster development strategies. It is thus essential to improve marketing and organizational innovations, reduction of commercial expenses under the cluster environment, development of drugs production and delivery chains from R&D to end-users in order to enjoy greater economic benefits from Russian pharmaceutical firms' export potential growth.


The morphology of surface lakes strongly influences their ecology and limnology (Wetzel, 2001). This morphology is a result of both the geologic processes that produce topographic basins and the regional climatic and local hydrologic processes that control water depth and sediment infilling (Carroll and Bohacs, 1999). Although basin forming processes range from glacial scour to meteorite impacts (Cohen, 2003), the deepest, oldest surface lakes are tectonically controlled (Meybeck, 1995) and contain diverse exotic ecosystems (Rossiterm and Kawanabe, 2000). Subglacial lakes are also thought to be ancient systems that may contain exotic biota (Bulat et al., 2004; Karl et al., 1999; Priscu et al., 1999). Here we present evidence for the scale and configuration of 2 large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica that together with Lake Vostok define a province of major lakes on the flanks of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains. Spatially‐defined in the new Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery of Antarctica (T. Scambos et al., A MODIS‐based mosaic of Antarctica: MOA, submitted to Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005, hereinafter referred to as Scambos et al., submitted manuscript, 2005), these lakes are aligned parallel to Lake Vostok. Other data shows that they are distinguished by distinct gravity lows, flat ice surface slopes and have estimated water depths of at least 900 m. Surface elevation data indicates that large deep subglacial lakes have a profound influence on the regional ice sheet topography and probably ice sheet flow. These deep subglacial lakes with elongate, rectilinear morphology are tectonically controlled features. Unlike the shallow lakes in West Antarctica and beneath Dome Concordia, these deep subglacial lakes remained stable environments through many glacial cycles since their origin 10–35 Ma enabling the development of novel ecosystems.


Nominated for Cricket Society Book of the Year Award 2002.Winner of the 2001 Lord Aberdare Prize for Sports History.Any attempt to understand the nature of social relations and cultural identities in modern Britain must consider the significance of sport. Sports have had a crucial role in sustaining national consciousness. Because cricket has so often been regarded as a symbol of Englishness, especially amongst those with economic and political influence, the role of race in the sport provides penetrating insights into English national identity, from the belief in racial superiority underlying imperial expansion through to more recent debates about sporting links with South Africa, and racial animosities at test matches. This book examines cricket and race in England over the past century and a half. The author considers how far and in what respects cricket has reflected the racist assumptions of whites, and its role as an arena for ethnic conflict as well as understanding and harmony in England. In the first half of the twentieth century, commentary on the playing abilities of West Indian cricketers was often superficially laudatory but condescending in tone, and argued that racial characteristics would limit their achievements as players. More recently, campaigns to combat racism in the sport and the contributions of African-Caribbeans and Asians to recreational cricket show how central cricket is to appraisals of the cultural factors that have shaped ethnic relations. This absorbing book provides an incisive overview of the interconnections among cricket, race and culture.


In this paper, we examine the scope for international stock portfolio diversification, from the viewpoint of a United States representative investor, in regard to both the Asian and the European stock markets. Our findings indicate that despite correlation style evidence to the contrary, the European stock markets provide a superior long-term diversification opportunity relative to that provided by the Asian stock markets. Hence, a short-term measurement of interdependence appears to be uninformative with respect to the diversification opportunities of investors with long-term investment horizons. In terms of methodology, we adopt common stochastic trend tests, including a common stochastic trend test which accounts for generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity effects in conjunction with the recursive estimation of these tests to estimate the development of long-term stock market interdependence linkages. Recursively estimated robust correlations between the international stock markets are utilised to reveal the nature of short-term stock market interdependence linkages.


Recent research in the social sciences has explicitly addressed the challenge of bringing violence back into the center of attention. This has generated substantive progress in terms of both theoretical debate and methodological approaches. However, there is a significant lack of research applying non-reductionist methodological approaches that can, at the same time, be grounded in a theoretical approach to violence as a research subject in its own right. This focus section seeks to address this research gap by strengthening the dialogue between different bodies of literature that pursue disparate strategies of delineating "violence" as the subject of an emerging field of sociology. By synthesizing these literatures, the focus section aims to draw upon insights from social theory and recent developments in the sociology of violence on the one hand, and combine methodological approaches that transcend both micro- and macro-reductionist accounts on the other. In doing so, it offers analytical perspectives for coming to terms with one of the most conspicuous shortcomings in social scientific appraisals of violence: the tendency to treat it as a primarily moral or political problem, instead of conceiving violence as a social fact.


Whatever is good has potential of being bad or evil when properly exploited by relevant agents. It only remains good when its bad potentials have not been identified and tapped. This saying is true when the usage of the web and its associated packages come into the spectacle. As Internet usage is growing daily the world is coming closer. The World Wide Web sounds like a vast phenomenon but surprisingly one of its qualities is bringing the world closer making it a smaller place to live in for its users. However, it has also managed to create another problem for people who spend long hours browsing the Cyber World – which is cybercrimes. While law enforcement agencies are trying to tackle this problem, it is growing steadily and many people have become victims of hacking, theft, identity theft and malicious software. One of the best ways to avoid being a victim of cybercrimes and protecting your sensitive information is by making use of impenetrable security that uses a unified system of software and hardware to authenticate any information that is sent or accessed over the Internet. This work seeks to define the concept of cyber-crime, identify causes of cyber-crime, how it can be eradicated, proffer recommendations that would help in checking the increasing rate of cyber-crimes and criminals.


Antenatal clinics (ANCs) are critical for improving maternal nutrition and health knowledge. The Mama SASHA project in western Kenya delivers an orange flesh sweet potato intervention through ANC to improve the vitamin A status of women and children less than 2 years. A nested cohort study following women from pregnancy to 9 months postpartum was designed as an evaluation strategy for the Mama SASHA project. A survey was conducted at enrollment among 505 women, 10‐24 weeks gestation attending first ANC clinic visit. Of the 505 enrolled women, 72% reported they had not yet received counseling from the nurse on exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months during the current pregnancy; over 90% reported not yet receiving counseling on when to initiate breast feeding, the importance of colostrum, when to initiate complementary feeding or how long to breast feed. 70 % of participants were multiparas (N=352) of whom 91% attended ANC during their previous pregnancy. Of these only 39% reported receiving information from the health facility on breast feeding during their previous pregnancy, 35% on how to eat during pregnancy, and 44% on how to feed young children. These findings highlight that ANC is lost opportunity for providing nutrition education and counseling. There is a significant need to strengthen nutritional counseling both at the ANC as well as through community based platforms such as pregnant and/or lactating clubs.


Advanced control and optimization techniques offer a theoretically sound basis to enable self-managing behavior in distributed computing models such as utility computing. To tractably solve the performance management problems of interest, including resource allocation and provisioning in such distributed computing environments, we develop a fully decentralized control framework wherein the optimization problem for the system is first decomposed into sub-problems and each sub-problem is solved separately by individual controllers to achieve the overall performance objectives. Concepts from optimal control theory are used to implement individual controllers. The proposed framework is highly scalable, naturally tolerates controller failures and allows for the dynamic addition/removal of controllers during system operation. As a case study, we apply the control framework to minimize the power consumed by a computing cluster subject to a dynamic workload while satisfying the specified quality-of-service goals. Simulations using real-world workload traces show that the proposed technique has very low control overhead and adapts quickly to both workload variations and controller failures.


Fish consumption is considered health beneficial as it decreases cardiovascular disease (CVD)-risk through effects on plasma lipids and inflammation. We investigated a salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) that is hypothesized to influence lipid metabolism and to have anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties. 24 female apolipoprotein (apo) E−/− mice were divided into two groups and fed a high-fat diet with or without 5% (w/w) SPH for 12 weeks. The atherosclerotic plaque area in aortic sinus and arch, plasma lipid profile, fatty acid composition, hepatic enzyme activities and gene expression were determined. A significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic arch and aortic sinus was found in the 12 apoE−/− mice fed 5% SPH for 12 weeks compared to the 12 casein-fed control mice. Immunohistochemical characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in aortic sinus displayed no differences in plaque composition between mice fed SPH compared to controls. However, reduced mRNA level of Icam1 in the aortic arch was found. The plasma content of arachidonic acid (C20∶4n-6) and oleic acid (C18∶1n-9) were increased and decreased, respectively. SPH-feeding decreased the plasma concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF, whereas plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TAG) were unchanged, accompanied by unchanged mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)-activity. These data show that a 5% (w/w) SPH diet reduces atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice and attenuate risk factors related to atherosclerotic disorders by acting both at vascular and systemic levels, and not directly related to changes in plasma lipids or fatty acids.


I teach courses in designing and developing Web sites. Every semester, many students come to class and think developing a Web site involves merely learning the mechanics of a Web authoring program -- not so. Just like building a house, building a great Web site requires a blueprint. No one would ever think about building a house without a blueprint, or without knowing what tools to use to build the house. This article will serve as a blueprint to developing a great Web site. The Web blueprint has two components: Systematic Planning and Design and Development. The Systematic Planning and Design and Development components include the following elements: A. Systematic Planning: 1. Web audience 2. Goals and objectives 3. Sketch out the Web site 4. Select a Web authoring tool B. Design and Development: 1. Navigation structure 2. Design elements 3. Homepage and page construction 4. Graphics Both the Systematic Planning and Design and Development elements of the Web blueprint will be discussed using a systems approach. First, we will discuss the systematic planning component of the Web blueprint. Systematic Planning Just as planning is important in building a house, planning is also very important in developing a Web site. Planning can ensure a quality Web site, save time and make the content of the Web site easy to navigate. A systems approach to Web development is an overall plan that gives attention to all the essential elements in designing a Web site. The following questions will guide the systematic planning of your site. 1. Who are your Web site visitors? (Target Web audience) 2. What are the content, depth and breath of information in your Web site? (Goals and objectives of your site) 3. How are you going to arrange the topics and subtopics of your site? (Sketch out Web pages using index cards or flowchart) 4. What are you going to use to construct your Web site? (Selection of a Web authoring program) The Target Audience When beginning the planning process, it is important to identify the specific audience that will be coming to your Web site. Ask yourself the following questions: 1. Who am I developing this Web site for? 2. Does age, gender, financial status, marital status or education affect my site audience? The audience guides every aspect of your Web design. The design of information, selection of graphics and visual elements (which include color, text, and graphics) are directly related to the target audience. Goals and Objectives Goals provide the general frameworks of your Web site and are broad statements that indicate the purpose of the site. For example: the purpose of developing my Web site is to provide school districts, corporations and individuals with information regarding computer training. Objectives are precise statements about specific Web site content. Objectives organize site content information and depth and breadth of site information. To help frame and write your Web site objectives, answer the following question: What specific information do I want my Web users to know? The following is an example of objectives for a Web site: * The home page will provide an overview and links of services provided. * The about us page will inform visitors of the creator's biography, which should include education, experience and research. * The pricing page will provide information on the rates of services provided. * The contact us page will provide a form in which clients will be able to send information back regarding their name, address and comments. * The about courses page will inform visitors of courses offered and course content. After the objectives are completed, build a topic and subtopic outline from your objectives. Design and Development of the Web Site An effective technique for sketching out the framework of your Web site is to use 5 x 8' index cards or a flow chart to organize and simulate your Web data for each objective. …


In this paper, we show how absolute orientation measurements provided by low-cost but high-fidelity IMU sensors can be integrated into the KinectFusion pipeline. We show that integration improves both runtime, robustness and quality of the 3D reconstruction. In particular, we use this orientation data to seed and regularize the ICP registration technique. We also present a technique to filter the pairs of 3D matched points based on the distribution of their distances. This filter is implemented efficiently on the GPU. Estimating the distribution of the distances helps control the number of iterations necessary for the convergence of the ICP algorithm. Finally, we show experimental results that highlight improvements in robustness, a speed-up of almost 12%, and a gain in tracking quality of 53% for the ATE metric on the Freiburg benchmark.


It is argued here that market fundamentalistic theories ignore the issue of human agency in work, and the different types of work, because – focussing on the market mechanism, supply, demand, and price - they have lost track of that which economic activities (work) are intended for, namely self-sustenance. They have also minimised human agency in the economic theory, and therefore the understanding of being-human is lost from both economic theory and practice. Thus they cannot explicate the role of work for the individual and the community – namely care for self and others – the significance quality work as part of human dignity is forgotten. I am arguing for a restoring of meaningful self-sustenance as the norm for work, and the recognition of the dignifying role of such self-sustenance – both for the community and the individual.


—A statistical framework for monitoring the health of a population should ideally be able to combine data from a wide variety of sources, such as remote sensing, telecoms, and of fi cial health records, in a principled manner. Gaussian process regression is commonly used to visualise disease incidence by interpolating values across a map; in this article, we show how it can be extended to deal with many different types of information by introducing a fl exible covariance structure across data sources. Combining many data sources in a single model provides a number of practical advantages, such as the ability to to automatically determine the importance of each data source through likelihood optimisation, and to deal with missing values. We show the basic idea with an application of malaria density modeling across Uganda using administrative records and remote sensing vegetation index data, and then go on to describe further extensions such as the incorporation of human mobility data extracted from mobile phone call detail records (CDRs).


Modern client platforms, such as iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Windows 8, and web browsers, run each application in an isolated environment with limited privileges. A pressing open problem in such systems is how to allow users to grant applications access to user-owned resources, e.g., to privacy- and cost-sensitive devices like the camera or to user data residing in other applications. A key challenge is to enable such access in a way that is non-disruptive to users while still maintaining least-privilege restrictions on applications. In this paper, we take the approach of user-driven access control, whereby permission granting is built into existing user actions in the context of an application, rather than added as an afterthought via manifests or system prompts. To allow the system to precisely capture permission-granting intent in an application's context, we introduce access control gadgets (ACGs). Each user-owned resource exposes ACGs for applications to embed. The user's authentic UI interactions with an ACG grant the application permission to access the corresponding resource. Our prototyping and evaluation experience indicates that user-driven access control is a promising direction for enabling in-context, non-disruptive, and least-privilege permission granting on modern client platforms.


Rendering convincing human figures is one of the unsolved goals of computer graphics. Previous work has concentrated on modeling the physics of human skin. We have taken a different approach. We are exploring techniques used by artists, specifically artists who paint air-brushed portraits. Our goal is to give the impression of skin, without extraneous physical details such as pores, veins, and blemishes. In this paper, we provide rendering algorithms which are easy to incorporate into existing shaders, making rendering skin for medical illustration, computer animations, and other applications fast and simple. We accomplish this by using algorithms for real time drawing and shading of silhouette curves. We also build upon current non-photorealistic lighting methods using complementary colors to convey 3D shape information. Users select areas from a scanned art work and manipulate these areas to create shading models. The flexibility of this method of generating a shading model allows users to portray individuals with different skin tones or to capture the look and feel of a work of art. CR Categories: I.3.0 [Computer Graphics]: General; I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques.


Recent academic and popular literature has postulated a "story of diminishment" when speaking of the religious practice of young adults in the United States. The current paper looks at the impact of volunteer service on the likelihood that young adults will remain connected to organized religion through an analysis of two studies of young adults between the ages of 18 and 35 who had previously participated in volunteer programs that were sponsored by various Catholic organizations in the Vincentian tradition. The first study, conducted between February and May of 2014 by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) and commissioned by DePaul University's office of Mission and Values (OMV), was an online survey with 72 closed-ended and four open-ended questions. The second study conducted in November 2014 by CARA included a series of four follow-up focus groups that explored more deeply some of the key findings from the online survey. The findings indicate that former volunteers have higher rates of religious retention, prayer and religious participation, and report a strong influence of living in community with other volunteers, and the influence of religion in daily life. Participants had remained more closely tied to the Catholic Church than most of their age peers, persisting in their search for a spiritual home in spite of disappointments and obstacles. Extended volunteer experiences in service and/or social change ministries organized by Catholic religious orders and other denominational organizations can have a significant and transformative impact on the continued religious affiliation and practice of those who participate in them, an impact which endures beyond the volunteers' time of participation in them.


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most severe form of depression and the leading cause of disability worldwide. When considering research approaches aimed at understanding MDD, it is important that their effectiveness is evaluated. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of original studies on MDD by rating their contributions to subsequent medical papers on the subject, and we compared the respective contribution of findings from non-human primate (NHP) studies and from human-based in vitro or in silico research approaches. For each publication, we conducted a quantitative citation analysis and a systematic qualitative analysis of the citations. In the majority of cases, human-based research approaches (both in silico and in vitro) received more citations in subsequent human research papers than did NHP studies. In addition, the human-based approaches were considered to be more relevant to the hypotheses and/or to the methods featured in the citing papers. The results of this study suggest that studies based on in silico and in vitro approaches are taken into account by medical researchers more often than are NHP-based approaches. In addition, these human-based approaches are usually cheaper and less ethically contentious than NHP studies. Therefore, we suggest that the traditional animal-based approach for testing medical hypotheses should be revised, and more opportunities created for further developing human-relevant innovative techniques.


The expansion of tools against HIV transmission has brought increased interest in epidemiological models that can predict the impact of these interventions. The EMOD-HIV model was recently compared to eleven other independently developed mathematical models of HIV transmission to determine the extent to which they agree about the potential impact of expanded use of antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. Here we describe in detail the modeling methodology used to produce the results in this comparison, which we term EMOD-HIV v0:7. We include a discussion of the structure and a full list of model parameters. We also discuss the architecture of the model, and its potential utility in comparing structural assumptions within a single modeling framework.


Objective: A prospective study was carried out to find the exact site of obstruction in sleep model and to quantitatively evaluate the effect of Jaw-thrust maneuver (JTM) in opening the obstructed airway using flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Methods: Twenty-eight ASA physical status I or II patients with snoring symptom undergoing elective surgery were included. The patients were held in supine position without hyperextension of the neck. Having induced anesthesia, the base of the tongue and laryngeal inlet and/or epiglottis were visualized using endoscope. The patients' epiglottides were classified as leaf-shaped, curved (concaved or omega-shaped) and floppy types. We graded the airway opening at the level of epiglottis into six grades and obstruction at the tongue base level into four grades. The grades during inspiration (GrIns), expiration (GrExp) and after JTM (GrJTM) were recorded and compared with Pearson chi-square test. Results: The strictly curved (Ω-shaped or concaved) epiglottis supplied a salvage pathway for airflow that resisted collapsing with the posterior movement of the tongue base in 2 patients. When we compared GrIns with GrExp for epiglottis the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 0.001), but the difference for tongue base was not (χ2 = 0.152). After JTM, GrJTM for both epiglottis and tongue base were significantly better than GrIns and GrExp (χ2 < 0.001). Conclusion: Tongue base was the principal site of obstruction although during the respiratory cycle the position of epiglottis changed prominently and increased the obstruction in inspiration. JTM alone significantly relieved the obstruction at the tongue base and epiglottis levels and increased the retroglossal airway.


Regional co-operation has received very considerable attention as means of stimulating 'inclusive-growth' in DMCs. Conceptually such discussions can be seen as a part of the analysis of the 'New Regionalism'. The focus here is on co-operation through preferential trade and investment agreements that aim to strengthen structural economic reform, aid economic transformation, attract foreign investment and generally raise the international competitiveness of participating countries (IDB 2002). The issue the authors discuss in this paper is how and why infrastructure can assist in this process. Whilst it may seem intuitively obvious that co-operation and economic activity more generally require infrastructure the authors seek to clarify more sharply why this might be so and thus provide a framework for subsequent empirical analysis of where policy interventions might be most effective. This paper was presented at the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 3rd Annual Meeting held in Seoul, South Korea on November 16th, 2006.


Bimolecular reactions of acetamide with acetamide itself, acetimidic acid and acetic acid are investigated to account for the formation of the three major experimental products from the pyrolysis of acetamide, namely ammonia, acetic acid and acetonitrile. This mechanism involves bimolecular deammonation reactions to form acetamide anhydride, acetic anhydride and N-acetyl acetamide, and the subsequent fragmentation of these intermediates into acetic acid and acetonitrile. It is found that the overall reaction barrier for the formation of the three major experimental products from the bimolecular reaction of acetamide with its enol form (acetimidic acid) amount to a 36.1kcal/mol barrier. This barrier is in excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental data from the self-condensation of acetamide. This finding stresses on the role of acetimidic acid as a major intermediate in the pyrolysis of acetamide. The calculated activation barriers for the two available pathways in the bimolecular reaction of acetamide and acetic acid into imide and N-acetyl acetamide (36.3kcal/mol and 24.0kcal/mol) is in accord with the corresponding experimental activation energy of 30.1kcal/mol for the autocatalytic reaction of acetamide with the acetic acid. Reaction rate constants are obtained for all plausible reactions. Kinetic data presented herein should be instrumental in building a robust model for the decomposition of N-alkylated amides, that is, a major structural entity in biomass.


In zooxanthellate corals, excess excitation energy can be dissipated as heat (nonphotochemical quenching), thereby providing protection against oxidative damage by supraoptimal light in shallow reefs. To identify and quantify the photoprotective mechanisms, we studied the diel variability of chlorophyll fluorescence yields and photosynthetic parameters in situ in corals, using moored and SCUBA‐based fast‐repetition‐rate fluorometers. The results reveal that nonphotochemical quenching is triggered prior to saturation of photosynthetic electron transport by down‐regulation of the reaction centers of Photosystem II (PSII). This process dissipates up to 80% of the excitation energy. On a sunny day in shallow waters, the daily integrated flux of photons absorbed, and subsequently dissipated as heat, is ~4 times that used for photosynthesis. Fluorescence quenching is further accompanied by a slight reduction in the functional absorption cross section for PSII that results from thermal dissipation of excitation energy in the light‐harvesting antennae. These two processes are highly dynamic and adjust to irradiance changes on timescales consistent with the passage of clouds across the sky. Under supraoptimal irradiance, however, up to 30% of PSII reaction centers become photoinhibited, and these are repaired only after several hours of low irradiance. In shallow corals, between 10% and 20% of the reactions centers are chronically photoinhibited and appear to remain permanently nonfunctional throughout the year. Our results establish, for the first time, the suite of biophysical mechanisms that optimize photosynthesis while simultaneously providing photoprotection in symbiotic corals in situ.


IMPLEMENTATION OF CYCLIC EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON TWO STUDY GROUPS — AIDS AND INSOMNIA by Ujwala. G. Kalambur Traditional exercise regimens are based on maintaining a prolonged increase in heart rate, followed by a single recovery period. The Cyclic Exercise Protocol is a novel protocol that is designed to create a series of parabolic waves of exercise and recovery. This study involves the implementation of this exercise protocol on two study groups namely AIDS and Insomnia. This exercise protocol involves short bursts of exercise lasting for 60 seconds or less followed by a period of complete aerobic recovery. The underlying principle of this exercise protocol is that rest, recovery and the body's natural rhythm are important to fitness and conditioning. The study involves the analysis of heart rate during cycles, focused breathing breathing at a specific rate of 12 breaths per minute and circadian data 24 hour biological rhythm of our body, for the AIDS population and only the heart rate data during cycles in case of Insomnia using Mathematica and Lab View. The subject populations as well as the physiological signals utilized in this study were obtained from the Philadelphia FIGHT Institute for AIDS and Harvard Medical School for Insomnia. The parameters obtained during analysis of data from both study groups were statistically analyzed. There were significant results for the slope base parameter in case of the AIDS study and deep breath and downslide parameters in case of the Insomnia study. Therefore the cycles protocol with minimum exertion confers maximum benefits to our body. IMPLEMENTATION OF CYCLIC EXERCISE PROTOCOL ON TWO STUDY GROUPS — AIDS AND INSOMNIA by Ujwala. G. Kalambur A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering Biomedical Engineering Department May 2003


IEEE 802.15.4 mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have been investigated in literature. One major finding is that these networks suffer from control packet overhead and delivery ratio degradation. This increases the network's energy consumption. This paper introduces a cross-layer operation model that can improve the energy consumption and system throughput of IEEE 802.15.4 MWSNs. The proposed model integrates four layers in the network operation: 1) application (node location); 2) network (routing); 3) medium access control (MAC); and 4) physical layers. The location of the mobile nodes is embedded in the routing operation after the route discovery process. The location information is then utilized by the MAC layer transmission power control to adjust the transmission range of the node. This is used to minimize the power utilized by the network interface to reduce the energy consumption of the node(s). The model employs a mechanism to minimize the neighbor discovery broadcasts to the active routes only. Reducing control packet broadcasts between the nodes reduces the network's consumed energy. It also decreases the occupation period of the wireless channel. The model operation leads the network to consume less energy while maintaining the network packet delivery ratio. To the best of our knowledge, the presented operational model with its simplicity has never been introduced. Through simulation-based evaluations, the proposed model outperforms the conventional operation of IEEE 802.15.4-based network and the energy efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol in terms of energy consumption by roughly 10%, twice less control packet overhead, on-par end-to-end delays and comparative packet delivery ratios.


Objectives: Although the ubiquitous Graves speculum (open-sided or closed) is versatile and familiar, its shortest length is often too long for comfortable manipulation of the newer, pliable, flexible hysteroscopes. The Greenberg speculum is a modification of a Graves speculum with an open side to allow for the removal of instruments while they are still in the vagina. Whereas a standard mediumsized, open-sided Graves speculum measures 110 mm in maximum length, the Greenberg speculum measures only 74 mm. Although the difference between the speculums is only 36 mm in maximum length, this alteration can add considerable ease to placement of both flexible and rigid hysteroscopes in the office or operating room. In this study, we sought to quantify the benefit of this new device by demonstrating that this speculum brings the patient's cervix closer to the provider and reduces the length of unsupported hysteroscope shaft entering the cervical canal. Methods: We measured the intraspeculum distance from the operator-side opening of the speculum to the external cervical os by using first a standard medium open-sided Graves speculum and then a Greenberg speculum. Results: Use of the Greenberg speculum reduced the mean minimum intraspeculum distance from the extended fingertips grasping a hysteroscope to the external cervical os by an average of 28 mm or 34% compared with a Graves speculum. Conclusions: We believe this new speculum offers a subtle but distinct advantage over standard speculums for hysteroscopy.


Article history: Received March 22, 2012 Received in Revised form June, 15, 2012 Accepted 18 July 2012 Available online July 28 2012 The primary goal of creating a culture of performance management is to improve processes based on the responsibility of individuals and groups for the continuous improvement of business processes, and to contribute to their skills. In this paper, we discuss all related issues and indentify the most important aspects and components of performance management. The proposed study of this paper is to find out which performance management works best for national Iranian oil products distribution company (NIOPDC). The proposed study uses analytical hierarchy process to prioritize all important factors based on pair-wise comparison. We use geometric mean to find the average of comparisons and all computations are performed using Expert Choice software package. In summary, stakeholders (0.262) are the most important components of our survey followed by employee management (0.247), social responsibility (0.190) comes in the third position and quality of services (0.166) and internal process (0.134) are two less important factors in this survey. © 2012 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


Group-based identity undermines democracy by impeding democratic change of government. A substantial literature has therefore studied how to make democracy consistent with group identity. We contribute to this literature by introducing the role of group decisiveness into voting incentives and mobilization of voters. In the elections that we study, for the same populations, accounting for income and other influences, group identity increased voter turnout on average by some 8 percentage points in local elections and decreased voter turnout by some 20 percentage points in national elections. We empirically investigate the effect of group identity on voter turnout and also evaluate whether group identity resulted in budgetary imbalance or replacement of local government because of disfunctionality. Our general contribution is to show how democracy can persist with group identity, although democracy in such instances differs from usual political competition. JEL-Code: D030, D720, D740, H770.


The question presented is "whether and under what circumstances the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, allows courts to recognize a cause of action for violations of the law of nations occurring within the territory of a sovereign other than the United States." In this Amicus Brief we argue from a historical perspective going back to the Middle Ages that when the law of nations is in issue, not only is there no presumption against extraterritoriality, but jurisdiction over causes of action arising abroad is in many cases required. More specifically, we argue that Congress affirmatively conferred universal jurisdiction in the Alien Tort Statute ["ATS"] under the law of nations, and that to refuse such jurisdiction in cases of denial of justice would be contrary to longstanding principles of the law of nations. In short, limiting the ATS to claims arising in U.S. territory would contravene both the statute's clear indication of universal jurisdiction and the Charming Betsy canon of construction that statutes should not be construed to violate the law of nations.


A variant of the extensor medii proprius (EMP) was identified during routine dissection of the left hand of a 67-year-old female cadaver. The flat, fleshy muscle originated from the lunate bone, narrowed into a flat tendon near the 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint, and continued distally to insert on the extensor expansion of the 3rd digit. A branch from the posterior interosseous nerve was traced to the EMP. We propose that this previously unreported variation be termed extensor medii proprius brevis (EMPB).


Compressor operation at low Reynolds numbers is commonly associated with a loss increase. A semi-analytical approach was used to investigate this region of the design spectrum. To do this, an axial rotor with constant diameter endwalls was non-dimensionalised to understand the influence of different design parameters independently. Smith diagrams showing contours of efficiency on a plot of flow coefficient versus stage loading coefficient were produced at low and high Reynolds numbers. The results showed not only lower levels of efficiency at low Reynolds numbers but a much narrower high efficiency island, with losses rapidly increasing as the design moved away from the high efficiency region. Several points in the Smith diagram were selected, dimensionalised and simulated using CFD with and without a transition model. Good agreement between the CFD and the model was found, with discrepancies increasing towards low efficiency regions. Meanline correlations for the low Reynolds number regime were also provided.


Synopsis Eurypterus cyclophthalmus Laurie, 1892 from the Llandovery of the Pentland Hills, Scotland, is redescribed and assigned to the stylonurid eurypterid genus Kiaeropterus Waterston. 1979, previously only known from Kiaeropterus ruedemanni (Størmer, 1934) from the Wenlock of Norway. Another species previously assigned to Kiaeropterus, K. otisius Clarke 1907, is reassigned to the previously monotypic genus Clarkeipterus Kjellesvig-Waering 1966. The genus Kiaeropterus shares a previously unrecognized synapomorphy with the genus Brachyopterus Størmer 1951, namely a large bulbous 'ocellar area'. In Kiaeropterus this area is cardioid whereas it is triangular in Brachyopterus. The two genera also share a number of less significant characters such as large anteriorly converging crescentic eyes, a lack of cuticular ornament and podomeres of the prosomal appendages with pronounced ridges, supporting a phylogenetic relationship between Kiaeropterus and Brachyopterus.