With an application extended to 109 regions within European Union for the period 1977 - 1996, a joint analysis of investment, productivity and employment growth differentials is considered. We describe the temporal evolution of the standard deviation for the main aggregates. Stability of dispersion for investment per employee and some convergence in productivity are detected. We apply a K-Means Cluster Analysis to Crenos Regio dataset updated with data for investments and sectoral composition of output provided from Cambridge Econometrics. The results identify four groups of regions according to their structural characteristics and dynamic performances. Regions starting from a lower levels of income per capita and higher shares of agriculture experience as a whole a catching up process for productivity but with a clear differentiation between cases of success and failure in capacity of increasing their employment rates. For the more mature regions of Europe we find that the share of employment in services has a positive association with employment growth whereas a negative relation with productivity growth is observed.


The aim of this paper is to shed light on how a born global can obtain continued growth internationally, in institutionally distant markets. We are seeking a deeper understanding of international growth for born global enterprises by combining theories of networks and institutional perspective. We discuss how institutional distance affects the internationalization processes in born globals. We seek to highlight why and how a born global firm does enter different markets. In this respect, born globals from developed countries and those from emerging markets are compared, leading us to derive some propositions from our discussions. Finally some suggestions for future research are presented.


Religious pluralism is an important part of European politic, juridical and cultural life. Religious pluralism means the diversity of religious movements within a particular geographical area, and the theory that there are more than one or more than two kinds of ultimate reality and/or truth; and that therefore more than one religion can be said to have the truth, even if their essential doctrines are mutually exclusive. Religious pluralism analysed in the context of such tendencies as the multicultural and multi-religious communities as result of mass migration, the creation of the global network of the new-est technologies and communications, the ethnic and religious conflicts. This article is devoted to the problem of religious freedom and Church - State relations in situation of religious pluralism and gave examples of its most famous model. The short case study is only an attempt to describe the development of Church-State legislation in Lithuania. In the article were noted two tendencies in the process of religious pluralism: differentiation and dedifferentiation. Forms and spheres of display of the first tendency are the following: disintegration of totalitarian empires and a reconstruction of the homogenous states; intensification of ethnic, national and confessional borders, amplification of religious fundamentalism as attempts to strengthen ethnically and religious traditional way of life. The second tendency include the wish «to rethink Europe», creation of the overstates formations ignoring "old" borders on the economic, political and cultural levels, rapprochement of identities and opportunities of their free choice on the basis of ignoring former borders and criteria, occurrence of the interethnic, transnational religious organizations ignoring the state and national borders and the tendencies of ecumenism. In the article analyzed the reasons and features of "new" religious pluralism, its local perception in the countries of the European Union. The author described such features of "new" religious pluralism as his national - ethnic character, a new dominating model of mutual relations of national ethnic and religious minority with a society of the majority, the tolerant relation practically to each traditional belief or a religious innovation of ethnic minority. The author will examines such basic functions of religion as « an obstacle or alternative », "niche", "camouflage", which are attributed to religious pluralism in conditions of global processes.


The use of shared control techniques has a profound impact on the performance of a robotic assistant controlled by human brain signals. However, this shared control usually provides assistance to the user in a constant and identical manner each time. Creating an adaptive level of assistance, thereby complementing the user's capabilities at any moment, would be more appropriate. The better the user can do by himself, the less assistance he receives from the shared control system; and vice versa. In order to do this, we need to be able to detect when and in what way the user needs assistance. An appropriate assisting behaviour would then be activated for the time the user requires help, thereby adapting the level of assistance to the specific situation. This paper presents such a system, helping a brain-computer interface (BCI) subject perform goal-directed navigation of a simulated wheelchair in an adaptive manner. Whenever the subject has more difficulties in driving the wheelchair, more assistance will be given. Experimental results of two subjects show that this adaptive shared control increases the task performance. Also, it shows that a subject with a lower BCI performance has more need for extra assistance in difficult situations, such as manoeuvring in a narrow corridor.


As a result of the advent of recording technologies and a developing experimental ethos, twentieth century music composition underwent a 'bottom–up' revolution, placing environmental sound materials at the centre of what had previously been a form more concerned with abstract materials and structures. Beyond the environmental derivation of the raw materials themselves, the structure of electroacoustic music is frequently seen as being related to environmental logics. One of our most influential theories of electroacoustic music, Smalley's (1986; 1997) spectromorphology, approaches musical structure from the perspective of apparent physicality and causality. This parallels a more recent 'bottom–up' revolution within cognitive science, the rise of embodied cognition, which posits that cognitive processes are based on familiar bodily actions and environmental affordances. Embodied image schema theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; 1999) proposes that cognition is based on schematic structures which are abstracted from common sensorimotor experience. These ideas have previously been applied to common practice music (Brower, 2000; Johnson, 2007; Wilkie, Holland and Mulholland, 2010). However, we consider these theories to be even more directly applicable to electroacoustic music and related forms. We identify parallels between many of Smalley's formal structuring and dynamic principles and image schema theories. Given these parallels, we believe that an examination of electroacoustic music may support the development of theories of embodied cognition. However, more significantly for our own field, we propose that a thorough consideration of image schema theory could contribute to extending unifying theoretical and descriptive frameworks for electroacoustic music. Such an approach also has the potential to inform developments in other areas, including the design of music performance and production systems and human–computer interaction.


The linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect has been measured in the organic molecular crystal hexamethylenetetramine. Crystals were grown from water, alcohol, and chloroform solutions and from the vapor. Electro-optic coefficients computed from Senarmont-compensator data range from 0.71 × 10−10 cm V−1 to 0.8 × 10−10 cm V−1 or, equivalently, in terms of half-wave voltage: V1/2λ = 85±5 kV. Crystal strain is not responsible for the much wider variation reported in the literature. Electric-field inhomogeneities are considered a more likely cause.


Motorcycle is very substantial in this modern era. Without motorcycle, people will be difficult in mobilizing. At present, many motorcycle models and brands are offered by producer in order to satisfy customers' expectation. One of them is matic motorcycle. By the presence of this matic
motorcycle, each person definitely has different perception, either positive or negative, in perceiving it. By those perceptions, it indeed arises an intention that tends to lead to attitude formation to buy matic motorcycle. The purpose of this research is to know the correlation between perception to matic motorcyle with purchasing intention.
This research represents quantitative research. The population is workers of ATV Batu with the amount of 49 people that taken by total sampling technique. While, data-collecting technique uses scale. There are 2 scales: scale of perception to matic motorcycle and scale of purchasing intention set by the researcher self. Data analysis method uses product moment of Karl Pearson technique aided by Computer Software Program of SPSS version 13.
From data analysis, the obtained results shows that (r = 0.454; p = 0.001), hence, it can be concluded that there is significant positive correlation between perception to matic motorcycle with the purchasing intention. It means that if the perception is positive, hence the intention to
purchase is high. Conversely, if the perception is negative, hence the intention to purchase is low. From the research, it is obtained variable determinant coefficient (r2) of 0.206, which means that the effective contribution of perception to purchasing intention is 21% and its remains, 79%, is affected by other factors.


The purpose of the article is to examine the right to social assistance for households living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. In particular, the article focuses on the impact of this pandemic on households' access to social assistance benefits in the wake of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which has wrought untold sorrow and suffering to the overwhelming majority of households in South Africa. The article analyses the consequences of HIV/AIDS in relation to households' support systems, care and dependency burdens, and the extent to which the household members either acknowledge the illness (enabling them to better engage with treatment options) or alternatively, deny its existence. The article commences by reviewing the literature concerning the effects and social impact of HIV/AIDS on the livelihoods of households and their families. The social reciprocity that underpins households' livelihoods is briefly recapitulated. The article concludes that, while recent policy developments are to be welcomed, the current South African legal system of social security does not provide adequate cover for both people living with HIV/AIDS and their families. More remains to be done in order to provide a more comprehensive social security system for the excluded and marginalised people who are living with HIV/AIDS and their families.


Background: Prophylaxis by anti-retroviral therapy, cesarean section and non-breast feeding reduces perinatal HIV transmission risk at least 20-fold. To benefit from this, women must be informed, tested in pregnancy and in agreement with the interventions. Aims and Methods :A qualitative study involving 10 focus groups in 5 EU countries addressed the sequential barriers to complete uptake among immigrants predominantly from Sub-Saharan Africa, but also from North Africa, Albania and Latin America. Findings: Denial of the possibility of infection, despite acknowl-edgement of dependence on men's hidden activities, and ignorance of any counter-measures to transmission, were widespread. Some groups raised culturally specific fears, e.g. that cesarean section limits a woman's total potential fertility. There were many complaints on accessibility of health care and this was a prominent feature of the 3 London groups - African Francophone men, Francophone women and Arabic-speaking women - whose view of the NHS was negative. Conclusions: The principal needs identified are: more accurate information on HIV in most immigrant communities; accessing men for health education; and reducing barriers to antenatal care for newly immigrant future mothers. This work was supported by the European Union (SI2.279487 2000 CVF4-018).


SUMMARY The sponge Asbestopluma hypogea is unusual among sponges due to its peculiar carnivorous feeding habit. During various stages of its nutrition cycle, the sponge is subjected to spectacular morphological modifications. Starved animals are characterized by many elongated filaments, which are crucial for the capture of prey. After capture, and during the digestion process, these filaments actively regress before being regenerated during a subsequent period of starvation. Here, we demonstrate that these morphological events rely on a highly dynamic cellular turnover, implying a coordinated sequence of programmed cell death (apoptosis and autophagy), cell proliferation and cell migration. A candidate niche for cell renewal by stem cell proliferation and differentiation was identified at the base of the sponge peduncle, characterized by higher levels of BrdU/EdU incorporation. Therefore, BrdU/EdU-positive cells of the peduncle base are candidate motile cells responsible for the regeneration of the prey-capturing main sponge body, i.e. the dynamic filaments. Altogether, our results demonstrate that dynamics of cell renewal in sponge appear to be regulated by cellular mechanisms as multiple and complex as those already identified in bilaterian metazoans.


We have recently improved our model of active galactic nucleus (AGN) by attaching the supermassive black hole (SMBH) to a massive nuclear star cluster (NSC). Here we study the effects of this new model in massive, gas-rich galaxies with several simulations of different feedback recipes with the hydrodynamics code RAMSES. These simulations are compared to a reference simulation without any feedback, in which the cooling halo gas is quickly consumed in a burst of star formation. In the presence of strong supernovae (SN) feedback, we observe the formation of a galactic fountain that regulates star formation over a longer period, but without halting it. If only AGN feedback is considered, as soon as the SMBH reaches a critical mass, strong outflows of hot gas are launched and prevent the cooling halo gas from reaching the disk, thus efficiently halting star formation, leading to the so-called "quenching". If both feedback mechanisms act in tandem, we observe a non-linear coupling, in the sense that the dense gas in the supernovae-powered galactic fountain is propelled by the hot outflow powered by the AGN at much larger radii than without AGN. We argue that these particular outflows are able to unbind dense gas from the galactic halo, thanks to the combined effect of SN and AGN feedback. We speculate that this mechanism occurs at the end of the fast growing phase of SMBH, and is at the origin of the dense molecular outflows observed in many massive high-redshift galaxies.


Green manures (GM) may offset inorganic N needs and improve
soil quality. Study objectives were to determine effects of green manure
on soil-N fertility, water use, soil quality, and yield of spring wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.). On two treatments, lentil (Lens culinaris
Medikus cv. Indianhead) was green manured in a green manure–spring
wheat rotation. Lentil was killed by disking (GMMF) or chemicals
(GMCF). Additional treatments were annually cropped wheat (AW)
in a mechanical fallow (MF) or chemical fallow (CF) sequence. No
inorganic N was used on GMMF and GMCF. Experiments were
started in 1991 on a Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll)
near Culbertson, MT. Green-manure treatments used 56 mm
more water than fallow treatments when lentil was grown to lower-pod
set. When lentil was killed at full bloom, there were no differences
in water use among GM and fallow treatments. There were no differences
among treatments in soil water at wheat planting. Wheat yield
was 25% less on GM than on MF and CF. Soil NO 3–N (0-0.6 m) was
35% less on GM than MF and CF rotations. There were no differences
in soil quality indicators of bulk density, organic C, pH, electrical
conductivity, and deep NO3–N (0.6 –1.8 m) among treatments after
two cycles of GM. Potentially mineralizable N was 66% greater on
GM treatments than on fallow treatments. Short-term results (5 yr)
show that available N limited wheat production more than did soil
water on the GM treatments. Soil improvement using green manures
may require many additional cropping cycles.


The present thesis raises the issue of a specific human ageing process. By setting the problem of individual development within the broader framework of the adaptation of living organisms to their environment, the author evolves a theory of the bypass, which legitimates the possibility of an ultimate stage in the management of the relationship of the subject to his her human environment, at a moment when the degradation of his her biological potential no longer allows him her efficiently to maintain the mode of control which had characterized his her adult age. The experimental data, waring on 40 subjects aged 32 to 103, confirm the hypothesis, thus validating the theory from which it originates.


To explore migration patterns of Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus breeding in northern Norway, this study presents resightings of 16 adult and 83 juvenile birds marked in this region. Adults of the endangered nominate sub-species L. f. fuscus had a low probability of being observed (only 3.5% of marked birds were observed), probably because the adults winter in areas with few observers, such as eastern and central Africa. In contrast, birds of the greyish-mantled subspecies L. f. intermedius or L. f. graellsii had a high probability of being observed (45.5%). Adults of intermedius/graellsii had a western migration route and wintered mainly in western Europe and northwest Africa, Adults exhibited a high site fidelity to wintering areas. Birds marked as juveniles had two different migration routes. (1) 30% of the observed birds crossed the Scandinavian Peninsula to Finland and the Baltic countries, and then migrated to the eastern Mediterranean (Israel and Egypt) down to eastern and central Africa (Kenya and Cameroon). (2) The other 70% followed the European coast and overwintered in UK, the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal. There were no indications that juvenile migration patterns differed among subspecies as juveniles from mixed and pure fuscus colonies exhibited similar patterns. The apparent differences in migration patterns between adult and juvenile fuscus may be a result of juvenile exploratory migration.


Fuel ethanol is seen by many as an environmentally-friendly solution to decreasing America's dependence on foreign oil. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with implementing federal permitting requirements for the construction of fuel ethanol facilities under the Clean Air Act. (1) Prior to 2007, the EPA treated fuel ethanol facilities unequally in comparison to ethanol facilities for human consumption, despite the fact that production processes at these facilities are substantially similar. In 2007, the EPA promulgated a new rule that placed both fuel ethanol facilities and ethanol facilities for human consumption an equal fruiting for permitting purposes, sing the allotted emission threshold for fuel ethanol facilities to that of ethanol facilities for human consumption. Although the permitting requirements have been implemented on a federal level, it is up to the states to adopt these regulations in their own permitting schemes. Due to the growing role fuel ethanol plays in South Dakota's economic development, South Dakota's adoption of the EPA's most recent changes is of vital importance for increased production of fuel ethanol and decreased American dependence on foreign oil. I. INTRODUCTION In September of 2005, a letter was written to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) informing it of what was called the "differential treatment" of ethanol facilities under the Clean Air Act.' At the time, under the Clean Air Act ethanol facilities used for the production of fuel ethanol were considered chemical process plants, whereas ethanol facilities that generate products for human consumption were not. (2) The only difference between the facilities' production processes is that in fuel ethanol facilities, a small amount of gasoline is added to the ethanol at the end of the process rendering it unfit for human consumption. (3) Upon review of the treatment of ethanol facilities under the Clean Air Act, in March of 2006, the EPA requested public comment on a new rule that would remove fuel ethanol facilities from the "major emitting facility" category, thereby altering their emission requirements under the Clean Air Act's Title V, Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD), and New Source Review (NSR) programs to that of ethanol facilities for human consumption. (4) The EPA reviewed comments submitted by interested groups such as the Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards, and with the support of various members of Congress (5) enacted a new rule that removed fuel ethanol facilities from the "major emitting facility" source category under the Clean Air Act. (6) This rule change gave fuel ethanol facilities the same emission requirements as ethanol facilities used for human consumption. (7) The EPA's rule change in ethanol classifications was a victory for corn growing, ethanol producing states. (8) As the manager of Millennium Ethanol in Marion, South Dakota, explained, "[t]he rule change will offer developing ethanol plants the ability to engage in a streamlined permitting process and expedited construction." (9) One of the motivations for this change in the rule is the goal for this country to have decreased dependence on foreign oil. (10) A second motivation for the EPA is its goal to place fuel ethanol facilities on equal footing with ethanol facilities used for human consumption, which stems from the facilities' production processes being substantially similar. (11) Because the rule change has the potential to allow producers to expand existing ethanol facilities, as well as construct new facilities with greater output capacities, some environmentalists are concerned that ethanol producers will abuse the increased emission thresholds by using less environmentally-friendly methods to produce ethanol. (12) Spurred by these concerns for environmental responsibility, the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) recently filed suit against the EPA, claiming that the rule change was based on "faulty analyses" and that the public was not given opportunity to comment on the finalized rule. …


Work/family conflict, family/work conflict, satisfaction with child care, the positive outcomes from combining work and family roles and social support were investigated as potential moderators and mediators between the two independent variables of family friendly policies and supervisor support and the dependent variables of job satisfaction, membership behaviours, organisational commitment and general health. Two models were devised to examine these relationships. A work/family questionnaire was distributed through nine New Zealand organisations, which were selected from the list of work/family network members. There were 121 complete questionnaires returned (giving a response rate of 29%) from working parents who had at least one child under the age of 18 years living at home. Work/family conflict and family/work conflict were found to be positively correlated however they were also found to be associated with unique antecedents and outcomes providing support for their independence as separate constructs. Hierarchical multiple regression techniques were utilised to examine the relationships between potential mediators and moderators, the independent variables of organisation policy and supervisor support and several outcomes. Three significant moderated relationships were identified with respect to the outcome of "intention to leave". There are several conclusions to be drawn from this study regarding the importance of supervisor support, the distinction between work/family conflict and family/work conflict and the different needs of working parents.


Hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy (HpD‐PT) is currently being used experimentally in the treatment of various malignancies. The effectiveness of HpD‐PT appears to be limited to superficial malignancies because of its inability to penetrate more than 0.5–1 cm. The mechanism of action has been demonstrated to result from the formation of toxic singlet oxygen and other oxygen radicals. Preliminary work suggested that the addition of other chemical agents known to produce toxic oxygen radicals may enhance the effect of HpD‐PT. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effectiveness of HpD‐PT in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma with and without Adriamycin. Tumor kill was estimated by calculating the area of necrosis on photomicrographic sections. From this area, a radius of tumor necrosis was determined and compared among various control and experimental groups. HpD‐PT was effective in this model when compared to control groups (radius of necrosis 3.79 ± 0.97 mm vs. 2.60 ± 1.26 mm, P < .05). The addition of Adriamycin significantly increased the radius of necrosis when compared to HpD‐PT (4.57 ± 1.70 mm vs. 3.69 ± 0.97 mm, P < .01). From this work we conclude that HpD‐PT demonstrates effective tumor killing in this murine model. The addition of Adriamycin significantly increased tumor kill.


How did economic "experts" worldwide fail to predict the financial crisis of 2007-2008? Eminent economist Paul Davidson discusses how mainstream economic theory may not be applicable to the world of experience. Post Keynesian theory is designed to be applicable to the real world, and this book demonstrates how applying it to policy formulation could help practically resolve economic problems. Davidson goes on to demonstrate how many Post Keynesian economists warned of the impending financial crisis as early as 2002.


Predicting biological structure has remained challenging for systems such as disordered proteins that take on myriad conformations. Hybrid simulation/experiment strategies have been undermined by difficulties in evaluating errors from computa- tional model inaccuracies and data uncertainties. Building on recent proposals from maximum entropy theory and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we address these issues through a Bayesian Energy Landscape Tilting (BELT) scheme for computing Bayesian "hyperensembles" over conformational ensembles. BELT uses Markov chain Monte Carlo to directly sample maximum-entropy conformational ensembles consistent with a set of input experimental observables. To test this framework, we apply BELT to model trialanine, starting from disagreeing simulations with the force fields ff96, ff99, ff99sbnmr-ildn, CHARMM27, and OPLS-AA. BELT incorporation of limited chemical shift and 3J measurements gives convergent values of the peptide's α, β, and PPII conformational populations in all cases. As a test of predictive power, all five BELT hyperensembles recover set-aside measurements not used in the fitting and report accu- rate errors, even when starting from highly inaccurate simulations. BELT's principled fxramework thus enables practical predictions for complex biomolecular systems from discordant simulations and sparse data.


We explore the redundancy of parameters in deep neural networks by replacing the conventional linear projection in fully-connected layers with the circulant projection. The circulant structure substantially reduces memory footprint and enables the use of the Fast Fourier Transform to speed up the computation. Considering a fully-connected neural network layer with d input nodes, and d output nodes, this method improves the time complexity from O(d2) to O(dlogd) and space complexity from O(d2) to O(d). The space savings are particularly important for modern deep convolutional neural network architectures, where fully-connected layers typically contain more than 90% of the network parameters. We further show that the gradient computation and optimization of the circulant projections can be performed very efficiently. Our experiments on three standard datasets show that the proposed approach achieves this significant gain in storage and efficiency with minimal increase in error rate compared to neural networks with unstructured projections.


Individuals' subjective well-being (SWB) when attaining their goals is moderated by the characteristics of their goals. Two significant moderators are whether goals are approach or avoidance oriented and their content. Within the goal-setting literature, these characteristics have been applied to goals as such, focussing on what it is people try to achieve. However, they can equally be applied to analyse why individuals pursue their goals. By applying the dimensions of approach and avoidance orientation as well as goal content to the analysis of goal-striving reasons, a framework has been developed encompassing the following four goal-striving reasons: goals pursuit because of pleasure, for altruistic reasons, out of necessity and for self-esteem reasons. The empirical findings (N = 174) show that goal-striving reasons are significantly associated with affective SWB. Therefore goal-striving reasons provide an additional level of analysis, when analysing the relation between goals and affective SWB.

https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/598eb810-668d-4537-ab0f-f6f2e630c729/1/Goal striving reasons and SWB - 2012 - Ehrlich.pdf


This research examines the impact of work-family reconciliation policies on gender inequality in the labour market, and on the division of paid work and care in the household. Policies designed to help families meet their work and care responsibilities have undergone considerable reform over the last fifteen years. The research aims to understand how this has affected the way that earning and caring are divided between mothers and fathers, and the implications of this for mothers' labour market outcomes. The research compares two cohorts; the National Child Development Study (NCDS) tracks individuals born in 1958, and the British Cohort Study (BCS) those born in 1970. These cohorts experienced the key childbearing years of their early thirties on either side of a fairly sharp discontinuity in work-family reconciliation policy. The research aims to link this difference in policy environments to differences the way that couples in each cohort divide paid work and care, and in the labour market behaviour of mothers and the penalties they face when they are in employment. Logistic regression models are employed to quantify the magnitude and significance of the impact of cohort membership on the work and care outcomes of interest, controlling for other variables that affect these outcomes. Some case-level analysis of the data is also carried out; individuals representing typical family arrangements are highlighted, to demonstrate the relevance of the theoretical model and assist with hypothesis generation. Case stories illustrate the interplay of individual circumstances with policy and other external factors, in a way that is difficult to achieve using statistical methods. A key finding is that the younger cohort is less likely to report equal sharing of childcare than the older cohort, even after controlling for other factors that might influence the division of labour. This is also in spite of the finding that mothers in the younger cohort are more likely to be in work. This suggests progress to some extent, in that mothers perhaps find it easier to be in employment. However at the same time it represents a regressive step at the household level, as they not only continue to shoulder the majority of the care work, but are even more inclined to do so. Analysis of pay and status gaps also yields interesting results. The findings suggest that the penalty to motherhood in terms of labour market status accrues by virtue of the interrupted human capital accumulation that results from periods out of the labour market or working part time. However, the motherhood penalty in pay persists even after controlling for other wage determinants, suggesting that these gaps are a direct result of motherhood itself and not of the labour market behaviour changes that occur as a result. The research contributes theoretically and substantively to the wider literature on this topic. It brings together human capital perspectives with theories of gender, power and resources, and of the impact of policy on family life, and uses Amartya Sen's capability approach to reconcile and move forward these ideas. It also contributes to the practical understanding of the impact of policy on the way that families reconcile work and care, and in particular the implications of policy for gender equality. Finally, its methodological contribution is in the use of a narrative approach to large-scale quantitative data, alongside more conventional statistical techniques, in order to further exploit the detailed, longitudinal data available.


For stratified samples where material is being uniformly deposited or removed at a known rate, I show that the dielectric function ∊o of the outermost region is determinable exactly and analytically at any given wavelength from the value and the thickness derivative of the complex reflectances for p-polarized, s-polarized, or normally incident light without any knowledge of the underlying structure. This minimal-data approach greatly simplifies analysis compared with the standard procedure, in which dielectric functions are determined sequentially from a combination of new data and previously established sample parameters. It is also robust, eliminating cumulative error and error propagation that can cause conventional analysis to fail. An interferometric method for acquiring complex-reflectance data is proposed, although to achieve the necessary level of accuracy with present technology would be a formidable challenge. For ellipsometric measurements these technical obstacles do not exist, but an equivalent exact solution is not possible. However, I develop a common-pseudosubstrate approximation (CPA) that in applications to semiconductor crystal growth is accurate to better than 0.1%. The minimal-data approach also provides new insights about how sample parameters are determined from measured optical functions. For example, to determine deposition rates one needs to establish the second derivative (curvature) as well, which places additional constraints on measurement accuracy and/or the amount of data required. Also, the small-term expansion of the ellipsometrically determined pseudodielectric function 〈∊〉, originally derived as a thin-film limit of the three-phase model, is shown to be more generally valid. This result provides a theoretical basis for the direct analysis of several phenomena, including interface mixing, from 〈∊〉 data obtained during epitaxial growth. Using the CPA, I derive expressions that allow one to assess whether the performance of a given ellipsometer is adequate for growth control. Finally, the influence of selvage layers on determined values of ∊0 is briefly discussed.


Brazilian governmental accounting is affected by two reform processes: the implementation of accrual accounting and convergence with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This paper analyses the origins, the process and preliminary outcomes of such reforms. In order to characterize the Brazilian accounting system, we followed the questionnaire from Chan, Jones and Luder (1996) as a protocol, analysed financial reports and reviewed official literature that regulates Brazilian public sector accounting. The paper finds that the accounting reform has two origins: the need to prepare cost accounting information (year 2000) and the requirement to converge towards IPSAS (year 2009). Reform affects both central government and subnational governments, and is being coordinated by the Treasury's central government. In the process, the Treasury has required the adoption of some sophisticated accounting policies that were beyond the capacity of IT platform installed on either central and local governments, and has had to postpone aspects of their implementation. Treasury has used this as a convenient opportunity to select which IPSAS requirements to implement, taking into account political agendas (e.g. avoiding the recognition of deficit). For these and other reasons, some states' courts of accounts do not require compliance with some of the standards issued by the Treasury, which impairs the comparability of accounting information prepared by different Brazilian public sector entities.


The main aim of the thesis is to compare two web development technologies. For this purpose, a real estate application is developed using Active Server Pages (ASP.NET) with C-Sharp (C#) and Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) as languages. The platforms used are Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 for ASP.NET and Eclipse Helios 2010 for PHP developers. Two different servers implemented in these platforms comprising the Sql server 2008 for ASP.NET and MySQL for PHP. A real estate web application is developed with three main panels which are the user panel, advertiser panel and admin panel. The same functional requirements are used in two web technologies. When comparing two technologies, ASP. NET is found to be more efficient and reliable than PHP. During the development process it was found that, PHP is a simple scripting language in comparison to the .NET language C#. However, ASP.NET provides built in tools, function and controls which helps in faster development of code as compared to PHP.


The goal of topic-oriented text summarization is to produce informative short description according to the given topic or query. This is somewhat similar to the target of question answering which retrieves exact answers from large text collections. In this paper, we present a lightweight and rule-free summarization technique. Our method relies on a two-pass re-ranking framework. The first pass is to order the concepts which were clustered via conventional top-down clustering algorithm. The second pass generates the representative sentences from the top N concepts. The main advantage of our work is that we do not need to build external knowledge or pre-defined rules. This is our first time to participate in DUC. Although the result of our system is not comparable with most top-performed methods, the light-weight and rule free techniques still encourage us to further improve via integrating rich sources.


Individuals differ in behavior since neither their ethical constraints, their attitudes towards risk, nor their analytical talents are the same. In an experimental prephase we tried to elicit such differences by confronting participants with suitable one-person-decision problems. In the main phase they played successively the dictator game, the ultimatum game, and finally the combination of the former two, originally studied by Guth and van Damme (1998). A final personality questionnaire elicits self-evaluations concerning ethical constraints, attitude towards risk, and analytic capability in addition to more general personality traits. We mainly investigate the consistency of prior dispositions (inferred from individual decision behavior in the prephase and from the self-reports) and actual behavior (in the main phase).What is reported in this paper is a part of a more complex set of results. The focus here is on the effects of three individual difference variables (benevolence, intelligence, and reciprocity orientation) on behavior in the role of an active player (the giver) and in the role of a passive player (the receiver). Benevolence (as personality trait of the active player) facilitates equity considerations in his/her offers to the powerless, but not to the powerful receiver. Reciprocity orientation makes male (not female) participants in the role of powerful receivers (powerful, because, if they decline the offer, none of the players gets anything) to set higher minimal demands (higher acceptance thresholds). Intelligence had no significant effects on bargaining behavior.


In the context of rule-making by transnational bodies, this paper explores the concept of legitimacy in the literature of law and political science. The European Union, the most institutionally developed form of transnational governance, with lawmaking structures in place that can be characterised as 'legislative', is throughout taken as paradigm. Section 2 discusses the view that legitimacy is largely a 'new' concept in public law and that lawyers tend to bypass questions of legitimacy with resort to better-known doctrines of sovereignty, primacy, human rights and the rule of law. Section 3 deals with consent, delegation and the 'output legitimacy' of efficiency and expertise, as the basis for legitimating the activities of transnational institutions. Section 4 turns to democracy, representative and popular, arguably the most potent legitimating device in modern times. Section 5 treats the case of the judiciary, responsible for formulating general principle and human rights standards but increasingly facing a multiplicity of national and transnational with complex and overlapping jurisdictions. The paper concludes that the many challenges for legal theorists and practitioners stemming from the rapid growth of norm-producing international bodies are more likely to be resolved by the application of ideas of legal pluralism than through the concept of legitimacy, central to political science but likely to remain peripheral to law.


The purpose of the work is to produce jointly coded frames for efficient video coding. We use motion-adaptive transforms in the temporal domain to generate the temporal subbands. The motion information is used to form graphs for transform construction. In our previous work, the motion-adaptive transform allows only one reference pixel to be the lowband coefficient. In this paper, we extend the motion-adaptive transform such that it permits multiple references and produces multiple lowband coefficients, which can be used in the case of bidirectional or multihypothesis motion estimation. The multi-reference motion-adaptive transform (MRMAT) is always orthonormal, thus, the energy is preserved by the transform. We compare MRMAT and the motion-compensated orthogonal transform (MCOT) [1], while HEVC intra coding is used to encode the temporal subbands. The experimental results show that MRMAT outperforms MCOT by about 0.6dB.


Conditional independence relations involving latent variables do not necessarily imply observable independences. They may imply inequality constraints on observable parameters and causal bounds, which can be used for falsification and identification. The literature on computing such constraints often involve a deterministic underlying data generating process in a counterfactual framework. If an analyst is ignorant of the nature of the underlying mechanisms then they may wish to use a model which allows the underlying mechanisms to be probabilistic. A method of computation for a weaker model without any determinism is given here and demonstrated for the instrumental variable model, though applicable to other models. The approach is based on the analysis of mappings with convex polytopes in a decision theoretic framework and can be implemented in readily available polyhedral computation software. Well known constraints and bounds are replicated in a probabilistic model and novel ones are computed for instrumental variable models without non-deterministic versions of the randomization, exclusion restriction and monotonicity assumptions respectively.


We are in the midst of dramatic changes in the way life sciences companies are funded. The model of funding a company with venture capital leading to an IPO is now the exception rather than the rule for life sciences companies. Venture investors are no longer willing or able to fund companies with an indefinite exit. Instead, they are waiting later to fund companies, building exits into their investments from the start, and looking to innovative technologies other than therapeutics that can address medical and healthcare system needs, but provide a more predictable path to revenue. The financial pressures of today are leading to creative efforts to forge new business and financing models. They are driving capital efficiency and putting a proper emphasis on value creation. The resulting discipline is welcome. The result is that companies that fail to pursue true innovation and products that create value will find funding difficult to obtain and markets unwilling to pay premiums. For those of us who invest in the sector, the good news is that valuations are historically attractive and power at the negotiating table lies with those who have capital. The opportunities before us have never been greater.


In this essay I argue that a better understanding of the basis of journalistic professionalism lies in the combination of two ideological formations. First, we have the process of professional socialization of journalists, leading to a delimited range of voices and self-censorship. This formation alone is insufficient, however, as occasional self-criticism and scepticism of journalistic professional norms is needed. I argue that Žižek's concept of ideology as fetishistic disavowal (that is, being able to actively admit the limitations of one's ideology as long as one still follows it) is a necessary complement to the idea of ideology as indirect control. This is done with an examination of the discourses used by 20 US and UK-based political journalists to answer seven different interview questions.


We present a list of 282 species of moths recorded during surveys conducted over 31 survey nights during a 3-year period in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) and Ponmudi, Kerala, India. Shendurney WLS and Ponmudi are part of the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve in the southern Western Ghats, which is one of India's three biodiversity hotspots. Shendurney is a diversity hotspot within the Western Ghats. It has a high degree of endemism and several new species have recently been described from the sanctuary. The moth diversity in Shendurney is poorly studied and only 128 moth species have been previously reported. This illustrated checklist of 282 species expands on previous reports and includes notes on flight periods and distribution. Fifteen range extensions were recorded, of which 14 were new records for Kerala, one a new record for India, and one a new species.


Reducing the impacts of disasters on poor people is absolutely vital. Climate/disaster risk financing could play a useful role if it is part of an approach that includes risk reduction, if it strengthens social protection, and if it has real participation from civil society. Insurance, as one component of risk financing, could play a supportive role if carefully designed – keeping in mind the limitations, including the risk of worsening income and gender inequality. The InsuResilience Global Partnership should build more evidence of what works for poor people, invest in pro-poor business models, and ensure the insurance schemes developed are part of a broader approach to reduce risks and the inequalities that make people vulnerable to disasters.


We investigate the problem of stability and instability at tokamak plasma behaviour. Generally, Jaynes maximum entropy method and Bayesian decision can be applied for recognizing the shape of the plasma. In the case of the power law behaviour and the instabilities of plasma we introduce a new method. The maximization of mathematical expectations for events and fuzzy entropy is used for applications of fuzzy Bayesian neural networks for optimization and simulation without assumption on recurrence. In this case, it is possible to consider also the non-Gibbsian probability distribution functions with the power law case. The new calibration method for the non-equilibrium systems has been given.


A non-traditional approach to the computer simulation study of a class of quasi-two-dimensional Coulomb systems (charged particles confined to a layer near a charged planar surface) is presented. The essence of the approach lies in exploiting the fact that the charged confinement is of finite dimensions. The main consequence of such a finiteness is a non-zero potential gradient along the finite charged area that includes a non-zero tangential component of the electric field. A system of like-charged spherical particles confined by the planar surface that includes an oppositely charged squared area is considered as an example. We find that the like-charged particles, independent of their concentration, all become confined on the oppositely charged area, if the surface charge balances the total charge carried by the particles, and if the electrostatic coupling is sufficiently large. The local density of the particles above the charged area is not homogeneous; near the boundaries of the charged square a clear tendency of layer formation along the square sides is observed.


The problem is no longer getting people to express themselves, but providing little gaps of solitude and silence in which they might eventually find something to say. Repressive forces don't stop people from expressing themselves, but rather, force them to express themselves. What a relief to have nothing to say, the right to say nothing, because only then is there a chance of framing the rare, or ever rarer, the thing that might be worth saying." (Gilles Deleuze, "Mediators" 287–288)


PURPOSE
We have established a robust and efficient daily routine to ensure our proton radiotherapy imaging and delivery systems operate as expected. Our goal was to prioritize tests according to impact, and have them completed by our therapists in 30 minutes.

METHODS
Morning warm-up includes recording of machine startup parameter and noting faults, and connectivity to MOSAIQ. Safety checks include warning lights; Beam On, X-ray On, and Magnet On, audio/video, door interlocks, neutron detector, beam pause recovery, and pendant functions. Patient alignment checks include lasers vs. scribed phantom. Imaging checks include; panel distance, image and centering vs. lasers, isocentricity (scribed phantom), 2D/2D match (offset fiducials) using Daily (dosimetry) QA device, 6D table translations/angulations, and coincidence of proton and x-ray beam with film. Daily dosimetric checks focus on any one of 24 options available, using the Daily QA3 device and a range compensator (RC) idealized for the particular option. All options are checked over 5 weeks. With a single exposure the designated; range, modulation, output peak/plateau ratio, SOBP flatness, and lateral profile symmetry/flatness are measured and reviewed. The custom RC has 4 quadrants of different thickness that shadow detectors strategically, corresponding to one location in the plateau, two in the SOBP, and one just beyond the range.

RESULTS
Daily QA takes <30 minutes. The single exposure for dosimetric checks is sensitive enough to detect; a change in output of 1%, change in range and modulation of 1mm, and changes in SOBP flatness and profile attributes of 2%. Using the daily dosimetry device for imaging saves considerable time.

CONCLUSION
We have daily tests for an efficient yet robust to ensure patient and employee safety. These tests fall in line with the forthcoming TG224 report.


The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique in conscious unrestrained rats was used to examine the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in metabolically distinct skeletal muscle in vivo. Tissue glucose metabolic rate (R'g) was estimated using 2-[3H]-deoxyglucose, and glucose disposal was examined by measuring glycogen content and [14C]glucose incorporation into glycogen in four different muscles. Insulin sensitivity varied among different muscle types in that the insulin concentration required for half-maximal stimulation of R'g was 80, 150, 280, and 320 mU/1 for soleus (SOL), red gastrocnemius (RG), white gastrocnemius (WG), and extensor digitorum longus, respectively. There were similar relative differences in the maximal effect of insulin on R'g in these muscles. Maximal insulin stimulation almost doubled muscle glycogen content in RG and SOL, whereas there was no change in WG. The relationship between R'g and glycogen synthesis indicated that increased glucose uptake resulted predominantly in glycogen storage. There was an excellent relationship between maximal R'g and blood flow in different muscles. We conclude that there is marked heterogeneity in insulin sensitivity and responsiveness among muscles of different fiber composition. Insulin-induced increases in total peripheral glucose disposal occur predominantly in muscles containing a high proportion of oxidative fibers. Therefore the relative proportion of oxidative to glycolytic muscle fibers may be important factors in determining whole body insulin sensitivity.


Research and operational applications in weather forecasting are reviewed, with emphasis on statistical issues. It is argued that the deterministic approach has dominated in weather forecasting, although weather forecasting is a probabilistic problem by nature. The reason has been the successful application of numerical weather prediction techniques over the 50 years since the introduction of computers. A gradual change towards utilization of more probabilistic methods has occurred over the last decade; in particular meteorological data assimilation, ensemble forecasting and post‐processing of model output have been influenced by ideas from statistics and control theory.


Abstract. Barus T, Halim R, Hartanti AT, Saputra PK. 2019. Genetic diversity of Rhizopus microsporus from traditional inoculum of tempeh in Indonesia based on ITS sequences and RAPD marker. Biodiversitas 20: 847-852. The main microorganism for tempeh fermentation is Rhizopus microsporus. These days, many tempeh producers use commercial inoculum, such as 'Raprima' as resource of R. microsporus. As a result, the genetic diversity of R. microsporus that had been reported in Indonesia has diminished. Information about genetic diversity is needed as a basis to select R. microsporus as tempeh inoculum. This research aims to investigate the genetic diversity of R. microsporus from waru leaves based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequence and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 25 R. microsporus were isolated from traditional inoculum waru leaves (Inoculum 1) and traditional inoculum other than waru leaves (Inoculum 2). Amplification of ITS sequence was done using universal primer pairs of ITS-4 and ITS-5. Amplification of RAPD markers was done using primers OPC-08, OPC-19, OPQ-6, R-108, OPA-09 and OPJ-20. ITS sequence was not sufficient to compare the similarities among R. microsporus. On the other hand, RAPD markers successfully compared the similarities among 25 R. microsporus. A total of 25 R. microsporus were divided into 9 clusters. R. microsporus from Inoculum 1 grouped into Cluster 1, Cluster 3 and Cluster 4-8. Inoculum 2 grouped into Cluster 2 and Cluster 9. R. microsporus from tempeh grouped into Cluster 4 and was different from Inoculum 1 and Inoculum 2, except for TB3.


Title of Thesis: ATTACHMENT AND DEMAND/WITHDRAW BEHAVIOR IN COUPLE INTERACTIONS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF CONFLICT LEVEL Katelyn C. Opel, MS, 2008 Thesis Directed By: Professor Norman B. Epstein, Department of Family Science This study examined the relations between clinical couples' secure, preoccupied, dismissive, and fearful avoidant attachment styles and their constructive, demanding, and withdrawing dyadic conflict resolution communication behavior. It also tested whether overall level of relationship conflict moderated the relation between attachment style and communication. The study was a secondary analysis of preexisting data, using a sample of 72 couples who completed assessments at the Center for Healthy Families at the University of Maryland, College Park. The subset of assessment material used for this study included the Relationship Questionnaire, Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Communication Patterns Questionnaire. Results indicated that attachment style was related to types of conflict communication behavior. Also, couples reporting low levels of conflict used more mutual constructive communication than those reporting high levels of conflict. Implications of the study's findings for therapeutic work with couples and suggestions for future research are discussed.


We used a combination of field and laboratory techniques to examine the relative importance of food webs based on marsh detritus, benthic algae, or phytoplankton in supporting growth of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. We conducted a laboratory experiment to compare the growth of newly metamorphosed juveniles fed natural diets from potential settlement habitats such as marshes. The experimental diets consisted of zooplankton, Uca pugnax and Littoraria irrorata tissue, a mixture of plant detritus and associated meiofauna and detritus only. Crabs fed the zooplankton diet showed the fastest growth and reached a mean dry weight of 32.4 mg, from an initial dry weight of 0.8 mg, during a 3 wk period. Based on the isotopic composition, juvenile crabs obtain carbon and nitrogen from various food sources. For example, crabs fed zooplankton obtained their nutrition from phytoplankton-derived organic matter, consistent with zooplankton feeding on phytoplankton. The mean δ 13 C values for juveniles fed detritus and detritus-plus-meiofauna were considerably lighter (δ 13 C = -19‰), than that of their respective diets (δ 13 C = -16%o), suggesting that crabs were selectively ingesting prey items that obtain their nutrition from an isotopically lighter carbon source like phytoplankton. Conversely, crabs fed U. pugnax or L. irrorata had isotopic ratios (δ 13 C = -16 to -14 ‰) consistent with these species feeding on isotopically heavier marsh grass carbon. Isotopic ratios of crabs collected in the field appeared to corroborate the experiment and suggest that either Spartina alterniflora detritus or benthic algae-based food webs supported juvenile crab growth in marsh environments, whereas phytoplankton-based food webs dominate habitats more closely associated with the main estuary.


The old understanding of international law as something created solely by and for sovereigns is defunct. Today the production and enforcement of international law increasingly depends on private actors, not traditional political authorities. As with other public services that we used to take for granted – schools, prisons, energy utilities and transportation networks – privatization has come to international law.The tasks of this paper are both positive and normative. It both locates the privatization process within a broader model of law production and uses criteria supplied by that theory to assess its value. It argues that innovation in the production of international law may achieve considerable benefits. Changes in international economics and politics make experimentation imperative. At the same time, some forms of privatization pose considerable risks without corresponding benefits. The question whether international law applies at all to particular conduct is fundamental and has profound consequences. It involves a choice between legal systems, not simply a choice among applicable rules. Privatization that destabilizes the domain of international law, i.e., that makes it less clear where international rules apply, produces high costs that require exceptional justification.In particular, the last portion of the paper traces through a range of areas where the political branches, through statutes, have given different directions as to the application of international law in lawsuits. I argue that courts should follow these directions, not only because of a general obligation to fulfill statutory intent, but because disregard of them will confuse the general issue of when international law applies. Thus the courts should not expand the domain of international law when statutory law indicates otherwise, and should not demur from applying international law where legislation invokes it, no matter what private litigants seek and whether or not courts generally wish to contribute to the development of international law. As simple and straightforward as these propositions may seem, they resolve many pressing current disputes.


Primary care provider's (PCP) perceptions of colorectal cancer screening test effectiveness and their recommendations for testing intervals influence patient screening uptake. Few large studies have examined providers' perceptions and recommendations, including their alignment with evidence suggesting comparable test effectiveness and guideline recommendations for screening frequency. Providers (n = 1,281) within four healthcare systems completed a survey in 2017–2018 regarding their perceptions of test effectiveness and recommended intervals for colonoscopy and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for patients ages 40–49, 50–74, and ≥75 years. For patients 50–74 (screening eligible), 82.9% of providers rated colonoscopy as very effective versus 59.6% for FIT, and 26.3% rated colonoscopy as more effective than FIT. Also, for this age group, 77.9% recommended colonoscopy every 10 years and 92.4% recommended FIT annually. For patients ages 40–49 and ≥75, more than one-third of providers believed the tests were somewhat or very effective, although >80% did not routinely recommend screening by either test for these age groups. Provider screening test interval recommendations generally aligned with colorectal cancer guidelines; however, 25% of providers believed colonoscopy was more effective than FIT for mortality reduction, which differs from some modeling studies that suggest comparable effectiveness. The latter finding may have implications for health systems where FIT is the dominant screening strategy. Only one-third of providers reported believing these screening tests were effective in younger and older patients (i.e., <50 and ≥75 years). Evidence addressing these beliefs may be relevant if cancer screening recommendations are modified to include older and/or younger patients.


This article examines the treatment given the goddess Athena by John Ruskin in his series of published lectures entitled The Queen of the Air. The article argues that guskin's depiction of Athena is a very personal one that enables the reader to see into Ruskin's dreams, nightmares, and ultimately into his views on gender issues, especially in his relations with Effie Gray and Rose La Touche. ********** In 1869 John Ruskin delivered a series of lectures purporting to be A Study of the Greek Myths of Cloud and Storm. Later that year, the lectures were gathered together and published under the title The Queen of the Air (Figure 1). This title proved to be a much better choice, for while the lectures do concern themselves with mythical tales of atmospheric conditions in Ancient Greece, the true subject of the lectures is the goddess Athena, whom Ruskin sees as governing these phenomena. Ruskin's depiction of Athena has often fallen under attack for its departure from the more standard reading of the deity, traditionally the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and craftsmanship. While much criticism concerned with The Queen of the Air has pointed out the many discrepancies between traditional mythical interpretations of Athena and Ruskin's idea of her dominion over the elemental realm of the air, very little of it has asked why these differences occur. Ruskin was well read in classical mythology, so to dismiss his re-evaluation of Athena as a lack of awareness or understanding of the traditional myths is misguided. Ruskin's interpretation of Athena, and perhaps more importantly his emphasis on Athena over the other deities of the Greek pantheon, springs from very personal desires on Ruskin's part, in addition to his more intellectual concerns. Ultimately, Ruskin's relationship with Athena becomes a personal struggle to incorporate the contradictions between the goddess he desires and the darker side of the goddess he believes exists into a vision that is capable of saving both society and himself. Of all the figures of Olympus, Athena is by far the most dualistic in nature. Remaining a virgin throughout her existence, she is born from the head of her father, Zeus, fully formed and armed for war. Her birth from the head of her father rather than from the womb of her mother prepares students of mythology for her two-sided reign over the traditionally feminine spheres of wisdom and needlework as well as the masculine sphere of warfare. It then seems quite appropriate that Ruskin should find Athena interesting, given his theories of the separate spheres of the masculine and the feminine in British society. The difficulty comes as a result of these two spheres existing simultaneously in the same figure (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Athena is by her very nature subversive. The Oxford Dictionary of World Mytholagy describes her as both "Glaukopis (owl-eyed)" as well as "Gorgopis (Gorgon-faced)" (I46). The owl-like eyes are symbolic of Athena's wisdom while her ability to appear Gorgon-like reminds us that she is also a wrathful and vengeful goddess. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The Queen of the Air, while recognizing both aspects of Athena, initially pays far more tribute to the goddess' kinder and wiser aspects. Perhaps it is more accurate to say that Ruskin obviously desires Athena to be "like the living air" who "breathes the calm of heavenly fortitude ... into every human breast that is pure and brave" (9). For the most part, this is exactly what he believes her to represent. However, he cannot ignore the "righteous anger" (9) she possesses and delivers to others. Thus, The Queen of the Air can be seen as a struggle between these two aspects of Athena's character for what will emerge as Ruskin's final vision of her. Ruskin identifies two animals as being symbolic of these aspects of Athena's constitution: the bird represents her wise and beautiful aspect, while the serpent represents her darker properties. …


A non-scanning, non-interferometric, three-dimensional (3D) optical profilometer based on geometric optics, critical angle principle, and the use of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is presented. The surface profile of the test specimen can be transferred into the reflectance profile. The reflectance profile, obtained from a CCD, is the ratio of the intensity at the critical angle to the intensity obtained at the total internal reflection angle. The optical profilometer provides a sub-micron measuring range with nanometer resolution and can be used to measure roughness or surface defects in real time.


ABSTRACT Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of non-traumatic mortality in young (<35 years old) athletes, with recent data suggesting the incidence to be higher than what was previously estimated. The vast majority of deaths are caused by silent hereditary or congenital cardiac disorders. Over the last decade, advances in our understanding of both the genetic and clinical mechanisms underlying these conditions, particularly those associated with a structurally normal heart, have led to advances in diagnosis and management including interventions and lifestyle modifications that aim to minimize the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Coupled with effective screening programs, other strategies such as emergency response planning and the use of automated external defibrillators have also emerged as strategies in preventing and treating sudden cardiac arrest. This book aims to provide an overview of the genetic and clinical aspects of SCD in young athletes, with particular emphasis on the specific issu...


Atherosclerotic vascular disease manifests as a progressive narrowing of the vessel wall, and underlies coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease. With consequences such as myocardial infarction and stroke, atherosclerosis remains the most frequent cause of death in the western world. While a strong heritable component is undisputed, the molecular inflammatory and immune mechanisms in the evolution of the disease are still not fully understood. By using both animal models of disease (foremost genetically manipulated mice) as well as human tissue, and more recently by employing unbiased approaches to discover genetic loci predisposing to disease development, investigators have revealed a complex picture of multilayered cellular processes and molecular mechanisms. Here we highlight the current view on atherosclerosis and provide an updated account of the critical factors involved in disease development, as illustrated by various prototypic examples.

In brief, the response-to-injury hypothesis of Russell Ross introduced the notion that monocyte―endothelial interactions give rise to foam cells and growth factor induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, triggering lesion formation.1 Our understanding of the atherogenic process has been considerably refined by the appreciation of subendothelial ApoB lipoprotein retention containing low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the vessel wall under conditions of elevated concentrations of circulating cholesterol. This may predominantly occur at predilection sites with disturbed flow, for example, at branch points of vessels, where increased endothelial turnover and structural changes in elastins and proteoglycans occur, which permit subendothelial accumulation of LDL. In the intima, LDL particles are prone to modifications by reactive oxygen species or enzymes such as myeloperoxidase or lipoxygenases released from inflammatory cells. These oxidised lipids (oxLDL) further trigger the expression of adhesion molecules which contribute to intimal leucocyte recruitment. While early 'fatty streak' lesions mostly comprise lipid laden, monocyte derived, macrophage-like foam …


Since SARS-CoV-2 started spreading in Europe in early 2020, there has been a strong call for technical solutions to combat or contain the pandemic, with contact tracing apps at the heart of the debates. The EU's General Daten Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires controllers to carry out a data protection impact assessment (DPIA) where their data processing is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms (Art. 35 GDPR). A DPIA is a structured risk analysis that identifies and evaluates possible consequences of data processing relevant to fundamental rights in advance and describes the measures envisaged to address these risks or expresses the inability to do so.

Based on the Standard Data Protection Model (SDM), we present a scientific DPIA which thoroughly examines three published contact tracing app designs that are considered to be the most privacy-friendly: PEPP-PT, DP-3T and a concept summarized by CCC member Linus Neumann, all of which process personal health data. We show that even a decentralized architecture involves numerous serious weaknesses and risks, including larger ones left unaddressed. We also found that none of the proposed designs operates on anonymous data or ensures proper anonymization, that informed consent would not be a legitimate legal ground for the processing, that data subjects' rights are not sufficiently safeguarded, and that no design provides for sufficient purpose-binding.


The aim of this paper is to identify patterns of utilization of formal and informal long term care (LTC) across European countries and discuss possible determinants of demand for different types of care. Specific research questions are of the volume of different types of care and conditions under which care is undertaken. The latter include demographic factors, especially ageing of the society, health status and limitations caused by poor health, family settings and social networking. The analysis indicates substantial differences in obtaining LTC across European countries depending on the tradition and social protection model that determine availability of institutional care and provision of informal care. In the Nordic-type countries with high state responsibility and high provision of institutional care, informal care is of less importance and - if received - it is mostly care provided from on irregular basis from outside the family. With growing needs for care, formal settings come in. Countries the continental Europe are less unified with high share of people using formal settings of care, but also combining formal and informal care. In Mediterranean countries provision of informal care, including personal care, plays much greater role than formal LTC.


Abstract: In this position paper, reservations are presented regarding the potential of knowledge management (KM) as it is currently applied to the learning and teaching activity of schools. We contend that effective KM is contingent upon the explication of a deep and shared understanding of the learning and teaching process. We argue that the most important transactions in schools, those related to learning and teaching, are frequently the least explicated. Further, where such explication does occur, it is rarely specific enough to generate the kind of meaningful data required to make timely improvements in the learning experience of individual students. Our intent is to inject a cautionary note regarding current conceptualizations of KM in education and to focus the KM discussion on potentially more valid applications in school settings. We offer strategy and examples that can be employed to address the reservations described herein as well as build the kind of professional culture of practice in schools that is more conducive to effective KM.


The slogan in the title of this article is meaningless in a context where the notion of "sum" does not apply. It is false in a context where the whole is equal to (or indistinguishable from) the sum of its parts. Having only a metaphorical meaning, it is neither clearly true nor clearly false in a context where no numerical value can be assigned to this relation of magnitude (which is typically the case in linguistics). In this article, however, a unit of measurement is devised which makes it possible to decide whether a linguistic whole is greater or smaller than the sum of its parts. In the former case the slogan is true whereas in the latter case it is, once again, false.


Poverty is a core problem in the Yemeni economy. About 47 percent of the total
population lives below the poverty level. Moreover, the rapidly increasing
population causes competition at meeting basic needs. From the macro economic
point of view, Yemen also experiences unemployment problem and other socially
adverse phenomena that contribute to low GDP. The economy of Yemen is vitally
dependent on the growth of the rural economy, too. The majority of the people live
in the rural areas. Due to the fact and the present socio-economic structure, the
national and economic development of Yemen has been adversely affected. In order
to meet the poverty crisis, the government of Yemen reformed its economic policy
and undertook a small-scale credit program. Under this reformation, the National
Agricultural Bank of Yemen has introduced agricultural credit and microfinance
programs in mid 1980's and 1990's respectively. At present, the programs have
progressed and could be evaluated for its success towards the aim of reducing
poverty.
The present study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of introducing small-scale
credit towards better livelihood of the beneficiaries. Using econometric modeling,
the study focused on the living standard of the beneficiaries. To examine the
effectiveness accurately, a non-beneficiary group was also studied. By comparing
two groups of respondents namely, "with credit" and "without credit", the study
attempted to portray the effectiveness of the program. The sample size in this study
was 540. A total of seven governances were selected for data collection. Simple
random sampling procedure was used to select the respondents from the sampling
frame. The study used Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES) to estimate the
poverty line and the living standard based on the socio-economic attributes of the
respondents. In ELES, a demand system for food and non-food items was used.
The impact of credit was measured by incorporating a dummy variable representing
the 'with-without' group into the model.
The study extended its investigation hrther by carrying out a logistic regression
analysis to determine the borrowers' preference between the two programs based on
the socio-economic attributes. The dependent variable of the model was
dichotomous namely, microfinance or otherwise. 'Otherwise' includes the
respondents who preferred agricultural credit.
The results showed that there was a significant effect of socio economic variables
and other factors on the expenditure of different food and non-food items.
Education and family size showed significant contribution to the total expenditure.
Dummy 'with-without' credit was found significant, too. This indicated that there
was a significant effect of small-scale credit program on the demand of food and
non-food items. The standard of living of 'with-credit' group was found higher than
that of 'without-credit' group. Logistic regression analysis showed that the
respondents preferred microfinance. Income, education and family size were found
to significantly determine the preferences for credit.
Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that further extension of credit
programs to the other poor governances of Yemen would be able to enhance
the socio economic status of the people. Input supports, low interest rate,
reformation of repayment structure are required to be reviewed for further
development of policy.


This paper applies the Directed Technical Change (DTC) framework to study improvements in the efficiency of energy use. We present a theoretical model which (1) shows that the demand for energy is shifted down by innovations in energy intensive sectors and (2) highlights the drivers of innovative activity in these sectors. We then estimate the model through an empirical analysis of patent and energy data. Our contribution is fivefold. First, our model shows that under very general assumptions information about energy expenditures, knowledge spillovers and the parameters governing the R&D process are sufficient to predict the R&D effort in efficiency improving technologies. Second, we pin down the conditions for a log-linear relation between energy expenditure and the R&D effort. Third, the calibration of the model provides clear evidence that the value of the energy market as well as international and inter-temporal spillovers play a significant role in determining the level of innovative activity. Fourth, we show that innovative activity in energy intensive sectors shifts down the (Marshallian) demand for energy. Finally, we show that due to the streamlined modelling framework we adopt, the point estimates from our regression can potentially be used to calibrate any model of DTC in the context of energy consumption.


The last decade has witnessed an increasing interest in Gothic fiction among Algerian teenagers. This paper attempts to explain why fear has become a dominant mode of enjoyment in art and literature and demonstrate the cultural and linguistic impact of Harry Potter series on Algerian teenagers' identity. Considering the cultural and historical specificities of Algeria, the paper first addresses the traumatic influence of Algeria's civil war on the growing popularity of gothic fiction. Entrapped by the circumstances of history, teenagers are attracted by Gothic stories as a means of coping with trauma and a site of reflection of the tensions, fears and aspirations of the age. The paper then investigates how this interest affected the cultural and linguistic identity of Algerian teenagers. On the cultural level, Harry Potter series addresses issues of character development, family relations, and religious doubts. Using a psychoanalytical approach, the paper examines the impact of the uncanny on the world view of Algerian teenagers. Moreover, the frightening and funny nature of Harry Potter series led to a shift in the perception of monsters from dread to admiration. This change in aesthetic values is reflected in the presence of Gothic elements in teenagers' clothes and jewellery. On the linguistic level, the paper correlates the popularity of Gothic narratives and the language of violence in teenagers' conversational exchange.


This paper discusses the relevance of Basel III to Asian emerging markets. It reviews some of the proposed regulations of Basel III in order to evaluate their likely implications for, and their ability to enhance, the stability of the banking and financial system. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges faced by the regulators of Asian emerging markets in effectively managing their financial regulations, given their capacity and institutional constraints. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for Asian emerging markets to strengthen and enhance the stability of their banking and financial systems.


Abstract. As a consequence of dynamically variable meteorological conditions, springtime Arctic ozone levels exhibit significant interannual variability in the lower stratosphere. In winter 2011, the polar vortex was strong and cold for an unusually long time. Our research site, located at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (80.05° N, 86.42° W), was mostly inside the vortex from October 2010 until late March 2011. The Bruker 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Eureka acquired measurements from 23 February to 6 April during the 2011 Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Validation Campaign. These measurements showed unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO 3 total columns compared to the previous 14 yr. To remove dynamical effects, we normalized these total columns by the HF total column. The normalized values of the ozone, HCl, and HNO 3 total columns were smaller than those from previous years, and confirmed the occurrence of chlorine activation and chemical ozone depletion. To quantify the chemical ozone loss, a three-dimensional chemical transport model, SLIMCAT, and the passive subtraction method were used. The chemical ozone depletion was calculated as the mean percentage difference between the measured ozone and the SLIMCAT passive ozone, and was found to be 35%.


Objective A systematic review of randomised controlled trials reporting the efficacy of antibiotics compared with placebo in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis in children. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase and references obtained from retrieved articles. Results Four studies fitted the selection criteria for inclusion. Risks for internal bias were thought to be small for each study, but external bias is potentially significant. The pooled OR for symptom improvement at 10–14 days favouring the use of antibiotics was 2.0 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.47; I2=14.8%). Conclusions While the meta-analysis provides evidence to support the use of antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis in children, it is the assessment of this review that such efficacy has not been adequately demonstrated. There remains a clear methodological challenge in the examination of this important clinical question; this challenge relates to difficulties in the application of appropriate diagnostic and inclusion criteria which are also consistent between studies.


The speed of manufacturing processes today depends on a trade-off between the physical processes of production, the wider system that allows these processes to operate and the co-ordination of a supply chain in the pursuit of meeting customer needs. Could the speed of this activity be doubled? This paper explores this hypothetical question, starting with examination of a diverse set of case studies spanning the activities of manufacturing. This reveals that the constraints on increasing manufacturing speed have some common themes, and several of these are examined in more detail, to identify absolute limits to performance. The physical processes of production are constrained by factors such as machine stiffness, actuator acceleration, heat transfer and the delivery of fluids, and for each of these, a simplified model is used to analyse the gap between current and limiting performance. The wider systems of production require the co-ordination of resources and push at the limits of human biophysical and cognitive limits. Evidence about these is explored and related to current practice. Out of this discussion, five promising innovations are explored to show examples of how manufacturing speed is increasing—with line arrays of point actuators, parallel tools, tailored application of precision, hybridisation and task taxonomies. The paper addresses a broad question which could be pursued by a wider community and in greater depth, but even this first examination suggests the possibility of unanticipated innovations in current manufacturing practices. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license


A portable, open transparent chamber system for measuring canopy gas exchanges was developed and tested. Differentials between incoming and outgoing atmospheric H 2 O and CO 2 concentrations were used to calculate canopy transpiration (E) and net assimilation (A) at 10-s intervals using solenoid valve actuated sample lines connected to an infrared gas analyzer. A programmable data logger controlled fan speed and air flow rate to control daytime chamber air temperature to within 0.5°C of ambient air temperature. To validate the mass balance equations used to calculate E, the chamber was positioned over sealed soil potted cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants which were placed on a weighing scale. A second scale was used to measure E of cotton plants outside the chamber to quantify potential chamber effects. A wide range of crop canopy leaf areas and soil water contents were created with greenhouse-grown plants for these comparisons. Data analysis indicated agreement between chamber E measurements and the internal weighing scale (R 2 = 0.93), as well as comparison between the internal and external scales (R 2 = 0.88) across wide ranges of soil water contents and canopy leaf area. Transpiration ranged from near zero at night to 900 g (H 2 O) h -1 during the day. Bias estimates of E for chambervs.internalscale and the internal vs. externalscale were -6.0 and 4.6 g (H 2 O)h -1 . With minor chamber effect, the chamber accurately estimates E for many field applications such as comparison of canopy gas exchanges and water use efficiencies among irrigation treatments.


Single-molecule assay of ubiquitylation Many biological processes in cells are regulated by ubiquitin peptides that are attached to proteins. Measurement of single fluorescent molecules in cell extracts can be used to trace the kinetics of such reactions. Lu et al. refined assay conditions to follow ubiquitination by an E3 ubiquitin ligase (see the Perspective by Komander). They visualized the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), a ubiquitin ligase critical for control of the cell division cycle. The processive initial reaction catalyzed by the APC was replaced by slower reactions. The results show how small, commonly occurring recognition motifs can guide specific and highly controlled enzymatic events. In a companion paper, Lu et al. explored how the number and arrangement of added ubiquitin chains affected the interaction of ubiquitylated proteins with the proteasome (a protein complex that recognizes ubiquitylated proteins and degrades them). The extent of ubiquitylation determined the strength of interaction of a substrate protein with the proteasome, and the arrangement of the ubiquitin chains determined the movement of the protein into the proteasome and thus the rate of degradation. Science, this issue 10.1126/science.1248737, 10.1126/science.1250834; see also p. 183 How added ubiquitin chains regulate protein degradation at the proteasome is shown. [Also see Perspective by Komander] INTRODUCTION Protein degradation, mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), plays a critical and complementary role to transcription, splicing, and translation in the control of gene expression. Effective regulation of the UPS relies on the specificity of substrate recognition, which is conferred largely by the upstream ubiquitylation process. As a specific example, the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) acting on a series of substrates promotes waves of ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to key transitions in the cell cycle. However, in this cascade the proteasome itself also plays a role in the specificity of degradation. There have been various efforts to characterize this role, leading to a commonly held view that a substrate protein must be conjugated with a chain of at least four ubiquitins to be recognized by the proteasome. Yet mass spectrometry studies show that ubiquitin chains on APC substrates (such as cyclin B) contain, on average, only two ubiquitins. But these can have complex ubiquitin configurations created by the multiplicity of ubiquitylated lysine residues. Therefore, the tetraubiquitin chain selection rule may not be generally applicable, and the mechanism by which the proteasome recognizes substrates is still shrouded in mystery. RATIONALE The multiple lysines on a substrate and on ubiquitin itself generate a large number of possible ubiquitin configurations. To understand the "ubiquitin code" that must be read by the proteasome and converted into a rate of substrate degradation, we examined the kinetics of degradation with defined ubiquitin configurations by conjugating preformed ubiquitin chains on substrate molecules. Further, to reveal the molecular basis through which some ubiquitin configurations promote more efficient degradation than others, we investigated the degradation process using single-molecule (SM) methods that are capable of identifying transient intermediates and measuring their kinetic parameters and sensitivity to ubiquitin configurations. RESULTS Contrary to the tetraubiquitin chain selection rule, we find that for APC substrates with multiple ubiquitylated lysine residues, diubiquitin chains are more efficient than tetraubiquitin chains in promoting degradation, given the same number of conjugated ubiquitins. Ubiquitin chains are essential for degradation of most substrates. Nevertheless, a multiple monoubiquitylated form of securin, a regulator of chromatid separation, interacts with the proteasome as strongly as securin containing the same number of ubiquitins grouped in chains. By dissecting the degradation process using SM methods, we find that ubiquitin chain structures on substrates promote the passage of a bound substrate into the translocation channel on the proteasome. CONCLUSION This systematic study of synthetically constructed ubiquitylated substrates with defined configurations revealed no simple length threshold for ubiquitin chains for degradation by the proteasome. A distributed array of short ubiquitin chains, as appears naturally on APC substrates, is a superior and perhaps optimal signal for degradation; this conclusion will most likely extend to substrates of other E3 ligases. The rate of degradation is an aggregate of two sequential processes: substrate binding and kinetic postbinding events. In the past, it was widely assumed that ubiquitin chains mostly promoted binding to the proteasome. Our SM studies demonstrate that the strength of interaction with the proteasome, for substrates with multiple ubiquitylated lysines, is largely determined by the total number of ubiquitins and is less sensitive to ubiquitin chain configurations. For most substrates, binding alone is not sufficient for degradation. Rather, degradation depends strongly on a process that initiates passage into the substrate translocation channel; this transition, in contrast to binding, is determined by the particular configuration of ubiquitin chains. Key transitions in the degradation of ubiquitylated substrates by the proteasome. A polyubiquitylated substrate molecule explores multiple configurations on the proteasome through stochastic binding. Rearrangements of proteasomal subunits, driven by the binding and hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, allow a deeper engagement of the substrate with the proteasome, when there are appropriate ubiquitin chain structures on the substrate. As a result of this engagement, the substrate or its terminus is moved closer to the substrate entry port, promoting expeditious initiation of translocation and ensuing degradation. To address how the configuration of conjugated ubiquitins determines the recognition of substrates by the proteasome, we analyzed the degradation kinetics of substrates with chemically defined ubiquitin configurations. Contrary to the view that a tetraubiquitin chain is the minimal signal for efficient degradation, we find that distributing the ubiquitins as diubiquitin chains provides a more efficient signal. To understand how the proteasome actually discriminates among ubiquitin configurations, we developed single-molecule assays that distinguished intermediate steps of degradation kinetically. The level of ubiquitin on a substrate drives proteasome-substrate interaction, whereas the chain structure of ubiquitin affects translocation into the axial channel on the proteasome. Together these two features largely determine the susceptibility of substrates for proteasomal degradation.


To explore the link between catchment characteristics and sensitivity to environmental change, longer-term data from 21 contrasting mesoscale (67–690 km2) catchments in northern Scotland were analysed to examine the influence of hydroclimatic drivers on hydrological response. Cluster analysis was used to classify the catchments into four distinct groups, with topography and annual precipitation being the two most significant differentiating factors. Using 12 years of data from the 21 sites, inter-catchment coherence of intra- and inter-annual variation of precipitation, air temperatures and stream discharge were assessed both within and between clusters. Whilst catchments in clusters characterised by lower elevations exhibited coherence in hydroclimatic drivers and streamflow response, the higher altitude catchments did not. Annual trends were evident for widespread increases in temperature and also increasing values of precipitation in the higher elevation catchments. Seasonal trends indicate a lack of consistent change during winter, but most other seasons exhibit an increase in temperatures, with isolated increases in measures of precipitation and discharge particularly during the transitional seasons of spring and autumn. These trends ultimately could not be related with catchment typology where increasing upland area results in a breakdown of hydroclimatic coherence between sites.


ABSTRACT Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is a transcription factor that regulates the adaptation of cells to hypoxic microenvironments, for example inside solid tumours. Stabilisation of HIF1α can also occur in normoxic conditions in inflamed tissue or as a result of inactivating mutations in negative regulators of HIF1α. Aberrant overexpression of HIF1α in many different cancers has led to intensive efforts to develop HIF1α-targeted therapies. However, the role of HIF1α is still poorly understood in chronic inflammation that predisposes the colon to carcinogenesis. We have previously reported that the transcription of HIF1α is upregulated and that the protein is stabilised in inflammatory lesions that are caused by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac in the mouse proximal colon. Here, we exploited this side effect of long-term sulindac administration to analyse the role of HIF1α in colon inflammation using mice with a Villin-Cre-induced deletion of Hif1α exon 2 in the intestinal epithelium (Hif1αΔIEC). We also analysed the effect of sulindac sulfide on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway in vitro in colon cancer cells. Most sulindac-treated mice developed visible lesions, resembling the appearance of flat adenomas in the human colon, surrounded by macroscopically normal mucosa. Hif1αΔIEC mice still developed lesions but they were smaller than in the Hif1α-floxed siblings (Hif1αF/F). Microscopically, Hif1αΔIEC mice had significantly less severe colon inflammation than Hif1αF/F mice. Molecular analysis showed reduced MIF expression and increased E-cadherin mRNA expression in the colon of sulindac-treated Hif1αΔIEC mice. However, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a defect of E-cadherin protein expression in sulindac-treated Hif1αΔIEC mice. Sulindac sulfide treatment in vitro upregulated Hif1α, c-JUN and IL8 expression through the AHR pathway. Taken together, HIF1α expression augments inflammation in the proximal colon of sulindac-treated mice, and AHR activation by sulindac might lead to the reduction of E-cadherin protein levels through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Summary: HIF1α deficiency reduces inflammation in the mouse proximal colon but is associated with defective E-cadherin expression in colon epithelial cells when mice lacking intestinal epithelium expression of Hif1α are challenged with sulindac.


Frontiers in Urban Water Management presents the state-of-the art in urban water management at the beginning of the 21st century.

The book marks the end of the fifth phase of UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme in this field by bringing together major scientific and professional players to address critical and topical issues in water management. This team of leading world experts investigate themes such as the challenges of urban water management, infrastructure integration issues, and emerging paradigms in water supply and sanitation.

Key issues are investigated from the hydrological, technical and managerial points of view, incorporating both social and economic realities. Specific reference is also made to solutions for developing countries.

With a view to the future, conclusions from past experiences are highlighted, new pathways are explored and future developments are suggested.

ISBN: 9781900222761 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780402659 (eBook)