Within the correctional system, aboriginal people are disproportionately represented at both the provincial and federal levels. Moreover, recent statistics confirm that this disproportional representation is increasing at alarmingly high rates. While high levels of social discord and poverty can be implicated in this disproportional representation, it is also reasonable to suggest that current correctional programming may not yield the same positive results with some aboriginal offenders as it does with non-aboriginal offenders. In the absence of effective rehabilitation, large numbers of aboriginal offenders return to prison repeatedly. The present study develops hypotheses about the experiences of federal aboriginal offenders who attended cognitive-behavioural programming and the traditional aboriginal Sweat Lodge ceremony as part oftheir healing while incarcerated in a forensic psychiatric hospital with the Correctional Service of Canada. The primary method for data collection consisted of a qualitative semi-structured interview in accordance with a "Grounded Theory" protocol (Glasser & Strauss, 1967). Eleven respondents were interviewed and asked to speak about their personal experiences within both of these treatment approaches. Their stories revealed a rich and varied narrative drawing attention to the fact that the aboriginal community is a very diverse people and culture. The processes of acculturation and deculturation are considered central factors in accounting for this diversity and, therefore, were incorporated into the design of the study. Results revealed that respondents saw both of these treatment approaches as having interesting points of parallel but, by far, there were more differences than similarities. While cultural variables such as "worldview" and "etiquette" were argued to be central in accounting for these differences (ie., traditional vs. contemporary), acculturation was also thought to produce a wide spectrum of response variability from within the sample population. Respondents identified the most salient aspects of the Sweat Lodge ceremony and the cognitive-behavioural programs uncovering strengths and weaknesses of both while at once revealing interesting insights into areas requiring address. Finally, directions for future research, as well as suggestions and recommendations are made with the intent of enhancing each approach so that the efficacy of correctional programming with aboriginal offenders will be sensitive and responsive to the needs of its client population.


For the last century, palaeoprimatologists have questioned whether extant hominoids acquired their hunk and forelimb adaptations (previously interpreted as correlated with forelimb suspension) from a common ancestor, or developed them independently. Various workers have proposed that (1) the adaptations are hominoid synapomorphies; (2) hylobatids acquired these traits independently of hominids; (3) pongines and hylobatids evolved these features independently of each other and the African apes/humans; (4) the adaptations are independently derived in all homuioid genera. To test between these alternatives, nine characters from the trunk and forelimb are used to determine the evolution of character states in extant and Miocene hominoids. Metric traits from ten extant anthropoid and nine fossil catarrhine genera are used in computer based analyses to reconstruct the ancesfral conditions of these traits for a given cladogram. Ancestral morphotypes are compared with conditions exhibited in terminal taxa to identify synapomorphy/homoplasy. Results suggest that five of the nine characters examined are hominoid synapomorphies. Of the remaining traits, one is shared derived for hominids, one is a synapomorphy of the African ape/human clade, one is not diagnostic for apes at all, and one reflects absolute differences in body size between taxa. Four traits exhibit homoplasy, in the form of convergence or reversal. None of these traits, however, show homoplasy between two or more hominoid taxa. Therefore, it is unlikely that hylobatids, pongines or African apes/humans evolved these traits independently of each other. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) some of the characteristics previously interpreted as synapomorphies for extant and stem hominoids are not in fact shared derived for this clade; (2) there is no homoplasybetween extant hominoid genera in the features examined; and, (3) the association of these traits with forelimb suspensory locomotion is unlikely.


This thesis presents a techno-economic investigation of the generation of electricity from marine macroalgae (seaweed) in the UK (Part 1), and the production of anhydrous ammonia from synthesis gas (syngas) generated from biomass gasification (Part 2). In Part 1, the study covers the costs from macroalgae production to the generation of electricity via a CHP system. Seven scenarios, which varied the scale and production technique, were investigated to determine the most suitable scale of operation for the UK. Anaerobic digestion was established as the most suitable technology for macroalgae conversion to CHP, based on a number of criteria. All performance and cost data have been taken from published literature. None of the scenarios assessed would be economically viable under present conditions, although the use of large-scale electricity generation has more potential than small-scale localised production. Part 2 covers the costs from the delivery of the wood chip feedstock to the production of ammonia. Four cases, which varied the gasification process used and the scale of production, were investigated to determine the most suitable scale of operation for the UK. Two gasification processes were considered, these were O2-enriched air entrained flow gasification and Fast Internal Circulating Fluidised Bed. All performance and cost data have been taken from published literature, unless otherwise stated. Large-scale (1,200 tpd) ammonia production using O2-enriched air entrained flow gasification was determined as the most suitable system, producing the lowest ammonia-selling price, which was competitive to fossil fuels. Large-scale (1,200 tpd) combined natural gas/biomass syngas ammonia production also generated ammonia at a price competitive to fossil fuels.


Chapter 1: An Introduction to Taxation Chapter 2: Determination of Tax Chapter 3: Gross Income: Inclusions Chapter 4: Gross Income: Exclusions Chapter 5: Property Transaction: Capital Gains and Losses Chapter 6: Deductions and Losses Chapter 7: Itemized Deductions Chapter 8: Losses and Bad Debts Chapter 9: Employee Expenses and Deferred Compensation Chapter 10: Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion Chapter 11: Accounting Periods and Methods Chapter 12: Property Transactions: Nontaxable Exchanges Chapter 13: Property Transactions: Section 1231 and Recapture Chapter 14: Special Tax Computation Methods, Tax Credits, and Payments of Tax Chapter 15: Tax Research Chapter 16: Corporations Chapter 17: Partnerships and S Corporations Chapter 18: Taxes and Investment Planning


Now that consciousness is thoroughly out of the way, we can focus more precisely on the kinds of things that can happen underneath. A contrast can be made between dissociation and repression. Dissociation is where a memory record or set of autobiographical memory records cannot be retrieved; repression is where there is retrieval of a record but, because of the current task specification, the contents of the record, though entering into current processing, are not allowed into consciousness. I look at hypnotic amnesia and dissociative identity disorder in relation to this contrast.


BACKGROUND
The precise geometric determinants of ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) are incompletely understood, although such knowledge is important to improve mitral valve reparative techniques.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The three-dimensional geometry of the mitral apparatus was studied using radiopaque markers in eight closed-chest dogs with acute posterior left ventricular wall ischemia either with (MR) or without (no-MR) MR as assessed by using color Doppler. Using a cylindrical coordinate system (origin at the midpoint between the mitral annulus commissures [anterolateral and posteromedial] and z-axis directed toward the left ventricular apex), we measured the distance to the midpoint (z, in millimeters), radial distance from the z-axis (r, in millimeters), and angle from the intercommissural line (theta) of each marker. A multivariate analysis of variance showed the following differences (P < .005) between the MR and the no-MR groups: 1) markedly increased r of the posterior papillary muscle tip (10.3 versus 6.4 mm, MR versus no-MR, at end-systole) and increased r of the anterior papillary muscle tip; 2) dilation (in the septal-lateral direction) of the midpart of the mitral annulus and near the anterolateral region; 3) increased posterior mitral leaflet r near both commissures (eg, 8.3 versus 6.2 mm on the posteromedial side) and increased z (ie, shifted toward the left ventricular apex) of the posterior leaflet on the anterolateral side (eg, 7.0 versus 6.2 mm), which is analogous to restricted (or type III) leaflet motion.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that the geometric determinants of ischemic MR in dogs are complex and involve many parts of the mitral valve apparatus. This complexity suggests that surgical attention to the entire annulus and excursion of the posterior leaflet may be helpful when annuloplasty alone is inadequate.


Motivated by an infectious disease study at the BC Centre for Disease Control, this project is concerned with clustered event times where the observation is subject to right-censoring, and the cluster size is random. We formulate the dependence of the event times within each cluster with a copula model, and assume a parametric survival model for the margins. Inference on the model parameters are made via MLE (maximum likelihood estimation). In addition, we explore patterns of the cluster sizes and their association with the individuals who define the clusters. The motivating infectious disease study is used throughout this project to illustrate the research.


For the first time a principle-component analysis is used to separate out different orthogonal modes of the two-particle correlation matrix from heavy ion collisions. The analysis uses data from sNN=2.76TeV PbPb and sNN=5.02TeV pPb collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Two-particle azimuthal correlations have been extensively used to study hydrodynamic flow in heavy ion collisions. Recently it was shown that the expected factorization of two-particle results into a product of the constituent single-particle anisotropies is broken. The new information provided by these modes may shed light on the breakdown of flow factorization in heavy ion collisions. The first two modes ("leading" and "subleading") of two-particle correlations are presented for elliptical and triangular anisotropies in PbPb and pPb collisions as a function of pT over a wide range of event activity. The leading mode is found to be essentially equivalent to the anisotropy harmonic previously extracted from two-particle correlation methods. The subleading mode represents a new experimental observable and is shown to account for a large fraction of the factorization breaking recently observed at high transverse momentum. The principle-component analysis technique was also applied to multiplicity fluctuations. These also show a subleading mode. The connection of these new results to previous studies of factorization is discussed.


Macular edema is a common cause of visual impairment, and the degree of macular thickening is significantly correlated with visual acuity. Traditional investigations for
evaluating macular edema with fundus photography, slit lamp biomicroscopy or fluorescein angiography (FA) provide only qualitative information, which is relatively insensitive to subtle changes in macular thickness. Therefore, measurements of macular retinal thickness with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an established method for diagnosing and monitoring macular edema and evaluating the efficacy of medical and surgical treatments for macular disease. Macular thickness has significant differences amongst subjects of different race,
gender and age. Measuring the macular thickness in healthy eyes in our local population using SD-OCT has clinical importance in practice. Therefore, a study on
macular thickness based on nine ETDRS areas by age and gender in healthy Malay using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is conducted so that
a normative value on macular thickness can be produced. A cross-sectional study design had been performed in UiTM Puncak Alam by recruiting a total of 47 candidates with 24 of them were females and other remaining 23 was males. The mean (SD) of central macular thickness for total candidates in the study was 230.16 ± 18.84 μm. While the mean (SD) of central macular thickness for male 237.20 ±
20.75 μm and female was 223.41 ± 14.18 μm, respectively. So, result of the study showed that there was no correlation between macular thickness and age. While for
gender, male is proved to have a thicker macular thickness compared to female in all nine ETDRS region, which was in agreement with previous studies.


This book seeks to analyse the development of the European Union (EU), which was founded upon the principle of the free movement of capital, goods, services and people in 1957. Its central thesis is that, from a practical and theoretical point of view, such a basis is fundamentally at odds with the creation of an interventionist regime that the construction of a social Europe would require.

The authors argue convincingly that - economically: the EU does not currently possess the budget or the economic tools to pursue such a strategy; politically: close to none of the institutions of the EU have backed such a policy; practically: conservative and neo-liberal forces (among member states and the institutions of the EU) have repeatedly thwarted any moves in this direction. In reality, the Single Internal Market, Economic and Monetary Union, enlargement, the Lisbon Agenda and European Constitution projects all prioritise supply-side measures and expanding the scope of the market rather than the boosting of demand and other economic intervention. Consequently, constructing a social Europe in the face of this would appear problematic. Hence, in both theory and practice, the idea that there can be a social Europe vis-a-vis neoliberalisation is a contradiction in terms.


Developments in geographic science and technology can increase our understanding of disease prevalence, etiology, transmission, and treatment. Spatial analysis using maps to associate geographic information with disease can be traced as far back as the 17th century. Today, recent developments and the widespread diffusion of geospatial data acquisition technologies are enabling creation of highly accurate spatial (and temporal) data relevant to health research. This has the potential to increase our understanding of the prevalence, etiology, transmission, and treatment of many diseases.


In this manuscript, the guest editors of the EPAA Special Issue on "Value-Added Model (VAM) Research for Educational Policy" (1) introduce the background and policy context surrounding the increased use of VAMs for teacher evaluation and accountability purposes across the United States; (2) summarize the five research papers and one research-based commentary that were peer-reviewed and selected for inclusion in this special issue; and (3) discuss the relevance of the papers both individually and collectively. Their importance is discussed in terms of each paper's contribution to the general research on this topic and each paper's potential to inform educational policy. In addition, the papers reflect our shared thinking about VAMs, VAM output, and the inference-based decisions for which VAMs are increasingly being used.


Although now a growing and respectable research field, crisis management—as a formal area of study—is relatively young, having emerged since the 1980s following a succession of such calamities as the Bhopal gas leak, Chernobyl nuclear accident, Space Shuttle Challenger loss, and Exxon Valdez oil spill. Analysis of organizational failures that caused such events helped drive the emerging field of crisis management. Simultaneously, the world has experienced a number of devastating natural disasters: Hurricane Katrina, the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, etc. From such crises, both human-induced and natural, we have learned our modern, tightly interconnected and interdependent society is simply more vulnerable to disruption than in the past. This interconnectedness is made possible in part by crisis management and increases our reliance upon it. As such, crisis management is as beneficial and crucial today as information technology has become over the last few decades. Crisis is varied and unavoidable. While the examples highlighted above were extreme, we see crisis every day within organizations, governments, businesses and the economy. A true crisis differs from a "routine" emergency, such as a water pipe bursting in the kitchen. Per one definition, "it is associated with urgent, high-stakes challenges in which the outcomes can vary widely (and are very negative at one end of the spectrum) and will depend on the actions taken by those involved." Successfully engaging, dealing with, and working through a crisis requires an understanding of options and tools for individual and joint decision making. Our Encyclopedia of Crisis Management comprehensively overviews concepts and techniques for effectively assessing, analyzing, managing, and resolving crises, whether they be organizational, business, community, or political. From general theories and concepts exploring the meaning and causes of crisis to practical strategies and techniques relevant to crises of specific types, crisis management is thoroughly explored. Features & Benefits: A collection of 385 signed entries are organized in A-to-Z fashion in 2 volumes available in both print and electronic formats; Entries conclude with Cross-References and Further Readings to guide students to in-depth resources; Selected entries feature boxed case studies, providing students with "lessons learned" in how various crises were successfully or unsuccessfully managed and why; Although organized A-to-Z, a thematic "Reader's Guide" in the front matter groups related entries by broad areas (e.g., Agencies & Organizations, Theories & Techniques, Economic Crises, etc.); Also in the front matter, a Chronology provides students with historical perspective on the development of crisis management as a discrete field of study; The work concludes with a comprehensive Index, which—in the electronic version—combines with the Reader's Guide and Cross-References to provide thorough search-and-browse capabilities; A template for an "All-Hazards Preparedness Plan" is provided the backmatter; the electronic version of this allows students to explore customized response plans for crises of various sorts; Appendices also include a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and internet resources in the field, a Glossary, and a vetted list of crisis management-related degree programs, crisis management conferences, etc.


This paper reports on an exploratory study of the criteria searchers use when judging the relevance of recorded speech from radio programs and the attributes of a recording on which those judgments are based. Five volunteers each performed three searches using two systems (NPR Online and SpeechBot) for three questions and judged the relevance of the results. Data were collected through observation and screen capture, think aloud, and interviews; coded; and analyzed by looking for patterns. Criteria used as a basis for selection were found to be similar to those observed in relevance studies with printed materials, but the attributes used as a basis for assessing those criteria were found to exhibit modality-specific characteristics. For example, audio replay was often found to be necessary when assessing story genre (e.g., report, interview, commentary) because of limitations in presently available metadata. Participants reported a strong preference for manually prepared summaries over passages extracted from automatic speech recognition transcripts, and consequential differences in search behavior were observed between the two conditions. Some important implications for interface and component design are drawn, such as the utility of summaries at multiple levels of detail in view of the difficulty of skimming imperfect transcripts and the potential utility of automatic speaker identification to support authority judgments in systems.


This document presents thoughts on the potential impact of supporting
HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) technologies in Content Distribution
Network Interconnection (CDNI) scenarios. The intent is to present the
authors' analysis of the CDNI-HAS problem space and discuss
different options put forward by the authors (and by others during
informal discussions) on how to deal with HAS in the context of CDNI.
This document has been used as input information during the CDNI
working group process for making a decision regarding support for HAS.


Two new subspecies belonging to the genus Globorotalia ,t hat we nameG. mariae mariae and G. mariae gratiae, are here described and figured. They were found exclusively within the Middle Miocene and particularly from the early Langhian to the Serravallian of several Mediterranean sedimentary successions. The two subspecies have a slightly different stratigraphic range. Both were recorded from the Globigerinoides sicanus/Orbulina suturalis Zone (MMi4) to the Paragloborotalia partimlabiata Zone (MMi7). However, only G. mariae mariae is recorded from the Globorotalia praescitula Subzone (MMi4b), whereas G. mariae gratiae was found from slightly younger levels, corresponding to the Paragloborotalia siakensis-Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis Subzone (MMi4c). As far as their origin concerns, G. praescitula may have been the ancestor of G. mariae mariae. Subsequently, G. mariae gratiae evolved from G. mariae mariae. Both subspecies disappear in the Paragloborotalia partimlabiata-Globoturborotalita druryi Subzone (MMi7a). Concerning their stratigraphic range it is important to point out that in all the studied sections both subspecies were not found in the interval encompassing the Langhian/Serravallian boundary, and lasting from the upper part of the Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis Subzone (MMi4d) to the uppermost part of the Orbulina suturalis/Globorotalia peripheroronda Zone (MMi5).


The basic principles and equations are developed for elementary finance, based on the concept of compound interest. The five quantities of interest in such problems are present value, future value, amount of periodic payment, number of periods and the rate of interest per period. We consider three distinct means of computing each of these five quantities in Excel 2007: (i) use of algebraic equations, (ii) by recursive schedule and the Goal Seek facility, and (iii) use of Excel's intrinsic financial functions. The paper is intended to be used as the basis for a lesson plan and contains many examples and solved problems. Comment is made regarding the relative difficulty of each approach, and a prominent theme is the systematic use of more than one method to increase student understanding and build confidence in the answer obtained. Full instructions to build each type of model are given and a complete set of examples and solutions may be downloaded (Examples.xlsx and Solutions.xlsx).


Graph contrastive learning (GCL) alleviates the heavy reliance on label information for graph representation learning (GRL) via self-supervised learning schemes. The core idea is to learn by maximising mutual information for similar instances, which requires similarity computation between two node instances. However, GCL is inefficient in both time and memory consumption. In addition, GCL normally requires a large number of training epochs to be well-trained on large-scale datasets. Inspired by an observation of a technical defect (i.e., inappropriate usage of Sigmoid function) commonly used in two representative GCL works, DGI and MVGRL, we revisit GCL and introduce a new learning paradigm for self-supervised graph representation learning, namely, Group Discrimination (GD), and propose a novel GD-based method called Graph Group Discrimination (GGD). Instead of similarity computation, GGD directly discriminates two groups of node samples with a very simple binary cross-entropy loss. In addition, GGD requires much fewer training epochs to obtain competitive performance compared with GCL methods on large-scale datasets. These two advantages endow GGD with very efficient property. Extensive experiments show that GGD outperforms state-of-the-art self-supervised methods on eight datasets. In particular, GGD can be trained in 0.18 seconds (6.44 seconds including data preprocessing) on ogbn-arxiv, which is orders of magnitude (10,000+) faster than GCL baselines while consuming much less memory. Trained with 9 hours on ogbn-papers100M with billion edges, GGD outperforms its GCL counterparts in both accuracy and efficiency.


Sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology (EP) have struggled to gain ground within the social sciences over the past 30 years. While some have heralded the Triumph of Sociobiology (Alcock, 2001), others have critiqued it as a poor approach to understanding human behavior and would prefer that a Darwinian perspective remain outside the domain of human social sciences. We attempt to assess just how successful (or not) it has been by examining how it has been covered in introductory psychology textbooks over the past 30 years. Our findings indicate that a Darwinian perspective has gained influence and acceptance within the field of psychology over the past three decades. However, we also find that EP as a sub-discipline is often perceived as narrowly defined and limited to research on mating strategies. We address how these perceptions may affect the future of EP, and possible steps needed to increase both the acceptance and importance of evolutionary theory to psychology.


Quality inspection of textile fabric products is an important problem for fabric manufacturers. This paper presents an automatic vision-based system for the quality control of web textile fabrics. Typical web material is 1-3 m wide and is driven with speeds ranging from 20 to 200 m/min. At present, the quality inspection process is manually performed by experts. However, they cannot detect more than 60% of the overall defects for the fabric if it is moving faster than 30 m/min. To increase the quality and homogeneity of fabrics, an automated visual inspection system is needed for better productivity. Currently, the existing inspection systems are too expensive for small companies. In this paper, a PC-based real-time inspection system is proposed with benefits of low cost and high detection rate. The proposed algorithm showed good results for several types of fabric defects.


Acquired Hemophilia A is a very rare disease in children but may be life-threatening. We report the case of a 5-year-old child, without any bleeding history. He presented a severe bleeding episode after a circumcision. The blood loss was important, with a hemoglobin rate at 54g/L, requiring a transfusion. The first biological assessment of hemostasis lead to the suspected diagnosis of congenital hemophilia (FVIII=4%), but factor VIII infusions were inefficient. Identification of a specific inhibitor against factor VIII rectified the diagnosis: it was an acquired hemophilia A. No underlying infectious, autoimmune or neoplastic disease was found. Interestingly, he has family history of immune disease: his brother has a juvenile arthritis and his father a Sjogren syndrome. favorable after treatment by recombinant activated factor VII (Novoseven®). Afterwards, he has two bleeding episodes: a large post-venous puncture hematoma, and a post-traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee, efficiently treated by Novoseven®. An immunosuppressive treatment started then: he received a first line therapy of corticoids without any effect on the inhibitor level. A second line therapy with rituximab was attempted, with a greater efficacy. The inhibitor level is now below 1 BU/ml, and the factor VIII level is 120%. This case highlights the difficulties of diagnosing acquired hemophilia A in childhood. Due to its rarity, this condition was first not recognized. Concerning immunosuppressive therapy, this case is the second case of the pediatric literature in this indication that proves efficacy of rituximab.


Abstract: This essay contends that Reformation Biblical hermeneutics offer a vital way to understand the relationship between three of Titus Andronicus's most infamous features: its insistent use of classical texts; its figurative-literal play; and its grotesque violence. In Titus, classical texts offer an oblique way to stage dangerous questions of Biblical interpretation and to dramatize the interpretive violence of the Reformation. As the characters recreate classical narratives through rape, murder, and dismemberment, the play's factions relate to their shared texts in a manner both allegorizing and literalizing, thereby emphasizing the Reformation's deadly slippage between hermeneutic methods. This literal-figurative tension likewise manifests as violence when characters literalize conventional synecdoches of the body with severed heads and hands that become the locus of macabre punning and misinterpretation. The play's violence and meta-interpretive foci culminate in Tamora's allegorical performance as Revenge and Titus's bloody feast upon her sons, which stage the Eucharistic controversy and its underlying hermeneutic basis as murder and cannibalism. Thus, Titus holds a mirror to the most grotesque aspects of the Reformation hermeneutic culture that shaped it.


At the time of writing this article, Fourier inversion is the computational method of choice for a fast and accurate calculation of plain vanilla option prices in models with an analytically available characteristic function. Shifting the contour of integration along the complex plane allows for different representations of the inverse Fourier integral. In this article, we present the optimal contour of the Fourier integral, taking into account numerical issues such as cancellation and explosion of the characteristic function. This allows for robust and fast option pricing for almost all levels of strikes and maturities.


Agribusinesses make long-term plant-investment decisions based on discounted cash flow. It is therefore incongruous for an agribusiness firm to use cash flow as a plant-investment criterion and then to completely discard cash flow in favor of batch profits as an operating objective. This paper assumes that cash flow and its stability is important to commodity processors and examines methods for hedging cash flows under continuous processing. Its objectives are (a) to determine how standard hedging models should be modified to hedge cash flows, (b) to outline the differences between cash flow hedging and profit hedging, and (c) to determine the effectiveness of hedging in reducing cash flow variability. A cash flow hedging methodology is developed. This methodology is similar to that used for batch profit hedging. This methodology balances the daily cash flow destabilizing effect of futures positions against the periodic cash flow destabilizing effect of cash price changes. The resulting cash flow hedges are simulated for soybean processors. These hedges are less effective than batch profit hedging. The reduction in cash flow variance achieved through hedging, though small, is nonetheless statistically significant.


"The Scots", said a censorious English member of Parliament in 1607, "have not suffered above two kings to die in their beds these two hundred years". He may have exaggerated, but undeniably Scotland has a rough and bloodstained history. It is a complex one too, but Sir Fitzroy Maclean has disentangled the threads, and enlivened his brisk account with both wit and scholarship. Pictures from authentic contemporary sources illuminate his story - its romantic figures and bloody battles, its politics and religion - and provide a rich visual record of Scotland's art, craftsmanship and intellectual life. In this revised edition of his classic work, he brings the story of Scotland right up to date, examining how the Scots identity is faring under the twin influences of late 20th-centur-y nationalism and internationalism. Sir Fitzroy Maclean, the esteemed writer and historian, has for many years held important posts in the Diplomatic Service, the Armed Forces and the Government, and is an honorary LL D of Glasgow, Dundee and Dalhousie Universities.


Sand, gravel and crushed stone, known as construction aggregates, are the main ingredient in materials to maintaining and building new infrastructure. Construction aggregate has a low cost per ton, but because mass quantities are typically required, if a local source is not available then the cost of transportation quickly exceed the value of the material. The North Bay Area has an estimated 50-year demand of 521 Million Tons (MT) and a current permitted supply of 110 MT. This North Bay Area region has a supply to demand ratio of 21% and is estimated to last 11-20 years (from 2012). This demand study does not include the extreme increase in demand that Senate Bill 1 (SB-1) will require. A culmination of increased aggregate demand from SB-1, continued construction growth in the Bay Area, increased trucking cost, and environmental resistance to new quarry permits might significantly accelerate the aggregate shortage in the North Bay Area. As a possible solution to these circumstances, a feasibility study has been performed on bringing aggregate in by rail from a region with a surplus of permitted aggregate to meet the local demand.


Heat stress adversely affects upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the U.S.. A low level of genetic variability in domesticated upland cotton is one of the major constraints for cotton germplasm improvement. Utilization of exotic accessions through introgression could have potential to improve the heat tolerance of upland cotton. Heat tolerance is difficult to determine, especially when yield and fiber quality are the parameters measured in photoperiodic, non-adapted genotypes. Chlorophyll fluorescence is a widely used technique in abiotic stress studies. My objectives were: (1) to evaluate wild (mostly photoperiodic, non-adapted) genotypes for heat tolerance using a chlorophyll fluorescence assay; (2) to determine the heritability of heat tolerance identified by chlorophyll fluorescence in the segregating generations and select elite lines among advanced populations based on this measurement; (3) and to identify if heat tolerance as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence translates to increased growth and vigor under high temperatures. Forty-four wild accessions of upland cotton were selected as a resource of heat tolerant germplasm for a growth chamber test and a field evaluation. In the growth chamber, six-week old cotton plants were subjected to heat stress at 45oC and 80% relative humidity for 24 hrs. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured before and after heat treatment. In the field, chlorophyll fluorescence (ΦPSII) was measured between 1200 h and 1400 h on the two youngest fully developed leaves of each plant during the first square stage to the open boll stage. Based on the chlorophyll fluorescence measured in the growth chamber and the field test, three wild accessions (TX 2287, TX 2285 and TX 761) were identified as
being heat tolerant. Crosses were made between two elite wild accessions and DP 90. F2:3 lines in these two segregating populations were also evaluated in a growth chamber test and a field evaluation which were in the same manner as wild accessions. The broad-sense heritability of chlorophyll fluorescence on F2:3 lines in the growth chamber was markedly different from that in the field indicating this measurement is sensitive to environmental conditions. Most fiber quality traits of F2:3 lines were comparable to that of adapted cultivars whereas most seed traits of F2:3 were slightly lower than that of adapted cultivars. Furthermore, correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence measurement and seed traits as well as between chlorophyll fluorescence measurement and fiber quality traits indicating chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a selection tool for simultaneous improvement of heat tolerance, seed trait and fiber quality in these introgressed lines.


Aircraft incidents with ungulates cause substantial economic losses and pose risks to human safety. We analyzed 879 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) incidents with United States civil aircraft from 1990 to 2009 reported in the Federal Aviation Administration National Wildlife Strike Database. During that time, deer incidents followed a quadratic response curve, peaking in 1994 and declining thereafter. There appeared to be some seasonal patterning in incident frequency, with deer incidents increasing overall from January to November, and peaking in October and November (30.7%). Most incidents (64.8%) occurred at night, but incident rates were greatest (P ≤ 0.001) at dusk. Landing-roll represented 60.7% of incidents and more incidents occurred during landing than take-off (P ≤ 0.001). Almost 70% of deer incidents had an effect on flight. About 6% of pilots attempted to avoid deer, and were less likely to sustain damage. Aircraft were 25 times more likely to be destroyed when multiple deer were struck versus a single individual. Deer incidents represented 0.9% of all wildlife incidents, yet 5.4% of total estimated costs. Reported costs for deer incident damages during this period exceeded US$36 million, with US$75 million in total estimated damages. Deer incidents resulted in 1 of 24 human deaths and 26 of 217 injuries reported for all wildlife incidents with aircraft during the reporting period. Managers should implement exclusion techniques (e.g., fences, cattle guards, or electrified mats) to maximize reductions in deer use of airfields. Where exclusion is not practical, managers should consider lethal control, habitat modifications, increased monitoring and hazing, and improved technology to aircraft and runway lighting to reduce incidents at airports. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.


DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM-PTFE REACTIVE COMPOSITE MATERIAL by Siva Kumar Valluri The shortcomings of micron sized aluminum due to the oxide barrier and two phase loses pose a hindrance for its efficient use as a fuel. In this study a fluoropolymer; Teflon's inclusion in micron sized -325 mesh aluminum is suggested as a replacement to aluminum. Aluminum Teflon based energetic material see great potential for use in pyrotechnics, propellants and even explosives. A composite with composition Al-PTFE (90-10 wt. %) is prepared through Cryomilling and is shown to be a better method of preparation as compared to room temperature milling. The prepared materials are studied to identify best conditions. The analysis methods include thermal studies both aerobic and anaerobic, Mass Spectrometry, XRD analysis and ESD experiments. The best materials are shown to retain the Teflon till higher temperatures as compared with other materials such as nano powder mixtures and milled composites of Al-PTFE, both of composition (70-30 wt. %). The milled material exhibits two exothermic peaks at 405.4°C and 540°C which correspond to the phenomena of fluorine's interaction with the oxide to form aluminum fluoride and the phase transition into a more stable fluoride of aluminum respectively. The activation energy for these reactions are on the higher side at 145.8 and 266.4 kJ/mol. This study offers a better milling process to make more reactive composites of micron sized Al and granular Teflon (PTFE).


Potential of natural pasture in Shebedino district, Southern Ethiopia was assessed. Based on availability and practice of supplementation of sweet potato vine (SPV) for livestock, 6 representative kebeles were selected from among 3 towns, 4 Degas, 15 sweet-potato-producing (SPP) and 13 sweet-potato-non-producing (SPNP) Kebeles. From each Kebele 30 households (HHs) were randomly selected and interviewed. Grazing land was protected (June-December/2013) and forage samples taken using a 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrate from three strata. District average land holding was 0.43±0.45 ha/HH, SPP having larger land holding than that of town kebeles. In towns with no grazing land, 40% of HHs feed byproducts to livestock. In SPP and SPNP Dega Kebeles, private grazing land provided 37 to 43% of feed. All farmers feed SPV to livestock and most during dry seasons, although only 20% of the HHs cultivate sweet potato. Feed shortage was 35% of constraints to livestock production followed by low productivity of livestock (19%). At times of critical feed shortage, 50% of town-HHs sell their livestock, the rest prefer searching for supplements as mitigation strategy. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) yields ((3663±63 and 3187±50 kg/ha, respectively) of the 4th cut was the highest (p<0.05). Upper strata produced the highest (p<0.05) DM (4145±132 kg/ha) and OM (3604±112 kg/ha) yields. Similarly, DM (4145 ±132 kg/ha) and OM (3604±112 kg/ha) yields of upper strata at 4th cut were highest (p<0.05) of all cutting stages and strata combinations. The DM and CP contents of green grass of first cut were 33.77±3.83 and 15.17±0.00 and at the 4th cut 91.57±11.79 and 10.76±0.00%, respectively. In-vitro DM Digestibility of grasses of first cut was 68.11±0.00 and of 4th cut 57.8±0.04%. As family size increased, grazing land and the corresponding feed get reduced, hence decreased livestock productivity. With stage of maturity of the natural pasture, DM and OM yield increased but CP and DM digestibility decreased. Therefore conserving natural pasture as hay need be encouraged.

 Key words: Digestibility, natural pasture, sweet potato producing, sweet potato non-producing.


Multiple human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequences from the V3 and V4-V5 regions of the envelope gene were analyzed from three mother-infant pairs. The infants' viral sequences were less diverse than those of their mothers. In two pairs, a proviral form infrequently found in the mother predominated in her infant. A conserved N-linked glycosylation site within the V3 region, present in each mother's sequence set, was absent in all of the infants' sequence sets. These findings demonstrate that a minor subset of maternal virus is transmitted to the infant.


The goal of the CoSy project is to create cognitive robots to serve as a testbed of theories on how humans work [13], and to identify problems and techniques relevant to producing general-purpose humanlike domestic robots. Given the constraints on the resources available at the robot's disposal and the complexity of the tasks that the robot has to execute during cognitive interactions with other agents or humans, it is essential that the robot perform just those tasks that are necessary for it to achieve its goal. In this paper we describe our attempts at creating such a system that enables a mobile robot to plan its information processing and sensing actions. We build on an existing planning framework, which is based on Continual Planning [3]. Continual planning combines planning, plan execution and plan monitoring. Unlike classical planning approaches, here it is not necessary to model all contingencies in advance – the agent acts as soon as it has a feasible plan, in an attempt to gather more information that would help resolve the uncertainty on the rest of the plan. We describe how the system addresses challenges such as state representation, conflict resolution and uncertainty. A few experimental results are provided to highlight both the advantages and disadvantages of the current approach, and to motivate directions of further research. All algorithms are implemented and tested in the playmate scenario.


Baleen and sperm whales, known collectively as the great whales, include the largest animals in the history of life on Earth. With high metabolic demands and large populations, whales probably had a strong influence on marine ecosystems before the advent of industrial whaling: as consumers of fish and invertebrates; as prey to other large-bodied predators; as reservoirs of and vertical and horizontal vectors for nutrients; and as detrital sources of energy and habitat in the deep sea. The decline in great whale numbers, estimated to be at least 66% and perhaps as high as 90%, has likely altered the structure and function of the oceans, but recovery is possible and in many cases is already underway. Future changes in the structure and function of the world's oceans can be expected with the restoration of great whale populations.


Aim: Periodontitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory process, initiated by the plaque biofilm, that causes loss of periodontal adherence to the root surface and adjacent alveolar bone and which ultimately results in tooth loss. Our objective was to evaluate malondialdehyde levels in healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: 50 subjects aged between 17-50 years attending the Out Patient Department of Periodontics in the A.B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences were divided into 2 groups. 25 patients served as the control group and the rest 25 patients served as the test group 3 ml of unstimulated whole saliva was collected from subjects using disposable spittoons and were centrifuged and frozen at –20°C until analysis. Lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde were analyzed by Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. Results: The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (Test for Normality and Mann Whitney U Test). Conclusion: Our study reveals that malondialdehyde levels, a lipid peroxidation product in increased in Chronic Periodontitis cases compared to Control cases with a median of 2.98 and the control has a median of 0.94 which is statistically significant with a p value of <0.001.


As the dominant global media, Western media face constant ethical challenges. In a fast-paced, fast-changing world post-9/11, Western media have been accused of misrepresenting Islam and Muslims through biased reporting and misinformation. Muslims are often depicted as a homogenous group prone to acts of terrorism. Unsurprisingly, Muslims are cautious, if not resentful, of Western media that perpetuate Islamophobia. There needs to be more discussion on intercultural views of ethical communication if journalists and media outlets are serious about building trust and upholding ethical standards in reporting. Other cultural paradigms in media studies are needed to inform our practice for culturally diverse environments. This paper explores Western perspectives of dialogic and persuasive communication that are taught in the foundation year of media and communication tertiary study and compares them with the Islamic perspective, offering an insight into this untapped area. Unlike the traditional Western conceptual framework of dialogue and persuasion as separate entities that are potentially unethical, the Islamic perspective identifies both models as ethical and not mutually exclusive. One Anglo-based innovative study that applied quantum theory to communication on social media, argued for an interconnected relationship between dialogue and persuasion where the two can become entangled while existing in a state of superposition. It echoes the Islamic view except for the unethical potential and ambivalent application of either model. This preliminary study has implications for the practice of peace and conflict journalism, investigative journalism, and development journalism, which report on issues relating to Islam and the Muslim environments.


Overlap zones between normal faults have been studied using a variety of 2D and 3D seismic reflection datasets. The overlaps are of two types, (i) relay zones in which displacement is transferred between the overlapping faults and (ii) non-relay overlaps in which displacement is not transferred. Overlap zones are continually formed and destroyed during the growth of a fault system. Overlap zones are formed either by interference between initially isolated faults or as a result of bifurcation of a single fault. The mode of overlap formation is reflected in the 3D geometry of the overlapping faults which may be either unconnected or linked at a branch-line or branch-point. Seismic reflection data from regions of growth faulting, and also sandbox analogue data, allow analysis of fault development through time. Reconstructions of the displacement distribution on some faults with sharp bends and associated hanging-wall splays, show that the bends originated as overlap zones which were later breached to form through-going faults. Depending on the displacements of relay-bounding faults, the effect of relay zones on hydrocarbon reservoirs may be to (a) provide structural closure, (b) form gaps in otherwise sealing faults or (c) increase reservoir connectivity.


An important task of information retrieval is to induce classifiers capable of categorizing text documents. The fact that the same document can simultaneously belong to two or more categories is referred by the term multi-label classification (or categorization). Domains of this kind have been encountered in diverse fields even outside information retrieval. This dissertation discusses one challenging aspect of text categorization: the documents (i.e., training examples) are characterized by an extremely large number of features. As a result, many existing machine learning techniques are in such domains prohibitively expensive. This dissertation seeks to reduce these costs significantly.
The proposed scheme consists of two steps. The first runs a so-called baseline induction algorithm (BIA) separately on different versions of the data, each time inducing a different subclassifier—more specifically, BIA is run always on the same training documents that are each time described by a different subset of the features. The second step then combines the subclassificrs by a fusion algorithm: when a document is to be classified, each subclassifier outputs a set of class labels accompanied by its confidence in these labels; these outputs are then combined into a single multi-label recommendation. The dissertation investigates a few alternative fusion techniques, including an original one, inspired by the Dempster-Shafer Theory. The main contribution is a mechanism for assigning the mass function to individual labels from subclassifiers.
The system's behavior is illustrated on two real-world data sets. As indicated, in each of them the examples are described by thousands of features, and each example is labeled with a subset of classes. Experimental evidence indicates that the method can scale up well and achieves impressive computational savings in exchange for only a modest loss in the classification performance. The fusion method proposed is also shown to be more accurate than other more traditional fusion mechanisms.
For a very large multi-label data set, the proposed mechanism not only speeds up the total induction time, but also facilitates the execution of the task on a small computer. The fact that subclassifiers can be constructed independently and more conveniently from small subsets of features provides an avenue for parallel processing that might offer further increase in computational efficiency.


Currently, a lot of institutes and industries are working on the development of the virtual reality and augmented reality techniques, and these techniques have been recognized as the determination for the direction of the three-dimensional display development in the near future. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the design and application of several wearable head-mounted display (HMD) systems with the waveguide structure using the inand out-couplers which are fabricated by the diffractive optical elements or holographic volume gratings. Although the structure is simple, the waveguide-type HMDs are very efficient, especially in the practical applications, especially in the augmented reality applications, which make the device light-weighted. In addition, we reviewed the existing major head-mounted display and augmented reality systems.


Increasing survival rates and earlier hospital discharge of premature infants have resulted in babies weighing less than 2500 g being transported frequently in the family car. Provision for safe motor vehicle transportation of this vulnerable population of infants is a major concern of parents and health professionals. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn believe that specific guidelines should be followed to ensure proper selection and use of car seats and other occupant restraint devices for low-weight infants.
 Currently, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213, which established design and dynamic performance requirements for child restraint systems, applies to children weighing up to 50 lb, but no minimum weight limit is established in the standard. Most safety restrains on the market are designed for infants weighing more than 7 lb (3.1 kg), and only recently have studies been done which allow some prediction of the protective capabilities of restraint devices for infants weighing less than 7 lb.1,2 Initial research has indicated that some infants, particularly premature, low-weight infants, may be subject to oxygen desaturation when placed in an upright position in car safety seats.3,4 Both rate of growth and neurologic maturation may influence potential risk of respiratory compromise in these and other seating devices. Further investigations will be necessary to precisely define the population at risk and the variety of situations in which risk occurs.
 Proper positioning of small infants in car seats is important to minimize the risk of respiratory compromise while providing protection for the infant in the event of a crash or sudden stop.


This paper presents study of adaptive force control that takes into account object characteristics using a fuzzy neural network. This study applies fuzzy theory to position control and force control, similar to those actually implemented by industrial robots, to enable automatic establishment of optimum parameters for different environments and autonomous, flexible motion.


ABSTRACT Isotope ratios of elements such as Sr, Nd, Pb and Hf can be used as tracers of magmatic sources and processes. Analytical capabilities have evolved so that isotope ratios can now be analysed in situ, and isotopic tracers can therefore be used within single minerals to track the changing magmatic environment in which a given mineral grew. This contribution shows that Sr isotope ratios in feldspars that make up plutonic rocks will typically preserve initial isotopic variations, provided precise and accurate age corrections can be applied. Variations in initial isotope ratio can give a core-to-rim record of magmatic evolution and can be used to diagnose open system events such as contamination and magma recharge and mixing. New single grain Sr isotope data are presented from the Dais Intrusion, Antarctica, which reflect an open system origin for the crystals. The crystal cargo appears to be aggregated and assembled during transport and emplacement. This model, as opposed to a magma body crystallising post emplacement, may be more applicable to plutonic rocks in general, and is testable using the in situ isotopic determination methods described here.


Abstract Nordic countries rank high on measures indicating tolerant views on immigrants. Yet, ethnic residential segregation is stated as being a major social problem in these countries. Neighbourhood flight and avoidance behaviour among the native born could be a sign of less tolerant views on minorities, but could of course be restricted to native-born residents in areas of high-ethnic concentration. So far, no research in these countries has explicitly focused on the majority population's view on segregation, and we know little about how native-born residents in different neighbourhood contexts view ethnic segregation or how own residential experience shapes decisions on staying or leaving; this paper aims to help fill this research lacuna. In a survey targeting 9000 native-born residents in three Nordic capital cities—stratified into neighbourhood movers and stayers and into neighbourhoods having different proportions of non-Nordic-born residents—we answer three questions: do native-born respondents prefer a neighbourhood ethnic mix? Do they see ethnic segregation as a problem? Do they prefer lower, current or higher shares of ethnic minorities in their own neighbourhoods?


An insider's account of the art and artists of the most interesting Russian artistic phenomenon since the Russian Avant-Garde. In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of "unofficial" artists in Moscow-artists not recognized by the state, not covered by state-controlled media, and cut off from wider audiences-created artworks that gave artistic form to a certain historical moment: the experience of Soviet socialism. The Moscow conceptualists not only reflected and analyzed by artistic means a spectacle of Soviet life but also preserved its memory for a future that turned out to be different from the officially predicted one. They captured both the shabby austerity of everyday Soviet life and the utopian energy of Soviet culture. In History Becomes Form, Boris Groys offers a contemporary's account of what he calls the most interesting Russian artistic phenomenon since the Russian avant-garde. The book collects Groys's essays on Moscow conceptualism, most of them written after his emigration to the West in 1981. The individual artists of the group-including Ilya Kabakov, Lev Rubinstein, and Ivan Chuikov-became known in the West after perestroika, but until now the artistic movement as a whole has received little attention. Groys's account sheds light not only on the Moscow Conceptualists and their work but also on the dilemmas of Soviet artists during the cold war.


The predominant use of mobile media such as SMS and MIM across various sectors in Ghana is incontrovertibly influencing and reshaping interpersonal communications. This paper looked at the use of the Esoko SMS and WhatsApp MIM platforms and how the use of these two dominant platforms are enhancing and reshaping digital communication in the rural and urban Ghana respectively, as barriers of socioeconomic factors limits the use of sophisticated technologies in the rural setting. This is done by employing Madianou and Miller's notion of polymedia" to draw on the moral, social and the emotional use of mobile media in enacting interpersonal relationships and communications whilst keeping in focus the recursive repercussions.


A study has been carried out to evaluate physical and flexural properties of composites made by areca fibers with a randomly distributed orientation of fibers. The extracted areca fibers from the areca husk were alkali treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to get better interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix. Then composites were developed by means of a compression molding technique with varying process parameters, such as fiber condition (untreated and alkali treated), and fiber loading percentages (50% and 60% by weight). The developed areca fiber reinforced composites were then characterized by physical and flexural tests. The results show that flexural strength increases with increase in the fiber loading percentage. Compared to untreated fiber, significant change in flexural strength has been observed for treated areca fiber reinforcement.


Aim: To evaluate the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in determining choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) activity before and after photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with pathological myopia. Methods: 33 patients (33 eyes) with pathological myopia and being treated with PDT were included. Every 3 months all patients were evaluated and presence or absence of leakage on fluorescein angiography, presence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid on OCT, and macular and choroidal neovascular complex thickness on OCT, were determined at each examination. Results: The macular thickness decreased significantly after PDT at 6 months (p = 0.001) and at 12 months follow up (p = 0.01). However, no significant changes in CNV thickness were measured after PDT at 6 months of follow up (p = 0.418) and at 12 months of follow up (p = 0.521). Once the diagnosis of CNV associated with pathological myopia was established, before treatment, OCT had a sensitivity of 96.96% for detecting CNV activity. After treatment, OCT had a good sensitivity (95.23%) and a moderate specificity (69,69%) in determining CNV activity, which resulted in a diagnostic efficiency (proportion of correct results) of 79.62%. Conclusions: OCT appears to be useful for indicating CNV activity. Therefore, it may serve as a complementary technique for deciding the need for PDT and re-treatment in patients with pathological myopia.


A study was performed with 33 Modern Foreign Language (MFL) teachers to afford insight into how classroom practitioners interact with Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in Second Language (L2) pedagogy. A questionnaire with CALL specific statements was completed by MFL teachers who were recruited via UK based Facebook groups. Significantly, participants acknowledged a gap in practice from the expectation of CALL in the MFL classroom. Overall, respondents were shown to be interested and regular consumers of CALL who perceived its ease and importance in L2 teaching and learning.


Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been analyzed in archived soil from the U.K. to investigate historical trends. Samples were obtained from the Broadbalk experiment plots (1944−1986) and Luddington experiment station (1968−1990). Luddington samples also include a set of soils that received a one-time sludge treatment in 1968, and duplicate samples of this archived sludge were also analyzed. Peak residues of ΣPCN (sum of all PCN congeners quantified) were 9000 pg g-1 dry weight in 1956, declining to 300 pg g-1 in contemporary soils. The one-time sludge application resulted in elevated soil residues that were 1.5−6 times higher than the control plot over the time series. This increase is consistent with the known application rate and the amount of ΣPCN in the applied sludge (250 000 pg g-1 dry wt). Half-lives for the Luddington control soil and the sludge-amended soil for the period 1972−1990 were 5.3 and 9.9 years, respectively. Investigation of time trends revealed differences between homologue groups with the higher molecular weight congeners peaking earlier in the time series (pre-1950) and the lower molecular weight congeners peaking later, ca. 1970. Time trends of individual congeners were investigated in terms of their relative mass percent contribution to the sum of their homologue group. Significant (p < 0.05) increasing trends were observed for several congeners associated with combustion sources (CN-29, -51, -52/60, -54, and -66/67) suggesting that combustion related sources are more important now than they were in the past. However, no decreasing trend was observed for congeners that were thought to be susceptible to degradation by photolysis suggesting that this may not be a key elimination pathway of PCNs in the environment. A simple calculation of the fugacity status of PCNs in air and soil showed that the tri-CNs are exhibiting net outgassing, while the penta-CNs are still being deposited to soil. Interestingly, the penta-CNs associated with combustion show the largest gradient for air-to-soil transfer, supporting the notion that combustion sources are important contributors to contemporary air burdens of these congeners.


trans-Resveratrol (resveratrol) has been shown in several studies to significantly modulate biomarkers of bone metabolism. But, there is no direct evidence supporting its inhibitory effect towards bone loss. In the present study, effects of resveratrol on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone calcium content (BCC) were examined in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: SHAM group (sham-operated), OVX group (OVX control), OVX + ALD group (OVX and treated with 1.0 mg/kg of body weight of alendronate sodium), and OVX + RES group (OVX and treated with 0.7 mg/kg of body weight of resveratrol). Tested materials were given by gavage for 12 weeks after ovariectomy. Results showed that rats in the OVX, OVX + ALD, and OVX + RES groups had significantly higher body weights and feed efficiency than those in the SHAM group (P < .01). The OVX group had significantly lower femoral epiphysis BMD than the SHAM group, and epiphysis BMD in the OVX + ALD and OVX + RES groups was significantly greater than that in the OVX group (P < .05). However, the femoral midpoint BMD was not significantly different among the four groups. Additionally, animals in the OVX group had significantly lower BCC compared with the SHAM group, while the BCC of the OVX + ALD and OVX + RES groups was significantly higher than that of the OVX group (P < .05). These results indicated that resveratrol could increase epiphysis BMD and inhibit the decrease of femur BCC in OVX rats, suggesting that it could play a role in protecting against bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency.


Computational models used in process proximity correction require accurate description of the pupil illumination function of the lithography projector. Traditional top-hat approximation for pupil illumination function is no longer sufficient to meet stringent CD control requirements of low-k1 applications. The pupil illumination profile can change across the exposure field, contributing to across-field linewidth variation. We present a measurement of the pupil illumination based on exposing pinhole patterns on a wafer at different dose and defocus settings, and processing SEM images of patterns printed in photoresist. The fundamental principle of the method is Abbe's formulation of image formation: the intensity-image formed in resist is an incoherent, linear superposition of images each one of which is formed by illuminating the photomask by a single plane-wave. A single plane-wave that is incident on the photomask maps to a single point in the Fourier-transform aperture of the illuminator. The pupil-fill of the illuminator is obtained from SEM images by a model-based method consisting of these steps: First, resist edges in the SEM images are detected by an edge detection algorithm based on Perona-Malik diffusion. Coordinates of the points on the resist edge are obtained with respect to a reference ruler. The image intensity at any resist edge is equal to the dose-to-clear. This provides an equation for the image intensity at each point on the edge of a pinhole image. Multiple values of dose and defocus, and multiple points on each resist edge provide a large system of equations. The result of the inversion for a 193nm 0.75 NA stepper with σ = 0.55/0.85 annular illumination at five exposure field locations is presented. The CD difference between the nominal top-hat illumination and the inverted illumination was up to 1.8 nm for 1:1 line and space features ranging from 100nm to 300nm. Variation of the illumination along the long-dimension of the slit of the scanner caused 0.6 nm of CD variation for the same 1:1 dense lines.


Toxopsoides huttoni Forster and Wilton from New Zealand has not been recorded since its description in a monotypic genus in 1973. Here, the species is recorded from south-eastern Australia. Additional descriptive notes and fi gures are provided for comparison with three new species of Toxopsoides that are described from the same area. Toxopsoides erici sp. nov. is from higher altitudes of north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, T. kathleenae sp. nov. is from the Sydney Basin and lower areas to the northeast, and T. macleayi sp. nov. is from the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney.


We tested the hypotheses that angiogenic efficacy of cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMNC) transplantation would be enhanced by using matrix and that combined therapy of CBMNC transplantation using matrix and sustained delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) would be synergistic in angiogenesis induction in ischemic limbs. One day after surgical induction of hindlimb ischemia, C57BL/6J mice were randomized to receive either medium injection, CBMNC transplantation using medium, CBMNC transplantation using fibrin matrix, sustained delivery of bFGF, or a combination of sustained delivery of bFGF and CBMNC transplantation using fibrin matrix. Four weeks after treatment, the angiogenic efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by immunohistochemical examinations and microvessel density determination in the ischemic sites. Transplanted CBMNCs survived, proliferated, and participated in capillary formation in ischemic limbs. CBMNC transplantation using fibrin matrix significantly increased the densities of capillaries and arterioles compared with CBMNC transplantation using medium. Importantly, combined therapy of sustained delivery of bFGF and CBMNC transplantation using fibrin matrix further increased the densities of capillaries and arterioles compared with either therapy alone. The angiogenic efficacy of angiogenic cell transplantation is enhanced by cell transplantation using matrix. Combined therapy of sustained release of angiogenic protein and angiogenic cell transplantation synergistically enhances angiogenesis in ischemic limbs compared to each therapy separately.


A thorough search is performed for all cases in which solutions of the quadratically coupled nonlinear equations for χ(2) cascading may be expressed in terms of hyperbolic functions. This reveals two new classes (IV and VI) in addition to classes I–III, which have appeared in many recent papers. These new solutions describe pulses with a nonzero cw background in one or both modes. They include bright–dark, brighter–brighter, twin-hole, and dark–dark solutions, and each contains an adjustable parameter related to the phase shift across the pulse. For a planar waveguide, any of the class VI profiles may arise for any choice of pulse orientation parameters κJ giving pp˜>0, whereas any of the class IV profiles may arise if pp˜<0. In each case, the choice then determines the remaining pulse parameters in the exact representation.


The control region of the mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies were significantly different among the two separate lagoon populations of Oreochromis alcalicus grahami in Lake Magadi and of O. a. alcalicus from lake Natron, and DNA fingerprint similarity indices were significantly higher for intra-population comparisons of the two Magadi lagoon populations and the Lake Natron population than the inter-population similarity indices among these populations. A modified Fst measure indicated population sub-division and the phylogeographic partitioning of the VNTR fragments observed were unique to specific populations further indicating substantial genetic differentiation. The lagoon populations within Lake Magadi demonstrated the same degree of genetic differentiation as either of these populations did to the outgroup (the Lake Natron population). There appears to be limited gene flow between Lake Magadi tilapia populations and this population structure has important implications for protecting locally adapted populations within this unique ecosystem.


Title of Document: SORPTION OF YTTRIUM AND THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE MARINE MACROALGA ULVA LACTUCA Alison M. Zoll, Ms. of Science, 2011 Directed By: Assistant Professor Johan Schijf, Marine Environmental and Estuarine Science Trace metal interactions with organic matter are relatively poorly understood, though organic matter is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and likely instrumental in controlling metal geochemistry. To better understand the mechanisms underlying metal interactions with organic substrates, sorption of Yttrium and the Rare Earth Elements (YREEs) on Ulva lactuca, a marine macroalga, was studied in batch laboratory experiments at different ionic strengths over a large pH range (2.7 – 8.5). At all ionic strengths and experimental pH values, colloid-bound YREEs make up a substantial portion of sorbed metals as described by a two-site Langmuir model, which has implications for bioremediation and metal sorption studies. YREE sorption on U. lactuca can be modeled as a function of pH with a three-site non-electrostatic surface complexation model, and patterns of conditional YREE complexation constants were used to determine possible identities of metal-complexing functional groups. SORPTION OF YTTRIUM AND THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE MARINE MACROALGA ULVA LACTUCA


Background: Genetic variation influencing individual susceptibility to chemical carcinogens is one of the main factors leading to cancer development. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of enzymes belonging to phase II enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics. A significant relationship is observed between the risk of developing cancer and genetic polymorphisms within GSTs. Methods: In this study, we investigated the influence of inherited GSTP1 (Ile105Val) gene polymorphism on the susceptibility to CML in Egypt in 40 CML patients (20 children and 20 adults), together with 40 healthy controls using a [PCR-RFLP] assay. Results: We found that the mutant type (IIe/Val, Val/Val) was significantly higher in CML patients (67.5%) compared to controls (35%) (p = 0.004); [odds ratio 3.9; 95% CI: 1.5 9.7]. The mutant type was associated with more advanced phases in disease and with both worse hematological and cytogenetic responses when compared to the wild type (p = 0.03, p = 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: GSTP1 (Ile105Val) gene polymorphism conferred a significant association with increased risk of CML and is associated with worse prognosis. Further studies on the functional consequences of this genetic polymorphism would pave the way to declare its role in the pathogenesis of CML or as a possible predictor for response to therapy.


The study demonstrates that an incompatibility between a surface temperature climatology and a given ocean model, into which the climatology is assimilated via Haney restoration, can cause model ocean climate drift and interdecadal oscillations when the ocean is switched to a weaker restoration. This is made using an idealized Atlantic Ocean model driven by thermal and wind forcing only. Initially, the temperature climatology is forcefully assimilated into the model, and an implied heat  ̄ux ®eld is diagnosed. During this stage any incompatibility is suppressed. The restoring boundary condition is then switched to a new forcing consisting of a part of the diagnosed  ̄ux and a part of the restoring forcing in such a way that at the moment of the switching the heat  ̄ux is identical to that prior to the switching. Under this new forcing condition, the incompatibility becomes manifest, causing changes in convection patterns, and producing drift and interdecadal oscillations. The mechanisms are described.


Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sealants on the prevention of enamel demineralization and on biofilm metabolic activity. Materials and Methods: Cavity preparations were performed on 45 blocks of bovine teeth (4x4x4 mm) randomly assigned to three groups (n=15): RI-Riva Light Cure®/SDI; EM-Embrace™ WetBond™ Pulpdent Corp.®; and CO-Natural Flow/DFL resin (negative control). The sealed blocks were subjected to thermocycling (500 cycles/30 s). Half of the blocks were covered with acidresistant varnish to create a control area (RI, EM, and CO) and an experimental area (RI-EX, EM-EX, and CO-EX). They were subsequently exposed to Streptococcus mutans biofilm for assessment of demineralization by the Knoop microhardness test (50 g/15 s), at 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μm from the interface. In another test, the cylinders of the sealants (4 mmx3 mm) were subjected to the biofilm metabolic activity test. Results: The RI-EX group showed higher microhardness than CO-EX (p<0.05) and less demineralization when compared to RI at all distances. Microbial activity was lower in EM compared to CO, but not statistically significant in relation to RI. Conclusion: Both sealants can inhibit enamel demineralization in the presence of S. mutans biofilm.


In many applications surfaces containing a large number of primitives occur. Geometry compression reduces storage space and transmission time for such models. A special case is given by polygonal isosurfaces generated from gridded volume data. However, most current state-of-the-art geometry compression systems do not capitalize on the structure that is characteristic of such isosurfaces, namely that the surfaces are defined by a set of vertices on edges of the grid. We propose a compression method for isosurfaces that is designed to exploit this feature. We tested our method for several isosurfaces from a CT scan of a human head. For this data set our coder outperformed state-of-the-art geometry compression methods by a factor of 2.2 to 2.8 in terms of compression ratio.


This paper examines the potential role of civil society action in increasing state accountability for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. It further develops the analytical framework of the World Development Report 2004 on accountability relationships, to emphasize the underlying political economy drivers of accountability and implications for how civil society is constituted and functions. It argues on this basis that the most important domain for improving accountability is through the political relations between citizens, civil society, and state leadership. The evidence broadly suggests that when higher-level political leadership provides sufficient or appropriate powers for citizen participation in holding within-state agencies or frontline providers accountable, there is frequently positive impact on outcomes. However, the big question remaining for such types of interventions is how to improve the incentives of higher-level leadership to pursue appropriate policy design and implementation. The paper argues that there is substantial scope for greater efforts in this domain, including through the support of external aid agencies. Such efforts and support should, however, build on existing political and civil society structures (rather than transplanting "best practice" initiatives from elsewhere), and be structured for careful monitoring and assessment of impact.


A rigorous integral equation analysis of the coupling between a fiber waveguide and an adjacent spherical particle is developed. The solution is obtained by applying the entire-domain Galerkin technique, based on Mie-type spherical wave expansion of the field in the sphere and the use of dyadic Green's function of the fiber waveguide. The conversion between cylindrical and spherical wave functions is done through classic analytical formulas. The analysis is applied to numerically investigate transmission through silica wires of subwavelength diameter in the presence of particles of comparable size. The results show the possibility of sensing microparticles through the reduction of transmitted power, which is maximum for certain critical values of the fiber diameter.


The thermal lens effects in Tm:YAP laser are analyzed by solving the Poisson equation with finite difference method. The thermal focal lengths measured are in the range of 40 ? 90 mm at the pump power of 16?34 W, consistent with the simulation results. The temperature contribution coefficient (the linear coefficient between the maximum temperature in the laser crystal and the pump power) of 1.19 K/W is also obtained. The convex lens and plano-concave mirror thermal lens compensation methods are proposed and applied to a high power pumped Tm:YAP laser.


There are many proposals for managing biodiversity by using surrogates, such as umbrella, indicator, focal, and flagship species. We use the term biodiversity man- agement unit for any ecosystem-based classificatory scheme for managing biodiversity. The sufficiency of biodiversity management unit classification schemes depends upon (1) wheth- er different biotic elements (e.g., trees, birds, reptiles) distinguish between biodiversity management units within a classification (i.e., coherence within classes); and (2) whether different biotic elements agree upon similarities and dissimilarities among biodiversity management unit classes (i.e., conformance among classes). Recent evaluations suggest that biodiversity surrogates based on few or single taxa are not useful. Ecological vegetation classes are an ecosystem-based classification scheme used as one component for biodiversity management in Victoria, Australia. Here we evaluated the potential for ecological vegetation classes to be used as biodiversity management units in the box-ironbark ecosystem of central Victoria, Australia. Eighty sites distributed among 14 ecological vegetation classes were surveyed in the same ways for tree species, birds, mammals, reptiles, terrestrial invertebrates, and nocturnal flying insects. Habitat structure and geographic separations also were measured, which, with the biotic elements, are collectively referred to as variables. Less than half of the biotic element-ecological vegetation class pairings were coherent. Generalized Mantel tests were used to examine conformance among variables with respect to ecological vegetation classes. While most tests were not significant, birds, mammals, tree species, and habitat structure together showed significant agreement on the rating of similarities among ecological vegetation classes. In this system, use of ecological vegetation classes as biodiversity management units may account reasonably well for birds, mammals, and trees; but reptiles and invertebrates would not be accommodated. We conclude that surrogates will usually have to be augmented or developed as hierarchies to provide general representativeness.


Since the mid 20 th century, one of the best horizons for stratigraphic correlations in clastic and carbonate systems has been what is now commonly identified as the "maximum flooding surface." However, various definitions for the term "maximum flooding surface" have appeared over the years, calling on a range of sedimentary processes to form the surface depending on the depositional system. Disagreement over the definition of the maximum flooding surface is largely due to ambiguous characteristics, as- sorted identification techniques and conflicting genetic interpretations. Multi-valued logic (or fuzzy logic) methods can be used to address some of these problems of uncertainty. This paper discusses how the multi-valued logic methods of "fuzzy classifier design" and "fuzzy inference systems" are used to manage subjectivity in car- bonate sequence stratigraphic models. Multi-valued logic methods are used to 1) quantify sedimentary characteristics through fuzzy classifier design to elucidate subjective identification and to facilitate repeated recognition of the maximum flooding surface in rock de- scriptions and to 2) develop a fuzzy inference system to model the development of the surface. The fuzzy inference system argues that in carbonate systems the time of maximum sediment starvation and maximum water depth are discrete events. The surface of maximum starvation is recorded as a nearly synchronous horizon associated with the maximum rate of sea level rise, whereas the maximum bathymetric event is highly diachronous due to the interplay of rates of sediment accumulation and accommodation space.


Collision detection is a complex task that can be described simply: given a set of objects, we want to know which ones collide. In the literature, we can found numerous algorithms that depend on objects property, but we can't find an overall solution that works on every objects. The internship focuses on a recent algorithm that shot rays from the surface of objects in the direction of the inward normal, collision is detected if a ray touches the interior of another object. This method allows deep penetrations and gives instantly the information needed to separate the colliding objects. To speedup this algorithm, we present a novel ray-tracing based technique that exploits spacial and temporal coherency. Our approach uses any existing standard ray-tracing algorithm as a starting point and we propose an iterative algorithm that updates the previous time step results at a lower cost. In addition, we present a new collision prediction algorithm to evaluate whenever two objects have potentially colliding vertices. These vertices are inserted into our iterative algorithm to strengthen the collision detection. The implementation of our iterative algorithm obtains a speedup up to 30 times compared to non-iterative ray-tracing algorithms. The use of two GPUs gives a speedup up to 1.77 times compared to one.


The absence of water mains in rural areas has the potential to seriously complicate rural wildfire and structure fire suppression. The installation of dry fire hydrants can tremendously reduce these difficulties. But fire managers must then decide where to place these hydrants to efficiently and effectively serve their area of concern. This thesis investigates the role of GIS location-allocation model (LAMs) as a tool to aid fire managers in planning the locations of numerous dry hydrants. LAMs are designed to place central service facilities in a configuration that optimally serves geographically dispersed demand. One of the objectives of this thesis is to determine whether or not this optimization is achieved based on the management needs of the Virginia Department of Forestry. Many variations of LAMs are examined and the most appropriate model, the Maximal Covering Location Problem (MCLP), is selected. The flexibility of the MCLP model is then tested by imposing fine manipulations of hydrant demand weighting schemes. Table of


In A History of Reading, Alberto Manguel draws our attention to an (apparently) obvious fact: "Books declare themselves through their titles, their authors, their places in a catalogue or on a bookshelf, the illustrations on their jackets." He announces with gusto, "I judge a book by its cover; I judge a book by its shape" (125). Indeed, the cover of Blissful Bewilderment is intriguing and elicits an immediate flash of recognition from a reader of Pynchon. A warm, deep-sepia background identifiable as a segment of an old map of North America sets off a cold, bluish-gray iris, part of which is a clock face. The clockwork eye subtly emphasizes the connection between the book, whose editors and nearly all its contributors are Scandinavians, and a Scandinavian motif in Pynchon's oeuvre. After all, the last trace of V.'s clockwork artificial eye leads Stencil to Stockholm. On the other hand, the cover image of the eye may well be seen as the reader's guide to the tenor of the essays collected in Blissful Bewilderment.


The perception of food is influenced by various parameters, many of them being different from individual to individual. What we perceive is not the same because each individual is different. Saliva volume and composition vary widely among people and will influence the chemical and structural composition of the food. Thus, the dilution and mixing of the food with saliva determines the extent of food-saliva interactions and connected to that also how the food item is perceived. It is clear from literature that saliva affects our perception and it is also clear that the rate and composition of salivation is dependent on what we perceive. However, it has not been clear to what extent. Since saliva can be measured objectively for each individual and it can be manipulated in a controlled fashion, more can be learned from the relationship between oral processing and perception. And with that various questions can be addressed, such as: Can the individual differences in sensory assessment be accounted for by their individual salivary composition? Is it possible to affect the sensory perception of an individual by modifying their salivary flow and composition? Different tastes stimulate different amounts of saliva but do they also affect the saliva composition? Or are the differences in saliva composition caused by the differences in salivary flow rate? Can different amounts of saliva, and thus also different dilution factors, affect the taste perception? Furthermore, can taste-taste interactions be explained by an increase in salivary flow rate? Is it possible that the increased salivation, induced by the increased thickness, will dilute the tastant and hence decrease the perceived intensity? Or are taste-texture interactions caused by cross-modal interactions? Or is the increased viscosity of the texture decreasing the concentration of taste molecules? The aim of this thesis is to show how and to what extent saliva influences, and is influenced by, taste and texture. The addition of amylase inhibitor reduces saliva α-amylase activity and increases perceived thickness and creaminess. However, alpha-amylase activity varies widely among subjects and therefore a decreased oral α-amylase activity will not guarantee an increase in perceived thickness and creaminess of starch-based foods. Comparisons of the different tastants show that the pH of stimulated parotid saliva increases linearly, irrespective of the nature of the tastant. Protein concentration decrease and protein amount increase with increase in flow rate for all tastants. After correcting for the effect of flow rate, the protein amount is affected by the nature of the tastant with the greatest secretion after stimulation by citric acid. Flow rate is largely responsible for pH but tastant appears to play an additional role in affecting protein secretion. Significant decreases in perception with increasing salivary flow rates are observed for citric acid and sodium chloride. This can partially be explained by a dilution effect which is in line with previous studies on detectable concentration differences. However, since the bitterness and sweetness remain unaffected by the salivary flow conditions and the dilution effect is comparable to that of saltiness, further explanations are still needed. Suppression of taste intensity in binary mixtures is not affected by the rate of salivation. This is more likely explained by psychophysics. When the taste is separated from the texture, no texture-taste effects are observed. Dilution with saliva did occur and the tastant availability was unaffected in this set-up. The conclusion is therefore that texture-taste interactions are not caused by dilution effects or cross-modal interactions but can best be explained by the release of tastants. The work described in this thesis shows how the individual perception can be affected by the salivary flow and composition and how the individual salivary flow and composition can be affected by the sensory stimuli taste and texture.


Suicide is a leading cause of death among young men. Help-seeking is known to be poor among this group, and little is known about what interventions are most successful in improving suicide prevention literacy among young men. This research aims to examine: (1) age differences in beliefs related to suicide prevention literacy and attitudes to the workplace in addressing mental health among male construction workers; (2) age differences in response to a workplace suicide prevention program. Pre- and post-training survey data of 19,917 male respondents were obtained from a workplace training program database. Linear regression models and predictive margins were computed. Mean differences in baseline beliefs, and belief change were obtained for age groups, and by occupation. Young men demonstrated poorer baseline suicide prevention literacy but were more likely to consider that mental health is a workplace health and safety issue. There was also evidence that young men employed in manual occupations had poorer suicide prevention literacy than older men, and young men employed in professional/managerial roles. The youngest respondents demonstrated the greatest intervention-associated change (higher scores indicating more favourable belief change) to People considering suicide often send out warning signs (predicted mean belief change 0.47, 95% CI 0.43, 0.50 for those aged 15–24 years compared to 0.38, 95% CI 0.36, 0.41 for men aged 45 years and over), and to The construction industry must do something to reduce suicide rates (predicted mean belief change 0.17, 95% CI 0.15, 0.20 for those aged 15–24 years compared to 0.12, 95% CI 0.10, 0.14 among men aged 45 years and over). Results indicate that while suicide prevention literacy may be lower among young men, this group show amenability to changing beliefs. There were some indications that young men have a greater propensity to regard the workplace as having a role in reducing suicide rates and addressing mental health, highlighting opportunity for workplace interventions.


Vadim Rossman. Russian Intellectual Anti-Semitism in the Post-Communist Era. Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. 309 pp. $55.00, cloth.Intellectual anti-Semitism has enjoyed a long tradition in imperial Russia and the Soviet Union. Its birth as an ideology was closely related to the rise of radical pan-Slavism in the second half of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, elements of tsarist officialdom found in popular anti-Semitism a convenient tool for stemming the tide of revolution and buttressing the claims of throne and altar with "spontaneous" mass action from below. The Kishinev pogroms, the publication of the notorious fabrication, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion," by the Okhrana, the rise of the Union of the Russian People and other extreme right-wing organizations enjoying the support of tsarist officialdom, and the "ritual murder" Beilis case (resolved, however, in favour of the defendant), were all elements of these political tactics. In reality, however, the "tactics" merged with ideological conviction, as testified by the anti-Semitism of members of the tsarist family, the activities of select Orthodox bishops, as well as other intellectual supporters of "counter-revolution." The new wave of pogroms in the Russian civil war was a logical consequence of a new extreme ethnic nationalism that saw Jews as a religiously alien and/or intrinsically subversive secular minority (indeed, often both at the same time).The Russian revolution promised to put an end to this state of affairs, both on account of the Bolsheviks' internationalist ideology and the prominent role of Jews in the communist leadership. As is well known, however, anti-Semitism made a dramatic comeback under Stalin when the fabricated Doctors' Plot almost led to a new wave of statesponsored pogroms. Subsequently, anti-Semitism became an integral (although subsidiary) part of Brezhnev's "Soviet patriotism" under the thin guise of anti-Zionism. It was not until perestroika considerably loosened the grip of the state on society, however, that openly anti-Semitic grassroots organizations like Pamyat made their appearance. Perhaps more disturbing still was the rise of a "more respectable" intellectual anti-Semitism, as manifested in the public statements of some of Russia's best-known village prose writers (Rasputin, Belov), and subsequently codified in the ideological manifesto of contemporary ethnic Russian nationalism, Igor Shafarevich's Russophobia (1989). Henceforth, antiSemitic thoughts proliferated on the pages of literary periodicals (Nash sovremennik, Molodaia gvardiia), while the numerous right-wing newspapers and manifestos (however small in circulation) reproduced some of the most grotesque stereotypical images of "Jewish plutocrats" and "communists" to be found anywhere in the contemporary world. Nor were the newly reconstituted Russian communists immune to anti-Semitism: the writings of Genadii Ziuganov and his associates (e.g., Yurii Belov, the last head of the Leningrad obkom and one of the leaders of the CPRF) constantly evoked the "cosmopolitan threat," while the main communist daily, Sovetskaia Rossiia, opened its pages to the notoriously anti-Semitic Metropolitan of St. Petersburg, Ioann, and other "Russian patriots" of similarly dubious distinction.All this makes Vadim Rossman's study of the roots and varieties of intellectual anti-Semitism a welcome contribution to the analysis of a significant phenomenon on the Russian ideological and political scene. Rossman's focus is primarily on intellectual (not political or grassroots) anti-Semitism, i.e., on "the views and arguments advanced to back up anti-Semitic positions" (pp. 1-2), as well as on "the development of "anti-Semitic discourse" and its social functions in post-communist Russia. This explicit emphasis on the post-communist era, however, is somewhat deceiving, as Rossman traces the roots of modern anti-Semitism to the pre-revolutionary era, the 1920's, as well as to the Stalin and Brezhnev periods. …


Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common condition with high morbidity. While measurement of tissue oxygen saturation (S(t)O(2)) has been demonstrated, this is the first study to assess both S(t)O(2) and relative blood flow (rBF) in the extremities of PAD patients. Diffuse optics is employed to measure hemodynamic response to treadmill and pedal exercises in 31 healthy controls and 26 patients. For S(t)O(2), mild and moderate/severe PAD groups show pronounced differences compared with controls. Pre-exercise mean S(t)O(2) is lower in PAD groups by 9.3% to 10.6% compared with means of 63.5% to 66.2% in controls. For pedal, relative rate of return of S(t)O(2) to baseline is more rapid in controls (p < 0.05). Patterns of rBF also differ among groups. After both exercises, rBF tend to occur at depressed levels among severe PAD patients compared with healthy (p < 0.05); post-treadmill, rBF tend to occur at elevated levels among healthy compared with severe PAD patients (p < 0.05). Additionally, relative rate of return to baseline S(t)O(2) is more rapid among subjects with reduced levels of depression in rBF (p = 0.041), even after adjustment for ankle brachial index. This suggests a physiologic connection between rBF and oxygenation that can be measured using diffuse optics, and potentially employed as an evaluative tool in further studies.